= Dataset Filtering 

Sequel is very flexibile when it comes to filtering records. You can specify your conditions as a custom string, as a string with parameters, as a hash of values to compare against, or as ruby code that Sequel translates into SQL expressions.

== Filtering using a custom filter string

If you wish to write your SQL by hand, you can just supply it to the dataset's #where method:

  items.where('x < 10').sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE x < 10"

In order to prevent SQL injection, you can replace literal values with question marks and supply the values as additional arguments:

  items.where('category = ?', 'ruby').sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE category = 'ruby'"

You can also use placeholders with :placeholder and a hash of placeholder values:

  items.where('category = :category', :category=>'ruby').sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE category = 'ruby'"

=== Specifying SQL functions

Sequel also allows you to specify functions by using the Sequel.function method:

  items.literal(Sequel.function(:avg, :price)) #=> "avg(price)"

If you are specifying a filter/selection/order, you can use a virtual row block:

  items.select{avg(price)}

You can also use the {core_extensions extension}[link:files/doc/core_extensions_rdoc.html] and the +sql_function+ method:

  :avg.sql_function(:price)

== Filtering using a hash

If you just need to compare records against values, you can supply a hash:

  items.where(:category => 'ruby').sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category = 'ruby')"

Sequel can check for null values:

  items.where(:category => nil).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category IS NULL)"

Or compare two columns:

  items.where(:x => :some_table__y).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (x = some_table.y)"

And also compare against multiple values:

  items.where(:category => ['ruby', 'perl']).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category IN ('ruby', 'perl'))"

Ranges (both inclusive and exclusive) can also be used:

  items.where(:price => 100..200).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (price >= 100 AND price <= 200)"

  items.where(:price => 100...200).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (price >= 100 AND price < 200)"

== Filtering using an array

If you need to select multiple items from a dataset, you can supply an array:

	item_array = [1, 38, 47, 99]
	items.where(:id => item_array).sql
	#=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (id IN (1, 38, 47, 99))"

== Filtering using expressions

You can pass a block to where, which is evaluated in a special context:

  items.where{price * 2 < 50}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price * 2) < 50) 

This works for the standard inequality and arithmetic operators:

  items.where{price + 100 < 200}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price + 100) < 200) 

  items.where{price - 100 > 200}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price - 100) > 200) 

  items.where{price * 100 <= 200}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price * 100) <= 200) 

  items.where{price / 100 >= 200}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price / 100) >= 200) 

You use the overloaded bitwise and (&) and or (|) operators to combine expressions:

  items.where{(price + 100 < 200) & (price * 100 <= 200)}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (((price + 100) < 200) AND ((price * 100) <= 200)) 

  items.where{(price - 100 > 200) | (price / 100 >= 200)}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (((price - 100) > 200) OR ((price / 100) >= 200)) 

To filter by equality, you use the standard hash, which can be combined with other expressions using Sequel.& and Sequel.|:

  items.where{Sequel.&({:category => 'ruby'}, (price + 100 < 200))}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category = 'ruby') AND ((price + 100) < 200))"

This works with other hash values, such as arrays and ranges:

  items.where{Sequel.|({:category => ['ruby', 'other']}, (:price - 100 > 200))}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((category IN ('ruby', 'other')) OR ((price - 100) <= 200))"

  items.where{Sequel.&({:price => (100..200)}, :active)).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price >= 100 AND price <= 200) AND active)"

=== Negating conditions

You can use the exclude method to exclude conditions:

  items.exclude(:category => 'ruby').sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (category != 'ruby')"

  items.exclude(:active).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE NOT active"

  items.exclude{price / 100 >= 200}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price / 100) < 200) 

=== Comparing against column references

You can also compare against other columns:

  items.where{credit > debit}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (credit > debit)

Or against SQL functions:

  items.where{price - 100 < max(price)}.sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((price - 100) < max(price))"

== String search functions

You can search SQL strings using the Sequel.like method:

  items.where(Sequel.like(:name, 'Acme%')).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (name LIKE 'Acme%')"

You can specify a Regexp as a like argument, but this will probably only work
on PostgreSQL and MySQL:

  items.where(Sequel.like(:name, /Acme.*/)).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (name ~ 'Acme.*')"

Like can also take more than one argument:

  items.where(Sequel.like(:name, 'Acme%', /Beta.*/)).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((name LIKE 'Acme%') OR (name ~ 'Beta.*'))"

== String concatenation

You can concatenate SQL strings using Sequel.join: 

  items.where(Sequel.join([:name, :comment]).like('%acme%')).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((name || comment) LIKE 'Acme%')"

Array#sql_string_join also takes a join argument:

  items.filter(Sequel.join([:name, :comment], ' ').like('%acme%')).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((name || ' ' || comment) LIKE 'Acme%')"

== Filtering using sub-queries

One of the best features of Sequel is the ability to use datasets as sub-queries. Sub-queries can be very useful for filtering records, and many times provide a simpler alternative to table joins. Sub-queries can be used in all forms of filters:

  refs = consumer_refs.where(:logged_in).select(:consumer_id)
  consumers.where(:id => refs).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM consumers WHERE (id IN (SELECT consumer_id FROM consumer_refs WHERE logged_in))"

Note that if you are checking for the inclusion of a single column in a subselect, the subselect should only select a single column.

== Using OR instead of AND

By default, if you chain calls to +where+, the conditions get ANDed together.  If you want to use an OR for a condition, you can use the +or+ method:

  items.where(:name=>'Food').or(:vendor=>1).sql
  #=> "SELECT * FROM items WHERE ((name = 'Food') OR (vendor = 1))"
