## Conceptual Works

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Last Update: 12/13/02
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#$InformationBearingThing ibt

> A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of #$InformationBearingThing (or IBT ) is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel _Moby_Dick_; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the #$CycProgram. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). An important specialization of #$InformationBearingThing is #$InformationBearingObject, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. #$PartiallyTangibles). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of #$InformationBearingThing from those of #$AbstractInformationalThing (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfAIT) and from those of #$ConceptualWork (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfWork). For instance, #$TextString is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing, #$TextualMaterial is a specialization of #$InformationBearingThing, and #$TextualPCW is a specialization of #$ConceptualWork; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a category error . Also note that events in which information is transferred (see #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see #$actors) some instance of #$InformationBearingThing; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
> guid: be436e7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationStore #$SpatialThing-Localized
> direct generalization of: #$InformationBearingObject #$HumanAccessibleIBT #$Signal #$VisualInformationBearingThing #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$TextualMaterial #$ComputerFileCopy

#$InformationBearingObject ibo (ibt)

> A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject. Each instance of #$InformationBearingObject (or IBO ) is a physical object that can be interpreted to yield information. #$InformationBearingObject includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to yield information. See the comment on #$InformationBearingThing on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations of this collection from the many specializations of both #$AbstractInformationalThing (information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfAIT) and #$ConceptualWork (conceptual and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfWork). An important specialization of this collection (which naturally includes most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc #$KnowledgeBase to be instances of #$InformationBearingObject) is #$HumanAccessibleIBO -- objects which can be interpreted to yield information by #$Persons. See also #$containsInformation.
> guid: bd58f6ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$InformationBearingThing
> direct generalization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Database-Physical #$ComputationalSystem

#$InformationBearingWavePropagation information bearing wave propagation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$WavePropagation. Each instance of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a wave propagation event that carries information for interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable specializations of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include #$Music, #$VisualImage, and #$Utterance-IBT.
> guid: bf834402-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$WavePropagationType
> direct specialization of: #$Signal #$WavePropagation
> direct generalization of: #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$VisualImage #$AnimalSound

#$PropositionalInformationThing pit (mt) (AIT) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$Microtheory. Each instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing (or PIT ) is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of #$InformationBearingThings. Objects or events which are instances of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate #$containsInformation (see also the function #$PITOfIBTFn). An instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics, embodied in many and various sources.
> guid: bd5880a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$MicrotheoryType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Microtheory
> direct generalization of: #$Agreement #$Permission #$LegalAgreement #$WorkAgreement #$Visa-Permit #$AuthorizedAgreement #$SalesAgreement #$EducationalDegree #$Account #$FinancialAccount #$Proposal #$News #$SensoryInformation #$Credential #$TextMicrotheory #$Stock #$OrganizationPolicy #$MentalInformation #$Memory #$Warranty

#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType specific types of information bearing thing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most cases, instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subcollection of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms', are NOT subcollections of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subcollections of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.
> guid: bd58aabf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$IBTContentType #$ObjectType

#$developerOfIBTType developer of i b t type **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An #$IntangibleObjectPredicate that relates a given content-specific type of information bearing thing to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, or other agents responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$IBTContentType and specialization of #$InformationBearingThing IBTTYPE -- which might be a book, a computer program, a type of currency, a flag, etc. For example, (#$developerOfIBTType #$CycTheCollection #$Lenat) holds. In many cases, IBTTYPE will be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType (q.v.). Note, however, that this predicate has been largely supplanted by the now much more widely-used #$creatorOfCW (q.v.).
> guid: bd58da57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$StructuredInformationSource structured information sources **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computer programs, poems, and novels.
> guid: bd58f839-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationStore
> direct generalization of: #$IndexedInformationSource #$Tuple #$OrganizationalChart #$Spreadsheet #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$ScheduleDocument #$ComputerDataStructure

#$Spreadsheet spreadsheets

> A specialization of #$HumanAccessibleIBT and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Spreadsheet is an information-bearing thing that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns so that people can view it. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram (q.v.) such as #$Lotus123 onto a computer screen or hardcopy device. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet. A database [see #$Database-Physical] that holds the information from which the spreadsheet is generated is not an instance of #$Spreadsheet.
> guid: bd5897d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IBTContentType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$StructuredInformationSource #$HumanAccessibleIBT

#$Map maps (AIT) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Map is a conceptual work that models a region of physical space by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features such as the following: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity). Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. Instances of #$Map are physically instantiated in map copies (see the collection #$MapCopy), which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.
> guid: bd58e7b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualArtifact-CW

#$OrganizationalChart organizational charts

> A collection of #$InformationStores and a subcollection of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$OrganizationalChart graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure.
> guid: bd58fe7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IndexedInformationSource

#$Database-AbstractContent abstract databases **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all databases considered as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.
> guid: bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IndexedInformationSource
> direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase

#$Database-Physical databases

> A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredKnowledgeSource. Each instance of #$Database-Physical is an IBO (either hardcopy or electronic) that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a database involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some functionality for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an instance of #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract content of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent, which is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. For computer programs which deal with databases, see #$DatabaseProgram.
> guid: bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingObject

#$Form-StandardizedIBO legal forms

> A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an information-bearing object having some standard set of labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to fill in with certain items of information (often information pertaining to the user). Instances of #$Form-StandardizedIBO often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations include the collections #$LeaseDocument, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, and #$Check-TenderObject.
> guid: c0fd68b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
> direct specialization of: #$Artifact #$StructuredInformationSource #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$TextualMaterial
> direct generalization of: #$Check-TenderObject

#$SoundInformationBearingThing sound information bearing things

> A specialization of both #$AudibleSound and #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an sound which is audible by, and thereby capable of providing information to, an #$Agent. (This information need not necessarily be in propositional form.) This collection does not include #$InformationBearingWavePropagations that require the use of some sort of electronic device to be rendered in the form of audible sound; thus #$RadioWave is not a specialization. Genuine specializations include #$Music and #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Note that, despite the use of the word `Thing' in the name of this constant, it refers to the sound alone, not to the thing that makes the sound (e.g. if one's CD player is pumping out music, the #$SoundInformationBearingThing is the #$Music, not the player). Thus, no one thing can be an instance of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$VisualInformationBearingThing (e.g.).
> guid: bd58c8be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AudibleSound #$InformationBearingWavePropagation
> direct generalization of: #$Music #$Utterance-IBT #$AnimalUtterance-IBT

#$AnimalSound animal sounds

> A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). Examples of #$AnimalSounds include instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; consequently, #$AnimalSound does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this collection is not a specialization of #$Action, or #$BodyMovementEvent, since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the activity of making animal sounds (though events of both types usually accompany one another. See #$EmittingSound for the latter.)
> guid: bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$AudibleSound
> direct generalization of: #$AnimalUtterance-IBT

#$AnimalUtterance-IBT utterances

> A specialization of both #$AnimalSound and #$Utterance-IBT. Each instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT is a sound initially generated by some #$Animal speaking or making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e. instantiate some #$PropositionalInformationThing). If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves are instances of this collection -- not the activities of making them. This collection is not a specialization of #$Action (for that, see #$CommunicationAct-Single and its specializations).
> guid: bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$AnimalSound #$Utterance-IBT

#$Music music (noise) (wave) (move)

> A specialization of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of #$Music is a particular sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of #$Music include the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995. This collection is not to be confused with #$MusicalText or #$MusicalTextCopy (qq.v.), which refer to the represented instructions which musicians often follow in order to create #$Music.
> guid: bd58ce26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible #$SoundInformationBearingThing

#$ComputerProgram-CW programz

> A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork, #$ComputerFile-CW and #$SoftwareObject-Individual. Each instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is a deliberately created abstract object comprised of propositions that together constitute a list of instructions for computers to execute. Example instances include #$Emacs-TheProgram and #$LinuxKernel-TheProgram. Instances of this collection are distinct from computer code and from both running and installed programs. The instructions that comprise an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be expressed as abstract computer code (see #$ComputerCode), but no list of instructions expressed in code constitutes an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW. Rather, the code in which an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is expressed constitutes an instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure that can be related to the program it expresses using the predicate #$programCode. More than one instance of #$ComputerCode can express the same instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW; for example, a single instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be written in source code (see #$ComputerCode-Source) in several different computer languages, or it can be complied as a binary executable (see #$ComputerCode-Binary). A physical instantiation of a #$ComputerProgram-CW is a #$ComputerProgramCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing and is related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programCopies. An instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW that is being executed is a #$ComputerProcessRunning, related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programOfProcess.
> guid: c09c6244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ComputerFile-CW #$SoftwareObject-Individual
> direct generalization of: #$OpenSourceComputerProgram #$OperatingSystemKernel #$ApplicationProgram #$OperatingSystem

#$ArtObject works of art

> A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and #$Artifact. Each instance of #$ArtObject is a physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. #$ArtObject does not include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a specialization of #$InformationBearingObject, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of #$ArtObject include the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral. See also #$Artist, #$artisticWorksCreated.
> guid: bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$TopAndBottomSidedObject #$VisualInformationBearingThing #$PartiallyTangibleProduct #$Artifact
> direct generalization of: #$Sculpture

#$VisualInformationBearingThing visual information sources

> A specialization of both #$Artifact-Generic and #$InformationBearingThing. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of #$VisualInformationBearingThing include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of #$VisualInformationBearingThings may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing produce instances of #$VisualImage (which, unlike instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing, are instances of #$Event). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a #$VisualImage is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is #$StillImageSource -- sources of #$VisualImage that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of #$VisualInformationBearingThing given above except for the television set). See also the predicate #$visuallyDepicts.
> guid: bd58cfb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
> direct generalization of: #$VisualMark #$Gesture #$ArtObject

#$SignTheDisplay signs

> A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay is a physical object typically placed where #$Persons can see it so that they can obtain (generally propositional) information from it. Signs are typically used to identify objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), to advertise goods (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales), and to warn of hazards (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, printed tape marking off a police line). #$SignTheDisplay differs from #$SymbolicObject in displaying specific information rather than symbolizing another thing, though the two collections are obviously not disjoint. See also #$signifiesTo, #$signifiedBy.
> guid: bd58b6a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject

#$VisualImage images

> A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$VisualImage is an event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern, which (does or might) contain information for an observer. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some tangible object -- a #$VisualInformationBearingThing (such as a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified (among other ways) by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), or by their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage).
> guid: bd590bda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$VisibleLight

#$ColorImage color images **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual images. Each element of #$ColorImage is an image 'in color', i.e., it is not monochromatic but is composed of several colors. Any 'in color' movie being shown on a 'color television' is a #$ColorImage. Presumably, a nighttime sequence viewed on such a television would still be an element of #$ColorImage since the context was 'in color' and subtle blues as well as greys would be depicted. An image consisting solely of varying shades of green, such as that seen on many monochromatic oscilloscopes, would be an element of #$MonochromeImage not #$ColorImage nor #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
> guid: c1006a54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualImage

#$MonochromeImage monochrome images **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MonochromeImage is an all grey-scale or otherwise monochrome visual image. #$BlackAndWhiteImage is a subset of #$MonochromeImage. Some images, e.g. some infrared images, are in varying shades of red. These would be elements of #$MonochromeImage but not #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
> guid: c1006a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualImage

#$StillImage still images **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual images. Each element of #$StillImage is a static visual image. Such images are typically images reflected from, or generated by, objects that don't change in time, e.g. an illuminated photograph. Other examples: images from maps, x-rays, drawings, labels, or any constant projection of light.
> guid: c0fd7fa2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationBearingThing

#$MovingImage moving images **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MovingImage is a visual image which persists while changing over time. Examples of #$MovingImage include shadows of trees swaying in the wind, meteors, film and video images; images produced by light reflected from moving physical objects; images produced directly by a changing pattern of lights (e.g., nautical beacons).
> guid: c0fd7d5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualImage

#$Reflection-Visual reflections **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual images. Each element of #$Reflection-Visual is a visual image produced by the reflection of light from a surface.
> guid: c10069cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualImage

#$VisualMark markings

> A specialization of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some tangible object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen). This collection is not to be confused with #$MarkingOnASurface, which is the collection of #$Events which consist, naturally, in making a mark on a surface. See also the predicates #$marks and #$markCreated.
> guid: bd590b98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationBearingThing #$PartiallyTangible

#$MarkingOnASurface marking (handling) (controlling) (creating)

> A specialization of both #$MaterialHandling and #$IBOCreation. Each instance of #$MarkingOnASurface is an event in which visible markings are placed on a surface by an agent (see the collection #$Agent). The marking may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances of #$Painting-Activity) or removing material from a surface (as in instances of #$EngravingEvent).
> guid: bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$MaterialHandling #$IBOCreation
> direct generalization of: #$WritingByHand

#$TextMarking text markings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$TextMarking is a visual artifact, a mark or configuration of marks recognizable as text in some writing system. Examples of #$TextMarking include written words, written numbers, sentences, individual letters and numerals, all the text on a piece of paper or in a book, auxiliary marks like punctuation, etc.
> guid: bd590b57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualMark

#$Line-Marking line marking **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Line-Marking is a visual mark which is relatively long and thin.
> guid: c0fd6bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualMark

#$Tattoo tattoos (visual information sources) (ibt) (artifacts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Tattoo is a mark made on the skin of a person or other animal, having a pattern formed by scar tissue or by pigment applied in or under the skin. In medical terms, `tattoo' includes marks resulting from accidental tattooing. But typically tattoos are deliberately applied for purposes of identification or decoration.
> guid: c1009ba3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Footprint footprints **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Footprint is an impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose.
> guid: c0fbadda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$Fingerprint fingerprints **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Fingerprint is a mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the skin of the finger(s) that made them.
> guid: bd5e4ba9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualMark

#$Gesture gestures **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A subcollection of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$Gesture is a configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding (whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. #$Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty ). Note that, as defined in #$Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the #$Actions producing the arrangement. For representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.
> guid: bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Signal #$Situation-Temporal #$VisualInformationBearingThing

#$Sculpture sculptures

> A specialization of #$ArtObject. Each instance of this collection is a tangible three-dimensional work of art. Buildings are not included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the #$Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan. See also #$Sculptor.
> guid: bd58acda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HexalateralObject #$ArtObject

#$Model-Artifact models (visual information sources) (ibt) (artifacts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Model-Artifact is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For example, an architectural model for a proposed public building; a souvenir model of #$TheWhiteHouse; a scale model of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings copying a real house. The funnction, #$ModelFn, is used to designate the collection of models of a collection of objects.
> guid: be010ef1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SolidTangibleProduct #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Artifact #$VisualInformationBearingThing

#$ModelFn model fn **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The Cyc function #$ModelFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction which is used to represent models of a certain type of thing. (#$ModelFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all models of objects that belong to the type OBJ-TYPE. For example, all sculptures of horses are elements of the collection (#$ModelFn #$Horse-Domesticated).
> guid: be010f3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$TextualMaterial documents

> A specialization of #$InformationBearingThing (IBT). Each instance of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content is both (i) encoded in some #$CommunicationConvention (q.v.), usually a #$Language, and (ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters. Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings, while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material always involves one or more spatially-localized representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see #$CharacterStringToken-Inscribed) -- of #$CharacterStrings (q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or screens. Specializations of #$TextualMaterial include #$OfficialDocument and #$NonPublishedText. Note that, while there is considerable overlap between #$TextualMaterial and #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject, these collections differ in that the latter both includes IBTs that involve no character-string representations and excludes intangibles of any sort.
> guid: bd5904c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$HexalateralObject #$InformationBearingThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
> direct generalization of: #$Currency #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$ScheduleDocument #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$NonPublishedText #$OfficialDocument

#$CharacterString is the atomic form of (#$ListOfTypeFn #$Character-Abstract)(#$ListOfTypeFn #$Character-Abstract)

> A specialization of #$AbstractInformationStructure. Each instance of #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that an instance of #$CharacterString is _not_ any particular physical, tangible representation, since different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of #$CharacterString is a list (see the collection #$List) of characters (instances of #$Character-Abstract) from some fixed character set. An instance of #$CharacterString may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length string is the empty string, which has no characters). Notable specializations of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, and #$TelephoneCountryCode. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.
> guid: bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TermPhrasesConstraint #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationStructure #$List
> direct generalization of: #$TextString #$SubLString #$IDString #$ProgramIdentifier

#$ReferenceWork reference works

> A specialization of #$TextualPCW. Each instance of #$ReferenceWork is a conceptual work providing a more or less non-speculative, fact-oriented , comprehensive description of some knowledge domain.
> guid: bd58caa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TextualPCW

#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject physical information bearing objects

> The collection-intersection (and thus a common specialization) of #$Artifact, #$StillImageSource and #$HumanAccessibleIBO (qq.v.). Each instance of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an human-created #$InformationBearingObject (IBO) in a hard format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose #$CommunicationConvention must be understood by anyone who would access the information. For example, the information may be stored as English text. Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille books (as they are not instances of #$StillImageSource, whose information content must be accessed visually).
> guid: bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Artifact #$HexalateralObject #$SolidTangibleThing #$Artifact-NonAgentive
> direct generalization of: #$SignTheDisplay #$Paper-IBO #$Card #$Currency #$NonPublishedText #$OfficialDocument

#$Book-CW books

> A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork and #$BookGeneric-CW. Each instance of #$Book-CW is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some sort. Instances of #$Book-CW may be intended to be instantiated in any book format: hardcopy (see #$BookCopy), electronic, audio tape, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually also instances of #$TextualPCW, but some may be comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as images. Note that books with no propositional information (such as certain coloring books) would not be instances of this specialization of #$BookGeneric-CW.
> guid: bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork #$BookGeneric-CW

#$Card cards (visual information sources) (sheets of some substance) (ibt)

> An instance of #$ExistingObjectType, and a specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing some kind of information. Specializations of #$Card include #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform the same functions as some instances of #$Card (for example, electronic greeting cards) are not instances of #$Card.
> guid: c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PortableObject #$SheetOfSomeStuff #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject
> direct generalization of: #$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$CreditCard #$BankDebitCard

#$KnowledgeBase kb

> A specialization of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each instance of #$KnowledgeBase is a database (considered as an abstract repository of information rather than a physical storage device) containing knowledge about at least part of the world. A notable specialization of #$KnowledgeBase is #$CycKB, the collection of all Cyc knowledge bases.
> guid: bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ClassificationSystem #$Database-AbstractContent

#$IndexedInformationSource indexed info source **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInformationSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInformationSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInformationSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInformationSource.
> guid: c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible #$StructuredInformationSource #$AbstractInformationalThing
> direct generalization of: #$DynamicIndexedInfoSource #$Database-AbstractContent #$OrganizationalChart

#$AbstractInformationalThing AIT **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual and #$InformationStore. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a heterogeneous collection of abstract repositories of information. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a generalization not only of #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationalThing is an abstract individual and most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete embodiments . For example, a single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several pieces of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork, such as the instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Other specializations of #$AbstractInformationalThing are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.
> guid: bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationStore #$IntangibleIndividual
> direct generalization of: #$ELSentenceTemplate #$ClassificationSystem #$Microtheory #$Information-Content #$DynamicInfoSource #$DevisedPracticeOrWork #$RuleTemplate #$Algorithm #$IndexedInformationSource #$CycLSentence #$BeliefSystem #$FieldOfStudy #$LinguisticObject #$CommunicationConvention #$News #$CycHLTruthValue #$ComputerFile-Abstract #$SoftwareParameter

#$SymbolicObject icons

> A specialization of both #$SymbolicThing and #$HumanAccessibleIBO. Each instance of #$SymbolicObject is a #$SymbolicThing that has some material part (i.e. is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible), and symbolizes some thing, event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Only some instances of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g. national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g. a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker), and/or acquire symbolic associations over time (e.g. Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject include the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove. Negative examples include #$NationalAnthems and #$Swastikas projected on walls, because these do not have a material part; for such symbols use the broader collection #$SymbolicThing.
> guid: bd58cf26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$SymbolicThing
> direct generalization of: #$MemorialMarker

#$Insignia insignias **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of symbolic objects. Each element of #$Insignia is a visual configuration conventionally associated with some organization, person, or other agent. Elements of #$Insignia include monograms, company logos, devices of heraldry, totems, the official seals of universities, etc.
> guid: bd5890fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject

#$Trophy trophies **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of objects. Each element of #$Trophy is a solid tangible object with a symbolic meaning, awarded to some agent(s) in recognition for winning some competition or achieving some goal. Trophies typically contain (e.g., in engraved writing) the name of the award, date, and name(s) of the recipient(s). Examples: the Heisman trophy, the Americas Cup, an Oscar.
> guid: be010ebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject #$SolidTangibleProduct

#$MeaningInSystemFn meaning in system fn **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A reifiable #$BinaryFunction that returns the meaningful entities indexed by a particular character string in a Cyc-external information source. More precisely, (#$MeaningInSystemFn INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to the #$CharacterString STRING and the #$IndexedInformationSource INFOSOURCE, returns whatever is indexed by STRING in that system. For example, (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$WordNet-1997Version N03585958 ) returns the WordNet `synset' (`synonym set') represented by (rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes . STRING can have any format chosen by the person who builds the representation of the external system. In addition, STRING may contain arbitrary further characters or information, depending on how the external information is selected and processed. This function makes it possible to relate a concept in an external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then use the predicate #$synonymousExternalConcept rather than this function. If there is correspondence only to one Cyc constant, but it is only approximate, use #$overlappingExternalConcept.
> guid: bf3a978c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$synonymousExternalConcept synonymous external concept

> (#$synonymousExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM is synonymous with at least one of the interpretations of STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
> guid: c0e2af4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$overlappingExternalConcept overlapping external concept

> (#$overlappingExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM overlaps semantically with at least one of the interpretations of STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
> guid: bf83203b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

#$ConventionalClassificationType conventional classification types

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ConventionalClassificationType is a collection that corresponds to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see #$ClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category. #$ConventionalClassificationTypes include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named calendar intervals.
> guid: bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$VariableOrderCollection #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection
> direct generalization of: #$UnitOfMeasureTypeByTypeMeasured #$UnitOfMeasureTypeBySystem #$OrganismClassificationType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType #$PersonTypeByCulture #$FoodGroup #$GarmentTypeByRegionOfBodyCovered

#$ClassificationSystem conventional classification systems

> A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$ClassificationSystem is an agreed-upon or conventional classification system consisting of several #$ConventionalClassificationTypes (q.v.). In such a system, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the classificatory categories. #$ClassificationSystems include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, and calendar systems.
> guid: c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationalThing #$Artifact-Intangible
> direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase

#$IDDocument identification cards

> A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Each instance of this collection is an officially sanctioned credential for identifying some person or physical object. Important subcollections of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$PersonalCheck. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for an #$ArtObject or an antique.
> guid: bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
> direct specialization of: #$OfficialDocument
> direct generalization of: #$StockCertificate #$BankDebitCard #$Passport #$CreditCard #$Check-TenderObject

#$BankDebitCard bank debit cards

> A specialization of #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the #$BankAccount with which the card is associated. It is typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also #$CreditCard.
> guid: c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction #$MoneyTenderType
> direct specialization of: #$FreeSheet #$Card #$TenderObject #$IDDocument

#$Passport passports

> A specialization of #$LegalDocument and #$IDDocument. Each instance of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by the government of a country of which s/he is a citizen, in order to identify that person as a citizen of that country while s/he is travelling outside of its borders. It can also be used for ID purposes back home. #$Passports typically expire after a set period of time and require renewal. Countries generally allow only one valid passport per citizen.
> guid: c10afd58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
> direct specialization of: #$LegalDocument #$IDDocument

#$CreditCard credit cards

> A specialization of both #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user (see #$Bill-PaymentRequest), usually with interest. See also #$creditor, #$owesDebts.
> guid: bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction #$MoneyTenderType
> direct specialization of: #$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$FreeSheet #$Card #$IDDocument

#$StockCertificate stock certificates

> A specialization of #$OfficialDocument and #$CertificateDocument. Each instance of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a corporation (see #$Business) to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of #$Stock (q.v.) in that corporation. See also #$shareholders.
> guid: c0fd4a24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
> direct specialization of: #$IDDocument

#$OfficialDocument official documents

> A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property, etc.). #$OfficialDocuments are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Instances of #$OfficialDocument include: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips and student ID cards. A notable specialization of this collection is #$LegalDocument. See also #$OfficialDocumentType.
> guid: bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
> direct specialization of: #$PortableObject #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$TextualMaterial
> direct generalization of: #$DrugPrescription #$IDDocument #$LegalDocument

#$PublishedMaterial publications (products) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$InformationStore. Each instance of #$PublishedMaterial is either a conceptual work (an instance of #$ConceptualWork) with instantiations which have been produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing (an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) which has been produced for distribution. Note that published here does not mean printed and physically distributed , since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb-Concrete, or broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of #$PublishedMaterial include #$Book-CW, #$RecordedVideoProduct, and #$RecordedSoundProduct.
> guid: bd58c1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Product #$InformationStore #$Artifact-NonAgentive
> direct generalization of: #$RecordedVideoProduct #$RecordedSoundProduct #$BookGeneric-CW

#$NonPublishedText unpublished texts

> A specialization of #$TextualMaterial, and thus of #$InformationBearingObject (IBO). Each instance of this collection is (a physical copy of) a text that has not yet been published. It may have been rejected for publication (e.g. a rejected book manuscript) or it may not be intended for publication (e.g. a memo or personal letter). It is, of course, disjoint with #$PublishedMaterial.
> guid: bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$TextualMaterial

#$RecordedVideoProduct recorded video products

> #$RecordedVideoProduct is a specialization of #$PublishedMaterial, #$VideoRecordedObject, and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
> guid: bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial #$MediaProduct #$PartiallyTangibleProduct

#$RecordedSoundProduct sound recordings **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**

> #$RecordedSoundProduct is a specialization of #$AudioRecordedObject, #$PartiallyTangibleProduct and #$PublishedMaterial. Each instance of #$RecordedSoundProduct is (a particular copy of) a sound recording which is mass-produced -- i.e. it is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
> guid: bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial

#$Credential credentials

> A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$Credential is specific information about one #$SocialBeing (q.v.), provided by another #$SocialBeing. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of #$Credential is wholly intangible, instances of #$Credential usually have some associated #$TextualMaterial (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate #$issuesCredential.
> guid: bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing #$PropositionalInformationThing
> direct generalization of: #$EducationalDegree #$Visa-Permit

#$License-LegalAgreement licenses **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of #$Permission. Each element of #$License-LegalAgreement is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see #$License-IBO), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of #$License-LegalAgreement include: #$TrainEngineerLicense, #$DriversLicense, #$PestControlLicense.
> guid: bd58aede-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential #$Permission #$AuthorizedAgreement #$LegalAgreement

#$Accreditation accreditation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of abstract (intangible) objects consisting of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Accreditation is a credential, issued to an organization by the appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example, accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to offer medical services.
> guid: c10aff30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$Recommendation recommendation **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Recommendation consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement.
> guid: bd58da09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$EducationalDegree degrees

> A specialization of #$Credential. Each instance of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees.
> guid: bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$CertificationOfCompetence certification of competence **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of certifications. Each element of #$CertificationOfCompetence is the (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a person is competent to perform a certain kind of job or task. Such a certification may be embodied in a written document, oral testimonial, or personal recommendation.
> guid: bd58f11d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$HealthCertificate health certificates **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of credentials. Each element of #$HealthCertificate is the (abstract) declaration, by the appropriate authority, that a particular person (or other animal) is in good health. Typically a health certificate is embodied in a document issued by the authority.
> guid: bd58b019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$CertificationOfWorkExperience certifications of work experience **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of credentials. Each element of #$CertificationOfWorkExperience is an (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a particular person has performed a certain amount of work of some kind. Such information might be embodied in a letter, a form, or a verbal statement issued by the authority.
> guid: bd58bb8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential

#$Visa-Permit visas (credentials) (agreements) (pit) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$Permission and #$LegalAgreement. Each instance of #$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Specializations of #$Visa-Permit include #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, and #$GreenCard.
> guid: bd5af45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Credential #$Permission #$LegalAgreement

#$News news **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not include as instances any instance of #$NewsArticle (q.v.). Rather, an instance of #$News might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of distinct #$NewsArticles
> guid: bd58dbd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing

#$Narrative narratives

> A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Narrative is an abstract work that recounts a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve instances of #$Person or instamces of #$FictionalCharacter. Important specializations of #$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography.
> guid: bd58886c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork

#$Instructions instructions

> A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Instructions is an abstract work that outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed by an agent. Positive examples of instantiations are instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score. Illustrative specializations include #$DirectionsToGetSomewhere and #$InvestmentGuide.
> guid: bd58db4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork

#$IllocutionaryForce-Coll illocutionary forces **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of illocutionary force attributes held by illocutionary acts. Each instance of #$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be instances of #$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. In #$CycL, illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts having some propositional content, via #$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing formulas expressing the information transferred in an illocutionary act with #$componentIF.
> guid: 3550627a-74b0-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$Inform inform (attribute value) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$IllocutionaryForce. If a communication act has this illocutionary force, the intention of the sender of information (see #$senderOfInfo) is to inform the intended recipient(s) of the propositional content of the communication act. See also #$Inform-CommunicationAct.
> guid: bd588d9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConstativeIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$Request request **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An illocutionary force associated with requests. If a communication act has this illocutionary force it is the speaker's intention to ask the listener to perform the action(s) described in his/her utterance. If the listener responds positively, s/he places him/herself under an obligation to do the indicated action. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo.
> guid: bd58d87c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$Command command **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A kind of illocutionary force associated with commanding. When illocutionary act has this illocutionary force, then the speaker intends to have the listener either carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker in any given instance of #$Ordering-CommunicationAct presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo.
> guid: bd58dac6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$Offer offer (attribute value) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An attribute which may be possessed by instances of #$CommunicationAct-Single. If a communication act has this attribute, then the one communicating (the #$senderOfInfo) is volunteering to perform the action described in that utterance and/or bring about the situation described therein, on the condition that the listener (the #$recipientOfInfo) accept the offer. An offer may be made with additional conditions as well. When an offer is accepted (and any additional conditions are true), the speaker of the offer incurs an obligation. See also #$Offering-CommunicationAct, #$obligatedAgent.
> guid: bd588d5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$Promise promise **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An attribute associated with instances of #$CommunicationAct-Single. If a communication act has this attribute, then the #$senderOfInfo intends to carry out the action described in the act and is obligated to do so.
> guid: bd588d19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$Query query (attribute value) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The illocutionary force associated with a querying act. The speaker's ultimate goal may be either to learn the information or to test the knowledge of the agent queried. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$RequestingInformation.
> guid: bd58a082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual

#$MentalInformation pieces of mental information

> A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state (for example, a memory or a sensory perception) of an individual person.
> guid: bd58daca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing
> direct generalization of: #$Memory #$SensoryInformation

#$Memory memories **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$MentalInformation. Each instance of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past.
> guid: bd58da47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$MentalInformation

#$SensoryInformation sensory information **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$MentalInformation. Each instance of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a mental state in which an animal or other sentient being perceives something.
> guid: bd58da88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$MentalInformation

#$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory visual representation microtheory **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context containing the propositional content of a particular visual representation, where visual representations include, among other things, paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, and statues.
> guid: bd5f2401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing

#$ImageMicrotheory Cyc image microtheories **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory. Each element of #$ImageMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular two-dimensional visual image. That includes both still images and moving pictures. Images which are approximately two-dimensional (such as friezes) may also be described with an image microtheory.
> guid: bd5904e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing

#$StillImageMicrotheory still image microtheory **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection microtheories; a subset of #$ImageMicrotheory. Each element of #$StillImageMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular (two-dimensional) still image, such as a photograph, painting, or drawing.
> guid: c10067be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing

#$FieldOfStudy fields of study **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$FieldOfStudy is a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment (q.v.), although one #$AcademicDepartment may cover several instances of #$FieldOfStudy. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy include #$ArtHistory, #$Physics, and #$ArtificialIntelligence.
> guid: bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationalThing
> direct generalization of: #$ScientificFieldOfStudy

#$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy liberal arts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FieldOfStudy. Each element of #$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy is one of those fields of study affiliated with the liberal arts, which includes fields expected to be known to some degree by all educated people, but excluding most specialized knowledge taught in professional schools. Examples: #$History-FieldOfStudy, #$ArtHistory, #$PhilosophyModern, #$Mathematics.
> guid: c1007c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy

#$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy applied design field of study **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge about the design of useful objects or structures. Examples: #$ArchitecturalDesign, commercial art studies, industrial design.
> guid: c1007c29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy

#$ScientificFieldOfStudy scientific disciplines

> A specialization of #$FieldOfStudy. Each instance of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.
> guid: bd58b7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy

#$InformationTransferEvent information transfers

> A specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each instance of #$InformationTransferEvent is an event in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent.
> guid: bd589f07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$GeneralizedTransfer
> direct generalization of: #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent #$AccessingAnIBT #$Communicating #$InformationGathering #$IBTGeneration #$MeetingTakingPlace

#$InformationRecordingProcess information-recording processes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject.
> guid: bd58e14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$IBOCreation

#$topicOfInfoTransfer topic (role) (extensional representation predicate) (binary predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$topicOfInfoTransfer is used to indicate what a particular communication is about. (#$topicOfInfoTransfer TRANS TOPIC) means that TOPIC is a primary topic of the information communicated in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANS. For example, a result reported after an instance of #$BloodTest will contain information about the #$objectTested (viz., the blood sample); the patient's blood is thus a #$topicOfInfoTransfer of that report.
> guid: bd5cee44-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual

#$informationOrigin information origin

> A specialization of #$informationTerminal (q.v.) that is used to indicate the source of information for a particular #$InformationTransferEvent (q.v.). (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that the information being transferred in TRANSFER comes from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an instance of #$InformationBearingThing or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists after the ending of TRANSFER, it presumably also still contains the information that was transferred.
> guid: bd5e4f03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$from-Generic #$informationTerminal

#$informationDestination information destination

> A specialization of both #$informationTerminal and #$to-Generic that is used to indicate where information is transferred in a given #$InformationTransferEvent. (#$informationDestination TRANSFER DESTINATION) means that in TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent to, given to, or impressed upon DESTINATION. DESTINATION is typically either an #$InformationBearingThing (at least upon the completion of TRANSFER, if not before) or an agent; but note that in the latter case one would normally use the more specific predicate #$recipientOfInfo.
> guid: bd58a9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$to-Generic #$informationTerminal

#$senderOfInfo information sender

> The predicate #$senderOfInfo is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. At the time of TRANSFER (and typically for some period beforehand), SENDER conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the `information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates #$knows and #$beliefs), because TRANSFER could involve lying (e.g., #$GeorgeWashington's telling his father, `I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) implies that SENDER performs TRANSFER intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to TRANSFER via #$communicationTarget) that SENDER is attempting to transfer information to via TRANSFER. Of course, SENDER may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent.
> guid: bd588f2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
> direct specialization of: #$informationOrigin #$performedBy

#$recipientOfInfo perceiver (actor slot) (role) (extensional representation predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A binary predicate which relates instances of #$InformationTransferEvent to instances of #$Agent. (#$recipientOfInfo TRANSFER RECIP) means that the information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER is received by the #$Agent RECIP. After TRANSFER, RECIP understands or conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he #$knows the information or counts it among his/her #$beliefs, because RECIP might not believe it. In receiving the information transferred, RECIP may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used in the first argument slot of this predicate is a #$CommunicationAct-Single and the recipient of the information was intended to receive the information by the originator of the communication event (see #$communicationTarget) then #$recipientOfInfo-Intended should probably be used instead of #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$infoTransferred, and the slightly orthogonal #$intendedAudience (which relates instances of #$InformationBearingThing to instances of #$Agent).
> guid: bd5a9863-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
> direct specialization of: #$informationDestination #$actors

#$infoTransferred info transferred

> A #$BinaryRolePredicate that is used to specify some or all of the meaningful content of a particular transferral of information (see #$InformationTransferEvent). (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information (see #$AbstractInformationalThing) that is transferred due to TRANSFER. INFO originates (see #$informationOrigin) from some agent or #$InformationBearingThing (IBT) and, after TRANSFER, is had by another agent or is contained in another IBT (see #$informationDestination); INFO may persist in the origin as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me.
> guid: bd652aec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$constituentInSituation

#$Communicating communicating

> A specialization of #$Action and #$InformationTransferEvent. Each instance of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a specialization of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents.
> guid: bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Action #$InformationTransferEvent
> direct generalization of: #$MultiDirectionalCommunication #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$VisualCommunicating #$AudioCommunicating #$Trial #$EMailSending #$CommunicationAct-Single #$Teaching #$MakingAnAgreement

#$communicationTarget intended recipient of communication

> The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to indicate an intended recipient in a communication act. (#$communicationTarget COMM AGENT) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMM intends the #$recipientOfInfo to be AGENT. Note that AGENT may or may not receive the information contained in COMM. To indicate both that AGENT is an intended recipient of COMM, and that AGENT actually receives the information contained in COMM, use the more specialized predicate #$recipientOfInfo-Intended.
> guid: bd5c2e85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$target

#$communicationToken communication token

> A binary predicate which relates instances of #$Communicating to instances of #$InformationBearingThing. (#$communicationToken COM IBT) means that IBT carries the information transferred in COM and was used to convey that information in COM. IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand).
> guid: bd58ef66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$languageOfCommunication language of communication

> The predicate #$languageOfCommunication is used to indicate a language used by agents in a particular communication event. (#$languageOfCommunication COM LANG) means that in the #$Communicating COM, at least some of the information transferred is expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be a natural language, a computer language, a musical system, or other symbolic system such as #$AmericanSignLanguage.
> guid: bd5893ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate #$IntangibleObjectPredicate

#$AudioCommunicating audio-communicating events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents. Specializations of #$AudioCommunicating include #$SpokenCommunicating and #$MusicalCommunicating.
> guid: bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Communicating
> direct generalization of: #$SpokenCommunicating

#$SpokenCommunicating spoke **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$AudioCommunicating. Each instance of #$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way). Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating include a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, and the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech.
> guid: bd589537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AudioCommunicating #$HumanActivity
> direct generalization of: #$Conversation

#$NonVerbalCommunicating nonverbal communicating **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of information transfer events; a subcollection of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subcollections include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)
> guid: bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Communicating

#$VisualCommunicating visual communication

> A specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every instance of #$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken (q.v.) which is an instance of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Examples of #$VisualCommunicating include: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals.
> guid: bd58a4fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Communicating

#$CommunicationAct-Single communication acts

> A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from _one_ sender (see the predicate #$senderOfInfo) to one or more recipients (see the predicate #$recipientOfInfo). Every instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of #$IBTGeneration) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of #$AccessingAnIBT). An instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end.
> guid: bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Communicating
> direct generalization of: #$Advertising #$GreetingSomeone #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$Requesting-CommunicationAct #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct

#$MultiDirectionalCommunication dialogues **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of complex information transfer events. Each instance of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.
> guid: bd5891c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$Communicating
> direct generalization of: #$Negotiating #$Conversation

#$infoContributed info contributed **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$infoContributed is used to identify which agent said what in a particular complex communication activity. (#$infoContributed MULTICOM AGENT INFO) means that in the #$MultiDirectionalCommunication event MULTICOM, AGENT does something that expresses INFO. Note that speaking, writing, or otherwise signalling are all viable methods of `saying'. The (unspecified) thing that AGENT does in MULTICOM generates the message, and INFO is a propositional item expressing the content of AGENT's message. See also #$PropositionalInformationThing and #$IBTGeneration.
> guid: bd5a3453-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$AccessingAnIBT information-accessing events

> A specialization of both #$InformationTransferEvent and #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask one to take out the trash.
> guid: bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationTransferEvent #$PurposefulAction #$TransferIn
> direct generalization of: #$Reading #$EntertainmentPerformance #$ListeningDeliberately

#$IBTGeneration generations of an Information Bearing Thing

> A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent and of #$Action. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some #$InformationBearingThing. The #$InformationBearingThing created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. (Thus, see also #$Communicating and its specializations, especially #$CommunicationAct-Single.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of #$ConceptualWork, see #$CWCreation. Two important specializations of this collection are #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$IBTGeneration-Replication. See also the predicate #$ibtGenerated.
> guid: bd70d156-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CreationEvent #$InformationTransferEvent #$Action #$TransferOut
> direct generalization of: #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$IBTGeneration-Replication #$IBTGeneration-Original #$IBOCreation

#$ibtGenerated ibt generated

> A binary predicate which relates instances of #$IBTGeneration to instances of #$InformationBearingThing. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn.
> guid: beacbd12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$informationDestination

#$IBOCreation creations of an information-bearing object

> A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBOCreation is an event in which an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original, be copied from a prior #$InformationBearingThing, or be instantiated from an existing #$ConceptualWork. See also the predicate #$iboCreated.
> guid: bd621044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity #$IBTGeneration #$PhysicalCreationEvent
> direct generalization of: #$InformationRecordingProcess #$MarkingOnASurface

#$iboCreated ibo created

> A binary predicate which relates instances of #$IBOCreation to instances of #$InformationBearingObject. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that the tangible information-bearing object IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's morning newspaper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event. If the information-bearing object generated by CREATION is not a physical object (i.e. an instance of #$PartiallyTangible), use the less specific predicate #$ibtGenerated.
> guid: bd62daa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
> direct specialization of: #$ibtGenerated #$outputsCreated

#$IBTGeneration-Original generations of an original Information Bearing Thing

> A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some instance of #$InformationBearingThing (hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of any previously created IBT.
> guid: bd58f6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity #$IBTGeneration #$CreatingAnArtifact
> direct generalization of: #$ProgrammingAComputer

#$IBTGeneration-Replication events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new instance of #$InformationBearingThing (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information.
> guid: bd5ea94c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration
> direct generalization of: #$IBTCopying #$IBTRecoding

#$IBTRecoding events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) by taking information from a source information-bearing thing (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Instances of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).
> guid: bd5f36bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration-Replication
> direct generalization of: #$Decoding #$Encoding

#$IBTCopying events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied

> A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates some new instance or instances of #$InformationBearingThing by copying the information and format from a source #$InformationBearingThing (see #$informationOrigin). The new instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source #$InformationBearingThing. A positive example of #$IBTCopying would be a person producing a hand-written copy of a newspaper story, where the copy is in the same language as the story, and the format of the story (e.g., the ordering of the paragraphs) is not changed. Negative examples of #$IBTCopying would be a person producing a translation of the newspaper story, or a person producing a document in which the paragraphs of the story are extensively rearranged. Specializations of #$IBTCopying include #$CopyingAComputerFile and #$PhotocopyingADocument. See also the predicates #$copyProduced and #$itemCopied.
> guid: bd6606e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration-Replication
> direct generalization of: #$CopyingAComputerFile

#$InformationUpdating updating information

> A specialization of #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an information bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information. Important specializations of #$InformationUpdating are #$InformationRemoving and #$InformationAdding.
> guid: bd616cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent
> direct generalization of: #$InformationRemoving #$InformationAdding

#$InformationAdding adding information **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (q.v.). After the action, the instance of #$InformationBearingObject (which is related to the action by #$informationDestination)`has' the new information. The resulting information content of that instance of #$InformationBearingObject includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding include recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding new information to a database.
> guid: bd5e23fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationUpdating

#$InformationRemoving removing information

> A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationRemoving is an event in which information is removed from some information-bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject), so that after the event the remaining information content of the information-bearing object is only a proper part of what it started out to be. Notable specializations of #$InformationRemoving include #$DeletingAFile and #$EliminatingAComputerVirus.
> guid: bd642fa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationUpdating

#$infoAdded info added

> (#$infoAdded UPDATE INFO) means that the #$AbstractInformationalThing INFO is added to an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (q.v.) in the #$InformationUpdating UPDATE.
> guid: bd5b03bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$infoTransferred

#$infoRemoved information removed **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.
> guid: bd62ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
> direct specialization of: #$infoTransferred

#$Reading reading (perception) (carrying information) (transferring)

> A specialization of #$Perceiving-Voluntary and #$AccessingAnIBT. Each instance of #$Reading is an act of reading an instance of #$TextualMaterial. Acts of #$Reading may be performed for any of a number of purposes: e.g., in order to extract some sort of information from a text, for entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others (if an instance of #$ReadingAloud (q.v.)), or to test reading skills. A person can read visually (see #$Reading-Visual) or by touch (e.g. reading Braille; see #$Reading-Tactile).
> guid: bd58d532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$HumanCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$AccessingAnIBT #$LearnedActivity

#$ListeningDeliberately listening **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.
> guid: bd58c048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$AccessingAnIBT #$Hearing

#$WatchingSomething watching events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of events involving the deliberate direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent.
> guid: c0ed09e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$Observing #$Perceiving-Voluntary #$VisualPerception

#$Learning learning events **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how.
> guid: bd58ef72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MammalCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent #$ImprovementEvent

#$Writing writings (creation events) (information transfers) (creation or destruction events) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of both #$HumanActivity and #$VisualInformationConveyingAct. Each instance of #$Writing is an action in which some text is produced, either via writing by hand or writing with a machine, such as a typewriter or a computer. An instance of #$Writing could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous series of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a specialization of #$Communicating, because in some instances of #$Writing there is not a successful transfer of information to another agent.
> guid: bd58cbbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$SkilledActivity #$VisualInformationConveyingAct
> direct generalization of: #$WritingByHand

#$VisualInformationConveyingAct transmission of visual information **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of #$Actions that express (transmit) visual information.
> guid: bd58f666-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration
> direct generalization of: #$MakingAGesture #$Writing

#$MakingAGesture gestured **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subcollection of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.)
> guid: bd58f623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$VoluntaryBodyMovement

#$MakingFacialExpression making a facial expression

> A specialization of #$BodyMovementEvent. Each instance of #$MakingFacialExpression is an event during which the configuration of a particular animal's face changes. Such a change is usually (but not always) associated with the expression of some emotion by the animal in question.
> guid: bd58c58d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$ControllableAutonomousActionType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent

#$Speaking speaking **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Talking, which includes non-verbal talking such as the use of sign-language. The collection of actions generating utterances (c.f. #$Utterance-IBT) which are speech. Hence, #$Speaking normally includes only those utterances using some #$Language as a communication convention, unlike other utterances such as #$Booing and #$Cheering.
> guid: bd58bf82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$HumanCapabilityType #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$MakingAnOralSound #$Talking

#$Encrypting encrypting events

> A specialization of #$Encoding. In each instance of #$Encrypting, a transformation is applied to the information in some instance of #$InformationBearingThing, with the intention of making that information inaccessible to all but the intended audience for that #$InformationBearingThing (the intended audience, in almost all cases, will have a decryption method which will allow it to transform the information back into an accessible form).
> guid: bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Encoding

#$Decrypting decryption processes

> A specialization of #$Decoding. In each instance of #$Decrypting, a transformation is applied to the information in an encrypted information-bearing object (see the collections #$Encrypting and #$InformationBearingObject) so that the information is rendered into a readily accessible form.
> guid: bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Decoding

#$Inform-CommunicationAct acts of conveying information

> A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction and #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Inform-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which an agent intentionally conveys some piece of information.
> guid: bd589e02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingThing #$CommunicationAct-Single #$PurposefulAction
> direct generalization of: #$Disapproval-CommunicationAct

#$Requesting-CommunicationAct petitions

> A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which one agent requests something of one or more other agents. Requests are typically followed by responses.
> guid: bd58eaca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PurposefulAction #$CommunicationAct-Single
> direct generalization of: #$RequestingInformation #$Ordering-CommunicationAct

#$RequestingInformation inquiries **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct. In each instance of #$RequestingInformation, an agent asks a question or requests some information. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query.
> guid: bd58adc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Requesting-CommunicationAct

#$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct acknowledgments

> A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of this collection is an action that conveys information to the effect that the performing agent has received some prior #$CommunicationAct-Single (which was performed by another agent). An example is Joan saying, `I hear you' in response to Bette's exclaiming, `What a dump!'
> guid: bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CommunicationAct-Single

#$Offering-CommunicationAct offers (communication acts) (information transfers) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Offering-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which somebody offers to do something, furnish something, or make something the case. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer.
> guid: bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$CommunicationAct-Single

#$Ordering-CommunicationAct orders (communication acts) (information transfers) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each instance of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command.
> guid: bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity #$Requesting-CommunicationAct

#$acknowledgementOf acknowledgement of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$acknowledgementOf ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an #$Accepting-CommunicationAct or a #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also #$acknowledgedAct which relates the two acts directly.
> guid: bd5905b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$acknowledgedAct acknowledged act **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$acknowledgedAct ACKACT COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf which refers to the abstract content of the communication.
> guid: bd58dd20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

#$EmittingSound sound emissions

> A specialization of #$EmittingAWave. Each instance of #$EmittingSound is an event in which some instance of #$Sound is emitted from some wave source (see the predicate #$waveSource). Examples of #$EmittingSound include an explosion generating a sound wave, a plucked violin string resonating, a baby crying, and a person saying `Hello'.
> guid: bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$EmittingAWave
> direct generalization of: #$MakingAnOralSound

#$MakingAnOralSound vocalizing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997
> guid: bd589df6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent #$EmittingSound
> direct generalization of: #$Speaking

#$Singing sang **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of acts of producing #$Music sounds with the human vocal cords.
> guid: bd58d4ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$MakingAnOralSound

#$containsInformation contains information **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A binary predicate that relates instances of #$InformationStore to instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing. (#$containsInformation IS INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IS. See also #$containsPropositionalInfo-Complete. For assertions that a given IBT contains information about a given #$Thing, see #$containsInformationAbout and its specializations.
> guid: bd58c240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$intangibleParts

#$containsInformationAbout concerned

> An #$ObjectPredicate and specialization of #$topicOfIndividual that relates a given #$InformationStore (q.v.) to the thing(s) it contains information about. (#$containsInformationAbout INFOSTORE THING) means INFOSTORE is at least in part about THING. THING might be any sort of thing at all. For instance, THING may be an individual, as in (#$containsInformationAbout #$TheTorontoStar-TheNewspaper #$CityOfTorontoOntario); or THING might be a collection, as in (#$containsInformationAbout #$PokemonWorld-WWWSite #$PokemonCharacter). This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly referred to in INFOSTORE, or that it be the main topic of INFOSTORE. (For cases where THING is the main topic, use the more specific #$containsInformationAbout-Focally.) On the other hand, note that an information store's containing information about a given collection or set is generally _not_ a sufficient condition for its containing information about any particular elements of that collection or set. See also #$containsInformation, which relates #$InformationBearingThings to the information (in the form of #$AbstractInformationalThings) they contain.
> guid: bd58a9fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual

#$propositionalInfoAbout propositional info about

> (#$propositionalInfoAbout AIT THING) means that the #$AbstractInformationalThing AIT is or contains propositional information about THING. For instance, AIT might be a #$Microtheory with assertions concerning THING or a #$TextualPCW containing information about THING. This relation constitutes a kind of intentionality in the philosophers' sense (see e.g. #$IntentionalMentalSituation), though some would argue that it is only an indirect or derived sort of intentionality in that it always presupposes an underlying intention on the part of some agent(s). Although the notion of a written text or other sort of conceptual work being (propositionally) about something is a completely familiar one -- it is regularly appealed to in everyday discourse as well as in academic studies pertaining to meaning or interpretation -- giving a precise analysis of the notion (in the form of necessary and sufficient conditions, e.g.) is a notoriously difficult task, shot-through with controversy. Still, a couple of non-contentious points can be made in this direction. First, it is clear that the information in question must be sufficiently specific to the thing it is about . That is, in order for AIT to contain propositional information about THING it is _not_ sufficient that AIT merely involve general information about the elements of some collection (or set or class) to which THING belongs, but must involve some way of singling-out THING, e.g. by mentioning THING by name or containing a description that uniquely applies to THING. For example, the sentence `Dogs are carnivores' is too general to be about Lassie (though it _is_ arguably about the collections #$Dog and #$Carnivore); `Television's best-loved canine was a collie', on the other hand, is certainly about her. Second, since the information must be _propositional_ (see e.g. #$Proposition), it is also _not_ sufficient that AIT merely contain a term or symbol that specifies or denotes or represents THING; AIT must say something about THING. Thus, a mere unannotated list of the names of famous show-biz animals would _not_ be propositionally about Lassie, even though her name would undoubtedly appear on it. Finally, note that #$propositionalInfoAbout does _not_ insist that THING is what AIT is _mainly_ or _focally_ about; thus the selfsame AIT might easily be about several (even many) different things at the same time.
> guid: bd590a60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$ist-Information ist - information

> An instance of #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate (q.v.) and a specialization of #$ist (q.v.). (#$ist-Information PIT SENT) means that the #$Proposition (q.v.) expressed by SENT is part of the explicitly-stated (as opposed to the merely inferred) informational content of the #$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. This does _not_ entail that SENT itself is asserted either in PIT (cf. #$ist-Asserted) or in some more general microtheory PIT-GENL whose content PIT inherits (via the inverse of #$genlMt); but it does entail that either (i) a sentence SENT-PRIME that has the same informational content (i.e. expresses the same proposition) as SENT is asserted in PIT or in some PIT-GENL or (ii) SENT is a conjunction each conjunct CONJi of which is such that there is some sentence with the same informational content as CONJi asserted either in PIT or in some PIT-GENL.
> guid: bd58d1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

#$informStatement inform statement **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate and a specialization of #$ist (q.v.) that relates a given information context, or PIT (see #$PropositionalInformationThing), to any sentence that is true in that context. (#$informStatement PIT SENT) means that SENT is true in PIT: SENT is asserted either in PIT itself or in some more general microtheory MT such that (#$genlMt PIT MT) holds.
> guid: bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$ist #$ist-Information

#$visuallyDepicts visually depicts

> A binary predicate that relates instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing to instances of #$SpatialThing. (#$visuallyDepicts IBT OBJ) means the object OBJ is depicted by the visual information source IBT. For example, Mount Everest is visually depicted by a photograph of it, and (#$visuallyDepicts #$PietaStatue-Michelangelo #$JesusOfNazareth) is true.
> guid: c1006396-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$containsInformationAbout

#$mtImageDepicts mt image depicts **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$mtImageDepicts is used to determine things represented in images, on the basis of the information content of the image. For this purpose, the content of an image is represented as an abstract, propositional thing--an element of #$ImageMicrotheory (which is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.)). (#$mtImageDepicts IMT OBJ) means that the image(s) which have the information content IMT depict the object OBJ. Those images may be still or moving images. IMT is an element of #$ImageMicrotheory. OBJ is an element of #$SpatialThing, which includes both tangible objects and physical events. One usage of #$mtImageDepicts is for the description and representation of particular images; e.g., an image with the content `Roy Rogers is riding Trigger' depicts Roy Rogers and depicts Trigger. Another usage of #$mtImageDepicts is in inference rules about the content of images. For example, using a series of common sense inferences, we conclude that an image with the content `a cowboy [is] on his horse' probably also depicts some instance of #$OutdoorLocation.
> guid: c10054e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$propositionalInfoAbout

#$symbolizes symbolizes

> (#$symbolizes SYMBOL OBJ) means that the #$SymbolicObject SYMBOL represents the #$Thing OBJ to some interpreting agent. For example, (#$symbolizes (#$AnthemFn #$Canada) #$Canada) holds, since the Canadian national anthem represents Canada to many interpreters (for example, most Canadian citizens). Note that a given instance of #$SymbolicObject may represent different things to agents in different cultures, so that assertions involving #$symbolizes can be highly context-dependent.
> guid: bd58cfa9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual #$signifies

#$connotes connoted **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$connotes OBJ-1 OBJ-2 DEGREE) means that as a consequence of perceiving or thinking about one thing (OBJ-1), a typical sane intelligent perceiving agent would likely think of another thing (OBJ-2) with a strength of association indicated by DEGREE. E.g., (#$connotes #$GermanNaziParty #$Prejudice #$High). This predicate is sometimes symmetric, but often not. See also #$typeConnotes.
> guid: bd5db15f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$PITOfIBTFn p i t of i b t fn

> An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. Given as its argument a particular instance of #$InformationBearingThing (q.v.), #$PITOfIBTFn returns the information content of that thing. The object returned is an instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Thus, (#$PITOfIBTFn IBT) is the abstract, propositional chunk of information that is represented in IBT. For example: if IBT is MyCopyOfPsalm23 (a particular printed copy of Psalm 23), then (#$PITOfIBTFn MyCopyOfPsalm23) is the propositional content of Psalm 23.
> guid: bd6852b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$toneOfInformationThing tone of information thing **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$toneOfInformationThing is used to characterize the evaluation made or implied by a particular assertion about something. (#$toneOfInformationThing PROP THING TONE) means that the proposition expressed in the #$ELSentence-Assertible PROP explicitly or implicitly makes an evaluation of THING that has the #$EvaluationToneAttribute TONE. Some possible values of TONE are: #$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone. For example, a Cyc formula stating that #$Socrates feels #$Courage in the face of his execution can be said to be positive in tone about #$Socrates. (Such a formula would utilize #$feelsTowardsEvent.)
> guid: bd58b2b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate

#$EvaluationToneAttribute evaluation tone attribute **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of attribute values. Each element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute is an attribute used to specify the general tone of some assertion, group of assertions, or presentation about some topic. Examples of #$EvaluationToneAttribute: #$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone.
> guid: bd58e1a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$LinearOrderAttributeType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$ScalarInterval

#$NegativeTone negative tone **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$NegativeTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which are critical, derisive, disparaging, or insulting about their subjects.
> guid: bd58e50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual

#$NeutralTone neutral tone **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$NeutralTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which neither seriously disparage nor seriously praise their subjects.
> guid: bd58d65d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual

#$PositiveTone praise **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$PositiveTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which praise, commend, celebrate, or applaud their subjects.
> guid: bd58b2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual

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