## Time and Dates

E-Mail Comments to: opencyc-doc@cyc.com
Last Update: 12/13/02
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.

Return to Documentation Contents
Return to Vocabulary Contents

### Things With Temporal Extent

#$TemporalThing things that exists in time

> The collection of all things that have temporal extent or location, i.e. things about which one might sensibly ask When? . #$TemporalThing thus contains many kinds of things, including events, physical objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Note that #$TimePoint is a specialization of #$TemporalThing, since time points have temporal location, although they arguably lack temporal extent. Abstract things that are timeless -- such as mathematical sets, attributes, and numbers -- are of course _not_ instances of #$TemporalThing.
> guid: bd5880c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$Artifact-Generic #$Situation-Temporal #$SpatialThing-Localized #$Series #$BeliefSystem #$SomethingExisting #$TimeInterval #$Product #$Group #$Credential #$HumanLanguage #$SoftwareParameter

#$TemporalObjectType types of temporally object-like thing

> A specialization of #$ObjectType (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally object-like. A collection COL is temporally object-like just in case there is some sense of `temporal part' (see #$timeSlices) according to which any given proper temporal part of an instance of COL is generally _not_ itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance of #$TemporalObjectType it is sufficient that there be some (proper or improper) specialization TEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such that the following holds: for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ1 and OBJ2 distinct), if (isa OBJ1 COL) and (TEMPPARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2), then _not_ (isa OBJ2 COL). (Also sufficient for COL's being temporally object-like is that there be some spec-inverse INVTEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such that (INVTEMPPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1), with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for COL's being a temporal-object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed; thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in _nearly_ all cases, COL should be considered an instance of #$TemporalObjectType. As an example, consider #$LeapYear. No proper #$timeSlices of a leap year is itself a leap year. So #$LeapYear is an instance of #$TemporalObjectType. See #$TemporalStuffType for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like.
> guid: bd58aadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$AccessingScriptType #$ClimateCycleType #$CalendarCoveringType #$DayOfWeekType #$MonthOfYearType #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType #$WeeklyTemporalObjectType #$TimeOfDayType #$HourOfDayType #$CalendarSeasonType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$AnnualTemporalObjectType

#$TemporalStuffType types of temporally stuff-like thing **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$StuffType (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection COL is temporally stuff-like just in case every time slice (see #$timeSlices) of an instance of COL (at or above COL's temporal graularity level; see #$granuleOfTemporalStuff) is itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance of #$TemporalStuffType it is sufficient that for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ2 at or above COL's temporal granularity level), if (#$isa OBJ1 COL) and (#$timeSlices OBJ1 OBJ2), then (#$isa OBJ2 COL). Consider #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. Take an arbitrary instance WALK of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice SUBWALK of WALK that subsumes at least one instance of (the #$granuleOfTemporalStuff for #$WalkingOnTwoLegs) #$TakingAStep (say her trip back from the end of the runway). SUBWALK is itself an instance of #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. So #$WalkingOnTwoLegs is an instance of #$TemporalStuffType. See #$TemporalObjectType for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like.
> guid: bd58ad37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$StuffType
> direct generalization of: #$ElectromagneticRadiationType #$OrganismConstituentType #$WavePropagationType #$SoundWavePropagationType #$ExistingObjectType #$ExistingStuffType #$IBTContentType #$PhysiologicalConditionType

#$Event events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An important specialization of #$Situation-Temporal and #$IntangibleIndividual (qq.v). Each instance of #$Event is a dynamic situation in which the state of the world changes; each instance is something one would say happens . Events are intangible because they consist of changes per se, not tangible objects that effect changes. Instances of #$Event should not be confused with instances of #$TimeInterval (q.v.). The temporal bounds of events are delineated by time intervals, but in contrast to events time intervals have no spatial extent.
> guid: bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Situation-Temporal
> direct generalization of: #$Event-Localized #$EconomicEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$Action #$UMLTransition #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$Compounding-WordFormationProcess #$Conversion-WordFormationProcess #$ImprovementEvent

#$SomethingExisting things existing stably in time

> A specialization of #$TemporalThing whose instances are more or less static, as compared (e.g.) to the more dynamic instances of #$Event. The clearest examples of #$SomethingExistings are tangible things, such as people, lakes, stars, and the Earth's ionosphere. But #$SomethingExisting also includes certain intangible temporal things, such as #$Agreements and #$Obligations, that remain relatively stable throughout their lifetimes. On the other hand, #$SomethingExisting excludes purely temporal intangibles such as #$TimeIntervals.
> guid: bd58b6e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing
> direct generalization of: #$Agent-Generic #$GeographicalThing #$Place #$PartiallyTangible #$Entity #$IntangibleExistingThing #$Holdings #$SpatialPathSystem #$Path-Spatial

#$TimeInterval time intervals

> A specialization of #$TemporalThing. Each instance of #$TimeInterval is a temporal thing characterized fully by its temporal attributes. For example, the year 1969 C.E. is an instance of #$TimeInterval; although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. On the other hand, the event of Neil Armstrong's walking on the Moon is an #$Event and not a #$TimeInterval, since it is not fully characterized by its temporal extent or other temporal attributes. Specializations of #$TimeInterval include #$CalendarYear, #$CalendarMonth, and #$FiscalQuarter.
> guid: bd5880c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing #$IntangibleIndividual
> direct generalization of: #$TimeOfDay #$Date #$TimePoint #$AcademicYear #$AcademicQuarter #$AcademicSemester #$AcademicTrimester

### Time As A Quantity

#$Time-Quantity times

> A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity, corresponding to a certain amount of time , that can be possessed by #$TemporalThings. The #$Time-Quantity had by a given thing represents the total amount of time that the thing exists, occurs over, or endures; see #$duration. Consider a sentence of the form (#$duration TEMPTHING TIMEQUANT). If TEMPTHING is a #$SomethingExisting, the sentence means that TEMPTHING exists for a lifetime that is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is an #$Event, the sentence means that TEMPTHING (fully) transpires over an interval of time that is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is itself a #$TimeInterval (q.v.), the sentence means that TEMPTHING has a duration of TIMEQUANT. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration (q.v.); but there are other ways to specify an amount of time, e.g. with other instances of #$UnitOfMeasure (such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration) or with instances of #$Time-Quantity (such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, and #$AFewDecadesDuration).
> guid: bd5880a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FundamentalNumericScalarIntervalType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$NonNegativeScalarInterval #$PhysicalQuantity

#$SecondsDuration second **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in seconds. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration NUM) denotes the (point-value) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM seconds in duration, and an expression of the form (#$SecondsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN and at most MAX seconds in duration.
> guid: bd58ebb1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfTime #$StandardUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$MinutesDuration minute (unit of time)

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in minutes. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM minutes in duration, and an expression of the form (#$MinutesDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN minutes and at most MAX minutes in duration.
> guid: bd58eb73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$HoursDuration hour

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as argument(s) and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in hours. More precisely: an expression of the form (#$HoursDuration NUM) denotes a ( point-like ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM hours in duration; an expression of the form (#$HoursDuration MIN MAX) denotes a (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN hours and most MAX hours in duration.
> guid: bd58eb34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$DaysDuration day (unit of time) (unit of measure) (relationship) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$DaysDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM days in duration, and an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN days and at most MAX days in duration.
> guid: bd58eaaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$MonthsDuration month (unit of time) (unit of measure) (relationship) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some #$Time-Quantity. An expression of the form (#$MonthsDuration MIN MAX) denotes a #$Time-Quantity that is at least MIN months and at most MAX months. (#$MonthsDuration NUM) denotes a #$Time-Quantity that is exactly NUM months.
> guid: bd58ea6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$QuartersDuration quarter (unit of time) (unit of measure) (relationship)

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in quarter-years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM quarter-years in duration, and an expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN quarter-years and at most MAX quarter-years in duration.
> guid: bd5c796e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$YearsDuration year (unit of time) (unit of measure) (relationship) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$UnitOfTime function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity of being exactly NUM years in duration, and an expression of the form (#$YearsDuration MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity of being at least MIN years and at most MAX years in duration.
> guid: bd58eaef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnitOfTime #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix #$Individual

#$AFewMinutesDuration-Coll a few minutes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 minutes
> guid: 4c781372-74be-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$Time-Quantity

#$AFewDecadesDuration-Coll a few decades **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 decades
> guid: 78ad7ae8-74c0-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of:

#$AFewHoursDuration-Coll a few hours **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 10 hours
> guid: 6856d282-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of: #$Time-Quantity

#$AFewSecondsDuration-Coll a few seconds **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Duration of 2 to 30 seconds
> guid: 0ed6cc06-74bf-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$Collection
> direct specialization of:

### Time Points

#$TimePoint time points

> A subcollection of #$TimeInterval (q.v.). An instance of #$TimePoint is an interval of time that has no duration (or, if you prefer, an infinitely small duration). A time point corresponds to what is colloquially described as an instant or moment . If time is likened to a (perhaps infinitely long) straight line, then each #$TimePoint is like a particular point on that line. Given that time intervals are defined purely by their locations in time, no two time intervals can occupy exactly the same times (see #$cotemporal); and since time points are intervals with no duration, no two time points can even overlap (see #$temporallyOverlaps). Some temporal properties of #$TemporalThings are given in terms of time points, e.g. #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint. See also #$Now.
> guid: bd58ca05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$simultaneousWith simultaneous with **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$simultaneousWith T1 T2) means that #$TimePoints T1 and T2 occur at exactly the same time (and therefore T1 #$equals T2). Note that individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms. Rather, an axiom is more likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalPredicate, such as #$cotemporal or #$temporalBoundsIdentical, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalPredicates are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicates, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
> guid: bd58a4fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate #$EquivalenceRelation
> direct specialization of: #$equals #$cotemporal #$endingPoint #$startingPoint #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$after after (primitive temporal predicate) (temporal predicate) (transitive binary predicate)

> A #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate that relates two points in time. (#$after LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER.
> guid: bd58a4b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterEndingOf

#$StartFn start fn

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing, #$StartFn returns the #$TimePoint at which THING began.
> guid: be010fc3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$startingPoint beginning **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the time point at which it starts or begins to exist. (#$startingPoint THING POINT) means that THING begins at POINT, which is the earliest moment of its temporal extent. See also #$endingPoint.
> guid: be00f69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallySubsumes

#$EndFn end fn

> #$EndFn is a unary function that takes an instance of #$TemporalThing as an argument and returns an instance of #$TimePoint. (#$EndFn TT) denotes the time pint at which TT ends. Thus: (#$endingPoint ?PERIOD (#$EndFn ?PERIOD)) is true.
> guid: be01123d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$endingPoint end (temporal part slot) (nonphysical part predicate) (temporal predicate)

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the time point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint THING POINT) means that #$TemporalThing THING ends at #$TimePoint POINT, which is the last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.
> guid: be00f6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCoterminal #$temporallySubsumes

#$Now the present **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Now is a special #$TimePoint which denotes the current moment from the perspective of the instantiation of #$CycTheCollection that is currently being run (i.e. #$Cyc). If one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X) one will get an answer in which ?X is bound to whatever the time is according to the central processing unit of #$Cyc. Thus the referent of #$Now does not vary with the #$Microtheory in which one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X). Instead the referent of #$Now varies from moment to moment down to the resolution of #$Cyc's central processing unit. See also #$Now-Generally which is not necessarily a #$TimePoint. See #$RealTimeMt for a microtheory in which #$Now-Generally #$temporallySubsumes #$Now.
> guid: bd58a068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimePoint #$Individual

#$Always-TimeInterval forever **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The interval of time which encompasses all time. In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of #$Always-TimeInterval.
> guid: c0ea3419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeInterval #$Individual

#$TheStartOfTheCommonEra the start of the Common Era **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is the instant of time between the years BC and AD.
> guid: bd58a435-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimePoint #$Individual

### Properties Of Temporal Objects

#$startingDate starting date

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate that is used to specify the date (see #$Date) on which a given temporal thing starts to happen or begins to exist. (#$startingDate TEMP-THING DATE) means that TEMP-THING starts (if TEMP-THING is an event or other #$Situation-Temporal) or begins to exist (if TEMP-THING is a physical object or other #$SomethingExisting) sometime during DATE. That is, (#$temporallySubsumes DATE (#$StartFn TEMP-THING)) holds. Note that DATE, though defined in terms of a calendar, need not be a particular day or year (e.g. it might be a particular minute or month or decade). See also #$startingPoint and #$endingDate.
> guid: bd58a0a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$endingDate ending date

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate that is used to specify the date (see #$Date) on which a given temporal thing ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingDate TEMP-THING DATE) means that TEMP-THING ends (if TEMP-THING is an event or other #$Situation-Temporal) or ceases to exist (if TEMP-THING is a physical object or other #$SomethingExisting) sometime during DATE. That is, (#$temporallySubsumes DATE (#$EndFn TEMP-THING)) holds. Note that DATE, though defined in terms of a calendar, need not be a particular day or year (e.g. it might be a particular minute or month or decade). See also #$endingPoint and #$startingDate.
> guid: bd58a22c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$duration duration

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration TEMPTHING DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of time TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a physical object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$duration is the same as its #$measure (the elapsed time from start to end); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$duration is strictly less than its #$measure. For example, the #$duration of Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration 5), whereas the #$measure of that same temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29).
> guid: bd58a3b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$measure measure **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates a temporal thing to the total elapsed time from its start to its end. (#$measure TEMPTHING MEASURE) means that MEASURE is the total elapsed time from when TEMPTHING started to happen (if an event) or started to exist (if a physical object or static situation) to when TEMPTHING ended or ceased to exist. If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous, its #$measure is the same as its #$duration (the length of time during which it actually happened or existed); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$measure is strictly greater than its #$duration. For example, the discontinuous event GeorgeWashingtonSleeping has a #$measure that is about three times as long as its #$duration (assuming he slept about 8 hours a night).
> guid: bd590049-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$temporallyContinuous temporally continuous **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> If (#$temporallyContinuous TEMP-OBJ), then TEMP-OBJ occupies one continuous chunk of time. There are no time intervals between the start and end of TEMP-OBJ during which TEMP-OBJ is not occurring/existing.
> guid: c0e60c80-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryPredicate

### Relations Between Temporal Objects

#$TemporalPredicate temporal predicates

> A specialization of both #$ObjectPredicate and #$BinaryPredicate. Each instance of #$TemporalPredicate is a (direct or indirect) specialization of #$temporallyRelated (q.v.) that is used to say something about the relative positions of two #$TemporalThings in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicates (such as #$after) relate #$TimePoints only, and #$ComplexTemporalPredicates (such as #$postEvents and #$startingDate) also relate more complicated temporal objects such as events, tangible objects, and proper time intervals. Note that _not_all_ specializations of #$temporallyRelated are #$TemporalPredicates; e.g. while (#$relatives ORGANISM1 ORGANISM2) implies that ORGANISM1 and ORGANISM2 are somehow temporally related, it says nothing about their relative positions in time.
> guid: bd58b887-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate

#$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate primitive temporal predicates

> A specialization of #$TemporalPredicate (q.v.) whose instances relate individual time points only. Thus, each instance of #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate has both of its argument-places constrained to instances (see #$argIsa) of #$TimePoint. Instances include #$after and #$simultaneousWith (and those are in fact the only two primitive temporal predicates reified in the Cyc knowledge base). Compare #$ComplexTemporalPredicate.
> guid: bd58845f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalPredicate

#$ComplexTemporalPredicate complex temporal predicates

> A specialization of #$TemporalPredicate (q.v.) whose instances relate temporal things other than (but possibly including) individual time points. Thus, each instance of #$ComplexTemporalPredicate has both its argument-places constrained to instances (see #$argIsa) of #$TemporalThing or some specialization thereof (and at least one of these constraints must be broader than #$TimePoint). A complex temporal predicate might be used to relate events, tangible objects, proper time intervals, and so forth. Instances include #$temporallyIntersects and #$startsAfterStartingOf. Compare #$PrimitiveTemporalPredicate.
> guid: bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalPredicate

These are the important instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation, except for #$subEvents, #$postEvents, #$postSituation, #$subAbstrac, and #$laterSubAbstractions:

#$cotemporal cotemporal **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cotemporal X Y) means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical (q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the EQUALS relation.
> guid: bd58d6cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$temporallySubsumes

#$temporallySubsumes temporally subsumes

> (#$temporallySubsumes LONG SHORT) means that all time points of SHORT are contained in LONG. This implies that SHORT does not start before LONG, nor end after LONG. Moreover, if there is some time point or interval when LONG is not happening, then neither is SHORT. Note that this relation is weaker than #$cotemporal, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG and SHORT #$temporallySubsumes each other. Note also that this relation is a strictly temporal relationship between LONG and SHORT; it is weaker than the relation #$subEvents, which can be thought of as requiring that LONG not only #$temporallySubsumes SHORT but also contains SHORT as a `part'.
> guid: bd588019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects #$temporalBoundsSubsume

#$startsDuring starts during

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate that is a specialization of both #$startsAfterStartingOf and #$temporalBoundsIntersect (qq.v.), and that relates a given temporal thing (see #$TemporalThing) to another such that the first starts to exist or occur at some time between the start and the end of the existence or occurrence of the second. (#$startsDuring TEMPTHING1 TEMPTHING2) means that the start (see #$startingPoint) of TEMPTHING1 is properly contained within the temporal bounds (see #$temporalBoundsContain) of TEMPTHING2. Note that this does _not_ entail that TEMPTHING1 and TEMPTHING2 _intersect_ in time (see #$temporallyIntersects); but they will intersect if (e.g.) TEMPTHING2 is temporally continuous (see #$temporallyContinuous).
> guid: bd58dd0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterStartingOf #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$endsDuring ends during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$endsDuring X Y) means Y covers the end of X, i.e. the #$endingPoint of X is properly contained in (#$temporalBoundsContain) Y. Note that X and Y don't necessarily intersect, however, if Y is continuous, they do.
> guid: bd58d9b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$temporallyIntersects temporal intersection

> This predicate relates temporal things whose temporal extentions overlap, i.e. things that exist concurrently for at least part of their lifetimes. More precisely: (#$temporallyIntersects OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some #$TimeInterval (possibly as small as a #$TimePoint) temporally subsumed by (see #$temporallySubsumes) both OBJ1 and OBJ2.
> guid: bd58c89b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsIntersect

#$startsAfterEndingOf starting after the end of

> A #$ComplexTemporalRelation (q.v.) that relates any pair of temporal things such that the first starts after the second ends. (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE) means that the time point (see #$TimePoint) at which AFTER first starts to exist or occur is temporally later than (see #$after) the time point at which BEFORE finally ceases to exist or occur. Thus it is equivalent to the form (#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of BEFORE.
> guid: bd58d0c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterStartingOf #$endsAfterEndingOf #$temporallyDisjoint

#$endsAfterEndingOf ending after the end of

> (#$endsAfterEndingOf LATER EARLY) means that LATER ceases to exists or occur after EARLY ceases to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of EARLY, or, equivalently, (#$after (#$EndFn LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, LATER and EARLY overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58d61d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$startsAfterStartingOf starts after starting of

> (#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER-START EARLIER-START) means that LATER-START begins to exists or occur after EARLIER-START begins to exist or occur. That is, the #$startingPoint of LATER-START is later than the #$startingPoint of EARLIER-START or, equivalently, (#$after (#$StartFn LATER-START) (#$StartFn EARLIER-START)). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, LATER-START and EARLIER-START overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58b037-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterStartingOf

#$endsAfterStartingOf ending after the start of

> (#$endsAfterStartingOf ENDER STARTER) means that ENDER ceases to exist or occur after STARTER begins to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of ENDER is later than the #$startingPoint of STARTER. Equivalently: (#$after (#$EndFn ENDER) (#$StartFn STARTER)). This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, the temporal extents of ENDER and STARTER overlap.
> guid: bd58c819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyRelated

#$temporallyCooriginating temporally cooriginating

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate (q.v.) that is a specialization of #$temporallyIntersects. (#$temporallyCooriginating TEMP1 TEMP2) means that the point of time at which TEMP1 starts to exist or occur (see #$startingPoint) is the same as the point of time at which TEMP2 starts to exist or occur. Equivalently, (#$simultaneousWith (#$StartFn TEMP1) (#$StartFn TEMP2)) holds. (Note that #$simultaneousWith is a specialization of #$equals.) Sharing the same starting point as they do, TEMP1 and TEMP2 thus intersect temporally.
> guid: bd58c91e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$temporallyCoterminal temporally coterminal

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate that relates temporal things that terminate (i.e. cease to exist or end) at the same time. (#$temporallyCoterminal TEMP1 TEMP2) means that the time point at which TEMP1 ends (see #$endingPoint) is the same as that at which TEMP2 ends. It thus entails that (#$simultaneousWith (#$EndFn TEMP1) (#$EndFn TEMP2)) holds. See also #$temporallyCooriginating.
> guid: bd58c8dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$contiguousAfter contiguous after

> (#$contiguousAfter AFTER BEFORE) means that the #$TemporalThing AFTER starts immediately following the #$TemporalThing BEFORE. AFTER and BEFORE have no time points in common, but there is also no time point between the ending of BEFORE and the starting of AFTER.
> guid: bd58a7e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startsAfterEndingOf

#$temporalBoundsIdentical temporal bounds identical

> (#$temporalBoundsIdentical X Y) means that X and Y are both #$temporallyCooriginating and #$temporallyCoterminal. That is, X and Y have the same #$startingPoint and the same #$endingPoint. Note that if X and Y are both #$temporallyContinuous objects, such as a pair of ashtrays, then it follows that they are completely #$cotemporal.
> guid: bd58c961-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsSubsume #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallyCoterminal

#$overlapsStart overlaps start

> (#$overlapsStart FIRST SECOND) means that the #$TemporalThing SECOND starts during the #$TemporalThing FIRST, and FIRST ends during SECOND. Consequently, the #$startingPoint of FIRST is before the #$startingPoint of SECOND, the #$endingPoint of FIRST is after the #$startingPoint of SECOND, and the #$endingPoint of FIRST is before the #$endingPoint of SECOND.
> guid: bd58d974-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsDuring

#$temporalBoundsContain temporal bounds contain

> (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) means that the temporal boundaries of LONGER strictly contain those of SHORTER. In other words, LONGER starts before SHORTER and ends after it -- the #$startingPoint of LONGER is some positive, non-zero amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint of SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of LONGER is some positive, non-zero amount of time later than the #$endingPoint of SHORTER. If LONGER is #$temporallyContinuous, then (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes LONGER SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the CONTAINS relation.
> guid: bd58810f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporalBoundsSubsume

#$temporallyStartedBy temporally started by

> A #$ComplexTemporalPredicate that is a specialization of both #$temporallyCooriginating and #$endsAfterEndingOf (qq.v.). (#$temporallyStartedBy TEMPTHING STARTER) means that TEMPTHING and STARTER start to occur or exist at the same time point (see #$startingPoint) and that TEMPTHING ends or ceases to exist (see #$endingPoint) after STARTER ends or ceases to exist. For example, TEMPTHING might be a #$WeddingCeremony and STARTER might be the bride's walk down the aisle.
> guid: bd58d660-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endsAfterEndingOf #$temporallyCooriginating

#$temporallyFinishedBy conclusion

> (#$temporallyFinishedBy PERIOD FINISH) means that PERIOD (an instance of #$TemporalThing) and FINISH (another instance of #$TemporalThing) end simultaneously (see #$temporallyCoterminal), and that FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$endingPoint of PERIOD and FINISH are the same instance of #$TimePoint (q.v.), and the #$startingPoint of FINISH is later than the #$startingPoint of PERIOD.
> guid: bd58a8d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyCoterminal

#$temporalBoundsIntersect temporal bounds intersect

> (#$temporalBoundsIntersect TEMP1 TEMP2) means that the continuous time interval between the start and end of TEMP1 (inclusive) temporally intersects the continuous time interval between the start and end of TEMP2 (inclusive). Clearly, if TEMP1 and TEMP2 are themselves temporally continuous, then the above entails the stronger statement (#$temporallyIntersects TEMP1 TEMP2). However, if either TEMP1 or TEMP2 is temporally discontinuous, it is possible for their bounds to intersect without their having any time point in common. For example, the bounds of the discontinuous event of Fred sleeping this week might intersect the bounds of Fred eating this week , even though the two events share no time points.
> guid: bd58c862-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyRelated

#$temporalUnionOf temporal union of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporalUnionOf X Y) indicates that Y is one of the #$TemporalThings which -- taken together -- define the temporal extent of X. Here is what we mean by that: the set of #$TimePoints in X must precisely equal the union of all the sets Y1, Y2, Y3,... of #$TimePoints in all the Yi's such that (#$temporalUnionOf X Yi). The Yi's need not be disjoint, but often are. For example, the days of 1996 are in the relation #$temporalUnionOf to the weekdays of 1996 and to the weekend days of 1996. There may be multiple ways to `decompose' X into a set of Yi's of this sort, and Cyc provides less terse ways to represent that explicitly; but in practice, we have found that this terse relation is often exactly what is needed.
> guid: bd58bc2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallySubsumes

#$temporallyDisjoint temporally disjoint

> (#$temporallyDisjoint OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 do not temporally intersect, i.e., that there are no time points which are common to both. If both OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$temporallyContinuous, then it also follows that their temporal boundaries do not intersect (cf. #$temporalBoundsIntersect). Otherwise, their temporal boundaries may still overlap. Consider the discontinuous events denoted by Fred sleeping this week and Fred driving this week, which are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint even though they are interleaved during the same week.
> guid: bd58d5db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyRelated #$different

#$startsRelativeToStartOf starts relative to start of

> (#$startsRelativeToStartOf AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME after BEFORE starts. That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is after the #$startingPoint of BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME. See also #$startsRelativeToEndOf.
> guid: bd58a2ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$startsRelativeToEndOf starts relative to end of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$startsRelativeToEndOf AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME after BEFORE ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is after the #$endingPoint of BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME.
> guid: bd58a370-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

### Disjoint Temporal Objects

#$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType types of mutually disjoint collection of temporal objects **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an instance of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are temporallyDisjoint ; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider DayOfWeekType, whose instances are Monday, Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType include #$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType.
> guid: be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct generalization of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType

#$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType types of temporally disjoint interval

> A collection of collections. TYPE is an instance of #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType just in case any two distinct instances of TYPE are #$temporallyDisjoint. For example, #$Wednesday is an instance of #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any Wednesday other than itself.
> guid: be011303-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$WeeklyTemporalObjectType #$CalendarCoveringType #$AnnualTemporalObjectType

### Time

#$CotemporalPredicate cotemporal predicates

> #$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is an instance of #$TemporalThing (so that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN an instance of #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). Moreover, an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments (note that the presence of such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption). Another qualification is that ARG is not an #$IndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the type-constraint on at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the collection of things satisfying all of the #$argIsa and #$argGenl constraints on at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
> guid: bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$SpatialPredicate #$PhysicalCompositionPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot

#$CotemporalObjectsSlot predicates relating cotemporal objects **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$IndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
> guid: bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$CotemporalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct generalization of: #$ConnectionPredicate

#$contemporaryInArg contemporary in arg

> (#$contemporaryInArg PRED N) means that the #$Predicate PRED is such that whenever a formula (PRED ... ARGN ...), with ARGN a #$TemporalThing, is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of ARGN (i.e., that ARGN temporally subsumes the moment). For example, it's the case that (#$contemporaryInArg #$awareOf 1). So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington), we can conclude (given that Fred is a #$TemporalThing) that Fred was alive throughout (temporally subsumes) 1992. But it's not the case that (#$contemporaryInArg #$awareOf 2). And indeed we wouldn't want to conclude that #$GeorgeWashington was alive throughout 1992. In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ... ARGN ...)), with PRED such that (#$contemporaryInArg PRED N) and ARGN a #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARGN TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ... ARGN ...)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARGN TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARGN is not a #$IndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order for a predicate PRED to be contemporary in its Nth argument-place, the arity of PRED must be greater than or equal to N, and the argument-type of the Nth argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of the Nth argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). This is to bar cases in which a predicate would otherwise trivially qualify as contemporary in its Nth argument-place. Note that #$CotemporalObjectsSlots are contemporary in both their first and second argument-places, and #$CotemporalPredicates are contemporary in at least one argument-place.
> guid: c0e0a498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$MetaPredicate

### Type

#$temporallySubsumedBy-InsType temporally subsumed by - ins type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallySubsumedBy-InsType TEMPORAL-THING INTERVAL-TYPE) means that some instance of INTERVAL-TYPE #$temporallySubsumes (q.v.) TEMPORAL-THING. For example, (#$temporallySubsumedBy-InsType FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that Fred was born on a Wednesday.
> guid: bd58d7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CollectionPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$followingIntervalType following interval type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$followingIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X is followed by some instance of Y, and every instance of Y is preceded by some instance of X. The instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter the instance of X. For example, (#$followingIntervalType #$Saturday #$Sunday). Every Saturday is followed by a Sunday, and every Sunday is preceded by a Saturday; the Sunday is #$contiguousAfter the Saturday.
> guid: be010ec8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate

#$temporallySubsumes-TypeType temporally subsumes - type type

> (#$temporallySubsumes-TypeType SUBSUMING-TYPE SUBSUMED-TYPE) means that every instance of SUBSUMING-TYPE #$temporallySubsumes some instance of SUBSUMED-TYPE. For example, it is true that (#$temporallySubsumes-TypeType #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarMonth), which means that every calendar quarter subsumes at least one entire calendar month.
> guid: be010f1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$RuleMacroPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$intersectsIntervalType

#$intersectsIntervalType intersects interval type

> A binary predicate that relates a specialization of #$TemporalThing to another specialization of #$TemporalThing. (#$intersectsIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects some instance Y. For example (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) means that every January overlaps some Wednesday.This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType #$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType #$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- both (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$June) and (#$intersectsIntervalType #$June #$CalendarSpring) may be true even though (#$intersectsIntervalType #$CalendarSummer #$CalendarSpring) is not true.
> guid: be010f3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate #$RuleMacroPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate

### Functions Which Return Time Intervals

#$STIF soon **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$STIF X) returns the `Short Time Interval Following' X. (#$STIF FOO) does not include the time point (#$EndFn FOO), but does include every time point in between (#$EndFn FOO) and (#$EndFn (#$STIF FOO)). The function #$STIF is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just after some #$TemporalThing (i.e., after an event ends, after a tangible object ceases to exist, etc.). Each of those propositions may or may not hold beyond the bounds of that short interval. Consider the axiom `after swimming, the swimmer is wet'. The swimmer is only known to be wet for a short time interval immediately following the swimming event, and so we use #$STIF to specify that short time interval in which the assertion of wetness will hold. Beyond that time, additional axioms would be required to decide whether the wetness would persist or not. Also see: #$STIB.
> guid: bd5880fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$Individual

#$STIB s t i b **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing, #$STIB returns the `Short Time Interval Before' THING. (#$STIB THING) does not include the time point (#$StartFn THING), but does include every time point in between (#$StartFn THING) and (#$StartFn (#$STIB THING)). The function #$STIB is used to state axioms which assert propositions about the world just before some #$TemporalThing. E.g., just before some event begins, or just before some tangible object comes into being. Whether the propositions hold beyond the bounds of the short interval specified depends the nature of the proposition. Consider the axiom `before launching, the Space Shuttle's fuel tanks are full'. The fuel tanks are only known to be full immediately before the launching event, and for some (measurable but potentially short) time interval before that launch, and so we use #$STIB to specify the time interval in which the assertion of fullness will hold. Before or after that time, additional axioms are required to conclude whether the tanks are full or not. Also see: #$STIF.
> guid: bd5880fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn time interval between fn

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. #$TimeIntervalBetweenFn takes two instances of #$TemporalThing as its arguments and returns an instance of #$TimeInterval. (#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn BEFORE AFTER) is the time interval between, but not including, the #$TemporalThings BEFORE and AFTER. It must be true that AFTER starts after BEFORE ends; i.e., (#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE). Also, the interval between AFTER and BEFORE should not be empty. Finally, every interval returned by #$TimeIntervalBetweenFn is #$temporallyContinuous (q.v.). See also #$TimeIntervalInclusiveFn, a function that returns a time interval that includes the defining temporal things.
> guid: bd58ce20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalBeforeFn interval before fn

> An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing and an instance DURATION of #$Time-Quantity, #$IntervalBeforeFn returns the interval of time (an instance of #$TimeInterval) of duration DURATION (see the predicate #$duration) immediately preceding the start of THING (so that (#$contiguousAfter THING (#$IntervalBeforeFn THING DURATION)) holds).
> guid: bd58fa99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalAfterFn interval after fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$IntervalAfterFn T-OBJ DUR) denotes the #$TimeInterval which immediately follows T-OBJ, lasting for duration DUR.
> guid: bd58a0a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalStartedByFn interval started by fn

> An instance of both #$UnaryFunction and #$IndividualDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance TEMP-OBJ of #$TemporalThing, #$IntervalStartedByFn returns the time interval that begins when TEMP-OBJ ends, and continues until the end of time (if time has an end).
> guid: c132bc99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$IntervalEndedByFn interval ended by fn

> A unary predicate that takes an instance of #$TemporalThing as an argument and returns an instance of #$TimeInterval. (#$IntervalEndedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which ends when TEMP-OBJ starts. The beginning of this interval coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if time has a beginning.
> guid: bfbe67dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

### Temporal Qualification Of Propositions

#$holdsIn holds in **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at every moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned Spot on July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally subsumes or even temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsIn. (Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsSometimeDuring.
> guid: bd588113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$holdsSometimeDuring

#$holdsSometimeDuring holds sometime during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at some moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing TEMP-THING (i.e., some - at least one - moment temporally subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992)) (#$owns Nick Spot)) expresses that at some moment during July 1992 Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that at some moment during the year 1992 Nick owned Spot - that is, (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing, doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsSometimeDuring (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal intersection of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow; see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and #$contemporaryInArg. Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is, in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to worry about assertions running into problems because of time intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning of a closed formula (#$holdsSometimeDuring TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsSometimeDuring. (Alternatively to using #$holdsSometimeDuring, we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding at some moment during the year 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Sometime MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsIn.
> guid: bd90fb37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

### The Calendar

#$Date dates (time intervals)

> A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$Date is a temporally continuous instance of #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on a particular calendar. Thus, an instance of #$Date could be a particular calendar day, calendar quarter, calendar month, or decade.
> guid: bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval
> direct generalization of: #$CalendarHalfCentury #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarSeason #$FiscalQuarter #$CalendarMinute #$CalendarCentury #$CalendarSecond #$CalendarDecade #$CalendarHour #$CalendarYear #$CalendarMonth #$CalendarWeek #$CalendarDay #$FiscalYear

### Date Functions

#$SecondFn second fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an integer in the range 0 through 59 and an instance of #$CalendarMinute, #$SecondFn returns an instance of #$CalendarSecond. (#$SecondFn S MINUTE) denotes second number S of MINUTE. For example, (#$SecondFn 59 (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))))) denotes 6:12:59pm Feb. 14th, 1966.
> guid: be01010a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$MinuteFn minute fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an integer in the range 0 through 59 and an instance of #$CalendarHour, #$MinuteFn returns an instance of #$CalendarMinute. (#$MinuteFn MINUTE HOUR) denotes minute number MINUTE of HOUR. For example, (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))))) is 6:12pm, Feb. 14th, 1966.
> guid: be0100d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$HourFn hour fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an integer in the range 0 through 23 and an instance of #$CalendarDay, #$HourFn returns an instance of #$CalendarHour. (#$HourFn INTEGER DAY) denotes hour number INTEGER of DAY. For example, (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))) denotes the 60 minute interval lasting from 6:00:00pm on 14 February 1966 to 7:00:00pm on 14 February 1966.
> guid: be010082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$DayFn day fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an integer in the range 1 through 31 and an instance of #$CalendarMonth, #$DayFn returns an instance of #$CalendarDay. (#$DayFn DAY MONTH) denotes day number DAY of MONTH. For example, (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))) denotes Feb. 14th, 1966.
> guid: be00ff5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$MonthFn month fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. #$MonthFn returns an instance of #$CalendarMonth when applied to an instance of #$MonthOfYearType and an instance of #$CalendarYear. (#$MonthFn MONTH YEAR) denotes the month of type MONTH during YEAR. For example, (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)) denotes February of 1966.
> guid: be00fd8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$QuarterFn quarter fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an integer in the range 1 through 4 and an instance of #$CalendarYear, #$QuarterFn returns an instance of #$CalendarQuarter. (#$QuarterFn N YEAR) is the Nth quarter of YEAR. For example, (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1966)) is the second quarter of 1966.
> guid: c10ae4e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual

#$YearFn year fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. #$YearFn returns an instance of #$CalendarYear when applied to an instance of #$Integer. (#$YearFn INTEGER) denotes the year INTEGER in the (extended) #$GregorianCalendar. For example, (#$YearFn 1966) denotes the year 1966. Customarily, the Gregorian calendar is used only for dates from the 1500's onward, when it was instituted, and the #$JulianCalendar for dates before that, including dates before the common era. It is possible to follow this convention in Cyc and use (#$YearBCE-JulianFn 1), (#$YearBCE-JulianFn 2), ... instead of (#$YearFn 0), (#$YearFn -1), ... .
> guid: bd58f29a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$UnaryFunction #$Individual

#$DateAfterFn date after fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR of #$Time-Quantity, #$DateAfterFn returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount of time (truncated to the resolution of DATE) after DATE. For example, (#$DateAfterFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$DecadesDuration 1)) is (#$YearFn 1960) and (#$DateAfterFn (#$DayFn 31 (#$MonthFn #$December (#$YearFn 1999))) (#$HoursDuration 47)) is (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 2000))) See also #$DateBeforeFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
> guid: c0fdc1fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$DateBeforeFn date before fn

> An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR of #$Time-Quantity, #$DateBeforeFn returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount of time (truncated to the resolution of DATE) before DATE. For example, (#$DateBeforeFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$DecadesDuration 1)) is (#$YearFn 1940) and (#$DateBeforeFn (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1950))) (#$HoursDuration 23)) is still (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1950))). See also #$DateAfterFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
> guid: bd65727a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction #$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$CalendarCoveringType types of calendar time interval **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. Each instance CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that a sequence of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, and #$CalendarHour are instances of #$CalendarCoveringType. #$Monday and #$December are _not_ instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the collection of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.
> guid: bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType

#$CalendarCentury centuries

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarCentury is a century on a particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarCentury include #$TheNineteenthCenturyCE and #$TheTwentiethCenturyCE.
> guid: bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarHalfCentury half-centuries

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHalfCentury is a half-century on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first half or the second half of some century (see the constant #$CalendarCentury) on that calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHalfCentury include #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE and #$LastHalfOf20thCenturyCE.
> guid: c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarDecade decades

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDecade is a decade on a particular calendar. For the example, the nineteen eighties is an instance of #$CalendarDecade.
> guid: bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarYear years

> A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). Each instance of #$CalendarYear is a year in some particular calendar. Examples include (#$TheYear1972) and (#$YearFn 2001). Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-year is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each century or each millenium.
> guid: bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$NonLeapYear #$LeapYear

#$CalendarQuarter calendar quarters

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarQuarter is a quarter of a year on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first, second, third, or fourth quarter of some year (see the collection #$CalendarYear) on that calendar. Example instances of #$CalendarQuarter include (#$QuarterFn 1 (#$YearFn 1996)) and (#$QuarterFn 4 (#$YearFn 1929)).
> guid: c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarMonth months

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMonth is a month in a particular calendar. An example sub-collection of #$CalendarMonth is #$February , the collection of all months of February. One instance of the collection #$February (and thus one instance of the collection #$CalendarMonth) is (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), February of 1992.
> guid: bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$January #$February #$March #$April #$May #$June #$August #$September #$October #$December #$November #$July

#$CalendarWeek weeks

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarWeek is a particular week on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarWeek include the first week (i.e. the initial seven-day-long #$TimeInterval) of December, 2001.
> guid: bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarDay calendar days

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDay is a day on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarDay include (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1646))) and (#$DayFn 8 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1848))).
> guid: bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$Thursday #$Friday #$Wednesday #$Saturday #$Tuesday #$Monday #$Sunday

#$TimeOfDay-PM PMs **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay-PM is a period of time from one second after Noon to one second before Midnight on a particular calendar day (see #$CalendarDay).
> guid: c0fde0db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeOfDayType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$TimeOfDay-AM AMs

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay-AM is a period of time from one second after Midnight to one second before Noon on a particular calendar day (see the collection #$CalendarDay).
> guid: c0fddfdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TimeOfDayType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$CalendarHour calendar hours

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHour is an hour in some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHour include (#$HourFn 12 (#$DayFn 20 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1965)))) and (#$HourFn 13 (#$DayFn 13 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 2000)))).
> guid: bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay #$Date

#$CalendarMinute calendar minutes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMinute is a minute on a particular calendar. For example, the first minute of the year 2000 is an instance of #$CalendarMinute.
> guid: bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarSecond seconds

> A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). #$CalendarSecond is the collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Each #$CalendarMinute (q.v.) is divided into sixty contiguous calendar-seconds. Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-second is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each hour or each year.
> guid: bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$CalendarWeekend weekends **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$CalendarWeekend are #$Dates that are exactly composed of a #$Saturday and the immediately following #$Sunday. Note that this collection of time intervals is NOT a #$CalendarCoveringType : although the instances of #$CalendarWeekend are mutually disjoint (one of the two requirements of #$CalendarCoveringType), there are many #$TimePoints which are not in any #$CalendarWeekend (and so it violates the requirement that its instances completely cover all of time).
> guid: c1009f04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$NonLeapYear non-leap years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days
> guid: bd58b979-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarYear

#$LeapYear leap years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; in the Julian & Gregorian calendar systems these are calendar years in which February has 29 days
> guid: bd58b9ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarYear

#$SharedNoteOnHemispheresAndCalendars shared note on hemispheres and calendars **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$CalendarSeasons are defined by the Gregorian calendar and are synchronized with the equinoxes and solstices. #$SeasonOfYear instances are climatic seasons, events characterized by the weather in a given region. The relationship between #$SeasonOfYear instances and #$CalendarSeasons depends upon the hemisphere (or, more precisely, upon the latitude.) In the northern hemisphere, north of the tropics, a #$CalendarSummer will significantly intersect with the a #$SummerSeason each year. But in the southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer (which is the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with what is locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason.
> guid: bd62ee33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SharedNote #$Individual

#$CalendarSeasonType seasons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType and #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$CalendarSeasonType is a specialization of #$CalendarSeason -- #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.
> guid: be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
> direct specialization of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType

#$CalendarSeason calendar seasons

> A specialization of #$Date and an instance of #$ConventionallyClassifiedSuccessiveTimeIntervalType. Each instance of #$CalendarSeason is a time interval that is thought of by a significant group of people (often an entire culture -- see #$CalendarSeasonTypeByCulture) as significantly intersecting the instances of #$SeasonOfYear to which those people are typically exposed. For example, one specialization of #$CalendarSeason (#$CalendarWinter-US) is the collection of time intervals that people in mainstream U.S. culture consider to be co-temporal with the cold winter season (each of these intervals begins on the December solstice of a given year and ends on the Vernal equinox of that year). For more on the difference between #$CalendarSeason and #$SeasonOfYear see the #$SharedNoteOnHemispheresAndCalendars. Important specializations of #$CalendarSeason include #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.
> guid: be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$CalendarCoveringType
> direct specialization of: #$Date
> direct generalization of: #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSummer

#$CalendarWinter calendar winters **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarWinter is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a winter season, and ends on a day considered to end a winter season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$DecemberSolstice (about December 21) and end on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) each year (see #$CalendarWinter-US), whereas according to mainstram Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin June 1st and end August 31st (see #$CalendarWinter-Australasian).
> guid: be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarSpring springs

> A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarSpring is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a spring season, and ends on a day considered to end a spring season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) and end on the #$JuneSolstice (about June 21st) (see #$CalendarSpring-US), whereas according to mainstream Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin September 1st and end November 30th (see #$CalendarSpring-Australasian).
> guid: be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarSummer summers

> A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarSummer is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a summer season, and ends on a day considered to end a summer season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$JuneSolstice (about June 21) and end on the #$AutumnalEquinox (about September 21st) (see #$CalendarSummer-US), whereas according to mainstram Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin December 1st and end on the last day of February (see #$CalendarSummer-Australasian).
> guid: be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$CalendarAutumn autumns **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarAutumn is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin an autumn season, and ends on a day considered to end an autumn season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$AutumnalEquinox (about September 21) and end on the #$DecemberSolstice (about December 21st) (see #$CalendarAutumn-US), whereas according to mainstream Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin March 1st and end on the last day of May (see #$CalendarAutumn-Australasian).
> guid: be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CalendarSeasonType
> direct specialization of: #$CalendarSeason

#$DayOfMonthFn day of month fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$DayOfMonthFn ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays which are the Nth day of the calendar month in which they fall. For example, (#$DayOfMonthFn 4) is the collection of all #$CalendarDays which are the fourth day of some month. Every July 4th is an instance of (#$DayOfMonthFn 4)
> guid: bd58a55f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$DayOfYearFn day of year fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$DayOfYearFn ?MONTH ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays which are the Nth day of the month ?MONTH. For example, (#$DayOfYearFn #$July 4) denotes the collection of each and every fourth of July -- including, of course, those that occured before the American Revolutionary War.
> guid: bd58a51e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$MonthOfYearFn month of year fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$MonthOfYearFn ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarMonths which are the Nth month of some year. #$January, which is the set of all Januaries, is the same as the value of (#$MonthOfYearFn 1).
> guid: bd58a59f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

### Time Of Day

#$TimeOfDayType times of day

> A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType. Each instance of #$TimeOfDayType is a subcollection of #$TimeOfDay (q.v.). Examples include #$TimeOfDay-PM, #$TimeOfDay-9AM, and #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour.
> guid: bd588673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType
> direct generalization of: #$HourOfDayType

#$HourOfDayType hours of the day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subcollections of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subcollection of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM).
> guid: be011b66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDayType

#$TimeOfDay time of day (time interval)

> A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$TimeOfDay is a temporal interval marking a particular time of the day. Notable specializations of #$TimeOfDay include #$CalendarHour, #$DaytimeWorkingHours, #$TimeOfDay-AM, and #$TimeOfDay-PM.
> guid: bd5886f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval
> direct generalization of: #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$CalendarHour #$TimeOfDay-PM #$TimeOfDay-AM

### Events With Important Temporal Assertions

#$DaytimeWorkingHours daytime working hours **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$DaytimeWorkingHours is a time interval during which most members of a working population perform their daily jobs. Instances of #$DaytimeWorkingHours will vary in their respective durations, starting points, and ending points (see the constants #$duration, #$startingPoint, and #$endingPoint), according to which group of workers is being considered.
> guid: bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

#$WakingHours waking hours **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$WakingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those, and its #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, is defined by the bulk of a population being awake. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of people are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy.
> guid: bd58894c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeOfDay

### Academic Cycles

#$AcademicYear academic years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.
> guid: bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicTrimester trimesters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.
> guid: bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicSemester semesters

> A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$AcademicSemester is one of two semesters in some educational institution's academic year (see the collection #$AcademicYear). Instances of #$AcademicSemester include Boston University's 1989 Spring Semester and the University of Texas at Austin's 1998 Fall Semester.
> guid: bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

#$AcademicQuarter academic quarters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.
> guid: bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TimeInterval

### Fiscal Cycles

#$FiscalYear fiscal years **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft
> guid: bd58f1c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

#$FiscalQuarter fiscal quarters **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.
> guid: bd58b87d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Date

### Celestial Events

#$QualitativeTimeOfDay times of day (events) (situations) (situations)

> A specialization of #$RegularlyRepeatedEvent. Each instance of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay is a celestial event such as a dawn (see #$Dawn), a morning (see #$Morning), an evening (see #$Evening), etc. On #$PlanetEarth, qualitative times of day are synchronized with the rotation of the earth about its axis, but the absolute timing of qualitative times of day depends upon such factors as the season and the observer's location on the planet's surface.
> guid: be011add-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event
> direct generalization of: #$Sunrise #$Sunset #$Night #$Evening #$Midday #$Twilight #$Morning #$Afternoon

#$Sunrise sunrises

> A specialization of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay. Each instance of #$Sunrise is an event during which, at a given location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it rises . An instance of #$Sunrise occurs at a given place even if the visibility of the #$Sun is impaired due to obscuring objects such as clouds. Every instance of #$Sunrise immediately follows (see #$contiguousAfter) some instance of #$Dawn (q.v.), and every instance of #$DaytimeHours (q.v.) is started by (see #$temporallyStartedBy) an instance of #$Sunrise.
> guid: bd58cd1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Dawn dawns

> A specialization of #$Twilight. Each instance of #$Dawn is a period of time just before an instance of #$Sunrise (q.v.) during which the sky is partially and indirectly illuminated by the sun.
> guid: bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Twilight

#$Morning mornings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$Morning is an #$Event where the sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise to the ensuing noon. Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter a night. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning. The definition is more complex in polar regions in which it is possible that the sun does not rise or set during a day. See the #$cyclistNotes for an explanation of this case.
> guid: bd588885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Midday middays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday.
> guid: bd5887c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Afternoon afternoons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun.
> guid: bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Dusk dusks

> A specialization of #$Twilight. Each instance of #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter an instance of #$Sunset, and is the event which starts an instance of #$Night.
> guid: be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Twilight

#$Sunset sunsets **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a given location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each #$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset (unless it #$endsDuring a #$MidnightSun), as is every #$Afternoon.
> guid: bd588843-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Evening evenings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.
> guid: bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Night nights

> #$Night is a specialization of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay, and it is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours. Each instance of #$Night is #$contiguousAfter an instance of #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each instance of #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each instance of #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it.
> guid: bd589e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Overnight late nights **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$Overnight is #$temporallyCooriginating with a #$CalendarDay and is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn. It is #$contiguousAfter the #$Evening of the previous day, and contiguous before a#$Morning.
> guid: be0108bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$Twilight twilights

> A specialization of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay. #$Twilight is union of the two collections of events, #$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is an event during which the sky is indirectly illuminated by the #$Sun, either just before an instance of #$Sunrise or just after an instance of #$Sunset.
> guid: c0f71446-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay
> direct generalization of: #$Dawn #$Dusk

#$DaytimeHours days (times of day) (events) (situations) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$DaytimeHours is the collection of time intervals during which the #$Sun is `up'. This set is the temporal complement of #$Night -- every #$DaytimeHours is #$contiguousAfter one #$Night and vice versa (except for days in which the #$Sun neither rises nor sets). Each #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy exactly one #$Sunrise (or #$startsDuring one #$MidnightSun), #$temporallyFinishedBy exactly one #$Sunset (or #$endsDuring one #$MidnightSun), and if there is no #$MidnightSun is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn and has a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter it. Each #$DaytimeHours #$temporalBoundsContains one #$Morning, one #$Midday, and one #$Afternoon.
> guid: bd58877a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$QualitativeTimeOfDay

#$AutumnalEquinoxDay autumnal equinoxes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$AutumnalEquinoxDay is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator from north to south, making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are shortening and nighttimes lengthening in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. An autumnal equinox marks the beginning of the #$CalendarAutumn in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region and the beginning of #$CalendarSpring in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region. Instances occur about September 22 of each year.
> guid: bd686fca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$VernalEquinoxDay vernal equinoxes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$VernalEquinoxDay is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator, making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are lengthening and nighttimes shortening in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. A vernal equinox occurs about March 21 each year and marks the end of the #$CalendarWinter and beginning of the #$CalendarSpring in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region, and the end of #$CalendarSummer and the beginning of #$CalendarAutumn in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region.
> guid: bd5aea90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$WinterSolsticeDay winter solstices **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$WinterSolsticeDay is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest from the equator away from the local hemisphere (north or south), making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours). The winter solstice occurs around December 21 or 22 each year in the northern hemisphere [#$NorthernHemisphere-Region] and about June 21 in the southern hemisphere [#$SouthernHemisphere-Region] and marks the end of #$CalendarAutumn and the beginning of the #$CalendarWinter.
> guid: bd5dc60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$SummerSolsticeDay summer solstices **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$SummerSolsticeDay is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest into the hemisphere of reference, e.g. being furthest north of the equator when considered in the $NorthernHemisphere-Region, making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours) the longest of the year in that #$GeographicalHemisphere and the shortest of the year in the opposite one. The summer solstice occurs around June 21 or 22 each year in the $NorthernHemisphere-Region and marks the end of the #$CalendarSpring and beginning of the #$CalendarSummer. See #$JuneSolsticeDay and #$DecemberSolsticeDay for reference to the day of year that has the same meaning throughout the time zone.
> guid: bd5a6b1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

### Holidays

#$Holiday holidays

> A specialization of #$HumanActivity. Each instance of #$Holiday is an event featuring social celebrations and/or rituals. Instances of #$Holiday typically last for one day (see the constant #$DaysDuration) and typically coincide with some day of the year (see the constant #$CalendarDay). However, some instances of #$Holiday (such as the instances of #$ChanukkahHoliday or #$Oktoberfest-Holiday) last for several days. While instances of #$Holiday are often annual events, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities and ethnic groups celebrate different ones.
> guid: bd58a9b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SocialOccurrence
> direct generalization of: #$ReligiousHoliday #$LegalHoliday

#$HolidaySeason holiday seasons **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of #$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason. While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it.
> guid: c1006f0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event

#$ReligiousHoliday religious holidays

> A specialization of both #$ReligiousEvent and #$Holiday. Each instance of #$ReligiousHoliday is a holiday observed by some religious tradition. Note that individuals may observe or otherwise participate in some instances of #$ReligiousHoliday even if they are not members of the associated #$Religion. Notable specializations of #$ReligiousHoliday include #$ChristianHoliday, #$JewishHoliday, and #$IslamicHoliday.
> guid: c0fdf861-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousEvent #$Holiday

#$ChristianHoliday Christian holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Christianity.
> guid: c100619d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$JewishHoliday Jewish holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Judaism.
> guid: c10062ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$IslamicHoliday Islamic holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays specified as part of the religion #$Islam.
> guid: c1006269-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ReligiousHoliday

#$LegalHoliday national holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The subcollection of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.
> guid: be01edce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$LegalHoliday-UnitedStates U.S. legal holidays **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The set of standard #$LegalHolidays officially celebrated throughout the United States of America. Schools, banks, Federal and State offices are closed. Many businesses are closed on these holidays; service businesses tend to have reduced business hours. Some of these are #$ReligiousHolidays, and some are #$Mondays immediately following a #$ReligiousHoliday, and some commemorate some historically important (to the USA) #$Event or #$Person.
> guid: be01ee17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$NewYearsDay New Year's days **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each instance of this collection is a #$Holiday celebrating the first day of a calendar year.
> guid: bd58b874-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$ChristmasHoliday Christmas days **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a #$ChristianHoliday which commemorates the birth of Christ, but which is also widely observed as a secular winter #$Holiday in countries with significant Christian segments of their population.
> guid: bd58ab54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalHoliday

#$ChristmasSeason Christmastimes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each #$ChristmasSeason is the annual event around the #$ChristmasHoliday where people observing this holiday perform related activities, such as displaying #$ChristmasDecorations, participating in related religious services, etc.
> guid: c0f7e3d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$ValentinesDay Valentine's Day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual #$Holiday celebrating romance and love. Although derived from the celebration of the Christian Saint Valentine, it is essentially a purely secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
> guid: bd58e061-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$NewYearsEveDay New Year's eves **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating the ending of one calendar year, and presaging the beginning of the next. Each of these occurs on December 31st, the last day of the year.
> guid: bd58b7b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$Halloween Halloween **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating the supernatural spirit world. Although derived from Pagan and Christian religious tradition, it is essentially a purely secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
> guid: bd58e01e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$FathersDay fathers day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating fathers and fatherhood. In the United States it falls in #$June, while in Finland it falls in #$November.
> guid: bd58df99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$MothersDay mothers day **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood.
> guid: bd58dfdf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Holiday

#$EasterHoliday Easter (social event) (human activity) (intentional action) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual #$ChristianHoliday which commemorates the Resurrection of Christ after his Crucifixion.
> guid: bd58ab15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Epiphany-TheDay Epiphany **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Each of these is an annual one-day-long #$ChristianHoliday which is celebrated on January 6 and which commemorates either the coming of the Magi (Western Christianity) or the Baptism of Christ (Greek Orthodox).
> guid: c0f7e3df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AnnualTemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

### Climatic Seasons

#$SeasonOfYear seasons (weather events) (physical events) (events)

> A specialization of #$PhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$SeasonOfYear is an event characterized by specific meteorological or climatic conditions that occurs during an annual climate cycle (see #$AnnualClimateCycle). Notable specializations are #$WinterSeason, #$SpringSeason, #$SummerSeason, and #$FallSeason.
> guid: bd5884de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$WeatherEvent
> direct generalization of: #$WarmSeason #$ColdSeason #$RainySeason #$DrySeason #$SpringSeason #$FallSeason

#$WinterSeason winters

> A specialization of #$ColdSeason. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and dormancy. #$WinterSeason represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.
> guid: bd5901c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ColdSeason

#$SpringSeason springs

> A specialization of#$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$SpringSeason is, in a temperate climate cycle (see #$TemperateClimateCycle), the time ice from the preceding Winter melts, the average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer, plants begin to put forth buds, etc. Note that #$SpringSeason represents the climatic aspects of spring; it is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSpring. For the collection of the purely temporal aspects of spring, see #$CalendarSpring.
> guid: bd588b09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SeasonOfYear

#$SummerSeason summers

> A specialization of #$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$SummerSeason is the time of greatest warmth during a temperate climate cycle (see #$TemperateClimateCycle). Instances of #$SummerSeason are characterized solely by climatic conditions; consequently, #$SummerSeason is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSeason. For the collection of summers defined by dates on a calendar, see #$CalendarSummer.
> guid: bd588ac7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$WarmSeason

#$FallSeason autumns

> A specialization of #$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$FallSeason is the season during a temperate climate cycle (see #$TemperateClimateCycle) during which the bulk of harvesting occurs and many plants cease growth in order to enter a dormant period for the coming Winter. Thus instances of #$FallSeason also typically have harvest celebrations as sub-events. Note that #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; it is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSeason. For the collection of temporal extents of fall seasons, see #$CalendarAutumn.
> guid: bd58b734-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SeasonOfYear

### Sub Abstractions

#$Entity entities

> A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Entity is a 'maximal' instance of #$SomethingExisting, in the sense that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which that instance is merely a sub-abstraction (see #$subAbstractions). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not, since AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is a proper sub-abstraction of #$AlbertEinstein. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.
> guid: bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SomethingExisting

#$subAbstractions sub abstractions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbstractions WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal part (one of the #$timeSlices) of WHOLE, where WHOLE and SUB are both instances of #$SomethingExisting. Both entities and subabstractions are subabstractions of themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstractions is the restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the domain, and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting. `AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstractions of `AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions only of itself (hence 'AlbertEinstein' is an instance of #$Entity (q.v.)).
> guid: bd5901e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$timeSlices

#$entitySubAbstractions entity sub abstractions

> (#$entitySubAbstractions ENTITY THING) means that THING, an instance of #$SomethingExisting, is a sub-abstraction of the #$Entity ENTITY (and so (#$subAbstractions ENTITY THING) holds). Note that each instance of #$SomethingExisting will generally have a unique #$Entity of which it is a sub-abstraction. For example, (#$entitySubAbstractions AlbertEinstein AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton).
> guid: bd58fb7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$subAbstractions

#$transformedInto transformed into **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$transformedInto X Y) means that X stops existing at the instant that Y is created. Furthermore, the material which made up X when it ceased to exist will generally make up Y when it is created, which in turn implies things about the location of Y at that moment, etc. See also #$PhysicalTransformationEvent.
> guid: bd58a032-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InterActorSlot #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$subAbsDuring sub abs during **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbsDuring SUPER SUB TEMP) -- SUB is a #$subAbstractions (a time-slice) of SUPER, and SUB is cotemporal with the #$TemporalThing TEMP. SUPER may be the maximal #$Entity of which SUB is a #$subAbstractions, or it may merely be an intermediate subabstraction of the entity which includes SUB as a part. For example, (#$subAbsDuring Karen KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) and (#$subAbsDuring KarenAsAnAdult KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) are both valid.
> guid: bf2c3270-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$subAbsAfter sub abs after **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$subAbsAfter SUPER SUB TEMP-OB) indicates that SUPER and SUB are #$SomethingExistings, SUB is some #$subAbstractions of SUPER, and (#$contiguousAfter SUB TEMP-OB). This provides one way to talk about the effects wrought by some state-changing process. For example, for Washing001 involving Hair001, (#$subAbsAfter Hair001 SUB Washing001) would imply that SUB is Wet. Usually the preferred alternative (because it's simpler) is to use the #$holdsIn representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIF Washing001) 'Hair001 is Wet').
> guid: bd58f1bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$subAbstractionBefore sub abstraction before

> (#$subAbstractionBefore SUPER SUB TEMP-OBJ) means that SUB is a sub-abstraction of SUPER (so that (#$subAbstractions SUPER SUB) holds), and that the #$TemporalThing TEMP-OBJ starts immediately after SUB ends (so that (#$contiguousAfter TEMP-OBJ SUB) holds).
> guid: bd58f1ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$birthDate birthdate (complex temporal predicate) (temporal predicate) (extensional representation predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$birthDate X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X came into existence during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born, hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath. To specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a #$Person was born, use #$birthDay.
> guid: bd58ebc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$startingDate

#$dateOfDeath date of death **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$dateOfDeath X Y) indicates that the #$Entity X ceased to exist during #$Date Y. For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just any old #$SomethingExisting, because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates and #$endingDates, but only true #$Entitys will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath
> guid: bd58dd0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endingDate

#$SubAbs subabstractions argument entry format **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for one of its argument positions N, then, given some fixed set of arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may be added to the KB so long as each term appearing in argument position N is a #$subAbstractions of some common #$Entity. Note that the case where the entity itself appears as arg N is allowed, since for all X, (#$subAbstractions X X) is true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format of #$laterSubAbstractions is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc will allow one to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions of SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of those are known to be subabstractions of the very same entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker.
> guid: bd58e16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Format #$Individual

#$laterSubAbstractions later sub abstractions

> (#$laterSubAbstractions EARLIER LATER) means that LATER and EARLIER are both sub-abstractions (see the predicate #$subAbstractions) of the same entity (so that (#$hasSameEntityAs LATER EARLIER) holds) and the sub-abstraction LATER starts sometime after the beginning of EARLIER (so that (#$startsAfterStartingOf LATER EARLIER) holds).
> guid: bd58d765-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$hasSameEntityAs

#$hasSameEntityAs has same entity as **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$hasSameEntityAs X Y) indicates that X and Y are both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique #$Entity of which X is an #$entitySubAbstractions is the same as the unique #$Entity of which Y is an #$entitySubAbstractions. For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.
> guid: bd58efb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$InterExistingObjectPredicate

### Repeated Events

#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType types of cyclical time interval **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$isa X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. X must partition all of time: the elements of X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of X. E.g., X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.
> guid: be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType

#$occurrencesPerPeriod occurrences per period

> (#$occurrencesPerPeriod SUB-TYPE SUPER-TYPE N) means that N instances of #$TemporalObjectType SUB-TYPE occur during each instance of #$TemporalObjectType SUPER-TYPE. For example, (#$occurrencesPerPeriod #$CalendarDay #$CalendarWeek 7) means that there are seven calendar days in each calendar week.
> guid: c0f7dee6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$frequencyOfActionType frequency of action type

> A predicate for stating the frequency with which typical instances of some type of #$TemporalThing play certain roles in certain types of event. Specifically, (#$frequencyOfActionType ACTTYPE ACTORTYPE ROLE FREQUENCY) indicates that typical instances of ACTORTYPE (where ACTORRTYPE is a specialization of #$TemporalThing) play the role ROLE in instances of ACTTYPE (where ACTTYPE is a specialization of #$Event) with the frequency FREQUENCY. For example, #$frequencyOfActionType can be used to express the fact that typical vertebrates are virtually always breathing: (#$frequencyOfActionType #$Breathing #$Vertebrate #$bodilyDoer #$Continuously). This predicate should _not_ be used for action types that instances of ACTORTYPE do not typically perform role ROLE in, even if those instances of ACTORTYPE that do, do so with frequency FREQUENCY. For those kinds of assertions, use #$regularFrequencyOfActionType.
> guid: bd589f51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TypePredicate #$FunctionalPredicate #$QuaternaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$regularFrequencyOfActionType

#$AnnualTemporalObjectType types of annual event

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType is a specialization of #$TemporalThing, instances of which occur once per year according to some calendar. Furthermore, the occurrence of instances of each such type of event is tied to a specific time (for example, a specific date) in the calendar year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType, because one occurs on a specific date (namely, December 25) each year.
> guid: be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$MonthOfYearType #$CalendarSeasonType

#$WeeklyTemporalObjectType weekly occurrences

> A specialization of #$TemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$WeeklyTemporalObjectType is a collection of temporal things, all of which are synchronized with some calendar, with exactly one of those things occuring each calendar week. For example, one instance of #$WeeklyTemporalObjectType is #$Wednesday, since there is exactly one instance of #$Wednesday each calendar week.
> guid: c0f7df0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$DayOfWeekType

#$RepeatedEvent recurring events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This is a class of events that is repeated in some other event. This is there because when we create a typical year we don't want to create 365 days.
> guid: bd5900b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Event

#$RegularlyRepeatedEvent periodic events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd590072-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$Movement-Periodic #$QualitativeTimeOfDay #$Breathing #$Sleeping

#$IrregularlyRepeatedEvent irregularly repeated event **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd58bc73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual
> direct generalization of: #$Swallowing

#$repetitionInstances repetition instances **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> guid: bd58bbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalPredicate

### Other Time

#$age age (interval based quantity slot) (quantity slot) (predicate that is functional in its second argument) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates an existing thing to its current age, expressed as a quantity of time (see #$Time-Quantity). (#$age THING AMOUNT-OF-TIME) means that THING has been in existence for a total of AMOUNT-OF-TIME. THING can be a person, a galaxy, or any other existing thing (see #$SomethingExisting). Note, however, that the truth-value of a sentence about the age of something is dependent upon the temporal context in which the sentence is used. For example, in most contexts (see #$Microtheory) it would be a mistake to assert (#$age AlbertEinstein (#$YearsDuration 50)), because that sentence is only true in contexts restricted to the year-long interval in which Einstein had that age. So the above sentence should only be asserted in a microtheory that is temporally qualified to that year (roughly 1929) or some part or it. Alternatively, one can temporally qualify the sentence itself using #$holdsIn (q.v.). Thus (#$holdsIn (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1929)) (#$age AlbertEinstein (#$YearsDuration 50)), which means that Einstein is a 50-year-old during the entire second quarter of 1929, is true -- regardless of the temporal context.
> guid: bd58ba2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$dateOfEvent date of event **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This predicate relates an event and the calendar date on which it transpired. So (#$dateOfEvent EVENT DATE) says that EVENT both starts and ends during DATE. For example, (#$dateOfEvent #$GettysburgAddress-Speech (#$DayFn 19 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1863)))). means that #$AbrahamLincoln started talking one famous day and also finished on that day. One should verify this condition: in fact your birthday is determined by the #$endingDate of your #$BirthEvent; the #$dateOfEvent may not be clear. See also #$occursDuring.
> guid: bd58a232-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$endingDate #$startingDate

#$startingTimeRelativeTo starting time relative to **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> the event to which the starting time of event u is given. NOTE: The starting time of u is relative to the ending time of v.
> guid: bd58a3f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$TimeElapsedFn time elapsed fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> This function returns the duration of the time interval between the starting point of two dates. For example, (#$TimeElapsedFn (#$YearFn 1990) (#$YearFn 1992)) would return a duration of 2 years. Note that since this function returns the absolute value of the difference between its two arguments, the argument order does not matter. An example of an axiom that uses this predicate is the one that says that a female animal generally won't give birth more than once per gestation-period-of-time (for that type of animal).
> guid: bd58d13a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$EvaluatableFunction #$Individual

#$TotalTimeFn total time fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A variable-arity individual-denoting function that takes as argument(s) one or more instances of #$TemporalThing (q.v.) and returns the #$Time-Quantity (q.v.) attribute representing the shortest length of time spanning the temporal extent of all those arguments. Suppose TEMPTHINGi is (one of) the earliest-to-start and TEMPTHINGj is (one of) the latest-to-end among TEMPTHING1, ..., TEMPTHINGn. Then (#$TotalTimeFn TEMPTHING1..TEMPTHINGn) is the #$Time-Quantity had by the time-interval that starts when TEMPTHINGi starts and ends when TEMPTHINGj ends. For example, (#$TotalTimeFn (#$YearFn 1996) (#$YearFn 1998)) is (#$YearsDuration 3).
> guid: bd58c3c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TotalDenotationalFunction #$VariableArityRelation #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$firstSubEvents first sub events

> This predicate relates an event to one of its sub-events -- namely, the sub-event that begins it. #$firstSubEvents is the common specialization of both #$subEvents and #$temporallyStartedBy. (#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) implies (#$subEvents EVENT START) and (#$temporallyStartedBy EVENT START). That is, (#$firstSubEvents EVENT START) means that START is the first part of EVENT. For example, if one relieving pain (see #$RelievingPain) by taking a pill, then (one of) the first sub-events in that event is an instance of #$Ingesting. Note that there can be more than one first subevent for any given event. For example, in a baseball game, the entire first inning can be considered to be the first subevent of the game, and yet the first pitch made during the first inning can also be considered to be the first subevent of the game. See also #$lastSubEvents.
> guid: bd58d6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SubEventPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyStartedBy #$subEvents

#$lastSubEvents completion

> A #$SubEventPredicate that is a specialization of both #$subEvents and #$temporallyFinishedBy (qq.v.). (#$lastSubEvents EVENT END) means that END is a final part of EVENT. That is, END is a proper subevent of EVENT that starts after EVENT starts and ends exactly when EVENT ends. Also, END should be something that it would seem intuitively correct (in the context in question) to describe as the last part of EVENT. Typically, END doesn't start until at least halfway through (i.e. the temporal mid-point of) the occurring of EVENT. Note that more than one event might be considered a last part of a given event; for example, either the ninth inning or the last play of the ninth inning could be considered the last subevent of a baseball game. See also #$firstSubEvents.
> guid: bd58d7a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SubEventPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyFinishedBy #$subEvents

#$eventTypeTemporalLocality event type temporal locality **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The time period over which the effects of this type of event may be felt. This could be infinite for certain events (such as killing a person), but for most events this is a much shorter period. E.g., some of the effects of swimming are being wet, being tired, being out of breath, etc. but those effect generally only persist for a period of minutes after the swimming ends.
> guid: bd58ac42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot

#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg spatially intrinsic arg

> (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that the #$Predicate PRED expresses a property that is spatially intrinsic for its argument position N. In other words, if a sentence S using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), every sentence is true in which a term denoting any spatial part (via #$physicalPortions) of OBJ is substituted for OBJ in S. For example, since (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$temperatureOfObject 1) is true, if it is true that (#$temperatureOfObject Coffee007 (#$DegreeCelsius 90)), it is true that any spatial part of Coffee007 will also have that temperature. An example of a property that is not spatially intrinsic is #$massOfObject; there are parts of any object that have less mass than the entire object. Another example of a relation that is not spatially intrinsic, but might at first seem to be, is #$constituents. In (#$constituents ChocolateMilk37 Milk36), it is not the case that every spatial part of ChocolateMilk37 has Milk36 among its #$constituents. #$constituents means, rather, that every part of its first argument has some part of the second argument among its components.
> guid: be3a3685-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MetaPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$temporallyIntrinsicArg temporally intrinsic arg **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that PRED expresses a property that is temporally intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any temporal part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$massOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$massOfObject `Rock37' (#$Gram 37)), we can expect that any temporal part of `Rock37', such as `Rock37Today', will also have a mass of 37 grams. An example of a property which is not temporally intrinsic would be `average speed'. The average speed of a car on a drive from Austin to Dallas might be 50 mph, but during particular sub-intervals of that drive the average speed could vary from 0 to 75 mph. The collection #$CotemporalPredicate is a class of relations which are not temporally intrinsic but might at first seem to be, e.g., #$physicalParts. In (#$physicalParts `Joe' `JoesHead'), it is not the case that every temporal part of `Joe' (such as `JoeToday') has `JoesHead' as a physical part. Rather, `JoeToday' would have `JoesHeadToday' among its #$physicalParts. With #$physicalParts, as with all other elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, every time-slice of the first argument is related to a cotemporal time-slice of the second argument, but that is not covered by #$temporallyIntrinsicArg and its associated axioms.
> guid: bf0397d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.