## Groups

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Last Update: 4/5/02
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#$Group groups

> A collection of temporal objects. Each instance of #$Group is a composite object made up of one or more individual objects or events. A group is related to each of its members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that instances of #$Group are _not_ collections. A group has temporal extent and might have spatial location, while a collection is timeless and nonspatial. It is of course possible to define a collection parallel to any given group, so that the instances of the collection are exactly the group-members of that group; e.g. each toe on my left foot (and nothing else) is both an instance of the collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a spatiotemporal thing while the correlated collection (of my left toes) is not. Similarly, if a certain flock of pigeons is considered as having a location, a spatial extent, and a time of existence, then the flock is being considered a _group_ and not a collection. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be empty, but must have _at_least_one_ group-member. As a default, a group whose group-members all are instances of #$SomethingExisting is itself an instance of #$SomethingExisting, and a group whose group-members all are #$Events is itself an #$Event. Instances of #$Group include #$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, and #$InternationalCommunity.
> guid: bd58e6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing
> direct generalization of: #$PhysicalSeries #$Mob #$Holdings

#$GroupFn group fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction used for representing specializations of #$Group. (#$GroupFn OBJTYPE) denotes the collection of all groups whose members (see #$groupMembers) are instances of OBJTYPE. Note that an application of #$GroupFn denotes a _collection_ that has groups as instances, rather than an individual group. For example, (#$GroupFn #$BallisticMissile) denotes the collection of all groups of ballistic missiles, which includes Russia's ballistic missiles, China's ballistic missiles, the US's ballistic missiles, etc. Also, a particular group of 101 Dalmatians is an instance of (#$GroupFn #$Dog).
> guid: c0fd79df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$subGroups subgroup (reflexive binary predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a group to its subgroups. (#$subGroups GROUP SUBGROUP) means that (1) all #$groupMembers of SUBGROUP are members of GROUP (2) if SUBGROUP is different from GROUP, then the members of SUBGROUP constitute a #$Group in their own right that is some sort of specialization within GROUP, and (3) if a new member were to join SUBGROUP, by doing so it would also become a member of GROUP. Examples: the stars in #$BigDipper-Asterism constitute one of the #$subGroups of #$MilkyWay-Galaxy; the Democrats in the House of Representatives in a given year constitute a subgroup of the group of #$USRepresentatives for that year. CounterExample: the groupe of Democrats in the House of Representatives and the group of people currently located in the territory of the #$DistrictOfColumbia -- even if every member of the first group is a member of the second, and it isn't totally happenstance, a member of SUBGROUP could cease membership in GROUP without ceasing membership in SUBGROUP.
> guid: bd58c466-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate

#$groupMembers group members

> This predicate relates a group (see #$Group) to its individual members. (#$groupMembers GROUP MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of GROUP. For example, #$PyramidOfCheops is a group-member of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld, and #$BillClinton is a group-member of the #$DemocraticParty.
> guid: bd58fe04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$cardinality cardinality (intensional representation predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cardinality SETORCOL N) means that the #$SetOrCollection SETORCOL has N members. For instance, #$TheEmptySet has a #$cardinality 0. Note that cardinality is most clear for finite sets, and only in special branches of mathematics does one speak of cardinality of infinite sets. See also, #$entityCardinality, #$Note-cardinality-vs-entityCardinality, #$groupCardinality.
> guid: bd58bbcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$CollectionPredicate

#$groupCardinality group cardinality **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$groupCardinality is used to indicate the total number of members there are in a particular group. (#$groupCardinality GROUP INTEGER) means that the number of members in the #$Group GROUP is INTEGER. For example, the #$groupCardinality of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld is 7. Cyc infers that the #$groupCardinality of any group that is a pair is 2, and that of a dozen is 12.
> guid: bd58b9c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$Mob mobs (groups) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or events of the same type. Mobs typically have more members than would be feasible to enumerate or reify. One rarely refers to particular members of a given mob; and when one does, it is usually only to relatively few of them. Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each instance of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cupful of sand is a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob of corn kernel bursting events.
> guid: bd58ed36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Group

#$MobFn mob (relationship) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$CollectionDenotingFunction used for referring to specializations of #$Mob. Thus, applications of #$MobFn return _collections_ (of mobs) rather than individual mobs. #$MobFn takes any instance of #$ObjectType as its argument and returns a subcollection of #$Mob, namely the collection of those mobs whose #$groupMembers are instances of that #$ObjectType. That is, (#$MobFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all mobs whose members all are instances of OBJ-TYPE. For example, a clump of hair on my head is an instance of (#$MobFn #$Hair-Strand); the collection #$Galaxy is a specialization of (#$MobFn #$Star); and the collection #$Applauding-Clapping (i.e. all applause events) could be referred to as (#$MobFn HandClappingEvent ).
> guid: c0fd7f53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$Individual

#$groupMembers group members

> This predicate relates a group (see #$Group) to its individual members. (#$groupMembers GROUP MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of GROUP. For example, #$PyramidOfCheops is a group-member of the #$SevenWondersOfTheAncientWorld, and #$BillClinton is a group-member of the #$DemocraticParty.
> guid: bd58fe04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$groupMemberType group member type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$groupMemberType is used in characterizing the members of a particular group. (#$groupMemberType GROUP TYPE) means that all of GROUP's members are elements of the collection TYPE. For example, to state that the #$groupMembers of the Austin City Council are humans, one would write (#$groupMemberType AustinCityCouncil #$Person). The members of a particular group might be characterized in more than one way; e.g., a Hispanic Business Council may have both the #$groupMemberType #$EthnicGroupOfHispanics and the #$groupMemberType #$BusinessPerson (provided that all of its members are Hispanic business people). For 'typical' or 'expected' characteristics of members, see also #$memberTypes and #$typeHasTypicalMemberTypes.
> guid: bd58ef50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$groupPrototype group prototype **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$groupPrototype is used to identify the individual prototype for a particular group. (#$groupPrototype GROUP PROTO) means that the prototype of GROUP is PROTO. PROTO is an individual which is (or becomes), intentionally or unintentionally, the model for the #$groupMembers of GROUP, which share some feature(s) of the prototype. A group may or may not have a prototype. A group has only one prototype (if it has any). A prototype exists prior to other members of the group; it may or may not itself be a member of the group (by default, Cyc assumes it is). For example, the prototype for the class of Saturn V rockets; or, Casanova as the prototypical romantic adventurer.
> guid: bd589581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot
> direct specialization of: #$groupMembers

#$List lists (mathematical concepts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Tuple. Each instance of #$List is a finite structure with a first and last member-position, with each member-postion other than the last having a successor member-position. Lists, like other instances of #$Tuple, allow for repetition of their members, so that the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in a single list. A list can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of #$Things, or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike an instance of #$Series (q.v.), a list is purely abstract (i.e., not spatio-temporal), and the only implied relation between an item and its successor in a list is the successor relation of the list itself. #$List is, technically, more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set for a list must be the counting numbers in their usual order, rather than some other index set.
> guid: bed50053-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Tuple
> direct generalization of: #$ListWithoutRepetition #$PathChain

#$TheList the list (relationship) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$TheList is a function that combines its arguments into a list. For any ITEM(1), ..., ITEM(n), each of which is an instance of #$Thing, (#$TheList ITEM(1) ... ITEM(n)) gives the instance of #$List whose first member is ITEM (1), ..., and whose last member is ITEM(n). Note that in general ITEM(1), ..., ITEM(n) do not have to be distinct, though they do if (#$TheList ITEM(1) ... ITEM(n)) is an instance of #$ListWithoutRepetition.
> guid: bdcc9f7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnreifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$VariableArityRelation #$Individual

#$TheEmptyList the empty list **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$TheEmptyList denotes the empty list--the list that has no members at all. Note that every list that has no members is the same as #$TheEmptyList, i.e., #$TheEmptyList is the only list whose length is 0. Note also that #$TheEmptyList is a sublist of every list (see #$subLists). Note, finally, that #$TheEmptyList is not the same as #$TheEmptySet.
> guid: bd79c885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ListWithoutRepetition #$Individual

#$ListWithoutRepetition lists without repetition **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all those #$Lists, for each of which, no element appears more than once in the list. A #$ListWithoutRepetition is sometimes called an 'OSET'. Note that a #$ListWithoutRepetition amounts to a finite #$TotalOrdering-Strict. (In general a #$List and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition.
> guid: bdb9081e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$WellOrdering #$List

#$listMembers list members **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$listMembers LIST MEMBER) means that MEMBER is a member of LIST. For example, if LIST = (#$TheList A B C B) then LIST has exactly three members: A, B, and C. See #$SetOfListMembersFn.
> guid: be6f9d0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$EvaluatablePredicate

#$LengthOfListFn length of list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$LengthOfListFn, applied to a list, gives the length of the list, a non-negative integer. Note that the length of LIST should not in general be considered the same as the cardinality of (#$SetOfListMembersFn LIST). For example, given that LIST = (#$TheList A B C B D), (#$LengthOfListFn LIST) is 5 while the cardinality of (#$SetOfListMembersFn LIST) is 4. When LIST is an instance of #$ListWithoutRepetition, nevertheless, the length of LIST is identical to the cardinality of (#$SetOfListMembersFn LIST).
> guid: c10b0ebc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$FirstInListFn first in list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$FirstInListFn, applied to a list as in (#$FirstInListFn LIST), results in the first item on the list. For each nonempty #$List, (#$FirstInListFn LIST) = (#$NthInListFn LIST 1). (#$FirstInListFn LIST) is undefined if LIST is #$TheEmptyList.
> guid: c068f9a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$LastInListFn last in list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$LastInListFn, applied to a list as in (#$LastInListFn LIST), results in the last item on the list. For each nonempty #$List LIST, (#$LastInListFn LIST) = (#$NthInListFn LIST (LengthOfListFn LIST)). (#$LastInListFn LIST) is undefined if LIST is #$TheEmptyList.
> guid: c0ae0876-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$RestOfListFn rest of list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$RestOfListFn applied to a list, as in (#$RestOfListFn LIST), gives another list of all but the first item in LIST, in the same order. To put it in another way, for each nonempty #$List, (#$RestOfListFn LIST) is the list obtained from LIST by taking away the first member of LIST. If the first member of LIST is ITEM and LIST = (#$JoinListsFn (#$TheList ITEM) THE-LIST-OF-THE-REST), then (#$RestOfListFn LIST) = THE-LIST-OF-THE-REST. Note that (#$RestOfListFn LIST) is undefined if LIST is #$TheEmptyList and that (#$RestOfListFn LIST) is #$TheEmptyList if the length of LIST is 1.
> guid: c02afce7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$NthInListFn nth in list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This function picks a particular member of a list, at a certain numbered position. For each LIST in #$List with length M (i.e., (#$LengthOfListFn LIST) = M), and for each #$PositiveInteger N that is less than or equal to M, (#$NthInListFn LIST N) is the member of LIST that occurs at the Nth position of LIST. For example, given that LIST = (#$TheList A B C D A E F), (#$NthInListFn LIST 1) = A, (#$NthInListFn LIST 2) = B, (#$NthInListFn LIST 5) = A and (#$NthInListFn LIST 7) = F. Note that when N is greater than the length of LIST or LIST is #$TheEmptyList, then (#$NthInListFn LIST N) is undefined. Note also that the items on a list are numbered 1, 2, 3, ..., not 0, 1, 2, ... .
> guid: bda6dd00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$PositionsInListFn positions in list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$PositionsInListFn applied to two lists, as in (#$PositionsInListFn LIST1 LIST2), finds every occurrence of LIST1 as a sublist of LIST2, and results in a list of all the positions in LIST2 where a copy of LIST1 starts (i.e., a list of #$PositiveIntegers). For any instances LIST1 and LIST2 of #$List, (#$PositionsInListFn LIST1 LIST2) denotes the list LIST* of #$PositiveIntegers defined below. Let L be the length of LIST1. The first member of LIST*, if there is any, is the smallest positive integer N1 such that LIST1 = (#$SublistFromToFn LIST2 N1 N1+L). The second member of LIST*, if there is any, is the second smallest positive integer N2 such that LIST1 = (#$SublistFromToFn LIST2 N2 N2+L). ... The last member of LIST* is the greatest positive integer N such that LIST1 = (#$SublistFromToFn LIST2 N N+L). Note that if LIST1 is not a sublist of LIST2 or LIST2 is #$TheEmptyList, then (PositionsInListFn LIST1 LIST2) is #$TheEmptyList. Note also that if LIST1 is #$TheEmptyList while LIST2 is not, then (#$PositionsInListFn LIST1 LIST2) returns a list of all the positions in LIST2 (e.g., if LIST2 = (#$TheList A B C), (#$PositionsInListFn #$TheEmptyList LIST2) = (#$TheList 1 2 3)).
> guid: be223d0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$ReverseListFn reverse list fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$ReverseListFn applied to a #$List, as in (#$ReverseListFn LIST), results in the same list, but in reverse order. For example, if LIST is (#$TheList A B C A D), then (#$ReverseListFn LIST) = (#$TheList D A C B A).
> guid: bf3f0990-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$SublistFromToFn sublist from to fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The function #$SublistFromToFn applied to a list and two numbers, as in (#$SublistFromToFn LIST X Y), picks out the sublist of LIST from position X to position Y, inclusive. For each nonempty #$List LIST, and for each pair of positive integers M and N such that M is less than or equal to N and such that N is less than or equal to the length of LIST, (#$SublistFromToFn LIST M N) denotes the sublist SUBLIST of LIST such that the first member of SUBLIST is the Mth member of LIST and the last member of SUBLIST is the Nth member of LIST. See #$subLists. Note that (#$SublistFromToFn LIST M N) is not defined if LIST is #$TheEmptyList or M is greater than N or N is greater than the length of LIST.
> guid: c1311405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$JoinListsFn join lists fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This function attaches lists together to make longer lists. For any instances LIST(1), ..., LIST(n) of #$List, (#$JoinListsFn LIST(1) ... LIST(n)) denotes the list, i.e., the instance of #$List, that is obtained by concatenating LIST(1), ..., LIST(n) end to end in the order from 1 to n. Note that LIST(1), ..., LIST(n) do not have to be distinct.
> guid: bfa7f158-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AssociativeRelation #$EvaluatableFunction #$VariableArityRelation #$Individual

#$Series series

> A specialization of #$TemporalThing. Each instance of #$Series is a complex temporal thing in which two or more other things are ordered in a linear fashion. Examples include a line of people at a ticket booth (an instance of the specialization #$PhysicalSeries) and a series of pitches in a baseball game (an instance of the specialization #$EventSeries). In each instance of #$Series, there is some relation by which its members are ordered (see the related predicate #$seriesOrderedBy); this relation often varies from series to series.
> guid: be8e694c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing
> direct generalization of: #$PhysicalSeries

#$PhysicalSeries physical series **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$Series and #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$PhysicalSeries is a group of partially tangible objects ordered in a linear fashion, most likely according to some spatial relationship. Instances would include a group of people in line at a ticket booth, or the vertebrae in one person's spine.
> guid: c04cb9b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Group #$PartiallyTangible #$Series

#$SeriesWithoutRepetition series without repetition **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$SeriesWithoutRepetition is a #$Series in which each member occurs only once.
> guid: bf7c353a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$Series

#$subSeries sub series

> (#$subSeries SERIES SUBSERIES) means that SUBSERIES is a sub-series of SERIES. This means that all the members of SUBSERIES are series-members (see the predicate #$seriesMembers) of SERIES, that SERIES and SUBSERIES share the same ordering principle, and that, if the first member of SUBSERIES is the Mth member of SERIES, the Nth member of SUBSERIES is the (N + M - 1)th member of SERIES.
> guid: bd5944c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PartPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate

#$seriesMemberIsa series member isa **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$seriesMemberIsa SERIES COL) means that each of the #$seriesMembers of SERIES SIT is an instances of the collection COL.
> guid: bd6c22c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$seriesLength series length **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$seriesLength SER LEN) means that the series, SER, is LEN members long. Note that some #$Series have an unknown or infinite number of members.
> guid: bfe12eb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot

#$seriesOrderedBy series ordered by **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates series to relations that order them linearly. (#$seriesOrderedBy SERIES PRED) means that PRED is a relation that imposes a linear, or total, ordering (see #$TotalOrdering) on the #$seriesMembers of SERIES. PRED is both a #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate and a #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate, and each member of SERIES stands in the relation PRED to all of the succeeding members. For example, if SERIES is a line of cars driving north, it might be ordered by #$northOf (and perhaps also by ahead of ).
> guid: c0dbc44e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$seriesOrderedByInverse series ordered by inverse **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$seriesOrderedByInverse SER PRED) means that PRED is the relation that imposes an order on the members of SER. Each member of the series stands in the relation PRED to the series members that come before it. For example, if SER is a line of cars driving south, the ordering relation might be #$northOf (or ''behind''). See also #$seriesOrderedBy.
> guid: bd70bf75-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$Nth nth **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$Nth SER N) denotes the Nth member of the series SER, provided that N is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to the #$seriesLength of SER.
> guid: be877e49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$structureRelations structure relations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$structureRelations STRUCT REL) means that the situation or structure STRUCT has REL as one of its associated relations between its structure-members. This is very general and it could be an abstract predicate, relation or function, defined on the structure-members.
> guid: be1e710b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$parts

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