## Cyc Lexicon Vocabulary

E-Mail Comments to: opencyc-doc@cyc.com
Last Update: 4/5/02
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.

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### Parts Of Speech

#$SpeechPart parts of speech **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all parts of speech. Instances of #$SpeechPart include #$Preposition, #$Adverb, #$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical, #$Punctuation-SP, #$Pronoun). To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g., #$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a #$CoordinatingConjunction form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb forms.
> guid: bd588172-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$LinguisticObjectType #$TermPhrasesConstraint
> direct generalization of: #$GenericSpeechPartType

#$posForms pos forms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$posForms is used to indicate the different parts of speech that a particular English word has associated with it. (#$posForms WORD POS) means that the #$EnglishWord WORD has a form that can serve as the #$SpeechPart POS. For example, #$Dot-TheWord has forms for both #$SimpleNoun and #$Verb. Forms of a word used for different parts of speech may or may not differ from each other in sound and/or spelling. To find out, or to specify, the string that represents a particular POS form of a specific word, use #$partOfSpeech.
> guid: bd5e4f4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$SimpleNoun count nouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. These nouns, unlike mass nouns, are countable. Example: 'dog'.
> guid: bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic
> direct generalization of: #$SimpleNoun-Neuter #$SimpleNoun-Masculine #$SimpleNoun-Feminine #$Number-SP

#$AgentiveNoun agentive nouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'.
> guid: bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$DeVerbalNoun

#$ProperCountNoun proper count nouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form. Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think that names for languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are #$ProperCountNouns, they are actually #$MassNouns. One test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of X'' without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs *``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are mass nouns, whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun.
> guid: c0f2a028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun

#$ProperMassNoun proper mass nouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper mass nouns are usually capitalized.
> guid: bf668bab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$MassNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun

#$Pronoun pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'.
> guid: c0fe02b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$IndefinitePronoun #$ExpletivePronoun #$Number-SP #$ReciprocalPronoun #$PossessivePronoun-Post #$WHPronoun #$ReflexivePronoun #$ObjectPronoun #$SubjectPronoun #$PossessivePronoun

#$SubjectPronoun subject pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all subject pronouns. Subject pronouns can replace the subject noun in a sentence, but not the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun. Example: 'he'.
> guid: bd588501-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Pronoun

#$ObjectPronoun object pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all object pronouns. Object pronouns can replace the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun in a sentence, but not the subject noun. Example: 'them'.
> guid: bd58be1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Pronoun

#$ReciprocalPronoun reciprocal pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all reciprocal pronouns. Reciprocal pronouns are indexicals which are used in reciprocal contexts. Example: 'each other'.
> guid: bd657813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Pronoun

#$ReflexivePronoun reflexive pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns can replace nouns in the context of an action which one does to oneself. Example: 'himself'.
> guid: bd58bde1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Pronoun

#$PossessivePronoun possessive pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the collection comprising both #$PossessivePronoun-Pre and #$PossessivePronoun-Post. The former are pronouns that can be used in [NP NP] constructions (e.g. `Her book is on the table.'). The latter are pronouns that can be used as predicate complements (e.g. `That book is his.') . Note that `his' and `its' are the only pronouns in both collections.
> guid: c0f2b35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner #$Pronoun
> direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre #$WHPronoun-Possessive

#$PossessivePronoun-Post possessive pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all possessive pronouns which occur as predicative complements. Example: 'mine', as in 'This book is mine'.
> guid: bd662f6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Pronoun

#$Verb verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated. Example: `eat'.
> guid: bd58807c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$OpenClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$AuxVerb #$MainVerb #$DenominalVerb #$DeAdjectivalVerb

#$MainVerb main verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of verbs, excluding auxiliary verbs and modals (but including participles),
> guid: bd5f6836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Verb

#$Aux-Negated negated auxiliary verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all auxiliary verbs negated by contraction. Example: 'hadn't'.
> guid: bd6621bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb

#$DoAux the auxiliary verb 'do' **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The auxiliary verb 'do'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, do-support in yes/no questions, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
> guid: bd598127-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb

#$HaveAux have aux **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The auxiliary verb 'have'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
> guid: bd6803e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb

#$BeAux be aux **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The auxiliary verb 'be'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
> guid: bd588797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb

#$Verb-Contracted contracted verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all contracted verbal endings. The only main verbs which can contract are 'have' and 'be'. Example: -ve, fom 'have'.
> guid: bd5999c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$Adjective adjectives **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.
> guid: bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$OpenClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$NonIntersectiveAdjective #$AttributiveOnlyAdjective #$DeverbalAdjective #$DeAdjectivalAdjective #$DenominalAdjective #$NongradableAdjective #$PredicativeOnlyAdjective

#$Adverb adverbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.
> guid: bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$NLWordForm
> direct generalization of: #$WHAdverb #$ConjunctAdverb #$DenominalAdverb #$DeAdjectivalAdverb

#$ConjunctAdverb conjunct adverbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Adverbials which are neither disjuncts nor subjuncts. #$ConjunctAdverbs can generally act as sentential modifiers, however, they cannot appear as the focus of a cleft sentence. Semantically, these conjuncts generally indicate how the speaker views the connection between two linguistic units.
> guid: bd61db6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Adverb

#$Modal modal verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.
> guid: bd5884c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb

#$Modal-Contracted contracted modal verbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all contracted modal forms. The only modals which can contract are 'would' and 'will'. Example: -ll from 'will'.
> guid: bd61a6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$VerbParticle verb particles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all particles which can combine with verbs. Verb particles may appear before the object noun phrase, or may appear after it, as in 'I put down the phone' and 'I put the phone down'. Verb particles are usually prepositions, although they me be adverbials.
> guid: bd5897c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$Preposition prepositions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions are function words which usually take a noun phrase complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other relations. Example: `at'.
> guid: bd59095f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$Preposition-Spatial #$Preposition-Of #$Preposition-Temporal

#$Preposition-Spatial spatial prepositions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all prepositions which express spatial relations. This includes locative and directional prepositions. Example: 'under', as in 'the dog is under the table'.
> guid: bd5c2741-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Preposition
> direct generalization of: #$Preposition-Locative #$Preposition-Directional #$Preposition-Directional-Telic #$Preposition-Directional-Atelic

#$Preposition-Locative locative prepositions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all prepositions which express a locative, static spatial relation. Example: 'beside', as in 'the desk is beside the bookcase'.
> guid: bd5aea49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Preposition-Spatial

#$Preposition-Directional preposition directional **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all prepositions which express a directional, dynamic spatial relation. Example: 'into', as in 'the man walked into the room'.
> guid: bd62c6c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Preposition-Spatial

#$Preposition-Temporal temporal prepositions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all prepositions which express temporal relations. Example: 'on', as in 'we arrived on Tuesday'.
> guid: bd604624-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Preposition
> direct generalization of: #$Preposition-TimePoint #$Preposition-Duration-Telic #$Preposition-Duration-Atelic #$Preposition-Duration

#$Preposition-Of preposition of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The preposition 'of'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, occurring after quantifiers, so it is treated as a separate part of speech.
> guid: bd5a055c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Preposition

#$Complementizer complementizers **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'that'. Complementizers introduce a tensed clauses.
> guid: bd588595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$InfinitiveComp infinitive complementizers **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all infinitive complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'to'. Infinitive complementizers introduce non-tensed clauses.
> guid: c0f2a1b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$WHAdverb wh-adverbs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all wh-words which can act as adverbs. Example: 'when'.
> guid: bd6156f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Adverb

#$WHPronoun wh-pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all wh-words which can stand in for nouns. Example: 'whatever'.
> guid: bd5b7e6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Pronoun
> direct generalization of: #$WHPronoun-Possessive #$WHPronoun-Object #$WHPronoun-Subject

#$WHPronoun-Possessive possessive wh-pronouns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the collection of #$WHPronouns that can be used in the genitive case. For example, `Whose book in on the table?'.
> guid: be74b0f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$WHPronoun #$PossessivePronoun

#$WHDeterminer wh-determiners **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all wh-words which can act as determiners. Example: 'which'.
> guid: c10c5668-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner #$WHWord

#$Determiner articles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all determiners. Determiners are function words which can precede nouns. Example: 'these'.
> guid: bd588077-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$Determiner-Numeric #$Determiner-ClassC #$Determiner-ClassD #$Determiner-Definite #$Determiner-Indefinite #$Determiner-ClassA #$Determiner-ClassB #$PossessivePronoun #$WHDeterminer #$Determiner-Central

#$Determiner-ClassA class A determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of determiners which can occupy the initial position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'all', as in 'all the many books.' These are often called 'predeterminers'.
> guid: bd615545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner

#$Determiner-ClassB class B determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of pronoun determiners which can occupy the second position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'you', as in 'all you people.'
> guid: bd62aa46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner

#$Determiner-ClassC class C determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of determiners which can occupy the first position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'another', as in 'another three people.' This class is distinct from #$Determiner-ClassA, the predeterminers. Unlike predeterminers, members of this class cannot appear in the initial determiner position in constructions like '*some you people' or '*more this gold'.
> guid: bd5b955b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner

#$Determiner-ClassD class D determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of determiners which can occupy the third position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example: 'many', as in 'all her many friends.' This class is sometimes called 'postdeterminers'.
> guid: bd683ffd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner

#$Determiner-Definite definite determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The class of definite determiners, such as 'these'. With #$Determiner-Indefinite often called the class of central determiners.
> guid: bd5e419a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central
> direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre

#$Determiner-Indefinite indefinite determiner **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd5b258a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central

#$Number-SP number speech parts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all numbers used as words. This includes spelled-out numbers, like 'five', and digits, like '5'.
> guid: c0f2ae77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Numeric #$SimpleNoun #$Pronoun

#$Quantifier-SP quantifier **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all quantifying words. Quantifiers can modify nouns. Example: 'most'.
> guid: c0f2aa93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$QuantifyingIndexical quantifying indexicals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all inherently quantified indexicals. Example: 'everything'.
> guid: c0f2b07c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$PostQuant-SP post-nominal quantifier **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all quantifiers which can appear post-nominally. Example: 'all'.
> guid: c0f2b148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$PossessiveMarker possessive marker **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all contracted possessive endings which attach to nouns.
> guid: bd5c425d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
> direct generalization of: #$PossessiveMarker-Sg #$PossessiveMarker-Pl

#$PossessiveMarker-Sg singular possessive marker **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all contracted possessive endings which attach to singular nouns. In English, this is only 's, as in 'boy's'.
> guid: bd5a18ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$PossessiveMarker

#$PossessiveMarker-Pl plural possessive marker **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all contracted possessive endings which attach to plural nouns. In English, this is only s', as in 'boys''.
> guid: bd5d8800-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$PossessiveMarker

#$Punctuation-SP punctuation marks (AIT) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all punctuation marks. Example: '?' or ','.
> guid: bd588449-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

#$SubordinatingConjunction subordinating conjunctions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all conjunctions which can introduce a subordinate clause. Example: 'after'.
> guid: bd650413-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Conjunction

#$CoordinatingConjunction coordinating conjunctions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all coordinating conjunctions. Typically, coordinating conjunctions can appear in phrases with any number of conjuncts. Coordinating conjunctions can link terms of any functional category. Example: 'and'.
> guid: bd644b08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$Conjunction

#$There-Existential there existential **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of all existential indicators. In English, this is only the word 'there'.
> guid: bd5c4188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPart
> direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord

### Predicates Linking Word Units To Strings

#$singular singular **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$singular WORD STRING) means that STRING is the singular noun form of WORD. For example, the #$singular form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.
> guid: bd6757b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic #$simpleNounStrings

#$plural plural **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$plural WORD STRING) means that STRING is the plural noun form of WORD. For example, the #$plural form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hits', and the plural form of #$Goose-TheWord is `geese'.
> guid: bd5a6853-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic #$simpleNounStrings

#$massNumber mass number **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$massNumber WORD STRING) means that STRING is the mass noun form of WORD. For example, `paper' is the mass noun form of #$Paper-TheWord.
> guid: bd60ad01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$massNumber-Generic

#$pnSingular pn singular **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its singular proper noun form. Proper nouns often are names of individuals or organizations. Singular forms denote one instance of the proper noun. Example: 'Mary'.
> guid: bd5bedf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic #$singular-Generic

#$pnPlural pn plural **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its plural proper noun form. Proper nouns often are names of individuals or organizations. The regular form of the plural can usually be made by adding 's' to the singular form. Plural forms denote more than one. Example: 'Czechs'.
> guid: bd599548-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic

#$pnMassNumber pn mass number **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its mass proper noun form. Proper nouns often are names of individuals or organizations;they may also be product brand names. Mass forms denote non-countable quantities. Syntactically singular in form and agreement properties. Example: 'Coke'.
> guid: bd5da200-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic #$massNumber-Generic

#$agentive-Sg agentive - sg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive singular noun form. Agentive nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action, and often end in -er or -or. Example : 'writer'.
> guid: bd66e63b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic #$agentiveNounStrings

#$agentive-Pl agentive - pl **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive plural noun form. Agentive nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action. The regular form of the plural can usually be made by adding 's' to the singular form. Example: 'runners'.
> guid: bd5b8522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic #$agentiveNounStrings

#$agentive-Mass agentive - mass **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its agentive mass noun form. Agentive nouns usually denote the 'doer' of some action. Syntactically singular in form and agreement properties. Example: 'filler'.
> guid: bd66f62a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$agentiveNounStrings #$massNumber-Generic

#$infinitive infinitive

> This predicate relates #$LexicalWords (q.v.) to their corresponding infinitive verb forms. (#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is an infinitive verb form of WORD. But note that for the sake of convenience STRING does _not_ include the marker `to' that is commonly given at the beginning of an (English) infinitive. For example, #$infinitive relates #$Hit-TheWord simply to the string `hit' (rather than `to hit'). Note also that, in the Knowledge Base (KB), the closed atomic sentences (i.e. GAF s) built with #$infinitive typically have #$SubLStrings (q.v.) as their second arguments, as indicated by a surrounding pair of double-quotation marks. So the above example actually appears in the KB as `(#$infinitive #$Hit-TheWord hit )'.
> guid: bd5d6824-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$untensed

#$pastTense-Universal past tense - universal

> (#$pastTense-Universal WORD STRING) means that STRING is the past tense verb form of WORD. The regular past tense form is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `-ed' suffix. Since regular forms are generated by the morphology component, verbs in the Cyc lexicon should have a #$pastTense-Universal entry only if they are irregular. Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `ate'.
> guid: bd5d8eb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$perfective-Generic

#$perfect perfect

> (#$perfect WORD STRING) means that STRING is the perfect verb form (also known as the past participle) of WORD. The regular perfect verb form is often the same as the past tense verb form. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon should have a #$perfect entry only if they are irregular, since regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular example: `helped'. Irregular example: `eaten'.
> guid: bd62ff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$untensed

#$gerund gerund **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$gerund WORD STRING) means that STRING is the gerund form of WORD. The regular gerund is formed from the infinitive verb form with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$gerund entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component.
> guid: bd67b170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic #$massNumber-Generic #$untensed

#$firstPersonSg-Present first person sg - present **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its first person singular verb form. This predicate is only used for the auxiliary verbs 'be', 'have', and 'do'. Example: 'am'.
> guid: bd5fcbb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present

#$secondPersonSg-Present second person sg - present **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its second person singular verb form.
> guid: bd61fc23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present

#$thirdPersonSg-Present third person sg - present **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its third person singular verb form. The regular third person singular for is generated from the infinitive verb form with an 's' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a #$thirdPersonSg entry only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular example: 'runs'. Irregular example: 'flies'.
> guid: bd638e19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$thirdPersonSg-Generic #$presentTense-Generic

#$regularDegree regular degree **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its regular adjectival form. Example: 'strong'.
> guid: bd5b53a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adjStrings

#$comparativeDegree comparative degree **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its comparative adjectival form. This is often formed by suffixing 'er' to the regular form. Example: 'stronger'.
> guid: bd5ad360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adjStrings

#$superlativeDegree superlative degree **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its superlative adjectival form. This is often formed by suffixing 'est' to the regular form. Example: 'strongest'.
> guid: bd65773f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adjStrings

#$regularAdverb regular adverb **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its regular adverbial form. Example: 'strongly'.
> guid: bd600bb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings

#$comparativeAdverb comparative adverb **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its comparative adverbial form. Example: 'better'.
> guid: bd6502ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings

#$superlativeAdverb superlative adverb **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The relationship between an #$EnglishWord and its superlative adverbial form. Example: 'best'.
> guid: bd64963c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings

### Transitivity Alternations

#$participatesInAlternation participates in alternation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A relation between a verb sense and the type of transitivity alternations in which it participates.
> guid: bd59e1dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NLPredicate #$TernaryPredicate #$OpenCycNLPredicate

#$TransitivityAlternationType transitivity alternation type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a type of alternation which affects a verb's transitivity. Example: The transitive 'NP V NP' structure may alternate with the intransitive 'NP V' or 'NP V PP'.
> guid: bd6355e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$LinguisticObjectType

#$InducedActionAlternation induced action alternation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An alternation in which the transitive form specifies an action that the causer which, when performed by the subject, also induces the same action to happen to the object. The transitive forms also must have an overt or understood directional phrase accompanying them. For example, in 'Kim drove Sandy to the airport', 'Kim' causes 'Sandy' to be transported while in the alternation 'Kim drove to the airport', 'Kim' only causes herself to be transported.
> guid: bd604163-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject

#$Causative-InchoativeAlternation causative inchoative alternation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans alternation in which the transitive use may be interpreted as causing the intransitive form of the verb to occur. For example 'she burned the house' may be interpreted as 'she caused the house to burn' where 'the house burned' is the intransitive form. Verbs which occur in this alternation often denote a change of state or position.
> guid: bd674cd0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject

#$MiddleAlternation middle alternation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans alternation in which the intransitive form has an understood agent and a non-specified time reference. Verbs which occur in this alternation often have objects which are affected by a change of state denoted by the verb. For example, 'Joan cut the bread' alternates with 'The bread cuts easily'.
> guid: bd5c76a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject

#$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans obj of trans subj of intrans **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An alternation between the object of a transitive verb and the subject of an intransitive verb. See its specs for examples.
> guid: bd64f2bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject

### Subcategorization Frames

#$ZeroArticleFrame zero article frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This subcategorization frame is for count nouns which need not take an article, as in 'in spring', or 'in prison'.
> guid: bee8fd71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual

#$DefiniteDeterminerFrame definite determiner frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame applies to nouns which typically occur with the definite determiner, for example, 'the Sun'; 'the flu'.
> guid: be2a10d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual

#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <CP[infinitive]>] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
> guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for n p infinitive frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival' phrase. Examples: 'I would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you to join us'.
> guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
> guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual

#$NounPremodifierFrame noun premodifier frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is for adjectives which can take a nominal premodifier. Example: 'He is six feet tall.'
> guid: bd5dd2a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicativeFrame #$Individual

#$ThatCl-PleonasticFrame that cl - pleonastic frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take an expletive 'it' subject and exactly one complement which is a that-clause, but can not take a that-clause as a subject. In HPSG terms: [SUBJ <NP[it]>], [COMPS <S[that]>. Example: 'it seems that he left', 'it appears that the candidate wins the election next year', but not *'that he left seems'. 'it is likely that John and Mary will get along', 'it is nice that Fred invited us' do not have this frame, since they can also be used with a clausal subject as in 'That Fred invited us to the party is nice'. Use #$ClausalSubjectTransitiveNPCompFrame for those cases.
> guid: bd5f4a4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual

#$Post-NounPhraseModifyingFrame post - noun phrase modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which can postmodify a noun. Example: 'yesterday', as in 'the meeting yesterday'.
> guid: c0302529-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NounPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual

#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify other adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran very slowly'.
> guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual

#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very happy'.
> guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual

#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb phrase modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which can modify verb phrases by either right-attaching them or left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
> guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$GenericPre-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual

#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in 'Fortunately, they arrived on time'.
> guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual

#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive verb frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words which can be used intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. In HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
> guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$UnderstoodReciprocalObjectFrame understood reciprocal object frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words whose (plural) subject acts as an understood reciprocal object. Example: `They were flirting the whole night.
> guid: bd605778-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual

#$UnderstoodReflexiveObjectFrame understood reflexive object frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words whose subject acts as an understood reflexive object. Examples: `I dressed.' `The man shaved.'
> guid: bd5f3e47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame transitive gerund phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a gerund phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <VP[gerund]>] Example: 'He started eating at noon'.
> guid: bd67c39b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly one (not necessarily an NP) complement. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <synsem>]
> guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
> direct generalization of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$TransitivePPCompFrame

#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, AdjP>] Examples: 'They consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
> guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveBareInfinitiveCompFrame ditransitive bare infinitive comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a bare infinitive (a bse VP, in HPSG). In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, VP[bse]>] Example: 'He watched them leave'.
> guid: bd6252c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame ditransitive gerund phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a gerund phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, VP[gerund]>] Example: 'He heard them laughing'.
> guid: bd61192d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive that clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, S[that]>] Example: 'I assure you that this car is new'.
> guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual

#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory reflexive object frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a reflexive pronominal. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP [CONT reflexive]>] Example: 'He perjured himself'.
> guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$Individual

#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive n p comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two NP complements. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, NP>] Example: 'I gave him a book'.
> guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive wh clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, S[wh-comp]>] Example: 'I asked them whether this car was new'.
> guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, AdjP>] Examples: 'They consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
> guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive infinitive phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, VP[infinitive]>] Example: 'I told him to make a sandwich'.
> guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame transitive adjective phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <AdjP>] Example: 'He got sick'.
> guid: bd5afb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
> guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <CP[infinitive]>] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
> guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive wh clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a either finite or infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause or a that-less and wh-less 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <S[wh-comp]>] Example: 'I asked whether he had eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the question sense of ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
> guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual

#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for n p infinitive frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival' phrase. Examples: 'I would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you to join us'.
> guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$subcatFrame subcat frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subcatFrame WORD PART INT FRAME) means that the part of speech PART of word WORD has the subcategorization frame FRAME, for word sense INT.
> guid: bd64710d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive verb frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words which can be used intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. In HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
> guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly one (not necessarily an NP) complement. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <synsem>]
> guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
> direct generalization of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$TransitivePPCompFrame

#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive n p comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two NP complements. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, NP>] Example: 'I gave him a book'.
> guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive infinitive phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words (usually verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <CP[infinitive]>] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
> guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive infinitive phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, VP[infinitive]>] Example: 'I told him to make a sandwich'.
> guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual

#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive adjective phrase comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, AdjP>] Examples: 'They consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
> guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive wh clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, S[wh-comp]>] Example: 'I asked them whether this car was new'.
> guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual

#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive that clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for words that take exactly two complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP, S[that]>] Example: 'I assure you that this car is new'.
> guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual

#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory reflexive object frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a reflexive pronominal. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <NP [CONT reflexive]>] Example: 'He perjured himself'.
> guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$Individual

#$FrameForAdjectives adjectival frames **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for #$Adjectives.
> guid: c0940067-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinguisticObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SubcategorizationFrame
> direct generalization of: #$PredicativeFrame

#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive wh clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one complement which is a either finite or infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause or a that-less and wh-less 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS <S[wh-comp]>] Example: 'I asked whether he had eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the question sense of ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
> guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual

#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive that clause comp frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for transitive words that take exactly one finite clausal complement such that the following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'. Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
> guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual

#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb phrase modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which can modify verb phrases by either right-attaching them or left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
> guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$GenericPre-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual

#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify other adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran very slowly'.
> guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual

#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very happy'.
> guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual

#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause modifying frame **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This frame is used for adverbs which modify clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in 'Fortunately, they arrived on time'.
> guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual

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