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# FreeBSD Glossary

This glossary contains terms and acronyms used within the FreeBSD community and documentation.

# A

ACL

  參見: Access Control List

ACPI

  參見: Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

AMD

  參見: Automatic Mount Daemon

AML

  參見: ACPI Machine Language

API

  參見: Application Programming Interface

APIC

  參見: Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller

APM

  參見: Advanced Power Management

APOP

  參見: Authenticated Post Office Protocol

ASL

  參見: ACPI Source Language

ATA

  參見: Advanced Technology Attachment

ATM

  參見: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ACPI Machine Language
(AML)

  Pseudocode, interpreted by a virtual machine within an ACPI-compliant operating system, providing a layer between the underlying hardware and the documented interface presented to the OS.

ACPI Source Language
(ASL)

  The programming language AML is written in.

Access Control List
(ACL)

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
(ACPI)

  A specification which provides an abstraction of the interface the hardware presents to the operating system, so that the operating system should need to know nothing about the underlying hardware to make the most of it. ACPI evolves and supercedes the functionality provided previously by APM, PNPBIOS and other technologies, and provides facilities for controlling power consumption, machine suspension, device enabling and disabling, etc.

Application Programming Interface
(API)

  A set of procedures, protocols and tools that specify the canonical interaction of one or more program parts; how, when and why they do work together, and what data they share or operate on.

Advanced Power Management
(APM)

Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
(APIC)

Advanced Technology Attachment
(ATA)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)

Authenticated Post Office Protocol
(APOP)

Automatic Mount Daemon
(AMD)

  A daemon that automatically mounts a filesystem when a file or directory within that filesystem is accessed.

# B

BIND

  參見: Berkeley Internet Name Domain

BIOS

  參見: Basic Input/Output System

BSD

  參見: Berkeley Software Distribution

Basic Input/Output System
(BIOS)

  The definition of BIOS depends a bit on the context. Some people refer to it as the ROM chip with a basic set of routines to provide an interface between software and hardware. Others refer to it as the set of routines contained in the chip that help in bootstrapping the system. Some might also refer to it as the screen used to configure the boostrapping process. The BIOS is PC-specific but other systems have something similar.

Berkeley Internet Name Domain
(BIND)

  An implementation of the DNS protocols.

Berkeley Software Distribution
(BSD)

  這是由 U.C. Berkeley 的 Computer Systems Research Group(CSRG) 選來當作他們所改良、修改過的 AT&T's 32V UNIX® 名稱。FreeBSD 則是由 CSRG 的這個心血衍生出來。

Bikeshed Building

  A phenomenon whereby many people will give an opinion on an uncomplicated topic, whilst a complex topic receives little or no discussion. See the FAQ for the origin of the term.

# C

CD

  參見: Carrier Detect

CHAP

  參見: Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

CLIP

  參見: Classical IP over ATM

COFF

  參見: Common Object File Format

CPU

  參見: Central Processing Unit

CTS

  參見: Clear To Send

CVS

  參見: Concurrent Versions System

Carrier Detect
(CD)

  An RS232C signal indicating that a carrier has been detected.

Central Processing Unit
(CPU)

  Also known as the processor. This is the brain of the computer where all calculations take place. There are a number of different architectures with different instruction sets. Among the more well-known are the Intel-x86 and derivatives, Sun SPARC, PowerPC, and Alpha.

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP)

Classical IP over ATM
(CLIP)

Clear To Send
(CTS)

  An RS232C signal giving the remote system permission to send data.

Common Object File Format
(COFF)

Concurrent Versions System
(CVS)

# D

DAC

  參見: Discretionary Access Control

DDB

  參見: Debugger

DES

  參見: Data Encryption Standard

DHCP

  參見: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DNS

  參見: Domain Name System

DSDT

  參見: Differentiated System Description Table

DSR

  參見: Data Set Ready

DTR

  參見: Data Terminal Ready

DVMRP

  參見: Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

Discretionary Access Control
(DAC)

Data Encryption Standard
(DES)

Data Set Ready
(DSR)

Data Terminal Ready
(DTR)

Debugger
(DDB)

Differentiated System Description Table
(DSDT)

Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP)

Domain Name System
(DNS)

  The system that converts humanly readable hostnames (i.e., mail.example.net) to Internet addresses and vice versa.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)

  A protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to a computer (host) when it requests one from the server. The address assignment is called a “lease”.

# E

ECOFF

  參見: Extended COFF

ELF

  參見: Executable and Linking Format

ESP

  參見: Encapsulated Security Payload

Encapsulated Security Payload
(ESP)

Executable and Linking Format
(ELF)

Extended COFF
(ECOFF)

# F

FADT

  參見: Fixed ACPI Description Table

FAT

  參見: File Allocation Table

FAT16

  參見: File Allocation Table (16-bit)

FTP

  參見: File Transfer Protocol

File Allocation Table
(FAT)

File Allocation Table (16-bit)
(FAT16)

File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)

  A member of the family of high-level protocols implemented on top of TCP which can be used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network.

Fixed ACPI Description Table
(FADT)

# G

GUI

  參見: Graphical User Interface

Giant

  The name of a mutual exclusion mechanism (a `sleep mutex`) that protects a large set of kernel resources. Although a simple locking mechanism was adequate in the days where a machine might have only a few dozen processes, one networking card, and certainly only one processor, in current times it is an unacceptable performance bottleneck. FreeBSD developers are actively working to replace it with locks that protect individual resources, which will allow a much greater degree of parallelism for both single-processor and multi-processor machines.

Graphical User Interface
(GUI)

  A system where the user and computer interact with graphics.

# H

HTML

  參見: HyperText Markup Language

HUP

  參見: HangUp

HangUp
(HUP)

HyperText Markup Language
(HTML)

  The markup language used to create web pages.

# I

I/O

  參見: Input/Output

IASL

  參見: Intel’s ASL compiler

IMAP

  參見: Internet Message Access Protocol

IP

  參見: Internet Protocol

IPFW

  參見: IP Firewall

IPP

  參見: Internet Printing Protocol

IPv4

  參見: IP Version 4

IPv6

  參見: IP Version 6

ISP

  參見: Internet Service Provider

IP Firewall
(IPFW)

IP Version 4
(IPv4)

  The IP protocol version 4, which uses 32 bits for addressing. This version is still the most widely used, but it is slowly being replaced with IPv6.

  另參見: IP Version 6.

IP Version 6
(IPv6)

  The new IP protocol. Invented because the address space in IPv4 is running out. Uses 128 bits for addressing.

Input/Output
(I/O)

Intel’s ASL compiler
(IASL)

  Intel’s compiler for converting ASL into AML.

Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP)

Internet Printing Protocol
(IPP)

Internet Protocol
(IP)

  The packet transmitting protocol that is the basic protocol on the Internet. Originally developed at the U.S. Department of Defense and an extremly important part of the TCP/IP stack. Without the Internet Protocol, the Internet would not have become what it is today. For more information, see RFC 791.

Internet Service Provider
(ISP)

  A company that provides access to the Internet.

# K

KAME

  Japanese for “turtle”, the term KAME is used in computing circles to refer to the KAME Project, who work on an implementation of IPv6.

KDC

  參見: Key Distribution Center

KLD

  參見: Kernel ld(1)

KSE

  參見: Kernel Scheduler Entities

KVA

  參見: Kernel Virtual Address

Kbps

  參見: Kilo Bits Per Second

Kernel ld(1)
(KLD)

Kernel Scheduler Entities
(KSE)

  A kernel-supported threading system. See the project home page for further details.

Kernel Virtual Address
(KVA)

Key Distribution Center
(KDC)

Kilo Bits Per Second
(Kbps)

  Used to measure bandwith (how much data can pass a given point at a specified amount of time). Alternates to the Kilo prefix include Mega, Giga, Tera, and so forth.

# L

LAN

  參見: Local Area Network

LOR

  參見: Lock Order Reversal

LPD

  參見: Line Printer Daemon

Line Printer Daemon
(LPD)

Local Area Network
(LAN)

  A network used on a local area, e.g. office, home, or so forth.

Lock Order Reversal
(LOR)

  The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention for those resources. A run-time lock diagnostic system found in FreeBSD-CURRENT kernels (but removed for releases), called witness(4), detects the potential for deadlocks due to locking errors. (witness(4) is actually slightly conservative, so it is possible to get false positives.) A true positive report indicates that “if you were unlucky, a deadlock would have happened here”.

  True positive LORs tend to get fixed quickly, so check http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-current and the LORs Seen page before posting to the mailing lists.

# M

MAC

  參見: Mandatory Access Control

MADT

  參見: Multiple APIC Description Table

MFC

  參見: Merge From Current

MFP4

  參見: Merge From Perforce

MFS

  參見: Merge From Stable

MIT

  參見: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MLS

  參見: Multi-Level Security

MOTD

  參見: Message Of The Day

MTA

  參見: Mail Transfer Agent

MUA

  參見: Mail User Agent

Mail Transfer Agent
(MTA)

  An application used to transfer email. An MTA has traditionally been part of the BSD base system. Today Sendmail is included in the base system, but there are many other MTAs, such as postfix, qmail and Exim.

Mail User Agent
(MUA)

  An application used by users to display and write email.

Mandatory Access Control
(MAC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT)

Merge From Current
(MFC)

  MFC 是一個縮寫，它代表了 “Merged From -CURRENT” ，這字眼會在 CVS logs 中常見， 以表示這是從 -CURRENT 中整合進其他分支(通常是 -STABLE)的 patch 或功能。

Merge From Perforce
(MFP4)

  To merge functionality or a patch from the Perforce repository to the -CURRENT branch.

  另參見: Perforce.

Merge From Stable
(MFS)

  In the normal course of FreeBSD development, a change will be committed to the -CURRENT branch for testing before being merged to -STABLE. On rare occasions, a change will go into -STABLE first and then be merged to -CURRENT.

  This term is also used when a patch is merged from -STABLE to a security branch.

  另參見: Merge From Current.

Message Of The Day
(MOTD)

  A message, usually shown on login, often used to distribute information to users of the system.

Multi-Level Security
(MLS)

Multiple APIC Description Table
(MADT)

# N

NAT

  參見: Network Address Translation

NDISulator

  參見: Project Evil

NFS

  參見: Network File System

NTFS

  參見: New Technology File System

NTP

  參見: Network Time Protocol

Network Address Translation
(NAT)

Network File System
(NFS)

New Technology File System
(NTFS)

  A filesystem developed by Microsoft and available in its “New Technology” operating systems, such as Windows® 2000, Windows NT® and Windows XP.

Network Time Protocol
(NTP)

# O

OBE

  參見: Overtaken By Events

ODMR

  參見: On-Demand Mail Relay

OS

  參見: Operating System

On-Demand Mail Relay
(ODMR)

Operating System
(OS)

  A set of programs, libraries and tools that provide access to the hardware resources of a computer. Operating systems range today from simplistic designs that support only one program running at a time, accessing only one device to fully multi-user, multi-tasking and multi-process systems that can serve thousands of users simultaneously, each of them running dozens of different applications.

Overtaken By Events
(OBE)

  Indicates a suggested change (such as a Problem Report or a feature request) which is no longer relevant or applicable due to such things as later changes to FreeBSD, changes in networking standards, the affected hardware having since become obsolete, and so forth.

# P

p4

  參見: Perforce

PAE

  參見: Physical Address Extensions

PAM

  參見: Pluggable Authentication Modules

PAP

  參見: Password Authentication Protocol

PC

  參見: Personal Computer

PCNSFD

  參見: Personal Computer Network File System Daemon

PDF

  參見: Portable Document Format

PID

  參見: Process ID

POLA

  參見: Principle Of Least Astonishment

POP

  參見: Post Office Protocol

POP3

  參見: Post Office Protocol Version 3

PPD

  參見: PostScript Printer Description

PPP

  參見: Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPoA

  參見: PPP over ATM

PPPoE

  參見: PPP over Ethernet

PPP over ATM
(PPPoA)

PPP over Ethernet
(PPPoE)

PR

  參見: Problem Report

PXE

  參見: Preboot eXecution Environment

Password Authentication Protocol
(PAP)

Perforce

  A source code control product made by Perforce Software which is more advanced than CVS. Although not open source, it use is free of charge to open-source projects such as FreeBSD.

  Some FreeBSD developers use a Perforce repository as a staging area for code that is considered too experimental for the -CURRENT branch.

Personal Computer
(PC)

Personal Computer Network File System Daemon
(PCNFSD)

Physical Address Extensions
(PAE)

  A method of enabling access to up to 64 GB of RAM on systems which only physically have a 32-bit wide address space (and would therefore be limited to 4 GB without PAE).

Pluggable Authentication Modules
(PAM)

Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP)

Pointy Hat

  A mythical piece of headgear, much like a `dunce cap`, awarded to any FreeBSD committer who breaks the build, makes revision numbers go backwards, or creates any other kind of havoc in the source base. Any committer worth his or her salt will soon accumulate a large collection. The usage is (almost always?) humorous.

Portable Document Format
(PDF)

Post Office Protocol
(POP)

Post Office Protocol Version 3
(POP3)

PostScript Printer Description
(PPD)

Preboot eXecution Environment
(PXE)

Principle Of Least Astonishment
(POLA)

  在 FreeBSD 的發展過程中，任何的改變幅度，都不該讓使用者習慣感到不適。 舉例來說：若任意調動 `/etc/defaults/rc.conf` 中的系統啟動順序， 就是違背 POLA 原則的精神。任何開發人員，都該在做出重大改變前， 先三思是否會與 POLA 原則有所違背。

Problem Report
(PR)

  A description of some kind of problem that has been found in either the FreeBSD source or documentation. See Writing FreeBSD Problem Reports.

Process ID
(PID)

  A number, unique to a particular process on a system, which identifies it and allows actions to be taken against it.

Project Evil

  The working title for the NDISulator, written by Bill Paul, who named it referring to how awful it is (from a philosophical standpoint) to need to have something like this in the first place. The NDISulator is a special compatibility module to allow Microsoft Windows™ NDIS miniport network drivers to be used with FreeBSD/i386. This is usually the only way to use cards where the driver is closed-source. See `src/sys/compat/ndis/subr_ndis.c`.

# R

RA

  參見: Router Advertisement

RAID

  參見: Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

RAM

  參見: Random Access Memory

RD

  參見: Received Data

RFC

  參見: Request For Comments

RISC

  參見: Reduced Instruction Set Computer

RPC

  參見: Remote Procedure Call

RS232C

  參見: Recommended Standard 232C

RTS

  參見: Request To Send

Random Access Memory
(RAM)

Received Data
(RD)

Recommended Standard 232C
(RS232C)

  A standard for communications between serial devices.

Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC)

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
(RAID)

Remote Procedure Call
(RPC)

repocopy

  參見: Repository Copy

Repository Copy

  repocopy(“repository copy” 的縮寫) 就是直接從 CVS repository 中複製檔案。

  若不用 repocopy 的方式，那麼若要在 repository 內複製、移動檔案的話， committer 就必須執行 `cvs add` 來把檔案放到新位置， 並且還要執行 `cvs rm` 來刪除舊檔。

  剛剛講的這種方式的缺點在於，該檔的之前相關紀錄 (比如在 CVS logs 中的相關項目)並不會隨之而複製到新地方去。 而 FreeBSD 計劃中認為這些歷史記錄都是相當有用的， 所以會經常採用 repository copy 的方式。 這也就是為何 repository 管理員會直接在 repository 內複製檔案的方式， 而非採取 cvs(1) 程式來進行 `cvs add`、 `cvs rm`之類的動作。

Request For Comments
(RFC)

  A set of documents defining Internet standards, protocols, and so forth. See www.rfc-editor.org.

  Also used as a general term when someone has a suggested change and wants feedback.

Request To Send
(RTS)

Router Advertisement
(RA)

# S

SCI

  參見: System Control Interrupt

SCSI

  參見: Small Computer System Interface

SG

  參見: Signal Ground

SMB

  參見: Server Message Block

SMP

  參見: Symmetric MultiProcessor

SMTP

  參見: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SMTP AUTH

  參見: SMTP Authentication

SSH

  參見: Secure Shell

STR

  參見: Suspend To RAM

SMTP Authentication
(SMTP AUTH)

Server Message Block
(SMB)

Signal Ground
(SG)

  An RS232 pin or wire that is the ground reference for the signal.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)

Secure Shell
(SSH)

Small Computer System Interface
(SCSI)

Suspend To RAM
(STR)

Symmetric MultiProcessor
(SMP)

System Control Interrupt
(SCI)

# T

TCP

  參見: Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP

  參見: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TD

  參見: Transmitted Data

TFTP

  參見: Trivial FTP

TGT

  參見: Ticket-Granting Ticket

TSC

  參見: Time Stamp Counter

Ticket-Granting Ticket
(TGT)

Time Stamp Counter
(TSC)

  A profiling counter internal to modern Pentium® processors that counts core frequency clock ticks.

Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)

  A protocol that sits on top of (e.g.) the IP protocol and guarantees that packets are delivered in a reliable, ordered, fashion.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)

  The term for the combination of the TCP protocol running over the IP protocol. Much of the Internet runs over TCP/IP.

Transmitted Data
(TD)

Trivial FTP
(TFTP)

# U

UDP

  參見: User Datagram Protocol

UFS1

  參見: Unix File System Version 1

UFS2

  參見: Unix File System Version 2

UID

  參見: User ID

URL

  參見: Uniform Resource Locator

USB

  參見: Universal Serial Bus

Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)

Unix File System Version 1
(UFS1)

Unix File System Version 2
(UFS2)

Universal Serial Bus
(USB)

User ID
(UID)

  A unique number assigned to each user of a computer, by which the resources and permissions assigned to that user can be identified.

User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)

# V

VPN

  參見: Virtual Private Network

Virtual Private Network
(VPN)

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