24.2. Introduction
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## 24.2. Introduction

### 24.2.1. Terminology

bps

  Bits per Second — the rate at which data is transmitted

DTE

  Data Terminal Equipment — for example, your computer

DCE

  Data Communications Equipment — your modem

RS-232

  EIA standard for hardware serial communications

When talking about communications data rates, this section does not use the term “baud”. Baud refers to the number of electrical state transitions that may be made in a period of time, while “bps” (bits per second) is the correct term to use (at least it does not seem to bother the curmudgeons quite as much).

### 24.2.2. Cables and Ports

To connect a modem or terminal to your FreeBSD system, you will need a serial port on your computer and the proper cable to connect to your serial device. If you are already familiar with your hardware and the cable it requires, you can safely skip this section.

#### 24.2.2.1. Cables

There are several different kinds of serial cables. The two most common types for our purposes are null-modem cables and standard (“straight”) RS-232 cables. The documentation for your hardware should describe the type of cable required.

##### 24.2.2.1.1. Null-modem Cables

A null-modem cable passes some signals, such as “Signal Ground”, straight through, but switches other signals. For example, the “Transmitted Data” pin on one end goes to the “Received Data” pin on the other end.

You can also construct your own null-modem cable for use with terminals (e.g., for quality purposes). This table shows the RS-232C signals and the pin numbers on a DB-25 connector. Note that the standard also calls for a straight-through pin 1 to pin 1 Protective Ground line, but it is often omitted. Some terminals work OK using only pins 2, 3 and 7, while others require different configurations than the examples shown below.

表格 24.1. DB-25 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable

Signal | Pin # |  | Pin # | Signal
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
SG | 7 | connects to | 7 | SG
TD | 2 | connects to | 3 | RD
RD | 3 | connects to | 2 | TD
RTS | 4 | connects to | 5 | CTS
CTS | 5 | connects to | 4 | RTS
DTR | 20 | connects to | 6 | DSR
DTR | 20 | connects to | 8 | DCD
DSR | 6 | connects to | 20 | DTR
DCD | 8 | connects to | 20 | DTR

Here are two other schemes more common nowadays.

表格 24.2. DB-9 to DB-9 Null-Modem Cable

Signal | Pin # |  | Pin # | Signal
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
RD | 2 | connects to | 3 | TD
TD | 3 | connects to | 2 | RD
DTR | 4 | connects to | 6 | DSR
DTR | 4 | connects to | 1 | DCD
SG | 5 | connects to | 5 | SG
DSR | 6 | connects to | 4 | DTR
DCD | 1 | connects to | 4 | DTR
RTS | 7 | connects to | 8 | CTS
CTS | 8 | connects to | 7 | RTS

表格 24.3. DB-9 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable

Signal | Pin # |  | Pin # | Signal
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
RD | 2 | connects to | 2 | TD
TD | 3 | connects to | 3 | RD
DTR | 4 | connects to | 6 | DSR
DTR | 4 | connects to | 8 | DCD
SG | 5 | connects to | 7 | SG
DSR | 6 | connects to | 20 | DTR
DCD | 1 | connects to | 20 | DTR
RTS | 7 | connects to | 5 | CTS
CTS | 8 | connects to | 4 | RTS

### 注意:

When one pin at one end connects to a pair of pins at the other end, it is usually implemented with one short wire between the pair of pins in their connector and a long wire to the other single pin.

The above designs seems to be the most popular. In another variation (explained in the book RS-232 Made Easy) SG connects to SG, TD connects to RD, RTS and CTS connect to DCD, DTR connects to DSR, and vice-versa.

##### 24.2.2.1.2. Standard RS-232C Cables

A standard serial cable passes all of the RS-232C signals straight through. That is, the “Transmitted Data” pin on one end of the cable goes to the “Transmitted Data” pin on the other end. This is the type of cable to use to connect a modem to your FreeBSD system, and is also appropriate for some terminals.

#### 24.2.2.2. Ports

Serial ports are the devices through which data is transferred between the FreeBSD host computer and the terminal. This section describes the kinds of ports that exist and how they are addressed in FreeBSD.

##### 24.2.2.2.1. Kinds of Ports

Several kinds of serial ports exist. Before you purchase or construct a cable, you need to make sure it will fit the ports on your terminal and on the FreeBSD system.

Most terminals will have DB-25 ports. Personal computers, including PCs running FreeBSD, will have DB-25 or DB-9 ports. If you have a multiport serial card for your PC, you may have RJ-12 or RJ-45 ports.

See the documentation that accompanied the hardware for specifications on the kind of port in use. A visual inspection of the port often works too.

##### 24.2.2.2.2. Port Names

In FreeBSD, you access each serial port through an entry in the `/dev` directory. There are two different kinds of entries:

- Call-in ports are named `/dev/ttyd`N`` where `N` is the port number, starting from zero. Generally, you use the call-in port for terminals. Call-in ports require that the serial line assert the data carrier detect (DCD) signal to work correctly.

- Call-out ports are named `/dev/cuad`N``. You usually do not use the call-out port for terminals, just for modems. You may use the call-out port if the serial cable or the terminal does not support the carrier detect signal.

  ### 注意:

  Call-out ports are named `/dev/cuaa`N`` in FreeBSD 5.X and older.

If you have connected a terminal to the first serial port (`COM1` in MS-DOS®), then you will use `/dev/ttyd0` to refer to the terminal. If the terminal is on the second serial port (also known as `COM2`), use `/dev/ttyd1`, and so forth.

### 24.2.3. Kernel Configuration

FreeBSD supports four serial ports by default. In the MS-DOS® world, these are known as `COM1`, `COM2`, `COM3`, and `COM4`. FreeBSD currently supports “dumb” multiport serial interface cards, such as the BocaBoard 1008 and 2016, as well as more intelligent multi-port cards such as those made by Digiboard and Stallion Technologies. However, the default kernel only looks for the standard COM ports.

To see if your kernel recognizes any of your serial ports, watch for messages while the kernel is booting, or use the `/sbin/dmesg` command to replay the kernel's boot messages. In particular, look for messages that start with the characters `sio`.

### 提示:

To view just the messages that have the word `sio`, use the command:

`#` `/sbin/dmesg | grep 'sio'`

For example, on a system with four serial ports, these are the serial-port specific kernel boot messages:

sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa sio0: type 16550A sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa sio1: type 16550A sio2 at 0x3e8-0x3ef irq 5 on isa sio2: type 16550A sio3 at 0x2e8-0x2ef irq 9 on isa sio3: type 16550A

If your kernel does not recognize all of your serial ports, you will probably need to configure your kernel in the `/boot/device.hints` file. You can also comment-out or completely remove lines for devices you do not have.

On FreeBSD 4.X you have to edit your kernel configuration file. For detailed information on configuring your kernel, please see 章 8, 設定 FreeBSD Kernel. The relevant device lines would look like this:

device sio0 at isa? port IO_COM1 irq 4 device sio1 at isa? port IO_COM2 irq 3 device sio2 at isa? port IO_COM3 irq 5 device sio3 at isa? port IO_COM4 irq 9

Please refer to the sio(4) manual page for more information on serial ports and multiport boards configuration. Be careful if you are using a configuration file that was previously used for a different version of FreeBSD because the device flags and the syntax have changed between versions.

### 注意:

`port IO_COM1` is a substitution for `port 0x3f8`, `IO_COM2` is `0x2f8`, `IO_COM3` is `0x3e8`, and `IO_COM4` is `0x2e8`, which are fairly common port addresses for their respective serial ports; interrupts 4, 3, 5, and 9 are fairly common interrupt request lines. Also note that regular serial ports cannot share interrupts on ISA-bus PCs (multiport boards have on-board electronics that allow all the 16550A's on the board to share one or two interrupt request lines).

### 24.2.4. Device Special Files

Most devices in the kernel are accessed through “device special files”, which are located in the `/dev` directory. The `sio` devices are accessed through the `/dev/ttyd`N`` (dial-in) and `/dev/cuad`N`` (call-out) devices. FreeBSD also provides initialization devices (`/dev/ttyd`N`.init` and `/dev/cuad`N`.init` on FreeBSD 6.X, `/dev/ttyid`N`` and `/dev/cuaid`N`` on FreeBSD 5.X and older) and locking devices (`/dev/ttyd`N`.lock` and `/dev/cuad`N`.lock` on FreeBSD 6.X, `/dev/ttyld`N`` and `/dev/cuald`N`` on FreeBSD 5.X and older). The initialization devices are used to initialize communications port parameters each time a port is opened, such as `crtscts` for modems which use `RTS/CTS` signaling for flow control. The locking devices are used to lock flags on ports to prevent users or programs changing certain parameters; see the manual pages termios(4), sio(4), and stty(1) for information on the terminal settings, locking and initializing devices, and setting terminal options, respectively.

#### 24.2.4.1. Making Device Special Files

### 注意:

FreeBSD 5.0 includes the devfs(5) filesystem which automatically creates device nodes as needed. If you are running a version of FreeBSD with `devfs` enabled then you can safely skip this section.

A shell script called `MAKEDEV` in the `/dev` directory manages the device special files. To use `MAKEDEV` to make dial-up device special files for `COM1` (port 0), `cd` to `/dev` and issue the command `MAKEDEV ttyd0`. Likewise, to make dial-up device special files for `COM2` (port 1), use `MAKEDEV ttyd1`.

`MAKEDEV` not only creates the `/dev/ttyd`N`` device special files, but also the `/dev/cuaa`N``, `/dev/cuaia`N``, `/dev/cuala`N``, `/dev/ttyld`N``, and `/dev/ttyid`N`` nodes.

After making new device special files, be sure to check the permissions on the files (especially the `/dev/cua*` files) to make sure that only users who should have access to those device special files can read and write on them — you probably do not want to allow your average user to use your modems to dial-out. The default permissions on the `/dev/cua*` files should be sufficient:

crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 28, 129 Feb 15 14:38 /dev/cuaa1 crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 28, 161 Feb 15 14:38 /dev/cuaia1 crw-rw---- 1 uucp dialer 28, 193 Feb 15 14:38 /dev/cuala1

These permissions allow the user `uucp` and users in the group `dialer` to use the call-out devices.

### 24.2.5. Serial Port Configuration

The `ttyd`N`` (or `cuad`N``) device is the regular device you will want to open for your applications. When a process opens the device, it will have a default set of terminal I/O settings. You can see these settings with the command

`#` `stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1`

When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in effect until the device is closed. When it is reopened, it goes back to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you can open and adjust the settings of the “initial state” device. For example, to turn on `CLOCAL` mode, 8 bit communication, and `XON/XOFF` flow control by default for `ttyd5`, type:

`#` `stty -f /dev/ttyd5.init clocal cs8 ixon ixoff`

System-wide initialization of the serial devices is controlled in `/etc/rc.d/serial`. This file affects the default settings of serial devices.

### 注意:

On FreeBSD 4.X, system-wide initialization of the serial devices is controlled in `/etc/rc.serial`.

To prevent certain settings from being changed by an application, make adjustments to the “lock state” device. For example, to lock the speed of `ttyd5` to 57600 bps, type:

`#` `stty -f /dev/ttyd5.lock 57600`

Now, an application that opens `ttyd5` and tries to change the speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps.

Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state devices writable only by the `root` account.

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