Biology
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#$BiologicalLivingObject living things
The collection of all structures that are composed
of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological
living objects (or BLO s) might either be instances of #$Organism-Whole
(like dogs or pine trees) or components of such whole living
organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy
leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an
amputated leg is not a BLO. Every instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject
is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has
components which are capable of biological reproduction
(such as the cells in a living arm).
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$OrganicStuff #$ComplexPhysicalObject #$NaturalTangibleStuff
direct generalization of:
#$Cell #$Organism-Whole
#$AnimalBLO
#$PlantBLO
#$Embryo #$OrganismPart
#$Organism-Whole organisms
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject.
Each instance of #$Organism-Whole
is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not
part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole
are capable of existing and reproducing while physically
separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating
and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered
to be instances of #$Organism-Whole
include instances of #$Virus, as well as
sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime
molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$Animal
#$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism
#$TerrestrialOrganism
#$Plant #$Carnivore #$MoneraKingdom
#$Heterotroph
#$Autotroph
#$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism
#$OrganismClassificationType types
of organism
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismClassificationType
is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole
(q.v.), where membership in that sub-collection is
determined by satisfaction of some set of classificatory
criteria accepted by some scientific community. The
scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType
may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms,
and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might
not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard
taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate
is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType.
Note that #$OrganismClassificationType
is _not_ an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType,
since there are scientific classifications along different
dimensions. Many specializations of #$OrganismClassificationType
are, however, instances of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
direct generalization of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$OrganismTypeByHabitat types
of organism classified by habitat
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
is a collection of organisms (i.e., a specialization of #$Organism-Whole)
all of whom share the same sort of habitat. Instances of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
include #$AquaticOrganism
and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
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direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingObjectType
#$BiologicalTaxonType types
of biological taxon
An instance of #$CollectionTypeType and a
specialization of #$DisjointCollectionType (q.v.). Each
instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType
is a specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon
(q.v.). Notable instances of #$BiologicalTaxonType
include #$BiologicalSpecies,
#$BiologicalClass,
and #$BiologicalFamily.
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direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
#$DisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$DisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
#$BiologicalTaxon taxonomic groups
A collection of collections and a specialization of
#$OrganismClassificationType
(q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalTaxon
correspond to ranked categories accepted by biologists for
the classification of organisms according to their suspected
evolutionary relationships. Such categories change as
biologists learn more about the organisms involved and
determine that existing classifications are more or less
useful. They include all levels of taxons. Specializations
of #$BiologicalTaxon
include #$BiologicalOrder
and #$BiologicalSpecies;
instances include #$Marsupial and #$Person. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
#$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct generalization of:
#$BiologicalOrder
#$BiologicalGenus
#$BiologicalSuborder #$BiologicalFamily
#$BiologicalSubfamily #$BiologicalSpecies
#$BiologicalSubclass
#$BiologicalSubspecies
#$BiologicalClass
#$BiologicalDivision
#$BiologicalKingdom
#$BiologicalPhylum
#$BiologicalSubkingdom
#$BiologicalSubphylum
#$BiologicalKingdom kingdoms
(taxonomic groups) (types of temporally enduring
object) (types of temporally stuff-like thing)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$BiologicalKingdom
is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole
whose instances all belong to one of the highest, most
general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Notable instances
of #$BiologicalKingdom
include #$Animal,
#$Plant, #$ProtistaKingdom,
and #$MoneraKingdom.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalSubkingdom biological subkingdoms
A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon.
Each instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom
is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom
(q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalSubkingdom
include #$Protozoan,
#$EmbryophyteSubkingdom, and #$AlgaeSubkingdom.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalPhylum biological phyla
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom
(or #$BiologicalSubkingdom
if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and
for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom.
The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom
have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision
instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalDivision biological divisions
A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon.
Each instance of #$BiologicalDivision
is a main taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom
(or #$BiologicalSubkingdom)
for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom
(i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and
for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom.
In the #$Animal
Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are
instances of #$BiologicalPhylum
(q.v.), rather than #$BiologicalDivision.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalClass biological classes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly
under #$BiologicalPhylum
(for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom),
or #$BiologicalDivision
(for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the
#$ProtistaKingdom).
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalSubclass biological subclasses
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions
more specific than #$BiologicalClass
but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalOrder biological orders
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions
(see #$BiologicalTaxon)
defined below #$BiologicalClass
(or #$BiologicalSubclass)
and above #$BiologicalFamily.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalFamily biological families
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions
below #$BiologicalOrder
(or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus.
Especially important in Botanical classification.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalGenus biological genera
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions
(see #$BiologicalTaxon)
created below #$BiologicalFamily
and above #$BiologicalSpecies.
Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances
of #$BiologicalSpecies
that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalSpecies species
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType.
Each instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
is the most general taxon from which two breeding organisms
of appropriate genders can conceivably produce fertile
offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, is
conventionally defined. Members of different species of
animals cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding.
If there are only two breeds of a given species and one
breed becomes extinct, the second breed by virtue of that
fact becomes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
-- since the only organisms instances can breed with to
produce fertile offspring are, at that point, members of
that collection. An instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
has members who all have significant traits in common, and
members of each biological species have other members as
parents. Exceptions occur when a species is conventionally
defined to start since parenthood could conceivably be
traced back billions of years, yet new species came into
existance. In biological taxonomy, related species are
grouped into a particular instance of #$BiologicalGenus.
Some genera have only a single species, but they remain
different taxons.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$BiologicalSubspecies subspecies
A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon
whose instances are more restrictive than those of #$BiologicalSpecies.
Each instance of #$BiologicalSubspecies
is a specialization of some instance of #$BiologicalSpecies.
Members of different subspecies of the same species can
produce fertile offspring by interbreeding; but such
offspring are not members of either of the parental
subspecies, although they are members of the common species.
All instances of a given biological subspecies have
significant traits or collections of traits in common that
are not shared by all other members of the subsuming
species. A #$BiologicalSubspecies
is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of
the same species. This can happen naturally through
geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled
reproduction to create, for example, dog breeds or crop strains.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
#$superTaxons super taxons
A specialization of #$genls used to
relate instances of #$BiologicalTaxon.
(#$superTaxons
TAXON SUPERTAXON) means that SUPERTAXON is above the more
specific TAXON in the biological taxon hierarchy; i.e. the
later taxon is more general and inclusive than the former.
Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance
of SUPERTAXON. For example, (#$superTaxons
#$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus) holds. See also #$taxonMembers.
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direct instance of: #$OpenCycDefinitionalPredicate
#$DefinitionalPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$genls
#$taxonMembers taxon members
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$taxonMembers
is used to relate taxonomic groups to the types of organism
that belong to those groups. (#$taxonMembers
TAXON ORGTYPE) means that the #$BiologicalTaxon
TAXON includes the #$OrganismClassificationType
ORGTYPE. ORGTYPE may or may not be a scientific category;
nonetheless, all members are classified under the scientific
taxon TAXON. If ORGTYPE is also an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon,
use the more specific (#$superTaxons
ORGTYPE TAXON). Example: (#$taxonMembers
#$Mammal #$FemalePerson).
Organism types may be related to more than one taxon, so
long as they are at diffent levels (e.g. #$BiologicalClass
and #$BiologicalOrder).
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$memberOfSpecies member
of species
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$memberOfSpecies
ORG SPECIES) means that the organism ORG is a member of the
#$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.
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direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
direct specialization of:
#$isa
Organism By Taxonomic Kingdom
#$Plant plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Plant is
the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom
and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are
typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of
plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that
include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all,
plants are capable of making sugars by
#$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some
example subsets of #$Plant are the
collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticOrganism #$VegetableMatter #$PlantBLO #$TopAndBottomSidedObject
direct generalization of: #$CropPlant #$Plant-Woody
#$Plant-NonWoody
#$FloweringPlant
#$Animal animals
An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom,
and a specialization of #$Organism-Whole.
Instances of #$Animal are
typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are
instances of #$Heterotroph
(q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of
#$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol
and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a
specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of:
#$PerceptualAgent #$SolidTangibleThing #$AnimalBLO #$Heterotroph #$EukaryoticOrganism
direct generalization of:
#$HumanOccupationConstructResident
#$MedicalPatient #$OviparousAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$Invertebrate
#$ChordataPhylum
#$NonPersonAnimal
#$AdultAnimal
#$FemaleAnimal
#$MaleAnimal #$MigratoryAnimal
#$Vertebrate #$Herbivore #$Arthropod #$JuvenileAnimal
#$ViviparousAnimal #$Homeotherm #$Person
#$Fungus Mycota
A specialization of both #$EukaryoticOrganism and
#$Heterotroph,
and an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom.
Instances of #$Fungus are
eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that are typically not
capable of movement. The cell walls of instances of #$Fungus are
structurally similar to the cell walls of #$Plants, but the
former are composed mostly of chitin, while the latter are
composed mostly of cellulose (see the collections #$Chitin
and #$Cellulose). Instances of #$Fungus reproduce by
means of spores, which are usually disseminated by the wind.
Some types of #$Fungus are
parasites (see the collection #$ParasiticOrganism), some are
saprophytic (see the collection #$Saprophyte),
and some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
Notable specializations of #$Fungus include #$Mushroom,
#$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of:
#$Heterotroph #$EukaryoticOrganism
#$SingleCellOrganism single-celled organisms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$Microorganism and #$Cell. Each instance
of #$SingleCellOrganism
is an organism composed of a single self-reproducing living
cell. Notable specializations of #$SingleCellOrganism
include #$Protozoan, #$ProkaryoticCell,
and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity
direct specialization of:
#$Cell #$Microorganism
direct generalization of:
#$ProkaryoticCell
#$Protozoan
#$ProkaryoticCell prokaryotic organisms
A specialization of #$SingleCellOrganism.
Each instance of #$ProkaryoticCell
is a single-celled organism that lacks both a nucleus and
mitochondria. Notable specializations of #$ProkaryoticCell
include #$Bacterium, #$MoneraKingdom,
and #$BlueGreenAlgae.
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direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$SingleCellOrganism
direct generalization of:
#$MoneraKingdom
#$Bacterium bacteria
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of bacteria; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism.
Each element of #$Bacterium is
also an element of #$ProkaryoticCell
and of #$Heterotroph.
Bacteria are typically incapable of processes of
#$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class #$Bacterium, also
called the Schizomycophyta, is one of the divisions of the
#$MoneraKingdom.
Many bacteria cause diseases that are instances of
#$BacterialInfection in both plants and animals, but some
are beneficial or even necessary for life. Compare with the
#$BlueGreenAlgae.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of:
#$MoneraKingdom
#$BlueGreenAlgae Cyanobacteria
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of (mostly dark blue-green in bulk)
aquatic organisms called Blue-green Algae or sometimes
Cyanobacteria. The elements of #$BlueGreenAlgae
are also elements of #$Autotroph and of
#$ProkaryoticCell,
and they carry out processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial.
The class of #$BlueGreenAlgae,
also called Cyanophyta, is one of the #$BiologicalDivisions
of the #$MoneraKingdom.
(Compare with #$Bacterium.)
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of:
#$MoneraKingdom
#$MoneraKingdom Monera
An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom,
and a specialization of both #$Organism-Whole
and #$ProkaryoticCell.
Each instance of #$MoneraKingdom
is a one-celled prokaryotic organism (so each instance lacks
a nuclear membrane, as well as other internal organelles).
Specializations of #$MoneraKingdom
include #$Bacterium,
#$PseudomonasMallei, and #$EscherichiaColi.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of:
#$ProkaryoticCell
#$ProtistaKingdom Protista
An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom
and a specialization of #$EukaryoticOrganism. Each instance
of #$ProtistaKingdom
is a eukaryotic organism that is _not_ a plant, animal, or
fungus. All unicellular eukaryotic organisms are instances
of #$ProtistaKingdom,
although not all instances of #$ProtistaKingdom
are unicellular organisms. Notable specializations of #$ProtistaKingdom
include #$Protozoan, #$SlimeMold, and
#$Algae-LikeProtist.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism
direct generalization of:
#$Protozoan
#$Protozoan protozoa
The collection of protozoa; a subcollection of #$SingleCellOrganism.
Instances of #$Protozoan are
also instances of #$EukaryoticCell.
Subcollections include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa
lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile,
using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause
diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an
instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom
in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the
#$ProtistaKingdom.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom
#$Algae-LikeProtist algae-like Protists
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of protists (organisms classed in
the #$ProtistaKingdom)
that are said to be algae-like, such as golden algae or diatoms.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom
#$SlimeMold slime molds
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of slime molds, peculiar creatures
that exist in multiple phases, sometimes as scattered cells,
sometimes as macroscopic colony-creatures able to move
slowly, with vaguely fungal mechanisms. The class of slime
molds is treated in many classification systems as an
instance of #$BiologicalDivision,
called Myxomycota, under the #$ProtistaKingdom.
See also #$TrueSlimeMold and #$CellularSlimeMold.
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direct instance of:
#$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom
#$Virus virii
(microorganisms) (organisms) (living things)
A specialization of #$Microorganism. Each instance
of #$Virus consists
mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or
RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into
living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular
mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many
diseases in all other types of organisms; some can even
infect instances of #$Bacterium. Note
that #$Virus
excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.
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direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Microorganism
Organism By Habitat
#$AquaticOrganism aquatic organisms
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole.
Each specialization of #$AquaticOrganism
is a type of organism adapted to life underwater, whose
instances spend all or most of their time immersed in water.
A notable specialization of #$AquaticOrganism
is #$Fish.
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direct instance of:
#$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of:
#$Organism-Whole
direct generalization of:
#$Fish
#$TerrestrialOrganism terrestrial organisms
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole.
Each instance of #$TerrestrialOrganism
is an organism adapted to life on land, out of water.
Instances of #$TerrestrialOrganism
spend all or most of their time out of the water, either on
the land surface or under it. Specializations of #$TerrestrialOrganism
include #$Dog, #$Bird, and #$Person.
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direct instance of:
#$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of:
#$Organism-Whole
direct generalization of:
#$CanineAnimal
#$FelidaeFamily #$Plant-Woody
#$Primate #$Bird
Organism By Source Of Nutrients
#$Heterotroph heterotrophs
A specialization of #$Organism-Whole.
Each instance of #$Heterotroph is
an organism incapable of manufacturing organic nutrients
from inorganic raw materials. All instances of #$Animal are
instances of #$Heterotroph,
since animals must eat other living things, or parts of
living things, in order to get the nutrients they need to
live. Other specializations of #$Heterotroph
include #$ParasiticOrganism and #$Fungus. Cf. #$Autotroph.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Organism-Whole
direct generalization of:
#$Fungus #$Animal #$Omnivore
#$Omnivore omnivores
A specialization of #$Heterotroph
(q.v.) and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType.
Instances of #$Omnivore are
those animals whose natural diets consist of both plants (or
plant parts or plant-derived products) and animals (or
animal parts or animal-derived products). Thus a human
vegetarian is still omnivorous, since meat is part of our
natural diet. Specializations of this collection include
#$Pig, #$Bear, and #$Person. See also #$Herbivore and #$Carnivore.
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direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Heterotroph
direct generalization of:
#$Person
#$Herbivore herbivores
A specialization of #$Animal. An animal
is an instance of #$Herbivore just
in case it is an animal whose natural diet consists
exclusively of plants or plant parts. (Thus a horse that was
forced or conditioned by humans to eat meat would still be a
herbivore, since meat is not part of its natural diet.)
Notable specializations of #$Herbivore
include the collections #$Ruminant and #$EquineAnimal.
guid: bd5902f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$HerdAnimal
#$Carnivore meat-eating organisms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A #$Collection
of organisms classified by their typical source of food.
Elements of #$Carnivore feed
on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not
an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon;
e.g., #$Carnivore
contains #$Dog as a
subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not
necessarily a #$Heterotroph,
as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food
using #$Chlorophyll.
guid: bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Organism-Whole
direct generalization of:
#$CanineAnimal
#$CarnivoreOrder
#$Saprophyte saprophytic organisms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of heterotrophic plants, fungi, or
bacteria that live and feed on dead organic matter.
guid: bd58a626-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Heterotroph
#$Autotroph autotrophs
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of organisms capable of
manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw
materials. Photosynthetic plants fall into this category, as
do certain bacteria. See #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Cf. #$Heterotroph.
guid: bd58ed15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Organism-Whole
Animal By Taxonomic Phylum With Samples
#$ChordataPhylum chordates
An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum
within the #$BiologicalKingdom
#$Animal, the
#$ChordataPhylum
contains the many chordate taxa. All chordate taxa have
members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the
length of the body) at some stage of development and
pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum
has as #$taxonMembers
all the specializations of #$Vertebrate
(including #$Person), as well as
some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.
guid: bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$Vertebrate
#$Arthropod arthropods
A #$BiologicalPhylum
and a specialization of #$Invertebrate.
Each instance of #$Arthropod is a
member of a species whose members are typically
chitin-armored invertebrates with jointed bodies and limbs.
Specializations include #$Insect,
#$Crustacean, and #$Arachnid.
guid: bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of:
#$Invertebrate
direct generalization of:
#$Insect
#$Vertebrate vertebrates
An instance of #$BiologicalTaxon
within the #$BiologicalPhylum
#$ChordataPhylum.
Each instance of #$Vertebrate is
an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or
cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused.
Notable specializations of #$Vertebrate
include #$Mammal,
#$Reptile, #$Bird, and #$Fish.
guid: bd58a5e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubphylum
direct specialization of:
#$ChordataPhylum #$HexalateralObject
direct generalization of:
#$Reptile #$Amphibian #$Mammal #$Bird
#$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Fish
#$Invertebrate invertebrates
A specialization of #$Poikilotherm. Each instance
of #$Invertebrate
is an animal that lacks a backbone. #$Invertebrate
includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large
variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate
is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the
biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.
guid: bd58984b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$WildAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$FrontAndBackSidedObject
direct generalization of:
#$Arthropod
#$Insect insects
An instance of #$BiologicalClass,
and a specialization of #$Arthropod. Each
instance of #$Insect is an
arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three
pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, and sometimes two pairs
of wings. Specializations of #$Insect include
#$Bee, #$Ant, and #$Butterfly.
guid: bd58b8f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$Vermin #$Arthropod
Vertebrates By Taxonomic Class
#$Fish fish (non-human
animals) (vertebrates) (sentient animals)
An instance of #$BiologicalClass,
and a specialization of #$Vertebrate.
Each instance of #$Fish is a
cold-blooded animal (see the collection #$Poikilotherm) with
gills and fins. Each instance of #$Fish spends all or
almost all of its life under water. Note that the collection
#$Fish excludes
fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal, such as
porpoises and whales. Specializations of #$Fish include the
collections #$Salmon, #$Catfish, and #$Tuna.
guid: bd58df53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Poikilotherm #$Vertebrate #$AquaticOrganism
#$Bird birds
An instance of #$BiologicalClass,
and a specialization of #$Vertebrate.
Each instance of #$Bird is an
air-breathing, warm-blooded, winged animal covered with
feathers. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly.
guid: bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$OviparousAnimal #$Homeotherm
direct generalization of: #$Waterfowl #$Penguin
#$FlightlessBird
#$Mammal mammals
An instance of #$BiologicalClass,
and a sub-taxon of #$Vertebrate.
Each instance of #$Mammal is an
air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses
its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The skin of
instances of #$Mammal is typically
covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or
plates, as in pangolins), but some types are almost
hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia
bear live young rather than laying eggs, and have teats,
which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes
do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk
from mammary glands.
guid: bd58a628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$HumanScaleObject #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Homeotherm
direct generalization of: #$CarnivoreOrder
#$Eutheria
#$Reptile reptiles
An instance of #$BiologicalClass,
and a specialization of #$Vertebrate.
Each instance of #$Reptile is an
air-breathing, cold-blooded vertebrate with a body covered
by scales or bony plates. Notable specializations of #$Reptile include #$Snake, #$Lizard, and #$Turtle. Most
species of #$Reptile are
oviparous (see #$OviparousAnimal), but some are viviparous
(see #$ViviparousAnimal).
guid: bd58f230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Poikilotherm
#$Amphibian amphibians
A specialization of #$Poikilotherm and #$Vertebrate.
Each instance of #$Amphibian isa a
cold-blodded and smooth-skinned vertebrate that hatches from
an egg to form an aquatic larva (see #$Larva), which then
metamorphoses into an air-breathing adult (see
#$AirBreathingVertebrate). Important subcollections include
#$Frog and #$Salamander.
guid: bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$Vertebrate #$Poikilotherm
Some Sample Kinds Of Mammal
#$Primate primates
An instance of #$BiologicalOrder,
and a sub-taxon of #$Eutheria. Each instance of #$Primate has a
relatively large brain case, an unfused radius and ulna in
the forelimbs, an unfused tibia and fibula in the hind
limbs, and opposable thumbs. Notable specializations of #$Primate include #$Person,
#$Orangutan, #$Gorilla, and #$Baboon.
guid: bd58a674-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$Eutheria
direct generalization of:
#$Person
#$HominidaeFamily
#$Person people
The collection of all human beings. Something is an
instance of #$Person just in case
it is a member of the species Homo Sapiens, and thus #$Person is an
instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
in the #$BiologyMt. Persons are the most intelligent kind of
#$Primate,
and the only kind known to be naturally capable of speaking
a language. #$Person excludes
non-human legal persons, who are, however, included in the
collection #$LegalAgent.
guid: bd588092-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$ViviparousAnimal #$Omnivore #$LegalAgent #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$HomoGenus
direct generalization of: #$Artist #$UnemployedPerson
#$PersonWithOccupation
#$Philosopher #$Student
#$ComputerProgrammer #$Athlete #$HumanChild #$FemalePerson
#$MalePerson #$Leader #$HumanAdult
#$CanineAnimal canines
A specialization of #$CarnivoreOrder. Each instance
of #$CanineAnimal
is a member of a dog-like species belonging to the
#$CarnivoreOrder. The collection #$CanineAnimal
includes the specializations #$Dog, #$Wolf, and #$Fox
(qq.v.). Canine animals constitute an instance of #$BiologicalFamily,
the Canidae.
guid: bd58d044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$CarnivoreOrder
direct generalization of:
#$Dog
#$Dog dogs
A #$BiologicalSpecies
(scientific name `Canis familiaris') that is a
specialization of #$CanineAnimal
(q.v.). Each instance of #$Dog is a canine animal
that has either been bred to be a domestic pet (see #$DomesticatedAnimal)
or is a wild canine animal that is not an instance of #$Wolf, #$Fox, or any
other non-dog specialization of #$CanineAnimal.
(Thus #$Dog includes
Australian dingos, e.g.)
guid: bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$CanineAnimal #$DomesticatedAnimal
#$Wolf wolves
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all wolves; a subset of #$CanineAnimal.
By default, members of #$Wolf are elements of
#$WildAnimal.
Wolves are not included in the collection #$Dog. The collection #$Wolf does not
correspond to any biological taxon. Note that members of the
collection #$Wolf-Red are included in this collection as
well as members of the collection #$Wolf-Gray.
guid: bd58c31f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$CanineAnimal
#$Whale whales
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all whales, including most types
of cetacean. #$Whale is a subset of
#$Mammal,
including the largest mammals on Earth.
guid: bd58dc2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$EquineAnimal equines
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of animals including horses and
species closely related to horses. Subsets of #$EquineAnimal
include #$Horse, #$Donkey, #$Zebra, #$Mule, among others.
guid: bd58837e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$MountableTransporter #$Herbivore #$NonPersonAnimal #$Eutheria
#$Horse horses (herd
animals) (herbivores) (non-human animals)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all horses, of all breeds; a
subset of #$EquineAnimal.
Horses may be domesticated (for riding, draught, racing or
breeding) or wild; see #$DomesticatedAnimal,
#$WildAnimal. #$Horse constitutes an
instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
(called Equus caballus). Horses can interbreed with donkeys
to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Donkey, #$Mule).
guid: c10060dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$HerdAnimal
#$Zebra zebras
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all zebras; a subset of #$EquineAnimal.
These black-and-white striped relatives of horses are native
to the #$ContinentOfAfrica.
Zebras are almost impossible to tame, therefore by default
they are elements of #$WildAnimal,
although a few have been successfully domesticated and harnessed.
guid: bd589c55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$HerdAnimal
#$Donkey donkeys
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all donkeys; a subset of #$EquineAnimal.
Also called burros, donkeys are slightly smaller than most
horses. Elements of #$Donkey may belong
to either of the collections #$DomesticatedAnimal
or #$WildAnimal.
Domesticated donkeys are used for draught and riding.
Donkeys can interbreed with horses to produce a nonfertile
mule or a jenny (see #$Horse, #$Mule).
guid: bd58bf02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$Mule mules (herbivores)
(domesticated animals) (tame animals)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all mules; a subset of #$EquineAnimal.
Elements of #$Mule
are the infertile hybrid offspring of a horse father and a
donkey mother. Mules are presumed to be elements of #$DomesticatedAnimal,
used for draught or riding. (An offspring of a donkey father
and horse mother is called a jenny, and is recognizably
distinct from the larger mule.) See also #$Horse, #$Donkey.
guid: bd58bec0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$DomesticatedAnimal
#$Platypus duck-billed platypuses
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all duck-billed platypi; a subset
of #$Mammal.
Elements of #$Platypus are
Australian monotreme mammals, the females of which order lay
eggs and lactate over a broad chest area rather than through
teats. They have broad leathery bills and webbed feet. They
swim in streams and rivers and live in burrows. #$Platypus
constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies
(also called Ornithorhynchus anatinus).
guid: bd58aa64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$NonPersonAnimal
Some Sample Kinds Of Reptile
#$Turtle turtles
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all turtles; a subset of #$Reptile. Elements
of #$Turtle are
toothless reptiles with hard or else leathery enclosing
shells. Turtles may live on land or in fresh or salt water.
#$Turtle
constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalOrder
(also called Testudinata), which is of the #$BiologicalClass
#$Reptile.
guid: bd58f8c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Reptile
#$Snake snakes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all snakes; a subset of #$Reptile. Each
element of #$Snake
is a limbless, scaly, vermiform reptile with a long, narrow,
tapering, mostly smooth body. Snakes in many species have
poisonous and sometimes fatal bites. Snakes live on land, in
trees, in fresh water, and in the sea (sea snakes). #$Snake constitutes a
biological suborder (also called Serpentes or Ophidia).
guid: bd5893ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Reptile
#$Lizard lizards
(non-human animals) (vertebrates) (sentient animals)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all lizards; a subset of #$Reptile. Each
element of #$Lizard is a toothed
reptile with a tail and (with some exceptions) limbs,
external ears, eyes with movable lids, and without enclosing
shells. Reptiles range in size from less than an inch long
to that of the large #$KomodoDragon. The collection #$Lizard constitutes
a biological suborder (also called Sauria or Lacertilia).
Colloquially, `lizard' may denote a crocodile, but compare
#$Crocodilian.
guid: bd58f0af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of:
#$Reptile
#$Crocodilian crocodilians
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all alligators, crocodiles,
caimans and gavials; a subset of #$Reptile. Each
element of #$Crocodilian is
a lizard-like aquatic or semi-aquatic reptile. (#$Crocodilian
is not, however, a subset of #$Lizard.)
Crocodilians are amphibious, carnivorous animals with many
big sharp teeth and powerful bites.
guid: bd58dfcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of:
#$Reptile
#$Crocodile crocodiles
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all crocodiles. These so-called
True Crocodiles are distinct from alligators. The collection
#$Crocodile
constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians.
Cf. #$Alligator.
guid: bd58cbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$Alligator alligators
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all alligators; a subset of #$Crocodilian.
#$Alligator
includes all the American Alligators and South American
Caimans; it does NOT include crocodiles proper. The
collection #$Alligator
constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians.
Cf. #$Crocodile.
guid: bd58c77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
Some Sample Kinds Of Bird
#$Pigeon pigeons
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all common pigeons (which does
not include doves).
guid: bd58c5ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of:
#$Bird
#$Poultry domestic fowl
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all domesticated farm birds bred
and kept for meat or eggs. The collection #$Poultry includes
members of its subsets #$Chicken, #$Turkey,
#$Duck, #$Goose-Bird, etc.
guid: bd58c9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Bird
#$Chicken chickens
(domestic fowl) (birds) (non-human animals)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all chickens (which excludes
guinea fowl).
guid: bd59020d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of:
#$Bird
#$Eagle eagles (birds)
(non-human animals) (vertebrates)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all eagles.
guid: bd5886a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$Vulture vultures
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all vultures.
guid: bd58c56b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Bird
#$Ostrich ostriches
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all ostriches.
guid: bd67b796-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$FlightlessBird
#$Parrot parrots
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all parrots.
guid: bd6640c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Bird
Some Sample Kinds Of Amphibian
#$Frog frogs
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all frogs (which excludes toads).
guid: bd58dc4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of:
#$Amphibian
Animal By Stage Of Development
#$Embryo embryos
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms,
including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and
plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the
criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not
correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word
'embryo', since #$Embryo includes
zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo
after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus +
#$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.
guid: c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
#$EmbryoFn embryo fn
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
When applied to an instance LIFETYPE of #$OrganismClassificationType
(q.v.), #$EmbryoFn returns
the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of
LIFETYPE. For instance, (#$EmbryoFn #$Dog) is the collection
of all embryonic instances of #$Dog.
guid: c0fd5c85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$JuvenileAnimal baby animals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$LifeStageType,
and a specialization of #$Animal. #$JuvenileAnimal
is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown
nor fully mature.
guid: c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
#$JuvenileFn juvenile fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$JuvenileFn
is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
(#$JuvenileFn
ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subcollection of #$JuvenileAnimal
whose instances are the juveniles of the group of animals
denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn
#$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds
of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).
guid: c10c2004-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MacroRelation
#$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$AdultAnimal adults
A specialization of #$Animal. The
collection of all adult animals (including adult humans):
animals that are at least mature enough to bear offspring.
Cf. #$JuvenileAnimal.
guid: c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$HumanAdult
#$Pupa pupae
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of stages in the lives of individual
organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each
element of #$Pupa is
a stage during which a metamorphic insect such as a
butterfly changes its form from the larval to the adult stage.
guid: c10081af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Insect
#$Larva larvae
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The stage of a metamorphic insect immediately after
hatching, during which it is wingless and often wormlike.
guid: c10081bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Arthropod
#$Imago imagos
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of stages in the lives of individual
organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each
element of #$Imago
is a metamorphic insect during its adult stage.
guid: c10081da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Insect #$AdultAnimal
Animal By Sex
#$FemaleFn female fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
(#$FemaleFn
ORGTYPE) returns the subcollection of the animal taxonomic
collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females
of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson
denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer)
denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.
guid: c10c17fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$MaleFn male fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$MaleFn
is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
(#$MaleFn
ORGTYPE) returns that subcollection of the animal taxonomic
collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the males of
ORGTYPE. For example, (#$MaleFn #$Person) and #$MalePerson
denote the same collection, while (#$MaleFn #$Deer)
denotes the collection of all bucks.
guid: c10c1550-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual
#$hasGender-Coll has
gender - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$hasGender ORGANISM SEX) means that the sex of
ORGANISM is SEX.
guid: 05faecec-7f01-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$GenderOfLivingThing-Coll genders
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of genders that organisms can have.
guid: 636cd08e-74b1-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$Masculine-Coll male
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an
#$Animal or #$Plant is male, or
that a word has what is called masculine gender.
guid: f69aca66-74b9-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
direct generalization of:
#$MalePerson
#$MaleAnimal
#$Feminine-Coll female
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an
#$Animal or #$Plant is female, or
that a word has what is called feminine gender.
guid: 22ac5432-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
direct generalization of:
#$FemalePerson
#$AdultFemalePerson
#$FemaleAnimal
#$MaleAnimal male animals
The collection of all male animals.
guid: bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$MalePerson
#$FemaleAnimal female animals
The collection of all female animals.
guid: bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
#$MalePerson male people
The collection of all male persons.
guid: bd58d6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
direct specialization of:
#$Person #$MaleAnimal
direct generalization of: #$AdultMalePerson
#$FemalePerson is the atomic
form of (#$FemaleFn #$Person)(#$FemaleFn #$Person)
A specialization of both #$Person and #$FemaleAnimal.
The collection of all female persons.
guid: bd58d6e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Person
direct generalization of:
#$AdultFemalePerson
Animals By Gross Form
#$AnimalBodyShapeType animal
body shape type
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of animal body shape types;
instances are specializations of #$Configuration
which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts
which are the standard body shapes.
guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType
#$AnimalBodyShapeType animal
body shape type
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of animal body shape types;
instances are specializations of #$Configuration
which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts
which are the standard body shapes.
guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType
#$Worm worms (non-human
animals) (animals) (organisms)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all worms; a subset of #$Animal. Each
element of #$Worm is
a long, thin, flexible, tubular or thread-like or
ribbon-shaped animal (excluding eels, snakes, and limbless
lizards); most worms are small or even microscopic. The
collection #$Worm
includes members of numerous worm phyla (see #$BiologicalPhylum),
for example, Annelida (earthworms, etc.), Platyhelminthes
(flatworms), Nematoda (nematodes), Nemertia, tapeworms,
liver flukes, etc. #$Worm also includes
the vermiform larval stages of several species of #$Arthropod. #$Worm is not a
standard scientific category (see #$BiologicalTaxon).
guid: c0fd58ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Invertebrate
Animals By Miscellaneous Criteria
#$NonPersonAnimal is the
atomic form of (#$CollectionDifferenceFn #$Animal
#$Person)(#$CollectionDifferenceFn #$Animal #$Person)
The collection of all instances of #$Animal that are not
instances of #$Person.
guid: bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$Vermin
#$TameAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$WildAnimal
#$CarnivoreOrder #$Reptile #$Bird #$HerdAnimal
#$OviparousAnimal #$Fish #$DomesticatedAnimal
#$SentientAnimal sentient animals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Animal, the
collection of all animals which have a mind and are capable
of conscious thought, or at least are best treated as such
if you have to deal with them.
guid: bd58a520-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$Vertebrate
#$MigratoryAnimal migratory animals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$Animal; the
collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a
periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually
characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.
guid: c1009f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
#$HerdAnimal herd animals
A subcollection of #$Animal; the
collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and
graze in social groups. Instances of #$HerdAnimal also
belong to #$Herbivore; most
instances of #$Ruminant are also instances of #$HerdAnimal.
guid: bd5f5651-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Herbivore #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$NonPersonAnimal
#$CaptiveAnimal captive animals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all animals that are caged, tied,
kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive.
There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet,
but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members
of #$CaptiveAnimal,
e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.
guid: c100573e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
#$DomesticatedAnimal domesticated
animals (tame animals) (non-human animals) (animals)
A specialization of #$TameAnimal. Each instance of
#$DomesticatedAnimal
is an animal that has been bred and trained in such a way
that it cannot readily survive in the wild. Domesticated
animals are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food,
or as pets, and their relations with humans are more or less
cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal
does _not_ include most wild animals kept in zoos (see #$CaptiveAnimal).
Cf. #$WildAnimal.
guid: c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$TameAnimal
direct generalization of:
#$DomesticPet
#$Dog
#$WildAnimal wild animals
A specialization of #$NonPersonAnimal.
Each instance of this collection is a non-human animal that
is not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may
still be a wild animal, e.g. zoo animals that are not tame
or domesticated. Specializations of #$WildAnimal are
returned by #$WildAnimalFn. See also #$CaptiveAnimal,
#$DomesticatedAnimal.
guid: c100532b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonPersonAnimal
direct generalization of:
#$Invertebrate
#$DomesticPet domestic pets
#$DomesticPet is
a specialization of #$DomesticatedAnimal,
#$HumanOccupationConstructResident,
and #$PortableObject.
Each specialization of #$DomesticPet is
a type of domesticated animal kept by humans primarily for
companionship. Many members of #$DomesticPet
live in the homes of their owners.
guid: bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$PortableObject #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$DomesticatedAnimal
#$Vermin pests
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of animals considered undesirable to
find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities.
guid: bd58a57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonPersonAnimal
direct generalization of:
#$Insect
#$DeadAnimal corpses
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$OrganicStuff
(and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose
instances must be alive). Each instance of #$DeadAnimal is a
corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat
intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking,
dissolving, or fully decomposing.
guid: bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$OrganicStuff
Plants By Botanical Taxonomy
#$FloweringPlant magnoliophytes
An instance of #$BiologicalClass
and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance
of #$FloweringPlant
is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries;
consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in
the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom,
see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$Plant
direct generalization of:
#$MonocotSubclass
#$FloweryPlant
#$GymnospermGroup gymnosperms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A biological group of plant classes within the
#$PterophytinaSubdivision whose members all bear seeds which
are not protected by a carpel. The #$GymnospermGroup
includes the #$Conifers and gingkos. See also #$Seed, #$Carpel.
guid: bd5882cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$Plant
#$FloweringPlant magnoliophytes
An instance of #$BiologicalClass
and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance
of #$FloweringPlant
is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries;
consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in
the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom,
see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of:
#$Plant
direct generalization of:
#$MonocotSubclass
#$FloweryPlant
#$Succulent-Plant succulents
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all succulent #$Plants (of various
#$BiologicalSpecies).
guid: c0fe06c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant-NonWoody
#$DicotSubclass dicots
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
One of the two subclasses in the angiosperm class.
Includes taxa whose members usually have two cotyledons in
the embryo phase, may have a cambium, and usually have broad
leaves with branching veins.
guid: bd58e3ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSubclass
direct specialization of:
#$FloweringPlant
#$MonocotSubclass monocots
#$MonocotSubclass
is a specialization of #$FloweringPlant
and instance of #$BiologicalSubclass.
It is an angiosperm subclass containing taxa whose members
have only one cotyledon in the embryo phase and lack normal
secondary growth.
guid: bd58b0d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalSubclass
direct specialization of:
#$FloweringPlant
#$MonoeciousPlantSpecies monoecious plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies
of monoecious #$Plants (plant
species in which one plant has both male and female
reproductive organs, e.g., stamen and pistil, but in widely
separated structures on the plant). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies
and #$DioeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd589cb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
#$DioeciousPlantSpecies dioecious plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies
of dioecious #$Plants, or plant
species in which each individual plant has only the
reproductive organs of one sex, not both (e.g., either
female pistil or male stamen). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies
and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd58e4b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
#$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies hermaphroditic plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies
of normally hermaphroditic #$Plants, plants with
male and female organs occurring together in the same
structure (e.g., pistils and stamens in the same flower).
Compare #$DioeciousPlantSpecies
and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
guid: bd5890bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalSpecies
Plants By Gross Form
#$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute plant
physiological attribute
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of attributes referring to the
physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these
include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant
health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than
just to certain parts of them.
guid: bd61e030-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly
#$Vine-Plant vines
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Plant and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
Each instance of #$Vine-Plant is a
plant that grows in a form chacterized by long tendrils or
long, narrow, flexible ropy strands.
guid: bd58c2a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant #$TerrestrialOrganism
#$Plant-NonWoody herbaceous plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as
grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly
low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems.
Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.
guid: c10adb62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant
direct generalization of:
#$Vegetable-Plant
#$Plant-Woody woody plants
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$Plant and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
Each instance of #$Plant-Woody is
a plant whose trunk, stems, or branches (and usually roots)
are woody.
guid: c0fde301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant
direct generalization of:
#$Tree-ThePlant
#$EvergreenPlant
#$DeciduousPlant
#$Bush
#$Tree-ThePlant trees
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody.
Each instance of #$Tree-ThePlant
is a tall woody plant (typical mature specimens are usually
taller than a person or a bush), generally having a
branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a
trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to
the sky. Notable specializations of #$Tree-ThePlant
include #$OakTree, #$MapleTree, #$GiantSequoia, and #$BananaTree.
guid: bd58cf75-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant-Woody
#$Bush bushes
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody.
Each instance of #$Bush is a woody plant
of branching growth habit that lacks a substantial trunk and
is not usually taller than an adult person (and is typically
re shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant).
This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.
guid: bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant-Woody
#$FloweryPlant flowers
(plants) (garden supplies) (organisms)
A specialization of #$FloweringPlant
and an instance of #$LifeStageType
(q.v.). Each instance of #$FloweryPlant
is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in bloom
(i.e. has flowers showing). This collection includes both
bushes and trees with visible flowers.
guid: bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$FloweringPlant
#$Vegetable-Plant vegetables
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of plants that play a special role in
human nutrition. Each instance of #$Vegetable-Plant
is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally
call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks,
leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The
instances of #$Vegetable-Plant
grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten;
vegetable plants are not necessarily also instances of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food
for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually)
plant parts--that are eaten by humans.
guid: bd58c247-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant-NonWoody
#$PlantProduct plant products
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Products that are plants or
plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived
from plants, which are produced by people or countries and
made available for use, sale or exchange.
guid: bd58923e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$VegetableMatter
direct generalization of: #$Wood #$Vegetable-Food
Plants By Seasonal Change
#$DeciduousPlant deciduous plants
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody.
Each instance of #$DeciduousPlant
is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year,
seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones. Cf. #$EvergreenPlant.
guid: bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant-Woody
#$EvergreenPlant evergreens
A specialization of #$Plant-Woody.
Each instance of #$EvergreenPlant
is a plant that retains its leaves or needles throughout all
the seasons of the year. See also the collection #$DeciduousPlant.
guid: c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant-Woody
#$TrueFungus true funguses
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of fungi. #$TrueFungus
contains the subsets #$Mushroom and #$Yeast.
guid: bd58d931-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of:
#$Fungus
#$Mushroom mushrooms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all mushrooms (a kind of #$Fungus) including
puffballs, toadstools, bark ears, morels, etc.
guid: bd58a3ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$OrganismClassificationType
#$DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
Organism Parts
#$Organism-Whole organisms
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject.
Each instance of #$Organism-Whole
is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not
part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole
are capable of existing and reproducing while physically
separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating
and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered
to be instances of #$Organism-Whole
include instances of #$Virus, as well as
sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime
molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
guid: bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$Animal
#$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism
#$TerrestrialOrganism
#$Plant #$Carnivore #$MoneraKingdom
#$Heterotroph
#$Autotroph
#$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism
#$OrganismPart organism parts
A specialization of both #$PhysicalPartOfObject and
#$BiologicalLivingObject.
Each instance of #$OrganismPart
is an anatomical part of an organism. This collection
includes the gross anatomical parts and microscopic
anatomical parts of every individual of every species.
guid: c1005766-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$MuscleTissue
#$Sac-Organic #$CellPart #$Tumor #$PlantPart
#$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart #$AnimalBodyRegion
#$PlantPart plant parts
A specialization of #$PlantBLO and #$OrganismPart.
Each instance of this collection is a physical part of some
#$Plant. An
important specialization of this collection is #$BotanicalOrgan;
but #$PlantPart
also includes many smaller plant parts which display a
similar level of organization -- they have vascular tissue,
ground tissue, and an epidermis -- but are not included in
the traditional understanding of a #$BotanicalOrgan
(i.e. leaves, stems, roots and flowers). See also #$PlantPartType.
guid: bd58ee6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PlantBLO #$OrganismPart
direct generalization of:
#$Fruit #$BotanicalOrgan
#$Seed
#$PlantPartType types
of plant part
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType
is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their
structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines.
Since #$PlantPartType
is a #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, any two instances of
it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint,
unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more
information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.)
guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType
#$Cell biological cells
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of living cells; a specialization of
#$BiologicalLivingObject.
Each instance of #$Cell is one of the
basic structural units of nearly all living things,
consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell
membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria,
and plastids are not composed of cells.
guid: bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismConstituentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$EukaryoticCell
#$SingleCellOrganism
#$EukaryoticCell eukaryotic cells
A specialization of #$Cell. Each instance
of #$EukaryoticCell
is a cell that serves as the basic structural unit of a
eukaryotic organism. These cells have a membrane-bound
nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms
generally have #$EukaryoticCells;
#$EukaryoticCell
DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells,
like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy
#$Spleens, lack nuclei.
guid: bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Cell
direct generalization of:
#$HaploidCell
#$Protozoan
#$AnimalCell animal cells
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$Cells that #$Animals and parts
of #$Animals are
made of.
guid: bd58c15b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell
#$BotanicalCell botanical cells
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Cell. #$BotanicalCell
is the collection of cells which constitute the elements of
#$Plant and #$PlantPart, e.g.,
the cells making up elements of #$BotanicalOrgan,
of #$Seed, and of #$Spore-PlantLifeStage.
guid: bd58ede5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell
#$HaploidCell haploids
A specialization of #$EukaryoticCell.
Each instance of #$HaploidCell is
a cell which has a single chromosome set. For example,
gametes such as sperm and ova are haploid cells (see
#$Gamete). There also haploid forms of some mature
multicellular organisms.
guid: c10c1d14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell
direct generalization of: #$Gamete
#$DiploidCell diploids
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of #$EukaryoticCells
with paired chromosomes (two sets during the metaphase of
mitosis). This is the standard arrangement for the cells in
the bodies of adult multicellular organisms.
guid: c10c1a8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$EukaryoticCell
#$CellPart cell parts
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of structures which are typically
found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers
components of both #$EukaryoticCells
and #$ProkaryoticCells.
It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular
matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours,
microtubules, etc.
guid: c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$MicroscopicScaleObject #$OrganismPart
#$AnimalBLO animals
or body part
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject
that includes all living animals, body parts of living
animals, and body regions of living animals. #$AnimalBLO is
thus the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Animal, #$AnimalBodyPart,
and #$AnimalBodyRegion (qq.v.).
guid: c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$AnimalBodyPart
#$SpermCell
#$Animal #$AnimalBodyRegion
#$Ovum ova
A specialization of #$Gamete. Each instance of #$Ovum is a specialized
gamete cell produced by meiosis (see #$Meiosis) in the
reproductive tract of a female animal. Each ovum usually has
half the number of chromosomes that a regular body cell
does, and when fertilized by a sperm cell (see #$SpermCell), it
becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature
individual animal. See also #$FemaleAnimal,
#$SexualReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58bd8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Gamete
#$SpermCell sperm
A specialization of #$Gamete. Each instance of #$SpermCell is a
specialized gamete cell which is produced by meiosis in the
reproductive tract of a male animal. Each sperm cell usually
has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells
do, and when it fertilizes an ovum (see #$Ovum), the ovum
becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature
individual animal. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58ef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$AnimalBLO
#$Egg-Birds bird's eggs
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of complex ovum structures produced
and emitted (laid) by female birds, in which the ovum is
swollen with yolk (a food reserve substance), and around
which other stuff (the white and the shell) is secreted
before the egg is laid. Bird eggs have usually been
fertilized before the shell forms around them; chicken eggs
sold commercially for food are usually unfertilized.
guid: bd5895fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$PlantBLO plants or
plant parts
A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject
that includes all plants and parts of plants. #$PlantBLO is thus
the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Plant and #$PlantPart (qq.v.).
guid: c0fe06bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalLivingObject
direct generalization of:
#$Plant #$PlantPart
#$Seed seeds
A specialization of #$PlantBLO. Each
instance of #$Seed
is a small nodule or granule consisting of a young
angiosperm and its protective container during the early
(zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. If conditions
are right, instances of #$Seed will grow to
become adult plants.
guid: bd58abc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$PlantPart
#$FruitFn fruit fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
#$FruitFn is a Cyc
function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction,
which is used to denote the various natural kinds of fruit.
#$FruitFn
takes a single plant collection as its argument and returns
the collection of fruits of that type of plant. (#$FruitFn
PLANTTYPE) denotes the collection of all fruits from the
elements of PLANTTYPE. Examples: (#$FruitFn
#$AppleTree) denotes the collection of apples; (#$FruitFn
#$CashewTree) denotes the fruit of the cashew tree (note
this does NOT correspond with #$Cashew-TheSeed; the red
pulpy fruit is used to make cashew wine).
guid: bd58a976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$Fruit fruits
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each
instance of #$Fruit
is a plant structure containing the seeds of an angiosperm.
Many instances of #$Fruit have fleshy
walls with high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these
are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually
develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include
other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries
develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple
and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of
flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit.
guid: bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismPartType #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$SolidTangibleThing #$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$PlantPart #$Mixture
#$Seedling seedlings
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subset of #$Plant. #$Seedling is the
collection of all growing plants in the stage after
germination but before primary development. The seedling
stage begins with the rupture of the seed coat and ends at
the vague time that the growing plant is 'well established'.
guid: bd58ff65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Plant
#$Bulb-ThePlantPart bulbs
(organism parts) (living things)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of parts found in some
monocotyledonous plants. Typical elements of #$Bulb-ThePlantPart
are found just below the surface of the soil. A plant bulb
is NOT a root; rather, it is a very short stem with
associated leaf bases that are thick and broad, forming a
roundish bulb with many layers of leaf bases.
guid: bd58f148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PlantPart
#$BotanicalOrgan botanical organs
A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each
instance of #$BotanicalOrgan
is a major morphological and functional feature of an
individual plant. Notable specializations of #$BotanicalOrgan
include #$Flower-BotanicalPart,
#$Leaf, and #$Stem.
guid: bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PlantPart
#$Flower-BotanicalPart blossoms
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all reproductive organs of
angiosperm plants. May or may not look like conventional 'flowers'.
guid: bd590693-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismPartType
direct specialization of:
#$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$BotanicalOrgan
#$PlantPartType types
of plant part
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType
is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their
structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines.
Since #$PlantPartType
is a #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, any two instances of
it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint,
unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more
information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.)
guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType
Biological Events
#$BiologicalEvent biological events
A specialization of #$BiologicalProcess (q.v.)
instances of which are non-deliberately done by biological
organisms. Each instance of #$BiologicalEvent
is a biological process that has an instance of #$Organism-Whole
as a bodily doer (see #$bodilyDoer). Note
that not all physical events that have bodily doers are #$BiologicalEvents;
they might (e.g.) be #$PhysiologicalConditions
that are not biological events. Thus, having a bodily doer
is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for being an
instance of #$BiologicalEvent.
guid: bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
direct generalization of: #$DyingOfBLO #$Dying #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent
#$BiologicalDestructionEvent
#$BiologicalProductionEvent
#$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary
#$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure biological transportation
A specialization of #$Translation-Complete.
Each instance of #$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure
is a movement event in which the trajectory of the object
moving (see #$trajectory-Complete
and #$primaryObjectMoving) follows a living structure (an
instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject)
internal to some organism (see #$Organism-Whole)
for a significant portion of the movement (so that the
living structure is a #$motionPathway-Partial
(q.v.) for the movement). Notable specializations of #$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure
include #$EatingEvent, #$DigestionEvent,
and #$Inhaling.
guid: bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Translation-Complete
direct generalization of:
#$BiologicalIntakeEvent
#$Exhaling #$DigestionEvent
#$BiologicalMetabolismEvent metabolism
A specialization of
#$BiologicalProcess-CellularLevel. Each instance of #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent
is a biological process in which substrates are converted
into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less
complex than the substrates.
guid: bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ChemicalReaction
direct generalization of:
#$BiologicalCatabolismEvent
#$BirthEvent births
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which one animal
(prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth
to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is
the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange;
the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant
(therefore a #$BirthEvent is
an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent),
while the child changes from being inside the mother and
relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and
excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage,
although different English terms apply to different stages
of in utero development in mammals and not all of these
terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal
life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment).
guid: bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareEvent #$EmittingAnObject #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent
#$BiologicalDestructionEvent biological destruction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent
and #$BiologicalEvent.
In each instance of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent,
some instance(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject
(q.v.) are destroyed. Notable specializations of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent
include #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent,
#$DigestionEvent,
and #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent.
guid: bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalDestructionEvent #$BiologicalEvent
direct generalization of: #$DyingOfBLO #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent
#$BiologicalDecompositionEvent
#$Killing-Biological killing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent
and #$AnimalActivity.
In each instance of #$Killing-Biological,
one living organism ends (either intentionally or
unintentionally) the life of another living organism.
guid: bd58ac2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalDestructionEvent #$AnimalActivity #$HarmingAnAgent
#$PregnancyEndingEvent pregnancy
ending events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events which terminate a
pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.
guid: c0fd51d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$AnimalActivity
direct generalization of:
#$BirthEvent
#$DecompositionEvent decomposed
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which one or more
objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more
general concept #$DecompositionProcess,
in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.
guid: bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$DecompositionProcess
direct generalization of:
#$BiologicalDecompositionEvent
#$BiologicalProductionEvent biological production
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent
and #$BiologicalEvent.
In each instance of #$BiologicalProductionEvent,
raw materials are combined to produce a product, and at
least one instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject
(q.v.) is the producer. Specializations of #$BiologicalProductionEvent
include #$SecretionEvent
and #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalCreationEvent #$Production-Generic #$BiologicalEvent
direct generalization of:
#$SecretionEvent
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent
#$BiologicalGrowthEvent biological
growth events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalGrowthEvent,
a living structure (not necessarily a whole organism)
increases in size.
guid: bd58bcbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalEvent #$PhysicalCreationEvent
#$BiologicalIntakeEvent biological
intake events
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of
#$BiologicalTransportationEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent,
some object(s) are taken into some living structure.
guid: bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure
direct generalization of:
#$Ingesting #$Inhaling #$Swallowing
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent reproduction events
A specialization of #$BiologicalProductionEvent.
Each instance of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent
is an event in which one or more instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject
(q.v.) (related to the event by #$parentActors)
produce at least one new instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject
(related to the event by #$offspringActors),
generally of the same kind as the parents. Notable
specializations of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent
include #$AsexualReproductionEvent
and #$SexualReproductionEvent.
guid: bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalProductionEvent
direct generalization of:
#$SexualReproductionEvent
#$parentActors parent
(actor slot) (role)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$parentActors
EV P) means that organism P is one of the parents in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EV.
guid: bd58d9cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$preActors
#$offspringActors offspring
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$offspringActors
EVENT ORGANISM) means that ORGANISM is an offspring created
in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent
EVENT .
guid: bd58d98a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$AsexualReproductionEvent asexual reproduction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$AsexualReproductionEvent,
an organism produces offspring via asexual means. E.g.,
mitotic division by instances of #$SingleCellOrganism;
and budding, root-sprouting, etc., for (various) instances
of #$Plant).
guid: bd589292-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent
#$SexualReproductionEvent sexual reproduction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.
In each instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent,
two #$parentActors
produce one or more offspring. Sexual activity which does
not result in offspring is not included in this concept. On
the other hand, if offspring begin to develop, but never
finish (e.g., it just hasn't finished yet, or the mother
dies, or the offspring is aborted, or the offspring doesn't
survive to independence, etc.), then that is still
considered an instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent
but an incomplete one. The example of #$SexualReproductionEvent
most familiar to most people is when two mammals, one male
and one female, mate; sperm from the male combines with one
or more eggs inside the female and the resulting offspring
develop(s), inside the female parent and dependent upon her
for nutrition, until it/they is/are born. However, #$SexualReproductionEvent
is more general than that, and would include these examples:
Two birds mate; the female lays one or more eggs; both
parents incubate the eggs until they hatch. Two fish engage
in courtship; the female expells her eggs; the male expells
his sperm on top of them, and they swim away leaving many
fertilized eggs to develop into juvenile fish. One oak
tree's flowers give off airborne pollen; some grains land on
the stigma of another tree's flower and fertilize the ovary
inside, which then develops into an acorn which is shed by
the female parent at the end of summer.
guid: bd58e9a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$BiologicalReproductionEvent
#$BiologicalFusionEvent biological fusion
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalFusionEvent,
living structures fuse to form a single living structure.
guid: bd58bcff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$FusionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent
#$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent fertilization
(biological event) (creation) (creation or
destruction event)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In each element of #$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent,
gametes fuse to form a zygote.
guid: bd58a9d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$SecretionEvent secreting
A specialization of both #$EmittingAnObject
and #$BiologicalProductionEvent.
Each instance of #$SecretionEvent
is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes from
its body some instance of #$Secretion-Bodily (q.v.).
guid: bd58c3cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$EmittingAnObject #$BiologicalProductionEvent
#$AnimalActivity actions
performed by animals
A specialization of #$Action. Each instance
of #$AnimalActivity
is a spatially-localized action, each of whose doers (see #$doneBy) is either an
#$Animal or a
group of animals (i.e. a #$Group all of whose
members are #$Animals).
guid: bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Action #$Event-Localized
direct generalization of:
#$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent
#$TakingSomething
#$IncurringAnInjury
#$HumanActivity
#$GivingSomething
#$ProgrammingAComputer #$LearnedActivity #$LocomotionEvent-Animal
#$Starvation
#$Killing-Biological
#$BodyMovementEvent
#$GoingToSleep
#$WakingUpFromSleep
#$ConsumingFoodOrDrink
#$BodilyFunctionEvent
#$PregnancyEndingEvent
#$EncounteringSomething
#$AnimalMigration migrations
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of regular, species-linked movements
of an animal or group of animals from one place to another,
usually with a return to the starting point after a certain
period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs
once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a
seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an
animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also
involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate
and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds
exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S.
birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S.
guid: c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Translation-RoundTrip #$LocomotionEvent-Animal
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.