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# Source Level Debugging with LLVM

- Introduction
  - Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information
  - Debug information consumers
  - Debugging optimized code
- Debugging information format
  - Debug information descriptors
    - Compile unit descriptors
    - File descriptors
    - Global variable descriptors
    - Subprogram descriptors
    - Block descriptors
    - Basic type descriptors
    - Derived type descriptors
    - Composite type descriptors
    - Subrange descriptors
    - Enumerator descriptors
    - Local variables
    - Debugger intrinsic functions
    - `llvm.dbg.declare`
    - `llvm.dbg.value`
- Object lifetimes and scoping
- C/C++ front-end specific debug information
  - C/C++ source file information
  - C/C++ global variable information
  - C/C++ function information
  - C/C++ basic types
    - bool
    - char
    - unsigned char
    - short
    - unsigned short
    - int
    - unsigned int
    - long long
    - unsigned long long
    - float
    - double
  - C/C++ derived types
  - C/C++ struct/union types
  - C/C++ enumeration types
- Debugging information format
  - Debugging Information Extension for Objective C Properties
    - Introduction
    - Proposal
    - New DWARF Tags
    - New DWARF Attributes
    - New DWARF Constants
  - Name Accelerator Tables
    - Introduction
    - Hash Tables
      - Standard Hash Tables
      - Name Hash Tables
    - Details
      - Header Layout
      - Fixed Lookup
    - Contents
    - Language Extensions and File Format Changes
      - Objective-C Extensions
      - Mach-O Changes

## Introduction

This document is the central repository for all information pertaining to debug information in LLVM. It describes the actual format that the LLVM debug information takes, which is useful for those interested in creating front-ends or dealing directly with the information. Further, this document provides specific examples of what debug information for C/C++ looks like.

### Philosophy behind LLVM debugging information

The idea of the LLVM debugging information is to capture how the important pieces of the source-language’s Abstract Syntax Tree map onto LLVM code. Several design aspects have shaped the solution that appears here. The important ones are:

- Debugging information should have very little impact on the rest of the compiler. No transformations, analyses, or code generators should need to be modified because of debugging information.
- LLVM optimizations should interact in well-defined and easily described ways with the debugging information.
- Because LLVM is designed to support arbitrary programming languages, LLVM-to-LLVM tools should not need to know anything about the semantics of the source-level-language.
- Source-level languages are often widely different from one another. LLVM should not put any restrictions of the flavor of the source-language, and the debugging information should work with any language.
- With code generator support, it should be possible to use an LLVM compiler to compile a program to native machine code and standard debugging formats. This allows compatibility with traditional machine-code level debuggers, like GDB or DBX.

The approach used by the LLVM implementation is to use a small set of intrinsic functions to define a mapping between LLVM program objects and the source-level objects. The description of the source-level program is maintained in LLVM metadata in an implementation-defined format (the C/C++ front-end currently uses working draft 7 of the DWARF 3 standard).

When a program is being debugged, a debugger interacts with the user and turns the stored debug information into source-language specific information. As such, a debugger must be aware of the source-language, and is thus tied to a specific language or family of languages.

### Debug information consumers

The role of debug information is to provide meta information normally stripped away during the compilation process. This meta information provides an LLVM user a relationship between generated code and the original program source code.

Currently, debug information is consumed by DwarfDebug to produce dwarf information used by the gdb debugger. Other targets could use the same information to produce stabs or other debug forms.

It would also be reasonable to use debug information to feed profiling tools for analysis of generated code, or, tools for reconstructing the original source from generated code.

TODO - expound a bit more.

### Debugging optimized code

An extremely high priority of LLVM debugging information is to make it interact well with optimizations and analysis. In particular, the LLVM debug information provides the following guarantees:

- LLVM debug information always provides information to accurately read the source-level state of the program, regardless of which LLVM optimizations have been run, and without any modification to the optimizations themselves. However, some optimizations may impact the ability to modify the current state of the program with a debugger, such as setting program variables, or calling functions that have been deleted.
- As desired, LLVM optimizations can be upgraded to be aware of the LLVM debugging information, allowing them to update the debugging information as they perform aggressive optimizations. This means that, with effort, the LLVM optimizers could optimize debug code just as well as non-debug code.
- LLVM debug information does not prevent optimizations from happening (for example inlining, basic block reordering/merging/cleanup, tail duplication, etc).
- LLVM debug information is automatically optimized along with the rest of the program, using existing facilities. For example, duplicate information is automatically merged by the linker, and unused information is automatically removed.

Basically, the debug information allows you to compile a program with “`-O0 -g`” and get full debug information, allowing you to arbitrarily modify the program as it executes from a debugger. Compiling a program with “`-O3 -g`” gives you full debug information that is always available and accurate for reading (e.g., you get accurate stack traces despite tail call elimination and inlining), but you might lose the ability to modify the program and call functions where were optimized out of the program, or inlined away completely.

LLVM test suite provides a framework to test optimizer’s handling of debugging information. It can be run like this:

    % cd llvm/projects/test-suite/MultiSource/Benchmarks  # or some other level
    % make TEST=dbgopt

This will test impact of debugging information on optimization passes. If debugging information influences optimization passes then it will be reported as a failure. See LLVM Testing Infrastructure Guide for more information on LLVM test infrastructure and how to run various tests.

## Debugging information format

LLVM debugging information has been carefully designed to make it possible for the optimizer to optimize the program and debugging information without necessarily having to know anything about debugging information. In particular, the use of metadata avoids duplicated debugging information from the beginning, and the global dead code elimination pass automatically deletes debugging information for a function if it decides to delete the function.

To do this, most of the debugging information (descriptors for types, variables, functions, source files, etc) is inserted by the language front-end in the form of LLVM metadata.

Debug information is designed to be agnostic about the target debugger and debugging information representation (e.g. DWARF/Stabs/etc). It uses a generic pass to decode the information that represents variables, types, functions, namespaces, etc: this allows for arbitrary source-language semantics and type-systems to be used, as long as there is a module written for the target debugger to interpret the information.

To provide basic functionality, the LLVM debugger does have to make some assumptions about the source-level language being debugged, though it keeps these to a minimum. The only common features that the LLVM debugger assumes exist are source files, and program objects. These abstract objects are used by a debugger to form stack traces, show information about local variables, etc.

This section of the documentation first describes the representation aspects common to any source-language. C/C++ front-end specific debug information describes the data layout conventions used by the C and C++ front-ends.

### Debug information descriptors

In consideration of the complexity and volume of debug information, LLVM provides a specification for well formed debug descriptors.

Consumers of LLVM debug information expect the descriptors for program objects to start in a canonical format, but the descriptors can include additional information appended at the end that is source-language specific. All debugging information objects start with a tag to indicate what type of object it is. The source-language is allowed to define its own objects, by using unreserved tag numbers. We recommend using with tags in the range 0x1000 through 0x2000 (there is a defined `enum DW_TAG_user_base = 0x1000`.)

The fields of debug descriptors used internally by LLVM are restricted to only the simple data types `i32`, `i1`, `float`, `double`, `mdstring` and `mdnode`.

    !1 = metadata !{
      i32,   ;; A tag
      ...
    }

<a name=”LLVMDebugVersion”>The first field of a descriptor is always an `i32` containing a tag value identifying the content of the descriptor. The remaining fields are specific to the descriptor. The values of tags are loosely bound to the tag values of DWARF information entries. However, that does not restrict the use of the information supplied to DWARF targets.

The details of the various descriptors follow.

#### Compile unit descriptors

    !0 = metadata !{
      i32,       ;; Tag = 17 (DW_TAG_compile_unit)
      metadata,  ;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair
      i32,       ;; DWARF language identifier (ex. DW_LANG_C89)
      metadata   ;; Producer (ex. "4.0.1 LLVM (LLVM research group)")
      i1,        ;; True if this is optimized.
      metadata,  ;; Flags
      i32        ;; Runtime version
      metadata   ;; List of enums types
      metadata   ;; List of retained types
      metadata   ;; List of subprograms
      metadata   ;; List of global variables
      metadata   ;; List of imported entities
      metadata   ;; Split debug filename
    }

These descriptors contain a source language ID for the file (we use the DWARF 3.0 ID numbers, such as `DW_LANG_C89`, `DW_LANG_C_plus_plus`, `DW_LANG_Cobol74`, etc), a reference to a metadata node containing a pair of strings for the source file name and the working directory, as well as an identifier string for the compiler that produced it.

Compile unit descriptors provide the root context for objects declared in a specific compilation unit. File descriptors are defined using this context. These descriptors are collected by a named metadata `!llvm.dbg.cu`. They keep track of subprograms, global variables, type information, and imported entities (declarations and namespaces).

#### File descriptors

    !0 = metadata !{
      i32,       ;; Tag = 41 (DW_TAG_file_type)
      metadata,  ;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair
    }

These descriptors contain information for a file. Global variables and top level functions would be defined using this context. File descriptors also provide context for source line correspondence.

Each input file is encoded as a separate file descriptor in LLVM debugging information output.

#### Global variable descriptors

    !1 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag = 52 (DW_TAG_variable)
      i32,      ;; Unused field.
      metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
      metadata, ;; Name
      metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
      metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
      metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
      i32,      ;; Line number where defined
      metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
      i1,       ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
      i1,       ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
      {}*,      ;; Reference to the global variable
      metadata, ;; The static member declaration, if any
    }

These descriptors provide debug information about globals variables. They provide details such as name, type and where the variable is defined. All global variables are collected inside the named metadata `!llvm.dbg.cu`.

#### Subprogram descriptors

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag = 46 (DW_TAG_subprogram)
      metadata, ;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair
      metadata, ;; Reference to context descriptor
      metadata, ;; Name
      metadata, ;; Display name (fully qualified C++ name)
      metadata, ;; MIPS linkage name (for C++)
      i32,      ;; Line number where defined
      metadata, ;; Reference to type descriptor
      i1,       ;; True if the global is local to compile unit (static)
      i1,       ;; True if the global is defined in the compile unit (not extern)
      i32,      ;; Virtuality, e.g. dwarf::DW_VIRTUALITY__virtual
      i32,      ;; Index into a virtual function
      metadata, ;; indicates which base type contains the vtable pointer for the
                ;; derived class
      i32,      ;; Flags - Artifical, Private, Protected, Explicit, Prototyped.
      i1,       ;; isOptimized
      Function * , ;; Pointer to LLVM function
      metadata, ;; Lists function template parameters
      metadata, ;; Function declaration descriptor
      metadata, ;; List of function variables
      i32       ;; Line number where the scope of the subprogram begins
    }

These descriptors provide debug information about functions, methods and subprograms. They provide details such as name, return types and the source location where the subprogram is defined.

#### Block descriptors

    !3 = metadata !{
      i32,     ;; Tag = 11 (DW_TAG_lexical_block)
      metadata,;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair
      metadata,;; Reference to context descriptor
      i32,     ;; Line number
      i32,     ;; Column number
      i32      ;; Unique ID to identify blocks from a template function
    }

This descriptor provides debug information about nested blocks within a subprogram. The line number and column numbers are used to dinstinguish two lexical blocks at same depth.

    !3 = metadata !{
      i32,     ;; Tag = 11 (DW_TAG_lexical_block)
      metadata,;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair
      metadata ;; Reference to the scope we're annotating with a file change
    }

This descriptor provides a wrapper around a lexical scope to handle file changes in the middle of a lexical block.

#### Basic type descriptors

    !4 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag = 36 (DW_TAG_base_type)
      metadata,;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair (may be null)
      metadata, ;; Reference to context
      metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
      i32,      ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
      i64,      ;; Size in bits
      i64,      ;; Alignment in bits
      i64,      ;; Offset in bits
      i32,      ;; Flags
      i32       ;; DWARF type encoding
    }

These descriptors define primitive types used in the code. Example `int`, `bool` and `float`. The context provides the scope of the type, which is usually the top level. Since basic types are not usually user defined the context and line number can be left as NULL and 0. The size, alignment and offset are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to round the offset when embedded in a composite type (example to keep float doubles on 64 bit boundaries). The offset is the bit offset if embedded in a composite type.

The type encoding provides the details of the type. The values are typically one of the following:

    DW_ATE_address       = 1
    DW_ATE_boolean       = 2
    DW_ATE_float         = 4
    DW_ATE_signed        = 5
    DW_ATE_signed_char   = 6
    DW_ATE_unsigned      = 7
    DW_ATE_unsigned_char = 8

#### Derived type descriptors

    !5 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag (see below)
      metadata,;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair (may be null)
      metadata, ;; Reference to context
      metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
      i32,      ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
      i64,      ;; Size in bits
      i64,      ;; Alignment in bits
      i64,      ;; Offset in bits
      i32,      ;; Flags to encode attributes, e.g. private
      metadata, ;; Reference to type derived from
      metadata, ;; (optional) Name of the Objective C property associated with
                ;; Objective-C an ivar, or the type of which this
                ;; pointer-to-member is pointing to members of.
      metadata, ;; (optional) Name of the Objective C property getter selector.
      metadata, ;; (optional) Name of the Objective C property setter selector.
      i32       ;; (optional) Objective C property attributes.
    }

These descriptors are used to define types derived from other types. The value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following are possible tag values:

    DW_TAG_formal_parameter   = 5
    DW_TAG_member             = 13
    DW_TAG_pointer_type       = 15
    DW_TAG_reference_type     = 16
    DW_TAG_typedef            = 22
    DW_TAG_ptr_to_member_type = 31
    DW_TAG_const_type         = 38
    DW_TAG_volatile_type      = 53
    DW_TAG_restrict_type      = 55

`DW_TAG_member` is used to define a member of a composite type or subprogram. The type of the member is the derived type. `DW_TAG_formal_parameter` is used to define a member which is a formal argument of a subprogram.

`DW_TAG_typedef` is used to provide a name for the derived type.

`DW_TAG_pointer_type`, `DW_TAG_reference_type`, `DW_TAG_const_type`, `DW_TAG_volatile_type` and `DW_TAG_restrict_type` are used to qualify the derived type.

Derived type location can be determined from the context and line number. The size, alignment and offset are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to round the offset when embedded in a composite type (example to keep float doubles on 64 bit boundaries.) The offset is the bit offset if embedded in a composite type.

Note that the `void *` type is expressed as a type derived from NULL.

#### Composite type descriptors

    !6 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag (see below)
      metadata,;; Source directory (including trailing slash) & file pair (may be null)
      metadata, ;; Reference to context
      metadata, ;; Name (may be "" for anonymous types)
      i32,      ;; Line number where defined (may be 0)
      i64,      ;; Size in bits
      i64,      ;; Alignment in bits
      i64,      ;; Offset in bits
      i32,      ;; Flags
      metadata, ;; Reference to type derived from
      metadata, ;; Reference to array of member descriptors
      i32       ;; Runtime languages
      metadata, ;; Base type containing the vtable pointer for this type
      metadata  ;; Template parameters
    }

These descriptors are used to define types that are composed of 0 or more elements. The value of the tag varies depending on the meaning. The following are possible tag values:

    DW_TAG_array_type       = 1
    DW_TAG_enumeration_type = 4
    DW_TAG_structure_type   = 19
    DW_TAG_union_type       = 23
    DW_TAG_subroutine_type  = 21
    DW_TAG_inheritance      = 28

The vector flag indicates that an array type is a native packed vector.

The members of array types (tag = `DW_TAG_array_type`) are subrange descriptors, each representing the range of subscripts at that level of indexing.

The members of enumeration types (tag = `DW_TAG_enumeration_type`) are enumerator descriptors, each representing the definition of enumeration value for the set. All enumeration type descriptors are collected inside the named metadata `!llvm.dbg.cu`.

The members of structure (tag = `DW_TAG_structure_type`) or union (tag = `DW_TAG_union_type`) types are any one of the basic, derived or composite type descriptors, each representing a field member of the structure or union.

For C++ classes (tag = `DW_TAG_structure_type`), member descriptors provide information about base classes, static members and member functions. If a member is a derived type descriptor and has a tag of `DW_TAG_inheritance`, then the type represents a base class. If the member of is a global variable descriptor then it represents a static member. And, if the member is a subprogram descriptor then it represents a member function. For static members and member functions, `getName()` returns the members link or the C++ mangled name. `getDisplayName()` the simplied version of the name.

The first member of subroutine (tag = `DW_TAG_subroutine_type`) type elements is the return type for the subroutine. The remaining elements are the formal arguments to the subroutine.

Composite type location can be determined from the context and line number. The size, alignment and offset are expressed in bits and can be 64 bit values. The alignment is used to round the offset when embedded in a composite type (as an example, to keep float doubles on 64 bit boundaries). The offset is the bit offset if embedded in a composite type.

#### Subrange descriptors

    !42 = metadata !{
      i32,    ;; Tag = 33 (DW_TAG_subrange_type)
      i64,    ;; Low value
      i64     ;; High value
    }

These descriptors are used to define ranges of array subscripts for an array composite type. The low value defines the lower bounds typically zero for C/C++. The high value is the upper bounds. Values are 64 bit. `High - Low + 1` is the size of the array. If `Low > High` the array bounds are not included in generated debugging information.

#### Enumerator descriptors

    !6 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag = 40 (DW_TAG_enumerator)
      metadata, ;; Name
      i64       ;; Value
    }

These descriptors are used to define members of an enumeration composite type, it associates the name to the value.

#### Local variables

    !7 = metadata !{
      i32,      ;; Tag (see below)
      metadata, ;; Context
      metadata, ;; Name
      metadata, ;; Reference to file where defined
      i32,      ;; 24 bit - Line number where defined
                ;; 8 bit - Argument number. 1 indicates 1st argument.
      metadata, ;; Type descriptor
      i32,      ;; flags
      metadata  ;; (optional) Reference to inline location
    }

These descriptors are used to define variables local to a sub program. The value of the tag depends on the usage of the variable:

    DW_TAG_auto_variable   = 256
    DW_TAG_arg_variable    = 257

An auto variable is any variable declared in the body of the function. An argument variable is any variable that appears as a formal argument to the function.

The context is either the subprogram or block where the variable is defined. Name the source variable name. Context and line indicate where the variable was defined. Type descriptor defines the declared type of the variable.

#### Debugger intrinsic functions

LLVM uses several intrinsic functions (name prefixed with “`llvm.dbg`”) to provide debug information at various points in generated code.

#### `llvm.dbg.declare`

    void %llvm.dbg.declare(metadata, metadata)

This intrinsic provides information about a local element (e.g., variable). The first argument is metadata holding the alloca for the variable. The second argument is metadata containing a description of the variable.

#### `llvm.dbg.value`

    void %llvm.dbg.value(metadata, i64, metadata)

This intrinsic provides information when a user source variable is set to a new value. The first argument is the new value (wrapped as metadata). The second argument is the offset in the user source variable where the new value is written. The third argument is metadata containing a description of the user source variable.

## Object lifetimes and scoping

In many languages, the local variables in functions can have their lifetimes or scopes limited to a subset of a function. In the C family of languages, for example, variables are only live (readable and writable) within the source block that they are defined in. In functional languages, values are only readable after they have been defined. Though this is a very obvious concept, it is non-trivial to model in LLVM, because it has no notion of scoping in this sense, and does not want to be tied to a language’s scoping rules.

In order to handle this, the LLVM debug format uses the metadata attached to llvm instructions to encode line number and scoping information. Consider the following C fragment, for example:

    1.  void foo() {
    2.    int X = 21;
    3.    int Y = 22;
    4.    {
    5.      int Z = 23;
    6.      Z = X;
    7.    }
    8.    X = Y;
    9.  }

Compiled to LLVM, this function would be represented like this:

    define void @_Z3foov() #0 {
    entry:
      %X = alloca i32, align 4                        ; [#uses=3 type=i32*]
      %Y = alloca i32, align 4                        ; [#uses=2 type=i32*]
      %Z = alloca i32, align 4                        ; [#uses=2 type=i32*]
      call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata !{i32* %X}, metadata !8), !dbg !10
        ; [debug line = 2:7] [debug variable = X]
      store i32 21, i32* %X, align 4, !dbg !11        ; [debug line = 2:13]
      call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata !{i32* %Y}, metadata !12), !dbg !13
        ; [debug line = 3:7] [debug variable = Y]
      store i32 22, i32* %Y, align 4, !dbg !14        ; [debug line = 3:13]
      call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata !{i32* %Z}, metadata !15), !dbg !17
        ; [debug line = 5:9] [debug variable = Z]
      store i32 23, i32* %Z, align 4, !dbg !18        ; [debug line = 5:15]
      %0 = load i32* %X, align 4, !dbg !19            ; [#uses=1 type=i32] \
        [debug line = 6:5]
      store i32 %0, i32* %Z, align 4, !dbg !19        ; [debug line = 6:5]
      %1 = load i32* %Y, align 4, !dbg !20            ; [#uses=1 type=i32] \
        [debug line = 8:3]
      store i32 %1, i32* %X, align 4, !dbg !20        ; [debug line = 8:3]
      ret void, !dbg !21                              ; [debug line = 9:1]
    }

    ; [#uses=3]
    ; Function Attrs: nounwind readnone
    declare void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata, metadata) #1

    attributes #0 = { optsize zeroext "less-precise-fpmad"="false"
      "no-frame-pointer-elim"="true" "no-frame-pointer-elim-non-leaf"="true"
      "no-infs-fp-math"="false" "no-nans-fp-math"="false" "unsafe-fp-math"="false"
      "use-soft-float"="false" }
    attributes #1 = { nounwind readnone }

    !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!0}

    !0 = metadata !{i32 786449, metadata !1, i32 12,
                    metadata !"clang version 3.4 ", i1 false, metadata !"", i32 0,
                    metadata !2, metadata !2, metadata !3, metadata !2,
                    metadata !2, metadata !""} ; [ DW_TAG_compile_unit ] \
                      [/private/tmp/foo.c] \
                      [DW_LANG_C]
    !1 = metadata !{metadata !"foo.c", metadata !"/private/tmp"}
    !2 = metadata !{i32 0}
    !3 = metadata !{metadata !4}
    !4 = metadata !{i32 786478, metadata !1, metadata !5, metadata !"foo",
                    metadata !"foo", metadata !"_Z3foov", i32 1, metadata !6,
                    i1 false, i1 true, i32 0, i32 0, null, i32 256, i1 false,
                    void ()* @_Z3foov, null, null, metadata !2, i32 1}
                    ; [ DW_TAG_subprogram ] [line 1] [def] [foo]
    !5 = metadata !{i32 786473, metadata !1} ; [ DW_TAG_file_type ] \
                      [/private/tmp/foo.c]
    !6 = metadata !{i32 786453, i32 0, i32 0, metadata !"", i32 0, i64 0, i64 0,
                    i64 0, i32 0, null, metadata !7, i32 0, i32 0}
                    ; [ DW_TAG_subroutine_type ] \
                      [line 0, size 0, align 0, offset 0] [from ]
    !7 = metadata !{null}
    !8 = metadata !{i32 786688, metadata !4, metadata !"X", metadata !5, i32 2, \
                    metadata !9, i32 0, i32 0} ; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ] [X] \
                      [line 2]
    !9 = metadata !{i32 786468, null, null, metadata !"int", i32 0, i64 32, \
                    i64 32, i64 0, i32 0, i32 5} ; [ DW_TAG_base_type ] [int] \
                      [line 0, size 32, align 32, offset 0, enc DW_ATE_signed]
    !10 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !4, null}
    !11 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 13, metadata !4, null}
    !12 = metadata !{i32 786688, metadata !4, metadata !"Y", metadata !5, i32 3, \
                     metadata !9, i32 0, i32 0} ; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ] [Y] \
                       [line 3]
    !13 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 7, metadata !4, null}
    !14 = metadata !{i32 3, i32 13, metadata !4, null}
    !15 = metadata !{i32 786688, metadata !16, metadata !"Z", metadata !5, i32 5, \
                     metadata !9, i32 0, i32 0} ; [ DW_TAG_auto_variable ] [Z] \
                       [line 5]
    !16 = metadata !{i32 786443, metadata !1, metadata !4, i32 4, i32 3, i32 0}
                     ; [ DW_TAG_lexical_block ] [/private/tmp/foo.c]
    !17 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !16, null}
    !18 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 15, metadata !16, null}
    !19 = metadata !{i32 6, i32 5, metadata !16, null}
    !20 = metadata !{i32 8, i32 3, metadata !4, null}
    !21 = metadata !{i32 9, i32 1, metadata !4, null}

This example illustrates a few important details about LLVM debugging information. In particular, it shows how the `llvm.dbg.declare` intrinsic and location information, which are attached to an instruction, are applied together to allow a debugger to analyze the relationship between statements, variable definitions, and the code used to implement the function.

    call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata !{i32* %X}, metadata !8), !dbg !10
      ; [debug line = 2:7] [debug variable = X]

The first intrinsic `%llvm.dbg.declare` encodes debugging information for the variable `X`. The metadata `!dbg !10` attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for the variable `X`.

    !10 = metadata !{i32 2, i32 7, metadata !4, null}
    !4 = metadata !{i32 786478, metadata !1, metadata !5, metadata !"foo",
                    metadata !"foo", metadata !"_Z3foov", i32 1, metadata !6,
                    i1 false, i1 true, i32 0, i32 0, null, i32 256, i1 false,
                    void ()* @_Z3foov, null, null, metadata !2, i32 1}
                    ; [ DW_TAG_subprogram ] [line 1] [def] [foo]

Here `!10` is metadata providing location information. It has four fields: line number, column number, scope, and original scope. The original scope represents inline location if this instruction is inlined inside a caller, and is null otherwise. In this example, scope is encoded by `!4`, a subprogram descriptor. This way the location information attached to the intrinsics indicates that the variable `X` is declared at line number 2 at a function level scope in function `foo`.

Now lets take another example.

    call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata !{i32* %Z}, metadata !15), !dbg !17
      ; [debug line = 5:9] [debug variable = Z]

The third intrinsic `%llvm.dbg.declare` encodes debugging information for variable `Z`. The metadata `!dbg !17` attached to the intrinsic provides scope information for the variable `Z`.

    !16 = metadata !{i32 786443, metadata !1, metadata !4, i32 4, i32 3, i32 0}
                     ; [ DW_TAG_lexical_block ] [/private/tmp/foo.c]
    !17 = metadata !{i32 5, i32 9, metadata !16, null}

Here `!15` indicates that `Z` is declared at line number 5 and column number 9 inside of lexical scope `!16`. The lexical scope itself resides inside of subprogram `!4` described above.

The scope information attached with each instruction provides a straightforward way to find instructions covered by a scope.

## C/C++ front-end specific debug information

The C and C++ front-ends represent information about the program in a format that is effectively identical to DWARF 3.0 in terms of information content. This allows code generators to trivially support native debuggers by generating standard dwarf information, and contains enough information for non-dwarf targets to translate it as needed.

This section describes the forms used to represent C and C++ programs. Other languages could pattern themselves after this (which itself is tuned to representing programs in the same way that DWARF 3 does), or they could choose to provide completely different forms if they don’t fit into the DWARF model. As support for debugging information gets added to the various LLVM source-language front-ends, the information used should be documented here.

The following sections provide examples of various C/C++ constructs and the debug information that would best describe those constructs.

### C/C++ source file information

Given the source files `MySource.cpp` and `MyHeader.h` located in the directory `/Users/mine/sources`, the following code:

    #include "MyHeader.h"

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      return 0;
    }

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ...
    ;;
    ;; Define the compile unit for the main source file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
    ;;
    !0 = metadata !{
      i32 786449,   ;; Tag
      metadata !1,  ;; File/directory name
      i32 4,        ;; Language Id
      metadata !"clang version 3.4 ",
      i1 false,     ;; Optimized compile unit
      metadata !"", ;; Compiler flags
      i32 0,        ;; Runtime version
      metadata !2,  ;; Enumeration types
      metadata !2,  ;; Retained types
      metadata !3,  ;; Subprograms
      metadata !2,  ;; Global variables
      metadata !2,  ;; Imported entities (declarations and namespaces)
      metadata !""  ;; Split debug filename
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/MySource.cpp".
    ;;
    !1 = metadata !{
      metadata !"MySource.cpp",
      metadata !"/Users/mine/sources"
    }
    !5 = metadata !{
      i32 786473, ;; Tag
      metadata !1
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the file for the file "/Users/mine/sources/Myheader.h"
    ;;
    !14 = metadata !{
      i32 786473, ;; Tag
      metadata !15
    }
    !15 = metadata !{
      metadata !"./MyHeader.h",
      metadata !"/Users/mine/sources",
    }

    ...

`llvm::Instruction` provides easy access to metadata attached with an instruction. One can extract line number information encoded in LLVM IR using `Instruction::getMetadata()` and `DILocation::getLineNumber()`.

    if (MDNode *N = I->getMetadata("dbg")) {  // Here I is an LLVM instruction
      DILocation Loc(N);                      // DILocation is in DebugInfo.h
      unsigned Line = Loc.getLineNumber();
      StringRef File = Loc.getFilename();
      StringRef Dir = Loc.getDirectory();
    }

### C/C++ global variable information

Given an integer global variable declared as follows:

    int MyGlobal = 100;

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ;;
    ;; Define the global itself.
    ;;
    %MyGlobal = global int 100
    ...
    ;;
    ;; List of debug info of globals
    ;;
    !llvm.dbg.cu = !{!0}

    ;; Define the compile unit.
    !0 = metadata !{
      i32 786449,                       ;; Tag
      i32 0,                            ;; Context
      i32 4,                            ;; Language
      metadata !"foo.cpp",              ;; File
      metadata !"/Volumes/Data/tmp",    ;; Directory
      metadata !"clang version 3.1 ",   ;; Producer
      i1 true,                          ;; Deprecated field
      i1 false,                         ;; "isOptimized"?
      metadata !"",                     ;; Flags
      i32 0,                            ;; Runtime Version
      metadata !1,                      ;; Enum Types
      metadata !1,                      ;; Retained Types
      metadata !1,                      ;; Subprograms
      metadata !3,                      ;; Global Variables
      metadata !1,                      ;; Imported entities
      "",                               ;; Split debug filename
    } ; [ DW_TAG_compile_unit ]

    ;; The Array of Global Variables
    !3 = metadata !{
      metadata !4
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the global variable itself.
    ;;
    !4 = metadata !{
      i32 786484,                        ;; Tag
      i32 0,                             ;; Unused
      null,                              ;; Unused
      metadata !"MyGlobal",              ;; Name
      metadata !"MyGlobal",              ;; Display Name
      metadata !"",                      ;; Linkage Name
      metadata !6,                       ;; File
      i32 1,                             ;; Line
      metadata !7,                       ;; Type
      i32 0,                             ;; IsLocalToUnit
      i32 1,                             ;; IsDefinition
      i32* @MyGlobal,                    ;; LLVM-IR Value
      null                               ;; Static member declaration
    } ; [ DW_TAG_variable ]

    ;;
    ;; Define the file
    ;;
    !5 = metadata !{
      metadata !"foo.cpp",               ;; File
      metadata !"/Volumes/Data/tmp",     ;; Directory
    }
    !6 = metadata !{
      i32 786473,                        ;; Tag
      metadata !5                        ;; Unused
    } ; [ DW_TAG_file_type ]

    ;;
    ;; Define the type
    ;;
    !7 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,                         ;; Tag
      null,                               ;; Unused
      null,                               ;; Unused
      metadata !"int",                    ;; Name
      i32 0,                              ;; Line
      i64 32,                             ;; Size in Bits
      i64 32,                             ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,                              ;; Offset
      i32 0,                              ;; Flags
      i32 5                               ;; Encoding
    } ; [ DW_TAG_base_type ]

### C/C++ function information

Given a function declared as follows:

    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      return 0;
    }

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ;;
    ;; Define the anchor for subprograms.
    ;;
    !6 = metadata !{
      i32 786484,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; File
      metadata !1,       ;; Context
      metadata !"main",  ;; Name
      metadata !"main",  ;; Display name
      metadata !"main",  ;; Linkage name
      i32 1,             ;; Line number
      metadata !4,       ;; Type
      i1 false,          ;; Is local
      i1 true,           ;; Is definition
      i32 0,             ;; Virtuality attribute, e.g. pure virtual function
      i32 0,             ;; Index into virtual table for C++ methods
      i32 0,             ;; Type that holds virtual table.
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i1 false,          ;; True if this function is optimized
      Function *,        ;; Pointer to llvm::Function
      null,              ;; Function template parameters
      null,              ;; List of function variables (emitted when optimizing)
      1                  ;; Line number of the opening '{' of the function
    }
    ;;
    ;; Define the subprogram itself.
    ;;
    define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv) {
    ...
    }

### C/C++ basic types

The following are the basic type descriptors for C/C++ core types:

#### bool

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"bool",  ;; Name
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 8,             ;; Size in Bits
      i64 8,             ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 2              ;; Encoding
    }

#### char

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"char",  ;; Name
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 8,             ;; Size in Bits
      i64 8,             ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 6              ;; Encoding
    }

#### unsigned char

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"unsigned char",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 8,             ;; Size in Bits
      i64 8,             ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 8              ;; Encoding
    }

#### short

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"short int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 16,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 16,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 5              ;; Encoding
    }

#### unsigned short

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"short unsigned int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 16,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 16,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 7              ;; Encoding
    }

#### int

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"int",   ;; Name
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 5              ;; Encoding
    }

#### unsigned int

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"unsigned int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 7              ;; Encoding
    }

#### long long

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"long long int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 64,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 64,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 5              ;; Encoding
    }

#### unsigned long long

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"long long unsigned int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 64,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 64,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 7              ;; Encoding
    }

#### float

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"float",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 4              ;; Encoding
    }

#### double

    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"double",;; Name
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 64,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 64,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 4              ;; Encoding
    }

### C/C++ derived types

Given the following as an example of C/C++ derived type:

    typedef const int *IntPtr;

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ;;
    ;; Define the typedef "IntPtr".
    ;;
    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786454,          ;; Tag
      metadata !3,         ;; File
      metadata !1,         ;; Context
      metadata !"IntPtr",  ;; Name
      i32 0,               ;; Line number
      i64 0,               ;; Size in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,               ;; Flags
      metadata !4          ;; Derived From type
    }
    ;;
    ;; Define the pointer type.
    ;;
    !4 = metadata !{
      i32 786447,          ;; Tag
      null,                ;; File
      null,                ;; Context
      metadata !"",        ;; Name
      i32 0,               ;; Line number
      i64 64,              ;; Size in bits
      i64 64,              ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,               ;; Flags
      metadata !5          ;; Derived From type
    }
    ;;
    ;; Define the const type.
    ;;
    !5 = metadata !{
      i32 786470,          ;; Tag
      null,                ;; File
      null,                ;; Context
      metadata !"",        ;; Name
      i32 0,               ;; Line number
      i64 0,               ;; Size in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,               ;; Flags
      metadata !6          ;; Derived From type
    }
    ;;
    ;; Define the int type.
    ;;
    !6 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,          ;; Tag
      null,                ;; File
      null,                ;; Context
      metadata !"int",     ;; Name
      i32 0,               ;; Line number
      i64 32,              ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,              ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,               ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,               ;; Flags
      i32 5                ;; Encoding
    }

### C/C++ struct/union types

Given the following as an example of C/C++ struct type:

    struct Color {
      unsigned Red;
      unsigned Green;
      unsigned Blue;
    };

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ;;
    ;; Define basic type for unsigned int.
    ;;
    !5 = metadata !{
      i32 786468,        ;; Tag
      null,              ;; File
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"unsigned int",
      i32 0,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in Bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in Bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in Bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      i32 7              ;; Encoding
    }
    ;;
    ;; Define composite type for struct Color.
    ;;
    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786451,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; Compile unit
      null,              ;; Context
      metadata !"Color", ;; Name
      i32 1,             ;; Line number
      i64 96,            ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      null,              ;; Derived From
      metadata !3,       ;; Elements
      i32 0,             ;; Runtime Language
      null,              ;; Base type containing the vtable pointer for this type
      null               ;; Template parameters
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the Red field.
    ;;
    !4 = metadata !{
      i32 786445,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; File
      metadata !1,       ;; Context
      metadata !"Red",   ;; Name
      i32 2,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      metadata !5        ;; Derived From type
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the Green field.
    ;;
    !6 = metadata !{
      i32 786445,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; File
      metadata !1,       ;; Context
      metadata !"Green", ;; Name
      i32 3,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in bits
      i64 32,             ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      metadata !5        ;; Derived From type
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the Blue field.
    ;;
    !7 = metadata !{
      i32 786445,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; File
      metadata !1,       ;; Context
      metadata !"Blue",  ;; Name
      i32 4,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in bits
      i64 64,             ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      metadata !5        ;; Derived From type
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the array of fields used by the composite type Color.
    ;;
    !3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !6, metadata !7}

### C/C++ enumeration types

Given the following as an example of C/C++ enumeration type:

    enum Trees {
      Spruce = 100,
      Oak = 200,
      Maple = 300
    };

a C/C++ front-end would generate the following descriptors:

    ;;
    ;; Define composite type for enum Trees
    ;;
    !2 = metadata !{
      i32 786436,        ;; Tag
      metadata !1,       ;; File
      metadata !1,       ;; Context
      metadata !"Trees", ;; Name
      i32 1,             ;; Line number
      i64 32,            ;; Size in bits
      i64 32,            ;; Align in bits
      i64 0,             ;; Offset in bits
      i32 0,             ;; Flags
      null,              ;; Derived From type
      metadata !3,       ;; Elements
      i32 0              ;; Runtime language
    }

    ;;
    ;; Define the array of enumerators used by composite type Trees.
    ;;
    !3 = metadata !{metadata !4, metadata !5, metadata !6}

    ;;
    ;; Define Spruce enumerator.
    ;;
    !4 = metadata !{i32 786472, metadata !"Spruce", i64 100}

    ;;
    ;; Define Oak enumerator.
    ;;
    !5 = metadata !{i32 786472, metadata !"Oak", i64 200}

    ;;
    ;; Define Maple enumerator.
    ;;
    !6 = metadata !{i32 786472, metadata !"Maple", i64 300}

## Debugging information format

### Debugging Information Extension for Objective C Properties

#### Introduction

Objective C provides a simpler way to declare and define accessor methods using declared properties. The language provides features to declare a property and to let compiler synthesize accessor methods.

The debugger lets developer inspect Objective C interfaces and their instance variables and class variables. However, the debugger does not know anything about the properties defined in Objective C interfaces. The debugger consumes information generated by compiler in DWARF format. The format does not support encoding of Objective C properties. This proposal describes DWARF extensions to encode Objective C properties, which the debugger can use to let developers inspect Objective C properties.

#### Proposal

Objective C properties exist separately from class members. A property can be defined only by “setter” and “getter” selectors, and be calculated anew on each access. Or a property can just be a direct access to some declared ivar. Finally it can have an ivar “automatically synthesized” for it by the compiler, in which case the property can be referred to in user code directly using the standard C dereference syntax as well as through the property “dot” syntax, but there is no entry in the `@interface` declaration corresponding to this ivar.

To facilitate debugging, these properties we will add a new DWARF TAG into the `DW_TAG_structure_type` definition for the class to hold the description of a given property, and a set of DWARF attributes that provide said description. The property tag will also contain the name and declared type of the property.

If there is a related ivar, there will also be a DWARF property attribute placed in the `DW_TAG_member` DIE for that ivar referring back to the property TAG for that property. And in the case where the compiler synthesizes the ivar directly, the compiler is expected to generate a `DW_TAG_member` for that ivar (with the `DW_AT_artificial` set to 1), whose name will be the name used to access this ivar directly in code, and with the property attribute pointing back to the property it is backing.

The following examples will serve as illustration for our discussion:

    @interface I1 {
      int n2;
    }

    @property int p1;
    @property int p2;
    @end

    @implementation I1
    @synthesize p1;
    @synthesize p2 = n2;
    @end

This produces the following DWARF (this is a “pseudo dwarfdump” output):

    0x00000100:  TAG_structure_type [7] *
                   AT_APPLE_runtime_class( 0x10 )
                   AT_name( "I1" )
                   AT_decl_file( "Objc_Property.m" )
                   AT_decl_line( 3 )

    0x00000110    TAG_APPLE_property
                    AT_name ( "p1" )
                    AT_type ( {0x00000150} ( int ) )

    0x00000120:   TAG_APPLE_property
                    AT_name ( "p2" )
                    AT_type ( {0x00000150} ( int ) )

    0x00000130:   TAG_member [8]
                    AT_name( "_p1" )
                    AT_APPLE_property ( {0x00000110} "p1" )
                    AT_type( {0x00000150} ( int ) )
                    AT_artificial ( 0x1 )

    0x00000140:    TAG_member [8]
                     AT_name( "n2" )
                     AT_APPLE_property ( {0x00000120} "p2" )
                     AT_type( {0x00000150} ( int ) )

    0x00000150:  AT_type( ( int ) )

Note, the current convention is that the name of the ivar for an auto-synthesized property is the name of the property from which it derives with an underscore prepended, as is shown in the example. But we actually don’t need to know this convention, since we are given the name of the ivar directly.

Also, it is common practice in ObjC to have different property declarations in the @interface and @implementation - e.g. to provide a read-only property in the interface,and a read-write interface in the implementation. In that case, the compiler should emit whichever property declaration will be in force in the current translation unit.

Developers can decorate a property with attributes which are encoded using `DW_AT_APPLE_property_attribute`.

    @property (readonly, nonatomic) int pr;

    TAG_APPLE_property [8]
      AT_name( "pr" )
      AT_type ( {0x00000147} (int) )
      AT_APPLE_property_attribute (DW_APPLE_PROPERTY_readonly, DW_APPLE_PROPERTY_nonatomic)

The setter and getter method names are attached to the property using `DW_AT_APPLE_property_setter` and `DW_AT_APPLE_property_getter` attributes.

    @interface I1
    @property (setter=myOwnP3Setter:) int p3;
    -(void)myOwnP3Setter:(int)a;
    @end

    @implementation I1
    @synthesize p3;
    -(void)myOwnP3Setter:(int)a{ }
    @end

The DWARF for this would be:

    0x000003bd: TAG_structure_type [7] *
                  AT_APPLE_runtime_class( 0x10 )
                  AT_name( "I1" )
                  AT_decl_file( "Objc_Property.m" )
                  AT_decl_line( 3 )

    0x000003cd      TAG_APPLE_property
                      AT_name ( "p3" )
                      AT_APPLE_property_setter ( "myOwnP3Setter:" )
                      AT_type( {0x00000147} ( int ) )

    0x000003f3:     TAG_member [8]
                      AT_name( "_p3" )
                      AT_type ( {0x00000147} ( int ) )
                      AT_APPLE_property ( {0x000003cd} )
                      AT_artificial ( 0x1 )

#### New DWARF Tags

TAG | Value
--- | ---
DW_TAG_APPLE_property | 0x4200

#### New DWARF Attributes

Attribute | Value | Classes
--- | --- | ---
DW_AT_APPLE_property | 0x3fed | Reference
DW_AT_APPLE_property_getter | 0x3fe9 | String
DW_AT_APPLE_property_setter | 0x3fea | String
DW_AT_APPLE_property_attribute | 0x3feb | Constant

#### New DWARF Constants

Name | Value
--- | ---
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_readonly | 0x1
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_readwrite | 0x2
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_assign | 0x4
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_retain | 0x8
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_copy | 0x10
DW_AT_APPLE_PROPERTY_nonatomic | 0x20

### Name Accelerator Tables

#### Introduction

The “`.debug_pubnames`” and “`.debug_pubtypes`” formats are not what a debugger needs. The “`pub`” in the section name indicates that the entries in the table are publicly visible names only. This means no static or hidden functions show up in the “`.debug_pubnames`”. No static variables or private class variables are in the “`.debug_pubtypes`”. Many compilers add different things to these tables, so we can’t rely upon the contents between gcc, icc, or clang.

The typical query given by users tends not to match up with the contents of these tables. For example, the DWARF spec states that “In the case of the name of a function member or static data member of a C++ structure, class or union, the name presented in the “`.debug_pubnames`” section is not the simple name given by the `DW_AT_name attribute` of the referenced debugging information entry, but rather the fully qualified name of the data or function member.” So the only names in these tables for complex C++ entries is a fully qualified name. Debugger users tend not to enter their search strings as “`a::b::c(int,const Foo&) const`”, but rather as “`c`”, “`b::c`” , or “`a::b::c`”. So the name entered in the name table must be demangled in order to chop it up appropriately and additional names must be manually entered into the table to make it effective as a name lookup table for debuggers to se.

All debuggers currently ignore the “`.debug_pubnames`” table as a result of its inconsistent and useless public-only name content making it a waste of space in the object file. These tables, when they are written to disk, are not sorted in any way, leaving every debugger to do its own parsing and sorting. These tables also include an inlined copy of the string values in the table itself making the tables much larger than they need to be on disk, especially for large C++ programs.

Can’t we just fix the sections by adding all of the names we need to this table? No, because that is not what the tables are defined to contain and we won’t know the difference between the old bad tables and the new good tables. At best we could make our own renamed sections that contain all of the data we need.

These tables are also insufficient for what a debugger like LLDB needs. LLDB uses clang for its expression parsing where LLDB acts as a PCH. LLDB is then often asked to look for type “`foo`” or namespace “`bar`”, or list items in namespace “`baz`”. Namespaces are not included in the pubnames or pubtypes tables. Since clang asks a lot of questions when it is parsing an expression, we need to be very fast when looking up names, as it happens a lot. Having new accelerator tables that are optimized for very quick lookups will benefit this type of debugging experience greatly.

We would like to generate name lookup tables that can be mapped into memory from disk, and used as is, with little or no up-front parsing. We would also be able to control the exact content of these different tables so they contain exactly what we need. The Name Accelerator Tables were designed to fix these issues. In order to solve these issues we need to:

- Have a format that can be mapped into memory from disk and used as is
- Lookups should be very fast
- Extensible table format so these tables can be made by many producers
- Contain all of the names needed for typical lookups out of the box
- Strict rules for the contents of tables

Table size is important and the accelerator table format should allow the reuse of strings from common string tables so the strings for the names are not duplicated. We also want to make sure the table is ready to be used as-is by simply mapping the table into memory with minimal header parsing.

The name lookups need to be fast and optimized for the kinds of lookups that debuggers tend to do. Optimally we would like to touch as few parts of the mapped table as possible when doing a name lookup and be able to quickly find the name entry we are looking for, or discover there are no matches. In the case of debuggers we optimized for lookups that fail most of the time.

Each table that is defined should have strict rules on exactly what is in the accelerator tables and documented so clients can rely on the content.

#### Hash Tables

##### Standard Hash Tables

Typical hash tables have a header, buckets, and each bucket points to the bucket contents:

    .------------.
    |  HEADER    |
    |------------|
    |  BUCKETS   |
    |------------|
    |  DATA      |
    `------------'

The BUCKETS are an array of offsets to DATA for each hash:

    .------------.
    | 0x00001000 | BUCKETS[0]
    | 0x00002000 | BUCKETS[1]
    | 0x00002200 | BUCKETS[2]
    | 0x000034f0 | BUCKETS[3]
    |            | ...
    | 0xXXXXXXXX | BUCKETS[n_buckets]
    '------------'

So for `bucket[3]` in the example above, we have an offset into the table 0x000034f0 which points to a chain of entries for the bucket. Each bucket must contain a next pointer, full 32 bit hash value, the string itself, and the data for the current string value.

                .------------.
    0x000034f0: | 0x00003500 | next pointer
                | 0x12345678 | 32 bit hash
                | "erase"    | string value
                | data[n]    | HashData for this bucket
                |------------|
    0x00003500: | 0x00003550 | next pointer
                | 0x29273623 | 32 bit hash
                | "dump"     | string value
                | data[n]    | HashData for this bucket
                |------------|
    0x00003550: | 0x00000000 | next pointer
                | 0x82638293 | 32 bit hash
                | "main"     | string value
                | data[n]    | HashData for this bucket
                `------------'

The problem with this layout for debuggers is that we need to optimize for the negative lookup case where the symbol we’re searching for is not present. So if we were to lookup “`printf`” in the table above, we would make a 32 hash for “`printf`”, it might match `bucket[3]`. We would need to go to the offset 0x000034f0 and start looking to see if our 32 bit hash matches. To do so, we need to read the next pointer, then read the hash, compare it, and skip to the next bucket. Each time we are skipping many bytes in memory and touching new cache pages just to do the compare on the full 32 bit hash. All of these accesses then tell us that we didn’t have a match.

##### Name Hash Tables

To solve the issues mentioned above we have structured the hash tables a bit differently: a header, buckets, an array of all unique 32 bit hash values, followed by an array of hash value data offsets, one for each hash value, then the data for all hash values:

    .-------------.
    |  HEADER     |
    |-------------|
    |  BUCKETS    |
    |-------------|
    |  HASHES     |
    |-------------|
    |  OFFSETS    |
    |-------------|
    |  DATA       |
    `-------------'

The `BUCKETS` in the name tables are an index into the `HASHES` array. By making all of the full 32 bit hash values contiguous in memory, we allow ourselves to efficiently check for a match while touching as little memory as possible. Most often checking the 32 bit hash values is as far as the lookup goes. If it does match, it usually is a match with no collisions. So for a table with “`n_buckets`” buckets, and “`n_hashes`” unique 32 bit hash values, we can clarify the contents of the `BUCKETS`, `HASHES` and `OFFSETS` as:

    .-------------------------.
    |  HEADER.magic           | uint32_t
    |  HEADER.version         | uint16_t
    |  HEADER.hash_function   | uint16_t
    |  HEADER.bucket_count    | uint32_t
    |  HEADER.hashes_count    | uint32_t
    |  HEADER.header_data_len | uint32_t
    |  HEADER_DATA            | HeaderData
    |-------------------------|
    |  BUCKETS                | uint32_t[n_buckets] // 32 bit hash indexes
    |-------------------------|
    |  HASHES                 | uint32_t[n_hashes] // 32 bit hash values
    |-------------------------|
    |  OFFSETS                | uint32_t[n_hashes] // 32 bit offsets to hash value data
    |-------------------------|
    |  ALL HASH DATA          |
    `-------------------------'

So taking the exact same data from the standard hash example above we end up with:

                .------------.
                | HEADER     |
                |------------|
                |          0 | BUCKETS[0]
                |          2 | BUCKETS[1]
                |          5 | BUCKETS[2]
                |          6 | BUCKETS[3]
                |            | ...
                |        ... | BUCKETS[n_buckets]
                |------------|
                | 0x........ | HASHES[0]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[1]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[2]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[3]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[4]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[5]
                | 0x12345678 | HASHES[6]    hash for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x29273623 | HASHES[7]    hash for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x82638293 | HASHES[8]    hash for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[9]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[10]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[11]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[12]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[13]
                | 0x........ | HASHES[n_hashes]
                |------------|
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[0]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[1]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[2]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[3]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[4]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[5]
                | 0x000034f0 | OFFSETS[6]   offset for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x00003500 | OFFSETS[7]   offset for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x00003550 | OFFSETS[8]   offset for BUCKETS[3]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[9]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[10]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[11]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[12]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[13]
                | 0x........ | OFFSETS[n_hashes]
                |------------|
                |            |
                |            |
                |            |
                |            |
                |            |
                |------------|
    0x000034f0: | 0x00001203 | .debug_str ("erase")
                | 0x00000004 | A 32 bit array count - number of HashData with name "erase"
                | 0x........ | HashData[0]
                | 0x........ | HashData[1]
                | 0x........ | HashData[2]
                | 0x........ | HashData[3]
                | 0x00000000 | String offset into .debug_str (terminate data for hash)
                |------------|
    0x00003500: | 0x00001203 | String offset into .debug_str ("collision")
                | 0x00000002 | A 32 bit array count - number of HashData with name "collision"
                | 0x........ | HashData[0]
                | 0x........ | HashData[1]
                | 0x00001203 | String offset into .debug_str ("dump")
                | 0x00000003 | A 32 bit array count - number of HashData with name "dump"
                | 0x........ | HashData[0]
                | 0x........ | HashData[1]
                | 0x........ | HashData[2]
                | 0x00000000 | String offset into .debug_str (terminate data for hash)
                |------------|
    0x00003550: | 0x00001203 | String offset into .debug_str ("main")
                | 0x00000009 | A 32 bit array count - number of HashData with name "main"
                | 0x........ | HashData[0]
                | 0x........ | HashData[1]
                | 0x........ | HashData[2]
                | 0x........ | HashData[3]
                | 0x........ | HashData[4]
                | 0x........ | HashData[5]
                | 0x........ | HashData[6]
                | 0x........ | HashData[7]
                | 0x........ | HashData[8]
                | 0x00000000 | String offset into .debug_str (terminate data for hash)
                `------------'

So we still have all of the same data, we just organize it more efficiently for debugger lookup. If we repeat the same “`printf`” lookup from above, we would hash “`printf`” and find it matches `BUCKETS[3]` by taking the 32 bit hash value and modulo it by `n_buckets`. `BUCKETS[3]` contains “6” which is the index into the `HASHES` table. We would then compare any consecutive 32 bit hashes values in the `HASHES` array as long as the hashes would be in `BUCKETS[3]`. We do this by verifying that each subsequent hash value modulo `n_buckets` is still 3. In the case of a failed lookup we would access the memory for `BUCKETS[3]`, and then compare a few consecutive 32 bit hashes before we know that we have no match. We don’t end up marching through multiple words of memory and we really keep the number of processor data cache lines being accessed as small as possible.

The string hash that is used for these lookup tables is the Daniel J. Bernstein hash which is also used in the ELF `GNU_HASH` sections. It is a very good hash for all kinds of names in programs with very few hash collisions.

Empty buckets are designated by using an invalid hash index of `UINT32_MAX`.

#### Details

These name hash tables are designed to be generic where specializations of the table get to define additional data that goes into the header (“`HeaderData`”), how the string value is stored (“`KeyType`”) and the content of the data for each hash value.

##### Header Layout

The header has a fixed part, and the specialized part. The exact format of the header is:

    struct Header
    {
      uint32_t   magic;           // 'HASH' magic value to allow endian detection
      uint16_t   version;         // Version number
      uint16_t   hash_function;   // The hash function enumeration that was used
      uint32_t   bucket_count;    // The number of buckets in this hash table
      uint32_t   hashes_count;    // The total number of unique hash values and hash data offsets in this table
      uint32_t   header_data_len; // The bytes to skip to get to the hash indexes (buckets) for correct alignment
                                  // Specifically the length of the following HeaderData field - this does not
                                  // include the size of the preceding fields
      HeaderData header_data;     // Implementation specific header data
    };

The header starts with a 32 bit “`magic`” value which must be `'HASH'` encoded as an ASCII integer. This allows the detection of the start of the hash table and also allows the table’s byte order to be determined so the table can be correctly extracted. The “`magic`” value is followed by a 16 bit `version` number which allows the table to be revised and modified in the future. The current version number is 1. `hash_function` is a `uint16_t` enumeration that specifies which hash function was used to produce this table. The current values for the hash function enumerations include:

    enum HashFunctionType
    {
      eHashFunctionDJB = 0u, // Daniel J Bernstein hash function
    };

`bucket_count` is a 32 bit unsigned integer that represents how many buckets are in the `BUCKETS` array. `hashes_count` is the number of unique 32 bit hash values that are in the `HASHES` array, and is the same number of offsets are contained in the `OFFSETS` array. `header_data_len` specifies the size in bytes of the `HeaderData` that is filled in by specialized versions of this table.

##### Fixed Lookup

The header is followed by the buckets, hashes, offsets, and hash value data.

    struct FixedTable
    {
      uint32_t buckets[Header.bucket_count];  // An array of hash indexes into the "hashes[]" array below
      uint32_t hashes [Header.hashes_count];  // Every unique 32 bit hash for the entire table is in this table
      uint32_t offsets[Header.hashes_count];  // An offset that corresponds to each item in the "hashes[]" array above
    };

`buckets` is an array of 32 bit indexes into the `hashes` array. The `hashes` array contains all of the 32 bit hash values for all names in the hash table. Each hash in the `hashes` table has an offset in the `offsets` array that points to the data for the hash value.

This table setup makes it very easy to repurpose these tables to contain different data, while keeping the lookup mechanism the same for all tables. This layout also makes it possible to save the table to disk and map it in later and do very efficient name lookups with little or no parsing.

DWARF lookup tables can be implemented in a variety of ways and can store a lot of information for each name. We want to make the DWARF tables extensible and able to store the data efficiently so we have used some of the DWARF features that enable efficient data storage to define exactly what kind of data we store for each name.

The `HeaderData` contains a definition of the contents of each HashData chunk. We might want to store an offset to all of the debug information entries (DIEs) for each name. To keep things extensible, we create a list of items, or Atoms, that are contained in the data for each name. First comes the type of the data in each atom:

    enum AtomType
    {
      eAtomTypeNULL       = 0u,
      eAtomTypeDIEOffset  = 1u,   // DIE offset, check form for encoding
      eAtomTypeCUOffset   = 2u,   // DIE offset of the compiler unit header that contains the item in question
      eAtomTypeTag        = 3u,   // DW_TAG_xxx value, should be encoded as DW_FORM_data1 (if no tags exceed 255) or DW_FORM_data2
      eAtomTypeNameFlags  = 4u,   // Flags from enum NameFlags
      eAtomTypeTypeFlags  = 5u,   // Flags from enum TypeFlags
    };

The enumeration values and their meanings are:

    eAtomTypeNULL       - a termination atom that specifies the end of the atom list
    eAtomTypeDIEOffset  - an offset into the .debug_info section for the DWARF DIE for this name
    eAtomTypeCUOffset   - an offset into the .debug_info section for the CU that contains the DIE
    eAtomTypeDIETag     - The DW_TAG_XXX enumeration value so you don't have to parse the DWARF to see what it is
    eAtomTypeNameFlags  - Flags for functions and global variables (isFunction, isInlined, isExternal...)
    eAtomTypeTypeFlags  - Flags for types (isCXXClass, isObjCClass, ...)

Then we allow each atom type to define the atom type and how the data for each atom type data is encoded:

    struct Atom
    {
      uint16_t type;  // AtomType enum value
      uint16_t form;  // DWARF DW_FORM_XXX defines
    };

The `form` type above is from the DWARF specification and defines the exact encoding of the data for the Atom type. See the DWARF specification for the `DW_FORM_` definitions.

    struct HeaderData
    {
      uint32_t die_offset_base;
      uint32_t atom_count;
      Atoms    atoms[atom_count0];
    };

`HeaderData` defines the base DIE offset that should be added to any atoms that are encoded using the `DW_FORM_ref1`, `DW_FORM_ref2`, `DW_FORM_ref4`, `DW_FORM_ref8` or `DW_FORM_ref_udata`. It also defines what is contained in each `HashData` object – `Atom.form` tells us how large each field will be in the `HashData` and the `Atom.type` tells us how this data should be interpreted.

For the current implementations of the “`.apple_names`” (all functions + globals), the “`.apple_types`” (names of all types that are defined), and the “`.apple_namespaces`” (all namespaces), we currently set the `Atom` array to be:

    HeaderData.atom_count = 1;
    HeaderData.atoms[0].type = eAtomTypeDIEOffset;
    HeaderData.atoms[0].form = DW_FORM_data4;

This defines the contents to be the DIE offset (eAtomTypeDIEOffset) that is encoded as a 32 bit value (DW_FORM_data4). This allows a single name to have multiple matching DIEs in a single file, which could come up with an inlined function for instance. Future tables could include more information about the DIE such as flags indicating if the DIE is a function, method, block, or inlined.

The KeyType for the DWARF table is a 32 bit string table offset into the ”.debug_str” table. The ”.debug_str” is the string table for the DWARF which may already contain copies of all of the strings. This helps make sure, with help from the compiler, that we reuse the strings between all of the DWARF sections and keeps the hash table size down. Another benefit to having the compiler generate all strings as DW_FORM_strp in the debug info, is that DWARF parsing can be made much faster.

After a lookup is made, we get an offset into the hash data. The hash data needs to be able to deal with 32 bit hash collisions, so the chunk of data at the offset in the hash data consists of a triple:

    uint32_t str_offset
    uint32_t hash_data_count
    HashData[hash_data_count]

If “str_offset” is zero, then the bucket contents are done. 99.9% of the hash data chunks contain a single item (no 32 bit hash collision):

    .------------.
    | 0x00001023 | uint32_t KeyType (.debug_str[0x0001023] => "main")
    | 0x00000004 | uint32_t HashData count
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[0] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[1] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[2] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[3] DIE offset
    | 0x00000000 | uint32_t KeyType (end of hash chain)
    `------------'

If there are collisions, you will have multiple valid string offsets:

    .------------.
    | 0x00001023 | uint32_t KeyType (.debug_str[0x0001023] => "main")
    | 0x00000004 | uint32_t HashData count
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[0] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[1] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[2] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[3] DIE offset
    | 0x00002023 | uint32_t KeyType (.debug_str[0x0002023] => "print")
    | 0x00000002 | uint32_t HashData count
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[0] DIE offset
    | 0x........ | uint32_t HashData[1] DIE offset
    | 0x00000000 | uint32_t KeyType (end of hash chain)
    `------------'

Current testing with real world C++ binaries has shown that there is around 1 32 bit hash collision per 100,000 name entries.

#### Contents

As we said, we want to strictly define exactly what is included in the different tables. For DWARF, we have 3 tables: “`.apple_names`”, “`.apple_types`”, and “`.apple_namespaces`”.

“`.apple_names`” sections should contain an entry for each DWARF DIE whose `DW_TAG` is a `DW_TAG_label`, `DW_TAG_inlined_subroutine`, or `DW_TAG_subprogram` that has address attributes: `DW_AT_low_pc`, `DW_AT_high_pc`, `DW_AT_ranges` or `DW_AT_entry_pc`. It also contains `DW_TAG_variable` DIEs that have a `DW_OP_addr` in the location (global and static variables). All global and static variables should be included, including those scoped within functions and classes. For example using the following code:

    static int var = 0;

    void f ()
    {
      static int var = 0;
    }

Both of the static `var` variables would be included in the table. All functions should emit both their full names and their basenames. For C or C++, the full name is the mangled name (if available) which is usually in the `DW_AT_MIPS_linkage_name` attribute, and the `DW_AT_name` contains the function basename. If global or static variables have a mangled name in a `DW_AT_MIPS_linkage_name` attribute, this should be emitted along with the simple name found in the `DW_AT_name` attribute.

“`.apple_types`” sections should contain an entry for each DWARF DIE whose tag is one of:

- DW_TAG_array_type
- DW_TAG_class_type
- DW_TAG_enumeration_type
- DW_TAG_pointer_type
- DW_TAG_reference_type
- DW_TAG_string_type
- DW_TAG_structure_type
- DW_TAG_subroutine_type
- DW_TAG_typedef
- DW_TAG_union_type
- DW_TAG_ptr_to_member_type
- DW_TAG_set_type
- DW_TAG_subrange_type
- DW_TAG_base_type
- DW_TAG_const_type
- DW_TAG_constant
- DW_TAG_file_type
- DW_TAG_namelist
- DW_TAG_packed_type
- DW_TAG_volatile_type
- DW_TAG_restrict_type
- DW_TAG_interface_type
- DW_TAG_unspecified_type
- DW_TAG_shared_type

Only entries with a `DW_AT_name` attribute are included, and the entry must not be a forward declaration (`DW_AT_declaration` attribute with a non-zero value). For example, using the following code:

    int main ()
    {
      int *b = 0;
      return *b;
    }

We get a few type DIEs:

    0x00000067:     TAG_base_type [5]
                    AT_encoding( DW_ATE_signed )
                    AT_name( "int" )
                    AT_byte_size( 0x04 )

    0x0000006e:     TAG_pointer_type [6]
                    AT_type( {0x00000067} ( int ) )
                    AT_byte_size( 0x08 )

The DW_TAG_pointer_type is not included because it does not have a `DW_AT_name`.

“`.apple_namespaces`” section should contain all `DW_TAG_namespace` DIEs. If we run into a namespace that has no name this is an anonymous namespace, and the name should be output as “`(anonymous namespace)`” (without the quotes). Why? This matches the output of the `abi::cxa_demangle()` that is in the standard C++ library that demangles mangled names.

#### Language Extensions and File Format Changes

##### Objective-C Extensions

“`.apple_objc`” section should contain all `DW_TAG_subprogram` DIEs for an Objective-C class. The name used in the hash table is the name of the Objective-C class itself. If the Objective-C class has a category, then an entry is made for both the class name without the category, and for the class name with the category. So if we have a DIE at offset 0x1234 with a name of method “`-[NSString(my_additions) stringWithSpecialString:]`”, we would add an entry for “`NSString`” that points to DIE 0x1234, and an entry for “`NSString(my_additions)`” that points to 0x1234. This allows us to quickly track down all Objective-C methods for an Objective-C class when doing expressions. It is needed because of the dynamic nature of Objective-C where anyone can add methods to a class. The DWARF for Objective-C methods is also emitted differently from C++ classes where the methods are not usually contained in the class definition, they are scattered about across one or more compile units. Categories can also be defined in different shared libraries. So we need to be able to quickly find all of the methods and class functions given the Objective-C class name, or quickly find all methods and class functions for a class + category name. This table does not contain any selector names, it just maps Objective-C class names (or class names + category) to all of the methods and class functions. The selectors are added as function basenames in the “`.debug_names`” section.

In the “`.apple_names`” section for Objective-C functions, the full name is the entire function name with the brackets (“`-[NSString stringWithCString:]`”) and the basename is the selector only (“`stringWithCString:`”).

##### Mach-O Changes

The sections names for the apple hash tables are for non mach-o files. For mach-o files, the sections should be contained in the `__DWARF` segment with names as follows:

- “`.apple_names`” -> “`__apple_names`“
- “`.apple_types`” -> “`__apple_types`“
- “`.apple_namespaces`” -> “`__apple_namespac`” (16 character limit)
- “`.apple_objc`” -> “`__apple_objc`“

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