org.apache.commons.math3.linear

## Class AbstractRealMatrix

- java.lang.Object
- - org.apache.commons.math3.linear.RealLinearOperator
  - - org.apache.commons.math3.linear.AbstractRealMatrix

All Implemented Interfaces:
  AnyMatrix, RealMatrix

Direct Known Subclasses:
  Array2DRowRealMatrix, BlockRealMatrix, OpenMapRealMatrix

    public abstract class AbstractRealMatrix
    extends RealLinearOperator
    implements RealMatrix

Basic implementation of RealMatrix methods regardless of the underlying storage.

All the methods implemented here use `getEntry(int, int)` to access matrix elements. Derived class can provide faster implementations.

Since:
  2.0
Version:
  $Id: AbstractRealMatrix.java 1416643 2012-12-03 19:37:14Z tn $

### Field Summary

Fields
`private static RealMatrixFormat` `DEFAULT_FORMAT` Default format.

### Constructor Summary

Constructors
`protected` `AbstractRealMatrix()` Creates a matrix with no data
`protected` `AbstractRealMatrix(int rowDimension, int columnDimension)` Create a new RealMatrix with the supplied row and column dimensions.

### Method Summary

Methods
`RealMatrix` `add(RealMatrix m)` Returns the sum of `this` and `m`.
`void` `addToEntry(int row, int column, double increment)` Adds (in place) the specified value to the specified entry of `this` matrix.
`abstract RealMatrix` `copy()` Returns a (deep) copy of this.
`void` `copySubMatrix(int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns, double[][] destination)` Copy a submatrix.
`void` `copySubMatrix(int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn, double[][] destination)` Copy a submatrix.
`abstract RealMatrix` `createMatrix(int rowDimension, int columnDimension)` Create a new RealMatrix of the same type as the instance with the supplied row and column dimensions.
`boolean` `equals(java.lang.Object object)` Returns true iff `object` is a `RealMatrix` instance with the same dimensions as this and all corresponding matrix entries are equal.
`double[]` `getColumn(int column)` Get the entries at the given column index as an array.
`abstract int` `getColumnDimension()` Returns the number of columns of this matrix.
`RealMatrix` `getColumnMatrix(int column)` Get the entries at the given column index as a column matrix.
`RealVector` `getColumnVector(int column)` Get the entries at the given column index as a vector.
`double[][]` `getData()` Returns matrix entries as a two-dimensional array.
`abstract double` `getEntry(int row, int column)` Get the entry in the specified row and column.
`double` `getFrobeniusNorm()` Returns the Frobenius norm of the matrix.
`double` `getNorm()` Returns the maximum absolute row sum norm of the matrix.
`double[]` `getRow(int row)` Get the entries at the given row index.
`abstract int` `getRowDimension()` Returns the number of rows of this matrix.
`RealMatrix` `getRowMatrix(int row)` Get the entries at the given row index as a row matrix.
`RealVector` `getRowVector(int row)` Returns the entries in row number `row` as a vector.
`RealMatrix` `getSubMatrix(int[] selectedRows, int[] selectedColumns)` Gets a submatrix.
`RealMatrix` `getSubMatrix(int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Gets a submatrix.
`double` `getTrace()` Returns the trace of the matrix (the sum of the elements on the main diagonal).
`int` `hashCode()` Computes a hashcode for the matrix.
`boolean` `isSquare()` Is this a square matrix?
`RealMatrix` `multiply(RealMatrix m)` Returns the result of postmultiplying `this` by `m`.
`void` `multiplyEntry(int row, int column, double factor)` Multiplies (in place) the specified entry of `this` matrix by the specified value.
`double[]` `operate(double[] v)` Returns the result of multiplying this by the vector `v`.
`RealVector` `operate(RealVector v)` Returns the result of multiplying `this` by the vector `x`.
`RealMatrix` `power(int p)` Returns the result of multiplying `this` with itself `p` times.
`double[]` `preMultiply(double[] v)` Returns the (row) vector result of premultiplying this by the vector `v`.
`RealMatrix` `preMultiply(RealMatrix m)` Returns the result of premultiplying `this` by `m`.
`RealVector` `preMultiply(RealVector v)` Returns the (row) vector result of premultiplying this by the vector `v`.
`RealMatrix` `scalarAdd(double d)` Returns the result of adding `d` to each entry of `this`.
`RealMatrix` `scalarMultiply(double d)` Returns the result of multiplying each entry of `this` by `d`.
`void` `setColumn(int column, double[] array)` Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `array`.
`void` `setColumnMatrix(int column, RealMatrix matrix)` Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified column `matrix`.
`void` `setColumnVector(int column, RealVector vector)` Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `vector`.
`abstract void` `setEntry(int row, int column, double value)` Set the entry in the specified row and column.
`void` `setRow(int row, double[] array)` Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `array`.
`void` `setRowMatrix(int row, RealMatrix matrix)` Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified row `matrix`.
`void` `setRowVector(int row, RealVector vector)` Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `vector`.
`void` `setSubMatrix(double[][] subMatrix, int row, int column)` Replace the submatrix starting at `row, column` using data in the input `subMatrix` array.
`RealMatrix` `subtract(RealMatrix m)` Returns `this` minus `m`.
`java.lang.String` `toString()` Get a string representation for this matrix.
`RealMatrix` `transpose()` Returns the transpose of this matrix.
`double` `walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)` Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries in column order.
`double` `walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries in column order.
`double` `walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)` Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries in column order.
`double` `walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries in column order.
`double` `walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)` Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries using the fastest possible order.
`double` `walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries using the fastest possible order.
`double` `walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)` Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries using the fastest possible order.
`double` `walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries using the fastest possible order.
`double` `walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)` Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries in row order.
`double` `walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries in row order.
`double` `walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)` Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries in row order.
`double` `walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor, int startRow, int endRow, int startColumn, int endColumn)` Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries in row order.

### Methods inherited from class org.apache.commons.math3.linear.RealLinearOperator

`isTransposable, operateTranspose`

### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

`clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

### Field Detail

#### DEFAULT_FORMAT

    private static final RealMatrixFormat DEFAULT_FORMAT

Default format.

### Constructor Detail

#### AbstractRealMatrix

    protected AbstractRealMatrix()

Creates a matrix with no data

#### AbstractRealMatrix

    protected AbstractRealMatrix(int rowDimension,
                      int columnDimension)
                          throws NotStrictlyPositiveException

Create a new RealMatrix with the supplied row and column dimensions.

Parameters:
  `rowDimension` - the number of rows in the new matrix
  `columnDimension` - the number of columns in the new matrix
Throws:
  `NotStrictlyPositiveException` - if row or column dimension is not positive

### Method Detail

#### add

    public RealMatrix add(RealMatrix m)
                   throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Returns the sum of `this` and `m`.

Specified by:
  `add` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `m` - matrix to be added
Returns:
  `this + m`
Throws:
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if `m` is not the same size as `this`.

#### subtract

    public RealMatrix subtract(RealMatrix m)
                        throws MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Returns `this` minus `m`.

Specified by:
  `subtract` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `m` - matrix to be subtracted
Returns:
  `this - m`
Throws:
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if `m` is not the same size as `this`.

#### scalarAdd

    public RealMatrix scalarAdd(double d)

Returns the result of adding `d` to each entry of `this`.

Specified by:
  `scalarAdd` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `d` - value to be added to each entry
Returns:
  `d + this`

#### scalarMultiply

    public RealMatrix scalarMultiply(double d)

Returns the result of multiplying each entry of `this` by `d`.

Specified by:
  `scalarMultiply` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `d` - value to multiply all entries by
Returns:
  `d * this`

#### multiply

    public RealMatrix multiply(RealMatrix m)
                        throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the result of postmultiplying `this` by `m`.

Specified by:
  `multiply` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `m` - matrix to postmultiply by
Returns:
  `this * m`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if `columnDimension(this) != rowDimension(m)`

#### preMultiply

    public RealMatrix preMultiply(RealMatrix m)
                           throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the result of premultiplying `this` by `m`.

Specified by:
  `preMultiply` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `m` - matrix to premultiply by
Returns:
  `m * this`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if `rowDimension(this) != columnDimension(m)`

#### power

    public RealMatrix power(int p)
                     throws NotPositiveException,
                            NonSquareMatrixException

Returns the result of multiplying `this` with itself `p` times. Depending on the underlying storage, instability for high powers might occur.

Specified by:
  `power` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `p` - raise `this` to power `p`
Returns:
  `this^p`
Throws:
  `NotPositiveException` - if `p < 0`
  `NonSquareMatrixException` - if the matrix is not square

#### getData

    public double[][] getData()

Returns matrix entries as a two-dimensional array.

Specified by:
  `getData` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  2-dimensional array of entries

#### getNorm

    public double getNorm()

Returns the maximum absolute row sum norm of the matrix.

Specified by:
  `getNorm` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  norm

#### getFrobeniusNorm

    public double getFrobeniusNorm()

Returns the Frobenius norm of the matrix.

Specified by:
  `getFrobeniusNorm` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  norm

#### getSubMatrix

    public RealMatrix getSubMatrix(int startRow,
                          int endRow,
                          int startColumn,
                          int endColumn)
                            throws OutOfRangeException,
                                   NumberIsTooSmallException

Gets a submatrix. Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.

Specified by:
  `getSubMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index (inclusive)
Returns:
  The subMatrix containing the data of the specified rows and columns.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.

#### getSubMatrix

    public RealMatrix getSubMatrix(int[] selectedRows,
                          int[] selectedColumns)
                            throws NullArgumentException,
                                   NoDataException,
                                   OutOfRangeException

Gets a submatrix. Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.

Specified by:
  `getSubMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `selectedRows` - Array of row indices.
  `selectedColumns` - Array of column indices.
Returns:
  The subMatrix containing the data in the specified rows and columns
Throws:
  `NullArgumentException` - if the row or column selections are `null`
  `NoDataException` - if the row or column selections are empty (zero length).
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.

#### copySubMatrix

    public void copySubMatrix(int startRow,
                     int endRow,
                     int startColumn,
                     int endColumn,
                     double[][] destination)
                       throws OutOfRangeException,
                              NumberIsTooSmallException,
                              MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Copy a submatrix. Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.

Specified by:
  `copySubMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index (inclusive)
  `destination` - The arrays where the submatrix data should be copied (if larger than rows/columns counts, only the upper-left part will be used)
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the destination array is too small.

#### copySubMatrix

    public void copySubMatrix(int[] selectedRows,
                     int[] selectedColumns,
                     double[][] destination)
                       throws OutOfRangeException,
                              NullArgumentException,
                              NoDataException,
                              MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Copy a submatrix. Rows and columns are indicated counting from 0 to n-1.

Specified by:
  `copySubMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `selectedRows` - Array of row indices.
  `selectedColumns` - Array of column indices.
  `destination` - The arrays where the submatrix data should be copied (if larger than rows/columns counts, only the upper-left part will be used)
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NullArgumentException` - if the row or column selections are `null`
  `NoDataException` - if the row or column selections are empty (zero length).
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the destination array is too small.

#### setSubMatrix

    public void setSubMatrix(double[][] subMatrix,
                    int row,
                    int column)
                      throws NoDataException,
                             OutOfRangeException,
                             DimensionMismatchException,
                             NullArgumentException

Replace the submatrix starting at `row, column` using data in the input `subMatrix` array. Indexes are 0-based.

Example:
Starting with

     1  2  3  4
     5  6  7  8
     9  0  1  2

and `subMatrix = {{3, 4} {5,6}}`, invoking `setSubMatrix(subMatrix,1,1))` will result in

     1  2  3  4
     5  3  4  8
     9  5  6  2

Specified by:
  `setSubMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `subMatrix` - array containing the submatrix replacement data
  `row` - row coordinate of the top, left element to be replaced
  `column` - column coordinate of the top, left element to be replaced
Throws:
  `NoDataException` - if `subMatrix` is empty.
  `OutOfRangeException` - if `subMatrix` does not fit into this matrix from element in `(row, column)`.
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if `subMatrix` is not rectangular (not all rows have the same length) or empty.
  `NullArgumentException` - if `subMatrix` is `null`.

#### getRowMatrix

    public RealMatrix getRowMatrix(int row)
                            throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entries at the given row index as a row matrix. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getRowMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be fetched.
Returns:
  row Matrix.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is invalid.

#### setRowMatrix

    public void setRowMatrix(int row,
                    RealMatrix matrix)
                      throws OutOfRangeException,
                             MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified row `matrix`. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setRowMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be set.
  `matrix` - Row matrix to be copied (must have one row and the same number of columns as the instance).
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the row dimension of the `matrix` is not `1`, or the column dimensions of `this` and `matrix` do not match.

#### getColumnMatrix

    public RealMatrix getColumnMatrix(int column)
                               throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entries at the given column index as a column matrix. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getColumnMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be fetched.
Returns:
  column Matrix.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is invalid.

#### setColumnMatrix

    public void setColumnMatrix(int column,
                       RealMatrix matrix)
                         throws OutOfRangeException,
                                MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified column `matrix`. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setColumnMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be set.
  `matrix` - Column matrix to be copied (must have one column and the same number of rows as the instance).
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the column dimension of the `matrix` is not `1`, or the row dimensions of `this` and `matrix` do not match.

#### getRowVector

    public RealVector getRowVector(int row)
                            throws OutOfRangeException

Returns the entries in row number `row` as a vector. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getRowVector` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be fetched.
Returns:
  a row vector.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is invalid.

#### setRowVector

    public void setRowVector(int row,
                    RealVector vector)
                      throws OutOfRangeException,
                             MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `vector`. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setRowVector` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be set.
  `vector` - row vector to be copied (must have the same number of column as the instance).
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the `vector` dimension does not match the column dimension of `this` matrix.

#### getColumnVector

    public RealVector getColumnVector(int column)
                               throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entries at the given column index as a vector. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getColumnVector` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be fetched.
Returns:
  a column vector.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is invalid

#### setColumnVector

    public void setColumnVector(int column,
                       RealVector vector)
                         throws OutOfRangeException,
                                MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `vector`. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setColumnVector` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be set.
  `vector` - column vector to be copied (must have the same number of rows as the instance).
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the `vector` dimension does not match the row dimension of `this` matrix.

#### getRow

    public double[] getRow(int row)
                    throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entries at the given row index. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getRow` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be fetched.
Returns:
  the array of entries in the row.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is not valid.

#### setRow

    public void setRow(int row,
              double[] array)
                throws OutOfRangeException,
                       MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `row` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `array`. Row indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setRow` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row to be set.
  `array` - Row matrix to be copied (must have the same number of columns as the instance)
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified row index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the `array` length does not match the column dimension of `this` matrix.

#### getColumn

    public double[] getColumn(int column)
                       throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entries at the given column index as an array. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getColumn` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be fetched.
Returns:
  the array of entries in the column.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is not valid.

#### setColumn

    public void setColumn(int column,
                 double[] array)
                   throws OutOfRangeException,
                          MatrixDimensionMismatchException

Sets the specified `column` of `this` matrix to the entries of the specified `array`. Column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setColumn` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `column` - Column to be set.
  `array` - Column array to be copied (must have the same number of rows as the instance).
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the specified column index is invalid.
  `MatrixDimensionMismatchException` - if the `array` length does not match the row dimension of `this` matrix.

#### addToEntry

    public void addToEntry(int row,
                  int column,
                  double increment)
                    throws OutOfRangeException

Adds (in place) the specified value to the specified entry of `this` matrix. Row and column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `addToEntry` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row index of the entry to be modified.
  `column` - Column index of the entry to be modified.
  `increment` - value to add to the matrix entry.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the row or column index is not valid.

#### multiplyEntry

    public void multiplyEntry(int row,
                     int column,
                     double factor)
                       throws OutOfRangeException

Multiplies (in place) the specified entry of `this` matrix by the specified value. Row and column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `multiplyEntry` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row index of the entry to be modified.
  `column` - Column index of the entry to be modified.
  `factor` - Multiplication factor for the matrix entry.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the row or column index is not valid.

#### transpose

    public RealMatrix transpose()

Returns the transpose of this matrix.

Specified by:
  `transpose` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  transpose matrix

#### isSquare

    public boolean isSquare()

Is this a square matrix?

Specified by:
  `isSquare` in interface `AnyMatrix`
Returns:
  true if the matrix is square (rowDimension = columnDimension)

#### getRowDimension

    public abstract int getRowDimension()

Returns the number of rows of this matrix.

Specified by:
  `getRowDimension` in interface `AnyMatrix`
Specified by:
  `getRowDimension` in class `RealLinearOperator`
Returns:
  the number of rows.

#### getColumnDimension

    public abstract int getColumnDimension()

Returns the number of columns of this matrix.

Specified by:
  `getColumnDimension` in interface `AnyMatrix`
Specified by:
  `getColumnDimension` in class `RealLinearOperator`
Returns:
  the number of columns.

#### getTrace

    public double getTrace()
                    throws NonSquareMatrixException

Returns the trace of the matrix (the sum of the elements on the main diagonal).

Specified by:
  `getTrace` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  the trace.
Throws:
  `NonSquareMatrixException` - if the matrix is not square.

#### operate

    public double[] operate(double[] v)
                     throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the result of multiplying this by the vector `v`.

Specified by:
  `operate` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `v` - the vector to operate on
Returns:
  `this * v`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if the length of `v` does not match the column dimension of `this`.

#### operate

    public RealVector operate(RealVector v)
                       throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the result of multiplying `this` by the vector `x`.

Specified by:
  `operate` in interface `RealMatrix`
Specified by:
  `operate` in class `RealLinearOperator`
Parameters:
  `v` - the vector to operate on
Returns:
  the product of `this` instance with `x`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if the column dimension does not match the size of `x`

#### preMultiply

    public double[] preMultiply(double[] v)
                         throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the (row) vector result of premultiplying this by the vector `v`.

Specified by:
  `preMultiply` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `v` - the row vector to premultiply by
Returns:
  `v * this`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if the length of `v` does not match the row dimension of `this`.

#### preMultiply

    public RealVector preMultiply(RealVector v)
                           throws DimensionMismatchException

Returns the (row) vector result of premultiplying this by the vector `v`.

Specified by:
  `preMultiply` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `v` - the row vector to premultiply by
Returns:
  `v * this`
Throws:
  `DimensionMismatchException` - if the dimension of `v` does not match the row dimension of `this`.

#### walkInRowOrder

    public double walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)

Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries in row order.

Row order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a row from left to right before going to the leftmost element of the next row.

Specified by:
  `walkInRowOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInRowOrder

    public double walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)

Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries in row order.

Row order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a row from left to right before going to the leftmost element of the next row.

Specified by:
  `walkInRowOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInRowOrder

    public double walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor,
                        int startRow,
                        int endRow,
                        int startColumn,
                        int endColumn)
                          throws OutOfRangeException,
                                 NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries in row order.

Row order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a row from left to right before going to the leftmost element of the next row.

Specified by:
  `walkInRowOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInRowOrder

    public double walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor,
                        int startRow,
                        int endRow,
                        int startColumn,
                        int endColumn)
                          throws OutOfRangeException,
                                 NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries in row order.

Row order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a row from left to right before going to the leftmost element of the next row.

Specified by:
  `walkInRowOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInColumnOrder

    public double walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)

Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries in column order.

Column order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a column from top to bottom before going to the topmost element of the next column.

Specified by:
  `walkInColumnOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInColumnOrder

    public double walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)

Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries in column order.

Column order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a column from top to bottom before going to the topmost element of the next column.

Specified by:
  `walkInColumnOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInColumnOrder

    public double walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor,
                           int startRow,
                           int endRow,
                           int startColumn,
                           int endColumn)
                             throws OutOfRangeException,
                                    NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries in column order.

Column order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a column from top to bottom before going to the topmost element of the next column.

Specified by:
  `walkInColumnOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInColumnOrder

    public double walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor,
                           int startRow,
                           int endRow,
                           int startColumn,
                           int endColumn)
                             throws OutOfRangeException,
                                    NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries in column order.

Column order starts at upper left and iterating through all elements of a column from top to bottom before going to the topmost element of the next column.

Specified by:
  `walkInColumnOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInOptimizedOrder

    public double walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor)

Visit (and possibly change) all matrix entries using the fastest possible order.

The fastest walking order depends on the exact matrix class. It may be different from traditional row or column orders.

Specified by:
  `walkInOptimizedOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInOptimizedOrder

    public double walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor)

Visit (but don't change) all matrix entries using the fastest possible order.

The fastest walking order depends on the exact matrix class. It may be different from traditional row or column orders.

Specified by:
  `walkInOptimizedOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInOptimizedOrder

    public double walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor visitor,
                              int startRow,
                              int endRow,
                              int startColumn,
                              int endColumn)
                                throws OutOfRangeException,
                                       NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (and possibly change) some matrix entries using the fastest possible order.

The fastest walking order depends on the exact matrix class. It may be different from traditional row or column orders.

Specified by:
  `walkInOptimizedOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index (inclusive)
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixChangingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### walkInOptimizedOrder

    public double walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor visitor,
                              int startRow,
                              int endRow,
                              int startColumn,
                              int endColumn)
                                throws OutOfRangeException,
                                       NumberIsTooSmallException

Visit (but don't change) some matrix entries using the fastest possible order.

The fastest walking order depends on the exact matrix class. It may be different from traditional row or column orders.

Specified by:
  `walkInOptimizedOrder` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `visitor` - visitor used to process all matrix entries
  `startRow` - Initial row index
  `endRow` - Final row index (inclusive)
  `startColumn` - Initial column index
  `endColumn` - Final column index (inclusive)
Returns:
  the value returned by `RealMatrixPreservingVisitor.end()` at the end of the walk
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the indices are not valid.
  `NumberIsTooSmallException` - if `endRow < startRow` or `endColumn < startColumn`.
See Also:
  `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInRowOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInColumnOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixPreservingVisitor)`, `RealMatrix.walkInOptimizedOrder(RealMatrixChangingVisitor, int, int, int, int)`

#### toString

    public java.lang.String toString()

Get a string representation for this matrix.

Overrides:
  `toString` in class `java.lang.Object`
Returns:
  a string representation for this matrix

#### equals

    public boolean equals(java.lang.Object object)

Returns true iff `object` is a `RealMatrix` instance with the same dimensions as this and all corresponding matrix entries are equal.

Overrides:
  `equals` in class `java.lang.Object`
Parameters:
  `object` - the object to test equality against.
Returns:
  true if object equals this

#### hashCode

    public int hashCode()

Computes a hashcode for the matrix.

Overrides:
  `hashCode` in class `java.lang.Object`
Returns:
  hashcode for matrix

#### createMatrix

    public abstract RealMatrix createMatrix(int rowDimension,
                          int columnDimension)
                                     throws NotStrictlyPositiveException

Create a new RealMatrix of the same type as the instance with the supplied row and column dimensions.

Specified by:
  `createMatrix` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `rowDimension` - the number of rows in the new matrix
  `columnDimension` - the number of columns in the new matrix
Returns:
  a new matrix of the same type as the instance
Throws:
  `NotStrictlyPositiveException` - if row or column dimension is not positive.

#### copy

    public abstract RealMatrix copy()

Returns a (deep) copy of this.

Specified by:
  `copy` in interface `RealMatrix`
Returns:
  matrix copy

#### getEntry

    public abstract double getEntry(int row,
                  int column)
                             throws OutOfRangeException

Get the entry in the specified row and column. Row and column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `getEntry` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row index of entry to be fetched.
  `column` - Column index of entry to be fetched.
Returns:
  the matrix entry at `(row, column)`.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the row or column index is not valid.

#### setEntry

    public abstract void setEntry(int row,
                int column,
                double value)
                           throws OutOfRangeException

Set the entry in the specified row and column. Row and column indices start at 0.

Specified by:
  `setEntry` in interface `RealMatrix`
Parameters:
  `row` - Row index of entry to be set.
  `column` - Column index of entry to be set.
  `value` - the new value of the entry.
Throws:
  `OutOfRangeException` - if the row or column index is not valid