## Spatial Relations

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Last Update: 12/13/02
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This document describes collections, predicates and other Cyc constants that are used to represent spatial objects and relations. See also documents for Groups, Quantities, Movement, Paths & Trajectories, Parts Of Objects, and Geography.

### Objects

#$SpatialThing spatial things

> The collection of all things that have a spatial extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing or in some embedding space. Note that to say that an entity is a member of this collection is to remain agnostic about two issues. First, a #$SpatialThing may be #$PartiallyTangible (e.g. #$Texas-State) or wholly #$Intangible (e.g. #$ArcticCircle or a line mentioned in a geometric theorem). Second, although we do insist on location relative to another spatial thing or in some embedding space, a #$SpatialThing might or might not be located in the actual physical universe. It is far from clear that all #$SpatialThings are so located: an ideal platonic circle or a trajectory through the phase space of some physical system (e.g.) might not be. If the intent is to imply location in the empirically observable cosmos, the user should employ this collection's specialization, #$SpatialThing-Localized.
> guid: bd58e951-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$SpaceRegion #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalThing #$EdgeOnObject-Generic #$SpatialThing-Localized #$BilaterallySymmetricObject #$RadiallySymmetricObject #$GeometricallyDescribableThing #$SpacePoint #$AmorphousThing #$SheetShaped #$ShapedThing

#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType region types whose instances are non-overlapping region types

> A collection of collections, and a specialization of #$RegionType. Each instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, where each of the regions in the collection is spatially disjoint with the other regions in the collection. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, since the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other instances of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType include #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap.
> guid: bd58e513-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$RegionType

#$SpaceRegion-Empirical regions of space **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose instances are intangible regions of space located in the empirically observable universe. A space region might or might not be connected (see #$spatiallyContinuous). It might be partially or completely filled with (occupied by) #$PartiallyTangibles, or it might be completely empty (but cf. #$EmptySpaceRegion). In any case, the space region itself is not to be confused with a physical object or other spatially localized (non-space-region) thing that might happen to be #$cospatial with it. A given space region can be characterized fully merely by specifying its location and dimensions. Thus (although this is not the case with spatial things in general), space regions are identical (#$equals) if and only if they are #$cospatial. #$SpaceRegion-Empirical is in a way the spatial analogue of #$TimeInterval, whose own instances can be fully characterized by specifying their temporal properties; these two collections can be used, respectively, to talk about space and time as dimensions .
> guid: c047ef64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SpaceRegion #$IntangibleExistingThing #$SpatialThing-Localized
> direct generalization of: #$SpaceLine-Empirical #$EmptySpaceRegion #$CavityInteriorRegion #$GeographicalSpaceRegion #$SpacePoint-Empirical

#$EmptySpaceRegion empty space

> A specialization of #$SpaceRegion-Empirical whose instances are connected regions of empty space located in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible, and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent).
> guid: bd58ee65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SpaceRegion-Empirical #$EmptyRegion-Generic

#$FreeSpaceContent empty space (gas) (fluid) (object) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent are connected, tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions of free space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion): space regions through which solid objects can move more or less freely. Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a room or the sky above a city. In an underwater context, a piece of free space content is likely to be an instance of #$Water. Often, a #$FreeSpaceContent is associated with a geographical region or some physical boundaries that define its edges. But a (partially) tangible #$FreeSpaceContent is not to be confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion it occupies.
> guid: bd5899a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Air #$EmptyRegion-Generic

#$Border borders **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two instances of #$SpatialThing).
> guid: bd62894d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing-Localized

#$Place places

> A specialization of both #$SpatialThing-Localized and #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Place is a spatial thing which has a relatively permanent location. Thus, in a given microtheory, each #$Place is stationary with respect to the frame of reference of that microtheory.
> guid: bd58d3b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing-Localized #$SomethingExisting
> direct generalization of: #$FixedStructure #$GeographicalRegion #$GroundsOfOrganization #$Horizon #$Place-NonAgent #$PhysicalContactLocation #$SpaceInAFixedHOC

### Surfaces Portals And Cavities

#$Surface-Generic surfaces

> The collection of all surfaces, tangible or intangible (see #$Surface-Physical and #$Surface-Intangible), of spatial things. Each instance of #$Surface-Generic is a spatial thing that has extent in at least two dimensions, and either has no thickness (i.e. is a two dimensional object) or has an insignificant thickness compared to its length and width. (If it is a closed surface, e.g. an apple skin, then any significant subregion of it must have insignificant thickness compared to that subregion's length and width). Thus generic surfaces might be two- or three-dimensional; tangible or intangible; spatially connected or not; they might be flat, curved, folded, or crumpled. Other examples: the skin of a basketball, the face-up side of a table top, and a particular face of an abstract cube.
> guid: bd958103-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalThing
> direct generalization of: #$Surface-Intangible #$Surface-Open #$Surface-Physical #$FlatSurface

#$Surface-Intangible abstract surfaces **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible and #$Surface-Generic. Each instance of #$Surface-Intangible is an intangible, geometrically describable surface. Positive examples are a convex hull of a coffee table or the surface of an abstract sphere. A negative example is the glossy surface of a polished tabletop, since this is a physical surface, and thus partially tangible.
> guid: bd5884f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible #$Surface-Generic

#$Surface-Physical physical surfaces **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all real physical (hence technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a #$Surface-Physical is much less than its average length or width, but it is not of zero thickness. A #$Surface-Physical may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces.
> guid: bd590365-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible #$Surface-Generic
> direct generalization of: #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing #$GeographicalRegion #$Side #$FlatPhysicalSurface #$InsideSurface #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject

#$SurfaceOnTangibleObject object surfaces

> A specialization of both #$Surface-Physical and #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Each instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject is a sheet-like surface (that is, a surface with one dimension significantly smaller than the other two) of a partially tangible object. Such a surface is neither unconnected nor in multiple pieces. Furthermore, the properties of such a surface differ noticeably from the properties of the partially tangible object covered by the surface. So a veneer surface of a table would be an instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject, while the surface of a wooden table with no lining would not. Further positive examples include carpet that is part of a floor, paint on a wall, the earth's crust, and the crust on a piece of bread.
> guid: bd590882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Physical #$SheetOfSomeStuff
> direct generalization of: #$PathForWheeledVehicles #$Skin

#$InsideSurface inside surface **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort.
> guid: bd589b7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Physical

#$ExternalSurface-WholeThing exteriors **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object.
> guid: bd589b3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Physical

#$FlatPhysicalSurface flat surfaces **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface.
> guid: bd5885fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Physical

#$Layer layers

> A specialization of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Each instance of #$Layer is a sheet-like object situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. An instance of #$Layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object, such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. An instance of #$Layer is _not_ an instance of #$FreeSheet.
> guid: bdee251a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SheetOfSomeStuff
> direct generalization of: #$Skin

#$Layered-Coll layered **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The physical structural attribute of being layered, laminate, or made of #$Layers, like stratified rock or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has two or more parts that are each #$Layers.
> guid: 5ccc1046-74bb-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$FreeSheet free sheets

> A specialization of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Each instance of #$FreeSheet is a sheet of tangible stuff that has two sides open to the environment. That is, over most of each of its surfaces, it is not related by #$sheetSurfaceConnected (q.v.) with something else. Specializations include #$SheetOfPaper, #$Towel, #$Fence, and #$CreditCard.
> guid: be2a4be2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$SheetOfSomeStuff
> direct generalization of: #$CreditCard #$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$BankDebitCard #$Leather #$Cloth

#$SheetOfSomeStuff sheets of some substance **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$SheetOfSomeStuff is a partially tangible thing which (in its intrinsic shape -- see #$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape) is continuous and, when flattened, uncrumpled, unfurled, etc., has one dimension which is significantly smaller than the other two dimensions. Although each instance of #$SheetOfSomeStuff is a _continuous_ sheet, it may be penetrable, so #$Screen-Mesh, #$Netting, and #$LaceCloth are specializations of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff may be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form. An instance of #$Puddle on a relatively flat surface (but not in a deep pothole) or an instance of #$AltoStratusCloud would be instances of this collection. Note that being an instance of #$SheetOfSomeStuff implies nothing about the current configuration of the instance; in particular, instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff need not be perpetually lying flat. For example, aluminum foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on a bed are instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Cf. #$SheetShaped.
> guid: bd59066e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$Card #$Layer #$FreeSheet #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject

#$surfaceAttributeOfSurf-Coll surface attribute of surf - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (surfaceAttributeOfSurf SURF SURFATT) means that the particular individual #$Surface-Physical SURF has the #$SurfaceAttribute SURFATT over most or all of its area. It may have more than one such surface attribute.
> guid: 078ccbe8-7f01-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$isa

#$CurvatureOfSurface-Coll curvature of surface **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices.
> guid: e21898b8-74ad-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$Convex-Coll convex **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A surface attribute meaning that the surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave.
> guid: 5b6cb4b4-74be-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$Mountain #$ConvexTangibleObject

#$ConvexHullFn convex hull fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This function, when given as an argument an instance of #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects), returns the abstract surface that is the convex hull of that spatial thing. (#$ConvexHullFn OBJECT) denotes the convex hull that encloses, precisely, all of the minimal convex region of space that #$spatiallySubsumes all parts of OBJECT. The convex hull is a surface; for the minimal convex region of space, see #$ConvexHullSpaceFn.
> guid: c103b180-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$ConvexHullSpaceFn convex hull space fn

> An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. #$ConvexHullSpaceFn takes as its argument an instance of #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects) and returns the spatial region that is enclosed by the convex hull of the object or objects. (#$ConvexHullSpaceFn OBJECT) is the minimal convex region of space that #$spatiallySubsumes (q.v.) all parts of OBJECT. The enclosed space is three- or two-dimensional and is not the hull surface itself, which is obtained by the function #$ConvexHullFn (q.v.). See also #$minimalConvexSpaceSubsuming
> guid: bf3bb632-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$ConvexTangibleObject convex tangible object **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all instances of #$PartiallyTangible that are convex; i.e., have no significant concave surfaces, cavities or crevices (the size of allowable minor concavities may depend on the context). An instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube is an instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject, but a cup or doughnut cannot be.
> guid: c0b9215a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$CordlikeObject cord-like objects

> A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$CordlikeObject is a partially tangible non-fluid object (so #$CordlikeObject is disjoint with #$FluidTangibleThing) whose length is significantly greater than either its height or width. Moreover, each instance of #$CordlikeObject has a high degree of flexibility. Notable specializations of #$CordlikeObject include the collections #$Nerve, #$Tape, and #$Cable.
> guid: bd58f581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Path-Customary #$Path-Simple #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$AnatomicalVessel #$Nerve

#$EdgeOnObject edges of a physical object **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all edges on objects that are instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges.
> guid: bd58f6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible #$EdgeOnObject-Generic #$Path-Spatial

#$Corner-2d two-dimensional corners **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each.
> guid: c0fbbe43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Corner-2or3d

#$Corner-3d three-dimensional corners **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object.
> guid: c0fba450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Corner-2or3d

#$Corner-2or3d corners (tangible things)

> A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$Corner-2or3d is a region centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle, or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Instances of #$Corner-2or3d are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective.
> guid: c0fba90e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$Corner-3d #$Corner-2d

#$Concave-Coll concave **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface between them. Depending on the context, it may have relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are therefore concave.
> guid: 24a85e9a-74bb-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$Cavity

#$Portal portals

> A specialization of both #$Path-Spatial and #$Cavity. Each instance of #$Portal is an opening -- in a surface, through a tube, or whatever -- with or without a covering (although any covering is not itself typically part of the portal). Specializations include #$Doorway, #$Valve, and #$BodilyOrifice.
> guid: bd58d597-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Path-Spatial #$Cavity #$Path-Simple
> direct generalization of: #$PipeEndToCavityJunction #$WindowPortal #$Doorway

#$containsPortals contains portals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$containsPortals OBJECT PORTAL) means that the OBJECT has PORTAL as one of its holes, passages, exits or entrances.
> guid: bd58d235-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$PhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$parts #$hasAsCavity

#$spaceRegionPortals space region portals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$spaceRegionPortals REGION HOLE) means that HOLE is a #$Portal into the #$CavityInteriorRegion REGION.
> guid: bd5899bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$adjacentTo

#$hasPortalToRegion has portal to region

> A #$CotemporalObjectsSlot that is a specialization of both #$near and #$temporallyIntersects. (#$hasPortalToRegion OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is connected to OBJ2 by some type of #$Portal (q.v.). For example, (#$hasPortalToRegion MyMasterBedroom MyMasterBathroom). See also #$portalConnectsRegions.
> guid: bd58b12b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects #$near

#$portalConnectsRegions portal connects regions

> (#$portalConnectsRegions PORTAL HERE THERE) means that the regions HERE and THERE are connected via PORTAL, and that at least one of HERE and THERE contains PORTAL as a physical part.
> guid: bd58d88e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalPredicate #$TernaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pathBetween

#$Cavity cavities

> The collection of all cavities, including instances of #$Crevice, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (for example, the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity can include walls as parts, in which case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike instances of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls.
> guid: bd5891a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CavityOrContainer
> direct generalization of: #$CavityWithWalls #$Portal #$CavityInteriorRegion #$SpaceInAHOC

#$containsCavityWithWalls contains cavity with walls

> (#$containsCavityWithWalls OBJECT CAVITY) means that the #$PartiallyTangible OBJECT contains the #$CavityWithWalls CAVITY either somewhere within OBJECT, or on OBJECT's surface.
> guid: bd5891ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$PhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$hasAsCavity #$physicalParts

#$cavityHasWall cavity has wall **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the #$Cavity CAV has WALL as one of its walls (or part of one of its walls), or partly-enclosing inner surfaces. #$cavityHasWall is often used for describing the relationship between some space or part of a #$ConstructionArtifact and the substructures that bound or enclose it (e.g., the relationship between a room and its walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)).
> guid: bd58c7f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalPartPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$physicalParts

#$Crevice crackz (tangible things) (things with a location) (spatial things) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width.
> guid: c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CavityWithWalls

#$CavityInteriorRegion interiors (tangible things) (things with a location) (spatial things) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of space regions that constitute cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects. Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see #$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls).
> guid: bd58a8e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Cavity #$SpaceRegion-Empirical #$CavityInterior-Generic

#$CavityInteriorRegionFn cavity interior region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$CavityInteriorRegionFn OBJECT) denotes the entire interior space region (#$CavityInteriorRegion) within any #$Cavity or cavites (chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur inside of OBJECT. This does not include the walls of the chamber(s) or passage(s), just the interior space itself.
> guid: bd58ff3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$TubeShape tube shape **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$CylinderShape. Each instance of #$TubeShape is a hollow cylinder whose height is much greater than the radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as pipes and hoses, as well as some abstract cylinders.
> guid: c10060cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType
> direct specialization of: #$CylinderShape

#$Pipe-GenericConduit pipes

> A specialization of #$FluidConduit; the collection of all enclosed tubular fluid conduits with openings at both ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes, found naturally occurring in the environment or in an organism's body (like #$BloodVessels).
> guid: bd5899fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CylindricalHollowObject #$Container #$FluidConduit
> direct generalization of: #$AnatomicalVessel

### Shape

#$ShapeType configurations

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ShapeType is a subcollection of #$SpatialThing (q.v.).
> guid: c0f46e0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$AbstractShapeType #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$TwoDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType

#$GeometricThing-Abstract abstract shapes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing each of whose instances is abstract in the sense of being intangible (see #$Intangible) as well as lacking spatial and temporal location. Each instance of #$GeometricThing-Abstract is an abstract region of an abstract space (the latter having two or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are located in this (or another) universe are not instances of this collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized.
> guid: bd5885bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible #$MathematicalObject

#$fitsIn fits in **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$fitsIn is used to give an approximation of the external size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$fitsIn OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of the object OBJ, by stating what sized shape OBJ will fit inside. #$fitsIn uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. (Note: actual instances of AbstractPhysicalShape are NOT used for assertions made with #$fitsIn.) Examples: (#$fitsIn #$Pittman (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 2) (#$Meter 0.35) (#$Meter 0.25))) and (#$fitsIn HopeDiamond (#$CylinderFn (#$Centi (#$Meter 10) (#$Centi(#$Meter 10))). When #$fitsIn is used in a rule to represent a class of objects with variable sizes, the #$ShapeFunction used should refer to the largest size that such objects normally have. For example, by default, any sandwich SW (#$fitsIn SW (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 6))).
> guid: bd590bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

#$canContainShapes can contain shapes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$canContainShapes is used to give an approximation of the internal size and shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of things that can be contained in the object OBJ, by specifying the dimensions of an abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated by #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, and #$SphereFn. For example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes of (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter 0.75)). Cf. #$fitsIn.
> guid: bd58d16d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

#$ShapeFunction shape functions

> A specialization of #$IndividualDenotingFunction; an instance of #$FunctionCategory. Each instance of #$ShapeFunction returns an element of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. Notable examples of #$ShapeFunction include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn, #$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn, #$CylinderFn, etc. Each shape function takes as argument(s) the dimension(s) of #$Distance needed to determine a geometric shape of that kind, then returns an abstract shape which has those dimensions. For example, (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D.
> guid: bd58809c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionCategory
> direct specialization of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction

#$SphereFn sphere fn

> An instance of #$ShapeFunction. When applied to an instance of #$Distance-Absolute, #$SphereFn returns an an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn #$SphereShape). (#$SphereFn D) denotes the abstract sphere with diameter D. Positive examples: the #$shapeOfObject of a 2-inch rubber ball is #$SphereShape; the ball #$fitsIn the shape denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Inch 2)). The #$shapeOfObject of #$PlanetEarth is also #$SphereShape; Earth #$fitsIn the shape denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Mile 8000)).
> guid: bd5880b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ShapeFunction #$TotalDenotationalFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$Individual

#$RectangularSolidFn rectangular solid fn

> An instance of #$ShapeFunction. When applied to a trio of instances of #$Distance-Absolute, #$RectangularSolidFn returns an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn #$Rectangular3DShape). (#$RectangularSolidFn DP BR HT) returns an abstract rectangular solid of depth DP, breadth BR, and height HT. For example, the #$shapeOfObject of a 2-by-4 stud is #$Rectangular3DShape; it #$fitsIn the #$shapeOfObject denoted by (#$RectangularSolidFn (#$Inch 2) (#$Inch 4) (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 8)).
> guid: bd5880b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ShapeFunction #$TernaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$CylinderFn cylinder fn

> An instance of #$ShapeFunction (q.v.). When applied to a pair of instances of #$Distance-Absolute, #$CylinderFn returns an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn #$CylinderShape). (#$CylinderFn L D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D. For example (#$CylinderFn (#$Inch 10) (#$Inch 5)) denotes an abstract cylinder 10 inches long and 5 inches in diameter.
> guid: bd5880b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ShapeFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType types of three dimensional shape

> A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ShapeType (q.v.). Each instance of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType is a specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing (q.v.) all of whose own instances have something in common as regards their shape. Instances include the collections #$CylinderShape, #$SphereShape, and #$Rectangular3DShape.
> guid: c0f46ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ShapeType

#$TwoDimensionalShapeType types of two dimensional shape

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TwoDimensionalShapeType is a specialization of #$TwoDimensionalGeometricThing.
> guid: c0f46e93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ShapeType

#$AbstractShapeType types of abstract shape

> A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a specialization of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. Since all of the instances of a given instance of #$AbstractShapeType are abstract, the collection #$AbstractShapeType is disjoint with #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized (note that there is no collection `LocalizedShapeType').
> guid: c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ShapeType

#$LongAndThin-Coll long and thin **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines, skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped.
> guid: 8797c068-74bb-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$Shaft #$EdgeOnObject #$CordlikeObject #$PathArtifact #$Crevice

#$PointyEnded-Coll pointy ended - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Includes anything which tapers to a pointy or sharp end--pens, pencils, needles, pins, nails, and wood-screws, but not wires (no taper). Most knives would be included, but only because they have pointy ends. A knife with a rounded ended and a sharp blade would not be included.
> guid: 0122c774-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$SharpEdged-Coll sharp edged - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Includes anything which has a sharp edge. Includes knives, scissors, and broken glass. Does not include the right angle at the edge of a desk--that's not sharp enough. Does not include the edge of a cotton sheet--that's not hard enough to be sharp. Does not include a needle--it may be sharp, but it's not an edge. For needles, nails, etc., see #$PointyEnded.
> guid: 1f34ed22-74be-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$SheetShaped panels **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$ShapeType. #$SheetShaped refers to an object that is flat and spread out, planar, and neither fully crumpled nor compactly folded. Such an object has two opposing surfaces which have the attribute #$Flat (q.v.). The other surfaces have much smaller area than the two main flat surfaces. Thus, one of the three orthogonal dimensions (length, width or height) of a #$SheetShaped object is much smaller than the other two. Ice over ponds, and sheets of paint on a house are all possible examples of such objects. A bedspread is #$SheetShaped only if it is not folded into a small volume or crumpled. See #$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape. For describing a sheet of something (e.g., waxed paper, aluminum foil, cloth) regardless of its configuration, use #$SheetOfSomeStuff. For 'one-sided' surfaces (see #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject), such as 'TheGreatPlains' #$SheetShaped is not appropriate but #$Flat is appropriate.
> guid: bd58c6d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ShapeType
> direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing

### Symmetry In Space

#$RadiallySymmetricObject radially symmetric object **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of objects which are radially symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc.
> guid: bd5906ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing

#$BilaterallySymmetricObject bilaterally symmetric objects

> A specialization of #$SpatialThing. Each instance of #$BilaterallySymmetricObject is an object which is symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis.
> guid: bd58b94b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing
> direct generalization of: #$ClothingItem

#$LeftObject left objects of a pair **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$TangibleObjectTypeBySide. #$LeftObject is the collection of tangible objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side of some larger object or ensemble of parts. Examples include left hands, left shoes, and automobile left-turn. A given #$LeftObject will typically be one of a pair whose other member is a #$RightObject.
> guid: bd58d4ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$RightObject right objects of a pair

> An instance of #$TangibleObjectTypeBySide. #$RightObject is the collection of tangible objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the right side of some larger object or ensemble of parts. Examples include right hands, right shoes, automobile right-turn indicators. A given #$RightObject will typically be one of a pair whose other member is a #$LeftObject.
> guid: bd589f35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible

#$symmetricPartTypes symmetric part types **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$symmetricPartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly two, symmetrically positioned, instance of SMALL as parts.
> guid: bf12f780-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$physicalPartTypes

#$uniquePartTypes unique part types

> The predicate #$uniquePartTypes relates two sub-collections of #$PartiallyTangible. (#$uniquePartTypes BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly one instance of SMALL as a physical part (see the predicate #$physicalParts).
> guid: bdc6b464-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$physicalPartTypes

#$SymmetryMemberFunction symmetry member function **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The class of functions which return one member of a symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn.
> guid: bd744168-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionCategory
> direct specialization of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction

### Direction And Orientation Vocabulary

#$FrameOfReference frames of reference **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$MathematicalObject. Each instance of #$FrameOfReference is a mathematical (and hence intangible) representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference.
> guid: bd58d4a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$MathematicalObject

#$TerrestrialFrameOfReference terrestrial frame of reference **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The terrestrial frame of reference is the unique individual #$FrameOfReference that generally regards the surface of the #$PlanetEarth as fixed in the background space. It permits fixed notions of #$VerticalOrientation and #$HorizontalOrientation. There are multiple standard coordinate systems based on the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference, including #$latitude and #$longitude, Earth-Centered Cartesian, and others. Various local frames of reference and coordinate systems assume the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
> guid: bd5905ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MathematicalObject #$Individual

#$OrientationAttribute-Coll orientation attribute - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of attributes which characterize an object's orientation relative to whatever instance of #$FrameOfReference is being used in the current context. In most contexts, orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
> guid: 44bf811c-74ad-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$HorizontalOrientation horizontal **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$orientation OBJECT #$HorizontalOrientation) means that OBJECT is horizontal with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is horizontal if and only if its longest axis lies in the horizontal plane. A planar (#$SheetShaped) object is horizontal if and only if its two longest axes lie in the horizontal plane. Typically, horizontal objects include dinner plates, mousepads, ice skating rinks, parking lots, and stratus clouds.
> guid: c0fbacf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$VerticalOrientation vertical **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$orientation OBJECT #$VerticalOrientation) means that OBJECT is vertical with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is vertical if and only if its longest dimension is perpendicular to horizontal (#$HorizontalDirection). A planar (#$SheetShaped) object has #$VerticalOrientation if and only if its planar surface is perpendicular to the current horizontal plane. Typically, vertical objects include window panes, skyscrapers, trees, radio towers, and walls.
> guid: c0fbad0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$UpsideDown upside-down **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$orientation OBJECT #$UpsideDown) means that OBJECT's intrinsic bottom (e.g., the hull of a ship) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic top (e.g., the masthead). Many things don't work properly when upside down, e.g., sailboats, salad bowls, newspapers.
> guid: c0fbac43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$RightSideUp typical hound's orientation (attribute value) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$orientation OBJECT #$RightSideUp) means that OBJECT's intrinsic top (e.g., the lid of a teapot) is above (#$above-Directly) its intrinsic bottom (e.g., bowl of a teapot).
> guid: c0fbac6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$oppositeDirection-Interval opposite direction - interval **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$oppositeDirection-Interval COMING GOING) means that the vector which points in the opposite direction to the vector COMING is the vector GOING. More technically, COMING and GOING are both elements of #$UnitVectorInterval in Cyc's spatial representation, and the midpoint of the direction interval COMING is 180 degrees from the midpoint of the direction interval GOING. Examples: (#$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Generally #$South-Generally), (#$oppositeDirection-Interval #$DorsalDirection #$VentralDirection). If a precise opposite direction is needed, use #$oppositeDirection-Precise.
> guid: bd58896c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$disjointDirections

#$oppositeDirection-Precise opposite direction - precise **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Predicate used mainly for reasoning about orientations within a given frame of reference. (#$oppositeDirection-Precise DIR OPPDIR) means that DIR is precisely the opposite direction to OPPDIR. The predicate may be taken to imply that the vectors denoting the directions are separated by 180 degrees.
> guid: bd58c726-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$parallelVectors

#$TerrestrialDirection terrestrial directions

> A specialization of #$Direction (q.v.). Each instance of #$TerrestrialDirection is a direction that characterizes the orientation of objects on or near the surface of the Earth. An important specialization is #$GeographicalDirection (q.v.).
> guid: bd588a62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Direction
> direct generalization of: #$GeographicalDirection

#$Up-Generally upward **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection. #$Up-Generally comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Up-Directly.
> guid: bd58a4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$Individual

#$Up-Directly up - directly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The direction straight up. In the terrestrial context, #$Up-Directly points in the opposite direction of Earth's gravitational force vector.
> guid: bd5889a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitVector-Precise #$TerrestrialDirection #$Individual

#$Down-Generally downward **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection. #$Down-Generally comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly.
> guid: bd58a496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$Individual

#$Down-Directly down - directly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The direction straight down. In the terrestrial context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector.
> guid: bd5889eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$UnitVector-Precise #$Individual

#$HorizontalDirection horizontal direction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors which are perpendicular to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.
> guid: bd58ba3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$Individual

#$VerticalDirection vertical **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors that are parallel to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.
> guid: bd58baba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$Individual

#$GeographicalDirection directions (structured information sources)

> A specialization of #$TerrestrialDirection (q.v.). The #$GeographicalDirections derive from the intrinsic directional axes of a terrestrial frame of reference: North-South and East-West. Like all #$VectorIntervals, geographical directions can be specified precisely (e.g. #$North-Directly) or as proper intervals (e.g. #$North-Generally); see the specializations #$GeographicalDirection-Direct and #$GeographicalDirection-General.
> guid: bd58dbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialDirection
> direct generalization of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$GeographicalDirection-General

#$North-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$South-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$South-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$GeographicalDirection. #$North-Generally comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$North-Directly (q.v.).
> guid: bd588776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$North-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$South-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$South-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Due North, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
> guid: bd58fb02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$South-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of South. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$South-Directly.
> guid: bd5887b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$South-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$North-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Due South. An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection.
> guid: bd58dde2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$East-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$West-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$West-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of East. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$East-Directly.
> guid: bd58a558-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$East-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$West-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$West-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Due East, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
> guid: bd58f124-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$West-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$East-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$East-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of West. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$West-Directly.
> guid: bd58a517-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$West-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$East-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$East-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Due West, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
> guid: bd58f165-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$Northeast-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southwest-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southwest-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of Northeast. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$Northeast-Directly.
> guid: c107ca50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$Northeast-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southwest-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southwest-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The precise Northeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole.
> guid: bd588d73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$Northwest-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southeast-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southeast-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of Northwest. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$Northwest-Directly.
> guid: c090ff2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$Northwest-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southeast-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Southeast-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The precise Northwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole.
> guid: bd588aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$Southeast-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northwest-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northwest-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of Southeast. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$Southeast-Directly.
> guid: bde453b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$Southeast-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northwest-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northwest-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The precise Southeast direction from any geographic point other than a pole.
> guid: bd588a29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$Southwest-Generally is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northeast-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northeast-Generally) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The general direction of Southwest. In the context of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so that it does not overlap with that of any other general direction. Thus: The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in either direction) of #$Southwest-Directly.
> guid: be8d6ed9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General #$Individual

#$Southwest-Directly is the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northeast-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval #$Northeast-Directly) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The precise Southwest direction from any geographic point other than a pole.
> guid: bd588ae7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct #$Individual

#$SpatialPredicate spatial relations

> A specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate. Each instance of #$SpatialPredicate is a spatial relation that can (only) hold between one or more #$SpatialThings, and is used to state something about its/their spatial location(s), position(s), or orientation(s). Note that when a #$SpatialPredicate has a #$Group as one of its arguments, a certain spatial relationship is ususally being asserted to hold of all or most of the members of that group; but there are exceptions (e.g. #$in-Among) for which this is not the case.
> guid: bd58bc17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$CotemporalPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$ConnectionPredicate

#$orientation-Coll orientation - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$orientation OBJECT ORTN) means that the tangible OBJECT is oriented in the way described by the #$OrientationAttribute ORTN. Examples: (#$orientation OBJ #$RightSideUp), (#$orientation OBJ #$VerticalOrientation). #$orientation is asserted with respect to the current context's #$FrameOfReference.
> guid: 754db1d4-7f00-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$isa

#$upAxisPoints up axis points **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$upAxisPoints OBJ DIR) means OBJ's intrinsic up-axis points in the direction DIR. An object has an intrinsic up-axis only if it has an intrisic top by virtue of its design or function. People, rockets, cars, and cups are examples of objects with intrinsic tops. A sphere has no intrinsic top, due to its symmetry. If an object with an intrinsic up-axis, OBJ, is on its side, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$HorizontalDirection). If OBJ is upside-down, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$Down-Directly) or (#$upAxisPoints OBJ #$Down-Generally), depending on how precise one wishes to be.
> guid: bd590a36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$facesDirection faces direction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$facesDirection OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic forward axis of OBJ (i.e., the vector normal to its intrinsic front side) points in the direction DIR. Note that an object only has an intrinsic forward axis if it has some intrinsic front side by virtue of its design or function. For example, trains, cars, and bullets have intrinsic front faces by virtue of the direction in which they are intended to travel. Other objects, such as refrigerators, bookshelves against walls, and televisions, have front faces by virtue of how people usually view the object. Spheres, being symmetric, do not have an intrinsic forward axis.
> guid: bd58b302-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$IntrinsicAxisOfObject intrinsic axes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects (where those objects can be either spatially localized or abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation.
> guid: bd58eb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Axis

#$AxisFn axis fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$AxisFn OBJ REGIONTYP1 REGIONTYP2) is a function that, applied to an individual object OBJ and two types of region of such an object, returns the axis through the object, determined by running the axis through the centers of the individual regions (of those types) of the object. Thus #$AxisFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction that returns a particular axis of an individual object. (#$AxisFn OBJ FROM-SIDE TO-SIDE) denotes a directional axis, pointing from FROM-SIDE to TO-SIDE of OBJ and extending through it. For example, (#$AxisFn `Chair37' #$BackSide #$FrontSide) would denote the back-to-front axis of Chair37. See also #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject. Note that resultant axis is straight, so that the #$AxisFn of a coiled hose from its female end to its male end would not be aligned with the hose.
> guid: bd58daa2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$direction-Pointing direction - pointing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$direction-Pointing OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ points in the direction DIR (which is described using an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval). Pointing axes may be ascribed to certain objects especially in relation to their function(s); e.g., objects which are intended to indicate direction (e.g., a pointer stick, a compass needle); objects which cause motion in a certain direction (e.g., a gun, a train); objects which are accessed from a certain direction (e.g., cupboards, couches).
> guid: bd58b9fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$facesObject direction an object is facing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The Cyc predicate #$facesObject is used to represent the orientation of one object to another. (#$facesObject OBJ1 AXIS1 OBJ2) means that an intrinsic axis projected through OBJ1 (i.e., AXIS1) spatially intersects with the second object, OBJ2. See also #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject, #$AxisFn.
> guid: bd588de5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$Angle angles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing. Each instance of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point, or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines.
> guid: bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GenericShapeType
> direct specialization of: #$GeometricallyDescribableThing

### Spatially Oriented Parts

#$Side sides (tangible things)

> A specialization of #$Surface-Physical. Each instance of #$Side is a surface of some partially tangible object, and serves as a boundary between the inside and outside of that object.
> guid: c0f4873f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Physical
> direct generalization of: #$FrontSide #$BottomSide #$TopSide #$BackSide

#$TopSide tops **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the entire top sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces up.
> guid: bd58c4a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Side

#$BottomSide undersides **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down.
> guid: bd58d673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Side

#$BackSide backs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction.
> guid: bd59048d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Side

#$FrontSide fronts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction.
> guid: bd58f6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Side

#$RightRegionFn right region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (RightRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the right half or flank or right main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or object that has a left/right orientation.
> guid: be8712f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual

#$LeftRegionFn left region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (LeftRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the left half or flank or left main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or object that has a left/right orientation.
> guid: bf0b24fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual

#$PosteriorRegionFn posterior region fn

> An instance of #$PartialDenotationalFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. When applied to an instance REGION of #$AnimalBodyRegion, #$PosteriorRegionFn returns the region consisting of the rear half or section, or posterior main portion, of REGION. Note that #$PosteriorRegionFn applies only when REGION itself has an intrinsic front/back orientation, or is a (non-backward-facing) part of a larger region or object that has a front/back orientation.
> guid: be660582-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual

#$AnteriorRegionFn anterior region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (AnteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the front half or section, or the anterior main portion, of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic front/back orientation, or is a (non-backward-facing) part of a larger region or object that has a front/back orientation.
> guid: be6a5a9d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual

#$surfaceParts surface parts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$surfaceParts BIG LITTLE) means that LITTLE is an external physical part (see #$externalParts) of a surface of BIG, or that LITTLE is a physical part of BIG itself and a surface of LITTLE is part of a surface of BIG. LITTLE is also something which 'does not go all the way through' BIG. In other words, there is no line segment spatially subsumed by LITTLE that goes from a point at the surface of one side of BIG to a point of the surface on the opposite side of BIG. Positive exemplars: the skin of an orange is a #$surfaceParts of the orange, a window of a house is a #$surfaceParts of that house. Borderline positive exemplars: the inside surface of a coffee cup is one of the #$surfaceParts of the cup; the inside surface of a beer-can in some contexts is a #$surfaceParts of the can. Negative exemplars: the brain is not a #$surfaceParts of a person. A person's head is also a negative exemplar of a #$surfaceParts. There is a line that can go, for example, from the front side to the back side of that person.
> guid: bd58d0ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$externalParts #$physicallyContains

#$ExteriorRegionFn exterior region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (ExteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of all the outer parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the exterior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's outside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.
> guid: bfc0e605-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual

#$internalParts interior (physical part predicate) (ordering relation) (composition predicate)

> A #$PhysicalPartPredicate and a specialization of both #$physicalParts and #$physicallyContains (qq.v.). (#$internalParts OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its internal physical parts. That is, PART is totally inside OBJ and is part of OBJ.
> guid: bd58cf63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$PhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$physicalParts #$physicallyContains

#$InteriorRegionFn interior region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (InteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the core or inner parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the interior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's inside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.
> guid: c1555aff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual

#$MedialRegionFn medial region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (MedialRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the center parts or middle section (near the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the medial main portion of REGOROBJ as opposed to the right and left portions. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region or object that has its own right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's portion nearest the mid-line (with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.
> guid: c0d7da87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual

#$LateralRegionFn lateral region fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function (LateralRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the flanks or side parts or lateral main sections (away from the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the lateral main areas of REGOROBJ as opposed to the medial or middle area; the right and left regions then both include parts of the lateral regions. #$LateralRegionFn applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region or object that has its own right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's portions farthest from the mid-line (with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.
> guid: bd662056-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual

### Relative Positions Of Objects

#$spatiallyIntersects spatially intersects

> (#$spatiallyIntersects THING1 THING2) means that the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING1 overlaps the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing THING2. Note that spatial intersection doesn't imply that THING1 and THING2 have any physical parts (see the predicate #$physicalParts) in common. For example, an instance of #$IntangibleIndividual, such as a shadow, can spatially intersect an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, such as a wall; in such a case, the instance of #$IntangibleIndividual will obviously not share any physical part with the instance of #$PartiallyTangible.
> guid: bd58d895-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$near #$notFarFrom

#$perpendicularVectors perpendicular vectors

> A specialization of #$disjointDirections. (#$perpendicularVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is perpendicular (i.e. at a 90-degree angle) to VECTOR2. For example, (#$perpendicularVectors #$East-Directly #$North-Directly) holds.
> guid: bd5897ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$disjointDirections

#$perpendicularObjects perpendicular objects **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$perpendicularObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the longest axis of OBJ1 is perpendicular to the longest axis of OBJ2.
> guid: c0fb9dbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

#$parallelVectors parallel vectors **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$parallel that holds only between #$VectorIntervals. (#$parallelVectors VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is parallel to VECTOR2. The vectors may either point in the same direction (see #$sameDirection) or directly opposite directions (see #$oppositeDirection-Precise). See also #$parallelObjects.
> guid: c05262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation
> direct specialization of: #$parallel

#$parallelObjects parallel objects **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$parallelObjects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the lengthwise axes of OBJ1 and OBJ2 are parallel to each other.
> guid: c0fbb94a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$parallel #$spatiallyRelated

#$pointingToward pointing toward **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$pointingToward OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 has a pointing axis and that its axis points toward OBJ2. A pointing axis is ascribed to objects that have directionality (e.g., a gun, a projectile, an arrow, an extended finger).
> guid: bd58dfeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

#$directionBetweenObjects direction between objects **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$directionBetweenObjects OBJ1 OBJ2 UVI) means that UVI, an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval , is a vector or set of vectors which point(s) from a point (or set of points) in OBJ1 to a point (or set of points) in OBJ2. See also #$VectorFromToFn which is roughly interchangeable with #$directionBetweenObjects. #$directionBetweenObjects has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may be specified. #$VectorFromToFn saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifying and from having to know the direction between OBJ1 and OBJ2.
> guid: bd5895b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$VectorFromToFn vector from to fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$VectorFromToFn OBJ1 OBJ2) may be colloquially thought of as denoting the range of directions which point from OBJ1 to OBJ2. More formally, (#$VectorFromToFn OBJ1 OBJ2) is a set of #$UnitVectorIntervals. This set, UNIT-VECTOR-SET, is constructed as follows: A set of vectors is constructed such that for every point P1 in OBJ1 and every point P2 in OBJ2 there is a vector (see #$Vector-Precise) with its origin at P1 and its terminus at P2. For every vector in this set, there is a parallel unit vector in UNIT-VECTOR-SET. For example, `the ball rolled towards Mecca' could be represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout BallRolling01 (#$VectorFromToFn Ball01 Mecca)). `a ball rolling away from Mecca' would be represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout BallRolling (#$VectorFromToFn Mecca Ball)). Note that the interval includes vectors which don't point in what is intuitively the direction in which the ball is rolling, since, for example, some vectors point from spots on the left side of the ball to spots on right side of Mecca. Note further that (#$VectorFromToFn OBJ REF) assumes that OBJ does not #$spatiallyIntersects REF. See also #$directionBetweenObjects which is roughly interchangeable with #$VectorFromToFn. #$directionBetweenObjects has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may be specified. #$VectorFromToFn saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifying and from having to know the direction between OBJ1 and OBJ2.).
> guid: c079729e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$inFrontOf-Generally in front of - generally

> (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) means that FORE is in front of the tangible object AFT. More precisely, the intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT is within 45 degrees of some line intersecting both FORE and AFT. Note that FORE may be an intangible spatial object, such as an image projected onto a screen.
> guid: bd5909a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$near #$temporallyIntersects

#$inFrontOf-Directly in front of - directly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$inFrontOf-Directly FORE AFT) means that FORE is directly in front of tangible object AFT. More precisely, it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) and that there is at least one line parallel to the forward pointing axis of AFT that intersects both FORE and AFT. FORE may be an intangible, such as an image projected onto a screen.
> guid: bd59091d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$inFrontOf-Generally

#$behind-Generally behind - generally **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) means that AFT is behind FORE. More precisely, a line originating at the center of FORE projecting away from the front side of FORE and parallel to the intrinsic front-to-back axis of FORE forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a line intersecting both AFT and FORE. AFT may be intangible.
> guid: bd58b405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects #$near

#$behind-Directly behind - directly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$behind-Directly AFT FORE) means that AFT is directly behind tangible object FORE. More precisely, it implies both (#$behind-Generally AFT FORE) and that there is at least one line parallel to the backward pointing axis of FORE that intersects both AFT and FORE. Note that FORE must have a back side. AFT may be intangible, such as an image projected behind an actor on a stage.
> guid: bd58b3c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$behind-Generally

#$above-Directly above - directly

> (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) means either that (1) the volumetric center of ABOVE is directly above some point of BELOW, if ABOVE is smaller than BELOW; or that (2) some point of ABOVE is directly above the volumetric center of BELOW, if ABOVE is larger than, or equal in size to, BELOW.
> guid: bd58fbde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Generally

#$above-Touching above - touching **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$above-Touching ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is located over BELOW and they are touching. More precisely, it implies both (#$above-Directly ABOVE BELOW) and that ABOVE #$touches BELOW. Examples: a person sitting on a chair; coffee in a cup; a boat on water; a hat on a head. (Note that not every point of ABOVE must be higher than every point of BELOW.)
> guid: bd58f620-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Directly #$touches

#$above-Overhead above - overhead

> (#$above-Overhead ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is directly above BELOW (see the predicate #$above-Directly), all points of ABOVE are higher than all points of BELOW, and ABOVE and BELOW do _not_ touch.
> guid: bd58b981-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Directly

#$above-Higher above - higher

> (#$above-Higher OBJ-A OBJ-B) means that OBJ-A is at a greater altitude (from some common reference point) than OBJ-B. In terrestrial contexts (see #$TerrestrialFrameOfReferenceMt), (#$above-Higher OBJ-A OBJ-B) typically means that OBJ-A is at a greater altitude above sea level (see the predicate #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel) than OBJ-B.
> guid: bf020f6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyDisjoint

#$above-Generally above - generally

> (#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the #$SpatialThing-Localized OBJ1 is more or less above the #$SpatialThing-Localized OBJ2. To be more precise: if OBJ1 is within a cone-shaped set of vectors within about 45 degrees of #$Up-Directly pointing up from OBJ2 (see #$Up-Generally), then (#$above-Generally OBJ1 OBJ2) holds. This is a more general predicate than #$above-Directly (q.v.), but it is a more specialized predicate than #$above-Higher (q.v.). It probably most closely conforms to the English word above.
> guid: be69c623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Higher

#$surroundsCompletely surrounded **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$surroundsCompletely OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE completely surrounds INSIDE. In other words, all rays with origins at INSIDE pass through OUTSIDE by default (with some exceptions). OUTSIDE is not a part of INSIDE (or vice versa). Holes in OUTSIDE are permitted. Examples: a candy bar inside its wrapper; the body of a pregnant mammalian female containing a foetus; a fish in water.
> guid: bd589a41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$surroundsHorizontally #$surrounds-3D

#$surroundsHorizontally surrounds horizontally

> (#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE surrounds a horizontal cross-section of INSIDE. That is, there is some horizontal cross-section of INSIDE such that all rays drawn horizontally from points in that cross-section pass through OUTSIDE, and along each of those rays there are points which are in OUTSIDE but not in INSIDE. Note that (#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) is _not_ true if INSIDE shares a boundary with OUTSIDE; for example, Texas is not surrounded by the USA. Positive cases: water surrounds islands, and foothills may surround a mountain range. See also #$surroundsCompletely.
> guid: c0f2a0c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$surrounds-2D

### Proximity And Location

#$near nearby object (relative locational predicate) (locational predicate) (symmetric binary predicate) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This intentionally-vague predicate relates spatial things that are relatively near each other. (#$near THIS THAT) means that the distance between THIS and THAT is such that -- given the situation at hand and the sorts of things that THIS and THAT are -- they would be considered near each other by most observers. Note that an object is #$near itself, anything it touches, and any part of itself. When appropriate, use a more precisely-defined predicate such as #$nearToDegree, #$nearRelativeTo, #$nearForRolesInEventType, #$nearnessForRolesInEventType, #$touchesDirectly, or #$physicalParts.
> guid: c0fbad76-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom

#$adjacentTo adjacent to

> (#$adjacentTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are touching, and that their region of contact is (at least for practical purposes, relative to the objects' dimensions and shapes) a line (i.e. the contact region is not a point, though the line of contact might actually have some height). Moreover, OBJ1 is neither mostly above nor mostly below OBJ2. Positive examples: adjacent squares on a chessboard, bordering countries, a connected pair of puzzle pieces. Negative examples: diagonally touching squares on a chessboard, a geographical region and the air directly above it, one block stacked on top of another.
> guid: bd5904a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$touches

#$touches touching an object

> (#$touches THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in contact, either directly or indirectly. Two spatial things are directly in contact just in case there is nothing between them; to indicate that such a situation obtains between two spatial things, use the predicate #$touchesDirectly, a specialization of #$touches. Two spatial things touch indirectly if there is only a very thin object or substance between them. `Very thin' means that the distance between the surfaces of the two spatial things is very much less than the distance between their center points. Some examples of #$touches include an airplane touches the air around it; my feet touch the floor (even though I am wearing shoes); a blanket touches the person sleeping under it (even if there is a sheet); a hovercraft touches the water (even though a cushion of air is between it and the water).
> guid: bd590568-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$near

#$touchesDirectly touches directly

> (#$touchesDirectly THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in direct physical contact. That is, there exists a region on THIS and a region on THAT such that the distance between the surfaces of those regions is zero.
> guid: bd5889ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$touches

#$PhysicalContactSituation situations involving physical contact

> The collection of all temporal situations in which two or more tangible objects are touching (see #$touches) for at least part of the situation's duration. This includes an object's rubbing against another, objects colliding, as well as static touching configurations. Note that, although most types of #$PhysicalEvents involve some kind of touching, only those types for which contact is salient should be subcollections of #$PhysicalContactSituation.
> guid: bfffa642-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Situation-Temporal
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$ContinuousPhysicalContactSituation #$PhysicalContactEvent

#$on-Physical on **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$on-Physical OVER UNDER) means that the object OVER is above, supported by, and touching the object UNDER. OVER and UNDER may be at rest or in motion, or one may be in motion and the other at rest (relative to it). Examples: a person on a bicycle; groceries on a checkout conveyor belt; a statue on a pedestal. Note that only #$touches (and not #$touchesDirectly) is implied.
> guid: bd58b498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$supportedBy #$above-Touching

#$supportedBy supported by **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$supportedBy OBJECT SUPPORT) means that SUPPORT is at least partially responsible for holding OBJECT up and maintaining its vertical position. If SUPPORT were to be removed, then (everything else being equal) either OBJECT would fall or at least part of OBJECT would move downward. See also #$supportedObject, #$supportingObject, and #$SupportingSomething.
> guid: bd5901fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$securedBy #$supportedBy-Contributing

#$suspendedIn object suspended in a fluid

> (#$suspendedIn OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is fully immersed in FLUID (see #$in-ImmersedFully), and FLUID provides (via fluid dynamics) a significant supporting or upward force on OBJ so that OBJ does not undergo rapid falling.
> guid: bd5899ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$in-ImmersedFully

#$hangsAround hangs around **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$hangsAround LOOP OBJ) means that LOOP is a semi-flexible loop, looped around a piece of OBJ. LOOP is supported by gripping friction and/or LOOP's limited ability to elongate as it moves down on OBJ. See also #$hangsFrom.
> guid: c0fbb11f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedTo-Directly #$surrounds-2D #$hangsFrom

#$hangsFrom hanged

> (#$hangsFrom OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is suspended from OBJ2, either directly touching it (like a weight attached to a line) or through some intermediary object (like a weight suspended from the ceiling via a hook). All of OBJ1's weight is #$supportedBy OBJ2. Most, if not all, of OBJ1 is below OBJ2; certainly, the center of OBJ1 is below the connection point. If pushed, OBJ1 will undergo an instance of #$Swinging (q.v.).
> guid: c0fbb177-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$touches #$supportedBy

#$inRegion in region

> This is a general locative predicate that has a diverse group of specializations. (#$inRegion OBJ1 OBJ2) means, roughly, that OBJ1 is located at or in OBJ2. OBJ1 might or might not be a part (see #$parts) of OBJ2. Certain important specializations (and inverse-specializations) of #$inRegion, however, differ on this point. To take three examples: #$spatiallySubsumes is noncommital on the parthood issue, #$objectFoundInLocation implies that the object is _not_ a part of the location , while #$physicalDecompositions is a specialization of #$parts.
> guid: bd58d70c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom

#$geographicalSubRegions geographical subregion

> (#$geographicalSubRegions SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB are both elements of #$GeographicalRegion, and the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see #$inRegion). SUPER may or may not completely surround SUB, as they may share an outer boundary (e.g., the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica and #$Texas-State in the #$WorldGeographyDualistMt). Note that, if either argument to #$geographicalSubRegions is an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity, the assertion must be made in #$WorldGeographyDualistMt or a specMt thereof. To relate two instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity, use the predicate #$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies. See also #$surroundsHorizontally and #$bordersOn.
> guid: bd58cd89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$physicalParts #$subRegions #$spatiallySubsumes #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs

#$objectFoundInLocation location **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$objectFoundInLocation OBJ LOC) means that OBJ has the location LOC. OBJ is not a part of LOC. Examples: the #$ArcDeTriomphe is located in the #$CityOfParisFrance; the #$AlaskanPipeline is found in #$Alaska-State; the #$TownOfGettysburgPA is located in the Eastern region of Pennsylvania (note that the town's territory is part of Pennsylvania, but the town as a social organization is distinct). See also the #$comment on #$inRegion. Cf., for cases where OBJ is a spatial part of LOC, #$physicalDecompositions, #$geographicalSubRegions.
> guid: bd58d0e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects #$inRegion #$permanentLocationOfObject

#$locationState-Coll location state - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$locationState OBJ LOC-TYPE) means that OBJ is in the kind of location indicated by LOC-TYPE. #$locationState is used to represent useful general information about an object's location--e.g., whether it is airborne, outdoors, indoors, etc.--without having to identify (or reify) the location itself.
> guid: 057db0f2-7f00-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$isa

#$LocationStateAttribute-Coll location state attribute - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$AttributeValue. Each instance of #$LocationStateAttribute is an attribute of an object which indicates the nature of that object's location.
> guid: 4fa55648-74b1-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$inPlane in plane **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$inPlane OBJ SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially intersects with the #$FlatSurface SURFACE.
> guid: bd588683-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyIntersects

#$onLine on line

> (#$onLine OBJ LINE) means that OBJ is an object or region (an instance of #$SpatialThing) with one or more dimensions much smaller than the length of the #$Line LINE, and OBJ #$spatiallyIntersects or touches LINE but does not include all of LINE. One object can be on several different #$Lines. See also #$onPath.
> guid: bd58f0b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyIntersects

#$onPath on path

> (#$onPath THING PATH) means that THING is located along (on or adjacent to) the #$Path-Generic PATH. THING could be a moving object, or it could be a stationary point (in the latter case, see the more specific predicate #$pointOnPath). For example, Saint Louis, Missouri was #$onPath U.S. Route 66, as was Missouri, any car driving along Route 66, and any lamp-post alongside it.
> guid: c10b5746-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate

#$pointOnPath point on simple path

> A specialization of the predicate #$onPath that relates a simple path (see #$Path-Simple) to any point on that path. (#$pointOnPath POINT PATH) means that POINT is a point along PATH. That is, POINT is on PATH but cannot move along PATH (even if it could move in some other sense). It might or might not be the case that POINT, or some part of it, is a part of PATH. POINT is not a subpath (see #$subPaths) of PATH; it is not something that is on PATH only occasionally (such as something moving along or stopped on PATH); and it is does not have PATH as a part (e.g. Washington DC is not a point on its own Pennsylvania Avenue). Note that the relative positions of points on a path do not in general form a linear order (see #$TotalOrdering) unless the points and the path are part of a particular #$PathSystem. For example, if no path system is specified, both Austin and Texas can be veiwed as points on Interstate 35.
> guid: c0408997-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pointOnPath-Generic

#$trajectoryPassesThrough thing passed through (actor slot) (role) (extensional representation predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$trajectoryPassesThrough MOVE LOC) means that the #$trajectory-Complete of the #$Translation-SingleTrajectory MOVE passes through LOC, which is an instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized, and thus can be a location, a portal, a river, a path, the equator, etc. More formally, the #$objectMoving which undergoes MOVE from the #$fromLocation to the #$toLocation passes through LOC. Here `passes through LOC' means that the #$objectMoving OBJ both arrives in and leaves LOC. Thus, LOC can not be a super region of any #$fromLocation nor any #$toLocations of MOVE. Otherwise it would be possible to state (#$trajectoryPassesThrough TripToTheStore01 TheUniverse). On the other hand, LOC can be a sub region of some #$toLocation or some #$fromLocation.
> guid: bfd6faea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$nonDeliberateActors

#$traversalPassesThrough traversal passes through **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$traversalPassesThrough TRAV POINT) means that POINT is a point that the #$Traversal TRAV passes through. Note that when TRAV passes through POINT, POINT cannot be a mere endpoint of TRAV. This means that a traversal does not pass through its starting point if it does not go back to the point and then leave it, nor does it pass through its ending point if it does not meet the point twice.
> guid: c14db0b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

### Betweenness

#$betweenOnPath item between two others on some path **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$betweenOnPath X Y Z PATH) means that X, Y and Z are points on the path PATH and X is between Y and Z. Note that this gives no ordering of Y and Z; it just claims that X is between them. Note: Given a #$Path-Customary PATH and points or places on PATH, #$betweenOnPath does not always determine a linear order (#$TotalOrdering) on the set of all points on PATH when PATH is not part of a specified #$PathSystem (since one thing on such a path -- #$onPath PATH -- may be part of another). However, in a specified #$PathSystem SYS, #$betweenOnPath does determine a linear order on the set of all points on PATH in SYS.
> guid: c0e50f87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$pathBetween path between the specified paths

> (#$pathBetween PATH X Y) means that the #$Path-Simple PATH goes between points (or places) X and Y, where X and Y do not 'overlap', and no further. Both X and Y have to be on PATH (see #$pointOnPath). Note that (#$pathBetween PATH X Y) is more specific than (#$pathConnects PATH X Y) because here the PATH cannot extend beyond X and Y. Within a particular #$PathSystem, a path's end points in the system are unique, and #$pathBetweenInSystem (q.v.) is restricted to paths and points in the system. When considered without a context of a path system, a path may have several different places at one end, such as Austin and Texas both being at the same end of some path along Highway I-35.
> guid: c065f088-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pathConnects

#$pathBetweenInSystem path between in system

> (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) means that PATH is a path in the #$PathSystem SYS, and X and Y are the end points (in the #$PathSystem) of PATH. If PATH is a link of the system (see #$linkInSystem), (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) iff (#$linkBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS). Note that there can be multiple paths in SYS between the same two points in SYS (which may or may not be nodes in SYS; see #$nodeInSystem). See also #$pathBetween when no #$PathSystem is specified.
> guid: c0e14545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$SubPathBetweenFn sub path between **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Given a path PATH and different points X and Y on it, (#$SubPathBetweenFn PATH X Y) gives a unique subpath SUB of PATH that is between X and Y. This function should not be used without the context of a #$PathSystem because only with the reference to a path system can we be certain about the existence of such a subpath (e.g., Austin and Texas are different points on I-35, but there is no subpath of I35 that is between Austin and Texas). To put this in another way, let SYS be any path system. If PATH is a path in SYS and X and Y are different points in SYS and are also points on PATH, (#$SubPathBetweenFn PATH X Y) is the only subpath (in SYS) of PATH that is between X and Y. See #$pathInSystem. Note that this function is not defined on the cartesian product #$Path-Simple x #$Thing x #$Thing, but on a proper subset of it.
> guid: c08712ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryFunction #$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual

#$linkBetweenInSystem link between in system

> (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) means that in the #$PathSystem SYS, the #$Path-Simple LINK (a link in SYS, so that (#$linkInSystem LINK SYS) holds) has as its two end points X and Y (nodes in SYS, so that both (#$nodeInSystem X SYS) and (#$nodeInSystem Y SYS) hold). Since LINK connects the two end points X and Y when (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds, (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) implies (#$pathBetween LINK X Y). A link in a path system is a path whose end points are nodes in the system, and which has no other nodes along it (although it may have any number of non-node points along it). For each link LINK in SYS, there is a unique pair {X, Y} of different nodes in SYS such that (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) and (#$linkBetweenInSystem LINK Y X SYS) hold, and for any two nodes in SYS, there could be several different ('parallel') links between them. No point in SYS that is not a node can be an end point of a link. Only a node in SYS can be an 'intersection' point in SYS (see #$junctionInSystem), which implies that there is, in the system SYS, no point on a link LINK between X and Y that is an 'intersection' point of LINK and another link or a loop.
> guid: be07a2f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pathBetweenInSystem

#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem node cut set between in system **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem SET X Y SYS) means that SET is a node-cut-set in the #$ConnectedPathSystem SYS, and that the points X and Y in SYS are disconnected in the subsystem of SYS obtained by cutting all nodes in SET from SYS. More strictly, (#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem SET X Y SYS) is true if and only if (#$nodeCutSetInSystem SET SYS) is true and (#$connectedInSystem X Y (#$LinksCut-SubSystemFn SYS SET)) is false.
> guid: c089e511-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem link cut set between in system **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem SET X Y SYS) means that SET is a link-cut-set in the #$ConnectedPathSystem SYS, and that the points X and Y in SYS are disconnected in the subsystem of SYS obtained by cutting all links in SET from SYS. More strictly, (#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem SET X Y SYS) is true if and only if (#$linkCutSetInSystem SET SYS) is true and (#$connectedInSystem X Y (#$LinksCut-SubSystemFn SYS SET)) is false.
> guid: c0a7846b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem cut node between in system **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem NODE X Y SYS) means that NODE is a node somewhere between the points X and Y in the #$ConnectedPathSystem SYS, the removal of which would leave X and Y in disconnected components. That is to say, (#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem NODE X Y SYS) holds if and only if (#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem (#$TheSet NODE) X Y SYS) holds.
> guid: c10cf0a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem cut link between in system **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) means that LINK is a link somewhere between the points X and Y in the #$ConnectedPathSystem SYS, the removal of which would leave X and Y in disconnected components. That is to say, (#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem LINK X Y SYS) holds if and only if (#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem (#$TheSet LINK) X Y SYS) holds.
> guid: beda4976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

### In

#$in-ImmersedGeneric in - immersed generic

> A #$SpatialPredicate that is a specialization of #$touches and (via #$genlInverse) #$surroundsHorizontally. (#$in-ImmersedGeneric OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is immersed in FLUID. OBJ might be completely or partially immersed in FLUID, but FLUID must touch OBJ and must conform to a significant portion of the surface of OBJ. See also the specializations #$in-ImmersedFully and #$in-ImmersedPartly.
> guid: c0fbad6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$touches

#$in-ImmersedPartly in - immersed partly

> (#$in-ImmersedPartly OBJ FLUID) means that a portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID, but OBJ is not completely surrounded by FLUID.
> guid: bd58993f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$in-ImmersedGeneric

#$in-ImmersedFully in - immersed fully **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-ImmersedFully OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is the unique fluid in which OBJ is completely immersed. Thus, as a default inference, every outside surface region of OBJ #$touches FLUID. E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in water, and people are usually immersed in air (even though the bottoms of their feet touch the ground and not the air). Examples like air bubbles in water or mercury globules immersed in air suggest that the #$arg1Isa should be kept general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible rather than #$SolidTangibleThing.
> guid: bd58bf2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$objectFoundInLocation #$in-ImmersedGeneric

#$in-Floating in - floating

> (#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) means that the #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ is floating on the surface of the #$LiquidTangibleThing LIQUID. Thus, (#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) implies that OBJ is buoyant and that OBJ is partly immersed (see the predicate #$in-ImmersedPartly) in LIQUID.
> guid: c0fba290-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Touching #$in-ImmersedPartly

#$in-Embedded in - embedded **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-Embedded OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion of OBJ1 is embedded in OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1 is thus #$connectedTo OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1 is not embedded in OBJ2. The #$in-Embedded relationship comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Examples: grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or eyes in sockets. Also, OBJ1 is not beneath the surface of OBJ2.
> guid: bd590b63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$sticksInto #$connectedAtContact #$aligned #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

#$in-Spiked in - spiked

> (#$in-Spiked SPIKE OBJ) means that SPIKE, an object with at least one sharp end, is lodged in OBJ, so that (#$in-Lodged SPIKE OBJ) holds. Moreover, SPIKE is lodged in OBJ because a sharp end of SPIKE has pierced OBJ. For example, #$in-Spiked would hold between a tack lodged in a wall or a nail driven into a two-by-four. Typically, the rigid connection between OBJ and SPIKE can support forces substantially greater than the weight of SPIKE.
> guid: bd58f450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$in-Lodged

#$in-ContGeneric in - cont generic

> (#$in-ContGeneric OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained, confined, or held in CONT. OBJ is not a part of CONT. CONT has a cavity (see #$CavityWithWalls) and OBJ is at least partly within (see #$spatiallyIntersects) the interior of this cavity. If CONT moves, OBJ is, by default, caused to move so as to remain within that cavity (see #$movesWith). If OBJ leaves the confines of CONT, then either OBJ passes through some appropriately sized portal of CONT, or OBJ breaks into smaller pieces that themselves pass through appropriately sized portals of CONT, or OBJ breaks through a wall of CONT. CONT may function as an open or closed container with respect to objects of the size of OBJ. If CONT is closed with respect to OBJ, then #$in-ContClosed is the preferred more specific predicate. If CONT is open with respect to OBJ, #$in-ContOpen is preferred. If OBJ is a fluid which completely fills CONT (for example, a cup of coffee brimming over) then #$in-ContFullOf is more precise.
> guid: bd589405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$movesWith #$spatiallyDisjoint #$objectFoundInLocation

#$in-ContOpen in - cont open **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT -- CONT confines or holds OBJ in -- but OBJ can be removed from CONT without having to either A) open any portals in CONT B) break some part of CONT or C) break OBJ into smaller pieces such that it can fit through some portal of CONT's. Note that (#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) is a relationship based on the size of OBJ and the largest portal of CONT that OBJ might be able to traverse through. For example, a paperclip might be #$in-ContOpen a jail cell even though the person locked inside would be #$in-ContClosed the jail cell. This is because the paper clip is small enough to fit in between the bars of the cell whereas the person is not. See #$portalState for vocabulary relating containers to whether its portals are open or closed.
> guid: bd58bc57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$in-ContGeneric

#$in-ContClosed in - cont closed

> (#$in-ContClosed OBJ CONT) means that #$PartiallyTangible OBJ is completely contained within one or more cavities within #$SolidTangibleThing CONT, and that it is not possible for OBJ to leave CONT as an object without either the opening of a portal in CONT or the non-standard significant deformation of OBJ or CONT. CONT need not have a portal. Parts of OBJ may extend out through portals in CONT. If OBJ can temporarily undergo (a not-too forceful) shape deformation in order to fit through a portal in CONT, then OBJ is not #$in-ContClosed with respect to CONT. Positive examples include water in a bottle with a closed cap; a person in a closed jail cell sticking his arms through the bars; King Kong in a flimsy cage; a model of a ship in a bottle (where the model must be disassembled to force it out); egg yolk in an egg shell. Negative examples include a morsel of bread in a prison cell (morsels are small enough to leave the cell by passing in between the bars of the cell -- use #$in-ContOpen); an egg yolk in an egg -- use #$internalParts; water in an open bottle (the necessary deformation is not forceful). A positive borderline example is a skinny person in a jail cell who could just barely manage to squeeze through the bars (the necessary deformations, although self-imposed, would be abnormal and unexpected). A negative borderline example is a spelunker who has crawled through a narrow passage into a cave (the deformations needed to get in (and therefore out) were self-imposed and not abnormal).
> guid: bd589fe3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$in-ContCompletely

#$in-ContFullOf in - cont full of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-ContFullOf STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is the substance that fills the cavity/cavities of CONT. STUFF is unique in that it is the only substance that `fills' the cavity, even though other things may be within CONT (e.g., as #$in-ContGeneric). Filling the container means that the inside surface of CONT touches the filling STUFF at virtually all points of CONT's inner surface, rather than touching whatever stuff CONT itself is immersed in and which CONT's outside surface touches (e.g., air). The only thing which can override this #$touches (i.e., get alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF) would be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with #$in-ContGeneric). In order to fill the container, STUFF must be #$Pourable or have a shape which conforms to the shape of CONT's cavity. Cf. #$in-ContGeneric to cover cases of stuff which is in a container without filling it.
> guid: c0fbb0f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$in-ContCompletely #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

#$in-Held in - held **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-Held OBJ HOLDER) means that #$SolidTangibleThing OBJ is being held or restrained by the #$HolderGripper HOLDER, which is touching and applying pressure to OBJ. HOLDER may be either a device used (see #$deviceUsed) or an anatomical part used (see #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected) in an instance of #$HoldingAnObject; in either case, OBJ would be the #$objectActedOn. Examples include salad held by tongs, a bread crumb in ant's pincers, a bird in a hand, and a long two-by-four in a vice.
> guid: c0fbab6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$in-ContGeneric #$touches

#$in-Snugly in - snugly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-Snugly INNER OUTER) means that INNER is #$in-ContGeneric OUTER, that INNER #$touches OUTER, and that a #$FrictionProcess would be necessary for a #$RemovingSomething in which INNER is the #$objectMoving and OUTER is the #$fromLocation.
> guid: bde589f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$in-ContGeneric #$touches

#$in-Permeates in - permeates **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$in-Permeates LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID permeates SOLID. LIQUID must be separable from SOLID by physical, not chemical means. LIQUID must be a #$LiquidTangibleThing, and SOLID a #$SolidTangibleThing. If LIQUID is not a constituent (#$constituents) of SOLID, then SOLID is #$Porous. Exemplars include water permeating a wet sponge (Sponge-CleaningImplement), #$Oil soaking a sponge, or water in #$Soil-Generic. Negative exemplars include vapor suspended in #$Air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid or #$solute) . Other negative exemplars include liquids which undergo a chemical change and combine with some other substance, e.g. water which becomes a chemical part of plant material in photosynthesis.
> guid: c08a9a06-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallySubsumes #$objectFoundInLocation #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

#$in-Among in - among

> (#$in-Among OBJ GROUP) means that the #$PartiallyTangible OBJ is physically located within the tangible #$Group GROUP. OBJ may (but need not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially distinct (see the predicate #$spatiallyDisjoint) from any (other) group-member of GROUP. Examples: a bird in the branches of a tree would be #$in-Among those branches, and a zebra in its herd would be #$in-Among that herd.
> guid: c0fbb064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$objectFoundInLocation

### Connections

#$connectedTo connection **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$connectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are (directly or indirectly) physically attached in a way that allows at most only limited types of relative motion between them. A hinged connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and OBJ2 must be in a #$Solid-StateOfMatter. In many cases, being #$connectedTo implicitly involves another object(s); e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a door frame by a hinge, which is itself #$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and the frame.
> guid: bd590527-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate #$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$movesWith #$spatiallyRelated

#$continuouslyConnectedTo continuously connected to

> (#$continuouslyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles which are directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g. they are formed from the same chunk of material, with no substantial barrier or surface or gap separating them.).
> guid: bd589fde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

#$connectedTo-Rigidly connected to - rigidly **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are joined so that no relative motion between them can occur at the point of connection unless the connection is severed by breakage of some part of the connected objects or by disassembly of the connection. Further, no relative motion between the contact surfaces of OBJ1 nor OBJ2 may occur. Thus, if a nail is rigidly connected to a board, the only way for that relationship to no longer hold is if the nail is pulled out of the hole (e.g. by a hammer or crowbar) or if the nail or board is broken in a critical location. Note that (#$connectedTo-Rigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) does admit cases in which OBJ1 or OBJ2 undergo plastic deformation. For example, consider the case of a disc rigidly connected via glue (see #$gluedTo) to a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet and disc may undergo significant relative motion. Both of the connected objects are solid.
> guid: bd58a606-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedTo-Directly

#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly connected to - semi rigidly

> A #$ConnectionPredicate and thus a specialization of #$connectedTo. (#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is a physical connection between OBJ1 and OBJ2 that is flexibile enough to permit limited (and only limited) movement of OBJ1 and/or OBJ2 around the point of connection. Positive examples include a front cover hinged to the spine of a book (see #$flapHingedTo) and the gall bladder's attachment to the liver. Negative examples include a wheel's connection to its axle and a door hinged to a door frame; in both cases the freedom of movement derives from geometrical or mechanical properties of the objects and their connectors, rather than from the flexibity of the connected objects. Note that all flexible connections place some limit on the freedom of relative motion they allow. An extreme example (in the more free direction) is the connection between the propeller and fuselage of a rubberband-powered toy airplane.
> guid: c1007845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedTo

#$rotationallyConnectedTo rotationally connected to

> A #$ConnectionPredicate (q.v.) and thus a specialization of #$connectedTo. (#$rotationallyConnectedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are connected in such a way that rotational motion, and only rotational motion, can happen between them. The range of rotational motion possible might be full or partial. Non-rotational movement between two rotationally connected objects can occur only if the connection is broken, deformed, or disassembled. If OBJ1 and OBJ2 do rotate relative to one another, then this may be due to sliding of their surfaces, articulation of some joint part, or deformation of OBJ1 or OBJ2 (so long as that deformation only allows rotation between OBJ1 and OBJ2). Positive examples: Femurs are rotationally connected to hips, doors are rotationally connected to door frames, doorknobs are rotationally connected to doors, and propellers are rotationally connected to airplanes; in computer trackballs the ball is rotationally connected to the housing. Also a book cover is rotationally connected to its binding (but #$flapHingedTo is even more appropriate for describing such a connection because it is more specific). Negative examples: a planet orbiting a star (they are not connected; cf. #$MovingInACircle) and a toothpick stuck in a person's leg (although elastic deformation of flesh allows there to be rotational motion between toothpick and leg, it also may allow a small amount of translational motion to occur between them; #$in-Lodged is more appropriate for describing this case).
> guid: bd58b50b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedTo

#$hingedTo hinged to

> (#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some hinge connecting OBJ1 and OBJ2, allowing limited rotational motion (but no other sort of relative motion) between OBJ1 and OBJ2. The connecting hinge may be part of OBJ1, part of OBJ2, or separate from both OBJ1 and OBJ2. Note that (#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) implies that some edge of OBJ1 adjoins some edge of OBJ2.
> guid: bd58c7a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$rotationallyConnectedTo

#$screwedTo screwed to **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$screwedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that a screw holds OBJ1 to OBJ2. There is a hole in OBJ1 and the screw's threads have grabbed onto OBJ2. The screw does not go all the way through OBJ2. The connector is an element of #$Screw-TheConnector. Depending upon the type of screw and style of attachment, the head of the screw may be recessed into, flush with, or raised above the side of OBJ1.
> guid: bd59041f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$alignedAlongSurface #$fastenedTo

#$fastenedTo fastened to

> (#$fastenedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is an assembly consisting of OBJ1, OBJ2, and one or more fasteners configured so that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are rigidly connected. The fasteners in question may be (among other things) screws, nails, rivets, nuts and bolts, or staples. The fasteners penetrate all the way through at least one of the objects (either OBJ1 or OBJ2) and may or may not go all the way through the other object. Examples: a utility shelf screwed into the wall; paper notices stapled to a bulletin board; shingles nailed to the roof of a house.
> guid: bd58eba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic #$connectedViaConnector #$connectedTo-Rigidly

#$stuckTo stuck to

> (#$stuckTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that either OBJ1 or OBJ2 has a surface or surfaces covered with some adhesive material, and OBJ1 and OBJ2 are held together by that adhesive material. Moreover, the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together is at least strong enough to support the whole weight of (the lighter of) OBJ1 or OBJ2. Note that if a third object (such as glue) supplies the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together, or if OBJ1 or OBJ2 were acted on non-trivially (e.g., by welding, not simply contact or pressure), then #$bondedTo (or one of its specializations), rather than #$stuckTo, would relate OBJ1 and OBJ2.
> guid: bd58f0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$near

#$sheetSurfaceConnected sheet surface connected

> (#$sheetSurfaceConnected SHEET OBJECT) means that SHEET is connected over most of one of its surfaces to a surface of OBJECT. For example, #$sheetSurfaceConnected would hold between the two parts of a bi-layer membrane. The sheet(s) may be flexible, but the surface connection is firm (i.e., no sliding can occur without a separation, tearing, or breaking occurring).
> guid: c0a8974b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike #$connectedAlongSurface

#$endToEndConnected end to end connected

> A #$ConnectionPredicate and specialization of #$connectedAtEnd (q.v.) that relates tangible paths (see #$Path-Simple) that are connected end-to-end. (#$endToEndConnected PATH1 PATH2) means that one end of PATH1 is connected to one end of another PATH2, in such a way that they share no subpaths and that flow or transport is allowed between them. This kind of connection is not a #$JunctionOfPaths since there is no third distinct path joined there. In pipe welding, these end-to-end connections are called butt welds or circumferential pipe welds.
> guid: bf11c86e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedAtEnd #$different

#$JunctionOfPaths junctions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of junctions of paths, each junction being an arrangement of three or more distinct instances of #$Path-Customary such that they are all locally connected to each other by joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths. It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction (because four path segments are thereby joined), but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path, and no others. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem. (Determining what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths depends on the #$PathTypes of the joined paths; if it is #$River then only a junction of rivers qualifies, not the place where a road joins a river.)
> guid: c0fbbdc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects
> direct generalization of: #$JunctionOfPipes

#$adjacentPathsAtJunction path adjoining a junction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that the #$JunctionOfPaths JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths (instances of #$Path-Generic) joining it. A junction may connect many paths (it must connect at least three distinct paths), and a path may pass through many junctions, and may end at a junction. Examples: all the streets meeting at a certain #$Intersection-Street, the particular #$Trachea and both primary bronchi meeting at the #$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's #$Lungs, and three #$LongitudeLines intersecting at the #$SouthPole. Neither PATH nor JUNCTION need be instances of #$PartiallyTangible, #$TemporalThing, or #$SpatialThing; however if PATH is, JUNCTION must also be.
> guid: bfd6e907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$BranchingJunction branching junction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all junctions of instances of #$Path-Customary in which one #$Path-Customary adjoining the junction #$branchesInto two or more others, the latter being about equal in size to one another and no wider than the former. Distinct from a #$SideBranchJunction in which a small #$Path-Customary joins the side of a large one.
> guid: bed90aa4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$JunctionOfPaths

#$branchesInto branches into **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$branchesInto BIGPATH LITTLEPATH) means that the #$Path-Customary BIGPATH ends by branching into two or more (usually smaller) paths, one of which is the #$Path-Customary LITTLEPATH. LITTLEPATH is one of the two or more branches issuing from BIGPATH. This predicate is based on the size and connections but not on the direction of any flowing on the paths: A large river #$branchesInto rivulets at a delta near the mouth, but it also #$branchesInto its tributaries at its headwaters. Contrast this with #$sideBranches, in which one smaller path joins a larger path somewhere along its length. There may be a named #$BranchingJunction where BIGPATH #$branchesInto LITTLEPATH and other paths.
> guid: c03301e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate

#$SideBranchJunction side branch junction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of junctions of instances of #$Path-Customary in which each junction is where a larger #$Path-Customary is joined along its side by a substantially smaller #$Path-Customary that ends there (this can be described using the predicate #$sideBranches). It is often a T-junction, but the smaller #$Path-Customary may join at any angle. This does not depend on any direction of movement or flow along the paths. In systems of named paths, it is usual for the large #$Path-Customary to keep the same name on both sides of the #$SideBranchJunction. See also the contrasting #$BranchingJunction.
> guid: be3ed1d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$sideBranches side branches **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$sideBranches MAINPATH SIDEPATH) means that the #$Path-Customary SIDEPATH ends where it joins the #$Path-Customary MAINPATH somewhere along the latter's length other than at an end. The basic nature and name of MAINPATH on either side of the junction does not change at that point; MAINPATH and SIDEPATH joined at a #$SideBranchJunction, which is a #$NonintrusiveJunction. Contrast this predicate with #$branchesInto.
> guid: bf069a35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate

#$pipesDirectlyConnected pipes directly connected **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (pipesDirectlyConnected PIPE1 PIPE2) means that there is a #$JunctionOfPipes connecting two #$Pipe-GenericConduits, PIPE1 to PIPE2, (or else they are #$endToEndConnected) allowing flow of #$FluidTangibleThings between them.
> guid: beb95113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$connectedAtContact

#$JunctionOfPipes junctions of pipes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more distinct (non-overlapping) lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit must be joined at their ends at the junction. (Some of the so-joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.)
> guid: bf53bf8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$JunctionOfPaths

#$pipeEndsAtCavity pipe ends at cavity

> (#$pipeEndsAtCavity PIPE CAV) means that PIPE is an instance of #$Pipe-GenericConduit that joins the instance of #$CavityOrContainer CAV at some instance of #$PipeEndToCavityJunction (q.v.), allowing flow or access between PIPE and CAV.
> guid: c13547fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$pathTerminus #$touchesAtEnd

#$PipeEndToCavityJunction pipe end to cavity junction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of junctions, in each of which some #$Pipe-GenericConduit ends at a #$Cavity of larger diameter than the pipe, allowing flow or access between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water tank is one example, as is the junction of the esophagus and the stomach in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity.
> guid: bffab025-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Portal

#$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide cavity connected by a portal **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the #$Path-Generic (which must also be #$PartiallyTangible) PATH which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does not apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a branching of the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead end of the path. The portal is substantially smaller in width than the path, and instead of a smaller path connected there, the portal opens into a neighboring #$CavityOrContainer. Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a #$RespiratoryBronchiole in the #$Lung is so connected. Or, a room opening along the side of a hallway.
> guid: bf852702-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

### Spatial Covering Relations

#$covers-Ruglike covers - ruglike **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$covers-Ruglike MAT OBJECT) means that MAT covers at least part of one surface of OBJECT. MAT is #$SheetShaped, and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions parallel to OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity.
> guid: bd58848f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike

#$covers-Hairlike onto **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$covers-Hairlike HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR consists of a mob of things that are embedded close together in OBJECT and cover some portion of its surface. See also #$Mob.
> guid: bd58d760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$covers-Generic

#$covers-Paintlike covers - paintlike

> (#$covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) means that COATING adheres to and covers OBJECT like a coat of paint. Since COATING adheres to OBJECT, COATING directly touches (see the predicate #$touchesDirectly) OBJECT. COATING may be either dry (e.g., dried paint) or liquid (e.g., lubricant spread on a surface, like cooking oil on a baking pan). (#$covers-Paintlike COATING OBJECT) implies that COATING isn't more cohesive with itself than it is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would tend to peel or flake off in small pieces, rather than as a whole.
> guid: bd58cc20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$stuckTo #$covers-Generic

#$covers-Baglike onto

> (#$covers-Baglike WRAP OBJECT) means that the #$SheetOfSomeStuff WRAP covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet (so that WRAP also touches OBJECT), and is wrapped wholly around OBJECT (so that OBJECT is totally enclosed in WRAP).
> guid: bd58b489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike #$surroundsCompletely

#$coversWithConformity covers with conformity **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$coversWithConformity OBJ SHEET LEVEL) means that OBJ is covered by SHEET, and that the inner surface of SHEET conforms to the surface features of OBJ to the degree LEVEL. SHEET may cover OBJ in either the sense of #$covers-Ruglike or #$covers-Baglike. For example, hosiery covers legs with a #$High degree of conformity; sweat pants have #$Low conformity to legs. Level of conformity could probably based on the average of the distance between of lines going normal to the inside surface of OBJ to SHEET. The lowness or highness of this number would be based on comparison to representative exemplars. E.g. in a low conformity case, e.g. the average OBJ to SHEET distance for a pen in a grocery bag would be high relative to the dimensions of the pen. Thus level would be #$Low. The analogous measure for a leg inside spandex pants would be very low compared to the dimensions of the leg. In such a case LEVEL would be #$High.
> guid: bd58aac6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$covers-Skinlike covers - skinlike **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$covers-Skinlike SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN forms all or part of OBJECT's outer surface, shell, or skin. The predicate is agnostic as to whether SKIN is a part of OBJECT.
> guid: bd58d0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$FunctionalSlot
> direct specialization of: #$covers-Generic

### Sundry Spatial Concepts

#$Horizon horizons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all horizons, each being the far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane, where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation.
> guid: be00ef13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Place-NonAgent

#$Direction direction expression

> A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval (q.v.). Each instance of #$Direction is a vector representing a direction, typically between two objects or locations. Specializations include #$GeographicalDirection, #$TerrestrialDirection, and #$AnatomicalDirection. Note that, since a given vector can represent a particular direction only in relation to some frame of reference, a frame of reference must be (explicitly or implicitly) specified for assertions about particular directions, either by the context (i.e. #$Microtheory) of the assertion or by the type of #$Direction in question (e.g. #$GeographicalDirections are intrinsically tied to a particular terrestrial frame of reference).
> guid: bd58dff3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$UnitVectorInterval
> direct generalization of: #$TerrestrialDirection #$GeographicalDirection

#$Underground-Coll underground - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The attribute of a location or region that means that it is below the surface of the ground of a particular place.
> guid: 5a56313a-74bf-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$Place

#$eventOccursNear nearby location (actor slot) (role) (extensional representation predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$eventOccursNear relates an event to its approximate location. (#$eventOccursNear EVENT LOC) means that EVENT occurs at or near (see #$near) LOC. #$eventOccursNear is useful when the more exact location is unknown, hard to specify, or not worth reifying; otherwise use #$eventOccursAt. For example, #$eventOccursNear could be used to CycLify Bob was cycling by the dam , We played checkers near the TV , and He is standing by the horse's hind legs . See the #$cyclistNotes for ideas on how to formalize this.
> guid: c0fbb7cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$undergroundOf underground of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$undergroundOf OBJ GROUND) means that OBJ is beneath the surface of GROUND and has the #$locationState #$Underground.
> guid: c0f2a793-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$groundOf ground of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$groundOf OBJ GROUND) means that GROUND is the stationary surface on which OBJ is located and possibly supported.
> guid: c0f2aea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$above-Touching

#$levelWith level with **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$levelWith OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are roughly the same vertical distance from some horizontal surface in the frame of reference.
> guid: bd58b2c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

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