## Time and Dates

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Last Update: 4/5/02
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### Things With Temporal Extent

#$TemporalThing things that exists in time

> The collection of all things that have temporal extent or location, i.e. things about which one might sensibly ask When? . #$TemporalThing thus contains many kinds of things, including events, physical objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Note that #$TimePoint is a specialization of #$TemporalThing, since time points have temporal location, although they arguably lack temporal extent. Abstract things that are timeless -- such as mathematical sets, attributes, and numbers -- are of course _not_ instances of #$TemporalThing.
> guid: bd5880c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$Artifact-Generic #$Situation-Temporal #$SpatialThing-Localized #$Series #$BeliefSystem #$Credential #$SomethingExisting #$TimeInterval #$Product #$Group

#$TemporalObjectType types of temporally object-like thing

> A specialization of #$ObjectType (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection COL is temporally object-like just in case there is some sense of `temporal part' (see #$timeSlices) according to which any given proper temporal part of an instance of COL is generally _not_ itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance of #$TemporalObjectType it is sufficient that there be some (proper or improper) specialization TEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such that the following holds: for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ1 and OBJ2 distinct), if (isa OBJ1 COL) and (TEMPPARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2), then _not_ (isa OBJ2 COL). (Also sufficient for COL's being temporally object-like is that there be some spec-inverse INVTEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such that (INVTEMPPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1), with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for COL's being a temporal-object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed; thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in _nearly_ all cases, COL should be considered an instance of #$TemporalObjectType. As an example, consider #$LeapYear. No proper #$timeSlices of a leap year is itself a leap year. So #$LeapYear is an instance of #$TemporalObjectType. See #$TemporalStuffType for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like.
> guid: bd58aadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$WeeklyEventType #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType #$AccessingScriptType #$TimeOfDayType #$ClimateCycleType

#$TemporalStuffType types of temporally stuff-like thing **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$StuffType (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection COL is temporally stuff-like just in case every time slice (see #$timeSlices) of an instance of COL (at or above COL's temporal graularity level; see #$granuleOfTemporalStuff) is itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance of #$TemporalStuffType it is sufficient that for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ2 at or above COL's temporal granularity level), if (#$isa OBJ1 COL) and (#$timeSlices OBJ1 OBJ2), then (#$isa OBJ2 COL). Consider #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. Take an arbitrary instance WALK of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice SUBWALK of WALK that subsumes at least one instance of (the #$granuleOfTemporalStuff for #$WalkingOnTwoLegs) #$TakingAStep (say her trip back from the end of the runway). SUBWALK is itself an instance of #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. So #$WalkingOnTwoLegs is an instance of #$TemporalStuffType. See #$TemporalObjectType for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like.
> guid: bd58ad37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$StuffType
> direct generalization of: #$WavePropagationType #$ExistingStuffType #$ExistingObjectType #$OrganismConstituentType #$IBTContentType #$TransportationEventByVehicleType #$PhysiologicalConditionType

#$Event events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An important specialization of #$TemporalThing. Instances of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', or changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a specialization of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important specialization of #$TemporalThing) has instances which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied instances of #$TimeInterval, which are instances of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event.
> guid: bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Situation-Temporal
> direct generalization of: #$Event-Localized #$EconomicEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$Action #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$ImprovementEvent #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$Compounding-WordFormationProcess #$Conversion-WordFormationProcess

#$SomethingExisting things existing stably in time

> A specialization of #$TemporalThing whose instances are more or less static, as compared (e.g.) to the more dynamic instances of #$Event. The clearest examples of #$SomethingExistings are tangible things, such as people, lakes, stars, and the Earth's ionosphere. But #$SomethingExisting also includes certain intangible temporal things, such as #$Agreements and #$Obligations, that remain relatively stable throughout their lifetimes. On the other hand, #$SomethingExisting excludes purely temporal intangibles such as #$TimeIntervals.
> guid: bd58b6e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing
> direct generalization of: #$Agent-Generic #$GeographicalThing #$Place #$LiquidAsset #$PartiallyTangible #$Entity #$IntangibleExistingThing #$Holdings #$Portal #$Path-Spatial

#$TimeInterval periods of time

> A specialization of #$TemporalThing. Each instance of #$TimeInterval is a temporal thing characterized fully by its temporal attributes. For example, the year A.D. 1967 is an instance of #$TimeInterval; although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. On the other hand, the event of Neil Armstrong's walking on the Moon is an #$Event and not a #$TimeInterval, since it is not fully characterized by its temporal extent or other temporal attributes. Specializations of #$TimeInterval include #$CalendarYear, #$CalendarMonth, and #$FiscalQuarter.
> guid: bd5880c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing #$IntangibleIndividual
> direct generalization of: #$TimeOfDay #$AcademicYear #$AcademicQuarter #$AcademicSemester #$AcademicTrimester #$Date #$TimePoint

### Time As A Quantity

#$Time-Quantity times (quantities) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity, corresponding to a certain amount of time , that can be possessed by #$TemporalThings. The #$Time-Quantity had by a given thing represents the total amount of time that the thing exists, occurs over, or endures; see #$duration. Consider a sentence of the form (#$duration TEMPTHING TIMEQUANT). If TEMPTHING is a #$SomethingExisting, the sentence means that TEMPTHING exists for a lifetime that is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is an #$Event, the sentence means that TEMPTHING (fully) transpires over an interval of time that is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is itself a #$TimeInterval (q.v.), the sentence means that TEMPTHING has a duration of TIMEQUANT. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration (q.v.); but there are other ways to specify an amount of time, e.g. with other instances of #$UnitOfMeasure (such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration) or with instances of #$Time-Quantity (such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, and #$AFewDecadesDuration).
> guid: bd5880a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FundamentalNumericScalarIntervalType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalQuantity

#$SecondsDuration second (unit of time) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in seconds. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration NUM) denotes the (point-value) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM seconds in duration, and an expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN and at most MAX seconds in duration.
> guid: bd58ebb1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfTime #$StandardUnitOfMeasure #$Individual

#$MinutesDuration minute (unit of time)

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in minutes. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM minutes in duration, and an expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN minutes and at most MAX minutes in duration.
> guid: bd58eb73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$HoursDuration hour

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as argument(s) and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in hours. More precisely: an expression of the form (#$HoursDuration NUM) denotes a ( point-like ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM hours in duration; an expression of the form (#$HoursDuration MIN MAX) denotes a (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN hours and most MAX hours in duration.
> guid: bd58eb34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$DaysDuration day (unit of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$DaysDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM days in duration, and an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN days and at most MAX days in duration.
> guid: bd58eaaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$MonthsDuration month (unit of time) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some #$Time-Quantity. An expression of the form (#$MonthsDuration MIN MAX) denotes a #$Time-Quantity that is at least MIN months and at most MAX months. (#$MonthsDuration NUM) denotes a #$Time-Quantity that is exactly NUM months.
> guid: bd58ea6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$QuartersDuration quarter (unit of time)

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in quarter-years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM quarter-years in duration, and an expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN quarter-years and at most MAX quarter-years in duration.
> guid: bd5c796e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$YearsDuration year (unit of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM days in duration, and an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN years and at most MAX years in duration.
> guid: bd58eaef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$UnitOfTime #$Individual

#$AFewMinutesDuration a few minutes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 minutes
> guid: bd5899f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$AFewDecadesDuration a few decades **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 decades
> guid: bd58af72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$AFewHoursDuration a few hours **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 hours
> guid: bd58fded-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$AttributeValue #$Individual

#$AFewSecondsDuration a few seconds **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 30 seconds
> guid: bd589ecf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$AttributeValue #$Individual

### Time Points

#$TimePoint time point

> A subcollection of #$TimeInterval (q.v.). An instance of #$TimePoint is an interval of time that has no duration (or, if you prefer, an infinitely small duration). A time point corresponds to what is colloquially described as an instant or moment . If time is likened to a (perhaps infinitely long) straight line, then each #$TimePoint is like a particular point on that line. Given that time intervals are defined purely by their locations in time, no two time intervals can occupy exactly the same times (see #$cotemporal); and since time points are intervals with no duration, no two time points can even overlap (see #$temporallyOverlaps). Some temporal properties of #$TemporalThings are given in terms of time points, e.g. #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint. See also #$Now.
> guid: bd58ca05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$simultaneousWith simultaneous with **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$simultaneousWith T1 T2) means that #$TimePoints T1 and T2 occur at exactly the same time (and therefore T1 #$equals T2). Note that individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms. Rather, an axiom is more likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$cotemporal or #$temporalBoundsIdentical, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
> guid: bd58a4fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$equals #$cotemporal

#$after after **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$after LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER. Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$startsAfterEndingOf, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
> guid: bd58a4b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterEndingOf

#$StartFn start fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing, #$StartFn returns the #$TimePoint at which THING began.
> guid: be010fc3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$startingPoint beginning (temporal relation) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the time point at which it starts or begins to exist. (#$startingPoint THING POINT) means that THING begins at POINT, which is the earliest moment of its temporal extent. See also #$endingPoint.
> guid: be00f69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$TemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallySubsumes

#$EndFn end fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$EndFn is a function that takes a #$TemporalThing and returns the #$TimePoint it ends. Thus: (#$endingPoint X (#$EndFn X))
> guid: be01123d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$endingPoint end (temporal relation) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.
> guid: be00f6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$TemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCoterminal #$temporallySubsumes

#$Now the present (period of time) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Now is a special #$TimePoint which denotes the current moment from the perspective of the instantiation of #$CycTheCollection that is currently being run (i.e. #$Cyc). If one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X) one will get an answer in which ?X is bound to whatever the time is according to the central processing unit of #$Cyc. Thus the referent of #$Now does not vary with the #$Microtheory in which one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X). Instead the referent of #$Now varies from moment to moment down to the resolution of #$Cyc's central processing unit. See also #$Now-Generally which is not necessarily a #$TimePoint. See #$RealTimeMt for a microtheory in which #$Now-Generally #$temporallySubsumes #$Now.
> guid: bd58a068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndexicalConcept #$TimePoint #$Individual

#$Always-TimeInterval forever **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The interval of time which encompasses all time. In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of #$Always-TimeInterval.
> guid: c0ea3419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeInterval #$Individual

#$TheStartOfTheCommonEra the Start Of The Common Era **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the instant of time between the years BC and AD.
> guid: bd58a435-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimePoint #$Individual

### Properties Of Temporal Objects

#$startingDate starting date

> A predicate relating an instance of #$TemporalThing to an instance of #$Date. (#$startingDate TEMPORALTHING DATE) means that TEMPORALTHING started to happen or came into existence sometime on DATE. As a consequence, (#$startingDate TEMPORALTHING DATE) implies (#$temporallySubsumes DATE (#$StartFn TEMPORALTHING)).
> guid: bd58a0a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$endingDate ending date **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$endingDate X Y) indicates that Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes Y (#$EndFn X)). This is NOT the same as #$endingPoint. Rather, it means that X stopped happening (went out of existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc.
> guid: bd58a22c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$duration duration (interval based quantity slot)

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration TEMPTHING DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of time TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a physical object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$duration is the same as its #$measure (the elapsed time from start to end); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$duration is strictly less than its #$measure. For example, the #$duration of Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration 5), whereas the #$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29).
> guid: bd58a3b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$measure measure **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the total elapsed time from its start to its end. (#$measure TEMPTHING MEASURE) means that MEASURE is the total elapsed time from when TEMPTHING started to happen (if an event) or started to exist (if a physical object or static situation) to when TEMPTHING ended or ceased to exist. If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$measure is the same as its #$duration (the length of time during which it actually happened or existed); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$measure is strictly greater than its #$duration. For example, the discontinuous event GeorgeWashingtonSleeping has a #$measure that is about three times as long as its #$duration (assuming he slept about 8 hours a night).
> guid: bd590049-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$temporallyContinuous temporally continuous **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> If (#$temporallyContinuous TEMP-OBJ), then TEMP-OBJ occupies one continuous chunk of time. There are no time intervals between the start and end of TEMP-OBJ during which TEMP-OBJ is not occurring/existing.
> guid: c0e60c80-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryPredicate

### Relations Between Temporal Objects

#$TemporalRelation temporal relation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$TemporalRelations are #$BinaryPredicates which qualitatively specify relative positions of #$TemporalThings in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations (such as #$after) interrelate time points, and #$ComplexTemporalRelations (such as #$postEvents and #$laterSubAbstractions) interrelate more complicated temporal objects such as a pair of events, a pair of tangible objects, etc.
> guid: bd58b887-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$BinaryPredicate #$ObjectPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation

#$PrimitiveTemporalRelation primitive temporal relations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations are #$BinaryPredicates which specify qualitative temporal relations between #$TimePoints. The only two binary predicates which are elements of this set are #$after and #$simultaneousWith. Note: The predicate `before' is unnecessary since (before x y) would be the same thing as (#$after y x))
> guid: bd58845f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalRelation

#$ComplexTemporalRelation complex temporal relation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are #$BinaryPredicates used to qualitatively interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time.
> guid: bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalRelation

These are the important instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation, except for #$subEvents, #$postEvents, #$postSituation, #$subAbstrac, and #$laterSubAbstractions:

#$cotemporal cotemporal **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation.
> guid: bd58d6cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$temporallySubsumes

#$temporallySubsumes temporally subsumes

> (#$temporallySubsumes LONG SHORT) means that all time points of SHORT are contained in LONG. This implies that SHORT does not start before LONG, nor end after LONG. Moreover, if there is some time point or interval when LONG is not happening, then neither is SHORT. Note that this relation is weaker than #$cotemporal, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG and SHORT #$temporallySubsumes each other. Note also that this relation is a strictly temporal relationship between LONG and SHORT; it is weaker than the relation #$subEvents, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG not only #$temporallySubsumes SHORT but also contains SHORT as a `part'.
> guid: bd588019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$startsDuring starts during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$startsDuring X Y) means Y covers the start of X, i.e. the #$startingPoint of X is properly contained (#$temporalBoundsContain) within Y. Note that X and Y do not necessarily intersect in time, however, they would if Y were #$temporallyContinuous.
> guid: bd58dd0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterStartingOf #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$endsDuring ends during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$endsDuring X Y) means Y covers the end of X, i.e. the #$endingPoint of X is properly contained in (#$temporalBoundsContain) Y. Note that X and Y don't necessarily intersect, however, if Y is continuous, they do.
> guid: bd58d9b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$temporallyIntersects temporal intersection

> This predicate relates temporal things whose temporal extentions overlap, i.e. things that exist concurrently for at least part of their lifetimes. More precisely: (#$temporallyIntersects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some #$TimeInterval (possibly as small as a #$TimePoint) temporally subsumed by (see #$temporallySubsumes) both OBJ1 and OBJ2.
> guid: bd58c89b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$startsAfterEndingOf starting after the end of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE) means (#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of BEFORE. Note: Cyc's #$startsAfterEndingOf relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the AFTER relation.
> guid: bd58d0c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterStartingOf #$endsAfterEndingOf #$temporallyDisjoint

#$endsAfterEndingOf ending after the end of

> (#$endsAfterEndingOf LATER EARLY) means that LATER ceases to exists or occur after EARLY ceases to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of EARLY, or, equivalently, (#$after (#$EndFn LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, LATER and EARLY overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58d61d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$startsAfterStartingOf starting after the start of

> (#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER-START EARLIER-START) means that LATER-START begins to exists or occur after EARLIER-START begins to exist or occur. That is, the #$startingPoint of LATER-START is later than the #$startingPoint of EARLIER-START or, equivalently, (#$after (#$StartFn LATER-START) (#$StartFn EARLIER-START)). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, LATER-START and EARLIER-START overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58b037-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$endsAfterStartingOf ending after the start of

> (#$endsAfterStartingOf ENDER STARTER) means that ENDER ceases to exist or occur after STARTER begins to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of ENDER is later than the #$startingPoint of STARTER. Equivalently: (#$after (#$EndFn ENDER) (#$StartFn STARTER)). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, the temporal extents of ENDER and STARTER overlap.
> guid: bd58c819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation

#$temporallyCooriginating temporally cooriginating

> (#$temporallyCooriginating X Y) means that the #$startingPoint of X is #$simultaneousWith the #$startingPoint of Y, or, equivalently, (#$simultaneousWith (#$StartFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). Since (#$temporallyCooriginating X Y) implies that X and Y share the same #$startingPoint, it also implies that they temporally overlap.
> guid: bd58c91e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$temporallyCoterminal temporally coterminal **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyCoterminal X Y) means (#$simultaneousWith (#$EndFn X) (#$EndFn Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of X is the same as the #$endingPoint of Y. This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one point (namely, their #$endingPoints are the same.)
> guid: bd58c8dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$contiguousAfter contiguous after

> (#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that the #$TemporalThing AFTER starts immediately following the #$TemporalThing BEFORE. AFTER and BEFORE have no time points in common, but there is also no time point between the ending of BEFORE and the starting of AFTER.
> guid: bd58a7e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterEndingOf

#$temporalBoundsIdentical temporal bounds identical **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporalBoundsIdentical X Y) means that X and Y are both #$temporallyCooriginating and #$temporallyCoterminal. That is, X and Y have the same #$startingPoints and also have the same #$endingPoints. Note that if X and Y are continuous temporal objects, such as a pair of ashtrays, then this means that they must in fact be completely #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58c961-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallyCoterminal

#$overlapsStart overlaps start **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$overlapsStart FIRST SECOND) means that FIRST starts before SECOND and ends during SECOND. That is, the #$startingPoint of FIRST is before the #$startingPoint of SECOND, and the #$endingPoint of FIRST is before the #$endingPoint of SECOND. So this is actually a STRONGER relation than might be suggested just by its name alone, since the name alone does not suggest that FIRST must end during SECOND. If all you mean to say, in some situation, is that FIRST starts before SECOND, then do NOT use #$overlapsStart; just use the #$startsAfterStartingOf relation; i.e., say (#$startsAfterStartingOf SECOND FIRST). Also note that #$overlapsStart is, in a way, a WEAKER relation than might be suggested by its name alone. Namely, the #$startingPoint of SECOND might not even be a point of FIRST (if FIRST is discontinuous). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the OVERLAPS relation.
> guid: bd58d974-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsDuring

#$temporalBoundsContain temporal bounds contain **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) means that LONGER strictly contains SHORTER. There is a positive non-zero time after LONGER starts before SHORTER starts, and there is a positive non-zero time after SHORTER ends before LONGER ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint of SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time later than the #$endingPoint of SHORTER. Naturally, #$temporalBoundsContain is a stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIntersect. If LONGER is #$temporallyContinuous, then (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes LONGER SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the CONTAINS relation.
> guid: bd58810f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$temporallyStartedBy temporally started by **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyStartedBy PERIOD START) means that PERIOD and START are #$temporallyCooriginating and that START ends within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$startingPoint of PERIOD and START are the same #$TimePoint, and the #$endingPoint of START is before the #$endingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed the STARTED-BY relation. We liked his name better than the one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.
> guid: bd58d660-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterEndingOf #$temporallyCooriginating

#$temporallyFinishedBy conclusion **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyFinishedBy PERIOD FINISH) means that PERIOD and FINISH are #$temporallyCoterminal, and that FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$endingPoint of PERIOD and FINISH are the same instance of #$TimePoint (q.v.), and the #$startingPoint of FINISH is later than the #$startingPoint of PERIOD.
> guid: bd58a8d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCoterminal

#$temporalBoundsIntersect neither temporally preceding nor following

> (#$temporalBoundsIntersect TEMP1 TEMP2) means that the continuous time interval between the start and end of TEMP1 (inclusive) temporally intersects the continuous time interval between the start and end of TEMP2 (inclusive). Clearly, if TEMP1 and TEMP2 are themselves temporally continuous, then the above entails the stronger statement (#$temporallyIntersects TEMP1 TEMP2). However, if either TEMP1 or TEMP2 is temporally discontinuous, it is possible for their bounds to intersect without their having any time point in common. For example, the bounds of the discontinuous event of Fred sleeping this week might intersect the bounds of Fred eating this week , even though the two events share no time points.
> guid: bd58c862-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation

#$temporalUnionOf temporal union of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporalUnionOf X Y) indicates that Y is one of the #$TemporalThings which -- taken together -- define the temporal extent of X. Here is what we mean by that: the set of #$TimePoints in X must precisely equal the union of all the sets Y1, Y2, Y3,... of #$TimePoints in all the Yi's such that (#$temporalUnionOf X Yi). The Yi's need not be disjoint, but often are. For example, the days of 1996 are in the relation #$temporalUnionOf to the weekdays of 1996 and to the weekend days of 1996. There may be multiple ways to `decompose' X into a set of Yi's of this sort, and Cyc provides less terse ways to represent that explicitly; but in practice, we have found that this terse relation is often exactly what is needed.
> guid: bd58bc2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$temporallySubsumes

#$temporallyDisjoint temporally disjoint **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyDisjoint X Y) means that there are no time points in common between X and Y. If you view each of them as a set of #$TimePoints, the two sets are disjoint. For example, consider the discontinuous events `Fred sleeping this week' and `Fred driving this week'. These are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint even if they `interlock' during the week.
> guid: bd58d5db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate

#$startsRelativeToStartOf starts relative to start of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$startsRelativeToStartOf AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME after BEFORE starts. That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is after the #$startingPoint of BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME. See also #$startsRelativeToEndOf.
> guid: bd58a2ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$startsRelativeToEndOf starts relative to end of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$startsRelativeToEndOf AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME after BEFORE ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is after the #$endingPoint of BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME.
> guid: bd58a370-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

### Disjoint Temporal Objects

#$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection mutually disjoint interval collection **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an instance of MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are temporallyDisjoint ; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider DayOfWeekType, whose instances are Monday, Tuesday,... It is true that (isa DayOfWeekType MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection ), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include DayOfWeekType, CalendarSeasonType, HourOfDayType, and so on. See also TemporallyDisjointIntervalType.
> guid: be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct generalization of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType

#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType types of temporally disjoint interval

> A collection of collections. TYPE is an instance of #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType just in case any two distinct instances of TYPE are #$temporallyDisjoint. For example, #$Wednesday is an instance of #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any Wednesday other than itself.
> guid: be011303-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$HourOfDayType #$CalendarCoveringType #$AnnualEventType

### Time

#$CotemporalPredicate cotemporal predicate

> #$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is an instance of #$TemporalThing (so that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN an instance of #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). Moreover, an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments (note that the presence of such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
> guid: bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$ConnectionPredicate #$SpatialPredicate #$PhysicalCompositionPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot

#$CotemporalObjectsSlot cotemporal objects slot **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
> guid: bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$CotemporalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$contemporaryInArg contemporary in arg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$contemporaryInArg PRED N) means that the #$Predicate PRED is such that whenever a formula (PRED ... ARGN ...), with ARGN a #$TemporalThing, is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of ARGN (i.e., that ARGN temporally subsumes the moment). For example, it's the case that (#$contemporaryInArg #$awareOf 1). So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington), we can conclude (given that Fred is a #$TemporalThing) that Fred was alive throughout (temporally subsumes) 1992. But it's not the case that (#$contemporaryInArg #$awareOf 2). And indeed we wouldn't want to conclude that #$GeorgeWashington was alive throughout 1992. In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ... ARGN ...)), with PRED such that (#$contemporaryInArg PRED N) and ARGN a #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARGN TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ... ARGN ...)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARGN TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARGN is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order for a predicate PRED to be contemporary in its Nth argument-place, the arity of PRED must be greater than or equal to N, and the argument-type of the Nth argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of the Nth argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). This is to bar cases in which a predicate would otherwise trivially qualify as contemporary in its Nth argument-place. Note that #$CotemporalObjectsSlots are contemporary in both their first and second argument-places, and #$CotemporalPredicates are contemporary in at least one argument-place.
> guid: c0e0a498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

### Type

#$subsumedByIntervalType subsumed by interval type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subsumedByIntervalType TEMPORAL-THING INTERVAL-TYPE) means that some instance of INTERVAL-TYPE #$temporallySubsumes (q.v.) TEMPORAL-THING. For example, (#$subsumedByIntervalType FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that Fred was born on a Wednesday.
> guid: bd58d7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CollectionPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$followingIntervalType following interval type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$followingIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X is followed by some instance of Y, and every instance of Y is preceded by some instance of X. The instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter the instance of X. For example, (#$followingIntervalType #$Saturday #$Sunday). Every Saturday is followed by a Sunday, and every Sunday is preceded by a Saturday; the Sunday is #$contiguousAfter the Saturday.
> guid: be010ec8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalRelation

#$subsumesIntervalType subsumes interval type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subsumesIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallySubsumes some instance of Y. For example, one of Cyc's axioms states that in the #$NorthernHemisphereMt (the context in which the location is assumed to be somewhere north of the equator) it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarWinter #$January). That is, in that micro-theory, each Winter contains a January. In the base KB -- that is, independent of context -- it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarMonth), which means that every calendar quarter contains at least one entire calendar month.
> guid: be010f1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$RuleMacroPredicate #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$TemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$intersectsIntervalType

#$intersectsIntervalType intersects interval type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType #$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods. This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring).
> guid: be010f3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalRelation #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate

### Functions Which Return Time Intervals

#$STIF soon (relationship) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$STIF X) returns the `Short Time Interval Following' X. (#$STIF FOO) does not include the time point (#$EndFn FOO), but does include every time point in between (#$EndFn FOO) and (#$EndFn (#$STIF FOO)). The function #$STIF is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just after some #$TemporalThing (i.e., after an event ends, after a tangible object ceases to exist, etc.). Each of those propositions may or may not hold beyond the bounds of that short interval. Consider the axiom `after swimming, the swimmer is wet'. The swimmer is only known to be wet for a short time interval immediately following the swimming event, and so we use #$STIF to specify that short time interval in which the assertion of wetness will hold. Beyond that time, additional axioms would be required to decide whether the wetness would persist or not. Also see: #$STIB.
> guid: bd5880fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$STIB s t i b **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing, #$STIB returns the `Short Time Interval Before' THING. (#$STIB THING) does not include the time point (#$StartFn THING), but does include every time point in between (#$StartFn THING) and (#$StartFn (#$STIB THING)). The function #$STIB is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just before some #$TemporalThing. E.g., just before some event begins, or just before some tangible object comes into being. Whether the propositions hold beyond the bounds of the short interval specified depends the nature of the proposition. Consider the axiom `before launching, the Space Shuttle's fuel tanks are full'. The fuel tanks are only known to be full immediately before the launching event, and for some (measurable but potentially short) time interval before that launch, and so we use #$STIB to specify the time interval in which the assertion of fullness will hold. Before or after that time, additional axioms are required to conclude whether the tanks are full or not. Also see: #$STIF.
> guid: bd5880fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn time interval between fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$TimeIntervalBetweenFn is an instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction; it returns a time interval. (#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn BEFORE AFTER) denotes the time interval between, but not including, BEFORE and AFTER, which are instances of #$TemporalThing. It must be true that AFTER starts after BEFORE ends; i.e., (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE). Also, the interval between AFTER and BEFORE should not be empty. Finally, every interval returned by #$TimeIntervalBetweenFn is #$temporallyContinuous. Note: If you need a function that returns a time interval that includes the defining temporal things, see #$TimeIntervalInclusiveFn.
> guid: bd58ce20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalBeforeFn interval before fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$IntervalBeforeFn X D) returns the time interval, of duration D, immediately preceding X. So the value is a #$TimeInterval, it has #$duration D, and (#$contiguousAfter X (#$IntervalBeforeFn X D)).
> guid: bd58fa99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalAfterFn interval after fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$IntervalAfterFn T-OBJ DUR) denotes the #$TimeInterval which immediately follows T-OBJ, lasting for duration DUR.
> guid: bd58a0a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalStartedByFn interval started by fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$IntervalStartedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval that begins when TEMP-OBJ ends, and continues until the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if time has an end.
> guid: c132bc99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalEndedByFn interval ended by fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$IntervalEndedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which ends when TEMP-OBJ starts. The beginning of this interval coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning.
> guid: bfbe67dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

### Temporal Qualification Of Propositions

#$holdsIn holds in **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at every moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned Spot on July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally subsumes or even temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsIn. (Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsSometimeDuring.
> guid: bd588113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$holdsSometimeDuring

#$holdsSometimeDuring holds sometime during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at some moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., some - at least one - moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992)) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that at some moment during July 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that at some moment during the year 1992 Nick owned Spot - that is, (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal intersection of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow; see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsSometimeDuring. (Alternatively to using #$holdsSometimeDuring, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding at some moment during the year 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Sometime MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsIn.
> guid: bd90fb37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

### The Calendar

#$Date dates

> A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$Date is a temporally continuous instance of #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on a particular calendar. Thus, an instance of #$Date could be a particular calendar day, calendar quarter, calendar month, or decade.
> guid: bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval
> direct generalization of: #$CalendarHalfCentury #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarSeason #$FiscalQuarter #$CalendarMinute #$CalendarCentury #$CalendarSecond #$CalendarDecade #$CalendarHour #$CalendarYear #$CalendarMonth #$CalendarWeek #$CalendarDay #$FiscalYear

### Date Functions

#$SecondFn second fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$SecondFn S MINUTE) denotes second number S of minute MINUTE. For example, (#$SecondFn 59 (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))))) denotes 6:12:59pm Feb. 14th, 1966
> guid: be01010a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$MinuteFn minute fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$MinuteFn MINUTE HOUR) is a #$CalendarMinute, minute number MINUTE of the #$CalendarHour HOUR. For example, (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))))) is 6:12pm, Feb. 14th, 1966.
> guid: be0100d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$HourFn hour fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$HourFn H D) denotes a #$CalendarHour -- in particular, hour number H (military time) of day D. For example, (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))) denotes the 60 minute interval lasting from 18:00:00 on 14 February 1966 to 19:00:00 on 14 February 1966.
> guid: be010082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$DayFn day fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$DayFn DAY MONTH) denotes a #$CalendarDay -- in particular, the day number DAY of month MONTH. For example, (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))) denotes Feb. 14th, 1966.
> guid: be00ff5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$MonthFn month fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$MonthFn MONTH YEAR) is an instance of #$CalendarMonth, the month of type MONTH during the #$CalendarYear YEAR. For example, (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)) is February of 1966.
> guid: be00fd8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$QuarterFn quarter fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$QuarterFn N YEAR) is the Nth #$CalendarQuarter (q.v.) of the #$CalendarYear YEAR. For example, (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1966)) is the second quarter of 1966.
> guid: c10ae4e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$YearFn year fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$YearFn NUMBER) is an instance of #$CalendarYear, the year NUMBER in the (extended) Gregorian calendar. For example, (#$YearFn 1966) is the year 1966. Customarily the #$GregorianCalendar is used only for dates from the 1500's onward, when it was instituted, and the #$JulianCalendar for dates before that, including dates before the common era. It is possible to follow this convention in Cyc and use (#$YearBCE-JulianFn 1), (#$YearBCE-JulianFn 2), ... instead of (#$YearFn 0), (#$YearFn -1), ...
> guid: bd58f29a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$Individual

#$DateAfterFn date after fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR of #$Time-Quantity, #$DateAfterFn returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount of time after DATE. For example, (#$DateAfterFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration 10)) is (#$YearFn 1960). See also #$DateBeforeFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
> guid: c0fdc1fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$DateBeforeFn date before fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR of #$Time-Quantity, #$DateBeforeFn returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount of time before DATE. For example, (#$DateBeforeFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration 10)) is (#$YearFn 1940). See also #$DateAfterFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
> guid: bd65727a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$CalendarCoveringType types of calendar time interval **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.
> guid: bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType

#$CalendarCentury centuries (periods of time)

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarCentury is a century on a particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarCentury include #$TheNineteenthCenturyCE and #$TheTwentiethCenturyCE.
> guid: bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarHalfCentury calendar half centuries

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHalfCentury is a half-century on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first half or the second half of some century (see the constant #$CalendarCentury) on that calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHalfCentury include #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE and #$LastHalfOf20thCenturyCE.
> guid: c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarDecade decades (periods of time) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDecade is a decade on a particular calendar. For the example, the nineteen eighties is an instance of #$CalendarDecade.
> guid: bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarYear years (periods of time)

> A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). Each instance of #$CalendarYear is a year in some particular calendar. Examples include (#$TheYear1972) and (#$YearFn 2001). Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-year is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each century or each millenium.
> guid: bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$NonLeapYear #$LeapYear

#$CalendarQuarter calendar quarters

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarQuarter is a quarter of a year on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first, second, third, or fourth quarter of some year (see the collection #$CalendarYear) on that calendar. Example instances of #$CalendarQuarter include (#$QuarterFn 1 (#$YearFn 1996)) and (#$QuarterFn 4 (#$YearFn 1929)).
> guid: c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarMonth months (periods of time)

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMonth is a month in a particular calendar. An example sub-collection of #$CalendarMonth is #$February , the collection of all months of February. One instance of the collection #$February (and thus one instance of the collection #$CalendarMonth) is (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), February of 1992.
> guid: bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$January #$February #$March #$April #$May #$June #$August #$September #$October #$December #$November #$July

#$CalendarWeek weeks (periods of time)

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarWeek is a particular week on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarWeek include the first week (i.e. the initial seven-day-long #$TimeInterval) of December, 2001.
> guid: bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarDay days (periods of time)

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDay is a day on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarDay include (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1646))) and (#$DayFn 8 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1848))).
> guid: bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$TimeOfDay-PM PMs **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay-PM is a period of time from one second after Noon to one second before Midnight on a particular calendar day (see #$CalendarDay).
> guid: c0fde0db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeOfDayType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$TimeOfDay-AM AMs **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay-AM is a period of time from one second after Midnight to one second before Noon on a particular calendar day (see the collection #$CalendarDay).
> guid: c0fddfdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeOfDayType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$CalendarHour calendar hours

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHour is an hour in some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHour include (#$HourFn 12 (#$DayFn 20 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1965)))) and (#$HourFn 13 (#$DayFn 13 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 2000)))).
> guid: bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay #$Date

#$CalendarMinute calendar minutes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMinute is a minute on a particular calendar. For example, the first minute of the year 2000 is an instance of #$CalendarMinute.
> guid: bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarSecond seconds (periods of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). #$CalendarSecond is the collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Each #$CalendarMinute (q.v.) is divided into sixty contiguous calendar-seconds. Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-minute is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each hour or each year.
> guid: bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarWeekend weekends **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$CalendarWeekend are #$Dates that are exactly composed of a #$Saturday and the immediately following #$Sunday. Note that this collection of time intervals is NOT a #$CalendarCoveringType: although the instances of #$CalendarWeekend are mutually disjoint (one of the two requirements of #$CalendarCoveringType), there are many #$TimePoints which are not in any #$CalendarWeekend (and so it violates the requirement that its instances completely cover all of time).
> guid: c1009f04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$NonLeapYear non leap year **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days
> guid: bd58b979-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarYear

#$LeapYear leap years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days
> guid: bd58b9ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarYear

#$HemispheresAndCalendars hemispheres and calendars **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CalendarSeasons are defined by the Gregorian calendar and are synchronized with the equinoxes and solstices. #$SeasonOfYear instances are climatic seasons, events characterized by the weather in a given region. The relationship between #$SeasonOfYear instances and #$CalendarSeasons depends upon the hemisphere (or, more precisely, upon the latitude.) In the northern hemisphere, north of the tropics, a #$CalendarSummer will significantly intersect with the a #$SummerSeason each year. But in the southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer (which is the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with what is locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason.
> guid: bd62ee33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Individual

#$CalendarSeasonType seasons (types of temporally object-like thing) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.
> guid: be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
> direct specialization of: #$AnnualEventType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType

#$CalendarSeason calendar seasons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest specializations are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn
> guid: be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSummer

#$CalendarWinter calendar winters **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason, each instance of which begins on the #$WinterSolstice (about December 21) and ends on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) of any given #$CalendarYear in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarWinters occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
> guid: be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarSpring springs (periods of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason, each instance of which begins on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) and ends on the #$SummerSolstice of a particular #$CalendarYear. Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarSprings occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
> guid: be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarSummer summers (periods of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason, each instance of which begins on the #$SummerSolstice and ends on the #$AutumnalEquinox of a particular #$CalendarYear. Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarSummers occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
> guid: be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarAutumn autumns (periods of time) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason, each instance of which begins on the #$AutumnalEquinox (about September 22) and ends on the #$WinterSolstice (about December 21) of a particular #$CalendarYear. Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarAutumns occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
> guid: be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$DayOfMonthFn day of month fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$DayOfMonthFn ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays which are the Nth day of the calendar month in which they fall. For example, (#$DayOfMonthFn 4) is the collection of all #$CalendarDays which are the fourth day of some month. Every July 4th is an instance of (#$DayOfMonthFn 4)
> guid: bd58a55f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$DayOfYearFn day of year fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$DayOfYearFn ?MNTH ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays which are the Nth day of the month ?MNTH. For example, (#$DayOfYearFn #$July 4) denotes the collection of each and every fourth of July -- including, of course, those that occured before the American Revolutionary War.
> guid: bd58a51e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$BinaryFunction #$Individual

#$MonthOfYearFn month of year fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$MonthOfYearFn ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarMonths which are the Nth month of some year. #$January, which is the set of all Januaries, is the same as the value of (#$MonthOfYearFn 1).
> guid: bd58a59f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

### Time Of Day

#$TimeOfDayType time of day types **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TimeOfDayType is a subcollection of #$TimeOfDay (q.v.). Examples include #$TimeOfDay-PM, #$TimeOfDay-9AM, and #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour.
> guid: bd588673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$HourOfDayType

#$HourOfDayType hours of the day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subcollections of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subcollection of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM).
> guid: be011b66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
> direct specialization of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType

#$TimeOfDay time of day (period of time)

> A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay is a temporal interval marking a particular time of the day. Notable specializations of #$TimeOfDay include #$CalendarHour, #$DaytimeWorkingHours, #$TimeOfDay-AM, and #$TimeOfDay-PM.
> guid: bd5886f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval
> direct generalization of: #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$CalendarHour #$TimeOfDay-PM #$TimeOfDay-AM

### Events With Important Temporal Assertions

#$DaytimeWorkingHours daytime working hours **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$DaytimeWorkingHours is a time interval during which most members of a working population perform their daily jobs. Instances of #$DaytimeWorkingHours will vary in their respective durations, starting points, and ending points (see the constants #$duration, #$startingPoint, and #$endingPoint), according to which group of workers is being considered.
> guid: bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$WakingHours waking hours **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$WakingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those, and its #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, is defined by the bulk of a population being awake. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of people are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy.
> guid: bd58894c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

### Academic Cycles

#$AcademicYear academic years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.
> guid: bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicTrimester trimesters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.
> guid: bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicSemester semesters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one half of its #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and year (and hemisphere), instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''.
> guid: bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicQuarter academic quarters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.
> guid: bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

### Fiscal Cycles

#$FiscalYear fiscal years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft
> guid: bd58f1c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$FiscalQuarter fiscal quarter **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.
> guid: bd58b87d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

### Celestial Events

#$QualitativeTimeOfDay times of day (events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay are #$Events, not just #$TimeIntervals. They are celestial events such as instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On #$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing (#$startingPoint and #$endingPoint) depends on the season and the observer's location on the planet's surface.
> guid: be011add-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event
> direct generalization of: #$Sunrise #$Sunset #$Night #$Evening #$Midday #$Twilight #$Morning #$Afternoon

#$Sunrise sunrises **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it `rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn, and every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Sunrise.
> guid: bd58cd1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Dawn dawns **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise.
> guid: bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Twilight

#$Morning mornings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$Morning is an #$Event where the sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise to the ensuing noon. Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter a night. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning.
> guid: bd588885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Midday middays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday.
> guid: bd5887c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Afternoon afternoons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun.
> guid: bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Dusk dusks **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night.
> guid: be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Twilight

#$Sunset sunsets (times of day) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a given location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each #$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset (unless it #$endsDuring a #$MidnightSun), as is every #$Afternoon.
> guid: bd588843-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Evening evenings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.
> guid: bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Night nights **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Night is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours: each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter one #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it.
> guid: bd589e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Overnight late nights **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$Overnight is #$temporallyCooriginating with a #$CalendarDay and is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn. It is #$contiguousAfter the #$Evening of the previous day, and contiguous before a#$Morning.
> guid: be0108bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Twilight twilights **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The union of the two collections of time intervals #$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a situation where the sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just before a #$Sunrise or just after a #$Sunset.
> guid: c0f71446-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay
> direct generalization of: #$Dawn #$Dusk

#$DaytimeHours days (times of day) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$DaytimeHours is the collection of time intervals during which the #$Sun is `up'. This set is the temporal complement of #$Night -- every #$DaytimeHours is #$contiguousAfter one #$Night and vice versa (except for days in which the #$Sun neither rises nor sets). Each #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy exactly one #$Sunrise (or #$startsDuring one #$MidnightSun), #$temporallyFinishedBy exactly one #$Sunset (or #$endsDuring one #$MidnightSun), and if there is no #$MidnightSun is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn and has a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter it. Each #$DaytimeHours #$temporalBoundsContains one #$Morning, one #$Midday, and one #$Afternoon.
> guid: bd58877a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$AutumnalEquinox fall equinoxes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualEventType. Each instance of #$AutumnalEquinox is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator from north to south, making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are shortening and nighttimes lengthening in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. An autumnal equinox marks the beginning of the #$CalendarAutumn in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region and the beginning of #$CalendarSpring in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region. Instances occur about September 22 of each year.
> guid: bd686fca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarDay

#$VernalEquinox spring equinoxes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualEventType. Each instance of #$VernalEquinox is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator, making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are lengthening and nighttimes shortening in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. A vernal equinox occurs about March 21 each year and marks the end of the #$CalendarWinter and beginning of the #$CalendarSpring in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region, and the end of #$CalendarSummer and the beginning of #$CalendarAutumn in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region.
> guid: bd5aea90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarDay

#$WinterSolstice winter solstices **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualEventType. Each instance of #$WinterSolstice is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest from the equator away from the local hemisphere (north or south), making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours). The winter solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 each year in the northern hemisphere [#$NorthernHemisphere-Region] and about June 21 in the southern hemisphere [#$SouthernHemisphere-Region] and marks the end of #$CalendarAutumn and the beginning of the #$CalendarWinter.
> guid: bd5dc60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarDay

#$SummerSolstice summer solstices **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualEventType. Each instance of #$SummerSolstice is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest north of the equator, making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) the longest of the year in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region and the shortest of the year in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region. The summer solstice occurs on June 21 or 22 each year and marks the end of the #$CalendarSpring and beginning of the #$CalendarSummer.
> guid: bd5a6b1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarDay

### Holidays

#$Holiday holidays

> A specialization of #$HumanActivity. Each instance of #$Holiday is an event featuring social celebrations and/or rituals. Instances of #$Holiday typically last for one day (see the constant #$DaysDuration) and typically coincide with some day of the year (see the constant #$CalendarDay). However, some instances of #$Holiday (such as the instances of #$ChanukkahHoliday or #$Oktoberfest-Holiday) last for several days. While instances of #$Holiday are often annual events, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities and ethnic groups celebrate different ones.
> guid: bd58a9b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SocialOccurrence
> direct generalization of: #$ReligiousHoliday #$LegalHoliday

#$HolidaySeason holiday seasons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of #$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason. While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it.
> guid: c1006f0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event

#$ReligiousHoliday religious holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$ReligiousHoliday is a #$Holiday which is specified by some religious tradition. Note that individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a #$ReligiousHoliday without being members of the associated #$Religion.
> guid: c0fdf861-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousEvent #$Holiday

#$ChristianHoliday Christian holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Christianity.
> guid: c100619d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$JewishHoliday Jewish holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Judaism.
> guid: c10062ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$IslamicHoliday Islamic holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Islam.
> guid: c1006269-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$LegalHoliday national holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subcollection of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.
> guid: be01edce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$LegalHoliday-UnitedStates U.S. legal holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of standard #$LegalHolidays officially celebrated throughout the United States of America. Schools, banks, Federal and State offices are closed. Many businesses are closed on these holidays; service businesses tend to have reduced business hours. Some of these are #$ReligiousHolidays, and some are #$Mondays immediately following a #$ReligiousHoliday, and some commemorate some historically important (to the USA) #$Event or #$Person.
> guid: be01ee17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$NewYearsDay New Year's days **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$Holiday celebrating the first day of a calendar year.
> guid: bd58b874-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$ChristmasHoliday xmas **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a #$ChristianHoliday which commemorates the birth of Christ, but which is also widely observed as a secular winter #$Holiday in countries with significant Christian segments of their population.
> guid: bd58ab54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$ChristmasSeason Christmastimes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$ChristmasSeason is the annual event around the #$ChristmasHoliday where people observing this holiday perform related activities, such as displaying #$ChristmasDecorations, participating in related religious services, etc.
> guid: c0f7e3d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event

#$ValentinesDay Valentine's Day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual #$Holiday celebrating romance and love. Although derived from the celebration of the Christian Saint Valentine, it is essentially a purely secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
> guid: bd58e061-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$NewYearsEveDay New Year's eves **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating the ending of one calendar year, and presaging the beginning of the next. Each of these occurs on December 31st, the last day of the year.
> guid: bd58b7b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$Halloween Halloween **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating the supernatural spirit world. Although derived from Pagan and Christian religious tradition, it is essentially a purely secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
> guid: bd58e01e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$FathersDay fathers day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating fathers and fatherhood. In the United States it falls in #$June, while in Finland it falls in #$November.
> guid: bd58df99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$MothersDay mothers day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood.
> guid: bd58dfdf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$EasterHoliday easters (social events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual #$ChristianHoliday which commemorates the Resurrection of Christ after his Crucifixion.
> guid: bd58ab15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$Epiphany-TheDay epiphanies **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual one-day-long #$ChristianHoliday which is celebrated on January 6 and which commemorates either the coming of the Magi (Western Christianity) or the Baptism of Christ (Greek Orthodox).
> guid: c0f7e3df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualEventType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

### Climatic Seasons

#$SeasonOfYear seasons (weather events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events -- specifically, the seasons that occur as #$subEvents of an #$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of #$WinterSeason are all instances of #$SeasonOfYear.
> guid: bd5884de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$WeatherEvent
> direct generalization of: #$WarmSeason #$ColdSeason #$SpringSeason #$FallSeason

#$WinterSeason winters (weather events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of Winter seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.
> guid: bd5901c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ColdSeason

#$SpringSeason springs (weather events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of Spring seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer, plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason represents the climatic aspects of spring; see #$CalendarSpring for the purely temporal aspects of spring.
> guid: bd588b09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SeasonOfYear

#$SummerSeason summers (weather events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of Summer seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason represents the climatic aspects of summer. For its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer.
> guid: bd588ac7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$WarmSeason

#$FallSeason autumns (weather events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of Fall seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.
> guid: bd58b734-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SeasonOfYear

### Sub Abstractions

#$Entity entities

> A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Entity is a 'maximal' instance of #$SomethingExisting, in the sense that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which that instance is merely a sub-abstraction (see #$subAbstractions). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not, since AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is a proper sub-abstraction of #$AlbertEinstein. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.
> guid: bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SomethingExisting

#$subAbstractions sub abstractions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbstractions WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal part (one of the #$timeSlices) of WHOLE, where WHOLE and SUB are both instances of #$SomethingExisting. Both entities and subabstractions are subabstractions of themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstractions is the restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the domain, and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting. `AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstractions of `AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions only of itself (hence 'AlbertEinstein' is an instance of #$Entity (q.v.)).
> guid: bd5901e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPartSlot #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$timeSlices

#$entitySubAbstractions entity sub abstractions

> (#$entitySubAbstractions ENTITY THING) means that THING, an instance of #$SomethingExisting, is a sub-abstraction of the #$Entity ENTITY (and so (#$subAbstractions ENTITY THING) holds). Note that each instance of #$SomethingExisting will generally have a unique #$Entity of which it is a sub-abstraction. For example, (#$entitySubAbstractions AlbertEinstein AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton).
> guid: bd58fb7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TemporalPartSlot #$FunctionalPredicate #$InterExistingObjectSlot
> direct specialization of: #$subAbstractions

#$transformedInto transformed into **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$transformedInto X Y) means that X stops existing at the instant that Y is created. Furthermore, the material which made up X when it ceased to exist will generally make up Y when it is created, which in turn implies things about the location of Y at that moment, etc.
> guid: bd58a032-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterActorSlot #$FunctionalSlot

#$subAbsDuring sub abs during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbsDuring SUPER SUB TEMP) -- SUB is a #$subAbstractions (a time-slice) of SUPER, and SUB is cotemporal with the #$TemporalThing TEMP. SUPER may be the maximal #$Entity of which SUB is a #$subAbstractions, or it may merely be an intermediate subabstraction of the entity which includes SUB as a part. For example, (#$subAbsDuring Karen KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) and (#$subAbsDuring KarenAsAnAdult KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) are both valid.
> guid: bf2c3270-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$subAbsAfter sub abs after **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbsAfter SUPER SUB TEMP-OB) indicates that SUPER and SUB are #$SomethingExistings, SUB is some #$subAbstractions of SUPER, and (#$contiguousAfter SUB TEMP-OB). This provides one way to talk about the effects wrought by some state-changing process. For example, for Washing001 involving Hair001, (#$subAbsAfter Hair001 SUB Washing001) would imply that SUB is Wet. Usually the preferred alternative (because it's simpler) is to use the #$holdsIn representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIF Washing001) 'Hair001 is Wet').
> guid: bd58f1bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$subAbsBefore sub abs before **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbsBefore SUPER SUB TEMP-OB) indicates that SUPER and SUB are #$SomethingExistings, SUB is some #$subAbstractions of SUPER, and (#$contiguousAfter TEMP-OB SUB). This provides one way to talk about pre-conditions for some state-changing process. For example, 'Egg001 was raw before being scrambled' -- if (#$subAbsBefore Egg001 SUB Scrambling001), then SUB is raw. Usually the preferred alternative (because it is simpler) is to use the #$holdsIn representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIB Scrambling001) 'Egg001 is raw').
> guid: bd58f1ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$birthDate birthdate (binary predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$birthDate X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X came into existence during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born, hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath. To specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a #$Person was born, use #$birthDay.
> guid: bd58ebc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startingDate

#$dateOfDeath date of death **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$dateOfDeath X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X ceased to exist during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath
> guid: bd58dd0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endingDate

#$SubAbs Sub Abs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for one of its argument positions N, then, given some fixed set of arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may be added to the KB so long as each term appearing in argument position N is a #$subAbstractions of some common #$Entity. Note that the case where the entity itself appears as arg N is allowed, since for all x, (#$subAbstractions X X) is true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format of #$laterSubAbstractions is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc will allow one to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions of SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of those are known to be subabstractions of the very same entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker.
> guid: bd58e16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Format #$Individual

#$laterSubAbstractions later sub abstractions

> (#$laterSubAbstractions EARLIER LATER) means that LATER and EARLIER are both sub-abstractions (see the predicate #$subAbstractions) of the same entity (so that (#$hasSameEntityAs LATER EARLIER) holds) and the sub-abstraction LATER starts sometime after the beginning of EARLIER (so that (#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER EARLIER) holds).
> guid: bd58d765-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
> direct specialization of: #$hasSameEntityAs

#$hasSameEntityAs has same entity as **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$hasSameEntityAs X Y) indicates that X and Y are both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique #$Entity of which X is an #$entitySubAbstractions is the same as the unique #$Entity of which Y is an #$entitySubAbstractions. For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.
> guid: bd58efb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$InterExistingObjectSlot

### Repeated Events

#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType cyclical interval group type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$isa X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. X must partition all of time: the elements of X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of X. E.g., X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.
> guid: be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection

#$occurrencesPerPeriod occurrences per period **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$occurrencesPerPeriod SUB-TYPE SUPER-TYPE N) indicates that N instances of SUB-TYPE occur during each instance of SUPER-TYPE. For example, to indicate that there are seven calendar days in each calendar week, we would write the axiom (#$occurrencesPerPeriod #$CalendarDay #$CalendarWeek 7).
> guid: c0f7dee6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$frequencyOfActionType frequency of action type

> A predicate for stating the frequency with which typical instances of some type of #$TemporalThing play certain roles in certain types of event. Specifically, (#$frequencyOfActionType ACTTYPE ACTORTYPE ROLE FREQUENCY) indicates that typical instances of ACTORTYPE (where ACTORRTYPE is a specialization of #$TemporalThing) play the role ROLE in instances of ACTTYPE (where ACTTYPE is a specialization of #$Event) with the frequency FREQUENCY. For example, #$frequencyOfActionType can be used to express the fact that typical vertebrates are virtually always breathing: (#$frequencyOfActionType #$Breathing #$Vertebrate #$bodilyDoer #$Continuously). This predicate should _not_ be used for action types that instances of ACTORTYPE do not typically perform role ROLE in, even if those instances of ACTORTYPE that do, do so with frequency FREQUENCY. For those kinds of assertions, use #$regularFrequencyOfActionType.
> guid: bd589f51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate #$TypePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$regularFrequencyOfActionType

#$AnnualEventType types of annual event

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AnnualEventType is a type of event that occurs once each year. Furthermore, the occurrence of each such type of event is tied to a specific time (for example, a specific date) in the calendar year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an #$AnnualEventType, because one occurs on a specific date (namely, December 25) each year.
> guid: be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
> direct generalization of: #$MonthOfYearType #$CalendarSeasonType

#$WeeklyEventType weekly event type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of event-types that occur weekly. Each instance of #$WeeklyEventType is a collection of events, all of which are synchronized with the calendar and which occur once a week. E.g., one instance of #$WeeklyEventType is #$Wednesday, since there is an instance of #$Wednesday once a week.
> guid: c0f7df0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalObjectType

#$RepeatedEvent recurring events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is a class of events that is repeated in some other event. This is there because when we create a typical year we don't want to create 365 days.
> guid: bd5900b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Event

#$RegularlyRepeatedEvent periodic events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd590072-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Event
> direct generalization of: #$Movement-Periodic #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$Breathing #$Sleeping

#$IrregularlyRepeatedEvent intermittent **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd58bc73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Event
> direct generalization of: #$Swallowing

#$repetitionInstances repetition instances **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd58bbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalRelation

### Other Time

#$age age (interval based quantity slot) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates an existing thing to its current age, expressed as a quantity of time (see #$Time-Quantity). (#$age THING AMOUNT-OF-TIME) means that THING has been in existence for a total of AMOUNT-OF-TIME. THING can be a person, a galaxy, or any other existing thing (see #$SomethingExisting). Note, however, that the truth-value of a sentence about the age of something is dependent upon the temporal context in which the sentence is used. For example, in most contexts (see #$Microtheory) it would be a mistake to assert (#$age AlbertEinstein (#$YearsDuration 50)), because that sentence is only true in contexts restricted to the year-long interval in which Einstein had that age. So the above sentence should only be asserted in a microtheory that is temporally qualified to that year (roughly 1929) or some part or it. Alternatively, one can temporally qualify the sentence itself using #$holdsIn (q.v.). Thus (#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1929)) (#$age AlbertEinstein (#$YearsDuration 50)), which means that Einstein is a 50-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1929, is true -- regardless of the temporal context.
> guid: bd58ba2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$dateOfEvent date of event **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates an event and the calendar date on which it transpired. So (#$dateOfEvent EVENT DATE) says that EVENT both starts and ends during DATE. For example, (#$dateOfEvent #$GettysburgAddress-Speech (#$DayFn 19 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1863)))). means that #$AbrahamLincoln started talking one famous day and also finished on that day. One should verify this condition: in fact your birthday is determined by the #$endingDate of your #$BirthEvent; the #$dateOfEvent may not be clear. See also #$occursDuring.
> guid: bd58a232-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endingDate #$startingDate

#$startingTimeRelativeTo starting time relative to **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> the event to which the starting time of event u is given. NOTE: The starting time of u is relative to the ending time of v.
> guid: bd58a3f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$TimeElapsedFn time elapsed fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This function returns the duration of the time interval between the starting point of two dates. For example, (#$TimeElapsedFn (#$YearFn 1990) (#$YearFn 1992)) would return a duration of 2 years. Note that since this function returns the absolute value of the difference between its two arguments, the argument order does not matter. An example of an axiom that uses this predicate is the one that says that a female animal generally won't give birth more than once per gestation-period-of-time (for that type of animal).
> guid: bd58d13a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EvaluatableFunction #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$TotalTimeFn total time fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A variable-arity individual-denoting function that takes as argument(s) one or more instances of #$TemporalThing (q.v.) and returns the #$Time-Quantity (q.v.) attribute representing the shortest length of time spanning the temporal extent of all those arguments. Suppose TEMPTHINGi is (one of) the earliest-to-start and TEMPTHINGj is (one of) the latest-to-end among TEMPTHING1, ..., TEMPTHINGn. Then (#$TotalTimeFn TEMPTHING1..TEMPTHINGn) is the #$Time-Quantity had by the time-interval that starts when TEMPTHINGi starts and ends when TEMPTHINGj ends. For example, (#$TotalTimeFn (#$YearFn 1996) (#$YearFn 1998)) is (#$YearsDuration 3).
> guid: bd58c3c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TotalDenotationalFunction #$VariableArityRelation #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$firstSubEvents first sub events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) implies (#$subEvents EVENT START) and (#$temporallyStartedBy EVENT START). For example, if one is #$RelievingPain by taking a pill, then the #$firstSubEvents in that event is an #$Ingesting event. See also #$lastSubEvents.
> guid: bd58d6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SubEventSlot #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyStartedBy #$subEvents

#$lastSubEvents completion **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) implies (#$subEvents EVENT END) and (#$temporallyFinishedBy EVENT END). For example, one Cyc axiom says that if EVENT is an instance of #$WagingWar, and (#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) is true, and END is an instance of #$Surrendering, then the identity of those for whom the war was #$successfulForAgents can be inferred from the particular roles that are played by the various parties during the surrender. This is how one might infer, from Lee surrendering to Grant, that the South lost the American Civil War.
> guid: bd58d7a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SubEventSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyFinishedBy #$subEvents

#$eventTypeTemporalLocality event type temporal locality **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The time period over which the effects of this type of event may be felt. This could be infinite for certain events (such as killing a person), but for most events this is a much shorter period. E.g., some of the effects of swimming are being wet, being tired, being out of breath, etc. but those effect generally only persist for a period of minutes after the swimming ends.
> guid: bd58ac42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg spatially intrinsic arg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that the Cyc predicate PRED expresses a property that is spatially intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any spatial part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$temperatureOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$temperatureOfObject `Coffee007' (#$DegreeCelsius 90)), we can expect that any spatial part of `Coffee007' will also have that temperature. An example of a property that is NOT spatially intrinsic is #$massOfObject; though a whole rock may weigh two pounds, there are spatial parts of the rock that don't. Another example of a relation that is not spatially intrinsic, but might at first seem to be, is #$constituents. In (#$constituents `ChocolateMilk37' `Milk36'), it is not the case that every spatial part of `ChocolateMilk37' has `Milk36' among its #$constituents. #$constituents means, rather, that every part of its first argument has some part of the second argument among its components, but that is different from the intended meaning of #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg.
> guid: be3a3685-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$temporallyIntrinsicArg temporally intrinsic arg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that PRED expresses a property that is temporally intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any temporal part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$massOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$massOfObject `Rock37' (#$Gram 37)), we can expect that any temporal part of `Rock37', such as `Rock37Today', will also have a mass of 37 grams. An example of a property which is not temporally intrinsic would be `average speed'. The average speed of a car on a drive from Austin to Dallas might be 50 mph, but during particular sub-intervals of that drive the average speed could vary from 0 to 75 mph. The collection #$CotemporalPredicate is a class of relations which are not temporally intrinsic but might at first seem to be, e.g., #$physicalParts. In (#$physicalParts `Joe' `JoesHead'), it is not the case that every temporal part of `Joe' (such as `JoeToday') has `JoesHead' as a physical part. Rather, `JoeToday' would have `JoesHeadToday' among its #$physicalParts. With #$physicalParts, as with all other elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, every time-slice of the first argument is related to a cotemporal time-slice of the second argument, but that is not covered by #$temporallyIntrinsicArg and its associated axioms.
> guid: bf0397d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

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