## Biology

E-Mail Comments to: opencyc-doc@cyc.com
Last Update: 12/13/02
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.

Return to Documentation Contents
Return to Vocabulary Contents

#$BiologicalLivingObject living things

> The collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (or BLO s) might either be instances of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or components of such whole living organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).
> guid: bd58a6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$OrganicStuff #$ComplexPhysicalObject #$NaturalTangibleStuff
> direct generalization of: #$Cell #$Organism-Whole #$AnimalBLO #$PlantBLO #$Embryo #$OrganismPart

#$Organism-Whole organisms

> A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
> guid: bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$Animal #$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant #$Carnivore #$MoneraKingdom #$Heterotroph #$Autotroph #$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism

#$OrganismClassificationType types of organism **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismClassificationType is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole (q.v.), where membership in that sub-collection is determined by satisfaction of some set of classificatory criteria accepted by some scientific community. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is _not_ an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specializations of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, instances of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.
> guid: bd58dfe4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity #$BiologicalTaxon

#$OrganismTypeByHabitat types of organism classified by habitat

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms (i.e., a specialization of #$Organism-Whole) all of whom share the same sort of habitat. Instances of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat include #$AquaticOrganism and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
> guid: bd58a35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType

#$BiologicalTaxonType types of biological taxon

> An instance of #$CollectionTypeType and a specialization of #$DisjointCollectionType (q.v.). Each instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType is a specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon (q.v.). Notable instances of #$BiologicalTaxonType include #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalClass, and #$BiologicalFamily.
> guid: bd588dc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection #$DisjointCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$DisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection

#$BiologicalTaxon taxonomic groups

> A collection of collections and a specialization of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalTaxon correspond to ranked categories accepted by biologists for the classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Such categories change as biologists learn more about the organisms involved and determine that existing classifications are more or less useful. They include all levels of taxons. Specializations of #$BiologicalTaxon include #$BiologicalOrder and #$BiologicalSpecies; instances include #$Marsupial and #$Person. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType.
> guid: bd58e2e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct generalization of: #$BiologicalOrder #$BiologicalGenus #$BiologicalSuborder #$BiologicalFamily #$BiologicalSubfamily #$BiologicalSpecies #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalSubspecies #$BiologicalClass #$BiologicalDivision #$BiologicalKingdom #$BiologicalPhylum #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalSubphylum

#$BiologicalKingdom kingdoms (taxonomic groups) (types of temporally enduring object) (types of temporally stuff-like thing) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$BiologicalKingdom is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole whose instances all belong to one of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Notable instances of #$BiologicalKingdom include #$Animal, #$Plant, #$ProtistaKingdom, and #$MoneraKingdom.
> guid: bd58989a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalSubkingdom biological subkingdoms

> A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalSubkingdom include #$Protozoan, #$EmbryophyteSubkingdom, and #$AlgaeSubkingdom.
> guid: bd589857-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalPhylum biological phyla **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).
> guid: bd589813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalDivision biological divisions

> A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalDivision is a main taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are instances of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.), rather than #$BiologicalDivision.
> guid: bd58978f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalClass biological classes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).
> guid: bd58974c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalSubclass biological subclasses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.
> guid: bd58cba7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalOrder biological orders **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions (see #$BiologicalTaxon) defined below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.
> guid: bd58e329-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalFamily biological families **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification.
> guid: bd58cb2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalGenus biological genera **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions (see #$BiologicalTaxon) created below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.
> guid: bd589a9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalSpecies species **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType. Each instance of #$BiologicalSpecies is the most general taxon from which two breeding organisms of appropriate genders can conceivably produce fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, is conventionally defined. Members of different species of animals cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. If there are only two breeds of a given species and one breed becomes extinct, the second breed by virtue of that fact becomes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies -- since the only organisms instances can breed with to produce fertile offspring are, at that point, members of that collection. An instance of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. Exceptions occur when a species is conventionally defined to start since parenthood could conceivably be traced back billions of years, yet new species came into existance. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular instance of #$BiologicalGenus. Some genera have only a single species, but they remain different taxons.
> guid: bd58caeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$BiologicalSubspecies subspecies

> A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon whose instances are more restrictive than those of #$BiologicalSpecies. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubspecies is a specialization of some instance of #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies of the same species can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding; but such offspring are not members of either of the parental subspecies, although they are members of the common species. All instances of a given biological subspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common that are not shared by all other members of the subsuming species. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of the same species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, dog breeds or crop strains.
> guid: c0b6222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon

#$superTaxons super taxons

> A specialization of #$genls used to relate instances of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON SUPERTAXON) means that SUPERTAXON is above the more specific TAXON in the biological taxon hierarchy; i.e. the later taxon is more general and inclusive than the former. Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance of SUPERTAXON. For example, (#$superTaxons #$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus) holds. See also #$taxonMembers.
> guid: bd58e36e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OpenCycDefinitionalPredicate #$DefinitionalPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$genls

#$taxonMembers taxon members **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$taxonMembers is used to relate taxonomic groups to the types of organism that belong to those groups. (#$taxonMembers TAXON ORGTYPE) means that the #$BiologicalTaxon TAXON includes the #$OrganismClassificationType ORGTYPE. ORGTYPE may or may not be a scientific category; nonetheless, all members are classified under the scientific taxon TAXON. If ORGTYPE is also an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon, use the more specific (#$superTaxons ORGTYPE TAXON). Example: (#$taxonMembers #$Mammal #$FemalePerson). Organism types may be related to more than one taxon, so long as they are at diffent levels (e.g. #$BiologicalClass and #$BiologicalOrder).
> guid: bd58e3ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$memberOfSpecies member of species **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$memberOfSpecies ORG SPECIES) means that the organism ORG is a member of the #$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.
> guid: bd588e0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
> direct specialization of: #$isa

### Organism By Taxonomic Kingdom

#$Plant plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.
> guid: bd58c6e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism #$VegetableMatter #$PlantBLO #$TopAndBottomSidedObject
> direct generalization of: #$CropPlant #$Plant-Woody #$Plant-NonWoody #$FloweringPlant

#$Animal animals

> An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Instances of #$Animal are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of #$Heterotroph (q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.
> guid: bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
> direct specialization of: #$PerceptualAgent #$SolidTangibleThing #$AnimalBLO #$Heterotroph #$EukaryoticOrganism
> direct generalization of: #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$MedicalPatient #$OviparousAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$Invertebrate #$ChordataPhylum #$NonPersonAnimal #$AdultAnimal #$FemaleAnimal #$MaleAnimal #$MigratoryAnimal #$Vertebrate #$Herbivore #$Arthropod #$JuvenileAnimal #$ViviparousAnimal #$Homeotherm #$Person

#$Fungus Mycota

> A specialization of both #$EukaryoticOrganism and #$Heterotroph, and an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Instances of #$Fungus are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that are typically not capable of movement. The cell walls of instances of #$Fungus are structurally similar to the cell walls of #$Plants, but the former are composed mostly of chitin, while the latter are composed mostly of cellulose (see the collections #$Chitin and #$Cellulose). Instances of #$Fungus reproduce by means of spores, which are usually disseminated by the wind. Some types of #$Fungus are parasites (see the collection #$ParasiticOrganism), some are saprophytic (see the collection #$Saprophyte), and some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Notable specializations of #$Fungus include #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus.
> guid: bd589909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
> direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph #$EukaryoticOrganism

#$SingleCellOrganism single-celled organisms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$Microorganism and #$Cell. Each instance of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism composed of a single self-reproducing living cell. Notable specializations of #$SingleCellOrganism include #$Protozoan, #$ProkaryoticCell, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
> guid: bd5906e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity
> direct specialization of: #$Cell #$Microorganism
> direct generalization of: #$ProkaryoticCell #$Protozoan

#$ProkaryoticCell prokaryotic organisms

> A specialization of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each instance of #$ProkaryoticCell is a single-celled organism that lacks both a nucleus and mitochondria. Notable specializations of #$ProkaryoticCell include #$Bacterium, #$MoneraKingdom, and #$BlueGreenAlgae.
> guid: bd58d537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$SingleCellOrganism
> direct generalization of: #$MoneraKingdom

#$Bacterium bacteria **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of bacteria; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each element of #$Bacterium is also an element of #$ProkaryoticCell and of #$Heterotroph. Bacteria are typically incapable of processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class #$Bacterium, also called the Schizomycophyta, is one of the divisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. Many bacteria cause diseases that are instances of #$BacterialInfection in both plants and animals, but some are beneficial or even necessary for life. Compare with the #$BlueGreenAlgae.
> guid: bd58d4fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
> direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom

#$BlueGreenAlgae Cyanobacteria **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of (mostly dark blue-green in bulk) aquatic organisms called Blue-green Algae or sometimes Cyanobacteria. The elements of #$BlueGreenAlgae are also elements of #$Autotroph and of #$ProkaryoticCell, and they carry out processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class of #$BlueGreenAlgae, also called Cyanophyta, is one of the #$BiologicalDivisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. (Compare with #$Bacterium.)
> guid: bd58852e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
> direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom

#$MoneraKingdom Monera

> An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of both #$Organism-Whole and #$ProkaryoticCell. Each instance of #$MoneraKingdom is a one-celled prokaryotic organism (so each instance lacks a nuclear membrane, as well as other internal organelles). Specializations of #$MoneraKingdom include #$Bacterium, #$PseudomonasMallei, and #$EscherichiaColi.
> guid: bd58cb4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
> direct specialization of: #$ProkaryoticCell

#$ProtistaKingdom Protista

> An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom and a specialization of #$EukaryoticOrganism. Each instance of #$ProtistaKingdom is a eukaryotic organism that is _not_ a plant, animal, or fungus. All unicellular eukaryotic organisms are instances of #$ProtistaKingdom, although not all instances of #$ProtistaKingdom are unicellular organisms. Notable specializations of #$ProtistaKingdom include #$Protozoan, #$SlimeMold, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
> guid: bd58a629-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism
> direct generalization of: #$Protozoan

#$Protozoan protozoa

> The collection of protozoa; a subcollection of #$SingleCellOrganism. Instances of #$Protozoan are also instances of #$EukaryoticCell. Subcollections include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.
> guid: bd58a5e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom

#$Algae-LikeProtist algae-like Protists **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of protists (organisms classed in the #$ProtistaKingdom) that are said to be algae-like, such as golden algae or diatoms.
> guid: bd58a5a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom

#$SlimeMold slime molds **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of slime molds, peculiar creatures that exist in multiple phases, sometimes as scattered cells, sometimes as macroscopic colony-creatures able to move slowly, with vaguely fungal mechanisms. The class of slime molds is treated in many classification systems as an instance of #$BiologicalDivision, called Myxomycota, under the #$ProtistaKingdom. See also #$TrueSlimeMold and #$CellularSlimeMold.
> guid: bd58f7c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism #$ProtistaKingdom

#$Virus virii (microorganisms) (organisms) (living things)

> A specialization of #$Microorganism. Each instance of #$Virus consists mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other types of organisms; some can even infect instances of #$Bacterium. Note that #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.
> guid: bd589742-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Microorganism

### Organism By Habitat

#$AquaticOrganism aquatic organisms

> A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is a type of organism adapted to life underwater, whose instances spend all or most of their time immersed in water. A notable specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is #$Fish.
> guid: bd589715-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
> direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole
> direct generalization of: #$Fish

#$TerrestrialOrganism terrestrial organisms

> A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$TerrestrialOrganism is an organism adapted to life on land, out of water. Instances of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, either on the land surface or under it. Specializations of #$TerrestrialOrganism include #$Dog, #$Bird, and #$Person.
> guid: bd590841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
> direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole
> direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal #$FelidaeFamily #$Plant-Woody #$Primate #$Bird

### Organism By Source Of Nutrients

#$Heterotroph heterotrophs

> A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$Heterotroph is an organism incapable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. All instances of #$Animal are instances of #$Heterotroph, since animals must eat other living things, or parts of living things, in order to get the nutrients they need to live. Other specializations of #$Heterotroph include #$ParasiticOrganism and #$Fungus. Cf. #$Autotroph.
> guid: bd590331-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole
> direct generalization of: #$Fungus #$Animal #$Omnivore

#$Omnivore omnivores

> A specialization of #$Heterotroph (q.v.) and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Instances of #$Omnivore are those animals whose natural diets consist of both plants (or plant parts or plant-derived products) and animals (or animal parts or animal-derived products). Thus a human vegetarian is still omnivorous, since meat is part of our natural diet. Specializations of this collection include #$Pig, #$Bear, and #$Person. See also #$Herbivore and #$Carnivore.
> guid: bd58a5e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph
> direct generalization of: #$Person

#$Herbivore herbivores

> A specialization of #$Animal. An animal is an instance of #$Herbivore just in case it is an animal whose natural diet consists exclusively of plants or plant parts. (Thus a horse that was forced or conditioned by humans to eat meat would still be a herbivore, since meat is not part of its natural diet.) Notable specializations of #$Herbivore include the collections #$Ruminant and #$EquineAnimal.
> guid: bd5902f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$HerdAnimal

#$Carnivore meat-eating organisms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.
> guid: bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole
> direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal #$CarnivoreOrder

#$Saprophyte saprophytic organisms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of heterotrophic plants, fungi, or bacteria that live and feed on dead organic matter.
> guid: bd58a626-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph

#$Autotroph autotrophs **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of organisms capable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. Photosynthetic plants fall into this category, as do certain bacteria. See #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Cf. #$Heterotroph.
> guid: bd58ed15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole

### Animal By Taxonomic Phylum With Samples

#$ChordataPhylum chordates

> An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All chordate taxa have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the specializations of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.
> guid: bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$Vertebrate

#$Arthropod arthropods

> A #$BiologicalPhylum and a specialization of #$Invertebrate. Each instance of #$Arthropod is a member of a species whose members are typically chitin-armored invertebrates with jointed bodies and limbs. Specializations include #$Insect, #$Crustacean, and #$Arachnid.
> guid: bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
> direct specialization of: #$Invertebrate
> direct generalization of: #$Insect

#$Vertebrate vertebrates

> An instance of #$BiologicalTaxon within the #$BiologicalPhylum #$ChordataPhylum. Each instance of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. Notable specializations of #$Vertebrate include #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, and #$Fish.
> guid: bd58a5e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubphylum
> direct specialization of: #$ChordataPhylum #$HexalateralObject
> direct generalization of: #$Reptile #$Amphibian #$Mammal #$Bird #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Fish

#$Invertebrate invertebrates

> A specialization of #$Poikilotherm. Each instance of #$Invertebrate is an animal that lacks a backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.
> guid: bd58984b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$WildAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$FrontAndBackSidedObject
> direct generalization of: #$Arthropod

#$Insect insects

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Arthropod. Each instance of #$Insect is an arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, and sometimes two pairs of wings. Specializations of #$Insect include #$Bee, #$Ant, and #$Butterfly.
> guid: bd58b8f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$Vermin #$Arthropod

### Vertebrates By Taxonomic Class

#$Fish fish (non-human animals) (vertebrates) (sentient animals)

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Fish is a cold-blooded animal (see the collection #$Poikilotherm) with gills and fins. Each instance of #$Fish spends all or almost all of its life under water. Note that the collection #$Fish excludes fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal, such as porpoises and whales. Specializations of #$Fish include the collections #$Salmon, #$Catfish, and #$Tuna.
> guid: bd58df53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Poikilotherm #$Vertebrate #$AquaticOrganism

#$Bird birds

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded, winged animal covered with feathers. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly.
> guid: bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$OviparousAnimal #$Homeotherm
> direct generalization of: #$Waterfowl #$Penguin #$FlightlessBird

#$Mammal mammals

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a sub-taxon of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The skin of instances of #$Mammal is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates, as in pangolins), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs, and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from mammary glands.
> guid: bd58a628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$HumanScaleObject #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Homeotherm
> direct generalization of: #$CarnivoreOrder #$Eutheria

#$Reptile reptiles

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded vertebrate with a body covered by scales or bony plates. Notable specializations of #$Reptile include #$Snake, #$Lizard, and #$Turtle. Most species of #$Reptile are oviparous (see #$OviparousAnimal), but some are viviparous (see #$ViviparousAnimal).
> guid: bd58f230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Poikilotherm

#$Amphibian amphibians

> A specialization of #$Poikilotherm and #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Amphibian isa a cold-blodded and smooth-skinned vertebrate that hatches from an egg to form an aquatic larva (see #$Larva), which then metamorphoses into an air-breathing adult (see #$AirBreathingVertebrate). Important subcollections include #$Frog and #$Salamander.
> guid: bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$Vertebrate #$Poikilotherm

### Some Sample Kinds Of Mammal

#$Primate primates

> An instance of #$BiologicalOrder, and a sub-taxon of #$Eutheria. Each instance of #$Primate has a relatively large brain case, an unfused radius and ulna in the forelimbs, an unfused tibia and fibula in the hind limbs, and opposable thumbs. Notable specializations of #$Primate include #$Person, #$Orangutan, #$Gorilla, and #$Baboon.
> guid: bd58a674-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Eutheria
> direct generalization of: #$Person #$HominidaeFamily

#$Person people

> The collection of all human beings. Something is an instance of #$Person just in case it is a member of the species Homo Sapiens, and thus #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. Persons are the most intelligent kind of #$Primate, and the only kind known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons, who are, however, included in the collection #$LegalAgent.
> guid: bd588092-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$ViviparousAnimal #$Omnivore #$LegalAgent #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$HomoGenus
> direct generalization of: #$Artist #$UnemployedPerson #$PersonWithOccupation #$Philosopher #$Student #$ComputerProgrammer #$Athlete #$HumanChild #$FemalePerson #$MalePerson #$Leader #$HumanAdult

#$CanineAnimal canines

> A specialization of #$CarnivoreOrder. Each instance of #$CanineAnimal is a member of a dog-like species belonging to the #$CarnivoreOrder. The collection #$CanineAnimal includes the specializations #$Dog, #$Wolf, and #$Fox (qq.v.). Canine animals constitute an instance of #$BiologicalFamily, the Canidae.
> guid: bd58d044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$CarnivoreOrder
> direct generalization of: #$Dog

#$Dog dogs

> A #$BiologicalSpecies (scientific name `Canis familiaris') that is a specialization of #$CanineAnimal (q.v.). Each instance of #$Dog is a canine animal that has either been bred to be a domestic pet (see #$DomesticatedAnimal) or is a wild canine animal that is not an instance of #$Wolf, #$Fox, or any other non-dog specialization of #$CanineAnimal. (Thus #$Dog includes Australian dingos, e.g.)
> guid: bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal #$DomesticatedAnimal

#$Wolf wolves **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all wolves; a subset of #$CanineAnimal. By default, members of #$Wolf are elements of #$WildAnimal. Wolves are not included in the collection #$Dog. The collection #$Wolf does not correspond to any biological taxon. Note that members of the collection #$Wolf-Red are included in this collection as well as members of the collection #$Wolf-Gray.
> guid: bd58c31f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal

#$Whale whales **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all whales, including most types of cetacean. #$Whale is a subset of #$Mammal, including the largest mammals on Earth.
> guid: bd58dc2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$EquineAnimal equines **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of animals including horses and species closely related to horses. Subsets of #$EquineAnimal include #$Horse, #$Donkey, #$Zebra, #$Mule, among others.
> guid: bd58837e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$MountableTransporter #$Herbivore #$NonPersonAnimal #$Eutheria

#$Horse horses (herd animals) (herbivores) (non-human animals) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all horses, of all breeds; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Horses may be domesticated (for riding, draught, racing or breeding) or wild; see #$DomesticatedAnimal, #$WildAnimal. #$Horse constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (called Equus caballus). Horses can interbreed with donkeys to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Donkey, #$Mule).
> guid: c10060dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal

#$Zebra zebras **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all zebras; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. These black-and-white striped relatives of horses are native to the #$ContinentOfAfrica. Zebras are almost impossible to tame, therefore by default they are elements of #$WildAnimal, although a few have been successfully domesticated and harnessed.
> guid: bd589c55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal

#$Donkey donkeys **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all donkeys; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Also called burros, donkeys are slightly smaller than most horses. Elements of #$Donkey may belong to either of the collections #$DomesticatedAnimal or #$WildAnimal. Domesticated donkeys are used for draught and riding. Donkeys can interbreed with horses to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Horse, #$Mule).
> guid: bd58bf02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Mule mules (herbivores) (domesticated animals) (tame animals) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all mules; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Elements of #$Mule are the infertile hybrid offspring of a horse father and a donkey mother. Mules are presumed to be elements of #$DomesticatedAnimal, used for draught or riding. (An offspring of a donkey father and horse mother is called a jenny, and is recognizably distinct from the larger mule.) See also #$Horse, #$Donkey.
> guid: bd58bec0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$DomesticatedAnimal

#$Platypus duck-billed platypuses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all duck-billed platypi; a subset of #$Mammal. Elements of #$Platypus are Australian monotreme mammals, the females of which order lay eggs and lactate over a broad chest area rather than through teats. They have broad leathery bills and webbed feet. They swim in streams and rivers and live in burrows. #$Platypus constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (also called Ornithorhynchus anatinus).
> guid: bd58aa64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal

### Some Sample Kinds Of Reptile

#$Turtle turtles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all turtles; a subset of #$Reptile. Elements of #$Turtle are toothless reptiles with hard or else leathery enclosing shells. Turtles may live on land or in fresh or salt water. #$Turtle constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalOrder (also called Testudinata), which is of the #$BiologicalClass #$Reptile.
> guid: bd58f8c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Reptile

#$Snake snakes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all snakes; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Snake is a limbless, scaly, vermiform reptile with a long, narrow, tapering, mostly smooth body. Snakes in many species have poisonous and sometimes fatal bites. Snakes live on land, in trees, in fresh water, and in the sea (sea snakes). #$Snake constitutes a biological suborder (also called Serpentes or Ophidia).
> guid: bd5893ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Reptile

#$Lizard lizards (non-human animals) (vertebrates) (sentient animals) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all lizards; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Lizard is a toothed reptile with a tail and (with some exceptions) limbs, external ears, eyes with movable lids, and without enclosing shells. Reptiles range in size from less than an inch long to that of the large #$KomodoDragon. The collection #$Lizard constitutes a biological suborder (also called Sauria or Lacertilia). Colloquially, `lizard' may denote a crocodile, but compare #$Crocodilian.
> guid: bd58f0af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
> direct specialization of: #$Reptile

#$Crocodilian crocodilians **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gavials; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Crocodilian is a lizard-like aquatic or semi-aquatic reptile. (#$Crocodilian is not, however, a subset of #$Lizard.) Crocodilians are amphibious, carnivorous animals with many big sharp teeth and powerful bites.
> guid: bd58dfcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
> direct specialization of: #$Reptile

#$Crocodile crocodiles **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all crocodiles. These so-called True Crocodiles are distinct from alligators. The collection #$Crocodile constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Alligator.
> guid: bd58cbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Alligator alligators **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all alligators; a subset of #$Crocodilian. #$Alligator includes all the American Alligators and South American Caimans; it does NOT include crocodiles proper. The collection #$Alligator constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Crocodile.
> guid: bd58c77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

### Some Sample Kinds Of Bird

#$Pigeon pigeons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all common pigeons (which does not include doves).
> guid: bd58c5ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
> direct specialization of: #$Bird

#$Poultry domestic fowl **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all domesticated farm birds bred and kept for meat or eggs. The collection #$Poultry includes members of its subsets #$Chicken, #$Turkey, #$Duck, #$Goose-Bird, etc.
> guid: bd58c9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Bird

#$Chicken chickens (domestic fowl) (birds) (non-human animals) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all chickens (which excludes guinea fowl).
> guid: bd59020d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$Bird

#$Eagle eagles (birds) (non-human animals) (vertebrates) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all eagles.
> guid: bd5886a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Vulture vultures **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all vultures.
> guid: bd58c56b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Bird

#$Ostrich ostriches **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all ostriches.
> guid: bd67b796-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
> direct specialization of: #$FlightlessBird

#$Parrot parrots **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all parrots.
> guid: bd6640c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Bird

### Some Sample Kinds Of Amphibian

#$Frog frogs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all frogs (which excludes toads).
> guid: bd58dc4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
> direct specialization of: #$Amphibian

### Animal By Stage Of Development

#$Embryo embryos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.
> guid: c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject

#$EmbryoFn embryo fn

> An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance LIFETYPE of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.), #$EmbryoFn returns the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of LIFETYPE. For instance, (#$EmbryoFn #$Dog) is the collection of all embryonic instances of #$Dog.
> guid: c0fd5c85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$JuvenileAnimal baby animals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$LifeStageType, and a specialization of #$Animal. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.
> guid: c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal

#$JuvenileFn juvenile fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$JuvenileFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$JuvenileFn ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subcollection of #$JuvenileAnimal whose instances are the juveniles of the group of animals denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).
> guid: c10c2004-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

#$AdultAnimal adults

> A specialization of #$Animal. The collection of all adult animals (including adult humans): animals that are at least mature enough to bear offspring. Cf. #$JuvenileAnimal.
> guid: c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$HumanAdult

#$Pupa pupae **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Pupa is a stage during which a metamorphic insect such as a butterfly changes its form from the larval to the adult stage.
> guid: c10081af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$Insect

#$Larva larvae **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The stage of a metamorphic insect immediately after hatching, during which it is wingless and often wormlike.
> guid: c10081bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$Arthropod

#$Imago imagos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Imago is a metamorphic insect during its adult stage.
> guid: c10081da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$Insect #$AdultAnimal

### Animal By Sex

#$FemaleFn female fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$FemaleFn ORGTYPE) returns the subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.
> guid: c10c17fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

#$MaleFn male fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$MaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$MaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the males of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$MaleFn #$Person) and #$MalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$MaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all bucks.
> guid: c10c1550-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

#$hasGender-Coll has gender - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$hasGender ORGANISM SEX) means that the sex of ORGANISM is SEX.
> guid: 05faecec-7f01-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$isa

#$GenderOfLivingThing-Coll genders **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of genders that organisms can have.
> guid: 636cd08e-74b1-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$Masculine-Coll male **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is called masculine gender.
> guid: f69aca66-74b9-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of:
> direct generalization of: #$MalePerson #$MaleAnimal

#$Feminine-Coll female **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender.
> guid: 22ac5432-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of:
> direct generalization of: #$FemalePerson #$AdultFemalePerson #$FemaleAnimal

#$MaleAnimal male animals

> The collection of all male animals.
> guid: bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$MalePerson

#$FemaleAnimal female animals

> The collection of all female animals.
> guid: bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
> direct specialization of: #$Animal

#$MalePerson male people

> The collection of all male persons.
> guid: bd58d6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByCulture
> direct specialization of: #$Person #$MaleAnimal
> direct generalization of: #$AdultMalePerson

#$FemalePerson is the atomic form of (#$FemaleFn #$Person)(#$FemaleFn #$Person)

> A specialization of both #$Person and #$FemaleAnimal. The collection of all female persons.
> guid: bd58d6e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByCulture #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Person
> direct generalization of: #$AdultFemalePerson

### Animals By Gross Form

#$AnimalBodyShapeType animal body shape type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of animal body shape types; instances are specializations of #$Configuration which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts which are the standard body shapes.
> guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType

#$AnimalBodyShapeType animal body shape type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of animal body shape types; instances are specializations of #$Configuration which describe standard arrangements of animal body parts which are the standard body shapes.
> guid: bd58948d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$GenericShapeType

#$Worm worms (non-human animals) (animals) (organisms) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all worms; a subset of #$Animal. Each element of #$Worm is a long, thin, flexible, tubular or thread-like or ribbon-shaped animal (excluding eels, snakes, and limbless lizards); most worms are small or even microscopic. The collection #$Worm includes members of numerous worm phyla (see #$BiologicalPhylum), for example, Annelida (earthworms, etc.), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (nematodes), Nemertia, tapeworms, liver flukes, etc. #$Worm also includes the vermiform larval stages of several species of #$Arthropod. #$Worm is not a standard scientific category (see #$BiologicalTaxon).
> guid: c0fd58ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Invertebrate

### Animals By Miscellaneous Criteria

#$NonPersonAnimal is the atomic form of (#$CollectionDifferenceFn #$Animal #$Person)(#$CollectionDifferenceFn #$Animal #$Person)

> The collection of all instances of #$Animal that are not instances of #$Person.
> guid: bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$Vermin #$TameAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$WildAnimal #$CarnivoreOrder #$Reptile #$Bird #$HerdAnimal #$OviparousAnimal #$Fish #$DomesticatedAnimal

#$SentientAnimal sentient animals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subset of #$Animal, the collection of all animals which have a mind and are capable of conscious thought, or at least are best treated as such if you have to deal with them.
> guid: bd58a520-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal
> direct generalization of: #$Vertebrate

#$MigratoryAnimal migratory animals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies.
> guid: c1009f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal

#$HerdAnimal herd animals

> A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Instances of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; most instances of #$Ruminant are also instances of #$HerdAnimal.
> guid: bd5f5651-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Herbivore #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$NonPersonAnimal

#$CaptiveAnimal captive animals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.
> guid: c100573e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Animal

#$DomesticatedAnimal domesticated animals (tame animals) (non-human animals) (animals)

> A specialization of #$TameAnimal. Each instance of #$DomesticatedAnimal is an animal that has been bred and trained in such a way that it cannot readily survive in the wild. Domesticated animals are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and their relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does _not_ include most wild animals kept in zoos (see #$CaptiveAnimal). Cf. #$WildAnimal.
> guid: c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$TameAnimal
> direct generalization of: #$DomesticPet #$Dog

#$WildAnimal wild animals

> A specialization of #$NonPersonAnimal. Each instance of this collection is a non-human animal that is not domesticated or tame. Note that a captive animal may still be a wild animal, e.g. zoo animals that are not tame or domesticated. Specializations of #$WildAnimal are returned by #$WildAnimalFn. See also #$CaptiveAnimal, #$DomesticatedAnimal.
> guid: c100532b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal
> direct generalization of: #$Invertebrate

#$DomesticPet domestic pets

> #$DomesticPet is a specialization of #$DomesticatedAnimal, #$HumanOccupationConstructResident, and #$PortableObject. Each specialization of #$DomesticPet is a type of domesticated animal kept by humans primarily for companionship. Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners.
> guid: bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$PortableObject #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$DomesticatedAnimal

#$Vermin pests **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of animals considered undesirable to find living in human habitation buildings or other facilities.
> guid: bd58a57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal
> direct generalization of: #$Insect

#$DeadAnimal corpses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose instances must be alive). Each instance of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.
> guid: bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$OrganicStuff

### Plants By Botanical Taxonomy

#$FloweringPlant magnoliophytes

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
> guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$Plant
> direct generalization of: #$MonocotSubclass #$FloweryPlant

#$GymnospermGroup gymnosperms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A biological group of plant classes within the #$PterophytinaSubdivision whose members all bear seeds which are not protected by a carpel. The #$GymnospermGroup includes the #$Conifers and gingkos. See also #$Seed, #$Carpel.
> guid: bd5882cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$Plant

#$FloweringPlant magnoliophytes

> An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see the collection #$FloweryPlant.
> guid: bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
> direct specialization of: #$Plant
> direct generalization of: #$MonocotSubclass #$FloweryPlant

#$Succulent-Plant succulents **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all succulent #$Plants (of various #$BiologicalSpecies).
> guid: c0fe06c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant-NonWoody

#$DicotSubclass dicots **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> One of the two subclasses in the angiosperm class. Includes taxa whose members usually have two cotyledons in the embryo phase, may have a cambium, and usually have broad leaves with branching veins.
> guid: bd58e3ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubclass
> direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant

#$MonocotSubclass monocots

> #$MonocotSubclass is a specialization of #$FloweringPlant and instance of #$BiologicalSubclass. It is an angiosperm subclass containing taxa whose members have only one cotyledon in the embryo phase and lack normal secondary growth.
> guid: bd58b0d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubclass
> direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant

#$MonoeciousPlantSpecies monoecious plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of monoecious #$Plants (plant species in which one plant has both male and female reproductive organs, e.g., stamen and pistil, but in widely separated structures on the plant). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies and #$DioeciousPlantSpecies.
> guid: bd589cb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies

#$DioeciousPlantSpecies dioecious plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of dioecious #$Plants, or plant species in which each individual plant has only the reproductive organs of one sex, not both (e.g., either female pistil or male stamen). Compare #$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
> guid: bd58e4b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies

#$HermaphroditicPlantSpecies hermaphroditic plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$BiologicalSpecies of normally hermaphroditic #$Plants, plants with male and female organs occurring together in the same structure (e.g., pistils and stamens in the same flower). Compare #$DioeciousPlantSpecies and #$MonoeciousPlantSpecies.
> guid: bd5890bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalSpecies

### Plants By Gross Form

#$PlantPhysiologicalAttribute plant physiological attribute **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of attributes referring to the physiological properties of plants. At the very least, these include seasonal stages, physical properties, and plant health. These attributes apply to entire #$Plants rather than just to certain parts of them.
> guid: bd61e030-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalAttributeOfTangibleOnly

#$Vine-Plant vines **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Plant and #$TerrestrialOrganism. Each instance of #$Vine-Plant is a plant that grows in a form chacterized by long tendrils or long, narrow, flexible ropy strands.
> guid: bd58c2a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant #$TerrestrialOrganism

#$Plant-NonWoody herbaceous plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of non-woody, herbaceous #$Plants. Those #$Plants such as grasses, herbs, wildflowers, etc. which are fairly low-growing, often annual, and don't grow woody stems. Excludes large, hard bamboos, and Balsa.
> guid: c10adb62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant
> direct generalization of: #$Vegetable-Plant

#$Plant-Woody woody plants **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Plant and #$TerrestrialOrganism. Each instance of #$Plant-Woody is a plant whose trunk, stems, or branches (and usually roots) are woody.
> guid: c0fde301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant
> direct generalization of: #$Tree-ThePlant #$EvergreenPlant #$DeciduousPlant #$Bush

#$Tree-ThePlant trees

> A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$Tree-ThePlant is a tall woody plant (typical mature specimens are usually taller than a person or a bush), generally having a branching form overall, and with roots in the ground, a trunk, and the branches having numerous leaves exposed to the sky. Notable specializations of #$Tree-ThePlant include #$OakTree, #$MapleTree, #$GiantSequoia, and #$BananaTree.
> guid: bd58cf75-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody

#$Bush bushes

> A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$Bush is a woody plant of branching growth habit that lacks a substantial trunk and is not usually taller than an adult person (and is typically re shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.
> guid: bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody

#$FloweryPlant flowers (plants) (garden supplies) (organisms)

> A specialization of #$FloweringPlant and an instance of #$LifeStageType (q.v.). Each instance of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in bloom (i.e. has flowers showing). This collection includes both bushes and trees with visible flowers.
> guid: bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$FloweringPlant

#$Vegetable-Plant vegetables **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of plants that play a special role in human nutrition. Each instance of #$Vegetable-Plant is a plant that produces the edible things that we normally call `vegetables' (which can include fruits, seeds, stalks, leaves, or other parts, or even the whole plant). The instances of #$Vegetable-Plant grow in gardens and produce the vegetables that are eaten; vegetable plants are not necessarily also instances of #$Food. See #$Vegetable-Food for the collection of vegetables--plants or (more usually) plant parts--that are eaten by humans.
> guid: bd58c247-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant-NonWoody

#$PlantProduct plant products **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$Products that are plants or plant parts (individually or in bulk), or substances derived from plants, which are produced by people or countries and made available for use, sale or exchange.
> guid: bd58923e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$VegetableMatter
> direct generalization of: #$Wood #$Vegetable-Food

### Plants By Seasonal Change

#$DeciduousPlant deciduous plants

> A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones. Cf. #$EvergreenPlant.
> guid: bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody

#$EvergreenPlant evergreens

> A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains its leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. See also the collection #$DeciduousPlant.
> guid: c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant-Woody

#$TrueFungus true funguses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of fungi. #$TrueFungus contains the subsets #$Mushroom and #$Yeast.
> guid: bd58d931-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
> direct specialization of: #$Fungus

#$Mushroom mushrooms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all mushrooms (a kind of #$Fungus) including puffballs, toadstools, bark ears, morels, etc.
> guid: bd58a3ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType #$DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

### Organism Parts

#$Organism-Whole organisms

> A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
> guid: bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$Animal #$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant #$Carnivore #$MoneraKingdom #$Heterotroph #$Autotroph #$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism

#$OrganismPart organism parts

> A specialization of both #$PhysicalPartOfObject and #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$OrganismPart is an anatomical part of an organism. This collection includes the gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species.
> guid: c1005766-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$MuscleTissue #$Sac-Organic #$CellPart #$Tumor #$PlantPart #$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$InternalAnatomicalPart #$AnimalBodyRegion

#$PlantPart plant parts

> A specialization of #$PlantBLO and #$OrganismPart. Each instance of this collection is a physical part of some #$Plant. An important specialization of this collection is #$BotanicalOrgan; but #$PlantPart also includes many smaller plant parts which display a similar level of organization -- they have vascular tissue, ground tissue, and an epidermis -- but are not included in the traditional understanding of a #$BotanicalOrgan (i.e. leaves, stems, roots and flowers). See also #$PlantPartType.
> guid: bd58ee6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PlantBLO #$OrganismPart
> direct generalization of: #$Fruit #$BotanicalOrgan #$Seed

#$PlantPartType types of plant part **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines. Since #$PlantPartType is a #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, any two instances of it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint, unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.)
> guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType

#$Cell biological cells **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of living cells; a specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells.
> guid: bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismConstituentType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$EukaryoticCell #$SingleCellOrganism

#$EukaryoticCell eukaryotic cells

> A specialization of #$Cell. Each instance of #$EukaryoticCell is a cell that serves as the basic structural unit of a eukaryotic organism. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.
> guid: bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Cell
> direct generalization of: #$HaploidCell #$Protozoan

#$AnimalCell animal cells **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$Cells that #$Animals and parts of #$Animals are made of.
> guid: bd58c15b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell

#$BotanicalCell botanical cells **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subset of #$Cell. #$BotanicalCell is the collection of cells which constitute the elements of #$Plant and #$PlantPart, e.g., the cells making up elements of #$BotanicalOrgan, of #$Seed, and of #$Spore-PlantLifeStage.
> guid: bd58ede5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell

#$HaploidCell haploids

> A specialization of #$EukaryoticCell. Each instance of #$HaploidCell is a cell which has a single chromosome set. For example, gametes such as sperm and ova are haploid cells (see #$Gamete). There also haploid forms of some mature multicellular organisms.
> guid: c10c1d14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell
> direct generalization of: #$Gamete

#$DiploidCell diploids **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$EukaryoticCells with paired chromosomes (two sets during the metaphase of mitosis). This is the standard arrangement for the cells in the bodies of adult multicellular organisms.
> guid: c10c1a8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell

#$CellPart cell parts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc.
> guid: c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$MicroscopicScaleObject #$OrganismPart

#$AnimalBLO animals or body part

> A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject that includes all living animals, body parts of living animals, and body regions of living animals. #$AnimalBLO is thus the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Animal, #$AnimalBodyPart, and #$AnimalBodyRegion (qq.v.).
> guid: c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalBodyPart #$SpermCell #$Animal #$AnimalBodyRegion

#$Ovum ova

> A specialization of #$Gamete. Each instance of #$Ovum is a specialized gamete cell produced by meiosis (see #$Meiosis) in the reproductive tract of a female animal. Each ovum usually has half the number of chromosomes that a regular body cell does, and when fertilized by a sperm cell (see #$SpermCell), it becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual animal. See also #$FemaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
> guid: bd58bd8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Gamete

#$SpermCell sperm

> A specialization of #$Gamete. Each instance of #$SpermCell is a specialized gamete cell which is produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of a male animal. Each sperm cell usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum (see #$Ovum), the ovum becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual animal. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.
> guid: bd58ef77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalBLO

#$Egg-Birds bird's eggs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of complex ovum structures produced and emitted (laid) by female birds, in which the ovum is swollen with yolk (a food reserve substance), and around which other stuff (the white and the shell) is secreted before the egg is laid. Bird eggs have usually been fertilized before the shell forms around them; chicken eggs sold commercially for food are usually unfertilized.
> guid: bd5895fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$PlantBLO plants or plant parts

> A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject that includes all plants and parts of plants. #$PlantBLO is thus the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Plant and #$PlantPart (qq.v.).
> guid: c0fe06bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject
> direct generalization of: #$Plant #$PlantPart

#$Seed seeds

> A specialization of #$PlantBLO. Each instance of #$Seed is a small nodule or granule consisting of a young angiosperm and its protective container during the early (zygotic and embryonic stages) of development. If conditions are right, instances of #$Seed will grow to become adult plants.
> guid: bd58abc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$PlantPart

#$FruitFn fruit fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$FruitFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, which is used to denote the various natural kinds of fruit. #$FruitFn takes a single plant collection as its argument and returns the collection of fruits of that type of plant. (#$FruitFn PLANTTYPE) denotes the collection of all fruits from the elements of PLANTTYPE. Examples: (#$FruitFn #$AppleTree) denotes the collection of apples; (#$FruitFn #$CashewTree) denotes the fruit of the cashew tree (note this does NOT correspond with #$Cashew-TheSeed; the red pulpy fruit is used to make cashew wine).
> guid: bd58a976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$Fruit fruits **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each instance of #$Fruit is a plant structure containing the seeds of an angiosperm. Many instances of #$Fruit have fleshy walls with high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit.
> guid: bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganismPartType #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$SolidTangibleThing #$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$PlantPart #$Mixture

#$Seedling seedlings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subset of #$Plant. #$Seedling is the collection of all growing plants in the stage after germination but before primary development. The seedling stage begins with the rupture of the seed coat and ends at the vague time that the growing plant is 'well established'.
> guid: bd58ff65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
> direct specialization of: #$Plant

#$Bulb-ThePlantPart bulbs (organism parts) (living things) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of parts found in some monocotyledonous plants. Typical elements of #$Bulb-ThePlantPart are found just below the surface of the soil. A plant bulb is NOT a root; rather, it is a very short stem with associated leaf bases that are thick and broad, forming a roundish bulb with many layers of leaf bases.
> guid: bd58f148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PlantPart

#$BotanicalOrgan botanical organs

> A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each instance of #$BotanicalOrgan is a major morphological and functional feature of an individual plant. Notable specializations of #$BotanicalOrgan include #$Flower-BotanicalPart, #$Leaf, and #$Stem.
> guid: bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PlantPart

#$Flower-BotanicalPart blossoms **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all reproductive organs of angiosperm plants. May or may not look like conventional 'flowers'.
> guid: bd590693-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$OrganismPartType
> direct specialization of: #$ExternalAnatomicalPart #$BotanicalOrgan

#$PlantPartType types of plant part **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each element of #$PlantPartType is a collection of parts of plants, characterized by their structure and function, rather than along taxonomic lines. Since #$PlantPartType is a #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, any two instances of it (such as #$NutShell and #$Leaf) can be assumed disjoint, unless we know that one is a subset of the other. (For more information, see comment on #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.)
> guid: c0fdeed5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$OrganismPartType

### Biological Events

#$BiologicalEvent biological events

> A specialization of #$BiologicalProcess (q.v.) instances of which are non-deliberately done by biological organisms. Each instance of #$BiologicalEvent is a biological process that has an instance of #$Organism-Whole as a bodily doer (see #$bodilyDoer). Note that not all physical events that have bodily doers are #$BiologicalEvents; they might (e.g.) be #$PhysiologicalConditions that are not biological events. Thus, having a bodily doer is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for being an instance of #$BiologicalEvent.
> guid: bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$DyingOfBLO #$Dying #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary

#$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure biological transportation

> A specialization of #$Translation-Complete. Each instance of #$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure is a movement event in which the trajectory of the object moving (see #$trajectory-Complete and #$primaryObjectMoving) follows a living structure (an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject) internal to some organism (see #$Organism-Whole) for a significant portion of the movement (so that the living structure is a #$motionPathway-Partial (q.v.) for the movement). Notable specializations of #$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure include #$EatingEvent, #$DigestionEvent, and #$Inhaling.
> guid: bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Translation-Complete
> direct generalization of: #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$Exhaling #$DigestionEvent

#$BiologicalMetabolismEvent metabolism

> A specialization of #$BiologicalProcess-CellularLevel. Each instance of #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent is a biological process in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates.
> guid: bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ChemicalReaction
> direct generalization of: #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent

#$BirthEvent births **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment).
> guid: bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$MedicalCareEvent #$EmittingAnObject #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent

#$BiologicalDestructionEvent biological destruction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, some instance(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) are destroyed. Notable specializations of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent include #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent, #$DigestionEvent, and #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent.
> guid: bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalDestructionEvent #$BiologicalEvent
> direct generalization of: #$DyingOfBLO #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent

#$Killing-Biological killing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$Killing-Biological, one living organism ends (either intentionally or unintentionally) the life of another living organism.
> guid: bd58ac2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$MammalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalDestructionEvent #$AnimalActivity #$HarmingAnAgent

#$PregnancyEndingEvent pregnancy ending events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events which terminate a pregnancy, including birth, abortion, and miscarriage.
> guid: c0fd51d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$AnimalActivity
> direct generalization of: #$BirthEvent

#$DecompositionEvent decomposed **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.
> guid: bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$DecompositionProcess
> direct generalization of: #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent

#$BiologicalProductionEvent biological production **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and at least one instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) is the producer. Specializations of #$BiologicalProductionEvent include #$SecretionEvent and #$BiologicalReproductionEvent.
> guid: bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PhysicalCreationEvent #$Production-Generic #$BiologicalEvent
> direct generalization of: #$SecretionEvent #$BiologicalReproductionEvent

#$BiologicalGrowthEvent biological growth events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalGrowthEvent, a living structure (not necessarily a whole organism) increases in size.
> guid: bd58bcbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalEvent #$PhysicalCreationEvent

#$BiologicalIntakeEvent biological intake events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$BiologicalTransportationEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure.
> guid: bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnimalCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TranslationAlongInternalLivingStructure
> direct generalization of: #$Ingesting #$Inhaling #$Swallowing

#$BiologicalReproductionEvent reproduction events

> A specialization of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each instance of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) (related to the event by #$parentActors) produce at least one new instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (related to the event by #$offspringActors), generally of the same kind as the parents. Notable specializations of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent include #$AsexualReproductionEvent and #$SexualReproductionEvent.
> guid: bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalProductionEvent
> direct generalization of: #$SexualReproductionEvent

#$parentActors parent (actor slot) (role) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$parentActors EV P) means that organism P is one of the parents in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EV.
> guid: bd58d9cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$preActors

#$offspringActors offspring **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$offspringActors EVENT ORGANISM) means that ORGANISM is an offspring created in the #$BiologicalReproductionEvent EVENT .
> guid: bd58d98a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$AsexualReproductionEvent asexual reproduction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. In each element of #$AsexualReproductionEvent, an organism produces offspring via asexual means. E.g., mitotic division by instances of #$SingleCellOrganism; and budding, root-sprouting, etc., for (various) instances of #$Plant).
> guid: bd589292-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalReproductionEvent

#$SexualReproductionEvent sexual reproduction **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent. In each instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent, two #$parentActors produce one or more offspring. Sexual activity which does not result in offspring is not included in this concept. On the other hand, if offspring begin to develop, but never finish (e.g., it just hasn't finished yet, or the mother dies, or the offspring is aborted, or the offspring doesn't survive to independence, etc.), then that is still considered an instance of #$SexualReproductionEvent but an incomplete one. The example of #$SexualReproductionEvent most familiar to most people is when two mammals, one male and one female, mate; sperm from the male combines with one or more eggs inside the female and the resulting offspring develop(s), inside the female parent and dependent upon her for nutrition, until it/they is/are born. However, #$SexualReproductionEvent is more general than that, and would include these examples: Two birds mate; the female lays one or more eggs; both parents incubate the eggs until they hatch. Two fish engage in courtship; the female expells her eggs; the male expells his sperm on top of them, and they swim away leaving many fertilized eggs to develop into juvenile fish. One oak tree's flowers give off airborne pollen; some grains land on the stigma of another tree's flower and fertilize the ovary inside, which then develops into an acorn which is shed by the female parent at the end of summer.
> guid: bd58e9a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BiologicalReproductionEvent

#$BiologicalFusionEvent biological fusion **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalFusionEvent, living structures fuse to form a single living structure.
> guid: bd58bcff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$FusionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent

#$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent fertilization (biological event) (creation) (creation or destruction event) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events. In each element of #$ReproductiveFertilizationEvent, gametes fuse to form a zygote.
> guid: bd58a9d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$SecretionEvent secreting

> A specialization of both #$EmittingAnObject and #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each instance of #$SecretionEvent is an event in which a living animal or plant secretes from its body some instance of #$Secretion-Bodily (q.v.).
> guid: bd58c3cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$EmittingAnObject #$BiologicalProductionEvent

#$AnimalActivity actions performed by animals

> A specialization of #$Action. Each instance of #$AnimalActivity is a spatially-localized action, each of whose doers (see #$doneBy) is either an #$Animal or a group of animals (i.e. a #$Group all of whose members are #$Animals).
> guid: bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Action #$Event-Localized
> direct generalization of: #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$TakingSomething #$IncurringAnInjury #$HumanActivity #$GivingSomething #$ProgrammingAComputer #$LearnedActivity #$LocomotionEvent-Animal #$Starvation #$Killing-Biological #$BodyMovementEvent #$GoingToSleep #$WakingUpFromSleep #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent #$EncounteringSomething

#$AnimalMigration migrations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S.
> guid: c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Translation-RoundTrip #$LocomotionEvent-Animal

Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.