This glossary contains terms and acronyms used within the FreeBSD community and documentation.
Pseudocode, interpreted by a virtual machine within an ACPI-compliant operating system, providing a layer between the underlying hardware and the documented interface presented to the OS.
The programming language AML is written in.
A specification which provides an abstraction of the interface the hardware presents to the operating system, so that the operating system should need to know nothing about the underlying hardware to make the most of it. ACPI evolves and supercedes the functionality provided previously by APM, PNPBIOS and other technologies, and provides facilities for controlling power consumption, machine suspension, device enabling and disabling, etc.
A set of procedures, protocols and tools that specify the canonical interaction of one or more program parts; how, when and why they do work together, and what data they share or operate on.
A daemon that automatically mounts a filesystem when a file or directory within that filesystem is accessed.
The definition of BIOS depends a bit on the context. Some people refer to it as the ROM chip with a basic set of routines to provide an interface between software and hardware. Others refer to it as the set of routines contained in the chip that help in bootstrapping the system. Some might also refer to it as the screen used to configure the boostrapping process. The BIOS is PC-specific but other systems have something similar.
An implementation of the DNS protocols.
這是由 U.C. Berkeley 的 Computer Systems Research Group(CSRG) 選來當作他們所改良、修改過的 AT&T's 32V UNIX® 名稱。FreeBSD 則是由 CSRG 的這個心血衍生出來。
A phenomenon whereby many people will give an opinion on an uncomplicated topic, whilst a complex topic receives little or no discussion. See the FAQ for the origin of the term.
參見 Carrier Detect.
參見 Clear To Send.
An RS232C signal indicating that a carrier has been detected.
Also known as the processor. This is the brain of the computer where all calculations take place. There are a number of different architectures with different instruction sets. Among the more well-known are the Intel-x86 and derivatives, Sun SPARC, PowerPC, and Alpha.
An RS232C signal giving the remote system permission to send data.
參見 Debugger.
參見 Data Set Ready.
The system that converts humanly readable hostnames (i.e., mail.example.net) to Internet addresses and vice versa.
A protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to a computer (host) when it requests one from the server. The address assignment is called a “lease”.
參見 Extended COFF.
The name of a mutual exclusion mechanism
(a sleep mutex
) that protects a large
set of kernel resources. Although a simple locking mechanism
was adequate in the days where a machine might have only
a few dozen processes, one networking card, and certainly
only one processor, in current times it is an unacceptable
performance bottleneck. FreeBSD developers are actively working
to replace it with locks that protect individual resources,
which will allow a much greater degree of parallelism for
both single-processor and multi-processor machines.
A system where the user and computer interact with graphics.
參見 HangUp.
The markup language used to create web pages.
參見 Input/Output.
參見 IP Firewall.
參見 IP Version 4.
參見 IP Version 6.
The IP protocol version 4, which uses 32 bits for addressing. This version is still the most widely used, but it is slowly being replaced with IPv6.
另參見 IP Version 6.
The new IP protocol. Invented because the address space in IPv4 is running out. Uses 128 bits for addressing.
Intel’s compiler for converting ASL into AML.
The packet transmitting protocol that is the basic protocol on the Internet. Originally developed at the U.S. Department of Defense and an extremly important part of the TCP/IP stack. Without the Internet Protocol, the Internet would not have become what it is today. For more information, see RFC 791.
A company that provides access to the Internet.
Japanese for “turtle”, the term KAME is used in computing circles to refer to the KAME Project, who work on an implementation of IPv6.
A kernel-supported threading system. See the project home page for further details.
Used to measure bandwith (how much data can pass a given point at a specified amount of time). Alternates to the Kilo prefix include Mega, Giga, Tera, and so forth.
A network used on a local area, e.g. office, home, or so forth.
The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention for those resources. A run-time lock diagnostic system found in FreeBSD-CURRENT kernels (but removed for releases), called witness(4), detects the potential for deadlocks due to locking errors. (witness(4) is actually slightly conservative, so it is possible to get false positives.) A true positive report indicates that “if you were unlucky, a deadlock would have happened here”.
True positive LORs tend to get fixed quickly, so check http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-current and the LORs Seen page before posting to the mailing lists.
參見 Mail User Agent.
An application used to transfer email. An MTA has traditionally been part of the BSD base system. Today Sendmail is included in the base system, but there are many other MTAs, such as postfix, qmail and Exim.
An application used by users to display and write email.
MFC 是一個縮寫,它代表了 “Merged From -CURRENT” ,這字眼會在 CVS logs 中常見, 以表示這是從 -CURRENT 中整合進其他分支(通常是 -STABLE)的 patch 或功能。
To merge functionality or a patch from the Perforce repository to the -CURRENT branch.
另參見 Perforce.
In the normal course of FreeBSD development, a change will be committed to the -CURRENT branch for testing before being merged to -STABLE. On rare occasions, a change will go into -STABLE first and then be merged to -CURRENT.
This term is also used when a patch is merged from -STABLE to a security branch.
另參見 Merge From Current.
A message, usually shown on login, often used to distribute information to users of the system.
參見 Project Evil.
A filesystem developed by Microsoft and available in its “New Technology” operating systems, such as Windows® 2000, Windows NT® and Windows® XP.
參見 Operating System.
A set of programs, libraries and tools that provide access to the hardware resources of a computer. Operating systems range today from simplistic designs that support only one program running at a time, accessing only one device to fully multi-user, multi-tasking and multi-process systems that can serve thousands of users simultaneously, each of them running dozens of different applications.
Indicates a suggested change (such as a Problem Report or a feature request) which is no longer relevant or applicable due to such things as later changes to FreeBSD, changes in networking standards, the affected hardware having since become obsolete, and so forth.
參見 Perforce.
參見 Process ID.
參見 PPP over ATM.
參見 Problem Report.
A source code control product made by Perforce Software which is more advanced than CVS. Although not open source, it use is free of charge to open-source projects such as FreeBSD.
Some FreeBSD developers use a Perforce repository as a staging area for code that is considered too experimental for the -CURRENT branch.
A method of enabling access to up to 64 GB of RAM on systems which only physically have a 32-bit wide address space (and would therefore be limited to 4 GB without PAE).
A mythical piece of headgear, much like a
dunce cap
, awarded to any FreeBSD
committer who breaks the build, makes revision numbers
go backwards, or creates any other kind of havoc in
the source base. Any committer worth his or her salt
will soon accumulate a large collection. The usage is
(almost always?) humorous.
在 FreeBSD 的發展過程中,任何的改變幅度,都不該讓使用者習慣感到不適。
舉例來說:若任意調動 /etc/defaults/rc.conf
中的系統啟動順序,
就是違背 POLA 原則的精神。任何開發人員,都該在做出重大改變前,
先三思是否會與 POLA 原則有所違背。
A description of some kind of problem that has been found in either the FreeBSD source or documentation. See Writing FreeBSD Problem Reports.
A number, unique to a particular process on a system, which identifies it and allows actions to be taken against it.
The working title for the NDISulator,
written by Bill Paul, who named it referring to how awful
it is (from a philosophical standpoint) to need to have
something like this in the first place. The
NDISulator is a special compatibility
module to allow Microsoft Windows™ NDIS miniport
network drivers to be used with FreeBSD/i386. This is usually
the only way to use cards where the driver is closed-source.
See src/sys/compat/ndis/subr_ndis.c
.
參見 Received Data.
參見 Request To Send.
A standard for communications between serial devices.
參見 Repository Copy.
repocopy(“repository copy” 的縮寫) 就是直接從 CVS repository 中複製檔案。
若不用 repocopy 的方式,那麼若要在 repository 內複製、移動檔案的話,
committer 就必須執行 cvs add
來把檔案放到新位置,
並且還要執行 cvs rm
來刪除舊檔。
剛剛講的這種方式的缺點在於,該檔的之前相關紀錄
(比如在 CVS logs 中的相關項目)並不會隨之而複製到新地方去。
而 FreeBSD 計劃中認為這些歷史記錄都是相當有用的,
所以會經常採用 repository copy 的方式。
這也就是為何 repository 管理員會直接在 repository 內複製檔案的方式,
而非採取 cvs(1) 程式來進行 cvs add
、
cvs rm
之類的動作。
A set of documents defining Internet standards, protocols, and so forth. See www.rfc-editor.org.
Also used as a general term when someone has a suggested change and wants feedback.
參見 Signal Ground.
參見 Secure Shell.
參見 Suspend To RAM.
An RS232 pin or wire that is the ground reference for the signal.
參見 Transmitted Data.
參見 Trivial FTP.
A profiling counter internal to modern Pentium® processors that counts core frequency clock ticks.
A protocol that sits on top of (e.g.) the IP protocol and guarantees that packets are delivered in a reliable, ordered, fashion.
The term for the combination of the TCP protocol running over the IP protocol. Much of the Internet runs over TCP/IP.
參見 User ID.
A unique number assigned to each user of a computer, by which the resources and permissions assigned to that user can be identified.
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