SOAP is an XML based language defined by the W3C for sending data between applications. SOAP is transport and platform neutral.
Not all Web services use SOAP, but it is probably the most common message format for new Web services.
Two versions of SOAP are currently encountered: 1.1 and 1.2. SOAP 1.1 is perhaps more common, but has some interoperability issues (mainly concerned with the use of SOAP encoding) which are addressed by a separate standard: the WS-I Basic Profile.
See the W3C at: http://www.w3.org and in particular the SOAP 1.1 and SOAP 1.2 documents at: http://www.w3.org/TR/soap.
See the WS-I at: http://www.ws-i.org/ and in particular the WS-I Basic Profile under http://www.ws-i.org/deliverables.
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