Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.25 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 217 4095355 4086527 2022-08-22T16:57:48Z RogueScholar 847443 Cleanup layout wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} == Introduction == {{Book search}} == Normative BASIC == {{Ambox|text=Awaiting information on this threshold}} == Derivative BASIC == '''BASIC''' was developed in 1963 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire as a teaching language. The acronym BASIC stands for '''B'''eginner's '''A'''ll-Purpose '''S'''ymbolic '''I'''nstruction '''C'''ode. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. === Programming Preliminaries === Anybody can write a program. A background in mathematics or science is not required. Patience, practice, and an interest in the subject matter should suffice, along with the required software and hardware. Understanding programs can appear daunting at first, but their reliance on logical operations allow for easy learning of commands which you will commonly see in many programs. A program itself is merely a series of commands in the order in which they are to be executed. That is to say, that the first line is the beginning of the program! All programs a user uses from day to day, including browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.) and operating systems (Windows, Linux and Mac OS, etc) are separate sets of lines of code, which aim to fulfill tasks. The amount of code is dependent on how simple the task generally, and different types of code may be used for the advantages they give. BASIC is considered an excellent starting point for moving onto other languages, and can be useful for simple programs. {{Print version}} ==== Programming Languages ==== Programming languages allow people to give instructions to a computer with commands that both the computer and the programmer can understand. Different programming languages use different commands and different rules for entering those commands; similar to the way people speak different words to each other with the same meaning. One person may say "hello", while another says "hola", which appear different but express the same thought. Computer programming languages can be similar to each other in the same way that human languages, such as French and Spanish, can be. Programming languages that are similar are usually referred to as related languages. Once a person learns a programming language, it is easier to then learn other programming languages, especially those related to the first one, as many similarities in structure are shared between languages, especially those with a common ancestor. The language taught here, BASIC, is easier to learn than others as its commands are similar to English and it has a simple set of rules for entering them. === Program === A program is defined as an instruction set that describes the logical steps the computer will follow to solve a particular problem. With programming the user is able to understand and communicate with the computer. == Basics of BASIC == ''Section for chapters detailing data types, control structures, etc.'' # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Your First Program|Your First Program]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/PRINT, CLS, and END|PRINT, CLS, and END]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Variables and Data Types|Variables and Data Types]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/User Input|User Input]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Documentation|Documentation]] ==== Control Structures ==== # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Control Structures/IF...THEN...ELSEIF...ELSE|IF...THEN...ELSEIF...ELSE]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Control Structures/WHILE...WEND|WHILE...WEND]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Control Structures/FOR...NEXT|FOR...NEXT]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Control Structures/DO...LOOP|DO...LOOP]] # [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Beginning BASIC/Control Structures/GOTO|GOTO]] === Intermediate BASIC === # [[/Random Number Generation/]] # [[/Subroutines and Functions/]] === Advanced BASIC === # [[/External Libraries|External Libraries]] === Related Wikibooks === * [[Chipmunk Basic pocketManual|Chipmunk Basic]] – ''a traditional (vintage) terminal/command-line programming environment with baked-in support for a simple, old-fashioned, and easy-to-learn dialect of BASIC and compiled binary interpreters for MacOS'' * [[Gambas|Gambas]] – ''a Java-inspired (object-oriented) dialect of BASIC with its own robust IDE, complete with GUI form editor'' * [[Introduction to BASIC]] – ''gives an extended history of BASIC and its variants'' * [[Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic|Visual Basic Classic]] * [[QBasic]] ''Note: The [[wikipedia:FreeBASIC|FreeBASIC]] used in this "Basic Programming" book is intended to be syntax compatible with [[wikipedia:QuickBASIC|Microsoft QuickBasic]]'' == External links == * [https://www.freebasic.net/wiki/FBWiki FreeBASIC Wiki Manual] * [https://qb64.com/ QB64 official website] – ''a modern, extended BASIC programming language that retains QBasic/QuickBASIC 4.5 compatibility while compiling and freely distributing native interpreter binaries for Windows, Linux, and macOS'' {{Shelves|BASIC programming language}} {{Alphabetical|B}} {{Status|50%}} cj4avsl81xysnmars25634362nxah3q 0 1645 4095397 3583996 2022-08-23T04:37:04Z 103.151.230.195 .. wikitext text/x-wiki [[Puzzles]] | [[Puzzles/Logic puzzles|Logic puzzles]] | [[Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Getting out of Prison|Getting out of Prison]] | Solution ---- "Out of the answers 'left' and 'right', which door would the other guard say doesn't lead to freedom, if I asked her?" - The answer will be the door that leads to freedom. Both guards will answer the same. '''OR similarly''' "Would the other guard tell me to go through your door to get to from?" If either guard says "Yes," go through the other guard's door. If either says "No," go through her door.. (Here actually a tautology[always true statement] is beingasked from the guard. In simple form we are asking the question "Does freedom gate guard lie?") {{BookCat}} '''OR alternatively''' Trick question: "If I asked you whether the door you guard is the execution room, would you say yes?" If the guard you asked was guarding the freedom room, the lying guard would have said Yes to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", but when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he has to lie and say No to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the freedom room, the true guard would have said No to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", and when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he will truthfully say No to the Trick question. Thus if it is the freedom door, either guard will give the answer No to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the execution room, the lying guard would have said No to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", but when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he has to lie and say Yes to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the execution room, the true guard would have said Yes to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", and when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he will truthfully say Yes to the Trick question. Thus if it is the execution door, either guard will give the answer Yes to the Trick question. Therefore: If the answer to the trick question by the guard you ask is No - then that guard is guarding the freedom door. If the answer to the trick question by the guard you ask is Yes - then that guard is guarding the execution door. (OR) You can ask simply to the either of the guard "Is this my execution day?" If he answers "no" then you probably should take the other way out.Or if he says yes he is telling the truth and you should take the path guarded by him. jq07jsrodxasic7l0b0zil14a0mqi1k 4095398 4095397 2022-08-23T04:37:34Z 103.151.230.195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Puzzles]] | [[Puzzles/Logic puzzles|Logic puzzles]] | [[Puzzles/Logic puzzles/Getting out of Prison|Getting out of Prison]] | Solution ---- "Out of the answers 'left' and 'right', which door would the other guard say doesn't lead to freedom, if I asked her?" - The answer will be the door that leads to freedom. Both guards will answer the same. '''OR similarly''' "Would the other guard tell me to go through your door to get to freedom?" If either guard says "Yes," go through the other guard's door. If either says "No," go through her door.. (Here actually a tautology[always true statement] is being asked from the guard. In simple form we are asking the question "Does freedom gate guard lie?") {{BookCat}} '''OR alternatively''' Trick question: "If I asked you whether the door you guard is the execution room, would you say yes?" If the guard you asked was guarding the freedom room, the lying guard would have said Yes to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", but when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he has to lie and say No to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the freedom room, the true guard would have said No to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", and when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he will truthfully say No to the Trick question. Thus if it is the freedom door, either guard will give the answer No to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the execution room, the lying guard would have said No to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", but when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he has to lie and say Yes to the Trick question. If the guard you asked was guarding the execution room, the true guard would have said Yes to the simple question "Is this the execution room?", and when asked whether he would say yes to this simple question, he will truthfully say Yes to the Trick question. Thus if it is the execution door, either guard will give the answer Yes to the Trick question. Therefore: If the answer to the trick question by the guard you ask is No - then that guard is guarding the freedom door. If the answer to the trick question by the guard you ask is Yes - then that guard is guarding the execution door. (OR) You can ask simply to the either of the guard "Is this my execution day?" If he answers "no" then you probably should take the other way out.Or if he says yes he is telling the truth and you should take the path guarded by him. 3c95hmjgntrl5oij99tujkd9dx3983w 0 4806 4095431 4050933 2022-08-23T09:53:28Z 2003:C7:8748:C900:9522:895D:68DF:D003 /* Famous INTPs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{PersonalityTypeTOC}} INTPs are introverts, meaning they tend to prefer relatively solitary lives. They are often uncomfortable in social gatherings, particularly large ones, which can leave them feeling somewhat drained. Although some may have many acquaintances, INTPs usually have only a few close friends, if any at all. However, this also means they tend to be nonchalant about their public image. INTPs favor iNtuition over Sensing. As such, they tend to be more introspective than attentive to their surroundings. It is common for an INTP to daydream, or simply become lost in his or her thoughts. INTPs often enjoy contemplating interesting ideas, concepts, and possibilities due to iNtuition—their curiosity drives them. However, their senses are somewhat less refined than in other types. They may overlook details (INTPs are prone to "careless errors" in math), and are not often completely attuned to what is going on around them. An INTP deep in thought can be oblivious to all sorts of things, ranging from a missed meal to a cap being stolen from his or her head. An INTP prefers Thinking over Feeling, meaning he or she tends to value logic over feelings. Although INTPs experience emotions as powerfully as other types, they almost always must see the logic behind them before acting on them. All decisions must have good reasons behind them, and INTPs rarely make good decisions without considerable thought. It is usually very important to an INTP to be as logically and grammatically accurate as possible. However, INTPs are somewhat inept at expressing feelings outwardly, sometimes causing misunderstandings. Sarcasm and cynicism are occasionally observed in INTPs. Since INTPs have a Perceiving preference, they don't enjoy being limited by schedules or decisions. They tend to have bursts of creative energy, which can lead to extraordinary efforts, but the energy can also be short-lived. After the energy is expired, attention may be directed elsewhere, where energy may be regenerated. In other words, INTPs may have many interests due to their preference for perceiving, and these interests may come and go, or change altogether. Being introverts, INTPs are usually very reserved. Their iNtuition allows them to rapidly understand new concepts and to pursue a wide variety of interests. Their Thinking helps them to find the logic in a situation from an objective point of view. INTPs' Perceiving causes them to be open-ended; often thinking about a task is more rewarding than executing the task. INTPs often feel like misfits and are not necessarily always appreciated. Many INTPs complain of boredom, as the real world fails to measure up to the vivid experiences of their imaginations. ==INTPs at work== INTPs make good professors, computer programmers, photographers, mathematicians, attorneys, engineers, analysts, architects, and scientists. ==INTPs in relationships== INTPs face many tough hurdles in their relationships. Many INTPs do not focus on developing strong social skills, but even those who do will divert much of their energy into their solitary pursuits. Characterized best by the lonely adventurer, their adventures are rarely literal trips to the end of the earth (the territory of the SPs), but instead fantastic intellectual journeys. One study found that INTPs tend to marry other INTPs.{{Citation needed|reason=Study not found|date=June 2015}} ==How to Interact with an INTP== * Allow him or her time to make a decision. * Realize that small talk is not very interesting to the INTP. However, a topic which ignites the INTP's imagination can spark a good discussion. * Try not to be easily offended. Unless you have made an enemy of the INTP, chances are the comment was not meant to hurt you. * Be prepared to encounter a strange sense of humor, a great curiosity, and an unusual train of thought. * Use logic as persuasion; the INTP is likely to ignore emotional appeals. * Hear him or her out. Most INTPs don't speak up often, and may get annoyed if ignored when they do. * Know that the INTP's energy comes in bursts, so he or she may put off chores in favor of more interesting material and then accomplish the postponed work in an extraordinarily short amount of time. * Be aware that the INTP is highly self-critical. ==Famous INTPs== *James Madison *Alexander Zverev *Abraham Lincoln *Albert Einstein *Rene Descartes *Blaise Pascal *William Harvey *William James *Charles Darwin ===Fictional=== *Ash Williams (''Evil Dead'') *Andie (Pretty in Pink) *Brian Griffin (''Family Guy'') *The Doctor *Elliot Alderson (''Mr. Robot'') *Ferb Fletcher (''Phineas and Ferb'') *Filburt (''Rocko's Modern Life'') *Dr. Gregory House *Howard Roark *Isabeau (Ladyhawke) *Kerr Avon *L (''Death Note'') *Larry David (''Curb Your Enthusiasm'') *Linus *Malcolm (''Malcolm in the Middle'') *Neo (''The Matrix'') *Seven of Nine *Sherlock Holmes *Spencer Reid *Dr. Susan Lewis *Tails (''Sonic The Hedgehog'') *Peter Parker (''MCU and Marvel Comics'') *Dipper Pines (''Gravity Falls'') *Hiccup (''How to Train Your Dragon'') *Bruce Banner (''MCU and Marvel Comics'') *Yoda (''Star Wars'') {{BookCat}} 9xx1o8xbdrv0ed3mdc5tehvxywyhy8e 0 7727 4095326 4015381 2022-08-22T14:28:36Z 41.242.79.225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[This Quantum World/Serious illnesses|''This'']] book discusses tonal [[w:music theory|music theory]], specifically of the [[w:common practice period|common practice period]] onwards, including jazz, blues, rock, and other modern styles. It focuses mostly on Western (i.e., Western European, Euro-American, and Afro-American) styles, however, all styles of music are discussed. == Basics == {{Book search}} *[[/Introduction/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/How to read Music/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Music Notation Systems/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Rhythm/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Scales and Intervals/]]{{stage short|75%}} *[[/Modes/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/Chords/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Chord Structures/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/Consonance and Dissonance/]]{{stage short|25%}} == Common Practice Styles == *[[/Fundamentals of Common Practice Music/]] {{stage short|25%}} == Harmony == *[[/Triads/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Seventh chords/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Functions/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Cadences and Progressions/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Secondary dominant/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Dominant substitute/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reharmonization/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Voicing/]]{{stage short|00%}} === Modal Harmony === *[[/Modes/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Tones, overtones, and harmonics == *[[/Harmony/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Counterpoint/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Form/]] {{stage short|00%}} == Beyond the Basics == *[[/The Physics of Music/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Finding the Key and Mode of a Piece/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Playing by Ear/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Complete List of Chord Patterns/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Modulation/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Chromaticism/|Chromaticismty]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Syncopation/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Modern Styles == *[[/Barbershop/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Blues/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Country/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Dance/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Folk/]], Old Time, Bluegrass, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Funk/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Hip Hop/]], Rap, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Hymn/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Jazz/]], incl. Swing{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Metal/]]{{stage short|75%}} *[[/New Age/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Pop/]], Pop/Rock, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Punk Rock/]], Hardcore, Pop-Punk, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reggae/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Rock/]], Hard Rock, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Samba/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Ska/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Miscellaneous Styles/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/R&B/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reggae/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Styles in the Western Classical Tradition == *[[/Plainsong/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Early Western European/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Renaissance/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Baroque/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Classical/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Romantic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Atonal/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Serialism/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Spectralism/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Traditional and Folk styles == *[[/African/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Arabic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Calypso/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Celtic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Chinese/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Eastern European/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Indian/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Japanese/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Composing == *[[/Necessary Tools/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Software Needed/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Four Part/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Melody(Soprano)/]]{{stage short|00%}} ***[[/Phrasing/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Bass/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Alto And Tenor/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Counterpoint/]]{{stage short|00%}} ==Further Reading== *[[Western Music History]] *[[Writing Effective Songs]] ==Appendices== *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Real Book Errata/]] {{Shelves|Music theory}} {{alphabetical|M}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Musiklehre]] [[es:Teoría musical]] [[fr:Bases de solfège]] [[it:Teoria musicale]] [[ja:音楽理論]] jpsljvlhhpzad1mqnape6jp4odfh6bb 4095338 4095326 2022-08-22T14:40:58Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/41.242.79.225|41.242.79.225]]) and restored revision 4015381 by Mbrickn wikitext text/x-wiki This book discusses tonal [[w:music theory|music theory]], specifically of the [[w:common practice period|common practice period]] onwards, including jazz, blues, rock, and other modern styles. It focuses mostly on Western (i.e., Western European, Euro-American, and Afro-American) styles, however, all styles of music are discussed. == Basics == {{Book search}} *[[/Introduction/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/How to read Music/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Music Notation Systems/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Rhythm/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Scales and Intervals/]]{{stage short|75%}} *[[/Modes/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/Chords/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Chord Structures/]]{{stage short|25%}} *[[/Consonance and Dissonance/]]{{stage short|25%}} == Common Practice Styles == *[[/Fundamentals of Common Practice Music/]] {{stage short|25%}} == Harmony == *[[/Triads/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Seventh chords/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Functions/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Cadences and Progressions/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Secondary dominant/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Dominant substitute/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reharmonization/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Voicing/]]{{stage short|00%}} === Modal Harmony === *[[/Modes/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Tones, overtones, and harmonics == *[[/Harmony/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Counterpoint/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Form/]] {{stage short|00%}} == Beyond the Basics == *[[/The Physics of Music/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Finding the Key and Mode of a Piece/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Playing by Ear/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Complete List of Chord Patterns/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Modulation/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Chromaticism/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Syncopation/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Modern Styles == *[[/Barbershop/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Blues/]]{{stage short|50%}} *[[/Country/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Dance/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Folk/]], Old Time, Bluegrass, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Funk/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Hip Hop/]], Rap, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Hymn/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Jazz/]], incl. Swing{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Metal/]]{{stage short|75%}} *[[/New Age/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Pop/]], Pop/Rock, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Punk Rock/]], Hardcore, Pop-Punk, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reggae/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Rock/]], Hard Rock, etc.{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Samba/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Ska/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Miscellaneous Styles/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/R&B/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Reggae/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Styles in the Western Classical Tradition == *[[/Plainsong/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Early Western European/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Renaissance/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Baroque/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Classical/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Romantic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Atonal/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Serialism/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Spectralism/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Traditional and Folk styles == *[[/African/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Arabic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Calypso/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Celtic/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Chinese/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Eastern European/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Indian/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Japanese/]]{{stage short|00%}} == Composing == *[[/Necessary Tools/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Software Needed/]] {{stage short|00%}} *[[/Four Part/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Melody(Soprano)/]]{{stage short|00%}} ***[[/Phrasing/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Bass/]]{{stage short|00%}} **[[/Alto And Tenor/]]{{stage short|00%}} *[[/Counterpoint/]]{{stage short|00%}} ==Further Reading== *[[Western Music History]] *[[Writing Effective Songs]] ==Appendices== *[[/Authors/]] *[[/Real Book Errata/]] {{Shelves|Music theory}} {{alphabetical|M}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ [[de:Musiklehre]] [[es:Teoría musical]] [[fr:Bases de solfège]] [[it:Teoria musicale]] [[ja:音楽理論]] c9hh4su8sgk2f22f8fr9l1kepf9v7yh 0 29316 4095417 4032839 2022-08-23T07:40:14Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} * [[/Introduction/]] * [[/Syntax/]] * [[/Basic Commands/]] * [[/Advanced Commands/]] * [[/Techniques/]] {{Shelves|Computer programming languages|Video game development}} {{Alphabetical|Z}} {{status|0%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 1diamt9pi0cqhktxgcxnw0depr4myhb 0 29319 4095391 3721613 2022-08-23T02:05:07Z 140.213.182.48 Angkit key wikitext text/x-wiki Isma mistipah is a angkit bharata key private open Network sistem program teknologi opration komputer-Laptop (math grafika teknologi Net jaringan satelit ++berorientasi scripting language used by the DOS game creation system ''ZZT''. The language was created by Tim Sweeney of Epic MegaGames (now Epic Games). == History of ''ZZT'' == ''ZZT'' was made in 1991. It was Epic's first release; although it was not terribly successful, it did gain some attention. After version 3.2 (the version considered to be the "official" ''ZZT''), Tim Sweeney discontinued development, moving on to other projects, such as ''Jill of the Jungle''. A sequel to ''ZZT'' with more advanced features was made, called ''Super ZZT'', but it never had the success of its predecessor. The source code for the original was lost, putting a stop to the development of any further versions. In 1997, Epic decided to release ''ZZT'' and the four games that came with it as freeware, due to the program's being severely outdated in both graphics and sound. Despite its age, ''ZZT'' continues to draw a following, and an online community based around it still exists today. Many attempts have been made in recent years to improve the program, ranging from hacking the ''ZZT'' executable itself to writing emulators that work like ''ZZT'', except with a few new features. ''ZZT'' has even inspired various other fan-created game creation systems, such as ''ZIG'' and ''MegaZeux''. However, the original ''ZZT 3.2'' continues to be the most widely used. == Overview of ''ZZT'' == The ZZT-OOP language is an integrated part of ''ZZT''; as a result, in order to write a program in ZZT-OOP, you must have some familiarity with ''ZZT''. ''ZZT'' is not playable by itself; it is an interpreter through which ''ZZT'' games can be played. These games, called ''worlds'', usually have all their code contained in one file with a <tt>.ZZT</tt> extension. === World Structure === The space in each world is divided into segments called ''boards''. The display size of a board is fixed in size, and the player can only view one board at a time. However, these boards can be linked together to create the illusion of a continuous landscape. To clarify this concept, suppose that you were designing some dungeons in ''ZZT''. The entrance to the dungeons would be on one board. The entrance on this board might link to a second board that contained the first rooms of the dungeons and a staircase. The stairs would link to a third board, which would contain part of the underground dungeons. This board might link to yet other boards that contained adjacent dungeon rooms, and so on. Note that scale is not always kept consistent; for example, each dungeon board might only contain a few rooms, while the board containing the dungeon entrance could be made into a zoomed-out map of everything else in the area. When a player leaves the board he or she is on, the board disappears from view, replaced by the board that he or she has moved to. Every board in a world file is playable with the exception of the first board in the file. This board is called the ''Title Screen'' because it is the first board that the user sees when he or she loads your game. Because the player cannot actually play it, the Title Screen is usually used as a splash screen for the game; however, ZZT-OOP code will still run, which allows simple animation and even introductory cutscenes to be displayed. === Board Structure === The terrain on each board is based on a 60 by 25 grid of ''tiles''. Each tile is a block on the screen that has a certain appearance and properties. Because ''ZZT'' runs in text mode, each tile is character sized, takes the appearance of one of the 256 ASCII characters, and has both a foreground and background color. Terrain limits the movement abilities of the player, but it is often used just to create an interesting backdrop. Although the word "terrain" implies an outdoor setting, it is also used for constructing indoor features, such as walls. The terrain can range from a simplistic box that represents a room to a more decorative, organic board; using different colors of terrain, it is even possible to draw simple pictures. Tiles are not limited to representing terrain; various items and creatures can also be put onto boards as well. A detailed list of all tile types is beyond the purposes of this introduction; however, one of the most useful tile types will be mentioned here; the ''object''. Objects are important because, unlike most of the other tile types, object tiles can contain ZZT-OOP programs. This allows the world designer to customize object behavior. For example, say you wanted to fill a dungeon full of monsters, but you did not want to use ''ZZT'''s built-in enemies. After designing the dungeon and laying down the proper terrain, you would add several objects to the board. You would then write a ZZT-OOP program that would instruct them on how to attack the player; how to write such programs is the subject of this book. == Reasons to Learn ZZT-OOP == There are several reasons for learning ZZT-OOP: * ZZT-OOP is necessary for writing an original ''ZZT'' game. Although it is possible to make ''ZZT'' games without knowing ZZT-OOP, one is restricted to only using the preprogrammed items and enemies. * ZZT-OOP is a good introductory programming language. Although you couldn't turn programming in ZZT-OOP into a career, it is a fun and easy way to learn the basics of programming. * ZZT-OOP (and ''ZZT'') is a fun hobby. Writing games for ''ZZT'' is a nice medium for expressing your creative self, and it's not hard to go online and find somebody who will play your games. * ZZT-OOP is restrictive, but in a fun way. Because the language was only meant for simple adventure games, code that would be easy in other languages becomes a challenge in ZZT-OOP. However, some of us live for such challenges, and although it won't get you a date or a job, being able to code complex things - a fractal generation program, for example - using only an archaic game creation system is rather impressive. {{BookCat}} pwhxqmsnwi2j8wc23uunxx3is90dfks 4095392 4095391 2022-08-23T02:06:59Z 140.213.182.48 Kekey angkit wikitext text/x-wiki Isma mistipah is a angkit bharata key private open Network sistem program teknologi opration komputer-Laptop (math grafika teknologi Net jaringan satelit ++berorientasi scripting language used by the DOS game creation system ''ZZT''. The language was created by Tim Sweeney of Epic MegaGames (now Epic Games). == History of ''ZZT'' == ''ZZT'' was made in 1994. It was Epic's first release; although it was not terribly successful, it did gain some attention. After version 3.2 (the version considered to be the "official" ''ZZT''), Tim Sweeney discontinued development, moving on to other projects, such as ''Jill of the Jungle''. A sequel to ''ZZT'' with more advanced features was made, called ''Super ZZT'', but it never had the success of its predecessor. The source code for the original was lost, putting a stop to the development of any further versions. In 1994, Epic decided to release ''ZZT'' and the four games that came with it as freeware, due to the program's being severely outdated in both graphics and sound. Despite its age, ''ZZT'' continues to draw a following, and an online community based around it still exists today. Many attempts have been made in recent years to improve the program, ranging from hacking the ''ZZT'' executable itself to writing emulators that work like ''ZZT'', except with a few new features. ''ZZT'' has even inspired various other fan-created game creation systems, such as ''ZIG'' and ''MegaZeux''. However, the original ''ZZT 3.2'' continues to be the most widely used. User Server program random Net work formula Angkit Bharata Key == Overview of ''ZZT'' == The ZZT-OOP language is an integrated part of ''ZZT''; as a result, in order to write a program in ZZT-OOP, you must have some familiarity with ''ZZT''. ''ZZT'' is not playable by itself; it is an interpreter through which ''ZZT'' games can be played. These games, called ''worlds'', usually have all their code contained in one file with a <tt>.ZZT</tt> extension. === World Structure === The space in each world is divided into segments called ''boards''. The display size of a board is fixed in size, and the player can only view one board at a time. However, these boards can be linked together to create the illusion of a continuous landscape. To clarify this concept, suppose that you were designing some dungeons in ''ZZT''. The entrance to the dungeons would be on one board. The entrance on this board might link to a second board that contained the first rooms of the dungeons and a staircase. The stairs would link to a third board, which would contain part of the underground dungeons. This board might link to yet other boards that contained adjacent dungeon rooms, and so on. Note that scale is not always kept consistent; for example, each dungeon board might only contain a few rooms, while the board containing the dungeon entrance could be made into a zoomed-out map of everything else in the area. When a player leaves the board he or she is on, the board disappears from view, replaced by the board that he or she has moved to. Every board in a world file is playable with the exception of the first board in the file. This board is called the ''Title Screen'' because it is the first board that the user sees when he or she loads your game. Because the player cannot actually play it, the Title Screen is usually used as a splash screen for the game; however, ZZT-OOP code will still run, which allows simple animation and even introductory cutscenes to be displayed. === Board Structure === The terrain on each board is based on a 60 by 25 grid of ''tiles''. Each tile is a block on the screen that has a certain appearance and properties. Because ''ZZT'' runs in text mode, each tile is character sized, takes the appearance of one of the 256 ASCII characters, and has both a foreground and background color. Terrain limits the movement abilities of the player, but it is often used just to create an interesting backdrop. Although the word "terrain" implies an outdoor setting, it is also used for constructing indoor features, such as walls. The terrain can range from a simplistic box that represents a room to a more decorative, organic board; using different colors of terrain, it is even possible to draw simple pictures. Tiles are not limited to representing terrain; various items and creatures can also be put onto boards as well. A detailed list of all tile types is beyond the purposes of this introduction; however, one of the most useful tile types will be mentioned here; the ''object''. Objects are important because, unlike most of the other tile types, object tiles can contain ZZT-OOP programs. This allows the world designer to customize object behavior. For example, say you wanted to fill a dungeon full of monsters, but you did not want to use ''ZZT'''s built-in enemies. After designing the dungeon and laying down the proper terrain, you would add several objects to the board. You would then write a ZZT-OOP program that would instruct them on how to attack the player; how to write such programs is the subject of this book. == Reasons to Learn ZZT-OOP == There are several reasons for learning ZZT-OOP: * ZZT-OOP is necessary for writing an original ''ZZT'' game. Although it is possible to make ''ZZT'' games without knowing ZZT-OOP, one is restricted to only using the preprogrammed items and enemies. * ZZT-OOP is a good introductory programming language. Although you couldn't turn programming in ZZT-OOP into a career, it is a fun and easy way to learn the basics of programming. * ZZT-OOP (and ''ZZT'') is a fun hobby. Writing games for ''ZZT'' is a nice medium for expressing your creative self, and it's not hard to go online and find somebody who will play your games. * ZZT-OOP is restrictive, but in a fun way. Because the language was only meant for simple adventure games, code that would be easy in other languages becomes a challenge in ZZT-OOP. However, some of us live for such challenges, and although it won't get you a date or a job, being able to code complex things - a fractal generation program, for example - using only an archaic game creation system is rather impressive. {{BookCat}} ceuhej0fjugy4b9b8xjqymy8nfedmsg 4095399 4095392 2022-08-23T04:42:38Z Belteshazzar 333751 Rv. 1991 and 1997 dates appear to be correct. Other additions appear to be in a language other than English wikitext text/x-wiki '''ZZT-OOP''' is a primitive object-oriented scripting language used by the DOS game creation system ''ZZT''. The language was created by Tim Sweeney of Epic MegaGames (now Epic Games). == History of ''ZZT'' == ''ZZT'' was made in 1991. It was Epic's first release; although it was not terribly successful, it did gain some attention. After version 3.2 (the version considered to be the "official" ''ZZT''), Tim Sweeney discontinued development, moving on to other projects, such as ''Jill of the Jungle''. A sequel to ''ZZT'' with more advanced features was made, called ''Super ZZT'', but it never had the success of its predecessor. The source code for the original was lost, putting a stop to the development of any further versions. In 1997, Epic decided to release ''ZZT'' and the four games that came with it as freeware, due to the program's being severely outdated in both graphics and sound. Despite its age, ''ZZT'' continues to draw a following, and an online community based around it still exists today. Many attempts have been made in recent years to improve the program, ranging from hacking the ''ZZT'' executable itself to writing emulators that work like ''ZZT'', except with a few new features. ''ZZT'' has even inspired various other fan-created game creation systems, such as ''ZIG'' and ''MegaZeux''. However, the original ''ZZT 3.2'' continues to be the most widely used. == Overview of ''ZZT'' == The ZZT-OOP language is an integrated part of ''ZZT''; as a result, in order to write a program in ZZT-OOP, you must have some familiarity with ''ZZT''. ''ZZT'' is not playable by itself; it is an interpreter through which ''ZZT'' games can be played. These games, called ''worlds'', usually have all their code contained in one file with a <tt>.ZZT</tt> extension. === World Structure === The space in each world is divided into segments called ''boards''. The display size of a board is fixed in size, and the player can only view one board at a time. However, these boards can be linked together to create the illusion of a continuous landscape. To clarify this concept, suppose that you were designing some dungeons in ''ZZT''. The entrance to the dungeons would be on one board. The entrance on this board might link to a second board that contained the first rooms of the dungeons and a staircase. The stairs would link to a third board, which would contain part of the underground dungeons. This board might link to yet other boards that contained adjacent dungeon rooms, and so on. Note that scale is not always kept consistent; for example, each dungeon board might only contain a few rooms, while the board containing the dungeon entrance could be made into a zoomed-out map of everything else in the area. When a player leaves the board he or she is on, the board disappears from view, replaced by the board that he or she has moved to. Every board in a world file is playable with the exception of the first board in the file. This board is called the ''Title Screen'' because it is the first board that the user sees when he or she loads your game. Because the player cannot actually play it, the Title Screen is usually used as a splash screen for the game; however, ZZT-OOP code will still run, which allows simple animation and even introductory cutscenes to be displayed. === Board Structure === The terrain on each board is based on a 60 by 25 grid of ''tiles''. Each tile is a block on the screen that has a certain appearance and properties. Because ''ZZT'' runs in text mode, each tile is character sized, takes the appearance of one of the 256 ASCII characters, and has both a foreground and background color. Terrain limits the movement abilities of the player, but it is often used just to create an interesting backdrop. Although the word "terrain" implies an outdoor setting, it is also used for constructing indoor features, such as walls. The terrain can range from a simplistic box that represents a room to a more decorative, organic board; using different colors of terrain, it is even possible to draw simple pictures. Tiles are not limited to representing terrain; various items and creatures can also be put onto boards as well. A detailed list of all tile types is beyond the purposes of this introduction; however, one of the most useful tile types will be mentioned here; the ''object''. Objects are important because, unlike most of the other tile types, object tiles can contain ZZT-OOP programs. This allows the world designer to customize object behavior. For example, say you wanted to fill a dungeon full of monsters, but you did not want to use ''ZZT'''s built-in enemies. After designing the dungeon and laying down the proper terrain, you would add several objects to the board. You would then write a ZZT-OOP program that would instruct them on how to attack the player; how to write such programs is the subject of this book. == Reasons to Learn ZZT-OOP == There are several reasons for learning ZZT-OOP: * ZZT-OOP is necessary for writing an original ''ZZT'' game. Although it is possible to make ''ZZT'' games without knowing ZZT-OOP, one is restricted to only using the preprogrammed items and enemies. * ZZT-OOP is a good introductory programming language. Although you couldn't turn programming in ZZT-OOP into a career, it is a fun and easy way to learn the basics of programming. * ZZT-OOP (and ''ZZT'') is a fun hobby. Writing games for ''ZZT'' is a nice medium for expressing your creative self, and it's not hard to go online and find somebody who will play your games. * ZZT-OOP is restrictive, but in a fun way. Because the language was only meant for simple adventure games, code that would be easy in other languages becomes a challenge in ZZT-OOP. However, some of us live for such challenges, and although it won't get you a date or a job, being able to code complex things - a fractal generation program, for example - using only an archaic game creation system is rather impressive. {{BookCat}} mga6zx0lb1dfnfp45da3pqqqxfv3dko 0 35873 4095383 4095288 2022-08-23T01:05:44Z Davidbanuelos 1834210 /* Five Evaluation Criteria */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== The writing process is complicated, and often seems loosely defined. According to Webster’s, writing is “ the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions." Although we may think of it as little more than arranging letters and words on a page, a few moments' reflection reveals that it is much more than that. On the one hand, writing is an art--we don't say Shakespeare's language is "correct" but rather that it is beautiful. On the other hand, writing is a science--we want the instructions that came with our Blu-Ray player to be accurate, precise, and easy to understand. Then there is the matter of what makes writing "good writing." Although we might say that both an instruction manual and a play are "well written," we appreciate them for different reasons. A play written in the clear, unambiguous language of an instruction manual would not be a hit on Broadway. In other words, writing must be judged according to its context--what is its purpose and audience? Finally, even readers with a great deal in common may not agree about the quality of any particular text, just as people's opinions differ about which bands are really great. We really don't know why people have such preferences and can't make accurate predictions about what they will like or dislike. Simply put, writing isn't simple. If writing is so complicated and mysterious, can it be taught? Since Aristotle, great teachers have taught complex processes to their students by breaking them into smaller, more understandable processes. Aristotle thought that effective communication skills, like good math skills, can be learned and taught. Math teachers don't teach trigonometry to their elementary students; instead, they begin with addition and subtraction. Everything else builds on those simple processes. No one is born a mathematician. Similarly, while luck certainly plays a role in any successful writer's career, successful writers (or speakers) are not just born into the role--and everyone else is not just fated to flunk English. You can learn to write with substance and style. It takes work, but it is within your power. You have already taken the first step. Most of what we know about writing is also true of speaking. Aristotle wrote a famous treatise on the subject of effective communication called "The Rhetoric." This book is meant for speakers; however, teachers and students also have long used it to polish their writing. "The Rhetoric" is still widely read and applied today by people desiring to learn how to speak and write more convincingly to an audience. Your first-year composition course may even have the word "rhetoric" or "rhetorical" as part of its title. Aristotle taught us that rhetoric isn't just about winning arguments. Instead, rhetoric is the ability to determine all the available means of persuasion at our disposal. Ultimately, it's up to you to guess the best course of action, but rhetoric helps you make this a more educated guess. Compared to speaking, writing is a much more recent phenomenon, and for many centuries it was assumed that the best way to learn to write well was either to pray, entreat the muses, or carefully imitate writings that were already considered great. Eventually, as more people wanted to write, teachers created rules to help them write "correctly." Unfortunately, this heavy emphasis on correctness and writing with a narrow set of rules did little to improve student writing. Simply knowing how to write grammatically correct prose is important, but it is not enough, by itself, to make writing effective or persuasive. Indeed, too much attention to correctness can result in unintentionally rigid or even comical writing. Legend has it that Winston Churchill grew so irritated at pedants telling him not to end his sentences with prepositions that he said to one of them, "Madame, that is a rule up with which I shall not put." Since the 1970s, writing instructors have been teaching writing not as the following of fixed rules but rather as a dynamic process: a series of steps that writers follow to produce texts. At first in the '70s, these steps were taught as a somewhat rigid sequence. Now, however, writing teachers emphasize "recursivity"--moving forward through some steps and then circling back to redo previous steps--as the more natural way that many successful writers work. In other words, while we still think of writing as a process taking place in a series of steps, we now understand that good writers tend to switch frequently among the different steps as they work. An insight gained while editing one chapter might convince the writer that an additional chapter is needed; as a result, she might start another drafting phase--or even decide to divide one chapter into two or three, and begin reorganizing and developing new drafts. Likewise, failure to satisfy a publisher--whether it is your boss looking at a pamphlet you've written or a book publisher deciding whether to print and sell your book--might lead the author all the way back to the idea-development or organizing stages. In short, while it is very useful to think of writing as a process, the process is not a clear, always-the-same series of steps. Instead, it is a sometimes messy, forward-and-backward process in which you strive for simplicity but try to appeal to your audience, create but also organize, enjoy yourself if possible but also follow some rules, and eventually create a product that works. If this sounds difficult, it's not--at least, not if you learn a few lessons this book can teach you--and you practice, practice, practice. The more real writing you do, the more of a real writer you will become. If you are reading this book, then your first goal likely is to do well in a college (or upper-level high school) "composition" or "rhetoric" class. In short, you want to learn how to write a good academic paper. There are a large number of tips and methods this book can show you. They will work best if, like the writing process itself, you go back and forth between reading this book and doing some actual writing: try some of these lessons out by writing; then return to new lessons or review some of the lessons you've already read to discover what you next can do with what you've written--or with a new writing. Your next goal after learning to write a good general academic paper (or several types, perhaps--some of the most common being a summary, an analysis, an argument or "thesis," an evaluation, and a research paper) is to write in your specific discipline or major. Each discipline or major has its own writing style, organizational method, and purpose or goal. Your major or discipline teachers can help you quite a bit as you learn to apply your academic writing skills to their discipline. And eventually, your goal is to write for your work--for your future profession. With each of these types of writing--general academic, specific discipline/major, and future profession--you'll eventually become increasingly successful. As you learn the types better, you will find--like the experienced journalist on a quick deadline for a story--that often your writing will come more quickly and easily. However, whenever you have a major challenge in your future as a writer, you will know how to return to the circular or "recursive" steps of the process to develop difficult ideas, explain difficult concepts to your audience, and create pleasure and knowledge in both yourself and your audience because of your writing skills. == Five Evaluation Criteria == There are five criteria we can use to evaluate any piece of writing. These criteria are Focus, Development, Organization, Style, and Conventions. '''Focus'''. What are you writing about? What claim or thesis are you defending? This criterion is the broadest, concerned with the context, purpose, and coherence of a piece of writing. Is your topic appropriate for an assignment? Do you stay on that topic or drift off on unhelpful tangents? Have you focused too minutely or too widely? For instance, an essay about the American Civil War in general is probably too broad for most college essays. You might be better off writing about a particular battle, general, or incident. '''Development'''. Development is concerned with details and evidence. Do you provide enough supporting material to satisfy the expectations of your readers? A proper research paper, for instance, usually includes many references and quotations to many other relevant works of scholarship. A description of a painting would probably include details about its appearance, composition, and maybe even biographical information about the artist who painted it. Deciding what details to include depends on the intended audience of a piece. An article about cancer intended for young children would look quite different than one written for senior citizens. '''Organization'''. Organization, often called "arrangement," concerns the order and layout of a paper. Traditionally, a paper is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are focused on a single main idea or topic (unity), and transitions between sentences and paragraphs are smooth and logical. A poorly organized paper rambles, drifting among unrelated topics in a haphazard and confusing fashion. '''Style'''. Style is traditionally concerned with clarity, elegance, and precision. An effective stylist is not only able to write clearly for an audience, but can also please them with evocative language, metaphors, rhythm, or figures of speech. Effective stylists take pains not just to make a point, but to make it well. '''Conventions'''. This criterion covers grammar, mechanics, punctuation, formatting, citing sources, and other issues that are dictated by convention or rules. Although many students struggle with conventions, the knowledge of where to place a comma in a sentence is usually not as important as whether that sentence was worth writing in the first place. Nevertheless, excessive errors can make even a brilliant writer seem careless or ignorant, qualities that will seldom impress one's readers. ==Stages of the Writing Process== Although we've mentioned that writers often work recursively--that is, frequently switching between drafting, editing, proofreading, and so on--it is useful to break the writing process into different functions or activities. To that end, we have divided it into eight smaller processes: Planning and Prewriting, Collaborating, Researching, Drafting, Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing. <big>'''Planning and Prewriting'''</big> (brainstorming) Writers generally plan their documents in advance. This stage, often called "prewriting," includes everything from making a tentative outline, brainstorming, or chatting with friends or colleagues about the topic. For some writers, the prewriting stage is mostly mental--they think about their projects, but do not write until they are ready to start the actual document. Others plan extensively and map out exactly how they want their document to look when it's finished. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting|This chapter]] describes common planning and prewriting strategies and should help you "hit the ground running" when starting out your writing projects. ===Collaborating=== While there is a long history of thinking of writing as a wholly individual act, most workplace compositions (and composing in many disciplines) involve collaboration. If you're working on a collaborative text, this chapter will help you develop a collaboration plan, establish strengths and weaknesses in the group, assign roles, and do what ever else will help in producing a co-authored text. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Collaborating|This chapter]] offers some helpful tips and strategies for collaborating on documents. Collaboration is essential to the writing process. It is vital for students to have their work read by others. In writing, the more the better. We profit from the views and suggestions of our readers. ===Researching=== Writers frequently require reliable information to support their documents. A writer's personal opinions and experience are sufficient evidence for many types of documents, but audiences will often demand more. Seeking out the information required to support your writing is called "research," and it comes in many forms. One form of research is the interview, in which you call up or meet with someone who has information on the topic you are pursuing. Another type, "field research," involves travel to places where the topic can be studied first-hand. You might also circulate a survey. These three examples are all part of what is called "primary research" -- research you conduct yourself. While many writing teachers assign primary research to their students in the process of writing a "research paper," much of the research that writing at the college level asks you to do is "secondary research" -- exploring other people's writing in the form of books, scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, websites, and government documents. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Researching|This chapter]] describes different research strategies and provides you with the tools you'll need to properly back up the claims you make in your writing. ===Drafting=== Drafting means writing or adding to a piece of writing--composing it. It may seem like a straightforward process, but can often be made difficult by writer's block or other anxieties. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Drafting|This chapter]] describes drafting strategies and how to avoid common pitfalls like perfectionism and writer's block. ===Reviewing=== Having other people review your writing is essential to producing the best piece you possibly can. We often don't make the best readers of our own work because we are so close to it. Reviewers, on the other hand, bring valuable perspective we can't get any other way. A reviewer is anyone who is willing to look at your work and provide feedback. You're a reviewer, too -- for others' texts. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Reviewing|This chapter]] explains how to successfully review a document as well as how to make the most of the feedback you receive from other reviewers. ===Revising=== Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and would include fixing typos and grammatical errors. Revising is hard work, but it's probably some of the most valuable work you can do to become a better writer. Dive into the task with the willingness to wrestle with your writing and bring out the best in it, and you will learn why revising is often considered the "meat" of the writing process. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Revising|This chapter]] examines the revision process and identifies some strategies that will help you improve your documents and reduce the likelihood of creating even bigger problems. ===Editing=== Editing means going through a piece of writing and making grammatical corrections or sentence-level changes. Unlike publishers, who hire professional editors to work with their writers, student writers do most of their own editing, with occasional help from peer reviewers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Editing|This chapter]] describes micro editing (editing at the sentence level), and provides strategies for improving your text. This chapter will also cover proofreading, or carefully scanning a document for typos and other simple errors. ===Publishing=== What's the point of writing if no one will ever read it? Though some of us are content to write diaries or notes to ourselves, most writers desire for others to read and hopefully enjoy or benefit from their documents. This is where publishers come in: They help connect writers to readers. The Internet has introduced countless new ways for writers to publish their own documents electronically, but print publishing is still the preferred avenue for most professional writers. Of course, getting your documents accepted for publication can be a long and frustrating ordeal. We've all heard the stories of now-famous novelists who were rejected time and time again by unimaginative or overly-cautious publishers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing|This chapter]] describes the print and electronic publishing industry, then identifies strategies that will help you distribute your documents to their intended audience. We will also discuss why so many authors fail to ever secure a publisher for their work. {{chapter navigation||What is Rhetoric}} 5qp3y7hyequ85ql29r90eoe4pt27ywg 4095384 4095383 2022-08-23T01:07:51Z Davidbanuelos 1834210 /* Stages of the Writing Process */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== The writing process is complicated, and often seems loosely defined. According to Webster’s, writing is “ the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions." Although we may think of it as little more than arranging letters and words on a page, a few moments' reflection reveals that it is much more than that. On the one hand, writing is an art--we don't say Shakespeare's language is "correct" but rather that it is beautiful. On the other hand, writing is a science--we want the instructions that came with our Blu-Ray player to be accurate, precise, and easy to understand. Then there is the matter of what makes writing "good writing." Although we might say that both an instruction manual and a play are "well written," we appreciate them for different reasons. A play written in the clear, unambiguous language of an instruction manual would not be a hit on Broadway. In other words, writing must be judged according to its context--what is its purpose and audience? Finally, even readers with a great deal in common may not agree about the quality of any particular text, just as people's opinions differ about which bands are really great. We really don't know why people have such preferences and can't make accurate predictions about what they will like or dislike. Simply put, writing isn't simple. If writing is so complicated and mysterious, can it be taught? Since Aristotle, great teachers have taught complex processes to their students by breaking them into smaller, more understandable processes. Aristotle thought that effective communication skills, like good math skills, can be learned and taught. Math teachers don't teach trigonometry to their elementary students; instead, they begin with addition and subtraction. Everything else builds on those simple processes. No one is born a mathematician. Similarly, while luck certainly plays a role in any successful writer's career, successful writers (or speakers) are not just born into the role--and everyone else is not just fated to flunk English. You can learn to write with substance and style. It takes work, but it is within your power. You have already taken the first step. Most of what we know about writing is also true of speaking. Aristotle wrote a famous treatise on the subject of effective communication called "The Rhetoric." This book is meant for speakers; however, teachers and students also have long used it to polish their writing. "The Rhetoric" is still widely read and applied today by people desiring to learn how to speak and write more convincingly to an audience. Your first-year composition course may even have the word "rhetoric" or "rhetorical" as part of its title. Aristotle taught us that rhetoric isn't just about winning arguments. Instead, rhetoric is the ability to determine all the available means of persuasion at our disposal. Ultimately, it's up to you to guess the best course of action, but rhetoric helps you make this a more educated guess. Compared to speaking, writing is a much more recent phenomenon, and for many centuries it was assumed that the best way to learn to write well was either to pray, entreat the muses, or carefully imitate writings that were already considered great. Eventually, as more people wanted to write, teachers created rules to help them write "correctly." Unfortunately, this heavy emphasis on correctness and writing with a narrow set of rules did little to improve student writing. Simply knowing how to write grammatically correct prose is important, but it is not enough, by itself, to make writing effective or persuasive. Indeed, too much attention to correctness can result in unintentionally rigid or even comical writing. Legend has it that Winston Churchill grew so irritated at pedants telling him not to end his sentences with prepositions that he said to one of them, "Madame, that is a rule up with which I shall not put." Since the 1970s, writing instructors have been teaching writing not as the following of fixed rules but rather as a dynamic process: a series of steps that writers follow to produce texts. At first in the '70s, these steps were taught as a somewhat rigid sequence. Now, however, writing teachers emphasize "recursivity"--moving forward through some steps and then circling back to redo previous steps--as the more natural way that many successful writers work. In other words, while we still think of writing as a process taking place in a series of steps, we now understand that good writers tend to switch frequently among the different steps as they work. An insight gained while editing one chapter might convince the writer that an additional chapter is needed; as a result, she might start another drafting phase--or even decide to divide one chapter into two or three, and begin reorganizing and developing new drafts. Likewise, failure to satisfy a publisher--whether it is your boss looking at a pamphlet you've written or a book publisher deciding whether to print and sell your book--might lead the author all the way back to the idea-development or organizing stages. In short, while it is very useful to think of writing as a process, the process is not a clear, always-the-same series of steps. Instead, it is a sometimes messy, forward-and-backward process in which you strive for simplicity but try to appeal to your audience, create but also organize, enjoy yourself if possible but also follow some rules, and eventually create a product that works. If this sounds difficult, it's not--at least, not if you learn a few lessons this book can teach you--and you practice, practice, practice. The more real writing you do, the more of a real writer you will become. If you are reading this book, then your first goal likely is to do well in a college (or upper-level high school) "composition" or "rhetoric" class. In short, you want to learn how to write a good academic paper. There are a large number of tips and methods this book can show you. They will work best if, like the writing process itself, you go back and forth between reading this book and doing some actual writing: try some of these lessons out by writing; then return to new lessons or review some of the lessons you've already read to discover what you next can do with what you've written--or with a new writing. Your next goal after learning to write a good general academic paper (or several types, perhaps--some of the most common being a summary, an analysis, an argument or "thesis," an evaluation, and a research paper) is to write in your specific discipline or major. Each discipline or major has its own writing style, organizational method, and purpose or goal. Your major or discipline teachers can help you quite a bit as you learn to apply your academic writing skills to their discipline. And eventually, your goal is to write for your work--for your future profession. With each of these types of writing--general academic, specific discipline/major, and future profession--you'll eventually become increasingly successful. As you learn the types better, you will find--like the experienced journalist on a quick deadline for a story--that often your writing will come more quickly and easily. However, whenever you have a major challenge in your future as a writer, you will know how to return to the circular or "recursive" steps of the process to develop difficult ideas, explain difficult concepts to your audience, and create pleasure and knowledge in both yourself and your audience because of your writing skills. == Five Evaluation Criteria == There are five criteria we can use to evaluate any piece of writing. These criteria are Focus, Development, Organization, Style, and Conventions. '''Focus'''. What are you writing about? What claim or thesis are you defending? This criterion is the broadest, concerned with the context, purpose, and coherence of a piece of writing. Is your topic appropriate for an assignment? Do you stay on that topic or drift off on unhelpful tangents? Have you focused too minutely or too widely? For instance, an essay about the American Civil War in general is probably too broad for most college essays. You might be better off writing about a particular battle, general, or incident. '''Development'''. Development is concerned with details and evidence. Do you provide enough supporting material to satisfy the expectations of your readers? A proper research paper, for instance, usually includes many references and quotations to many other relevant works of scholarship. A description of a painting would probably include details about its appearance, composition, and maybe even biographical information about the artist who painted it. Deciding what details to include depends on the intended audience of a piece. An article about cancer intended for young children would look quite different than one written for senior citizens. '''Organization'''. Organization, often called "arrangement," concerns the order and layout of a paper. Traditionally, a paper is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are focused on a single main idea or topic (unity), and transitions between sentences and paragraphs are smooth and logical. A poorly organized paper rambles, drifting among unrelated topics in a haphazard and confusing fashion. '''Style'''. Style is traditionally concerned with clarity, elegance, and precision. An effective stylist is not only able to write clearly for an audience, but can also please them with evocative language, metaphors, rhythm, or figures of speech. Effective stylists take pains not just to make a point, but to make it well. '''Conventions'''. This criterion covers grammar, mechanics, punctuation, formatting, citing sources, and other issues that are dictated by convention or rules. Although many students struggle with conventions, the knowledge of where to place a comma in a sentence is usually not as important as whether that sentence was worth writing in the first place. Nevertheless, excessive errors can make even a brilliant writer seem careless or ignorant, qualities that will seldom impress one's readers. ==Stages of the Writing Process== Although we've mentioned that writers often work recursively--that is, frequently switching between drafting, editing, proofreading, and so on--it is useful to break the writing process into different functions or activities. To that end, we have divided it into eight smaller processes: Planning and Prewriting, Collaborating, Researching, Drafting, Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing. Not all of these steps will be necessary for every piece of writing. <big>'''Planning and Prewriting'''</big> (brainstorming) Writers generally plan their documents in advance. This stage, often called "prewriting," includes everything from making a tentative outline, brainstorming, or chatting with friends or colleagues about the topic. For some writers, the prewriting stage is mostly mental--they think about their projects, but do not write until they are ready to start the actual document. Others plan extensively and map out exactly how they want their document to look when it's finished. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting|This chapter]] describes common planning and prewriting strategies and should help you "hit the ground running" when starting out your writing projects. ===Collaborating=== While there is a long history of thinking of writing as a wholly individual act, most workplace compositions (and composing in many disciplines) involve collaboration. If you're working on a collaborative text, this chapter will help you develop a collaboration plan, establish strengths and weaknesses in the group, assign roles, and do what ever else will help in producing a co-authored text. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Collaborating|This chapter]] offers some helpful tips and strategies for collaborating on documents. Collaboration is essential to the writing process. It is vital for students to have their work read by others. In writing, the more the better. We profit from the views and suggestions of our readers. ===Researching=== Writers frequently require reliable information to support their documents. A writer's personal opinions and experience are sufficient evidence for many types of documents, but audiences will often demand more. Seeking out the information required to support your writing is called "research," and it comes in many forms. One form of research is the interview, in which you call up or meet with someone who has information on the topic you are pursuing. Another type, "field research," involves travel to places where the topic can be studied first-hand. You might also circulate a survey. These three examples are all part of what is called "primary research" -- research you conduct yourself. While many writing teachers assign primary research to their students in the process of writing a "research paper," much of the research that writing at the college level asks you to do is "secondary research" -- exploring other people's writing in the form of books, scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, websites, and government documents. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Researching|This chapter]] describes different research strategies and provides you with the tools you'll need to properly back up the claims you make in your writing. ===Drafting=== Drafting means writing or adding to a piece of writing--composing it. It may seem like a straightforward process, but can often be made difficult by writer's block or other anxieties. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Drafting|This chapter]] describes drafting strategies and how to avoid common pitfalls like perfectionism and writer's block. ===Reviewing=== Having other people review your writing is essential to producing the best piece you possibly can. We often don't make the best readers of our own work because we are so close to it. Reviewers, on the other hand, bring valuable perspective we can't get any other way. A reviewer is anyone who is willing to look at your work and provide feedback. You're a reviewer, too -- for others' texts. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Reviewing|This chapter]] explains how to successfully review a document as well as how to make the most of the feedback you receive from other reviewers. ===Revising=== Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and would include fixing typos and grammatical errors. Revising is hard work, but it's probably some of the most valuable work you can do to become a better writer. Dive into the task with the willingness to wrestle with your writing and bring out the best in it, and you will learn why revising is often considered the "meat" of the writing process. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Revising|This chapter]] examines the revision process and identifies some strategies that will help you improve your documents and reduce the likelihood of creating even bigger problems. ===Editing=== Editing means going through a piece of writing and making grammatical corrections or sentence-level changes. Unlike publishers, who hire professional editors to work with their writers, student writers do most of their own editing, with occasional help from peer reviewers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Editing|This chapter]] describes micro editing (editing at the sentence level), and provides strategies for improving your text. This chapter will also cover proofreading, or carefully scanning a document for typos and other simple errors. ===Publishing=== What's the point of writing if no one will ever read it? Though some of us are content to write diaries or notes to ourselves, most writers desire for others to read and hopefully enjoy or benefit from their documents. This is where publishers come in: They help connect writers to readers. The Internet has introduced countless new ways for writers to publish their own documents electronically, but print publishing is still the preferred avenue for most professional writers. Of course, getting your documents accepted for publication can be a long and frustrating ordeal. We've all heard the stories of now-famous novelists who were rejected time and time again by unimaginative or overly-cautious publishers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing|This chapter]] describes the print and electronic publishing industry, then identifies strategies that will help you distribute your documents to their intended audience. We will also discuss why so many authors fail to ever secure a publisher for their work. {{chapter navigation||What is Rhetoric}} 47tqcrnurwnbayi40shrtssa9rzoa85 4095385 4095384 2022-08-23T01:08:59Z Davidbanuelos 1834210 /* Stages of the Writing Process */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== The writing process is complicated, and often seems loosely defined. According to Webster’s, writing is “ the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions." Although we may think of it as little more than arranging letters and words on a page, a few moments' reflection reveals that it is much more than that. On the one hand, writing is an art--we don't say Shakespeare's language is "correct" but rather that it is beautiful. On the other hand, writing is a science--we want the instructions that came with our Blu-Ray player to be accurate, precise, and easy to understand. Then there is the matter of what makes writing "good writing." Although we might say that both an instruction manual and a play are "well written," we appreciate them for different reasons. A play written in the clear, unambiguous language of an instruction manual would not be a hit on Broadway. In other words, writing must be judged according to its context--what is its purpose and audience? Finally, even readers with a great deal in common may not agree about the quality of any particular text, just as people's opinions differ about which bands are really great. We really don't know why people have such preferences and can't make accurate predictions about what they will like or dislike. Simply put, writing isn't simple. If writing is so complicated and mysterious, can it be taught? Since Aristotle, great teachers have taught complex processes to their students by breaking them into smaller, more understandable processes. Aristotle thought that effective communication skills, like good math skills, can be learned and taught. Math teachers don't teach trigonometry to their elementary students; instead, they begin with addition and subtraction. Everything else builds on those simple processes. No one is born a mathematician. Similarly, while luck certainly plays a role in any successful writer's career, successful writers (or speakers) are not just born into the role--and everyone else is not just fated to flunk English. You can learn to write with substance and style. It takes work, but it is within your power. You have already taken the first step. Most of what we know about writing is also true of speaking. Aristotle wrote a famous treatise on the subject of effective communication called "The Rhetoric." This book is meant for speakers; however, teachers and students also have long used it to polish their writing. "The Rhetoric" is still widely read and applied today by people desiring to learn how to speak and write more convincingly to an audience. Your first-year composition course may even have the word "rhetoric" or "rhetorical" as part of its title. Aristotle taught us that rhetoric isn't just about winning arguments. Instead, rhetoric is the ability to determine all the available means of persuasion at our disposal. Ultimately, it's up to you to guess the best course of action, but rhetoric helps you make this a more educated guess. Compared to speaking, writing is a much more recent phenomenon, and for many centuries it was assumed that the best way to learn to write well was either to pray, entreat the muses, or carefully imitate writings that were already considered great. Eventually, as more people wanted to write, teachers created rules to help them write "correctly." Unfortunately, this heavy emphasis on correctness and writing with a narrow set of rules did little to improve student writing. Simply knowing how to write grammatically correct prose is important, but it is not enough, by itself, to make writing effective or persuasive. Indeed, too much attention to correctness can result in unintentionally rigid or even comical writing. Legend has it that Winston Churchill grew so irritated at pedants telling him not to end his sentences with prepositions that he said to one of them, "Madame, that is a rule up with which I shall not put." Since the 1970s, writing instructors have been teaching writing not as the following of fixed rules but rather as a dynamic process: a series of steps that writers follow to produce texts. At first in the '70s, these steps were taught as a somewhat rigid sequence. Now, however, writing teachers emphasize "recursivity"--moving forward through some steps and then circling back to redo previous steps--as the more natural way that many successful writers work. In other words, while we still think of writing as a process taking place in a series of steps, we now understand that good writers tend to switch frequently among the different steps as they work. An insight gained while editing one chapter might convince the writer that an additional chapter is needed; as a result, she might start another drafting phase--or even decide to divide one chapter into two or three, and begin reorganizing and developing new drafts. Likewise, failure to satisfy a publisher--whether it is your boss looking at a pamphlet you've written or a book publisher deciding whether to print and sell your book--might lead the author all the way back to the idea-development or organizing stages. In short, while it is very useful to think of writing as a process, the process is not a clear, always-the-same series of steps. Instead, it is a sometimes messy, forward-and-backward process in which you strive for simplicity but try to appeal to your audience, create but also organize, enjoy yourself if possible but also follow some rules, and eventually create a product that works. If this sounds difficult, it's not--at least, not if you learn a few lessons this book can teach you--and you practice, practice, practice. The more real writing you do, the more of a real writer you will become. If you are reading this book, then your first goal likely is to do well in a college (or upper-level high school) "composition" or "rhetoric" class. In short, you want to learn how to write a good academic paper. There are a large number of tips and methods this book can show you. They will work best if, like the writing process itself, you go back and forth between reading this book and doing some actual writing: try some of these lessons out by writing; then return to new lessons or review some of the lessons you've already read to discover what you next can do with what you've written--or with a new writing. Your next goal after learning to write a good general academic paper (or several types, perhaps--some of the most common being a summary, an analysis, an argument or "thesis," an evaluation, and a research paper) is to write in your specific discipline or major. Each discipline or major has its own writing style, organizational method, and purpose or goal. Your major or discipline teachers can help you quite a bit as you learn to apply your academic writing skills to their discipline. And eventually, your goal is to write for your work--for your future profession. With each of these types of writing--general academic, specific discipline/major, and future profession--you'll eventually become increasingly successful. As you learn the types better, you will find--like the experienced journalist on a quick deadline for a story--that often your writing will come more quickly and easily. However, whenever you have a major challenge in your future as a writer, you will know how to return to the circular or "recursive" steps of the process to develop difficult ideas, explain difficult concepts to your audience, and create pleasure and knowledge in both yourself and your audience because of your writing skills. == Five Evaluation Criteria == There are five criteria we can use to evaluate any piece of writing. These criteria are Focus, Development, Organization, Style, and Conventions. '''Focus'''. What are you writing about? What claim or thesis are you defending? This criterion is the broadest, concerned with the context, purpose, and coherence of a piece of writing. Is your topic appropriate for an assignment? Do you stay on that topic or drift off on unhelpful tangents? Have you focused too minutely or too widely? For instance, an essay about the American Civil War in general is probably too broad for most college essays. You might be better off writing about a particular battle, general, or incident. '''Development'''. Development is concerned with details and evidence. Do you provide enough supporting material to satisfy the expectations of your readers? A proper research paper, for instance, usually includes many references and quotations to many other relevant works of scholarship. A description of a painting would probably include details about its appearance, composition, and maybe even biographical information about the artist who painted it. Deciding what details to include depends on the intended audience of a piece. An article about cancer intended for young children would look quite different than one written for senior citizens. '''Organization'''. Organization, often called "arrangement," concerns the order and layout of a paper. Traditionally, a paper is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are focused on a single main idea or topic (unity), and transitions between sentences and paragraphs are smooth and logical. A poorly organized paper rambles, drifting among unrelated topics in a haphazard and confusing fashion. '''Style'''. Style is traditionally concerned with clarity, elegance, and precision. An effective stylist is not only able to write clearly for an audience, but can also please them with evocative language, metaphors, rhythm, or figures of speech. Effective stylists take pains not just to make a point, but to make it well. '''Conventions'''. This criterion covers grammar, mechanics, punctuation, formatting, citing sources, and other issues that are dictated by convention or rules. Although many students struggle with conventions, the knowledge of where to place a comma in a sentence is usually not as important as whether that sentence was worth writing in the first place. Nevertheless, excessive errors can make even a brilliant writer seem careless or ignorant, qualities that will seldom impress one's readers. ==Stages of the Writing Process== Although we've mentioned that writers often work recursively--that is, frequently switching between drafting, editing, proofreading, and so on--it is useful to break the writing process into different functions or activities. To that end, we have divided it into eight smaller processes: Planning and Prewriting, Collaborating, Researching, Drafting, Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing. Not all of these steps will be necessary for every piece of writing. <big>'''Planning and Prewriting'''</big> (brainstorming) Writers generally plan their documents in advance. This stage, often called "prewriting," includes everything from brainstorming, making a tentative outline, or chatting with friends or colleagues about the topic. For some writers, the prewriting stage is mostly mental--they think about their projects, but do not write until they are ready to start the actual document. Others plan extensively and map out exactly how they want their document to look when it's finished. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting|This chapter]] describes common planning and prewriting strategies and should help you "hit the ground running" when starting out your writing projects. ===Collaborating=== While there is a long history of thinking of writing as a wholly individual act, most workplace compositions (and composing in many disciplines) involve collaboration. If you're working on a collaborative text, this chapter will help you develop a collaboration plan, establish strengths and weaknesses in the group, assign roles, and do what ever else will help in producing a co-authored text. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Collaborating|This chapter]] offers some helpful tips and strategies for collaborating on documents. Collaboration is essential to the writing process. It is vital for students to have their work read by others. In writing, the more the better. We profit from the views and suggestions of our readers. ===Researching=== Writers frequently require reliable information to support their documents. A writer's personal opinions and experience are sufficient evidence for many types of documents, but audiences will often demand more. Seeking out the information required to support your writing is called "research," and it comes in many forms. One form of research is the interview, in which you call up or meet with someone who has information on the topic you are pursuing. Another type, "field research," involves travel to places where the topic can be studied first-hand. You might also circulate a survey. These three examples are all part of what is called "primary research" -- research you conduct yourself. While many writing teachers assign primary research to their students in the process of writing a "research paper," much of the research that writing at the college level asks you to do is "secondary research" -- exploring other people's writing in the form of books, scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, websites, and government documents. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Researching|This chapter]] describes different research strategies and provides you with the tools you'll need to properly back up the claims you make in your writing. ===Drafting=== Drafting means writing or adding to a piece of writing--composing it. It may seem like a straightforward process, but can often be made difficult by writer's block or other anxieties. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Drafting|This chapter]] describes drafting strategies and how to avoid common pitfalls like perfectionism and writer's block. ===Reviewing=== Having other people review your writing is essential to producing the best piece you possibly can. We often don't make the best readers of our own work because we are so close to it. Reviewers, on the other hand, bring valuable perspective we can't get any other way. A reviewer is anyone who is willing to look at your work and provide feedback. You're a reviewer, too -- for others' texts. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Reviewing|This chapter]] explains how to successfully review a document as well as how to make the most of the feedback you receive from other reviewers. ===Revising=== Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and would include fixing typos and grammatical errors. Revising is hard work, but it's probably some of the most valuable work you can do to become a better writer. Dive into the task with the willingness to wrestle with your writing and bring out the best in it, and you will learn why revising is often considered the "meat" of the writing process. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Revising|This chapter]] examines the revision process and identifies some strategies that will help you improve your documents and reduce the likelihood of creating even bigger problems. ===Editing=== Editing means going through a piece of writing and making grammatical corrections or sentence-level changes. Unlike publishers, who hire professional editors to work with their writers, student writers do most of their own editing, with occasional help from peer reviewers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Editing|This chapter]] describes micro editing (editing at the sentence level), and provides strategies for improving your text. This chapter will also cover proofreading, or carefully scanning a document for typos and other simple errors. ===Publishing=== What's the point of writing if no one will ever read it? Though some of us are content to write diaries or notes to ourselves, most writers desire for others to read and hopefully enjoy or benefit from their documents. This is where publishers come in: They help connect writers to readers. The Internet has introduced countless new ways for writers to publish their own documents electronically, but print publishing is still the preferred avenue for most professional writers. Of course, getting your documents accepted for publication can be a long and frustrating ordeal. We've all heard the stories of now-famous novelists who were rejected time and time again by unimaginative or overly-cautious publishers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing|This chapter]] describes the print and electronic publishing industry, then identifies strategies that will help you distribute your documents to their intended audience. We will also discuss why so many authors fail to ever secure a publisher for their work. {{chapter navigation||What is Rhetoric}} rnugnax2k5h44uc5wp0ottbnpxrr6a8 4095386 4095385 2022-08-23T01:10:59Z Davidbanuelos 1834210 /* Collaborating */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== The writing process is complicated, and often seems loosely defined. According to Webster’s, writing is “ the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions." Although we may think of it as little more than arranging letters and words on a page, a few moments' reflection reveals that it is much more than that. On the one hand, writing is an art--we don't say Shakespeare's language is "correct" but rather that it is beautiful. On the other hand, writing is a science--we want the instructions that came with our Blu-Ray player to be accurate, precise, and easy to understand. Then there is the matter of what makes writing "good writing." Although we might say that both an instruction manual and a play are "well written," we appreciate them for different reasons. A play written in the clear, unambiguous language of an instruction manual would not be a hit on Broadway. In other words, writing must be judged according to its context--what is its purpose and audience? Finally, even readers with a great deal in common may not agree about the quality of any particular text, just as people's opinions differ about which bands are really great. We really don't know why people have such preferences and can't make accurate predictions about what they will like or dislike. Simply put, writing isn't simple. If writing is so complicated and mysterious, can it be taught? Since Aristotle, great teachers have taught complex processes to their students by breaking them into smaller, more understandable processes. Aristotle thought that effective communication skills, like good math skills, can be learned and taught. Math teachers don't teach trigonometry to their elementary students; instead, they begin with addition and subtraction. Everything else builds on those simple processes. No one is born a mathematician. Similarly, while luck certainly plays a role in any successful writer's career, successful writers (or speakers) are not just born into the role--and everyone else is not just fated to flunk English. You can learn to write with substance and style. It takes work, but it is within your power. You have already taken the first step. Most of what we know about writing is also true of speaking. Aristotle wrote a famous treatise on the subject of effective communication called "The Rhetoric." This book is meant for speakers; however, teachers and students also have long used it to polish their writing. "The Rhetoric" is still widely read and applied today by people desiring to learn how to speak and write more convincingly to an audience. Your first-year composition course may even have the word "rhetoric" or "rhetorical" as part of its title. Aristotle taught us that rhetoric isn't just about winning arguments. Instead, rhetoric is the ability to determine all the available means of persuasion at our disposal. Ultimately, it's up to you to guess the best course of action, but rhetoric helps you make this a more educated guess. Compared to speaking, writing is a much more recent phenomenon, and for many centuries it was assumed that the best way to learn to write well was either to pray, entreat the muses, or carefully imitate writings that were already considered great. Eventually, as more people wanted to write, teachers created rules to help them write "correctly." Unfortunately, this heavy emphasis on correctness and writing with a narrow set of rules did little to improve student writing. Simply knowing how to write grammatically correct prose is important, but it is not enough, by itself, to make writing effective or persuasive. Indeed, too much attention to correctness can result in unintentionally rigid or even comical writing. Legend has it that Winston Churchill grew so irritated at pedants telling him not to end his sentences with prepositions that he said to one of them, "Madame, that is a rule up with which I shall not put." Since the 1970s, writing instructors have been teaching writing not as the following of fixed rules but rather as a dynamic process: a series of steps that writers follow to produce texts. At first in the '70s, these steps were taught as a somewhat rigid sequence. Now, however, writing teachers emphasize "recursivity"--moving forward through some steps and then circling back to redo previous steps--as the more natural way that many successful writers work. In other words, while we still think of writing as a process taking place in a series of steps, we now understand that good writers tend to switch frequently among the different steps as they work. An insight gained while editing one chapter might convince the writer that an additional chapter is needed; as a result, she might start another drafting phase--or even decide to divide one chapter into two or three, and begin reorganizing and developing new drafts. Likewise, failure to satisfy a publisher--whether it is your boss looking at a pamphlet you've written or a book publisher deciding whether to print and sell your book--might lead the author all the way back to the idea-development or organizing stages. In short, while it is very useful to think of writing as a process, the process is not a clear, always-the-same series of steps. Instead, it is a sometimes messy, forward-and-backward process in which you strive for simplicity but try to appeal to your audience, create but also organize, enjoy yourself if possible but also follow some rules, and eventually create a product that works. If this sounds difficult, it's not--at least, not if you learn a few lessons this book can teach you--and you practice, practice, practice. The more real writing you do, the more of a real writer you will become. If you are reading this book, then your first goal likely is to do well in a college (or upper-level high school) "composition" or "rhetoric" class. In short, you want to learn how to write a good academic paper. There are a large number of tips and methods this book can show you. They will work best if, like the writing process itself, you go back and forth between reading this book and doing some actual writing: try some of these lessons out by writing; then return to new lessons or review some of the lessons you've already read to discover what you next can do with what you've written--or with a new writing. Your next goal after learning to write a good general academic paper (or several types, perhaps--some of the most common being a summary, an analysis, an argument or "thesis," an evaluation, and a research paper) is to write in your specific discipline or major. Each discipline or major has its own writing style, organizational method, and purpose or goal. Your major or discipline teachers can help you quite a bit as you learn to apply your academic writing skills to their discipline. And eventually, your goal is to write for your work--for your future profession. With each of these types of writing--general academic, specific discipline/major, and future profession--you'll eventually become increasingly successful. As you learn the types better, you will find--like the experienced journalist on a quick deadline for a story--that often your writing will come more quickly and easily. However, whenever you have a major challenge in your future as a writer, you will know how to return to the circular or "recursive" steps of the process to develop difficult ideas, explain difficult concepts to your audience, and create pleasure and knowledge in both yourself and your audience because of your writing skills. == Five Evaluation Criteria == There are five criteria we can use to evaluate any piece of writing. These criteria are Focus, Development, Organization, Style, and Conventions. '''Focus'''. What are you writing about? What claim or thesis are you defending? This criterion is the broadest, concerned with the context, purpose, and coherence of a piece of writing. Is your topic appropriate for an assignment? Do you stay on that topic or drift off on unhelpful tangents? Have you focused too minutely or too widely? For instance, an essay about the American Civil War in general is probably too broad for most college essays. You might be better off writing about a particular battle, general, or incident. '''Development'''. Development is concerned with details and evidence. Do you provide enough supporting material to satisfy the expectations of your readers? A proper research paper, for instance, usually includes many references and quotations to many other relevant works of scholarship. A description of a painting would probably include details about its appearance, composition, and maybe even biographical information about the artist who painted it. Deciding what details to include depends on the intended audience of a piece. An article about cancer intended for young children would look quite different than one written for senior citizens. '''Organization'''. Organization, often called "arrangement," concerns the order and layout of a paper. Traditionally, a paper is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are focused on a single main idea or topic (unity), and transitions between sentences and paragraphs are smooth and logical. A poorly organized paper rambles, drifting among unrelated topics in a haphazard and confusing fashion. '''Style'''. Style is traditionally concerned with clarity, elegance, and precision. An effective stylist is not only able to write clearly for an audience, but can also please them with evocative language, metaphors, rhythm, or figures of speech. Effective stylists take pains not just to make a point, but to make it well. '''Conventions'''. This criterion covers grammar, mechanics, punctuation, formatting, citing sources, and other issues that are dictated by convention or rules. Although many students struggle with conventions, the knowledge of where to place a comma in a sentence is usually not as important as whether that sentence was worth writing in the first place. Nevertheless, excessive errors can make even a brilliant writer seem careless or ignorant, qualities that will seldom impress one's readers. ==Stages of the Writing Process== Although we've mentioned that writers often work recursively--that is, frequently switching between drafting, editing, proofreading, and so on--it is useful to break the writing process into different functions or activities. To that end, we have divided it into eight smaller processes: Planning and Prewriting, Collaborating, Researching, Drafting, Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing. Not all of these steps will be necessary for every piece of writing. <big>'''Planning and Prewriting'''</big> (brainstorming) Writers generally plan their documents in advance. This stage, often called "prewriting," includes everything from brainstorming, making a tentative outline, or chatting with friends or colleagues about the topic. For some writers, the prewriting stage is mostly mental--they think about their projects, but do not write until they are ready to start the actual document. Others plan extensively and map out exactly how they want their document to look when it's finished. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting|This chapter]] describes common planning and prewriting strategies and should help you "hit the ground running" when starting out your writing projects. ===Collaborating=== While there is a long history of thinking of writing as a wholly individual act, most workplace compositions (and composing in many disciplines) involve collaboration. If you're working on a collaborative text, this chapter will help you develop a collaboration plan, establish strengths and weaknesses in the group, assign roles, and do what ever else will help in producing a co-authored text. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Collaborating|This chapter]] offers some helpful tips and strategies for collaborating on documents. Collaboration is can be very helpful to the writing process. It is vital for students to have their work read by others. In writing, the more the better. We profit from the views and suggestions of our readers. ===Researching=== Writers frequently require reliable information to support their documents. A writer's personal opinions and experience are sufficient evidence for many types of documents, but audiences will often demand more. Seeking out the information required to support your writing is called "research," and it comes in many forms. One form of research is the interview, in which you call up or meet with someone who has information on the topic you are pursuing. Another type, "field research," involves travel to places where the topic can be studied first-hand. You might also circulate a survey. These three examples are all part of what is called "primary research" -- research you conduct yourself. While many writing teachers assign primary research to their students in the process of writing a "research paper," much of the research that writing at the college level asks you to do is "secondary research" -- exploring other people's writing in the form of books, scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, websites, and government documents. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Researching|This chapter]] describes different research strategies and provides you with the tools you'll need to properly back up the claims you make in your writing. ===Drafting=== Drafting means writing or adding to a piece of writing--composing it. It may seem like a straightforward process, but can often be made difficult by writer's block or other anxieties. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Drafting|This chapter]] describes drafting strategies and how to avoid common pitfalls like perfectionism and writer's block. ===Reviewing=== Having other people review your writing is essential to producing the best piece you possibly can. We often don't make the best readers of our own work because we are so close to it. Reviewers, on the other hand, bring valuable perspective we can't get any other way. A reviewer is anyone who is willing to look at your work and provide feedback. You're a reviewer, too -- for others' texts. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Reviewing|This chapter]] explains how to successfully review a document as well as how to make the most of the feedback you receive from other reviewers. ===Revising=== Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and would include fixing typos and grammatical errors. Revising is hard work, but it's probably some of the most valuable work you can do to become a better writer. Dive into the task with the willingness to wrestle with your writing and bring out the best in it, and you will learn why revising is often considered the "meat" of the writing process. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Revising|This chapter]] examines the revision process and identifies some strategies that will help you improve your documents and reduce the likelihood of creating even bigger problems. ===Editing=== Editing means going through a piece of writing and making grammatical corrections or sentence-level changes. Unlike publishers, who hire professional editors to work with their writers, student writers do most of their own editing, with occasional help from peer reviewers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Editing|This chapter]] describes micro editing (editing at the sentence level), and provides strategies for improving your text. This chapter will also cover proofreading, or carefully scanning a document for typos and other simple errors. ===Publishing=== What's the point of writing if no one will ever read it? Though some of us are content to write diaries or notes to ourselves, most writers desire for others to read and hopefully enjoy or benefit from their documents. This is where publishers come in: They help connect writers to readers. The Internet has introduced countless new ways for writers to publish their own documents electronically, but print publishing is still the preferred avenue for most professional writers. Of course, getting your documents accepted for publication can be a long and frustrating ordeal. We've all heard the stories of now-famous novelists who were rejected time and time again by unimaginative or overly-cautious publishers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing|This chapter]] describes the print and electronic publishing industry, then identifies strategies that will help you distribute your documents to their intended audience. We will also discuss why so many authors fail to ever secure a publisher for their work. {{chapter navigation||What is Rhetoric}} 47zwg6yqnkcdq4sslgf3205pwa667mm 4095387 4095386 2022-08-23T01:11:19Z Davidbanuelos 1834210 /* Collaborating */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Overview== The writing process is complicated, and often seems loosely defined. According to Webster’s, writing is “ the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions." Although we may think of it as little more than arranging letters and words on a page, a few moments' reflection reveals that it is much more than that. On the one hand, writing is an art--we don't say Shakespeare's language is "correct" but rather that it is beautiful. On the other hand, writing is a science--we want the instructions that came with our Blu-Ray player to be accurate, precise, and easy to understand. Then there is the matter of what makes writing "good writing." Although we might say that both an instruction manual and a play are "well written," we appreciate them for different reasons. A play written in the clear, unambiguous language of an instruction manual would not be a hit on Broadway. In other words, writing must be judged according to its context--what is its purpose and audience? Finally, even readers with a great deal in common may not agree about the quality of any particular text, just as people's opinions differ about which bands are really great. We really don't know why people have such preferences and can't make accurate predictions about what they will like or dislike. Simply put, writing isn't simple. If writing is so complicated and mysterious, can it be taught? Since Aristotle, great teachers have taught complex processes to their students by breaking them into smaller, more understandable processes. Aristotle thought that effective communication skills, like good math skills, can be learned and taught. Math teachers don't teach trigonometry to their elementary students; instead, they begin with addition and subtraction. Everything else builds on those simple processes. No one is born a mathematician. Similarly, while luck certainly plays a role in any successful writer's career, successful writers (or speakers) are not just born into the role--and everyone else is not just fated to flunk English. You can learn to write with substance and style. It takes work, but it is within your power. You have already taken the first step. Most of what we know about writing is also true of speaking. Aristotle wrote a famous treatise on the subject of effective communication called "The Rhetoric." This book is meant for speakers; however, teachers and students also have long used it to polish their writing. "The Rhetoric" is still widely read and applied today by people desiring to learn how to speak and write more convincingly to an audience. Your first-year composition course may even have the word "rhetoric" or "rhetorical" as part of its title. Aristotle taught us that rhetoric isn't just about winning arguments. Instead, rhetoric is the ability to determine all the available means of persuasion at our disposal. Ultimately, it's up to you to guess the best course of action, but rhetoric helps you make this a more educated guess. Compared to speaking, writing is a much more recent phenomenon, and for many centuries it was assumed that the best way to learn to write well was either to pray, entreat the muses, or carefully imitate writings that were already considered great. Eventually, as more people wanted to write, teachers created rules to help them write "correctly." Unfortunately, this heavy emphasis on correctness and writing with a narrow set of rules did little to improve student writing. Simply knowing how to write grammatically correct prose is important, but it is not enough, by itself, to make writing effective or persuasive. Indeed, too much attention to correctness can result in unintentionally rigid or even comical writing. Legend has it that Winston Churchill grew so irritated at pedants telling him not to end his sentences with prepositions that he said to one of them, "Madame, that is a rule up with which I shall not put." Since the 1970s, writing instructors have been teaching writing not as the following of fixed rules but rather as a dynamic process: a series of steps that writers follow to produce texts. At first in the '70s, these steps were taught as a somewhat rigid sequence. Now, however, writing teachers emphasize "recursivity"--moving forward through some steps and then circling back to redo previous steps--as the more natural way that many successful writers work. In other words, while we still think of writing as a process taking place in a series of steps, we now understand that good writers tend to switch frequently among the different steps as they work. An insight gained while editing one chapter might convince the writer that an additional chapter is needed; as a result, she might start another drafting phase--or even decide to divide one chapter into two or three, and begin reorganizing and developing new drafts. Likewise, failure to satisfy a publisher--whether it is your boss looking at a pamphlet you've written or a book publisher deciding whether to print and sell your book--might lead the author all the way back to the idea-development or organizing stages. In short, while it is very useful to think of writing as a process, the process is not a clear, always-the-same series of steps. Instead, it is a sometimes messy, forward-and-backward process in which you strive for simplicity but try to appeal to your audience, create but also organize, enjoy yourself if possible but also follow some rules, and eventually create a product that works. If this sounds difficult, it's not--at least, not if you learn a few lessons this book can teach you--and you practice, practice, practice. The more real writing you do, the more of a real writer you will become. If you are reading this book, then your first goal likely is to do well in a college (or upper-level high school) "composition" or "rhetoric" class. In short, you want to learn how to write a good academic paper. There are a large number of tips and methods this book can show you. They will work best if, like the writing process itself, you go back and forth between reading this book and doing some actual writing: try some of these lessons out by writing; then return to new lessons or review some of the lessons you've already read to discover what you next can do with what you've written--or with a new writing. Your next goal after learning to write a good general academic paper (or several types, perhaps--some of the most common being a summary, an analysis, an argument or "thesis," an evaluation, and a research paper) is to write in your specific discipline or major. Each discipline or major has its own writing style, organizational method, and purpose or goal. Your major or discipline teachers can help you quite a bit as you learn to apply your academic writing skills to their discipline. And eventually, your goal is to write for your work--for your future profession. With each of these types of writing--general academic, specific discipline/major, and future profession--you'll eventually become increasingly successful. As you learn the types better, you will find--like the experienced journalist on a quick deadline for a story--that often your writing will come more quickly and easily. However, whenever you have a major challenge in your future as a writer, you will know how to return to the circular or "recursive" steps of the process to develop difficult ideas, explain difficult concepts to your audience, and create pleasure and knowledge in both yourself and your audience because of your writing skills. == Five Evaluation Criteria == There are five criteria we can use to evaluate any piece of writing. These criteria are Focus, Development, Organization, Style, and Conventions. '''Focus'''. What are you writing about? What claim or thesis are you defending? This criterion is the broadest, concerned with the context, purpose, and coherence of a piece of writing. Is your topic appropriate for an assignment? Do you stay on that topic or drift off on unhelpful tangents? Have you focused too minutely or too widely? For instance, an essay about the American Civil War in general is probably too broad for most college essays. You might be better off writing about a particular battle, general, or incident. '''Development'''. Development is concerned with details and evidence. Do you provide enough supporting material to satisfy the expectations of your readers? A proper research paper, for instance, usually includes many references and quotations to many other relevant works of scholarship. A description of a painting would probably include details about its appearance, composition, and maybe even biographical information about the artist who painted it. Deciding what details to include depends on the intended audience of a piece. An article about cancer intended for young children would look quite different than one written for senior citizens. '''Organization'''. Organization, often called "arrangement," concerns the order and layout of a paper. Traditionally, a paper is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are focused on a single main idea or topic (unity), and transitions between sentences and paragraphs are smooth and logical. A poorly organized paper rambles, drifting among unrelated topics in a haphazard and confusing fashion. '''Style'''. Style is traditionally concerned with clarity, elegance, and precision. An effective stylist is not only able to write clearly for an audience, but can also please them with evocative language, metaphors, rhythm, or figures of speech. Effective stylists take pains not just to make a point, but to make it well. '''Conventions'''. This criterion covers grammar, mechanics, punctuation, formatting, citing sources, and other issues that are dictated by convention or rules. Although many students struggle with conventions, the knowledge of where to place a comma in a sentence is usually not as important as whether that sentence was worth writing in the first place. Nevertheless, excessive errors can make even a brilliant writer seem careless or ignorant, qualities that will seldom impress one's readers. ==Stages of the Writing Process== Although we've mentioned that writers often work recursively--that is, frequently switching between drafting, editing, proofreading, and so on--it is useful to break the writing process into different functions or activities. To that end, we have divided it into eight smaller processes: Planning and Prewriting, Collaborating, Researching, Drafting, Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Publishing. Not all of these steps will be necessary for every piece of writing. <big>'''Planning and Prewriting'''</big> (brainstorming) Writers generally plan their documents in advance. This stage, often called "prewriting," includes everything from brainstorming, making a tentative outline, or chatting with friends or colleagues about the topic. For some writers, the prewriting stage is mostly mental--they think about their projects, but do not write until they are ready to start the actual document. Others plan extensively and map out exactly how they want their document to look when it's finished. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting|This chapter]] describes common planning and prewriting strategies and should help you "hit the ground running" when starting out your writing projects. ===Collaborating=== While there is a long history of thinking of writing as a wholly individual act, most workplace compositions (and composing in many disciplines) involve collaboration. If you're working on a collaborative text, this chapter will help you develop a collaboration plan, establish strengths and weaknesses in the group, assign roles, and do what ever else will help in producing a co-authored text. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Collaborating|This chapter]] offers some helpful tips and strategies for collaborating on documents. Collaboration can be very helpful to the writing process. It is vital for students to have their work read by others. In writing, the more the better. We profit from the views and suggestions of our readers. ===Researching=== Writers frequently require reliable information to support their documents. A writer's personal opinions and experience are sufficient evidence for many types of documents, but audiences will often demand more. Seeking out the information required to support your writing is called "research," and it comes in many forms. One form of research is the interview, in which you call up or meet with someone who has information on the topic you are pursuing. Another type, "field research," involves travel to places where the topic can be studied first-hand. You might also circulate a survey. These three examples are all part of what is called "primary research" -- research you conduct yourself. While many writing teachers assign primary research to their students in the process of writing a "research paper," much of the research that writing at the college level asks you to do is "secondary research" -- exploring other people's writing in the form of books, scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, websites, and government documents. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Researching|This chapter]] describes different research strategies and provides you with the tools you'll need to properly back up the claims you make in your writing. ===Drafting=== Drafting means writing or adding to a piece of writing--composing it. It may seem like a straightforward process, but can often be made difficult by writer's block or other anxieties. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Drafting|This chapter]] describes drafting strategies and how to avoid common pitfalls like perfectionism and writer's block. ===Reviewing=== Having other people review your writing is essential to producing the best piece you possibly can. We often don't make the best readers of our own work because we are so close to it. Reviewers, on the other hand, bring valuable perspective we can't get any other way. A reviewer is anyone who is willing to look at your work and provide feedback. You're a reviewer, too -- for others' texts. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Reviewing|This chapter]] explains how to successfully review a document as well as how to make the most of the feedback you receive from other reviewers. ===Revising=== Revising and editing are two separate processes that are often used interchangeably by novice writers. Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and would include fixing typos and grammatical errors. Revising is hard work, but it's probably some of the most valuable work you can do to become a better writer. Dive into the task with the willingness to wrestle with your writing and bring out the best in it, and you will learn why revising is often considered the "meat" of the writing process. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Revising|This chapter]] examines the revision process and identifies some strategies that will help you improve your documents and reduce the likelihood of creating even bigger problems. ===Editing=== Editing means going through a piece of writing and making grammatical corrections or sentence-level changes. Unlike publishers, who hire professional editors to work with their writers, student writers do most of their own editing, with occasional help from peer reviewers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Editing|This chapter]] describes micro editing (editing at the sentence level), and provides strategies for improving your text. This chapter will also cover proofreading, or carefully scanning a document for typos and other simple errors. ===Publishing=== What's the point of writing if no one will ever read it? Though some of us are content to write diaries or notes to ourselves, most writers desire for others to read and hopefully enjoy or benefit from their documents. This is where publishers come in: They help connect writers to readers. The Internet has introduced countless new ways for writers to publish their own documents electronically, but print publishing is still the preferred avenue for most professional writers. Of course, getting your documents accepted for publication can be a long and frustrating ordeal. We've all heard the stories of now-famous novelists who were rejected time and time again by unimaginative or overly-cautious publishers. [[Rhetoric and Composition/Publishing|This chapter]] describes the print and electronic publishing industry, then identifies strategies that will help you distribute your documents to their intended audience. We will also discuss why so many authors fail to ever secure a publisher for their work. {{chapter navigation||What is Rhetoric}} q0tkqotsb0xodnz37zzygnwmf8jie6r 0 36763 4095433 4083889 2022-08-23T11:38:56Z ISaveNewspapers 3328099 Fixed writing wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram | tright | '''Open Game''' |rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|= | | |nd| | | | | |= | | | | |pd| | | |= | | |bl| |pl| | | |= | | | | | |nl| | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| | |rl|= || }} = Italian Game = === 3. Bc4 === The Italian Game is very popular and one of the oldest openings in chess. White develops the bishop to a good square where it controls the centre and targets f7. This opening is very easy to study and one of the best choices for beginners. ====Responses==== {{Col-begin | width=auto }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | bd | | rd | pd | pd | pd | pd | | pd | pd | pd | | | nd | | | nd | | | | | | | pd | | | | | | bl | | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3...Nf6 &nbsp; (Two Knights) }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | | nd | rd | pd | pd | pd | pd | | pd | pd | pd | | | nd | | | | | | | | bd | | pd | | | | | | bl | | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3...Bc5 &nbsp; (Giuoco Piano) }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | | nd | rd | pd | pd | pd | pd | bd | pd | pd | pd | | | nd | | | | | | | | | | pd | | | | | | bl | | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3...Be7 &nbsp; (Hungarian) }} {{Col-end}} {{Col-begin | width=auto }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | bd | nd | rd | pd | pd | pd | | | pd | pd | pd | | | nd | pd | | | | | | | | | pd | | | | | | bl | | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3....d6 &nbsp; (Paris) }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | bd | nd | rd | pd | pd | pd | pd | | pd | pd | pd | | | | | | | | | | | | | pd | | | | | | bl | nd | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3....Nd4 &nbsp; (Blackburne Shilling Gambit) }} {{Col-3}} {{Chess diagram | | | rd | | bd | qd | kd | bd | nd | rd | pd | pd | pd | pd | | | pd | pd | | | nd | | | | | | | | | | pd | pd | | | | | bl | | pl | | | | | | | | | nl | | | pl | pl | pl | pl | | pl | pl | pl | rl | nl | bl | ql | kl | | | rl | 3....f5 &nbsp; (Rousseau Gambit) }} {{Col-end}} ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Two Knights Defence|Two Knights Defence]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Nf6|Nf6]]</td> <td>Ng5<br>d5</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Giuoco Piano|Giuoco Piano]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Bc5|Bc5]]</td> <td>c3<br>Nf6</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Hungarian Defence|Hungarian Defence]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Be7|Be7]]</td> <td>d4<br>exd4</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Paris Defence|Paris Defence]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...d6|d6]]</td> <td>c3<br>Bg4</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Blackburne Shilling Gambit|Blackburne Shilling Gambit]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Nd4|Nd4]]</td> <td>c3<br>Nxf3</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Rousseau Gambit|Rousseau Gambit]]</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...f5|f5]]</td> <td>d3<br>Nf6</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Other</th> <td>...<br>a6</td> <td>d4<br>exd4</td> <td>0-0<br>Bc5</td> <td>c3<br>dxc3</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> </table> == Statistics == Estimated next move popularity Nf6 56%, Bc5 38%, Be7 3%, d6 2%, all else less than 1% {{ChessMid}} ==External links== *[http://franosch.org/chess/italian.pdf The Italian Game for Beginners] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Wikipedia|Italian Game}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} cvjlgu5v4fx0d1709zf2r0uem9mww52 0 48691 4095340 4095256 2022-08-22T14:43:02Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/160.238.75.91|160.238.75.91]]) and restored revision 4083271 by L10nM4st3r wikitext text/x-wiki '''Testing leaves for starch''' ==Introduction== In a food chain, plants are usually the producers, which means they can make food by themselves. They make food by carrying out photosynthesis, then storing the food made in the form of starch. ===Aim=== The aim of the experiment is to compare a covered part of a leaf to an uncovered part of a leaf to see whether plants produce starch ==Equipment== *Beaker *Test tube *Water 200 ml *Boiling water any amount that doesn't exceed 600 ml *Ethanol 5 ml *White tile *Iodine solution 3 drops *Safety Goggles *Leaves *Bunsen burner *Apron *safety mat *gauze *tripod *forceps or tweezers *glass rod ==Safety precautions== *Wear safety goggles *Keep ethanol away from Bunsen burner; ethanol is flammable *Tie the hair back *Tuck ties, files and loose material away *Keep all bags out of the way to avoid tripping up. *Make sure you are not wearing tight clothes *Use the forceps to place the leaf in the boiling water ==Method== #Set up the equipment.After follow the steps below. #Place a beaker of hot water in the hot water bath. When the water has boiled add the leaf that had been in light. #Wait 3 minutes for the leaf to boil (this is to get rid of the waterproof layer and break the open cells and make it soft). #Take out the leaf using the forceps. #soak it in the ethanol and the water. #Put the leaf in a boiling tube and cover with ethanol. #Put the tube of ethanol plus leaf into the beaker of hot water WITHOUT the bunsen burner on as ethanol is highly flammable. #Dip the leaf back into the hot water, using the forceps.This is done to get the ethanol off the leaf. #Spread the leaf out on the tile using the glass rod. Add about five drops of iodine solution on to the leaf and observe. #Carefully draw a diagram of the leaf marking any areas that have stained black. ==Results== From this experiment, you will discover that after testing, parts of the leaf containing starch is black, and the white parts of the leaf contain little or no starch {{BookCat}}. rk8l4ufayyvruurqmwj46kkmnnybeaf 0 95680 4095314 4029509 2022-08-22T13:10:44Z 103.137.207.60 wikitext text/x-wiki Good evening == Part A: Description == In this lesson you will learn to introduce yourself using the standard level of formality or respect. You will also be able to ask someone his name. First you need to know that the verb ''to be'' is never expressed in Kapampangan. Where there is no verb, it is automatically assumed that the sentence is about something ''being'' something. Therefore to ask ''What is your name'', you only need to know the words "What your name?". Here they are: {| | style="width:100px" |'''nánu'''|| ''what'' |- | '''lagyú' ''' || ''name'' |- | '''mu''' || ''your'' |} However you also need the article ''the''. This is because Kapampangan literally say ''What is the name your?'' '''Nánu ya ing lagyú' mu''' or '''Nánung lagyú' mu'''. The phrase '''nánu ing''', meaning ''what the'' is obviously a very frequent combination. It has evolved into an aggregated word, which is '''nánung'''. It means exactly '''nánu ing''', but is much easier to pronounce and therefore more common. Note that mu is placed after the name it modifies. This is always the case: possessive pronouns are always placed after the possessed thing. If your name is George, the answer is '''Áku y George''' '''Áku''' simply means ''I'' or ''me''. When this word is not at the beginning of a sentence, it can be abbreviated into '''ku'''. '''y''' is an article reserved in the case that the word that follows is a name. It is compulsory unless you are calling someone. Then you might want to say ''Nice to meet you''. In Kapampangan, the expression used is ''Happy me knowing you''. We will therefore need 3 more words: {| | style="width:100px" | '''masayá'''|| ''happy'' |- | '''akilála''' || ''to know'' |- | '''íka''', '''ka''' || ''you'' |} Again we see here that the pronoun ''you'', '''íka''', can be abbreviated into '''ka'''. Abbreviation of pronouns is frequent in Kapampangan, we will see more of that in later lessons. So the phrase ''Happy me to know you'' is '''Masayá áku ing akilála íka''', but Kapampangans are more likely to say '''Masayá ku ing akilála ka'''. '''ing''' is indicating that '''akilála''' is a noun, it basically means ''the knowledge of''. '''ku ing''', like '''nánu ing''', has evolved into an aggregated word, which is '''kung'''. It means exactly '''áku ing''', but is easier to pronounce and therefore more common. So the final sentence becomes '''Masayá kung akilála ka'''. We have just one more words to learn, which is essential in every situation: '''wa''' ''yes'' == Part B: Application == It is George's first interview for a job after leaving university. He has an appointment with a future colleague, Kevin, that is in the team he will be working with, and Bob, his future boss. Kevin is of the same age as George, but Bob is a 50 year old professional. Try to understand the conversation below between George and Kevin. {| |colspan=2|<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin arrives into the room and shakes George's hand.</span> |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Mayáp a yábak. |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin </span> || - Mayáp a yábak, nánung lagyú' mu? |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Áku y George, íka y Kevin? |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin </span> || - Wa, áku, Masayá kung akilála ra ka, George. |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Komustá, Kevin, masayá kung akilála ra ka. |- |colspan=2|<span style="color:gray;"> Bob enters the room </span> || |} Let us stop here for a second and analyse, sentence by sentence, what is happening. {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF;" !Speaker !Kapampangan !English translation !Very literally !Comment |- ||George || Mayáp a yábak pu. ||''Good morning'' || Good morning. || George and Kevin are of the same age and do not feel that they need to speak using the most respectful language together, therefore, '''pu''' is not used here. |- ||Kevin || Mayáp a yábak, nánung lagyú' mu? ||''Good morning, what is your name?'' || Good morning, what the name yours? || |- ||George || Áku y George, íka y Kevin? ||''My name is George, and are you Kevin?'' || I George, You <name>Kevin? || '''y''' should be used in front of each name, except when the name is used to call someone. |- ||Kevin || Wa, áku, masayá kung akilála ra ka, George. || ''Yes, I am, nice to meet you, George.'' || Yes, me, happy me to know you, George || Note that ''I am'' is simply '''áku''', since the verb ''to be'' is never expressed. |- ||George || Komustá, Kevin, masayá kung akilála ra ka. ||''Hi, Kevin, nice to meet you.'' || ''Hi/How are you, Kevin. Happy me to know you'' || This time the name "Kevin" is used to ''call'' Kevin, and the '''y''' is not required. |} == Part C: Exercises == Write the following conversation in Kapampangan and then read it aloud: *Try to introduce yourself to a person of your age that you meet at a party. *Express how nice it is to meet them. *Ask them what their name is. [[../Solutions to all exercises#Introducing yourself|Solutions]] {{audio|Pam-ph-introduction and greeting conversation.ogg|Listen to the above conversation in Kapampangan}} == Part D: Summary == You now know how to introduce yourself in Kapampangan. Also you have learned the following new words and phrases: {| | style="width:150px" | wa || ''yes'' |- || nánu'''|| ''what'' |- || mu || ''your'' |- || áku, ku || ''I'' or ''me'' |- || íka, ka || ''you'' |- || lagyú' ''' || ''name'' |- || masayá || ''happy'' |- || akilála || ''to know'' |- || masayá kung akilála ka || ''nice to meet you'' |- || y || an article reserved for names. |} And you have learned the following grammar rules: * '''íka''' can be abbreviated into '''ka''', and '''áku''' into '''ku''' * The prepositions '''nánu''' and '''ku''' can be merged with '''ing''', thus giving '''nánung''' and '''kung'''. * Possessive pronouns are always placed after the possessed thing. '''''Continue to [[../Introducing Yourself, Part Two/]]''''' {{BookCat}}{{need soundbite}} i04xokcvzb4ekg7l4oxo458kvvrfbfa 4095324 4095314 2022-08-22T14:22:30Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/103.137.207.60|103.137.207.60]]) and restored revision 4029509 by NicoScribe wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} == Part A: Description == In this lesson you will learn to introduce yourself using the standard level of formality or respect. You will also be able to ask someone his name. First you need to know that the verb ''to be'' is never expressed in Kapampangan. Where there is no verb, it is automatically assumed that the sentence is about something ''being'' something. Therefore to ask ''What is your name'', you only need to know the words "What your name?". Here they are: {| | style="width:100px" |'''nánu'''|| ''what'' |- | '''lagyú' ''' || ''name'' |- | '''mu''' || ''your'' |} However you also need the article ''the''. This is because Kapampangan literally say ''What is the name your?'' '''Nánu ya ing lagyú' mu''' or '''Nánung lagyú' mu'''. The phrase '''nánu ing''', meaning ''what the'' is obviously a very frequent combination. It has evolved into an aggregated word, which is '''nánung'''. It means exactly '''nánu ing''', but is much easier to pronounce and therefore more common. Note that mu is placed after the name it modifies. This is always the case: possessive pronouns are always placed after the possessed thing. If your name is George, the answer is '''Áku y George''' '''Áku''' simply means ''I'' or ''me''. When this word is not at the beginning of a sentence, it can be abbreviated into '''ku'''. '''y''' is an article reserved in the case that the word that follows is a name. It is compulsory unless you are calling someone. Then you might want to say ''Nice to meet you''. In Kapampangan, the expression used is ''Happy me knowing you''. We will therefore need 3 more words: {| | style="width:100px" | '''masayá'''|| ''happy'' |- | '''akilála''' || ''to know'' |- | '''íka''', '''ka''' || ''you'' |} Again we see here that the pronoun ''you'', '''íka''', can be abbreviated into '''ka'''. Abbreviation of pronouns is frequent in Kapampangan, we will see more of that in later lessons. So the phrase ''Happy me to know you'' is '''Masayá áku ing akilála íka''', but Kapampangans are more likely to say '''Masayá ku ing akilála ka'''. '''ing''' is indicating that '''akilála''' is a noun, it basically means ''the knowledge of''. '''ku ing''', like '''nánu ing''', has evolved into an aggregated word, which is '''kung'''. It means exactly '''áku ing''', but is easier to pronounce and therefore more common. So the final sentence becomes '''Masayá kung akilála ka'''. We have just one more words to learn, which is essential in every situation: '''wa''' ''yes'' == Part B: Application == It is George's first interview for a job after leaving university. He has an appointment with a future colleague, Kevin, that is in the team he will be working with, and Bob, his future boss. Kevin is of the same age as George, but Bob is a 50 year old professional. Try to understand the conversation below between George and Kevin. {| |colspan=2|<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin arrives into the room and shakes George's hand.</span> |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Mayáp a yábak. |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin </span> || - Mayáp a yábak, nánung lagyú' mu? |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Áku y George, íka y Kevin? |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> Kevin </span> || - Wa, áku, Masayá kung akilála ra ka, George. |- ||<span style="color:gray;"> George </span> || - Komustá, Kevin, masayá kung akilála ra ka. |- |colspan=2|<span style="color:gray;"> Bob enters the room </span> || |} Let us stop here for a second and analyse, sentence by sentence, what is happening. {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF;" !Speaker !Kapampangan !English translation !Very literally !Comment |- ||George || Mayáp a yábak pu. ||''Good morning'' || Good morning. || George and Kevin are of the same age and do not feel that they need to speak using the most respectful language together, therefore, '''pu''' is not used here. |- ||Kevin || Mayáp a yábak, nánung lagyú' mu? ||''Good morning, what is your name?'' || Good morning, what the name yours? || |- ||George || Áku y George, íka y Kevin? ||''My name is George, and are you Kevin?'' || I George, You <name>Kevin? || '''y''' should be used in front of each name, except when the name is used to call someone. |- ||Kevin || Wa, áku, masayá kung akilála ra ka, George. || ''Yes, I am, nice to meet you, George.'' || Yes, me, happy me to know you, George || Note that ''I am'' is simply '''áku''', since the verb ''to be'' is never expressed. |- ||George || Komustá, Kevin, masayá kung akilála ra ka. ||''Hi, Kevin, nice to meet you.'' || ''Hi/How are you, Kevin. Happy me to know you'' || This time the name "Kevin" is used to ''call'' Kevin, and the '''y''' is not required. |} == Part C: Exercises == Write the following conversation in Kapampangan and then read it aloud: *Try to introduce yourself to a person of your age that you meet at a party. *Express how nice it is to meet them. *Ask them what their name is. [[../Solutions to all exercises#Introducing yourself|Solutions]] {{audio|Pam-ph-introduction and greeting conversation.ogg|Listen to the above conversation in Kapampangan}} == Part D: Summary == You now know how to introduce yourself in Kapampangan. Also you have learned the following new words and phrases: {| | style="width:150px" | wa || ''yes'' |- || nánu'''|| ''what'' |- || mu || ''your'' |- || áku, ku || ''I'' or ''me'' |- || íka, ka || ''you'' |- || lagyú' ''' || ''name'' |- || masayá || ''happy'' |- || akilála || ''to know'' |- || masayá kung akilála ka || ''nice to meet you'' |- || y || an article reserved for names. |} And you have learned the following grammar rules: * '''íka''' can be abbreviated into '''ka''', and '''áku''' into '''ku''' * The prepositions '''nánu''' and '''ku''' can be merged with '''ing''', thus giving '''nánung''' and '''kung'''. * Possessive pronouns are always placed after the possessed thing. '''''Continue to [[../Introducing Yourself, Part Two/]]''''' {{BookCat}}{{need soundbite}} g7hrd5nktadu6ihq9crc0suhiw3gcym 0 95880 4095343 4095228 2022-08-22T14:49:38Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last 2 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/41.254.71.23|41.254.71.23]]) and restored revision 3676926 by DannyS712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ruby Programming/TopNav|prev=Strings|next=Here documents}} In Ruby, there's more than one way to quote a string literal. Much of this will look familiar to [[w:Perl|Perl]] programmers. These alternative methods are: * single quotes with the <code>%q</code> operator: <code>%q(abc)</code> is the same as <code>'abc'</code> * double quotes with the <code>%Q</code> operator: <code>%Q(abc's)</code> is the same as <code>"abc's"</code> == Alternate single quotes == Let's say we are using single quotes to print out the following path. <syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> puts 'c:\bus schedules\napolean\the portland bus schedule.txt' </syntaxhighlight> This will result in the following output: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> c:\bus schedules\napolean\the portland bus schedule.txt </syntaxhighlight> The single quotes keep the <code>\b</code>, <code>\n</code>, and <code>\t</code> from being treated as [[w:escape sequences|escape sequences]] (the same cannot be said for wikibooks' syntax highlighting). Now let's consider the following string literal: <syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> puts 'c:\napolean\'s bus schedules\tomorrow\'s bus schedule.txt' </syntaxhighlight> This outputs: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> c:\napolean's bus schedules\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt </syntaxhighlight> Escaping the apostrophes makes the code less readable and makes it less obvious what will print out. Luckily, in Ruby, there's a better way. You can use the <code>%q</code> operator to apply [[../Strings#Single quotes|single-quoting rules]], and choose your own [[w:delimiter|delimiter]]. This delimiter will mark the beginning and end of the string literal. puts %q!c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt! puts %q/c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt/ puts %q^c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt^ puts %q(c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt) puts %q{c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt} puts %q<c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt> Each line will print out the same text: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's bus schedule.txt </syntaxhighlight> You can use any punctuation you want as a delimiter, not just the ones listed in the example. Of course, if your chosen delimiter appears inside of the string literal, then you need to escape it. puts %q#c:\napolean's documents\tomorrow's \#9 bus schedule.txt# If you use matching braces to delimit the text, however, you can nest braces, without escaping them. puts %q(c:\napolean's documents\the (bus) schedule.txt) puts %q{c:\napolean's documents\the {bus} schedule.txt} puts %q<c:\napolean's documents\the <bus> schedule.txt> == Alternate double quotes == The <code>%Q</code> operator (notice the case of Q in <code>%Q</code>) allows you to create a string literal using [[../Strings#Double quotes|double-quoting rules]], but without using the double quote as a delimiter. It works much the same as the <code>[[#Alternate single quotes|%q]]</code> operator. <syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> print %Q^Say:\tHello world\n\tHello world\n^ print %Q(Say:\tHello world\n\tHello world\n) </syntaxhighlight> Just like double quotes, you can [[../Strings#Interpolation|interpolate]] Ruby code inside of these string literals. <syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> name = 'Charlie Brown' puts %Q!Say "Hello," #{name}.! puts %Q/What is "4 plus 5"? Answer: #{4+5}/ </syntaxhighlight> mgdaswzahcuxxh9d09sp0fqxhchb342 10 99450 4095339 4095059 2022-08-22T14:43:00Z MrAlanKoh 3392840 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="noprint" style="background-color: #bbb; border: 2px solid #000; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; text-align: left; float: right; clear: right; width: 25%; margin: 0.5em"> '''[[MATLAB Programming|MATLAB Programming]]''' '''Chapter 1: MATLAB Introductions .''' :[[MATLAB_Programming/Fundamentals of MATLAB|Fundamentals of MATLAB]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Hello World|Hello World]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Workspace|MATLAB Workspace]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Variables|MATLAB Variables]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Saving and loading a MAT-file|*.mat files]] '''Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Fundamentals of MATLAB/MATLAB operator|MATLAB operator]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Basic_Reading_and_Writing_data_from_a_file| Data File I/O]] '''Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Boolean and Rational|Numbers and Booleans]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Strings|Strings]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Portable Functions|Portable Functions]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Complex Numbers|Complex Numbers]] '''Chapter 4: Vector and matrices''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Vector_and_Matrices|Vector and Matrices]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Special_Matrices|Special Matrices]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Operations on Vectors|Operation on Vectors]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Operations on Matrices|Operation on Matrices]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Sparse_Matrices|Sparse Matrices]] '''Chapter 5: Array''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Arrays|Arrays]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Introduction to array operations|Introduction to array operations]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Basic vector operations|Vectors and Basic Vector Operations]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Vectoring Mathematics|Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Struct Arrays|Struct Arrays]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Cell Arrays|Cell Arrays]] '''Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Graphics|Basic Graphics Commands]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Annotate|Annotating Plots]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Plot|Plot]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Polar Plot|Polar Plot]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Semilog|Semilogx or Semilogy]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Loglog|Loglog]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Bode Plot|Bode Plot]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Nichols Plot|Nichols Plot]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Nyquist Plot|Nyquist Plot]] '''Chapter 7: M File Programming''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Scripts|Scripts]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Comments|Comments]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Entering data at the command line|The Input Function]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Control Flow|Control Flow]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Loops and Branches|Loops and Branches]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Error Messages|Error Messages]] :[[MATLAB Programming/MATLAB Caveats|MATLAB Caveats]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Debugging M Files|Debugging M Files]] '''Chapter 8: Advanced Topics''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Numerical Manipulation | Numerical Manipulation]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Advanced_Topics/Advanced_IO|Advanced File I/O]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Object Oriented Programming|Object Oriented Programming]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Applications and Examples|Applications and Examples]] :[[MATLAB Programming/Advanced Topics/Toolboxes and Extensions|Toolboxes and Extensions]] '''Chapter 9: Bonus chapters''' :[[MATLAB Programming/Alternatives to MATLAB|Alternatives to MATLAB]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave ?]] :[[MATLAB_Programming/Differences_between_Octave_and_MATLAB|Octave/MATLAB differences]] <small>[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:MATLAB_Programming/Nav&action=edit edit this box]</small> </div> {{BookCat}} 00rukql4blcqmf0zci0f1mczqcv1o69 110 101869 4095389 3488570 2022-08-23T01:58:13Z 140.213.182.48 Angkit Bharata Key exstra ordinary (education) wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} [[Image:Monaco-CIA_WFB_Map.png|thumb|250px|right|The location of Monaco.]] '''Monaco''' is a tiny country (the second smallest in the world) located in southern Europe. It shares a border only with [[../France|France]]. The capital city is '''[[w:Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]'''. Monaco is not part of the [[../EU|European Union]] but it has a very close relationship with European countries and uses the [[w:Euro (currency)|Euro]] as its currency.(INDONESIA RESEARCH RANDOM SATELLITTES)#formula by Angkit Bharata Key#.sistem metchic open Network. ==Monaco's History== The '''Grimaldi family''' has ruled over Monaco since 1297 and the state's '''sovereignty''' was officially recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite being independent, Monaco's defense is still the responsibility of France. {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|Sovereignty|is the right to have control over an area of people, government, or oneself.}} ==Monaco's Geography== Monaco is the '''smallest [[Wikijunior:Languages/French|French]]-speaking country in the world'''. It had a total area of 1.95 square kilometres (0.75 sq mi) but after expansion into the sea its area is now 2.05 km2. Monaco is noted for its beautiful, hilly, rugged, and rocky natural scenery and its sunny Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Because of Monaco's small size there are no mountains or lakes within the country. The highest point is 163 metres on the southern slopes of Mont Agel, although the highest parts of this mountain are located in France. ==Monaco's People== [[Image:Monaco Fontvieille.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fontvieille,Monaco]] [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|300px|thumb|right|The flag of Monaco.]] The largest proportion of residents are French nationals, followed by Monegasque, and Italians. French is the only official language, but Italian, English, and the two local languages, Monégasque and Occitan, are also spoken. The literacy rate is 99%. As in nearby France and Italy, most people in Monaco are [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Christianity|Christians]], mainly Roman Catholic. After Israel, Monaco has the highest number of [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Judaism|Jews]] as a percentage of its population. '''Monaco has the highest HDI rating in the world'''. HDI (Human Development Index) is a list of countries sorted into order measuring life expectancy, income, health, education, happiness, crime and other factors. Monaco is a popular base for rich people from around the world because of no income taxes. The enormous success of the '''Monte Carlo Casino''' provides income to Monaco and its Royal Family meaning residents pay less taxes. ==Monaco's Sights== [[File:Grand_Prix_Monaco96_131954710.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Monaco Grand Prix]] Monaco is well-known around the world for being a place for the rich and famous. Expensive and luxurious resorts, hotels and apartments as well as low taxes make the country a popular location for the richest people in the world. The '''Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix''' is famous too and attracts many tourists. The Monte Carlo Casino attracts gamblers from around the world. The country is home to several large marinas for luxury yachts, sandy beaches and restaurants specialising in French and Italian cuisine. {{wikipedia|Monaco}} <br> {{Template:WikijuniorEurope}} {{BookCat}} {{Wikivoyage|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} oiocap2lsh2de5aeongfr6rjwvrjw5o 4095390 4095389 2022-08-23T02:02:36Z 140.213.182.48 Kekey angkit manual neliti dan peneliti. wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} [[Image:Monaco-CIA_WFB_Map.png|thumb|250px|right|The location of Monaco.]] '''Monaco''' is a tiny country (the second smallest in the world) located in southern Europe. It shares a border only with [[../France|France]]. The capital city is '''[[w:Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]'''. Monaco is not part of the [[../EU|European Union]] but it has a very close relationship with European countries and uses the [[w:Euro (currency)|Euro]] as its currency.(INDONESIA RESEARCH RANDOM SATELLITTES)#formula by Angkit Bharata Key#.sistem metchic open Network. ==Isma mistipah (Angkit Bharata key ) Monaco's History== The '''Grimaldi family''' has ruled over Monaco since 1297 and the state's '''sovereignty''' was officially recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite being independent, Monaco's defense is still the responsibility of France. {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|Sovereignty|is the right to have control over an area of people, government, or oneself.}} ==Monaco's Geography== Monaco is the '''smallest [[Wikijunior:Languages/French|French]]-speaking country in the world'''. It had a total area of 1.95 square kilometres (0.75 sq mi) but after expansion into the sea its area is now 2.05 km2. Monaco is noted for its beautiful, hilly, rugged, and rocky natural scenery and its sunny Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Because of Monaco's small size there are no mountains or lakes within the country. The highest point is 163 metres on the southern slopes of Mont Agel, although the highest parts of this mountain are located in France. ==Monaco's People== [[Image:Monaco Fontvieille.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fontvieille,Monaco]] [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|300px|thumb|right|The flag of Monaco.]] The largest proportion of residents are French nationals, followed by Monegasque, and Italians. French is the only official language, but Italian, English, and the two local languages, Monégasque and Occitan, are also spoken. The literacy rate is 99%. As in nearby France and Italy, most people in Monaco are [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Christianity|Christians]], mainly Roman Catholic. After Israel, Monaco has the highest number of [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Judaism|Jews]] as a percentage of its population. '''Monaco has the highest HDI rating in the world'''. HDI (Human Development Index) is a list of countries sorted into order measuring life expectancy, income, health, education, happiness, crime and other factors. Monaco is a popular base for rich people from around the world because of no income taxes. The enormous success of the '''Monte Carlo Casino''' provides income to Monaco and its Royal Family meaning residents pay less taxes. ==Monaco's Sights== [[File:Grand_Prix_Monaco96_131954710.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Monaco Grand Prix]] Monaco is well-known around the world for being a place for the rich and famous. Expensive and luxurious resorts, hotels and apartments as well as low taxes make the country a popular location for the richest people in the world. The '''Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix''' is famous too and attracts many tourists. The Monte Carlo Casino attracts gamblers from around the world. The country is home to several large marinas for luxury yachts, sandy beaches and restaurants specialising in French and Italian cuisine. {{wikipedia|Monaco}} <br> {{Template:WikijuniorEurope}} {{BookCat}} {{Wikivoyage|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} qjohadwjc8zmm4t0dnhf3znlasvpy1d 4095406 4095390 2022-08-23T06:11:06Z SHB2000 3332924 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/140.213.182.48|140.213.182.48]] ([[User talk:140.213.182.48|talk]]) to last version by PlyrStar93 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} [[Image:Monaco-CIA_WFB_Map.png|thumb|250px|right|The location of Monaco.]] '''Monaco''' is a tiny country (the second smallest in the world) located in southern Europe. It shares a border only with [[../France|France]]. The capital city is '''[[w:Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo]]'''. Monaco is not part of the [[../EU|European Union]] but it has a very close relationship with European countries and uses the [[w:Euro (currency)|Euro]] as its currency. ==Monaco's History== The '''Grimaldi family''' has ruled over Monaco since 1297 and the state's '''sovereignty''' was officially recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite being independent, Monaco's defense is still the responsibility of France. {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|Sovereignty|is the right to have control over an area of people, government, or oneself.}} ==Monaco's Geography== Monaco is the '''smallest [[Wikijunior:Languages/French|French]]-speaking country in the world'''. It had a total area of 1.95 square kilometres (0.75 sq mi) but after expansion into the sea its area is now 2.05 km2. Monaco is noted for its beautiful, hilly, rugged, and rocky natural scenery and its sunny Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Because of Monaco's small size there are no mountains or lakes within the country. The highest point is 163 metres on the southern slopes of Mont Agel, although the highest parts of this mountain are located in France. ==Monaco's People== [[Image:Monaco Fontvieille.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fontvieille,Monaco]] [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|border|300px|thumb|right|The flag of Monaco.]] The largest proportion of residents are French nationals, followed by Monegasque, and Italians. French is the only official language, but Italian, English, and the two local languages, Monégasque and Occitan, are also spoken. The literacy rate is 99%. As in nearby France and Italy, most people in Monaco are [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Christianity|Christians]], mainly Roman Catholic. After Israel, Monaco has the highest number of [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Judaism|Jews]] as a percentage of its population. '''Monaco has the highest HDI rating in the world'''. HDI (Human Development Index) is a list of countries sorted into order measuring life expectancy, income, health, education, happiness, crime and other factors. Monaco is a popular base for rich people from around the world because of no income taxes. The enormous success of the '''Monte Carlo Casino''' provides income to Monaco and its Royal Family meaning residents pay less taxes. ==Monaco's Sights== [[File:Grand_Prix_Monaco96_131954710.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Monaco Grand Prix]] Monaco is well-known around the world for being a place for the rich and famous. Expensive and luxurious resorts, hotels and apartments as well as low taxes make the country a popular location for the richest people in the world. The '''Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix''' is famous too and attracts many tourists. The Monte Carlo Casino attracts gamblers from around the world. The country is home to several large marinas for luxury yachts, sandy beaches and restaurants specialising in French and Italian cuisine. {{wikipedia|Monaco}} <br> {{Template:WikijuniorEurope}} {{BookCat}} {{Wikivoyage|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} sdi4xr2ojf4vpm65vnv47gb7w3lbw5n 4 112405 4095350 4095185 2022-08-22T16:21:19Z Mervat (WMF) 3307949 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|^{<span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span>}]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />Hello! The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about "Regional and Thematic Hubs". The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9. The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]. Best regards, [[User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]<br />Movement Strategy <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> == <section begin="announcement-header" /> Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass<section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Community members in the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]] An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' [[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mervat (WMF)|contribs]]) 09:47, 10 July 2022 (UTC) <section end="announcement-content" /> == <section begin="announcement-header" />Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7<section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="msg-newsletter" /><div style="line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ----Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter" />[[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 12:58, 15 July 2022 (UTC) == <section begin="announcement-header" /> Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election<section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, '''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[metawiki:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[metawiki:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[metawiki:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[metawiki:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[metawiki:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[metawiki:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) You may see more information about the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election. Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation. Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia. Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process. '''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways: * [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives. * [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A]]. * See the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]]. * [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles. * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<section end="announcement-content" />[[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mervat (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:37, 20 July 2022 (UTC) == Request for comment: cookbook naming == {{ping|Jammze}}, this is where you can ask for consensus to be made. See [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]], near the bottom. I'll leave this to those who are more familiar with the cookbook than I am. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:40, 24 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jamzze}} sorry, I mispelt your username above. I suggest watching this page. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:43, 24 July 2022 (UTC) :Have added this to > [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Proposals#Change_Cookbook_categories_-_recipes_by_culture]] [[User:Jamzze|Jamzze]] ([[User talk:Jamzze|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jamzze|contribs]]) 15:52, 24 July 2022 (UTC) == Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements == [[File:Vector 2022 showing language menu with a blue menu trigger and blue menu items 01.jpg|thumb]] Join an online meeting with the team working on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]! It will take place on '''26 July 2022 at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220726T1200 12:00 UTC] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220726T1900 19:00 UTC]''' on Zoom. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/5304280674 Click here to join]'''. Meeting ID: 5304280674. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kc2hamfYz9 Dial by your location]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|Read more]]. See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/En_fallback&oldid=23430301 --> <languages /> == <section begin="announcement-header" /> Vote for Election Compass Statements<section end="announcement-header" /> == <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Volunteers in the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements vote for the statements]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki. An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: * <s>July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass</s> * <s>July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements</s> * July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements * August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements * August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements * August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' [[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mervat (WMF)|contribs]]) 20:13, 25 July 2022 (UTC) [[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mervat (WMF)|contribs]]) 20:13, 25 July 2022 (UTC) == I'm eligible for the Wikipedia library == Amazing! What even ''is'' this Wikipedia library thing? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 15:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Delay of the 2022 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Delay of Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, I am reaching out to you today with an update about the timing of the voting for the Board of Trustees election. As many of you are already aware, this year we are offering an [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]] to help voters identify the alignment of candidates on some key topics. Several candidates requested an extension of the character limitation on their responses expanding on their positions, and the Elections Committee felt their reasoning was consistent with the goals of a fair and equitable election process. To ensure that the longer statements can be translated in time for the election, the Elections Committee and Board Selection Task Force decided to delay the opening of the Board of Trustees election by one week - a time proposed as ideal by staff working to support the election. Although it is not expected that everyone will want to use the Election Compass to inform their voting decision, the Elections Committee felt it was more appropriate to open the voting period with essential translations for community members across languages to use if they wish to make this important decision. The voting will open on August 23 at 00:00 UTC and close on September 6 at 23:59 UTC. Best regards, Matanya, on behalf of the Elections Committee <section end="announcement-content" /> </div>[[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mervat (WMF)|contribs]]) 20:55, 15 August 2022 (UTC) == [Invitation] Join the Movement Strategy Forum == Hello everyone, The Movement Strategy Forum ([https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ MS Forum]) is a multilingual collaborative space for all conversations about Movement Strategy implementation. We are inviting all Movement participants to collaborate on the MS Forum. The goal of the forum is to build community collaboration, using an inclusive multilingual platform. The Movement Strategy is a collaborative effort to imagine and build the future of the Wikimedia Movement. Anyone can contribute to the [[metawiki:Movement_Strategy|Movement Strategy]], from a comment to a full-time project. Join this forum with your Wikimedia account, engage in conversations, and ask questions in your language. The Movement Strategy and Governance team (MSG) launched the proposal for the MS Forum in May 2022. There was a 2-month community review period, which ended on 24 July 2022. The community review process included several questions that resulted in interesting conversations. You can read the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 Community Review Report]. We look forward to seeing you at the MS Forum! Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance team [[User:Mervat (WMF)|Mervat (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Mervat (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 22 August 2022 (UTC) 1dhnrgfmqrvnsaaatnrqp2u5c6i4ji3 102 113904 4095307 4095282 2022-08-22T12:08:53Z Nostriker 3371989 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/Zamajali|Zamajali]]) and restored revision 4087299 by Jamzze wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]] ==Ingredients== *235 ml [[Cookbook:Orange|orange juice]] *130 g [[Cookbook:Vanilla Ice Cream|vanilla ice cream]] *235 ml lemon-lime [[Cookbook:Soda|soda]] ==Procedure== #Place orange juice and ice cream in a [[Cookbook:Blender|blender]]. #Cover and process until smooth. #Stir in soda. #Pour into glasses. [[Category:Cream soda beverage recipes‎|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Carbonated beverage recipes]] [[Category:Ice cream recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]] t3js9ll651lvdko30rvznkwzlhupgp6 0 127849 4095319 3267662 2022-08-22T13:51:52Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo; space wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == This page is dedicated to the menu on the left side of the screen when POSper is running. My idea is that each item has helpful information (including answers to forum questions) so do please add information or change layout as you see fit There are three main menu sections: * Principal * Administration * System == Principal == * Sales * Edit Sales * Payments * Current Cash * Close Cash == Administration == *<h3>Stock</h3> **<h4>Maintenance</h4> ***<h5>Products</h5> Add your products here [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Administrator_guide#Categories Link01] [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Quick_tour#Product_Management Link02] ***<h5>Products by Warehouse</h5> ???? ***<h5>Categories</h5> Define the different Product categories for your products here. [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Administrator_guide#Categories Link01] ***<h5>Taxes</h5> Here you can define the different taxes you will need to use for the sale of your products in your country. [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Administrator_guide#Taxes Link01] ***<h5>Stock Diary</h5> ???? ***<h5>Stock Maintenance</h5> ???? **<h4>Reports</h4> ***<h5>Products</h5> ***<h5>Catalog</h5> ***<h5>Warehouses</h5> ***<h5>Current Inventory</h5> ***<h5>Current Inventory Broken</h5> ***<h5>Inventory Diary</h5> *<h3>Sales</h3> **<h4>Reports</h4> ***<h5>Cash by User</h5> ***<h5>Product Sales</h5> ***<h5>Taxes</h5> ***<h5>Sales Chart</h5> *<h3>Maintenance</h3> **<h4>Point of Sale</h4> ***<h5>Users</h5> In this section you can add new users to POSPER [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Quick_tour#User_Management Link01] ***<h5>Roles</h5> define roles and Privileges for different users [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Administrator_guide#Editing_the_roles Link01] ***<h5>Resources</h5> Resources change much of the layout and appearance of receipts and other things within POSPER, you can find more Info on how to edit them by following these links [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Administrator_guide#Change_the_default_ticket Link01] [http://velocity.apache.org/engine/devel/vtl-reference-guide.html Link02] ***<h5>Warehouses</h5> here you can setup different warehouses/ storerooms, where your stock will be stored e.g.: bar, cellar ... ***<h5>Floors</h5> (for use in restaurant mode) you can setup different floors of your restaurant here e.g.: outside, front, back, first floor. ***<h5>Tables</h5> (for use in restaurant mode) you can create different tables, like in your restaurant. **<h4>Openbravo ERP</h4> ***<h5>Products synchronisation</h5> ***<h5>Orders Synchronisation</h5> == System == *<h3>Change Password</h3> Assign a Password or change your existing Password.<br> !!!By default there are no passwords assigned to Users!!! *<h3>Configuration</h3> **<h4>Database</h4> Configure here, which database POSPER will use [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Installation_guide#Database_configuration Link01] **<h4>Cash Register</h4> Details on configuring your hardware [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_POSper/Equipment_Configuration Link01] **<h4>Payment</h4> Configure your Credit Card payment gateway here **<h4>Layout</h4> Configure the appearance of the product and category buttons. The *size buttons use values like "130,50" to set the width to 130 and the height to 50. The style setting understands HTML/CSS like "color:blue; font-size:80%;" and are also used to align the images. Valid options are "image-position:right", "image-position:left", "image-position:bottom", "image-position:center". *<h3>Printer</h3> This tab gives you on screen printouts of your receipts that have been going through the till *<h3>Exit</h3> Log yourself out by clicking here, to return to the startup screen for a different user to log in. {{BookCat}} cjsd0gy4pil3v4kdf8o8xa42d8q3jcb 0 130359 4095320 4059383 2022-08-22T13:57:01Z 2A00:23C8:5D1B:5F01:1102:D72D:2116:46E6 /* Test Yourself */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 02 Classification.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/grrphoto/307172203 R'Eyes] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: * how to write the scientific name of animals correctly * know that animals belong to the Animal kingdom and that this is divided into phyla, classes, orders, families * know the definition of a species * know the phylum and class of the more common animals dealt with in this course '''Classification''' is the process used by scientists to make sense of the 1.5 million or so different kinds of living organisms on the planet. It does this by describing, naming and placing them in different groups. As veterinary nurses you are mainly concerned with the Animal Kingdom but don’t forget that animals rely on the Plant Kingdom for food to survive. Also many diseases that animals are affected by are members of the other Kingdoms—fungi, bacteria and single celled animals. ==Naming And Classifying Animals== There are more than 1.5 million different kinds of living organism on Earth ranging from small and simple bacteria to large, complex mammals. From the earliest time that humans have studied the natural world they have named these living organisms and placed them in different groups on the basis of their similarities and differences. ==Naming Animals== Of course we know what a cat, a dog and a whale are but, in some situations using the common names for animals can be confusing. Problems arise because people in different countries, and even sometimes in the same country, have different common names for the same animals. For example a cat can be a chat, a Katze, gato, katt, or a moggie, depending on which language you use. To add to the confusion sometimes the same name is used for different animals. For example, the name ‘gopher’ is used for ground squirrels, rodents (pocket gophers), for moles and in the south-eastern United States for a turtle. This is the reason why all animals have been given an official '''scientific''' or '''binomial name'''. Unfortunately these names are always in Latin. For example: * Common rat: ''Rattus rattus'' * Human: ''Homo sapiens'' * Domestic cat: ''Felis domesticus'' * Domestic dog: ''Canis familiaris'' As you can see from the above there are certain rules about writing scientific names: * They always have '''2 parts''' to them. * The first part is the '''genus''' name and is always written with a '''capital''' first letter. * The second name is the '''species''' name and is always written in '''lower case'''. * The name is always '''underlined''' or printed in '''italics'''. The first time you refer to an organism you should write the whole name in full. If you need to keep referring to the same organism you can then abbreviate the genus name to just the initial. Thus “''Canis familiaris''” becomes “''C. familiaris''” the second and subsequent times you refer to it. ==Classification Of Living Organisms== To make some sense of the multitude of living organisms they have been placed in different groups. The method that has been agreed by biologists for doing this is called the '''classification system'''. The system is based on the assumption that the process of evolution has, over the millennia, brought about slow changes that have converted simple one-celled organisms to complex multi-celled ones and generated the earth’s incredible diversity of life forms. The classification system attempts to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Initially this classification was based only on the appearance of the organism. However, the development of new techniques has advanced our scientific knowledge. The light microscope and later the electron microscope have enabled us to view the smallest structures, and now techniques for comparing DNA have begun to clarify still further the relationships between organisms. In the light of the advances in knowledge the classification has undergone numerous revisions over time. At present most biologists divide the living world into 5 kingdoms, namely: * bacteria * protists * fungi * plants * animal We are concerned here almost entirely with the '''Animal Kingdom'''. However, we must not forget that bacteria, protists, and fungi cause many of the serious diseases that affect animals, and all animals rely either directly or indirectly on the plant world for their nourishment. ==The Animal Kingdom== So what are animals? If we were suddenly confronted with an animal we had never seen in our lives before, how would we know it was not a plant or even a fungus? We all intuitively know part of the answer to this. Animals: * eat organic material (plants or other animals) * move to find food * take the food into their bodies and then digest it * and most reproduce by fertilizing eggs by sperm If you were tempted to add that animals are furry, run around on four legs and give birth to young that they feed on milk you were thinking only of mammals and forgetting temporarily that frogs, snakes and crocodiles, birds as well as fish, are also animals. These are all members of the group called the '''vertebrates''' (or animals with a backbone) and mammals make up only about 8% of this group. The diagram on the next page shows the percentage of the different kinds of vertebrates. [[Image:Proportions of different kinds of vertebrate.JPG|center]] However, the term animal includes much more than just the Vertebrates. In fact this group makes up only a very small portion of all animals. Take a look at the diagram below, which shows the size of the different groups of animals in the Animal Kingdom as proportions of the total number of different animal species. Notice the small size of the segment representing vertebrates! All the other animals in the Animal Kingdom are animals with no backbone, or '''invertebrates'''. This includes the worms, sea anemones, starfish, snails, crabs, spiders and insects. As more than 90% of the invertebrates are insects, no wonder people worry that insects may take over the world one day! [[Image:Fraction of vertebrates within the animal kingdom.jpg|center]] ==The Classification Of Vertebrates== As we have seen above the Vertebrates are divided into 5 groups or classes namely: * Fish * Amphibia (frogs and toads) * Reptiles (snakes and crocodiles) * Birds * Mammals These classes are all based on similarities. For instance all mammals have a similar skeleton, hair on their bodies, are warm bodied and suckle their young. The class Mammalia (the mammals) contains 3 '''subclasses''': * '''Monotremes''' (Duck billed platypus and the echidna) * '''Marsupials''' (animals like the kangaroo with pouches) * '''True mammals''' (with a placenta) Within the subclass containing the true mammals, there are groupings called '''orders''' that contain mammals that are more closely similar or related, than others. Examples of six mammalian orders are given below: * Rodents (Rodentia) (rats and mice) * Carnivores (Carnivora) (cats, dogs, bears and seals) * Even-toed grazers (Artiodactyla) (pigs, sheep, cattle, antelopes) * Odd-toed grazers (Perissodactyla) (horses, donkeys, zebras) * Marine mammals (Cetacea) (whales, sea cows) * Primates (monkeys, apes, humans) Within each order there are various '''families'''. For example within the carnivore mammals are the families: * Canidae (dog-like carnivores) * Felidae (cat-like carnivores) Even at this point it is possible to find groupings that are more closely related than others. These groups are called '''genera''' (singular genus). For instance within the cat family Felidae is the genus Felis containing the cats, as well as genera containing panthers, lynxes, and sabre toothed tigers! The final groups within the system are the '''species'''. The definition of a species is a '''group of animals that can mate successfully and produce fertile offspring'''. This means that all domestic cats belong to the species ''Felis domesticus'', because all breeds of cat whether Siamese, Manx or ordinary House hold cat can cross breed. However, domestic cats can not mate successfully with lions, tigers or jaguars, so these are placed in separate species, e.g. ''Felis leo, Felis tigris and Felis onca''. Even within the same species, there can be animals with quite wide variations in appearance that still breed successfully. We call these different '''breeds, races''' or '''varieties'''. For example there are many different breeds of dogs from Dalmatian to Chihuahua and of cats, from Siamese to Manx and domestic short-hairs, but all can cross breed. Often these breeds have been produced by''' selective breeding''' but varieties can arise in the wild when groups of animals are separated by a mountain range or sea and have developed different characteristics over long periods of time. To summarise, the classification system consists of: The '''A'''nimal '''K'''ingdom which is divided into '''P'''hyla which are divided into '''C'''lasses which are divided into '''O'''rders which are divided into '''F'''amilies which are divided into '''G'''enera which are divided into '''S'''pecies. “'''Kings Play Cricket On Flat Green Surfaces'''” OR “'''Kindly Professors Cannot Often Fail Good Students'''” are just two of the phrases students use to remind themselves of the order of these categories - on the other hand you might like to invent your own. ==Summary== * The '''scientific name''' of an animal has two parts, the '''genus''' and the '''species''', and must be written in '''italics''' or '''underlined'''. * Animals are divided into '''vertebrates''' and '''invertebrates'''. * The classification system has groupings called '''phyla''', '''classes''', '''orders''', '''families''', '''genera''' and '''species'''. * Furry, milk-producing animals are all in the class '''Mammalia.''' * Members within a '''species''' can mate and produce fertile offspring. * Sub-groups within a species include '''breeds, races''' and '''varieties'''. ==Worksheet== Work through the exercises in this [http://www.wikieducator.org/Classification_Worksheet Classification Worksheet] to help you learn how to write scientific names and classify different animals. ==Test Yourself== 1a) True or False. Is this name written correctly? trichosurus Vulpecula. False 1b) What do you need to change? 2. Rearrange these groups from the biggest to the smallest: :a) cars | diesel cars | motor vehicles | my diesel Toyota | transportation :b) Class | Species | Phylum | Genus | Order | Kingdom | Family A) transportation, vehicles, diesel cars, cars, mu diesel Toyota, motor B) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus ,species ==Websites== ===Classification=== *http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/AnimalClassQuiz.html Animal classification quiz In fact much more than that. There is an elementary cell biology and classification quiz but the best thing about this website are the links to tables of characteristics of the different animal groups, for animals both with and without backbones. *http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html Animal diversity web Careful! You could waste all day exploring this wonderful website. Chose an animal or group of animals you want to know about and you will see not only the classification but photos and details of distribution, behaviour and conservation status etc. *http://www.indianchild.com/animal_kingdom.htm Indian child Nice clear explanation of the different categories used in the classification of animals. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} 3uapa3o2mnnvx7jebhqkj3ekvvqmybc 4095322 4095320 2022-08-22T14:19:28Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:5D1B:5F01:1102:D72D:2116:46E6|2A00:23C8:5D1B:5F01:1102:D72D:2116:46E6]]) and restored revision 4059383 by 161.50.255.128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 02 Classification.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/grrphoto/307172203 R'Eyes] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: * how to write the scientific name of animals correctly * know that animals belong to the Animal kingdom and that this is divided into phyla, classes, orders, families * know the definition of a species * know the phylum and class of the more common animals dealt with in this course '''Classification''' is the process used by scientists to make sense of the 1.5 million or so different kinds of living organisms on the planet. It does this by describing, naming and placing them in different groups. As veterinary nurses you are mainly concerned with the Animal Kingdom but don’t forget that animals rely on the Plant Kingdom for food to survive. Also many diseases that animals are affected by are members of the other Kingdoms—fungi, bacteria and single celled animals. ==Naming And Classifying Animals== There are more than 1.5 million different kinds of living organism on Earth ranging from small and simple bacteria to large, complex mammals. From the earliest time that humans have studied the natural world they have named these living organisms and placed them in different groups on the basis of their similarities and differences. ==Naming Animals== Of course we know what a cat, a dog and a whale are but, in some situations using the common names for animals can be confusing. Problems arise because people in different countries, and even sometimes in the same country, have different common names for the same animals. For example a cat can be a chat, a Katze, gato, katt, or a moggie, depending on which language you use. To add to the confusion sometimes the same name is used for different animals. For example, the name ‘gopher’ is used for ground squirrels, rodents (pocket gophers), for moles and in the south-eastern United States for a turtle. This is the reason why all animals have been given an official '''scientific''' or '''binomial name'''. Unfortunately these names are always in Latin. For example: * Common rat: ''Rattus rattus'' * Human: ''Homo sapiens'' * Domestic cat: ''Felis domesticus'' * Domestic dog: ''Canis familiaris'' As you can see from the above there are certain rules about writing scientific names: * They always have '''2 parts''' to them. * The first part is the '''genus''' name and is always written with a '''capital''' first letter. * The second name is the '''species''' name and is always written in '''lower case'''. * The name is always '''underlined''' or printed in '''italics'''. The first time you refer to an organism you should write the whole name in full. If you need to keep referring to the same organism you can then abbreviate the genus name to just the initial. Thus “''Canis familiaris''” becomes “''C. familiaris''” the second and subsequent times you refer to it. ==Classification Of Living Organisms== To make some sense of the multitude of living organisms they have been placed in different groups. The method that has been agreed by biologists for doing this is called the '''classification system'''. The system is based on the assumption that the process of evolution has, over the millennia, brought about slow changes that have converted simple one-celled organisms to complex multi-celled ones and generated the earth’s incredible diversity of life forms. The classification system attempts to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Initially this classification was based only on the appearance of the organism. However, the development of new techniques has advanced our scientific knowledge. The light microscope and later the electron microscope have enabled us to view the smallest structures, and now techniques for comparing DNA have begun to clarify still further the relationships between organisms. In the light of the advances in knowledge the classification has undergone numerous revisions over time. At present most biologists divide the living world into 5 kingdoms, namely: * bacteria * protists * fungi * plants * animal We are concerned here almost entirely with the '''Animal Kingdom'''. However, we must not forget that bacteria, protists, and fungi cause many of the serious diseases that affect animals, and all animals rely either directly or indirectly on the plant world for their nourishment. ==The Animal Kingdom== So what are animals? If we were suddenly confronted with an animal we had never seen in our lives before, how would we know it was not a plant or even a fungus? We all intuitively know part of the answer to this. Animals: * eat organic material (plants or other animals) * move to find food * take the food into their bodies and then digest it * and most reproduce by fertilizing eggs by sperm If you were tempted to add that animals are furry, run around on four legs and give birth to young that they feed on milk you were thinking only of mammals and forgetting temporarily that frogs, snakes and crocodiles, birds as well as fish, are also animals. These are all members of the group called the '''vertebrates''' (or animals with a backbone) and mammals make up only about 8% of this group. The diagram on the next page shows the percentage of the different kinds of vertebrates. [[Image:Proportions of different kinds of vertebrate.JPG|center]] However, the term animal includes much more than just the Vertebrates. In fact this group makes up only a very small portion of all animals. Take a look at the diagram below, which shows the size of the different groups of animals in the Animal Kingdom as proportions of the total number of different animal species. Notice the small size of the segment representing vertebrates! All the other animals in the Animal Kingdom are animals with no backbone, or '''invertebrates'''. This includes the worms, sea anemones, starfish, snails, crabs, spiders and insects. As more than 90% of the invertebrates are insects, no wonder people worry that insects may take over the world one day! [[Image:Fraction of vertebrates within the animal kingdom.jpg|center]] ==The Classification Of Vertebrates== As we have seen above the Vertebrates are divided into 5 groups or classes namely: * Fish * Amphibia (frogs and toads) * Reptiles (snakes and crocodiles) * Birds * Mammals These classes are all based on similarities. For instance all mammals have a similar skeleton, hair on their bodies, are warm bodied and suckle their young. The class Mammalia (the mammals) contains 3 '''subclasses''': * '''Monotremes''' (Duck billed platypus and the echidna) * '''Marsupials''' (animals like the kangaroo with pouches) * '''True mammals''' (with a placenta) Within the subclass containing the true mammals, there are groupings called '''orders''' that contain mammals that are more closely similar or related, than others. Examples of six mammalian orders are given below: * Rodents (Rodentia) (rats and mice) * Carnivores (Carnivora) (cats, dogs, bears and seals) * Even-toed grazers (Artiodactyla) (pigs, sheep, cattle, antelopes) * Odd-toed grazers (Perissodactyla) (horses, donkeys, zebras) * Marine mammals (Cetacea) (whales, sea cows) * Primates (monkeys, apes, humans) Within each order there are various '''families'''. For example within the carnivore mammals are the families: * Canidae (dog-like carnivores) * Felidae (cat-like carnivores) Even at this point it is possible to find groupings that are more closely related than others. These groups are called '''genera''' (singular genus). For instance within the cat family Felidae is the genus Felis containing the cats, as well as genera containing panthers, lynxes, and sabre toothed tigers! The final groups within the system are the '''species'''. The definition of a species is a '''group of animals that can mate successfully and produce fertile offspring'''. This means that all domestic cats belong to the species ''Felis domesticus'', because all breeds of cat whether Siamese, Manx or ordinary House hold cat can cross breed. However, domestic cats can not mate successfully with lions, tigers or jaguars, so these are placed in separate species, e.g. ''Felis leo, Felis tigris and Felis onca''. Even within the same species, there can be animals with quite wide variations in appearance that still breed successfully. We call these different '''breeds, races''' or '''varieties'''. For example there are many different breeds of dogs from Dalmatian to Chihuahua and of cats, from Siamese to Manx and domestic short-hairs, but all can cross breed. Often these breeds have been produced by''' selective breeding''' but varieties can arise in the wild when groups of animals are separated by a mountain range or sea and have developed different characteristics over long periods of time. To summarise, the classification system consists of: The '''A'''nimal '''K'''ingdom which is divided into '''P'''hyla which are divided into '''C'''lasses which are divided into '''O'''rders which are divided into '''F'''amilies which are divided into '''G'''enera which are divided into '''S'''pecies. “'''Kings Play Cricket On Flat Green Surfaces'''” OR “'''Kindly Professors Cannot Often Fail Good Students'''” are just two of the phrases students use to remind themselves of the order of these categories - on the other hand you might like to invent your own. ==Summary== * The '''scientific name''' of an animal has two parts, the '''genus''' and the '''species''', and must be written in '''italics''' or '''underlined'''. * Animals are divided into '''vertebrates''' and '''invertebrates'''. * The classification system has groupings called '''phyla''', '''classes''', '''orders''', '''families''', '''genera''' and '''species'''. * Furry, milk-producing animals are all in the class '''Mammalia.''' * Members within a '''species''' can mate and produce fertile offspring. * Sub-groups within a species include '''breeds, races''' and '''varieties'''. ==Worksheet== Work through the exercises in this [http://www.wikieducator.org/Classification_Worksheet Classification Worksheet] to help you learn how to write scientific names and classify different animals. ==Test Yourself== 1a) True or False. Is this name written correctly? trichosurus Vulpecula. 1b) What do you need to change? 2. Rearrange these groups from the biggest to the smallest: :a) cars | diesel cars | motor vehicles | my diesel Toyota | transportation :b) Class | Species | Phylum | Genus | Order | Kingdom | Family ==Websites== ===Classification=== *http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/AnimalClassQuiz.html Animal classification quiz In fact much more than that. There is an elementary cell biology and classification quiz but the best thing about this website are the links to tables of characteristics of the different animal groups, for animals both with and without backbones. *http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html Animal diversity web Careful! You could waste all day exploring this wonderful website. Chose an animal or group of animals you want to know about and you will see not only the classification but photos and details of distribution, behaviour and conservation status etc. *http://www.indianchild.com/animal_kingdom.htm Indian child Nice clear explanation of the different categories used in the classification of animals. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} q83iiwziujxtg3kqoxd0uw5qjmq4fk1 4 140095 4095363 4089901 2022-08-22T19:22:12Z Nada kareem22 3153390 /* Children's Stories */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__{{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOC left}} {{Shortcut|WB:HELP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(40d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |key = 9ea9f543105a14c4a9024cc27d943a7a }} Welcome to the '''Assistance reading room''' where Wikibookians help each other solve problems encountered while contributing to books or otherwise taking part in the Wikibooks community. {{clear}} == A template idea == I had an idea for a template. It's currently at [[User:L10nM4st3r/Sandbox 2]]. It is used on [[User:L10nM4st3r/sandbox]]. However, I need help. How can I have the "{{{1}}}" replaced even inside the "syntaxhighlight", which acts like a "nowiki" tag. Any help would be much appreciated!_{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:38, 12 May 2022 (UTC) :I actually don't think it will work. If you think otherwise, I am listening._{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 12:04, 12 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{re|L10nM4st3r}} I agree, this probably isn't possible. See [[mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight]], no mention I can see of overcoming this. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::This may actually be possible with a lua script, so I may end up creating this, if I can figure it out. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:47, 4 July 2022 (UTC) ::::"May". As in, "might", like "it might or might not work". Yea, it probably won't... I'm gonna stay away from module space for a while unless I need to edit there.. Best to save it for the people (and bots) who know what they are doing. ;) _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 14:27, 4 July 2022 (UTC) :::::This can be done with <nowiki>{{#tag:syntaxhighlight lang="Python" lines|{{{1}}}}}</nowiki>. See [[Template:Code/doc]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:06, 9 August 2022 (UTC) == Wikipedia has a article on ... == Hi,<br> Is there a template which produces a box stating "Wikipedia has an article on ... ." or similar? Analogous the the familiar reference &#123;{Commons category|...}}. A Help search didn't help. =8~) Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:05, 26 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PeterEasthope}}: Yes, and it's easy to remember: {{tlx|Wikipedia|Main Page}} _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks! I have above average talent for forgetting details, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 18:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) == The Sims game strategy book == Hi ya, no sure if this is the correct place for help with creating strategy books, please do direct me elsewhere if not, but I was wondering if anyone could help me finish off creating the initial shelf for The Sims? There are a number of parts to it and I can't seem to find detailed help on how to correctly link all the categories, etc. to one another. Any help would be appreciated. [[User:Jamzze|Jamzze]] ([[User talk:Jamzze|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jamzze|contribs]]) 10:32, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jamzze}} Hi again! The sims shelf would be part of [[:Category:Shelf:Strategy guides]], and all the books on The Sims would be part of the Sims shelf, as I understand it. But I'm not that experienced at shelves. And you should only add a shelf if three books could go into it, I think. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:47, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :I went ahead and fixed it! :The tricky thing with shelves is a dependence on an older different system called subjects (Which I think most other editions of Wikibooks still use?). I messed up my first shelf/subject creation too. :) :[[Wikibooks Stacks/History]] explains the history of the system more in depth. :[[User:L10nM4st3r]] is generally right that shelves ought to be able to house a few books. I think in due time, this will happen with ''The Sims'' so I'm totally fine with it, though others may not be. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:05, 31 July 2022 (UTC) == Children's Stories == Is Wikibooks for children's stories with their illustrations? or is just for non-fiction genres? [[User:Nada kareem22|Nada kareem22]] ([[User talk:Nada kareem22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nada kareem22|contribs]]) 19:22, 22 August 2022 (UTC) q131s7rdno85tjtvlwpzdaq17c33ul8 4095364 4095363 2022-08-22T19:35:56Z Koavf 16549 /* Children's Stories */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__{{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOC left}} {{Shortcut|WB:HELP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(40d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |key = 9ea9f543105a14c4a9024cc27d943a7a }} Welcome to the '''Assistance reading room''' where Wikibookians help each other solve problems encountered while contributing to books or otherwise taking part in the Wikibooks community. {{clear}} == A template idea == I had an idea for a template. It's currently at [[User:L10nM4st3r/Sandbox 2]]. It is used on [[User:L10nM4st3r/sandbox]]. However, I need help. How can I have the "{{{1}}}" replaced even inside the "syntaxhighlight", which acts like a "nowiki" tag. Any help would be much appreciated!_{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:38, 12 May 2022 (UTC) :I actually don't think it will work. If you think otherwise, I am listening._{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 12:04, 12 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{re|L10nM4st3r}} I agree, this probably isn't possible. See [[mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight]], no mention I can see of overcoming this. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::This may actually be possible with a lua script, so I may end up creating this, if I can figure it out. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 13:47, 4 July 2022 (UTC) ::::"May". As in, "might", like "it might or might not work". Yea, it probably won't... I'm gonna stay away from module space for a while unless I need to edit there.. Best to save it for the people (and bots) who know what they are doing. ;) _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 14:27, 4 July 2022 (UTC) :::::This can be done with <nowiki>{{#tag:syntaxhighlight lang="Python" lines|{{{1}}}}}</nowiki>. See [[Template:Code/doc]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:06, 9 August 2022 (UTC) == Wikipedia has a article on ... == Hi,<br> Is there a template which produces a box stating "Wikipedia has an article on ... ." or similar? Analogous the the familiar reference &#123;{Commons category|...}}. A Help search didn't help. =8~) Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:05, 26 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PeterEasthope}}: Yes, and it's easy to remember: {{tlx|Wikipedia|Main Page}} _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks! I have above average talent for forgetting details, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 18:25, 27 July 2022 (UTC) == The Sims game strategy book == Hi ya, no sure if this is the correct place for help with creating strategy books, please do direct me elsewhere if not, but I was wondering if anyone could help me finish off creating the initial shelf for The Sims? There are a number of parts to it and I can't seem to find detailed help on how to correctly link all the categories, etc. to one another. Any help would be appreciated. [[User:Jamzze|Jamzze]] ([[User talk:Jamzze|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jamzze|contribs]]) 10:32, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jamzze}} Hi again! The sims shelf would be part of [[:Category:Shelf:Strategy guides]], and all the books on The Sims would be part of the Sims shelf, as I understand it. But I'm not that experienced at shelves. And you should only add a shelf if three books could go into it, I think. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 11:47, 30 July 2022 (UTC) :I went ahead and fixed it! :The tricky thing with shelves is a dependence on an older different system called subjects (Which I think most other editions of Wikibooks still use?). I messed up my first shelf/subject creation too. :) :[[Wikibooks Stacks/History]] explains the history of the system more in depth. :[[User:L10nM4st3r]] is generally right that shelves ought to be able to house a few books. I think in due time, this will happen with ''The Sims'' so I'm totally fine with it, though others may not be. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:05, 31 July 2022 (UTC) == Children's Stories == Is Wikibooks for children's stories with their illustrations? or is just for non-fiction genres? [[User:Nada kareem22|Nada kareem22]] ([[User talk:Nada kareem22|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nada kareem22|contribs]]) 19:22, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :Wikibooks is for guides, manuals, textbooks, and similar non-fiction works. There are no Wikimedia Foundation projects that host original fiction, but you can find previously-published children's fiction at [[:en:s:|Wikisource]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:35, 22 August 2022 (UTC) 1hvomsz6czo9zu5rflehudxpqhm318x 0 142019 4095368 4037242 2022-08-22T20:55:44Z 88.236.155.36 wikitext text/x-wiki Honda uses the following VIN formats and codes. Honda has slightly varied the usage of some positions within the VIN over the years. Consult the individual sections below for more information. ==All Honda WMIs== ===Americas=== * 1HF — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * 1HG — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 19U — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Passenger car * 19X — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 2HG — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 2HH — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Passenger car * 2HK — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 2HJ — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Truck * 2HN — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 2HU — Honda of Canada Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Truck * 3HG — Honda de México S.A. de C.V. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 3H1 — Honda de México S.A. de C.V. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * 478 — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', All-Terrain vehicle * 5J6 — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 5J7 — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Truck * 5J8 — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 5J0 — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Acura''', Truck * 5KB — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 5KC — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Acura''', Passenger car * 5FN — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 5FP — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Honda''', Truck * 5FR — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Acura''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * 5FS — Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, LLC –­ '''Acura''', Truck *7FA — Honda of America Mfg., Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicle * 8CH - Honda Motor de Argentina S.A. - "Honda" , Motorcycle (HRV SUV until octuber,2019) * 93H — Honda Automoveis do Brasil Ltda. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * 9C2 — Moto Honda da Amazônia Ltda. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle ===Japan & Asia=== * JHF — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. * JHG — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. * JHM — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * JHL — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * JHN — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. * JHZ — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. * JH1 — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Truck * JH2 — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * JH4 — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. –­ '''Acura''', Passenger car * JH5 — Honda Motor Co., Ltd. * LAL — Sundiro Honda –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * LUC — Honda Automobile (China) Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * MAK — Honda Siel Cars India Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * MHR — PT Honda Prospect Motor Indonesia –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * MLH — Thai Honda Manufacturing Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * MRH — Thai Honda Manufacturing Co., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * PAD — Honda Cars Philippines Inc. –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * PMH — Honda Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car ===Europe=== * NLA — Honda Türkiye A.Ş. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * SHH — Honda of the UK Mfg., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Passenger car * SHS — Honda of the UK Mfg., Ltd. –­ '''Honda''', Multi purpose passenger vehicle * VTM — Montesa Honda S.A. –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * YC1 — Honda Belgium NV –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle * ZDC — Honda Italia Industriale SpA –­ '''Honda''', Motorcycle == General Template for Honda's VIN format == {| border=1 !Position !Sample !Description |- |1 |1 |[[#Nation of Origin|Nation of Origin]] |- |2 |H |[[#Manufacturer|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |L |[[#Vehicle type|Vehicle type]] |- |4 |Q |rowspan=3|[[#Models|Models]] |- |5 |U |- |6 |1 |- |7 |5 |[[#Body type and transmission|Body type and transmission]] |- |8 |2 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |9 |0 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- |10 |K |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |A |[[#Assembly plant|Assembly plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|[[#Production sequence number|Production sequence number]] |- |13 |8 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |9 |- |17 |2 |} ===Nation of Origin=== {| border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 |New Zealand |- |8&9 |South America |- |A through H |Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |Korea, Israel, Sri Lanka |- |L |China |- |S |England |- |V |France |- |W&S |Germany |- |Z |Italy |} <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Identification_Number</ref> ===Manufacturer=== {|</span> === Producent === {|</span> <span class="notranslate" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |H |Honda |}</span> border = 1! Kod VIN! Opis | - | H | Honda |} ===Vehicle type=== {| border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |Truck, built in Japan |- |2 |Motorcycle, built in Japan |- |6 |Multi purpose passenger vehicle, built in USA <br /> |- |7 |Truck, built in USA |- |M |Passenger car, built in Japan - F -Motorcycle, Built in USA |- |G |Passenger car, built in USA/Canada/Mexico/Brazil |- |H |Passenger car, built in United Kingdom |- |J |Truck, built in Canada |- |K |Multi purpose passenger vehicle, built in Canada |- |L |Multi purpose passenger vehicle, built in Japan |- |S |Multi purpose passenger vehicle, built in United Kingdom |} ===Models=== This portion of the VIN contains the most significant differences over the years. The following section details the formatting changes within different model year range, breaking out the additional meaning of positions 4 - 6. ====2010==== =====VIN template for model section===== {| border=1 !Position !Sample !Description |- |4 |A |rowspan=2|[[#Body type 1983|Body type 1983]] or [[#Body type 1984-1986|Body type 1984-1986]] |- |5 |H |- |6 |5 |[[#Transmission code 1983-1986|Transmission code 1983-1986]] |} =====Body type 1994===== {| border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |SR |Sedan |- Honda accord auto sm4 mfg American .. infront bonet last two numbers remove can't see anybody help tras another have place write VIN chassis number thank you |WR |Wagon |} =====Body type 1984-1986===== {| border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |AB |Prelude |- |AD |Accord |- |AE |Civic 1300cc CRX |- |AF |Civic 1500cc CRX |- |AG |Civic 1300cc 3 door |- |AH |Civic 1500cc 3 door |- |AK |Civic 1500cc 4 door |- |AN |Civic wagon |- |AR |Civic wagon 4x4 |- |BA |Accord |- |AM |Accord 1500cc 5 door |- |} =====Transmission code 2000-2003===== {| border=1 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |Semi-Hondamatic |- |3 |3 speed automatic |- |4 |4 speed manual |- |5 |5 speed manual |- |6 |5 speed manual super-low gear |- |7 |4 speed automatic |- |8 |5 speed automatic |- |} ====1987 - 1989==== =====VIN template for model section===== {| border=1 !Position !Sample !Description |- |4 |C |rowspan=3|[[#Model 1987-1989|Model 1987-1989]] |- |5 |A |- |6 |5 |} =====Model 1987-1989===== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |BA3 |Prelude A20 Engine |- |BA4 |Prelude B20 Engine |- |BA6 |Prelude A18 Engine |- |CA5 |Accord |- |CA6 |Accord coupe |- |EC1 |Civic CRX |- |EC2 |Civic 1300 |- |EC3 |Civic 1500 |- |EC4 |Civic 4 Door Sedan |- |EC5 |Civic Wagon |- |EC6 |Civic Wagon 4X4 |- |ED3 |Civic Sedan 1.5L (1988) |- |ED6 |Civic Hatchback 1.5L (1988) |- |ED7 |Civic Hatchback 1.6L (1988) |- |ED8 |Civic CRX 1.5L (1988) |- |ED9 |Civic CRX 1.6L (1988) |- |EE2 |Civic Wagon 1.5L (1988) |- |EE4 |Civic Wagon 1.6L (1988) |- |EY1 |Civic Wagovan |- |EY3 |Civic Wagovan 1.5L |} ====1990-1998==== =====VIN template for model section===== {| border=1 !Position !Sample !Description |- |4 |C |rowspan=3|[[#Model 1990-1998|Model 1990-1998]] |- |5 |G |- |6 |6 |} =====Model 1990-1999===== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |BA4 |Prelude, 2.0/2.1L |- |BA8 |Prelude, 2.2L |- |BB |Prelude VTEC, 2.2L |- |BB2 |Prelude, 2.3L |- |BB6 |Prelude 2-door |- |CB3 |Japan Version Accord, 2.2L |- |CB7 |Accord, 2.2L |- |CB9 |Accord Wagon, 2.2L |- |CC1 |Accord coupé, 2.0L |- |CD5 |Accord 4 Door 2.2L VTEC |- |CD7 |Accord 2 Door 2.2L |- |CE1 |Accord Wagon 2.2L |- |CE6 |Accord V6 4 Door 2.7L |- |CF8 |Accord 4 Door SOHC |- |CF4 |Accord 4 Door DOHC SiR-T |- |CG1 |Accord 4 Door V6 VTEC |- |CG2 |Accord 2 Door V6 VTEC |- |CG3 |Accord 2 Door (VTEC or ULEV) |- |CG5 |Accord 4 Door VTEC |- |CG6 |Accord 4 Door ULEV |- |CH9 |Accord Wagon SiR 2.3L (VTEC) |- |ED3 |Civic 4 Door, 1.5L |- |ED4 |Civic 4 Door, 1.6L |- |ED6 |Civic 3 Door, 1.5L |- |ED7 |Civic3 Door, 1.6L |- |ED8 |CRX, 1.5L |- |ED9 |CRX, 1.6L |- |EE2 |Civic Wagon, 1.5L |- |EE4 |Civic Wagon, 1.6L |- |EE8 |CR-X 1.6L VTEC |- |EM1 |Civic Si 1.6L VTEC |- |EG1 |Civic del Sol, 1.5L |- |EG2 |Civic del Sol VTEC 1.6L |- |EG6 |Civic 3 door hatchback 1.6L |- |EG8 |Civic 4 Door, 1.5L |- |EG9 |Civic 4 Door, 1.6L VTEC |- |EH2 |Civic 3 Door, 1.5L |- |EH3 |Civic 3 Door, 1.6L |- |EH6 |Civic del Sol, 1.6L |- |EH9 |Civic 4 Door, 1.6L |- |EJ1 |Civic2 Door, 1.6L |- |EJ2 |Civic2 Door, 1.5L |- |EJ6 |Civic 2/3/4 Door 1.6L |- |EJ7 |Civic 2 Door 1.6L |- |EJ8 |Civic 2/4 Door 1.6L |- |EJ9 |Civic 3 Door 1.4L |- |EL1 |Orthia 1.8L 5 Door Wagon |- |EL2 |Orthia 2.0L 5 Door Wagon |- |EL3 |Orthia 2.0L 5 Door Wagon 4WD |- |MA4 |Domani 4 door 1.6 |- |MA5 |Domani 4 door 1.8 |- |MA8 |Civic 5 door 1.4L Fastback |- |MA9 |Civic 5 door 1.5L Fastback |- |MB1 |Civic 5 door 1.6L Fastback |- |MB2 |Civic 5 door 1.4L Fastback (FL) |- |MB3 |Civic 5 door 1.5L Fastback (FL) |- |MB4 |Civic 5 door 1.6L Fastback (FL) |- |MB6 |Civic 5 door 1.8L VTi Fastback (FL) |- |MB7 |Civic 5 door 2.0L i/TD Fastback (FL) |- |MB8 |Civic 5 door 1.4L Aerodeck (Wagon) (FL) |- |MB9 |Civic 5 door 1.5L Aerodeck (Wagon) (FL) |- |MC1 |Civic 5 door 1.6L Aerodeck (Wagon) (FL) |- |MC2 |Civic 5 door 1.8L VTi Aerodeck (Wagon) (FL) |- |MC3 |Civic 5 door 2.0L i/TD Aerodeck (Wagon) (FL) |- |RA1 |[[Honda Odyssey|Odyssey]] |- |RA3 |Odyssey 5 Door Wagon (1998) |- |RD1 |CR-V 5-door (4 Wheel drive) |- |RD2 |CR-V 5-door (2 Wheel drive) |} ===Body type and transmission=== Position 7 For 1983-1986 model years, this section only denotes the body type. For the remaining years, it indicates both body type and transmission. ====1983-1986==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |2 |2 door |- |3 |3 door |- |4 |4 door |- |5 |5 door |} ====1987-1989==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |1 |2 Door Sedan, Manual |- |2 |2 Door Sedan, Automatic |- |3 |2 Door [[Hatchback]], Manual |- |4 |2 Door Hatchback, Auto |- |5 |4 Door Sedan, Manual |- |6 |4 Door Sedan, Automatic |- |7 |4 Door Wagon, Manual |- |8 |4 Door Wagon, Automatic |} ====1990-1998==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |1 |2 Door Coupe, Manual |- |2 |2 Door Coupe, Automatic |- |3 |3 Door Hatchback, Manual |- |4 |3 Door Hatchback, Automatic |- |5 |4 Door Sedan, Manual |- |6 |4 Door Sedan, Automatic |- |7 |5 Door Hatchback, Manual |- |8 |5 Door Wagon, Automatic |} ===Grade=== Position 8 ====1983-1987==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |1 |Basic, HF |- |2 |Standard, DX |- |3 |GL, GLS, LX |- |4 |LXi, Si |- |5 |Special |- |6 |Accord Hatchback |- |7 |Accord Hatchback & LXi |- |8 |Accord Hatchback & LXi ("passive") seat belt |} ====1988-1989==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |2 |DX Accord Manual seat belt |- |2 |S Prelude Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |3 |LX Accord Manual seat belt |- |3 |Si Prelude Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |4 |LXi Accord Manual seat belt |- |4 |(std) Civic Hatchback Manual seat belt |- |4 |DX Civic Sedan Manual seat belt |- |4 |(std) Civic Wagovan Manual seat belt |- |4 |Si Prelude w/optional 4WS Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |5 |DX Civic Hatchback Manual seat belt |- |5 |LX Civic Sedan Manual seat belt |- |5 |(std) Civic CRX Manual seat belt |- |5 |(std) '89 Civic CRX Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |5 |(std) Civic Wagon Manual seat belt |- |5 |SEi Accord Manual seat belt |- |6 |DX Accord Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |6 |HF Civic CRX Manual seat belt |- |6 |Si Civic CRX Manual seat belt |- |6 |Si Civic CRX Automatic ("passive") seat belt |- |6 |Si Civic Hatchback Manual seat belt |- |6 |RTi Civic Wagon 4WD Manual seat belt |- |8 |LXi Accord Automatic ("passive") seat belt |} ====1990-1993==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |1 |2.0S Prelude |- |2 |2.0S Prelude |- |3 |2.1S Prelude |- |4 |2.1 Si Prelude w/4WS |- |4 |DX Accord |- |4 |(Std) Civic 3 Door |- |4 |CX Civic 3 Door (1992) |- |4 |DX Civic |- |4 |S Prelude (92-93) |- |4 |S Civic del Sol (1993) |- |5 |2.3Si Prelude |- |5 |LX Civic |- |5 |CX Civic (1993) |- |5 |DX Civic 3 Door |- |5 |DX Civic Wagon (2WD) |- |5 |LX Accord |- |6 |DX Civic 3 Door (93) |- |6 |DC Accord |- |6 |EX Civic 4 Door |- |6 |EX Civic 2 Door (93) |- |6 |Si Civic 3 Door |- |6 |Si Prelude wl4WS (92-93) |- |6 |Si Civic del Sol (93) |- |6 |HF CRX |- |6 |Si CRX |- |6 |ATi Civic Wagon (4WD) |- |6 |VX Civic 3 Door (1992) |- |7 |EX Accord (92-93) |- |7 |VX Civic (1993) |- |7 |VTEC Prelude(1993) |- |8 |SE Accord |- |8 |Si Civic 3 Door (92-93) |- |9 |EX Civic 4 Door (92-93) |- |9 |10th Anniversary Accord |} ====1994-1999==== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |0 |Accord SE 2/4 Door |- |0 |Civic LX |- |1 |Accord DX w/ABS 2/4-door |- |2 |Accord DX 2/4-door |- |2 |Civic CX 3-door |- |2 |Civic DX 2-door |- |2 |Civic DX 4-door |- |2 |Civic EX 2-door |- |2 |Civic HX |- |2 |Civic CVT |- |2 |Accord Wagon LX |- |3 |Civic CX w/AC 3-door |- |3 |Civic DX w/AC 4-door |- |3 |Civic EX w/ABS 2-door |- |3 |Civic LX |- |3 |Accord LX 2/4-door |- |3 |Accord Wagon LX w/ABS |- |3 |Accord w/ABS V6 |- |4 |Civic DX 4-door |- |4 |Civic EX 2/4 Door |- |4 |CR-V w/o ABS |- |4 |Accord DX 4-Door (1998) |- |4 |Accord LX w/ABS 2/4-door |- |4 |Civic Del Sol S |- |4 |Odyssey LX 6 Passaway |- |4 |Prelude S |- |4 |Prelude VTEC (1997) |- |4 |w/o SH pkg. Prelude (1998) |- |4 |CR-V LX (1998) |- |5 |Civic CX 3-door |- |5 |Accord EX 2/4-door |- |5 |Civic LX 4-door |- |5 |Civic DX w/AC |- |5 |Civic EX a/ABS 2-door |-Civic Si B16 VTEC |5 |CR-V w/ABS |- |5 |Prelude Si |- |5 |Prelude SH (1997) |- |6 |Civic DX 3-door |- |6 |Accord E w/leather 2/4-door |- |6 |Civic LX w/ABS 4-door |- |6 |Civic Del Sol Si |- |6 |Odyssey LX 7 Passenger |- |6 |Prelude 4WS Si |- |6 |CR-V EX (1998-99) |- |7 |Odyssey EX |- |7 |Accord EX |- |7 |Accord EX ULEV (1998) |- |7 |Civic LX w/AC |- |7 |Civic Del Sol Si/wABS |- |7 |Civic Del Sol VTEC |- |7 |Prelude VTEC |- |7 |Civic VX 3-door |- |8 |Civic Si 3-door |- |8 |Civic LX w/ABS |- |8 |Accord DX 25th Anniv. Edition |- |9 |Accord Wagon EX |- |9 |Accord Value Package 4 Door |- |9 |Civic Del Sol LX w/ABS |- |9 |Civic Del Sol Si w/ABS |- |9 |Civic Del Sol VTEC w/ABS |- |9 |Civic Si w/ABS 3-door |- |9 |Civic EX 4-door |} ===Model year=== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |D |1983 |- |E |1984 |- |F |1985 |- |G |1986 |- |H |1987 |- |J |1988 |- |K |1989 |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |} ===Assembly plant=== {| border=1 !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Marysville, Ohio, USA |- |B |Lincoln, Alabama, USA |- |C |Sayama, Saitama, Japan |- |E |Greensburg, Indiana, USA |- |G |El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico |- |H |Alliston, Ontario, Canada |- |L |East Liberty, Ohio, USA |- |M |Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico |- |P |Ayutthaya, Thailand |- |S |Suzuka, Mie, Japan |- |T |Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan |- |U |Swindon, Wiltshire, U.K. |} ===Production sequence number=== Canadian models share same VIN as U.S. except that their sequence numbers start at 800000. It is also important to note that, in the U.S., positions 13-17 must be a number, whereas position 12 may be either a letter or a number. {{BookCat}} Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Honda Honda VIN decoder] kv4wb8zhafcoxrrm4jevktrojot06ot 0 144905 4095318 3744623 2022-08-22T13:48:03Z 41.114.17.236 I changed the topic wikitext text/x-wiki Poetry is easy to recognize but hard to define. Let's start with Webster's definition, "The art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts." As lovely as that sounds, it may already say too much about this unique and unpredictable art form. Rhythm is important, perhaps the only element in poetry we can truly count on. Rhymes are optional, but some sort of rhythm to the reading of quality poetry will always almost exist. We can experience poetry through our eyes or our ears. It is usually meant to excite pleasure but it can also reflect sorrow or regret; meaningful but not necessarily pleasurable. That brings us to "beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts." Poetry often contains these things, but sometimes it can just be silly and simple. So, while Webster's Dictionary defines poetry in words far better than I could have come up with, it still may not include the full picture of what poetry is. ==Types of Poetry== There are many types of poems and more types are just waiting to be invented. Maybe you or your children will be the ones to create a whole new style of poetry. ===Acrostic=== You write one word vertically and use the letters in that word as the first word in words you write horizontally. This is a fairly easy type of poem for kids to create and they can use their own name as the starting word or another word that they want to tell about. ===Cinquain=== These poems have five lines. The first and last lines are the same single word which will be the title (the last line could be a variation of the word). The second line is two words that describe the title. The third line is three words long and includes an action. The fourth line is four words long and express a feeling. These are also relatively simple poems for students to create and again they can use their own names for the titles. ===Haiku=== Usually about nature, this style from Japan consists of three unrhymed lines. The first and last line contain five syllables and the middle line has seven syllables. These are easy in theory to fill in the syllables, but it can be hard for the students to actually make them meaningful. ===Free verse=== There is no fixed pattern and it can, but does not have to, use rhyming words. ===Lyric=== Lyric poems focus on feelings and visualizations rather than on a story. ===Narrative=== Narrative poems tell a story. While the structured style of Cinquains, Acrostic, and Haiku are easier to teach and have students replicate, there is more creativity, choice, and excitement (to my mind) when you can lead your students to free verse, lyric, or narrative poetry. ==What Should We Do With Poetry?== Poetry should not be a chore. If kids have to memorize and recite a poem the teacher selects or determine the underlying meaning of a poem according to their teacher's interpretations, poetry ceases to be fun. Like anything else, kids need to explore poetry. They should be exposed to poetry, in many different forms, throughout the year. It should not just be part of a special poetry unit that we then leave completely behind. Poetry is great for transition times or when you finish something with just a few minutes to spare. "Poetry needs to be performed and dramatized. Take some chances and try out different effects (using different voices, elongating words, singing, shouting, whispering, pausing dramatically, and so on) as you read poems aloud. Your voice is a powerful tool: You may change it from louder to softer to only a whisper; you may start at a deep, low pitch and rise to a medium and eventually high pitch; you may speak very quickly in a clipped fashion and then slow down and drawl out the words." (Lynch-Brown/Tomlinson: Essentials of Children's Literature. p.70) Have students find a poem they love and share with the class. As teachers or parents, we can create lots of opportunities to share poems we like and think our children will like, but kids should have that opportunity as well. Let them read a poem to the class that is special to them. Let kids discover their own meanings in poetry and discuss those meanings without making them conform to an understood critical meaning. Some poems would lend themselves well to having the students act them out. Kids need to discover that poetry can be sweet or silly, short or long, fun, thoughtful, or personal. It can have more than one voice. Help them find connections to their lives. Tie poetry in to other areas. You could introduce a Science lesson by reading a related poem. When you are ready for children to create their own poetry, make sure you have introduced them to several different forms and then let children choose a style to create their poem in. Have fun! If you do not enjoy poetry, try some different kinds. Keep looking until you find something you like and then expand upon that. If you yourself are not excited about the poems you are reading, it will show through to the children and they will have little reason to get excited themselves. ==Selecting High Quality Poetry Books== The best way to tell if you have a good poetry book is simply to try it out. Read a few poems. Most poems are relatively short and it doesn't take long to read a few. Don't just read the first couple poems, flip to the middle and the back too. Do you like them? Do they make you smile, laugh, or cry? If you can't answer yes to any of those questions, you probably want to find another book. Poetry should sound good when it is read aloud. It should have a rhythm to it. It should use language that is interesting and non-repetitive unless the repetition serves a strong and effective purpose. Because poetry can exist for so many reasons, the use of language is hard to define into one set criteria. It might be beautiful, flowing language with impressive words or it might be cute, simple words that are fun. Illustrations can be a terrific added bonus, but you can find good poetry without illustrations (or with mediocre illustrations). There is so much freedom with poetry, it doesn't have to be accurate or realistic unless it claims or implies that it is. When you are dealing with real people or places in a realistic way, then poetry has the same obligation that other genres have in providing accurate details. It also has an obligation, as does all literature, to avoid harmful stereotypes (culture, gender, disabilities, etc.). If you simply don't know where to start, try some of the books I recommend below - or ask a librarian, a teacher, or a friend. Someone will be glad to help get you started. Once you've begun, follow authors you love and seek out more of their work. ==Reaching Out to Boys== I wrote this poem to address the reluctance of boys when it comes to poetry and how we, as teachers or parents, can overcome this problem and show even little boys the pleasures of poetry. The work of Jack Prelutsky is one great way to penetrate the guarded shell that boys may have put up and offer them images far from what they expected to find in poetry, such as the fantastically awful beings that inhabit ''Monday's Troll'' and ''The Dragons Are Singing Tonight'' (both of which are referenced in the poem). ==Some Terrific Poetry Books to Check Out== ===''Sea poems''=== 2012. Poems and artwork by James McDonald. A fantastic collection of new poems from a relatively obscure poet whose first foray into the published word has released a collection of poems revolving around the adventures of two kids, Sami and Thomas, that take place in the Pacific Northwest. Other books by James McDonald are: Through the Milky Way on a PB&J. ===''Monday's Troll''=== 1996. Poems by Jack Prelutsky. Pictures by Peter Sís. This is my favorite book by Prelutsky. It begins and ends with great poems about wizards and there are all kinds of delightfully dreadful creatures in between. He uses some great language in this book. "I escalated my harangue, and blared triumphantly." These are advanced words that many poets would leave out of children's poetry, but it will sound great to kids and they may even add some very impressive words to their vocabulary along the way. Other Prelutsky books I highly recommend: ''The Dragons Are Singing Tonight'', ''The Gargoyle on the Roof'', ''Tyrannosaurus Was a Beast''. ===''A Light in the Attic''=== 1981. Poems and drawings by Shel Silverstein. Silverstein's popular work is loaded with small, silly, fun poems. Some are fabulous and you'll pick your favorites. My favorites include ''Nobody'', ''Messy Room'', and ''Homework Machine'', as well as the sweet introduction to sign language ''Deaf Donald''. There will be other poems you are less fond of, but there are so many great ones, you'll ignore the occasional dud. Silverstein's ''Where the Sidewalk Ends'' is another terrific collection very much like this one. ===''Casey at the Bat: A Ballad of the Republic Sung in the Year 1888''=== 2000. Poem by Ernest L. Thayer. Illustrated by Christopher Bing. This poem originally appeared in the San Francisco Examiner in 1888 and is a treasure in and of itself. Christopher Bing, however, has enriched the poem with spectacular illustrations in the style of newspaper clippings of the day with terrific details scattered throughout. Christopher Bing also does a magnificent job of illustrating ''The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere'' by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. ===''If Pigs Could Fly... And Other Deep Thoughts''=== 2000. Poems by Bruce Lansky. Illustrated by Stephen Carpenter. A terrific collection of fun poems that will leave you smiling. ''I Like My Nose'' is a terrific little poem about what would happen if our noses were upside down. ''What I'd Cook For My Teacher'' would be a fun treat for kids to hear. ''Out of Control'', where the TV station keeps getting switched after a quick catchphrase, would be so much fun reading in parts - in fact, I plan to try that tomorrow. (I have now tried it twice, with 3rd and 5th graders, and it worked splendidly both times, exciting both the performers and the audience). ===''Insectlopedia''=== 1998. Poems and paintings by Douglas Florian. Really cool poems all about bugs with great illustrations. Highlights include ''The Hornet'', ''The Whirligig Beetles'', and ''The Army Ants''. {{BookCat}} ble5gy0ocj9tvfhia53i9hadn1cvpy8 4095321 4095318 2022-08-22T14:18:31Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/41.114.17.236|41.114.17.236]]) and restored revision 3744623 by Bridget wikitext text/x-wiki Poetry is easy to recognize but hard to define. Let's start with Webster's definition, "The art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts." As lovely as that sounds, it may already say too much about this unique and unpredictable art form. Rhythm is important, perhaps the only element in poetry we can truly count on. Rhymes are optional, but some sort of rhythm to the reading of quality poetry will always almost exist. We can experience poetry through our eyes or our ears. It is usually meant to excite pleasure but it can also reflect sorrow or regret; meaningful but not necessarily pleasurable. That brings us to "beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts." Poetry often contains these things, but sometimes it can just be silly and simple. So, while Webster's Dictionary defines poetry in words far better than I could have come up with, it still may not include the full picture of what poetry is. ==Types of Poetry== There are many types of poems and more types are just waiting to be invented. Maybe you or your children will be the ones to create a whole new style of poetry. ===Acrostic=== You write one word vertically and use the letters in that word as the first word in words you write horizontally. This is a fairly easy type of poem for kids to create and they can use their own name as the starting word or another word that they want to tell about. ===Cinquain=== These poems have five lines. The first and last lines are the same single word which will be the title (the last line could be a variation of the word). The second line is two words that describe the title. The third line is three words long and includes an action. The fourth line is four words long and express a feeling. These are also relatively simple poems for students to create and again they can use their own names for the titles. ===Haiku=== Usually about nature, this style from Japan consists of three unrhymed lines. The first and last line contain five syllables and the middle line has seven syllables. These are easy in theory to fill in the syllables, but it can be hard for the students to actually make them meaningful. ===Free verse=== There is no fixed pattern and it can, but does not have to, use rhyming words. ===Lyric=== Lyric poems focus on feelings and visualizations rather than on a story. ===Narrative=== Narrative poems tell a story. While the structured style of Cinquains, Acrostic, and Haiku are easier to teach and have students replicate, there is more creativity, choice, and excitement (to my mind) when you can lead your students to free verse, lyric, or narrative poetry. ==What Should We Do With Poetry?== Poetry should not be a chore. If kids have to memorize and recite a poem the teacher selects or determine the underlying meaning of a poem according to their teacher's interpretations, poetry ceases to be fun. Like anything else, kids need to explore poetry. They should be exposed to poetry, in many different forms, throughout the year. It should not just be part of a special poetry unit that we then leave completely behind. Poetry is great for transition times or when you finish something with just a few minutes to spare. "Poetry needs to be performed and dramatized. Take some chances and try out different effects (using different voices, elongating words, singing, shouting, whispering, pausing dramatically, and so on) as you read poems aloud. Your voice is a powerful tool: You may change it from louder to softer to only a whisper; you may start at a deep, low pitch and rise to a medium and eventually high pitch; you may speak very quickly in a clipped fashion and then slow down and drawl out the words." (Lynch-Brown/Tomlinson: Essentials of Children's Literature. p.70) Have students find a poem they love and share with the class. As teachers or parents, we can create lots of opportunities to share poems we like and think our children will like, but kids should have that opportunity as well. Let them read a poem to the class that is special to them. Let kids discover their own meanings in poetry and discuss those meanings without making them conform to an understood critical meaning. Some poems would lend themselves well to having the students act them out. Kids need to discover that poetry can be sweet or silly, short or long, fun, thoughtful, or personal. It can have more than one voice. Help them find connections to their lives. Tie poetry in to other areas. You could introduce a Science lesson by reading a related poem. When you are ready for children to create their own poetry, make sure you have introduced them to several different forms and then let children choose a style to create their poem in. Have fun! If you do not enjoy poetry, try some different kinds. Keep looking until you find something you like and then expand upon that. If you yourself are not excited about the poems you are reading, it will show through to the children and they will have little reason to get excited themselves. ==Selecting High Quality Poetry Books== The best way to tell if you have a good poetry book is simply to try it out. Read a few poems. Most poems are relatively short and it doesn't take long to read a few. Don't just read the first couple poems, flip to the middle and the back too. Do you like them? Do they make you smile, laugh, or cry? If you can't answer yes to any of those questions, you probably want to find another book. Poetry should sound good when it is read aloud. It should have a rhythm to it. It should use language that is interesting and non-repetitive unless the repetition serves a strong and effective purpose. Because poetry can exist for so many reasons, the use of language is hard to define into one set criteria. It might be beautiful, flowing language with impressive words or it might be cute, simple words that are fun. Illustrations can be a terrific added bonus, but you can find good poetry without illustrations (or with mediocre illustrations). There is so much freedom with poetry, it doesn't have to be accurate or realistic unless it claims or implies that it is. When you are dealing with real people or places in a realistic way, then poetry has the same obligation that other genres have in providing accurate details. It also has an obligation, as does all literature, to avoid harmful stereotypes (culture, gender, disabilities, etc.). If you simply don't know where to start, try some of the books I recommend below - or ask a librarian, a teacher, or a friend. Someone will be glad to help get you started. Once you've begun, follow authors you love and seek out more of their work. ==Reaching Out to Boys== I wrote this poem to address the reluctance of boys when it comes to poetry and how we, as teachers or parents, can overcome this problem and show even little boys the pleasures of poetry. The work of Jack Prelutsky is one great way to penetrate the guarded shell that boys may have put up and offer them images far from what they expected to find in poetry, such as the fantastically awful beings that inhabit ''Monday's Troll'' and ''The Dragons Are Singing Tonight'' (both of which are referenced in the poem). ==Some Terrific Poetry Books to Check Out== ===''Rainy Day Poems''=== 2012. Poems and artwork by James McDonald. A fantastic collection of new poems from a relatively obscure poet whose first foray into the published word has released a collection of poems revolving around the adventures of two kids, Sami and Thomas, that take place in the Pacific Northwest. Other books by James McDonald are: Through the Milky Way on a PB&J. ===''Monday's Troll''=== 1996. Poems by Jack Prelutsky. Pictures by Peter Sís. This is my favorite book by Prelutsky. It begins and ends with great poems about wizards and there are all kinds of delightfully dreadful creatures in between. He uses some great language in this book. "I escalated my harangue, and blared triumphantly." These are advanced words that many poets would leave out of children's poetry, but it will sound great to kids and they may even add some very impressive words to their vocabulary along the way. Other Prelutsky books I highly recommend: ''The Dragons Are Singing Tonight'', ''The Gargoyle on the Roof'', ''Tyrannosaurus Was a Beast''. ===''A Light in the Attic''=== 1981. Poems and drawings by Shel Silverstein. Silverstein's popular work is loaded with small, silly, fun poems. Some are fabulous and you'll pick your favorites. My favorites include ''Nobody'', ''Messy Room'', and ''Homework Machine'', as well as the sweet introduction to sign language ''Deaf Donald''. There will be other poems you are less fond of, but there are so many great ones, you'll ignore the occasional dud. Silverstein's ''Where the Sidewalk Ends'' is another terrific collection very much like this one. ===''Casey at the Bat: A Ballad of the Republic Sung in the Year 1888''=== 2000. Poem by Ernest L. Thayer. Illustrated by Christopher Bing. This poem originally appeared in the San Francisco Examiner in 1888 and is a treasure in and of itself. Christopher Bing, however, has enriched the poem with spectacular illustrations in the style of newspaper clippings of the day with terrific details scattered throughout. Christopher Bing also does a magnificent job of illustrating ''The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere'' by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. ===''If Pigs Could Fly... And Other Deep Thoughts''=== 2000. Poems by Bruce Lansky. Illustrated by Stephen Carpenter. A terrific collection of fun poems that will leave you smiling. ''I Like My Nose'' is a terrific little poem about what would happen if our noses were upside down. ''What I'd Cook For My Teacher'' would be a fun treat for kids to hear. ''Out of Control'', where the TV station keeps getting switched after a quick catchphrase, would be so much fun reading in parts - in fact, I plan to try that tomorrow. (I have now tried it twice, with 3rd and 5th graders, and it worked splendidly both times, exciting both the performers and the audience). ===''Insectlopedia''=== 1998. Poems and paintings by Douglas Florian. Really cool poems all about bugs with great illustrations. Highlights include ''The Hornet'', ''The Whirligig Beetles'', and ''The Army Ants''. {{BookCat}} jg4v832ztjv0dsrmlp87p9hubez2l5u 0 152259 4095357 3833441 2022-08-22T17:14:06Z 128.92.22.42 /* Bass Guitars */ wikitext text/x-wiki Playing different guitars in a music shop is a great way of familiarising yourself with each model's unique qualities but don't forget to take off any objects that could scratch the guitar. A music salesman will let you try as many guitars as you like but may not be too happy about the little scratch your coat button left. Your choice of guitar will usually be based on the type of music you wish to play and the aesthetic appeal of the colour and design. ==Acoustic Guitars== [[image:guitar_1.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Di Giorgio Amazonia classical guitar]] There are two types of acoustic guitar: namely, the steel-string acoustic guitar and the classical guitar. Steel-string acoustic guitars produce a metallic sound that is a distinctive component of a wide range of popular genres. Steel-string acoustic guitars are sometimes referred to as flat tops. The word top refers to the face or front of the guitar, which is also called the table. Classical guitars have a wider neck than steel-string guitars and are strung with nylon strings. They are primarily associated with the playing of the solo classical guitar repertoire. Classical guitars are sometimes referred to as Spanish guitars in recognition of their country of origin. The acoustic guitar lends itself to a variety of tasks and roles. Its portability and ease of use make it the ideal songwriter's tool. Its gentle harp-like arpeggios and rhythmic chordal strumming has always found favor in an ensemble. The acoustic guitar has a personal and intimate quality that is suited to small halls, churches, and private spaces. For larger venues some form of amplification is required. An acoustic guitar can be amplified by placing a microphone in front of the sound hole or by installing a pickup. There are many entry-level acoustic guitar models that are manufactured to a high standard, and these are entirely suitable as a first guitar for a beginner. ==Electric Guitars== [[w:en:Electric guitar|Electric guitars]] are solid-bodied guitars that are designed to be plugged into an amplifier. The electric guitar when amplified produces a sound that is metallic with a lengthy decay. The shape of an electric guitar is not determined by the need for a deep resonating body and this had led to the development of contoured and thin bodied electric guitars. The two most popular designs are the [[w:en:Stratocaster|Fender Stratocaster]] and the [[w:en:Gibson Les Paul|Gibson Les Paul]]. Electric guitar strings are thinner than acoustic guitar strings and closer to the neck and therefore less force is needed to press them down. The ease with which you can bend strings, clear access to the twelfth position, the use of a whammy bar and the manipulation of pots and switches whilst playing has led to the development of a lead guitar style that is unique to the instrument. Fret-tapping is a guitar technique for creating chords and melody lines that are not possible using the standard technique of left-hand fretting and right-hand strumming. The sustain, sensitive pick-ups, low action and thin strings of the electric guitar make it an ideal instrument for fret-tapping. ==Electro-acoustic Guitars== Electro-acoustic guitars are commonly referred to as semi-acoustic guitars. Electro-acoustic guitars have pickups that are specifically designed to reproduce the subtle nuances of the acoustic guitar timbre. Electro-acoustic pickups are designed to sound neutral with little alteration to the acoustic tone. The Ovation range of Electro-acoustic guitars have under-the-saddle piezo pickups and a synthetic bowl-back design. The synthetic bowl-back ensures a tough construction that stands up to the rigours of the road while offering less feedback at high volumes. Ovation were the first company to provide on-board Equalization and this is now a standard feature. The Taylor Electro-acoustic range uses the traditional all-wood construction and the necks of these guitars have a reputation for superb action and playability. Yamaha, Maton and many other companies manufacture Electro-acoustic guitars and the buyer is advised to test as many models and makes as they can while taking note of the unplugged and amplified sound. ==Twelve-string Guitars== The [[w:en:Twelve string guitar|twelve-string]] guitar is a simple variation of the normal six string design. Twelve-string guitars have six regular strings and a second set of thinner strings. Each string of the second set corresponds to the note of its regular string counterpart. The strings form pairs and therefore you play a twelve-string guitar in the same manner as you would a standard six-string. Twelve-string guitars produce a brighter and more jangly tone than six-string guitars. They are used by guitarists for chord progressions that require thickening. The twelve-string is mainly used as a rhythm instrument due to the extra effort involved in playing lead guitar using paired strings. Twelve-string guitars have twelve tuning pegs and double truss rods and are slightly more expensive than their corresponding six-string version. ==Archtop Guitars== [[Image:Guitar Epiphone 01.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Epiphone Emperor archtop guitar]] The [[w:en:Archtop guitar|archtop]] is a hollow or semi-hollow steel-string acoustic or electric guitar. The carved top, combined with violin-style f-holes and internal sound-block, creates a timbre that is acoustic and mellow. These two factors have made archtops a firm favourite with jazz guitarists. Acoustic and electric archtops are identical in design with the only difference being the addition of electro-magnetic pickups and pots. Archtops can either be full-bodied or thinline. The full-bodied archtop retains good volume and acoustic resonance when played unplugged, though feedback may be an issue when amplified. The thinline body minimizes feedback by sacrificing acoustic volume and resonance. The archtop is one of the most aesthetically pleasing guitar designs, and makers usually adhere to very high standards of construction and playability. These factors ensure its continuing popularity with guitarists. ==Steel Guitars== The [[w:en:steel guitar|steel guitar]] is unusual in that it is played horizontally across the player's lap. The steel guitar originates from Hawaii where local musicians, newly introduced to the European guitar, developed a style of playing involving alternative tunings and the use of a slide. The Hawaiian guitarists found that by laying the guitar flat across the lap they could better control the slide. In response to this new playing style some Hawaiian steel guitars were constructed with a small rectangular body which made them more suitable for laying across the lap.There are two types of steel guitar played with a steel, the solid metal bar from which the guitar takes its name, namely the lap steel guitar and the pedal steel guitar with its extra necks. The pedal steel guitar comes on its own stand with a mechanical approach similar to the harp. Pedals and knee-levers are used to alter the pitch of the strings whilst playing thereby extending the fluency of the glissandi technique. ==Touch Guitars== The first Touch Guitar Invention started in 1959 with the filing of patent #2,989,884 issued in 1961 as the first touch tapping instrument which could be played on two separated necks Simultaneously by muting the strings at the distal end of the neck along with numerous other claims. Until 1974 it was known as the DuoLectar and with a new patent "the "Electronic Mute" has been known as the "Touch Guitar. It is held in the normal way over the shoulder and design with the left hand playing the lower bass neck in a traditional way and the right hand playing over the top on a neck which has a wider string spacing allowing the hand to be used in both vertical and horizontal angles to the strings. It is absolutely off at all times, until Touched or picked. ==Resonator Guitars== [[w:en:resonator guitar|Resonator guitars]] are distinctive for not having a regular sound hole instead they have a large circular perforated cover plate which conceals a resonator cone. The cone is made from spun aluminum and resembles a loudspeaker. The bridge is connected to either the center or edge of the cone by an aluminum spring called the spider. The vibrations from the spider are projected by the cone through the perforated cover plate. The most common resonator guitars have a single cone although the original model patented in 1927 by John Dopyera had three and was called a tricone resophonic guitar. Resonator guitars are loud and bright. They are popular with blues and country guitarists and can be played with a slide or conventionally. Some resonator guitars possess metal bodies and these are called steel guitars. This can lead to some confusion with the Hawaiian guitar of the same name. They are two distinct instruments. The Hawaiian steel guitar takes its name from the steel bar used to create the glissandi and the Resonator steel guitar refers to the material used for the construction of the body. ==Bass Guitars== The [[Guitar/Bass_Guitar|bass guiitar]] has a long neck (scale-length) and thick strings. The open strings of the bass guitar corresponds to the four lowest strings of the guitar and are pitched an octave lower. The standard bass has four strings though five and six string basses are available which extends the range of the instrument. Because the bass guitar is the bass instrument of the guitar family and the double-bass is the bass instrument of the orchestral string family, their similar roles have drawn bass players to both instruments. ==Double-neck Guitars== The double-neck guitar is designed so that two guitar necks can share one body. This design allows the guitarist to switch between either neck with ease. The double-neck guitar will normally have a standard six-string neck and a twelve-string neck. Other combinations, such as a six-string neck and a fretless neck, are available. The double-neck guitar may be used in live situations when a guitarist needs a twelve-string guitar for the rhythm part and a six-string guitar for the solo break. {{Guitar}} {{BookCat}} em3u82yia2jv8umxkxsism5ri00hjdv 4095358 4095357 2022-08-22T17:14:40Z 128.92.22.42 /* Acoustic Guitars */ wikitext text/x-wiki Playing different guitars in a music shop is a great way of familiarising yourself with each model's unique qualities but don't forget to take off any objects that could scratch the guitar. A music salesman will let you try as many guitars as you like but may not be too happy about the little scratch your coat button left. Your choice of guitar will usually be based on the type of music you wish to play and the aesthetic appeal of the colour and design. ==Acoustic Guitars== [[image:guitar_1.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Di Giorgio Amazonia classical guitar]] dThere are two types of acoustic guitar: namely, the steel-string acoustic guitar and the classical guitar. Steel-string acoustic guitars produce a metallic sound that is a distinctive component of a wide range of popular genres. Steel-string acoustic guitars are sometimes referred to as flat tops. The word top refers to the face or front of the guitar, which is also called the table. Classical guitars have a wider neck than steel-string guitars and are strung with nylon strings. They are primarily associated with the playing of the solo classical guitar repertoire. Classical guitars are sometimes referred to as Spanish guitars in recognition of their country of origin. The acoustic guitar lends itself to a variety of tasks and roles. Its portability and ease of use make it the ideal songwriter's tool. Its gentle harp-like arpeggios and rhythmic chordal strumming has always found favor in an ensemble. The acoustic guitar has a personal and intimate quality that is suited to small halls, churches, and private spaces. For larger venues some form of amplification is required. An acoustic guitar can be amplified by placing a microphone in front of the sound hole or by installing a pickup. There are many entry-level acoustic guitar models that are manufactured to a high standard, and these are entirely suitable as a first guitar for a beginner. ==Electric Guitars== [[w:en:Electric guitar|Electric guitars]] are solid-bodied guitars that are designed to be plugged into an amplifier. The electric guitar when amplified produces a sound that is metallic with a lengthy decay. The shape of an electric guitar is not determined by the need for a deep resonating body and this had led to the development of contoured and thin bodied electric guitars. The two most popular designs are the [[w:en:Stratocaster|Fender Stratocaster]] and the [[w:en:Gibson Les Paul|Gibson Les Paul]]. Electric guitar strings are thinner than acoustic guitar strings and closer to the neck and therefore less force is needed to press them down. The ease with which you can bend strings, clear access to the twelfth position, the use of a whammy bar and the manipulation of pots and switches whilst playing has led to the development of a lead guitar style that is unique to the instrument. Fret-tapping is a guitar technique for creating chords and melody lines that are not possible using the standard technique of left-hand fretting and right-hand strumming. The sustain, sensitive pick-ups, low action and thin strings of the electric guitar make it an ideal instrument for fret-tapping. ==Electro-acoustic Guitars== Electro-acoustic guitars are commonly referred to as semi-acoustic guitars. Electro-acoustic guitars have pickups that are specifically designed to reproduce the subtle nuances of the acoustic guitar timbre. Electro-acoustic pickups are designed to sound neutral with little alteration to the acoustic tone. The Ovation range of Electro-acoustic guitars have under-the-saddle piezo pickups and a synthetic bowl-back design. The synthetic bowl-back ensures a tough construction that stands up to the rigours of the road while offering less feedback at high volumes. Ovation were the first company to provide on-board Equalization and this is now a standard feature. The Taylor Electro-acoustic range uses the traditional all-wood construction and the necks of these guitars have a reputation for superb action and playability. Yamaha, Maton and many other companies manufacture Electro-acoustic guitars and the buyer is advised to test as many models and makes as they can while taking note of the unplugged and amplified sound. ==Twelve-string Guitars== The [[w:en:Twelve string guitar|twelve-string]] guitar is a simple variation of the normal six string design. Twelve-string guitars have six regular strings and a second set of thinner strings. Each string of the second set corresponds to the note of its regular string counterpart. The strings form pairs and therefore you play a twelve-string guitar in the same manner as you would a standard six-string. Twelve-string guitars produce a brighter and more jangly tone than six-string guitars. They are used by guitarists for chord progressions that require thickening. The twelve-string is mainly used as a rhythm instrument due to the extra effort involved in playing lead guitar using paired strings. Twelve-string guitars have twelve tuning pegs and double truss rods and are slightly more expensive than their corresponding six-string version. ==Archtop Guitars== [[Image:Guitar Epiphone 01.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Epiphone Emperor archtop guitar]] The [[w:en:Archtop guitar|archtop]] is a hollow or semi-hollow steel-string acoustic or electric guitar. The carved top, combined with violin-style f-holes and internal sound-block, creates a timbre that is acoustic and mellow. These two factors have made archtops a firm favourite with jazz guitarists. Acoustic and electric archtops are identical in design with the only difference being the addition of electro-magnetic pickups and pots. Archtops can either be full-bodied or thinline. The full-bodied archtop retains good volume and acoustic resonance when played unplugged, though feedback may be an issue when amplified. The thinline body minimizes feedback by sacrificing acoustic volume and resonance. The archtop is one of the most aesthetically pleasing guitar designs, and makers usually adhere to very high standards of construction and playability. These factors ensure its continuing popularity with guitarists. ==Steel Guitars== The [[w:en:steel guitar|steel guitar]] is unusual in that it is played horizontally across the player's lap. The steel guitar originates from Hawaii where local musicians, newly introduced to the European guitar, developed a style of playing involving alternative tunings and the use of a slide. The Hawaiian guitarists found that by laying the guitar flat across the lap they could better control the slide. In response to this new playing style some Hawaiian steel guitars were constructed with a small rectangular body which made them more suitable for laying across the lap.There are two types of steel guitar played with a steel, the solid metal bar from which the guitar takes its name, namely the lap steel guitar and the pedal steel guitar with its extra necks. The pedal steel guitar comes on its own stand with a mechanical approach similar to the harp. Pedals and knee-levers are used to alter the pitch of the strings whilst playing thereby extending the fluency of the glissandi technique. ==Touch Guitars== The first Touch Guitar Invention started in 1959 with the filing of patent #2,989,884 issued in 1961 as the first touch tapping instrument which could be played on two separated necks Simultaneously by muting the strings at the distal end of the neck along with numerous other claims. Until 1974 it was known as the DuoLectar and with a new patent "the "Electronic Mute" has been known as the "Touch Guitar. It is held in the normal way over the shoulder and design with the left hand playing the lower bass neck in a traditional way and the right hand playing over the top on a neck which has a wider string spacing allowing the hand to be used in both vertical and horizontal angles to the strings. It is absolutely off at all times, until Touched or picked. ==Resonator Guitars== [[w:en:resonator guitar|Resonator guitars]] are distinctive for not having a regular sound hole instead they have a large circular perforated cover plate which conceals a resonator cone. The cone is made from spun aluminum and resembles a loudspeaker. The bridge is connected to either the center or edge of the cone by an aluminum spring called the spider. The vibrations from the spider are projected by the cone through the perforated cover plate. The most common resonator guitars have a single cone although the original model patented in 1927 by John Dopyera had three and was called a tricone resophonic guitar. Resonator guitars are loud and bright. They are popular with blues and country guitarists and can be played with a slide or conventionally. Some resonator guitars possess metal bodies and these are called steel guitars. This can lead to some confusion with the Hawaiian guitar of the same name. They are two distinct instruments. The Hawaiian steel guitar takes its name from the steel bar used to create the glissandi and the Resonator steel guitar refers to the material used for the construction of the body. ==Bass Guitars== The [[Guitar/Bass_Guitar|bass guiitar]] has a long neck (scale-length) and thick strings. The open strings of the bass guitar corresponds to the four lowest strings of the guitar and are pitched an octave lower. The standard bass has four strings though five and six string basses are available which extends the range of the instrument. Because the bass guitar is the bass instrument of the guitar family and the double-bass is the bass instrument of the orchestral string family, their similar roles have drawn bass players to both instruments. ==Double-neck Guitars== The double-neck guitar is designed so that two guitar necks can share one body. This design allows the guitarist to switch between either neck with ease. The double-neck guitar will normally have a standard six-string neck and a twelve-string neck. Other combinations, such as a six-string neck and a fretless neck, are available. The double-neck guitar may be used in live situations when a guitarist needs a twelve-string guitar for the rhythm part and a six-string guitar for the solo break. {{Guitar}} {{BookCat}} ska673yovrp3bn5p8583f75hsga0z0g 4095381 4095358 2022-08-23T00:34:11Z Xania 40302 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/128.92.22.42|128.92.22.42]] ([[User talk:128.92.22.42|talk]]) to last version by Wim b wikitext text/x-wiki Playing different guitars in a music shop is a great way of familiarising yourself with each model's unique qualities but don't forget to take off any objects that could scratch the guitar. A music salesman will let you try as many guitars as you like but may not be too happy about the little scratch your coat button left. Your choice of guitar will usually be based on the type of music you wish to play and the aesthetic appeal of the colour and design. ==Acoustic Guitars== [[image:guitar_1.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Di Giorgio Amazonia classical guitar]] There are two types of acoustic guitar: namely, the steel-string acoustic guitar and the classical guitar. Steel-string acoustic guitars produce a metallic sound that is a distinctive component of a wide range of popular genres. Steel-string acoustic guitars are sometimes referred to as flat tops. The word top refers to the face or front of the guitar, which is also called the table. Classical guitars have a wider neck than steel-string guitars and are strung with nylon strings. They are primarily associated with the playing of the solo classical guitar repertoire. Classical guitars are sometimes referred to as Spanish guitars in recognition of their country of origin. The acoustic guitar lends itself to a variety of tasks and roles. Its portability and ease of use make it the ideal songwriter's tool. Its gentle harp-like arpeggios and rhythmic chordal strumming has always found favor in an ensemble. The acoustic guitar has a personal and intimate quality that is suited to small halls, churches, and private spaces. For larger venues some form of amplification is required. An acoustic guitar can be amplified by placing a microphone in front of the sound hole or by installing a pickup. There are many entry-level acoustic guitar models that are manufactured to a high standard, and these are entirely suitable as a first guitar for a beginner. ==Electric Guitars== [[w:en:Electric guitar|Electric guitars]] are solid-bodied guitars that are designed to be plugged into an amplifier. The electric guitar when amplified produces a sound that is metallic with a lengthy decay. The shape of an electric guitar is not determined by the need for a deep resonating body and this had led to the development of contoured and thin bodied electric guitars. The two most popular designs are the [[w:en:Stratocaster|Fender Stratocaster]] and the [[w:en:Gibson Les Paul|Gibson Les Paul]]. Electric guitar strings are thinner than acoustic guitar strings and closer to the neck and therefore less force is needed to press them down. The ease with which you can bend strings, clear access to the twelfth position, the use of a whammy bar and the manipulation of pots and switches whilst playing has led to the development of a lead guitar style that is unique to the instrument. Fret-tapping is a guitar technique for creating chords and melody lines that are not possible using the standard technique of left-hand fretting and right-hand strumming. The sustain, sensitive pick-ups, low action and thin strings of the electric guitar make it an ideal instrument for fret-tapping. ==Electro-acoustic Guitars== Electro-acoustic guitars are commonly referred to as semi-acoustic guitars. Electro-acoustic guitars have pickups that are specifically designed to reproduce the subtle nuances of the acoustic guitar timbre. Electro-acoustic pickups are designed to sound neutral with little alteration to the acoustic tone. The Ovation range of Electro-acoustic guitars have under-the-saddle piezo pickups and a synthetic bowl-back design. The synthetic bowl-back ensures a tough construction that stands up to the rigours of the road while offering less feedback at high volumes. Ovation were the first company to provide on-board Equalization and this is now a standard feature. The Taylor Electro-acoustic range uses the traditional all-wood construction and the necks of these guitars have a reputation for superb action and playability. Yamaha, Maton and many other companies manufacture Electro-acoustic guitars and the buyer is advised to test as many models and makes as they can while taking note of the unplugged and amplified sound. ==Twelve-string Guitars== The [[w:en:Twelve string guitar|twelve-string]] guitar is a simple variation of the normal six string design. Twelve-string guitars have six regular strings and a second set of thinner strings. Each string of the second set corresponds to the note of its regular string counterpart. The strings form pairs and therefore you play a twelve-string guitar in the same manner as you would a standard six-string. Twelve-string guitars produce a brighter and more jangly tone than six-string guitars. They are used by guitarists for chord progressions that require thickening. The twelve-string is mainly used as a rhythm instrument due to the extra effort involved in playing lead guitar using paired strings. Twelve-string guitars have twelve tuning pegs and double truss rods and are slightly more expensive than their corresponding six-string version. ==Archtop Guitars== [[Image:Guitar Epiphone 01.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Epiphone Emperor archtop guitar]] The [[w:en:Archtop guitar|archtop]] is a hollow or semi-hollow steel-string acoustic or electric guitar. The carved top, combined with violin-style f-holes and internal sound-block, creates a timbre that is acoustic and mellow. These two factors have made archtops a firm favourite with jazz guitarists. Acoustic and electric archtops are identical in design with the only difference being the addition of electro-magnetic pickups and pots. Archtops can either be full-bodied or thinline. The full-bodied archtop retains good volume and acoustic resonance when played unplugged, though feedback may be an issue when amplified. The thinline body minimizes feedback by sacrificing acoustic volume and resonance. The archtop is one of the most aesthetically pleasing guitar designs, and makers usually adhere to very high standards of construction and playability. These factors ensure its continuing popularity with guitarists. ==Steel Guitars== The [[w:en:steel guitar|steel guitar]] is unusual in that it is played horizontally across the player's lap. The steel guitar originates from Hawaii where local musicians, newly introduced to the European guitar, developed a style of playing involving alternative tunings and the use of a slide. The Hawaiian guitarists found that by laying the guitar flat across the lap they could better control the slide. In response to this new playing style some Hawaiian steel guitars were constructed with a small rectangular body which made them more suitable for laying across the lap.There are two types of steel guitar played with a steel, the solid metal bar from which the guitar takes its name, namely the lap steel guitar and the pedal steel guitar with its extra necks. The pedal steel guitar comes on its own stand with a mechanical approach similar to the harp. Pedals and knee-levers are used to alter the pitch of the strings whilst playing thereby extending the fluency of the glissandi technique. ==Touch Guitars== The first Touch Guitar Invention started in 1959 with the filing of patent #2,989,884 issued in 1961 as the first touch tapping instrument which could be played on two separated necks Simultaneously by muting the strings at the distal end of the neck along with numerous other claims. Until 1974 it was known as the DuoLectar and with a new patent "the "Electronic Mute" has been known as the "Touch Guitar. It is held in the normal way over the shoulder and design with the left hand playing the lower bass neck in a traditional way and the right hand playing over the top on a neck which has a wider string spacing allowing the hand to be used in both vertical and horizontal angles to the strings. It is absolutely off at all times, until Touched or picked. ==Resonator Guitars== [[w:en:resonator guitar|Resonator guitars]] are distinctive for not having a regular sound hole instead they have a large circular perforated cover plate which conceals a resonator cone. The cone is made from spun aluminum and resembles a loudspeaker. The bridge is connected to either the center or edge of the cone by an aluminum spring called the spider. The vibrations from the spider are projected by the cone through the perforated cover plate. The most common resonator guitars have a single cone although the original model patented in 1927 by John Dopyera had three and was called a tricone resophonic guitar. Resonator guitars are loud and bright. They are popular with blues and country guitarists and can be played with a slide or conventionally. Some resonator guitars possess metal bodies and these are called steel guitars. This can lead to some confusion with the Hawaiian guitar of the same name. They are two distinct instruments. The Hawaiian steel guitar takes its name from the steel bar used to create the glissandi and the Resonator steel guitar refers to the material used for the construction of the body. ==Bass Guitars== The [[Guitar/Bass_Guitar|bass guitar]] has a long neck (scale-length) and thick strings. The open strings of the bass guitar corresponds to the four lowest strings of the guitar and are pitched an octave lower. The standard bass has four strings though five and six string basses are available which extends the range of the instrument. Because the bass guitar is the bass instrument of the guitar family and the double-bass is the bass instrument of the orchestral string family, their similar roles have drawn bass players to both instruments. ==Double-neck Guitars== The double-neck guitar is designed so that two guitar necks can share one body. This design allows the guitarist to switch between either neck with ease. The double-neck guitar will normally have a standard six-string neck and a twelve-string neck. Other combinations, such as a six-string neck and a fretless neck, are available. The double-neck guitar may be used in live situations when a guitarist needs a twelve-string guitar for the rhythm part and a six-string guitar for the solo break. {{Guitar}} {{BookCat}} ct5m0fc4kysm3e7mgw7vdyoalvuodlx 2 156898 4095426 2856944 2022-08-23T09:24:24Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 L10nM4st3r moved page [[User:Example~enwikibooks]] to [[User:Example]] without leaving a redirect: I think that this should be here to be of larger benefit wikitext text/x-wiki Account created by [[User:Willscrlt|Willscrlt]] for use as an example user, such as references within templates, tutorials, and FAQs. '''Note to new users:''' This is not a testing space. Please experiment at [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]]. <small>'''Note to admins:''' Any use of this account, other than editing this page or its talk page, is unauthorized use and very likely vandalism. Feel free to revert it immediately. Thanks!</small> {{pp-protected|small=yes}} b8ml0w8u62d7cmw03qn8bty3xbesn80 4095429 4095426 2022-08-23T09:46:15Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki Account created by [[User:Willscrlt|Willscrlt]] for use as an example user, such as references within templates, tutorials, and FAQs. '''Note to new users:''' This is not a testing space. Please experiment at [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]]. You can create your own user page [[Special:MyPage|here]]. <small>'''Note to admins:''' Any use of this account, other than editing this page or its talk page, is unauthorized use and very likely vandalism. Feel free to revert it immediately. Thanks!</small> {{pp-protected|small=yes}} e2hjoh1jyjrssll737ujxkxzadpjjrw 3 156899 4095427 2910417 2022-08-23T09:24:25Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 L10nM4st3r moved page [[User talk:Example~enwikibooks]] to [[User talk:Example]] without leaving a redirect: I think that this should be here to be of larger benefit wikitext text/x-wiki '''This is an example user's talk page.''' If you leave a remark here, your questions and comments will not be answered. If you need help, please visit the [[Help:Contents|Help section]]. If you want to discuss matters related to this specific account, please leave your comments on it's creator's [[User:Willscrlt|talk page]]. Thank you. '''Note to new users:''' This is not a testing space. Please experiment at [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]]. {{pp-protected|small=yes}} == Your account will be renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|the announcement]] for more information. Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Example. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Example~enwikibooks that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can [[Special:GlobalRenameRequest|pick out a different name]]. Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in. Sorry for the inconvenience. Yours,<br />[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan Peterzell]]<br />Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation </div> 23:09, 17 March 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL finalisation notification --> == Renamed == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr”> This account has been renamed as part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Single User Login finalisation announcement|single-user login finalisation]]. If you own this account you can [[{{#special:userlogin}}|log in using your previous username and password]] for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: [[{{#special:GlobalRenameRequest}}]]. -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 04:57, 19 April 2015 (UTC) <!-- SUL post-rename notification --> t0cipto7ili1e9jf7qdfmyu0jiy80xi 4095428 4095427 2022-08-23T09:26:12Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 repairing page wikitext text/x-wiki '''This is an example user's talk page.''' If you leave a remark here, your questions and comments will not be answered. If you need help, please visit the [[Help:Contents|Help section]]. If you want to discuss matters related to this specific account, please leave your comments on it's creator's [[User:Willscrlt|talk page]]. Thank you. '''Note to new users:''' This is not a testing space. Please experiment at [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]]. {{pp-protected|small=yes}} 3jed5nkfch81e74ec1xcxkijmlgbik5 4095430 4095428 2022-08-23T09:47:28Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This is an example user's talk page.''' If you leave a remark here, your questions and comments will not be answered. If you need help, please visit the [[Help:Contents|Help section]]. If you want to discuss matters related to this specific account, please leave your comments on it's creator's [[User talk:Willscrlt|talk page]]. Thank you. '''Note to new users:''' This is not a testing space. Please experiment at [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]]. {{pp-protected|small=yes}} f99eiplr0dz5gh48916vjlw78e9v34d 5 196602 4095407 1854775 2022-08-23T06:19:47Z Ricky umphries 3399864 wikitext text/x-wiki Yes this is Ricky umphries rickyumphries01@gmail.com I suffer from p.t.s.ds from my childhood and if someone would have asked me why I hurt myself than I might have been helped years ago I just won't to know why no one offered me any help I believe in helping people lifting up thy brother and sister not treading on them being Godly turning negative into possible in Jesus name amen ==Link correction== The link to "medical topics" goes to the medicine bookshelf. It needs to go to [[Subject:Medicine]] instead since bookshelves are deprecated. -- [[User:Adrignola|Adrignola]] ^{[[User talk:Adrignola|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Adrignola|contribs]]} 15:27, 30 May 2009 (UTC) : '''Done''' --<span style="font: bold 10pt 'courier new', comic, sans, ms;">[[User:Darklama|<font color="midnightblue">dark</font>]][[User_talk:Darklama|<font color="green">lama</font>]]</span> 15:44, 30 May 2009 (UTC) nnh5aw1osva3jcg7o5jkkh6voccq30g 0 215281 4095394 1665155 2022-08-23T03:20:08Z 42.200.75.58 /* Imperial units */ Hkkbghj wikitext text/x-wiki {{quantity |quantity = Area |sym = A, S |dim = L² |si = square metre |sisym = m² |cgs = square centimetre |cgssym = cm² |imp = square foot |impsym = ft² }} ==SI units== ==Imperial units== {{clear}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} mx57dhhs2klntdkiyswpr86q0l86c1a 4095409 4095394 2022-08-23T07:02:34Z Xania 40302 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/42.200.75.58|42.200.75.58]] ([[User talk:42.200.75.58|talk]]) to last version by Adrignola wikitext text/x-wiki {{quantity |quantity = Area |sym = A, S |dim = L² |si = square metre |sisym = m² |cgs = square centimetre |cgssym = cm² |imp = square foot |impsym = ft² }} ==SI units== ==Imperial units== {{clear}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} plf99cpcqsdjzntwela025qqhaj3ka9 0 237398 4095388 4095219 2022-08-23T01:50:52Z Jeff1138 301139 wikitext text/x-wiki === Laptops === The following hardware has been tested with AROS and any issues have been noted. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. * 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card * 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] * 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks Usually avoid HP and Lenovo as the wifi card is bios locked cannot be swapped without hacking Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. So support is very slow after some improvement after 2005/6 for a few years. So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Date ! width="5%" |Overall ! width="5%" |Gfx VESA ! width="5%" |Gfx 2D Acceleration ! width="10%" |Gfx 3D Acceleration ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB |- | 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB |- | 2005-2010 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 20% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 20% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB |- | 2011-2014 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 15% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB |- | 2015-2017 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB |- | 2018-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 0% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB Ryzen |- |} 3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -> Show All to see them. Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from an ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) with together 80% market share and MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo (remaining 20%). ====Acer/Gateway/Emachines==== Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987 Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Packard Bell Aspire Extensa TimeLine Travelmate </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || <!--Chipset-->P2 Celeron 466Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || <!--Chipset-->ALi M1621 with piii || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber 9525 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || <!--USB-->2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->a few have Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || <!--Chipset-->Ali with piii || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || <!--Audio-->{{No|ali5451}} || <!--USB-->2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->e100 || <!--Wireless-->Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || <!--Chipset-->815 P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 82815 cgc || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 pro || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC |- | Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron |- | Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} || || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || <!--Chipset-->AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SIS 760 || <!--Audio-->SIS || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL-8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005GS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&postcount=13 AC97]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+ or AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || <!--Chipset-->940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - |- | <!--Name-->TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || <!--Chipset-->940GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - |- | <!--Name-->Gateway ML6227B MA7 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - |- | <!--Name-->eMachines E510 series KAL10 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel x3100 || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel with codec}} || <!--USB-->Intel || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu |- | A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 64bit possible |- | <!--Name--> Extensa 5630Z || <!--Chipset--> Intel GL40 Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || <!--Wireless--> {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || <!--Chipset-->E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6310 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C-70 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 codec || <!--USB-->USB untested || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Aspire V5-122P || <!--Chipset-->C70 with M55 or A6 1450 with ??? || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> 8210 || <!--Audio-->ATI Device 9840 || <!--USB-->FCH USB EHCI OHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k AR9565 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->bios hacking needed for virtualisation |- | <!--Name-->Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || <!--Chipset-->E1-2500 Dual or A4-5000 Quad BGA769 (FT3) both soldered || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320 or 8330}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Both AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec and HDMI}} || <!--USB-->{{No|OHCI and EHCI detected but not XHCI USB 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit big netbook - Boots after using F2 to enter EFI firmware Hudson-2 and setting AHCI to IDE mode |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Aspire 3 A315 41 || <!--Chipset-->2 core 4 thread Ryzen 2200u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" 1366 x 768 8gb 1080p 4g single channel ram |- | <!--Name-->Nitro 5 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 5 2500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->radeon rx560 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8168 8111 || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm ACA || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 15.6" |- | <!--Name-->Swift 3 || <!--Chipset-->4700U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> codec || <!--USB-->{{No|3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6 ac || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit very low srgb screen - LPDDR4 ram |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || <!--Chipset-->Intel desktop 850MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->S3 Savage MX || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit |- | <!--Name-->Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || <!--Chipset-->Athlon 4 mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use vesa sis630 || <!--Audio-->{{No|sis7018}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->sis900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->x51R X51RL || <!--Chipset-->Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k - could be ATI Chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA900 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8169 8101e || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] |- | <!--Name-->Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || <!--Chipset-->P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->Ac97 ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit only |- | <!--Name-->Z33 || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915GM || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC880 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2915ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A |- | Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit |- | [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X50GL F5GL || <!--Chipset-->T5800 with 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel |- | <!--Name-->Asus ASUS G50 & G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || <!--Chipset-->AMD64 with MCP71 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || <!--Audio-->Nvidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G or Intel || <!--Test Distro-->ICaros || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - |- | <!--Name-->Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || <!--Chipset-->965GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|intel 3495 not working}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.41 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - small form factor sub notebook, compact and works well but no 3D graphics |- | P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->A53U XT2 A53Z K53B X53U || <!--Chipset-->E350 or A6 3400M (A43TA A53TA XE2 A73T) || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No| use VESA ATi 6310 or 6520}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit - |- | <!--Name-->X55U X401U X501U || <!--Chipset-->C60, C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6290G || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->K55N || <!--Chipset-->AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD 7640G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio through ATi Trinity HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X102BA || <!--Chipset-->Llano E1 1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8180 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X452EA X552EA F552E K55N K75D || <!--Chipset-->AMD with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64BIT kabini trinity E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Vivobook X512DA F512DA || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 3500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2019 2020 15.6in FHD IPS |- | <!--Name-->ROG Zephyrus G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4900HS 4800HS 4600HS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia 1650Ti 1660Ti 2060}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Zenbook 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit - LPDDR4 ram - |- | <!--Name-->G14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 6900HS 6800u 6600u 6400u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->680M RDNA2 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== Dell ==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Studio Inspiron Vostro XPS Alienware Precision Latitude - good cases - electronics similar to everyone else as long as avoiding ATi Nvidia GPU BGA balled soldered graphics </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || <!--Audio-->{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || <!--IDE-->{{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || <!--Chipset-->440BX ZX/DX || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || <!--Chipset-->i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->poor build quality - hard to find in good working order |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C400 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Slim for the time - no media bays |- | <!--Name-->Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || <!--Chipset-->P4M with 845EP || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS4205 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->3com 905c || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit will boot from USB stick - won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style changed |- | Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L || 855GME * revA00 * revA03 * revA06 | {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - |- | Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} || || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1000 || <!--Chipset-->SIS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use VESA SIS}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd9eGGfFc7I boots James Kendall Celeron Amiga]] and [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1100 || <!--Chipset-->845 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 8500 5150 || <!--Chipset-->P4 855GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x untested}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit P4 runs well but wifi needs to be changed to Mini PCI Atheros to get Internet |- | Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case || 855GME * revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz * revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz | {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb, || 2004 12.1" 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max ddr 2700 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 * reva00 * revA01 * revA02 * revA03 * revA04 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || <!--Chipset-->82855 PM i855 || <!--IDE--> {{yes}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || <!--Opinion-->2003 32bit 14" - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - |- | <!--Name-->D800 (Compal LA-1901) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - |- | <!--Name-->D800 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Nvidia }} || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 570x || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4309 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 15inch 39cm |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA--> {{N/A}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 single core 32bit 14" 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || <!--Chipset-->Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb, || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4" WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 ram (2gb max) and wireless card access underside - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 bios |- | Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel and gearbox }} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but will not boot AROS One USB version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aros One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm slot ddr2 under keyboard - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port - |- | Latitude D410 PP06S *rev A00 *A01, A02 *A03 || GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz & 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5" - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb, || 2005 32bit 12.1" 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || <!--Chipset-->915GM socket 479 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 14.1" 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L || <!--Chipset-->910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz * Rev A0x * Rev A0x * Rev A07 1.73Ghz | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || <!--Chipset-->915GM || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || <!--USB--> {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 15.4" F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - |- | <!--Name-->Studio XPS M1210 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia G72M 7300 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92xx || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || <!--Chipset-->AMD on ATI RS480 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5 || <!--Comments-->2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 E1505 PP20L *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A0? Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on daughter board}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|usb boot }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1) *A00 Pentium M *A0? Core Duo T2060 *A08 Core2 Duo || <!--Chipset-->GM945 T2050 T2060 T2080 32bit || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA }} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92xx}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - 15.4" glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard for the time - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo to T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 43xx firmware licencing issues - swap for Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - |- | <!--Name-->Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || <!--Chipset-->945PM with T2600 T2700 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5752 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 17" workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage |- | <!--Name-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=10&topic_id=6931&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P)] PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 * revA00 Core Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400 * revA01 Core Duo 1.06Ghz u2500 * revA02 Core Duo 1.2Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{yes|ZIF 1.8" slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros Desktop 1.4 || <!--Opinion-->2006 32bit only - 12.1" 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D520 PP17L || <!--Chipset-->GMA950 * rev A02 64bit and to 4GB * rev A01 945GM Core Duo 32bit to 2GB * rev A00 940GML Celeron M / Core Solo 1.86Ghz | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || {{Yes|SATA}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 2D and OpenGL 1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes| }} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 || 2005 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or 15 inches (with up to XGA+ 1400 by 1050) |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->945GMS * rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS Xenon || <!--Opinion-->2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14" 1280 x 800 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i945 * revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit * revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless--> {{dunno}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * rev A00 * rev A01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Opinion-->2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte - - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Latitude D531 15" || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with IDT codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D430 PP09S || <!--Chipset-->945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz * rev A00 * rev A01 * rev A02 | <!--IDE-->ZIF PATA 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|3 }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1" 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D530 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments-->2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D630 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 + ICH8 * revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper * revA01 0DT785 heatsink | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.5 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->965GM with Core2 * revA00 * revA01 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->2007 15 inch [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=10480&forum=4&post_id=104520#forumpost104520 works well] updating the LCD is quite easy if you get the WXGA or WSXGA+. you disassemble the front bezel, unscrew the panel, disconnect the old display and connect the new one |- | <!--Name-->Latitude D830 || <!--Chipset-->ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || <!--Gfx-->nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2007 64bit 15." - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 |- | <!--Name-->XPS M1330 M1530 M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio STAC 9228 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro-->ICAROS 1.5 || <!--Comments-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7767&forum=1 Did not boot] |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2007 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GM965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC268 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 965 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - |- | <!--Name-->Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest |- | <!--Name-->Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || <!--Chipset-->GM965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2008 14" 15.6" 17" |- | <!--Name-->Studio 17 Studio 1735 (Intel Santa Rosa), Studio 1736 (AMD Turion 64 CPU), Studio 1737 (Intel Montevina), Studio 1745 1747 1749 Intel Calpella || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 / 2009 17inch Core2 or later i7 processor and DDR3 memory - JBL 2.1 speakers 2 x 1.5 watt and 3 watt subwoofer - random keyboard and sound malfunctions - |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4200 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GM45 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4322 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5400 E5500 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM5761e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap with pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E4300 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 4500 MHD || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82567LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit - 13.3" WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - |- | <!--Name-->E6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo P9500 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good |- | <!--Name-->[http://pick.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=28&topic_id=33755&post_id=617219&viewmode=thread&order=0 Latitude E6410] E6510 E6310 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8999&forum=4&post_id=92267#forumpost92267 ] |- | <!--Name-->E4310 E5410 ATG || <!--Chipset-->Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82577LM || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1525 PP29L || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo or Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2008 64bit 32bit 15.4" 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu - |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 1545 PP41L || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 15.6" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || <!--Chipset-->i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555 to 525M 540M 555M GT 435M 420M GF108M optimus || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit first models are pre and later Sandybridge - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - |- | <!--Name-->E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || <!--Chipset-->sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio no playback - IDT 92HD90 BXX codec or HDMI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6205 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.03 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit very little total support - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - |- | <!--Name-->E6220 E6320 || <!--Chipset-->2nd gen series 6 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio-->IDT 92HD90 BXX codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 5100 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Latitude E5420 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron M5040 || <!--Chipset-->E450, C50 or C60 with A50M chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit some support |- | Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great better under hosted |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC850 ?? || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2200U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 3 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 5000 || <!--Chipset-->R5 2500u 3500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon RX Vega8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64 bit - |- | <!--Name-->G5 15 SE || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4600H 4800H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 5600 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron 14 7000 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen R7 4700U R5 4500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->RX Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3.1 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 metal 1.5kg - chiclet keyboard - 270 nits screen 45% srgb - 40whr battery 5 hrs - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu-Siemens==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Amilo Esprimo Lifebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || <!--Chipset-->Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 only || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1999 32bit 10" 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->14.1 inch with minimal support |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook e8010 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || <!--Audio-->AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5336&forum=18&post_id=49506#forumpost49506 Icaros 1.3.1] || <!--Comments-->15.1 inch |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || <!--Chipset-->1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 use VESA || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Pro V2010 || <!--Chipset-->VIA CN400 PM880 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Rhine 6102 6103 || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT2500 || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes |- | <!--Name-->Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || <!--Chipset--> with VIA P4M900 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|IDE}} || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio with codec}} || <!--USB-->VT82xx 62xx || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->random freezes |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN | <!--Chipset--> | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE and EIDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}} | <!--Gfx--> {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}} | <!--USB--> {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}} | <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.5 usb | <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - |- | <!--Name-->Amilo SI 1520 1521p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Comments-->Some support but Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook S7020 S7020D || <!--Chipset--> Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 915 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC260 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || <!--Chipset-->1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram |- | <!--Name-->Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo / 1.2GHz 1.3GHz Core2 Duo || <!--IDE-->{{No}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 900 || <!--Audio-->HD audio with STAC9228 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® |- | <!--Name-->E8110 S7110 E8210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|945GM}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0 || <!--Comments-->32bit Core Duo |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Lifebook PH521 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-450 1.65GHz DDR3 1066MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD 6320M || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 802.11 bgn || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6 inch HD SuperFine LED 1366x768 pixels |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Presario Pavilion Omnibook ProBook Armada Elitebook </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->1c00 series Compaq Presario [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || <!--Chipset-->K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || <!--Audio-->VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116 XL118 XL119 XL125 |- | <!--Name-->1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with VIA PLE133 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || <!--Audio-->VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82557 Pro 100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL |- | Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || a little support via F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || <!--USB-->Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - |- | <!--Name-->HP Omnibook XE3 || <!--Chipset-->82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|e100 82557}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.51 || <!--Comments-->Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB |- | <!--Name-->TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || <!--Audio-->VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || <!--USB-->OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || <!--Wireless-->Atmel at76c506 802.11b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03) with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M] || <!--Audio-->Nvidia || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Some laptops, especially HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected |- | <!--Name-->Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || <!--Chipset-->VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive |- | Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || P4M CPU can get very warm |- | <!--Name-->NX7010 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 |- | <!--Name-->TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || <!--Chipset-->855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia Geforce4 Go || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name-->NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || <!--Chipset-->855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->max 160 GB for NW 8000 || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15" SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio) |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || <!--Chipset-->GMA 915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit Sonoma based - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8285&forum=4&post_id=82082#forumpost82082 Works well with some support] Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->945GM Core Duo || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB * 32bit Core Duo T2400 * 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NV NC6400 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo + 945PM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.2 || <!--Opinion--> Harmon Kardon speakers |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq NC6320 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with * 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 * 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5788}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2 || <!--Comments-->replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1" or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - |- | <!--Name-->HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo with 82945 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|BCM 5753M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - * 32bit 1.86GHz core duo * 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz |- | <!--Name-->HP DV6000 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel PRO 100 VE || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - |- | <!--Name-->HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia MCP51 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY |- | Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci}} || {{No| }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and 2.2 xmas || Unable to boot from cd or usb - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - |- | <!--Name-->Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || <!--Audio-->conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || <!--Chipset-->Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|SATA 150}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || <!--USB-->3 OHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3 - || <!--Comments-->[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&forum=48 works well] - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - |- | <!--Name-->v6630em v6642em || <!--Chipset-->nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario C700 || <!--Chipset-->GMA960 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || <!--Chipset-->GMA 965GM GL960 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || <!--Comments-->no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] |- | <!--Name-->HP 630 || <!--Chipset-->i3 CPU M 380 @ 2.53GHz 5 Series 3400 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 2D only || <!--Audio-->HD audio with Realtek ALC270A GR || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ40 CQ41 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BC4310 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom BCM4312 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Compal LA-4743P - |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Coxenant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> (Quanta AX1) |- | <!--Name-->CQ50 CQ56 || <!--Chipset-->Nvidia MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Geforce 8200M || <!--Audio-->nVidia HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->nvidia MCP77 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR928X || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->[http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->Intel || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ57 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 6310 wrestler || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 RTL8106E || <!--Wireless-->RaLink RT5390 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ58 103SA || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310M IGP || <!--Audio-->Realtek or idt || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->CQ60 CQ61 CQ62 || <!--Chipset-->MCP78S || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->rebrand wifi card (risky) or ar5b91 with no pins missing || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->cq70 cq71 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP DM1 635 || <!--Chipset-->E300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->ATI SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 SATA AHCI mode || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - AMD HD6310 or 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8106E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP ProBook 6470b and 6570b || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteBook 8470p || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProBook 6475b || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD || <!--Audio-->IDT || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit thick runs hot 14-inch (model C5A55EA) WXGA++ panel or 13-inch (6360b), 14-inch (6470b), 15-inch (4540s, 4535s) and 17-inch (4740s) |- | <!--Name-->HP Probook 4445s 4545s 455 645 HP Pavilion 15-b115sa || <!--Chipset-->AMD A4 4300M A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M FCH || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->7420 7520G 7640G 7660G || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin and light Sleekbook 15.6-inch |- | <!--Name-->15-bw0xx || <!--Chipset-->A9 9420 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC3227 and ATI R6xx HDMI || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111 8168 8411 || <!--Wireless-->RTL 8723DE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->15-db1xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon 300U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP Spectre X360 13 15 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 6500U 6560U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris 540 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 4K (3840 x 2160) down to 2560 x 1440 instead of 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->14-cm0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 2500U AMD Ryzen SOC 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->17-ca1xxx || <!--Chipset-->Ryzen 3500u AMD ID15D0 00 + AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek RTL8821CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Envy x360 2 in 1 13-ay0xxx || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->PCIe M.2 NVMe || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 2 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel wifi 6}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 13.3in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====IBM/Lenovo==== [[#top|...to the top]] Build quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > iSeries Edge Ideapad Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || <!--Chipset-->Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad 600x || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440BX || <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.3.1 || <!--Comments-->1998 32bit a little support - [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4120&start=0 Earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based] |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 440 BX ZX DX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || <!--USB-->1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->no mini pci intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || a little support - no audio |- | <!--Name-->A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || <!--Chipset-->440MX || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati rage mobility || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->intel e100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 |- | Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Mobility M6 LY || <!--Audio-->Ac97 CS4299 || <!--USB-->2 x 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 || <!--Wireless-->Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->with slice Ultrabase X2 - |- | <!--Name-->A30 A30p || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->AC97 CS 4299 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel Pro 100 ve || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || <!--Chipset-->830 || <!--IDE-->{{yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} || <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || <!--Comments--> Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. |- | Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || sound bit distorted |- | <!--Name-->R51 || <!--Chipset-->855M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip |- | Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5" PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1" TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit last IBM design |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X41 MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t MT 1866 1867 || <!--Chipset-->Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit support [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=61499#forumpost61499 some] amongst first Lenovo design |- | <!--Name-->R52 (most 18xx) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || <!--Chipset-->ATi 200m || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{No|ATI}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad T60 T60P without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || <!--Chipset-->*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA (2D) The "p" has powerful graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || <!--Comments-->2005 * 64bit model starting 6 or 8 is widescreen on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4" widescreen 16:10 formats * 32bit model starting with 1 and 2 are standard 4:3 machines, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 14", 15" standard 4:3 |- | <!--Name-->X60 x60s x60t tablet || <!--Chipset-->945GMS 940GML || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel 3945 ABG and atheros AR5BXB6 (54Mbit) with bios hacking}} || <!--Comments-->Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - untested fru 39T5578 Atheros AR5BXB6 ar5007eg and ath5k AR5BXB72 (AR5008) ath9k - an Apple branded Atheros AR9820 (AR5BXB92) perhaps needs a zendered bios risky |- | <!--Name-->R60 R60e || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 1981HD codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4300&forum=24&post_id=37717#forumpost37717] || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit |- | <!--Name-->X61 x61s X61T Tablet || <!--Chipset-->i965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->82566DM || <!--Wireless-->{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || 2007 64bit possible <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6744&forum=24&post_id=64541#forumpost64541 some support] with ultrabook running very hot - |- | <!--Name-->R61 R61i || <!--Chipset-->Intel 965 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 965 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 || <!--Chipset-->Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy. |- | Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || bits of laptop works |- | <!--Name-->X300 || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3" TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad [http://x301.mcdonnelltech.com/ X301] || <!--Chipset-->Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || <!--Gfx-->Intel X4500 || <!--Audio-->AD1984A || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display - 2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m |- | <!--Name-->[http://blog.maniac.nl/2010/11/06/thinkpad-edge-11-amd-nile-and-using-it-with-ubuntu-gnulinux/#comments Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325] || <!--Chipset-->M880G || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{no|ATI HD4200}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name-->X100e || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v some support - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - |- | <!--Name-->SL400 SL500 || Intel || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || || |- | <!--Name-->SL410 SL510 || 965 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || SL-410 |- | <!--Name-->T400 ODM Wistron || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->T400s || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585 (T400s) untested}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel e1000e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->non-free firmware required iwlwifi |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T500 T510 || <!--Chipset-->i || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|switchable Intel / AMD HD 3640}} || <!--Audio-->{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot replaced BIOS] || <!--Chipset-->GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.1 || <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 12.1" CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || <!--Chipset-->qm57 with i5 m || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 xmas || <!--Comments-->battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400 |- | <!--Name-->X201 X201s x201t || <!--Chipset-->QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || <!--USB-->{{yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5" WXGA |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T420 type 4180 4236 t420s T520 4239 L520 || <!--Chipset-->i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2.2 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W520 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m || <!--Audio-->Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579 Lm || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6000s || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6" TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight |- | <!--Name-->X220 x220t || <!--Chipset-->QM67 express sandy bridge i5 2520M dual or i7 dual 2620M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 with AMD E350 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->yes || <!--Gfx-->ATI 0x9802 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8169 RTL8111 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S205 G575 G585 || <!--Chipset-->E-350 later E-450 with A75 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD6310 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit removeable and plug in battery - slow cpu |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad S206 || <!--Chipset-->AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec || <!--USB-->3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom 10/100 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 11.6" and integrated battery - Conexant® |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 or E-450 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec || <!--USB-->USB 30 and USB 20 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit rubber edged bumper for K12 education market |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad U310 U410 || <!--Chipset-->i5 3317 3rd gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T430 t430i T530 || <!--Chipset-->ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269 codec playback ear phones - HDA 6.27}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel e1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 17aa / 30a1}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad L430 L530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 rtl810x || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6205 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit alps trackpad |- | <!--Name-->Thinkpad W530 || <!--Chipset-->Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82579LM || <!--Wireless-->Intel 6300 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - |- | <!--Name-->X230 x230t || <!--Chipset-->Intel QM67 express || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Yoga S1 20CD 20c0 || <!--Chipset-->i5 4200U 4300, i7 4500U 4600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 4400 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio codec || <!--USB-->2 USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 7260 AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2013 12.5" 1366 x 768 to 1920 x 1080 IPS 400 nits touchscreen (Elan Microelectornics 0x04f3 0x0254) with Wacom 0x056a 0x00ec active digitizer pen - backlit keyboard - dock inline onelink - |- | <!--Name-->x140e E145 || <!--Chipset-->E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8260 or 8330 || <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit 11.6" 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - |- | <!--Name-->T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || <!--Chipset-->intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel AC 7260}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 14 and 15" models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available |- | <!--Name-->X240 x240t || <!--Chipset-->haswell || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel }} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Realtek }} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2014 |- | <!--Name-->T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || <!--Chipset-->Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M see bottom of case || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->Intel Wireless AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 14" 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - |- | <!--Name-->x250 x250t || <!--Chipset-->i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I218 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 7265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5" screen - partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - uefi issues - |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T460 T460s T460p T560 L560 || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U i7 6600U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel with Nvidia GeForce 940MX optimus || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with || <!--USB-->{{No|Gen 3}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 14 and 15" models - |- | <!--Name-->x260 x260t || <!--Chipset-->Intel Sky Lake i5 i7 6500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->HD Graphics 520 (Skylake GT2) || <!--Audio-->Intel Sunrise Point-LP HD Audio (rev 21) with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel I219-V || <!--Wireless-->Intel 8260AC AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12.5" 1920x1080 (FHD) matte IPS - 16GB DDR4 (2133) - |- | <!--Name-->T470 T470t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x270 x270t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->X1 Carbon Gen 5 || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U 7300U i7 7500U 7600U with vPro 7th gen || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 SSD 128GB on PCIe || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Conexant® CX11871 codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 USB-C 3.1 gen 2}} || <!--Ethernet-->Intel l219 extension port || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit - very little direct support - 14" FHD 1920 x 1080 or 14” WQHD 2560 x 1440, anti-glare, 300 nits, 700:1 contrast ratio, IPS - Webcam HD 720p fixed focus - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T480 T480t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x280 x280t || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 kaby || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 6x0 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->T490 T490t || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->x390 || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 whisky lake || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD UHD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9560 AC soldered || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->13.3 1388 x 768 TN or IPS - |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega 8 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->RTL8822BE AC (1×1) || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 |- | <!--Name-->IdeaPad 5 15 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD 4500u 4700u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel ax200 wifi 6 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit 15 inch mid srgb display |- | <!--Name-->Flex 5 14 2 in 1 || <!--Chipset-->AMD R5 4500u || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->M.2 NVMe ssd || <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->socket realtek ac wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in 1080p touch low nits - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - |- | <!--Name-->Lenovo ThinkBook 13S || <!--Chipset-->6800u 2.7GHz 6600U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{No|NVMe}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 680M RNDA2}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{No|USB4}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 13in most components soldered down |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->NP-Q1 Q1 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1.8" SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec - head phones only}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7" WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - |- | <!--Name-->NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || <!--Chipset-->Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - |- | <!--Name-->NP P500 family P500Y || <!--Chipset-->AMD with SB600 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| Audio with codec }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros G}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - |- | <!--Name-->R505 R510 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->R520 R522 R610H R620 || <!--Chipset-->Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730) || <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5007EG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2010 64 bit possible |- | NP-R530 || || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 or E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 6320 || <!--Audio-->ALC ACL 269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom 4313 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit |- | <!--Name-->NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || <!--Chipset-->E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 6470 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111 8168B || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony==== [[#top|...to the top]] <pre> VAIO = Video Audio Integrated Operation and later as Visual Audio Intelligent Organizer (2008) VPC = VAIO PC VGN = </pre> 2014 Sony looks to sell off to another company their laptop lines and PC Vaio divisions as sales decline {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Sony C1 VN XS MZX MHP - U Series PCG-U3 || <!--Chipset-->TM5800 or PII 400Mhz mobile || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Picturebook series Transmeta Crusoe used swivel camera - |- | <!--Name-->Z505LE Z505JE || <!--Chipset-->P3 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->n/a || <!--Gfx-->Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || <!--Audio-->no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || <!--Wireless-->n/a || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->parent company of the Sony Group through its five operating segments — electronics (Sony Corp), games, entertainment (motion pictures Columbia and music), financial services and other |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG - FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 [http://www.litzinger.com/fxa32.html PCG-FXA32], FXA33, FXA35/D, FXA36, FXA47, FXA48, FXA49, FXA59 || <!--Chipset-->[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{partial|boot issue with latest 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Comments-->Nightly 1st March 2013 || <!--Comments-->booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze ocassionally hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || <!--Chipset-->Intel i815 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || <!--Audio-->Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel e100 || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 32 bit some support 2004 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a "chiclet" keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || <!--IDE-->1.8 inch ZIF || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945GMS || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell Yukon 8036 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC |- | <!--Name-->E Series VPC EB11 FX/T EB15 FM/T || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->consumer grade |- | Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->YB Series || <!--Chipset-->E 350 AMD dual core || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Conexant CX20584 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR5B97 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15.5" VAIO VPC YB13KXP EL1E1E/B vpcel1e1e |- | <!--Name-->Sony Vaio VPC || <!--Chipset-->AMD E450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->11.6" - EL2S1E YB3V1E YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/S YB3V1E/G |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Toshiba==== [[#top|...to the top]] Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) <pre > Equium Satellite (Pro) Libretto Portege Tecra </pre > {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support |- | <!--Name-->Tecra 9100 || <!--Chipset-->810 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|ymf754}} || <!--USB-->USB 1.1 || <!--Ethernet-->eeee pro100 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support |- | Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || <!--Chipset-->P4M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GM or Radeon || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a few models came with antenna leads |- | Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A40 A45 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || <!--Chipset-->P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || <!--Audio-->AC97 Realtek || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit - |- | Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Portege M300 - M200 tablet || <!--Chipset-->855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || <!--IDE-->{{yes}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->little support |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 || <!--Chipset-->915GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861 routes audio]}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->100 101 120 121 180 181 182 183 - |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A5 || <!--Chipset-->910GML || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 915GMS 910GML || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Portege R100 R200 || <!--Chipset-->915GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros ar5005gs - askey AR5BMB5 - PA3416U || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M3 || <!--Chipset-->915GM with || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia TE 6200 6600 128MB || <!--Audio--> AC97 STAC9750 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8053 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Dark screen issues |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M 370 1.5GHz with RC410M SB400 || <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros maybe not working with ATi chipset}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2004 32bit 14" pioneer dvd-rw - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - |- | Satellite Pro M40 || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{dunno}} || || nice laptop with some support |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L PSL43E || <!--Chipset-->945GM with U7700 1.3GHz ULV || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || <!--Chipset-->945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 945 || <!--Audio-->{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR24xx Askey || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.0.3 || <!--Comments-->32bit only - |- | <!--Name-->Portege M400 tablet || <!--Chipset-->945 12.1 inch || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 950 || <!--Audio-->Intel HD with STAC9200 codec || <!--USB-->2 usb 2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Intel gigabit || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945ABG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->32bit mostly - Core Duo T2400 / T4200 1.83Ghz or Intel Core Solo T1300 @ 1.66 GHz with later models having Core 2 Duo T5500 1.66Ghz |- | <!--Name-->Tecra M5 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA950 or Nvidia Quadro NVS 110M or Radeon X1400 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A6 A7 || <!--Chipset-->GM945 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 or Radeon X1400 or X1600 (M56P) or Nvidia Quadro NVS 300M || <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio Realtek ALC861}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 82573L e1000e || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Tecra A8 PTA82e PTA83E || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek ALC262 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->e1000 || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 3945abg}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A100 || <!--Chipset-->940G || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC861 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Intel 100 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 swap with atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6), || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->ALC861 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8136 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || <!--Chipset-->Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 945 || <!--Audio-->ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || <!--USB-->UHCI EHCI || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15V 4A charger - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro A120 || <!--Chipset-->Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || <!--Audio-->ALC262 || <!--USB-->OCHI UHCI || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->15v 5a proprietary charger needed |- | <!--Name-->Satelite A130 PSAD6U || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8101E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros or Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827 - |- | <!--Name-->Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M with 945GM Express || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination |- | <!--Name--> A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || <!--Chipset--> Ati with SB690 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC268 || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments-->A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - |- | <!--Name--> [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || <!--Chipset--> Ati X1200 with SB600 || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}}|| <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|SATA}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> {{Yes| }}|| <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| <!--Wireless--> {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| <!--Test Distro--> AspireOS 1.8 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Tecra A10 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64 bit possible |- | <!--Name-->L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || <!--Chipset-->GL960 with Intel Celeron || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->1,73Ghz M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz) T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - |- | <!--Name-->P305 || <!--Chipset-->965 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->RV635 HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 3600 Series] || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8040 || <!--Wireless-->Intel3945 ABG [Golan] || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio - Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8102E || <!--Wireless-->Atheros 5005 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->satellite l300 l300d l305 (inventec ps10s) || <!--Chipset-->AMD Turion RM70 + || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Toshiba Satellite R630 Portege R700 || i5-450M || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA (2D) || {{dunno}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 82577LC Gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || 1 hr battery life - Ricoh e822 SD host no |- | <!--Name-->Satellite L450 12 13 14 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8172 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || <!--Chipset-->intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel 4500m || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || <!--Wireless-->RTL8191 SEvB || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 |- | <!--Name-->satellite l350d || <!--Chipset-->AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 3100 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8187b || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || <!--Chipset-->AMD || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6310 6320 || <!--Audio-->AMD HD Audio conexant codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D C670D || <!--Chipset-->AMD E350 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->6310G || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC259 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek || <!--Wireless-->Broadcom || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2011 zacate |- |<!--Name-->Toshiba Satellite C660D 19X || <!--Chipset-->AMD E-300 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->r8169 rtl8101e || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C70D-A C75D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1-1200 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->AMD HD8330 || <!--Audio-->HA Audio CX20751 11Z || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8162 8166 8168 alx || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8188e || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->C40D C50D-A C55D-A || <!--Chipset-->E1 2100 or A4 5000 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->8330 || <!--Audio-->HD Realtek ALC269Q || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->kabini |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.laptopsolutions.net/Mitac-laptop-notes.htm Mitac 5033] || <!--Chipset-->K6-2 333Mhz || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2000 32bit 5033H MiNote 5033K MyNote 810 Mitac 7020, the Mitac M722, the MyNote 820 - Mitac 5033L, Schneider 5033, LifeTec LT98 |- | <!--Name-->Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || <!--Chipset-->K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || <!--IDE-->{{N/A|Issues}} || <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} || <!--Gfx-->Use VESA || <!--Audio-->{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} - untested || <!--USB-->via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->{{N/A}} || <!--Test Distro-->NB May 2013 || <!--Comments-->2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK |- | <!--Name-->NEC Versa S260 || <!--Chipset-->P3-M with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->ATi Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->VIA Audio Adapter with AD 1886 codec || <!--USB-->VIA || <!--Ethernet-->intel pro 100 82551QM or rhine2 || <!--Wireless-->Mini PCI card ORiNOCO || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2002 32bit North Bridge: VIA VT83C694T / South Bridge: VIA VT82C686B |- | <!--Name--> Medion 9626 Maxdata M-Book 1000T Targa Gericom 1400c || <!--Chipset-->Athlon with VIA chipset || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - S3 ProSavage || <!--Audio-->via ac97 686b || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->1GHz 1.2GHz 1.4GHz 1.6GHz 1.8GHz and VIA KN133 PN133 - vt82c686b |- | <!--Name--> Medion MD9703 FIC A360 A380 Gericom 1st Supersonic M6T || <!--Chipset-->Pentium 1.2GHz and VIA Apollo MVP3 Pro133x || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA - Radeon M6 || <!--Audio-->ac97 via with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->vt82c686b |- | <!--Name-->FIC MB05 Medion MD41100 Cebop CDG || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M, 1.4 GHz with i855 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel i855GM || <!--Audio-->AC97 || <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->8080B, Advent 7041, Medion MD 40676 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium-M 1.5GHz with i855PM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->64 MB nVidia GeForce FX Go 5200 || <!--Audio-->AC97 ALC202 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->Intel 2100 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.ecs.com.tw/ECSWebSite/Product/Product_Detail.aspx?CategoryID=3&DetailID=540&DetailName=Feature&MenuID=93&LanID=0 ECS 321] Advent 7094 || <!--Chipset-->Celeron M with SIS 661GX 963L || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->SiS 661 741 760 PCI/AGP or 662/761Gx PCIE || <!--Audio-->AC97 SIS rev a0 or Realtek ALC655 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->SIS 900 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 CF-29 CF-30 || <!--Chipset-->Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->use VESA || <!--Audio-->AC97 SigmaTel || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8139C || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2003 32bit |- | <!--Name-->MSI Microstar PR210 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments-->204 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option |- | <!--Name-->Gateway LT3100 (LT3103u) || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{dunno|legacy mode?}} || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->ATI SBx00 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->2004 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Advent 7106 EAA-88 || <!--Chipset-->Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.1 || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit 14" cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - |- | <!--Name-->Quanta KN1-GM (Intel) KN1-PM (Nvidia) || <!--Chipset-->Intel 915GM || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->intel or Nvidia MXM card 6600 6800go 8600 9600m || <!--Audio-->ALC260 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless-->IIntel Pro 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 32bit aka Gericom 1st Supersonic PCIE-KN1, Advent 6001, Advent 7098, Enpower 611, CTL, ECS |- | <!--Name-->Sahara slate sg22 I400 series and i440D || <!--Chipset-->900 950 with Celeron 423 and later Core 2 Duo L2500 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 early 32bit intel tablets kiosk based 12.1-inch fujitsu resistive screen with magnetic pen or with wacom digitiser - short battery life |- | <!--Name-->Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || <!--Chipset-->915 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->915 || <!--Audio-->Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 || <!--Wireless-->Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb |- | <!--Name-->Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || <!--Chipset-->945GMS || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Broadcom || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2006 32bit |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Wyse XM Class || <!--Chipset-->T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{No| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 6310 6320}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2012 64bit 14" |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI GS60 Ghost Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 4700HQ Quad || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia 970M 980M discrete || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 15.6" Full HD 1920 x 1080 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago UltraPro galu1 Gazelle - Taiwan OEM Clevo W740SU || <!--Chipset-->4th Gen Intel® Core i7 4770HQ 14" || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel Iris Pro 5200 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA Vt1802 or vt1812 codec || <!--USB-->USB 3.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel® Wireless AC WiFi 3160 or 7260 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->plastic construction |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core M5 M7 M3-6Y30 Dual Core || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GTX 760M || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.0}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit 12.5 Inch - |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air || <!--Chipset-->i5 6200U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit 13.3" Classic Fingerprint edition |- | <!--Name-->Microsoft Surface Book || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel (i5) Nvidia (i7) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{No}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 13.5" 3000 x 2000 ultrabook |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade Stealth 14 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook || <!--Chipset-->Intel Core m3-6Y30 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 2160 x 1440 Pixels - |- | <!--Name-->Matebook D || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC 8265 8275 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - 15.6-inch PC |- | <!--Name-->Matebook E || <!--Chipset-->i5 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 2 in 1 - 12" |- | <!--Name-->Matebook X || <!--Chipset-->i5 i7 7500u || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 GPU || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with Realtek codec || <!--USB-->{{No|2 usb-c ports}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 A4 size 13" IPS 2K 1440p 2160 x 1440 - dolby atmos speakers - 4 hrs battery lhs charging - one hand opening - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Gazelle - Clevo N850HZ || <!--Chipset-->i3 7100H i5 7300HQ i7 7700HQ || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 630 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 15.6" 1920 × 1080 LED Backlit, Matte - Chicony PSU - 720p webcam better at 480 - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Galago Pro galp2 - Clevo N130BU || <!--Chipset-->i5 7200U i7 7500U || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD 620 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->Intel AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit 13.3″ 3K 1800p so 3200 × 1800 HiDPI glossy - |- | <!--Name-->System76 Oryx Pro || <!--Chipset-->i7 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Nvidia GTX 1070 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Aorus X5 MD Gaming || <!--Chipset-->i7 7th gen || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 GDDR5X 8GB Max-Q || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with 32-bit ESS Sabre Hi-Fi Audio DAC || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2017 64bit - up to 15.6″ UHD 3840 x 2160 IPS Anti-Glare - External 8K Display Output - RGB backlit keyboard - |- | <!--Name-->Razer Blade 15 || <!--Chipset-->HM370 with i7 8750H || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA-->M.2 or PCIe SSD || <!--Gfx-->Intel HD with Optimus Nvidia || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{N/A} || <!--Wireless-->Intel 9260AC || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 64bit 15inch FHD 4k DDR4 |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || <!--Chipset-->2500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 14inch 1080p budget entry |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->NVMe || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} || <!--USB-->{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Intel or Realtek || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2018 2019 2020 budget model - f6.5 recessed webcam - D 14 42Whr later 56Whr battery |- | <!--Name-->Huawei Matebook X Pro || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit top end model |- | <!--Name-->Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || <!--Chipset-->AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->SSD 3 || <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->{{no|3.1}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Netbook=== [[#top|...to the top]] * One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] * installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) * PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook * SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100, EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, [http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] ====Acer Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - |- | Aspire One [http://overthis.com/2008/12/stubborn-aspire-one-hacking/ AOA150 (A150)] (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5082&viewmode=flat&order=ASC atheros 5k] || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | Aspire One AOD150 [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=47829#forumpost47829 D150 (Compal LA-4781P)] || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 alc272] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5082&forum=4&post_id=46956#forumpost46956 Acer Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5138&forum=26 alc272 HD Audio] || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&order=0&item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM350 NAV51 || <!--Chipset--> with N450 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel 3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio with codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.2 || <!--Comments-->Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1" LED backlit screen and Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - |- | <!--Name-->emachines eM355 || <!--Chipset--> with N455 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->64bit support possible - |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One 533 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ALC272 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros 1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support |- | Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C50 or C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || || |- | <!--Name-->AAOD270 Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3650 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Dunno|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || <!--Chipset-->AMD C60 with SB900 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1.2 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->emachines || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Asus Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || Power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A - |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. |- | [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5822&forum=4&post_id=54398#forumpost54398 ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=32391&forum=28&start=20&viewmode=flat&order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5980&forum=1&post_id=58940#forumpost58940 Boot issues] but does [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=62348#forumpost62348 boot] with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions |- | eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=70963#forumpost70963 Nightly Build 2012 05-25] || |- | eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=59063#forumpost59063 Icaros 1.4] || |- | eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=63608 Aspire OS 1.6] || |- | <!--Name-->eeePC 1001ha || <!--Chipset-->GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->some support |- | eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview || NM10 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6760&forum=4&post_id=64732#forumpost64732 Icaros 1.3.3] || |- | EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C30 or dual C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Flare X101CH Cedarview || <!--Chipset-->N2600 + N10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 6300 || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Flare 1025CE 1225CE || <!--Chipset-->N2800 + N10 || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Mini 110 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{Maybe|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Yes|Intel GMA 950}} | <!--Audio--> {{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{No|Atheros}} | <!--Wireless--> {{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Inspiron [http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Dell_Inspiron_Mini Mini 9 910] || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC PATA IDE Mini PCIe Interface 16GB SSD very slow - replace with RunCore and SuperTalent GFDL part}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and possible 3D}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Realtek RTL8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312}} || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=58942#forumpost58942 Tested with ICAROS 1.3.] but later Icaros Desktops do not fully boot up and AspireOS || IDE SSD appears not reason for non boot |- | <!--Name-->Mini 10 1010 || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z520 Z530 Poulsbo || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || |- | <!--Name-->1012 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Inspiron Mini 1018 || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{partial|IDE mode }} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || <!--Audio-->{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->A90 A90n || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || <!--Test Distro-->AspireOS 1.8 and Icaros 2.1.1 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue |- | <!--Name-->Latitude 2110 2120 || <!--Chipset-->N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Yes|ATA mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} || <!--Wireless-->{{No| swap for Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icros 2.3 || <!--Comments-->2011 64bit ddr2 sodimm |- |} ====HP Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || Gfx || HD Audio || USB || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || || |- | <!--Name-->Mini 700 702 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | Mini 100 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || || |- | Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || |- | HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || wire || || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |} ====Lenovo Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || || little support |- | IdeaPad S12 || N270 + Nvidia ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5134&forum=26&post_id=46939#forumpost46939] || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Ideapad 100S || <!--Chipset-->Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel || <!--Audio-->Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} || <!--Wireless-->Realtek RTL8723BS || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->2015 64bit - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Packard Bell Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S || <!--Chipset-->N280 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC272X || <!--USB--> USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Atheros l1e}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros 9k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .SE || <!--Chipset-->N450 + || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC|| <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot .S2 NAV50 || <!--Chipset-->N455 NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->Intel X3150 || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros || <!--Wireless-->Atheros || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dot M/A || <!--Chipset-->1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy mode? || <!--Gfx-->AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ATI SBx00 || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || <!--Wireless-->{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Samsung Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&topic_id=33755&forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues |- | [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || little support |- | N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none |- | N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187}} || || good support - but nothing for wireless or Namuga 1.3M Webcam |- | <!--Name-->Go NP-N310 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + 945GME || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|Atheros5k}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6797&forum=4&post_id=65793#forumpost65793 works well] but N280 version changed specs |- | N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Axx || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=53642#forumpost53642 ] || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || some support |- | NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6294&forum=24&post_id=59122#forumpost59122 some support] but often the trackpad does not work |- | <!--Name-->[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || <!--Chipset-->MN10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{No| }} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{Maybe| }} || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC269 || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->a little |- | <!--Name-->NC110 Pxx Cedarview || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Intel 6000g}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Sony Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Vaio VGN-P11Z | <!--IDE--> {{dunno}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Marvell}} | <!--Wireless--> {{no|Atheros AR928X}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 2.0.3 | <!--Comments--> Rarely boots! |- | <!--Name-->Sony VPC-W11S1E | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Wireless--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 N280 with 945GSE - 10.1" 1366 x 768 - 3hr battery life - |- |} ====Toshiba Netbooks==== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->NB100 || <!--Chipset-->945GM || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|legacy}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->some support |- | <!--Name-->Mini NB200 series NB205 || <!--Chipset-->N280 + GSE945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 300 series NB305 || <!--Chipset-->N455 with NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC272 HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->{{no|AR9285}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->legacy || <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || <!--Audio-->HD Audio || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->RTL8101E RTL8102E || <!--Wireless-->Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || Realtek SD card reader |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc Netbooks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="5%" |Ethernet ! width="10%" |Wireless ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="30%" |Comments |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=3944&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0 Cammy's A1600] || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 || |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || <!--Chipset-->Intel 945 || <!--ACPI--> || <!--SATA-->{{yes}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC269 HD Audio || <!--USB-->{{yes}} || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{yes|AR5001}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->good |- | Guillemot [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5043&forum=26&post_id=45734#forumpost45734 Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || <!--Chipset-->N450 + NM10 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->IDE legacy mode || <!--Gfx-->Pineview Intel (2D) || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->Atheros l1c || <!--Wireless-->Atheros AR9285 || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Opinion--> |- | MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 || |- | Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || <!--Chipset-->N270 + GMA945 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || <!--Gfx-->{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || <!--Audio-->ALC HD Audio || <!--USB-->USB2.0 || <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || <!--Wireless-->{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->MSI U100 clone |- | <!--Name-->Archos 10 Netbook || <!--Chipset-->Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || <!--IDE-->{{No }} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->GMA 950 || <!--Audio-->HS Audio with ALC662 codec || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8139 || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || <!--Chipset-->Intel N455 || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} || <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL}} || <!--Wireless-->{{No|Atheros AR 9K}} || <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.1 || <!--Comments-->needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--Chipset--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Wireless--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Desktop Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. ====Acer==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe| with realtek codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe| nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 dvd | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - |- | <!--Name-->Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, Intel Atom 230 single core slim nettop subcompact | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD Audio with ?? codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|Will not often boot usb2 stick but more issues / slow with usb3 based pen drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu - atheros 5k and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M - nouveau 3d - '''when it works''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|1% chance will boot with usb2 sticks but more issues / slow with usb3 drives}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|MCP79 nForce}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.5 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2010 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k or keep and use AR5BXB63 (Win7) - |- | <!--Name-->REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G *one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged *looping one long two short, a video card fault *two short beeps... CMOS damaged *got one long and one short beep... board error? | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d & 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit 20cm/8" high 1 ltr quiet fan - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 only 2GB maybe 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe * Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip using ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - |- | <!--Name-->Revo 70 (RL70) - AMD E450 1.65GHz | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit - |- |} ====Asus==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->EEEbox B202 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Intel GMA950 | <!--Audio-->Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111 or JM250 | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros | <!--Comments-->internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Dell==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name--> Precision 340 | <!--IDE--> {{yes}} | <!--SATA--> {{n/a}} | <!--Gfx--> {{n/a}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|3Com}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 2400 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}} | <!--Test Distro-->[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4] | <!--Comments-->Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution. |- | <!--Name-->Dimension 4600 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno}} | <!--Gfx-->{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 170L | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX260 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{yes|Intel AC97}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX270 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | <!--Comments--> |- | Optiplex GX280 | {{yes|Working}} | {{partial|IDE mode}} | {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}} | {{yes|Intel AC97}} | {{yes|USB 2.0}} | {{no|Broadcom}} | Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex GX520 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{yes|Intel GMA}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 745 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}} | <!--USB--> {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 755 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|IDE mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.5.1 | <!--Comments--> Around 25 second delay in booting from USB |- | <!--Name--> Optiplex 990 | <!--IDE--> {{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> {{partial|non-RAID mode}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{no|Intel Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> Nightly Build 2014 09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 360 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA untested}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aspire Xenon | <!--Comments-->poor support |- | <!--Name-->[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 outside 2 inside USB2}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->Dell RxxL thin client | <!--IDE-->128Mb IDE or 1GB | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 & CN15) can used to power the SATA device "4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm - SATA Hyperdisk}} | <!--Gfx-->AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, 1GB 2GB or 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - *R00L Cloud PC of Wyse WSM *R10L Wyse Thin OS *R50L Suse Linux Enterprise *R90L Windows XP Embedded *R90LW Windows Embedded Standard 2009 *R90L7 Windows Embedded Standard 7 |- | <!--Name-->Dell Optiplex FX170 thin client aka 10Zig 56xx range, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.5 | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v psu - Password Fireport |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - dt very slim - mt mini tower desktop | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{maybe|realtek}} | <!--Test Distro-->aros one 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek pcie bt not Broadcom 57XX}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - |- | <!--Name-->Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|1 pci-e}} | <!--Audio-->{{maybe|HD Audio}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 *username: Administrator, admin, [blank] *password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+ | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE mode may need ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased 120gb wd green ssd??}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable - 1 display port untested, no hdmi port}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker - none if v6.29 used}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - boot with noacpi - BIOS via delete during boot - p key to select boot - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6" small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 7010 thin client black case | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode for half slim sata2 ssd ata.device, uncased sandisk z300s z400s goodram cl100 120gb gen3 untried}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 through DVI and DP 1.1a hdmi adapters - no 3d support r600}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269 codec works on one case speaker only - HD Audio 6.29 no output}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but seems to work like 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}} | <!--Test Distro-->Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8" high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - wifi card and 2 40cm SMA female bulkhead WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl WLAN Cable pigtail maybe *2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR *2013 Z10D *2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR *2015 Zx0 Z90D7 8GF/4GR *2017 Zx0 Linux ThinOS 8GF/2GR *20?? Cisco VXC white cases 6000 6215 CVXC-6215-K9 |- | <!--Name-->Wyse 7020 Thin Client * 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - * 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display)}} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - * 16/32GB Flash / 4GB RAM DDR3 (Windows 10, WE8S and WES7P) * Zx0Q 8GB Flash / 2GB RAM DDR3 (Linux) |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 8330E GCN 2.0 | <!--Audio--> with Realtek codec | <!--USB-->4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options |- | <!--Name-->Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes|IDE bios mode}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi/dvi ports}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|realtek 8169 8111h}} | <!--Test Distro-->AROS One 1.6 usb | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan - 15cm/6" high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Fujitsu Siemens==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop) | | | {{partial|VESA only}} | {{yes|AC97}} | | {{no|Intel PRO/1000}} | {{dunno}} | Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support. |- | Scenic T i845 | {{dunno}} | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | {{dunno|Intel AC97}} | {{dunno|UHCI}} | {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5.2 | AROS does not boot |- | <!--Name-->FUJITSU Futro S700 S900 Thin Client | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 (DP runs higher) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2011 64bit AMD 1.2Ghz - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 SODIMM sockets for DDR3 - *G-T56N 1.65GHz *G-T40N 1.00GHz *G-T44R 1.20GHz |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon HD 8280E later R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit - 1 Sodimm slot - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - *2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB *2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz up to 2.4 GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR all begin VFY:S0720P and end with a two digit country code |- | <!--Name-->Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E D3313-G | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R5E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 1 so dimm slot - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - *2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual *2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====HP Compaq==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Compaq presario 7360 | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Working}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 via}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|issues}} | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq EP Series 6400/10 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{N/A}} | <!--Audio--> {{no|ISA}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB 1.1}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq Evo D510 | {{yes|Working}} | {{N/A}} | {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | {{yes|AC97}} | {{yes|Working}} | {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} | Icaros 1.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX2000 MT | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.51 | <!--Comments-->boots ok but no audio |- | <!--Name-->Compaq DX 2200 | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{dunno|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> {{dunno}} | <!--Comments-->issues |- | <!--Name--> d230 | <!--IDE--> {{yes|UDMA}} | <!--SATA--> {{N/A}} | <!--Gfx--> {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio--> {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}} | <!--USB--> {{yes|USB}} | <!--Ethernet--> {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} | <!--Test Distro--> Icaros 1.4.5 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->t500 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2012-09-22 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->DC7700 | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA 2D}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes| ICH8}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|82566DM e1000e}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2013-??-?? | <!--Comments-->Some support at low cost |- | <!--Name-->HP dc 7600 CMT | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz | <!--IDE-->128mb to 512MB | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Ati Radeon 7000M | <!--Audio-->VIA with codec | <!--USB-->{{No|Issues}} | <!--Ethernet-->VIA Rhine 2 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5000 thin client series CN700 *HSTNC-002L-TC t5135, t5530 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio-->SiS SiS7012 AC'97 | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d) | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio VIA | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->t5730w Geode NX HSTNC-003-TC t5730 | <!--IDE-->{{n/a|ATA Flash}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{Yes|8 x USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - RAM 1GB (Max 4GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - |- | <!--Name-->HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D & DVI-H | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->8 x USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - |- | <!--Name-->HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|CL40 gfx }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly build and Icaros | <!--Comments-->2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - |- | <!--Name-->t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 *t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3 *t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro *t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 | <!--Audio-->VIA 9170 VT1708S codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm "Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - |- | <!--Name-->HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z | <!--IDE-->2G ATA Flash DOM | <!--SATA-->one | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe|6 USB2 }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - |- | <!--Name--> || <!--IDE--> || <!--SATA--> || <!--Gfx--> || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB--> || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments |- | <!--Name-->HP T610 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->64 bit AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T420 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->Radeon 8180 dvi vga | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 front 2 rear USB2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64 bit AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - |- | <!--Name-->HP t520 TPC-W016 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA non-NVME | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 2017 64 bit AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin |- | <!--Name-->HP t620 TPC 1004 TC and t620 PRO (wider version) TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->mSATA socket removed end of 2014; single M.2 socket non-NVME sata most models | <!--Gfx-->Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E up to two 30in displays 2 dp ports no dvi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 2 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T530 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R2E | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64 bit AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->two SATA M.2 SSDs, 1st up to 2280, 2nd socket up to 2242 | <!--Gfx-->Radeon AMD Wani R7E up to four displays 2 dp ports - no dvi / hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 front, 2 back, 1 inside | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 8111H}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit AMD GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - |- | <!--Name-->HP T730 Thin Client | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Radeon R7 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek rtl8169 RTL8111 8168 8411 and/or Broadcom | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2017 64bit RX-427BB With |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}} | <!--Gfx-->i pci-e | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|8200 works}} | <!--USB-->{{yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel or Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->icaros 2.3 | <!--Comments-->2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ProDesk | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr AMD Ryzen 2200G | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|Nvme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio | <!--USB-->USB2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2020 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - |- | <!--Name-->HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 with DP and HDMI flex io2 output options | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Lenovo==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE - 2 core version avoid | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB-->3 USB3 Gen 1 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2019 64bit - 20v rectangle psu - 2 sodimm max 32GB - |- | <!--Name-->ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4750GE | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|NVme}} | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8169 8111 | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ====Misc==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="5%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24" LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} || <!--SATA-->8gb SSD || <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || <!--Audio--> || <!--USB-->2 USB 2.0 || <!--Ethernet--> || <!--Test Distro--> || <!--Comments-->Thin Client C-50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless |- | <!--Name-->Advantech TPC-2140 G-T56E | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10Zig 6872 G-T56N | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->10ZiG 7800q | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|Realtek}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2015 64bit AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm |- | <!--Name-->IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 *2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E graphics *2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E graphics | <!--IDE-->{{N/A|}} | <!--SATA-->SATA half slim | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) pc speaker only - Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424) untested}} | <!--USB-->usb3 usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) but (424) untested}} | <!--Test Distro-->Aros One x86 1.5 | <!--Comments-->2016 64bit - 20cm/8" high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot - external 12V supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial connector - IDE looking external Interface under base stand for legacy addon ports RS232 - touch power on - Hit the DELete repeatedly before the beep to get to the BIOS - F12 boot |- | <!--Name--> *Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 *VXL Itona LQ50 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->4 usb2 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2014 64bit quad - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - |- | <!--Name-->LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U | <!--IDE-->{{N/A| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Unk|Intel NVMe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}} | <!--Audio-->{{Unk| }} | <!--USB-->{{No|USB 3}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Unk|Realtek PCIe}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum DeskMini UM350 DMAF5 3550H | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit |- | <!--Name-->Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme untested 1 sata | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 |- | <!--Name-->Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{no|4 usb3.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 12w round barrel - |- | <!--Name-->Chuwi RzBox | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 nvme | <!--Gfx-->Vega 8 vga, dp, hdmi | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->usb-c usb2 | <!--Ethernet-->dual gigabit | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit amd 5800h 4800h - 90w psu - |- | <!--Name-->Valve Steam Deck | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD radeon custom GPU 0405 (8 RDNA2 CUs) | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB-->{{No }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2021 64bit amd Zen2 |- | <!--Name-->Ayn Loki Pro Max Mini | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit AMD Ryzen 5 6600u 7 6800u (Zen 3+ RNDA) Mendocino (zen 2 4C/8T RDNA2 2CUs) LPDDR5 memory, |- | <!--Name-->AyaNeo Air and Pro | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->AMD Vega | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 64bit 5560u or 5825u |- | <!--Name-->Aya Neo Air Plus | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->NVMe | <!--Gfx-->AMD | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments-->2022 2023 64bit 6600u 6800u medocini |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Server Systems=== [[#top|...to the top]] ====IBM==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="15%" |Name ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="10%" |Integrated Gfx ! width="10%" |Audio ! width="10%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="15%" |Test Distro ! width="20%" |Comments |- | <!--Name-->xSeries 206m | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}} | <!--Audio-->{{n/a}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom}} | <!--Test Distro-->Nightly Build 2014-09-27 | <!--Comments--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Test Distro--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ===Motherboard=== [[#top|...to the top]] * Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared * 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] * Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) * Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 * Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs * Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot * Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets ====AMD==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket A 462 (2001/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] | <!--Chipset-->nForce 2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->SIL 3112A | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201LB | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Realtek RTL8801B |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7NF2 | <!--Chipset-->nforce2 ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97 | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8201 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S8X | <!--Chipset-->SIS 746FX | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|AGP 8x}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS900}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASRock K7S41GX | <!--Chipset-->SIS 741GX + DDR 333 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SiS 900}} | <!--Opinion-->works ok |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->Silicon Image Sil 3112A | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz |- | <!--Name-->Biostar M7NCD | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Promise PDC 20376 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|CMI8738}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8139C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ECS N2U400-A | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|VIA VT6103L}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA7N400L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 Ultra 400 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8100C | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] | <!--Chipset-->SIS 650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC'97}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|working}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E | <!--Chipset-->SIS730 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|SiS 5513}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} | <!--Audio-->{{no|sis7018}} | <!--USB-->{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|SIS900}} | <!--Opinion-->little support |- | <!--Name-->[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&lc=en&dlc=en&cc=us&dest_page=softwareCategory&os=228&tool=softwareCategory&query=Pavilion%20742n&product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] | <!--Chipset-->Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|nForce}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&maincat_no=1&prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name-->MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 (2002/3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|Primary & Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) | <!--SATA-->2 ports (RAID) | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ac97 ALC655}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] | <!--Chipset-->nForce2 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|3 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP 8x slot | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC650}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8201BL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A7V266 | <!--Chipset-->via KT266A + 8233 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{no|issues}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->AD1980 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->VIA VT6103 | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4436&forum=24&post_id=38874#forumpost38874 issues with booting] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 754 (2004/5)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit NF8-V2 | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB (2004/5) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|2 ports}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot x8 | <!--Audio-->ALC658 ac97 | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->VT6420 thru ide legacy only | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|AC97 ALC655}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] | <!--Chipset-->nforce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}} | <!--Gfx-->1 AGP slot | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}} | <!--Opinion-->very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306 |- | <!--Name-->DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->2 ports | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work | <!--Opinion-->[[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=5804&forum=24&post_id=54295#forumpost54295 works well] but no Firewire VIA VT6307 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8N | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8100C | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI43AB23 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte K8NNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sata sil3512 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTl8110S | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI STB82AA2 no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP | <!--Chipset-->nForce3 250GB | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R | <!--Chipset-->nVIDIA NF3-250Gb | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] | <!--Chipset-->nF3-150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sil 3112 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC650 AC97 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VT6307 no |- | <!--Name--> Foxconn WinFast K8S755A | <!--Chipset-->SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> {{yes|AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> {{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 939 (2005)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE | <!--Chipset-->Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|two ATA 133}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} | <!--Gfx-->built in or PCI-E x16 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC883 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8201CL | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8N-SLI Premium | <!--Chipset-->NVidia | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|PCIe slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=69814#forumpost69814 Works well] |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus A8V E SE | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 | <!--ACPI-->{{N/A}} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only | <!--Ethernet-->{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 | <!--Opinion-->Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) | <!--Chipset-->VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->Promise 20378 2 ports | <!--SATA-->2 SATA2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->needs extra PCI cards |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM2 (2006/8)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L (1.x) | <!--Chipset-->nForce 630a chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM2+ (2007/9)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASROCK N68-S N68C-S | <!--Chipset-->AMD based nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|VIA 1708S VT1705 HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|echi usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} | <!--Opinion-->being [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4938&forum=26&post_id=46635#forumpost46635 tested] unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - |- | <!--Name-->Asus M2N68-AM Plus | <!--Chipset-->Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with NVIDIA® GeForce™ 7025 nForce™ 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} | <!--Opinion-->adding "noacpi noapic noioapic" to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011] | <!--Chipset-->4 DDR3 memory sockets | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet<br>vesa driver works<br>possibility to add PCIe card}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support |- | <!--Name-->Asus [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=45243#forumpost45243 M4A785TD-M] PRO | <!--Chipset-->785G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes}} | <!--Opinion-->Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e | <!--Audio-->ALC888 (r1.x),ALC (r2.0), ALC888B (r4.0), ALC (r4.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111C later 8111D | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890GX together with SB850 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Yes | <!--Gfx-->use pci-e nvidia | <!--Audio-->Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 | <!--USB-->Yes | <!--Ethernet-->Yes | <!--Opinion-->works well overall |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 890GXM-G65 | <!--Chipset-->890GX + SB750 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P | <!--Chipset--> nForce 630a | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8211CL (all) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M4N78 PRO | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 8300 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 xUltraDMA 133/100 | <!--SATA-->6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel codec | <!--USB-->12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel) | <!--Ethernet-->NVIDIA Gigabit | <!--Opinion-->4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2013/15)===== *095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX FX-8370E (Vishera/Piledriver) *125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) *220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes}} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|ALC892}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 | <!--Chipset-->760G SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->V? ALC887, V? ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus M5A97 R2.0 | <!--Chipset-->AMD 970 and SB950 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->n/a | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 and 2 usb3 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111F | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.1), ALC887 (r5.x) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.1), Atheros (r5.x) | <!--Opinion-->offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 | <!--Chipset-->ATi 760G and SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e, and both will not work | <!--Audio-->ALC (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1 Blue board), VIA VT2021 (r5.0 Black board) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 760GM | <!--Chipset-->ATI 760G plus SB710 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->Untested | <!--Gfx-->HD3000 Use Vesa | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887 with crackles thru earphones; E51 ALC892 No}} | <!--USB-->Untested | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek}} | <!--Opinion-->P23 issues with audio ALC887 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====AMD Fusion (2011/14)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | IDE | SATA | AMD 6250 | Audio | USB | Ethernet | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX | 1.6GHz dual 18W AMD Fusion E-350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC887 VD2 | USB | RTL8111E | EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] |- | Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA | AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet | ALC892 | USB | Realtek 8111E | {{no|Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E}} |- | ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) | 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 | ACPI | {{N/A}} | SATA - 4 SATA3 | {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} | {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} | USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 | {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}} | |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX | <!--Chipset--> Hudson M1 FCH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx--> plus HDMI, DVI | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB-->2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 | <!--Chipset-->Hudson M1 FCH A45 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 SATA3 | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} | <!--USB-->{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} | <!--Opinion-->works well but need to test with sata hard disk |- | <!--Name-->MSI E350IA-E45 | <!--Chipset-->e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI-->no support | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 Sata3 ports | <!--Gfx-->AMD 6310 gpu | <!--Audio-->ALC HDA | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-M PRO | <!--Chipset-->E450 APU with Hudson M1 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe | <!--Chipset-->E-450 together | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM1 (2011/13)===== On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS F1A55-M LE | <!--Chipset--> with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD | <!--Gfx-->PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111E rtl8169 | <!--Opinion-->2012 A- Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A75 A85X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)===== Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A88X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)===== 5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->ASUS AM1I-A | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111GR 8168 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1I | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI AM1M | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC887 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111G | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->BGA FT3 AM1x |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Zen Zen+ Am4 FM3 Summit Ridge (2017/19)===== Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero | <!--Chipset-->X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) | <!--Audio-->SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Intel I211 | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium | <!--Chipset--> X370 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Prime B350 Plus | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM, Max. 64GB, DDR4 3200(O.C.)/2933(O.C.)/2666/2400/2133 MHz ECC and non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm ) - 2 pci |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Pro4 AB350 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B350 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC892 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111H | <!--Opinion-->white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->A320 A/B300 SFF | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> 2700U 2500U 2300U 2200U APUs |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> B450 with APU 2200G 2400G | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ |- | <!--Name-->AsRock B450 Gaming K4 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte B450 Aorus Pro Wifi | <!--Chipset--> B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->very high vrm temps |- | <!--Name-->MSI b450 tomahawk | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK board |- | <!--Name-->MSI B450 Pro Carbon | <!--Chipset-->B450 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->OK |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen2 2019/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> with 2700X 2700 2600X 2600 cpus | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> pinnacle ridge 12nm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> 2500X 2500 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen3 AM4 2020/22)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM5 2022/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->x670e x650 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->rnda3 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===== (Zen4 AM4 2023/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ====Intel==== [[#top|...to the top]] =====Socket 370 (2000/2)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Intel D815EEA | <!--Chipset-->866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{N/A}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}} | <!--Audio-->{{N/A}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|2 USB1.1}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |} =====Socket 478 (2002/4)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] | <!--Chipset-->865PE | <!--ACPI-->{{dunno| }} | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|tested with CDROM}} | <!--SATA-->{{dunno| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|AGP slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} | <!--Opinion-->Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865P | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name-->Intel 845 | <!--Chipset-->865GC | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{No|intel 800}} | <!--Audio-->{{No|AC97 AD1985}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|e1000}} | <!--Opinion-->Tested ICAROS 1.3 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)===== an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an "AMD" CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an "INTEL" CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an "AMD" CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot. entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a "CL6 only" PC) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Abit AG8 (2004) | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->Realtek ALC658 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8110S-32 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI 4200R7T no |- | <!--Name-->MSI 915 Neo2 | <!--Chipset-->P915 + ICH6R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports SATA1 | <!--Gfx-->1 PCIe x16 Slot | <!--Audio-->CMI 9880L HD Audio | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6306 no |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5GC P5GC-MX | <!--Chipset-->P945GC + ICH7R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->i PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC662 codec | <!--USB-->{{yes|2 usb2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|atheros L2}} | <!--Opinion-->ICH7 mates with the 945 and G31 northbridge and is limited up to six USB 2.0 ports, four PCIe 1.1 lanes, a 10/100 network MAC, and four SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports and two Ultra ATA 100 drives - 3 / 5 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}} | <!--Opinion-->2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH | <!--Chipset-->Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 MoDT is a relatively new concept, derived from the term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm with 2 pci one which gets blocked - 2 DDR2 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L | <!--Chipset-->945GC with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCi-E slot | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets up to 4 GB DDR2 667/533/400 MHz memory modules - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC662 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2 | <!--Chipset-->P945 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 SATA1 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCie 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC850 AC97 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->8110SC (rtl8169) | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L | <!--Chipset-->P31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCI Express x16 | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111B | <!--Opinion-->DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin with limitations - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0" x 8.3" - |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL-AM /PS | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports | <!--Gfx-->PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (Intel® GMA 3100) | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with /PS has ALC662 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with /ps Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN | <!--Opinion-->2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5KPL/EPU | <!--Chipset-->G31 with ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->Pci-e 1.0 slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www2.aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=8580 Tested] 4 x240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB, DDR2 1066(O.C.)/800/667 Dual Channel memory architecture - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L | <!--Chipset-->G31 plus ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}} | <!--Audio-->{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB |- | <!--Name-->ASRock G31M-S r2.0 | <!--Chipset-->G31 + ICH7 + DDR2 800 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|4 sata2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] | <!--Chipset-->iG31 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|3100 untested but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888 playback}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}} | <!--Opinion-->good support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->ASUS P5G41T-M LX | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}} | <!--Audio-->ALC887 | <!--USB-->3 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}} | <!--Opinion-->reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1) | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 Port | <!--SATA-->4 Ports | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC888B}} | <!--USB-->4 ports + headers | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P | <!--Chipset-->G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4ports | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888 889/892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111C or D/E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Intel DG41AN Classic | <!--Chipset-->iG41 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->X4500 2d | <!--Audio-->ALC888S ALC888VC | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->AsRock P5B-DE | <!--Chipset-->P965 + ICH8 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->untested | <!--SATA-->{{Maybe|works ide legacy}} |<!--Gfx-->{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6879&forum=4&post_id=65766#forumpost65766 works well] |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5B SE | <!--Chipset-->965 intel | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes| }} | <!--SATA-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Gfx-->{{N/A}} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->works well except ethernet |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO | <!--Chipset-->975X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->2 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B | <!--USB-->2 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IP35 | <!--Chipset-->P35 Express + ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->two RTL8110SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 | <!--Chipset-->Intel P35 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 1.1 support | <!--Audio-->HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek | <!--Opinion-->Base model of this range of P35 mobos |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Abit IX38 Quad GT | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio--> HD Audio ALC888 | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC | <!--Opinion-->Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte X38-DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X38 / ICH9R Chipset | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 ports | <!--Gfx-->PCI-E 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC889A HDA | <!--USB-->4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->twin 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5) | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 or ALC889A codec | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit) | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC |- | <!--Name-->MSI P45 Platinum (2008) | <!--Chipset-->P45 + ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 sata2 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC888 HD Audio | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G45 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->G43 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA X4500 2d | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion-->removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features |- | <!--Name-->Asus P5E Deluxe | <!--Chipset--> X48 with ICH9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Marvell 88E8001 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 | <!--Chipset-->X48 plus ICH9R | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->8 ports | <!--Gfx-->two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots | <!--Audio-->ALC889A | <!--USB-->8 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->RTL 8111B 8169 | <!--Opinion-->Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte EP43-DS3L and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L | <!--Chipset-->P43 with ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->1 port | <!--SATA-->6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors | <!--Gfx-->1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard | <!--Audio-->HD Audio with ALC888 codec | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111C | <!--Opinion-->4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0 | <!--Chipset-->NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{Yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} | <!--Gfx-->{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}} | <!--USB-->{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire No, Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 |- | <!--Name-->Nvidia 7150 630i | <!--Chipset-->intel based nForce 630i (MCP73) | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--GFX-->GF 7150 | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|ohci echi}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|RTL8201C}} | <!--Opinion-->being tested |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->750i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 x16 | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->780i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->790i SLI | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Atom SOC (2008/2x)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D945CLF | <!--Chipset-->N230 single core | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA945}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441 | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci and ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works very well |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo] | <!--Chipset-->Intel Atom N330 Dual Core | <!--ACPI-->wip | <!--IDE-->{{yes|IDE}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|gma}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD AUDIO}} | <!--USB-->{{yes|uhci ehci}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|rtl8169}} | <!--Opinion-->[http://www.clusteruk.com works well] |- | <!--Name-->[http://www.clusteruk.com D945GSEJT + Morex T1610] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 230 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|GMA900}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169}} | <!--Opinion-->works well and small size, runs off 12V |- | <!--Name-->ASUS [http://www.legitreviews.com/article/1057/3/ AT3N7A-I] | <!--Chipset-->Atom 330 Nvidia ION | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}} | <!--Gfx-->{{yes|nouveau cube cube 2 45 quake 3 }} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8169 device}} | <!--Opinion--><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw</ref> good but can freeze randomly at times (could be nvidia chipset solder issues from that era) |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->D410PT 45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D410 and NM10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->{{maybe|ide legacy}} | <!--Gfx-->{{maybe|GMA3150}} | <!--Audio-->{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}} | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{yes|RTL8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name-->45nm pinetrail | <!--Chipset-->D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->GMA3150 | <!--Audio-->ALC888B or ALC66x | <!--USB-->{{yes}} | <!--Ethernet-->RTL8111DL | <!--Opinion-->some support |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1366 (2009/10)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P6T DELUXE | <!--Chipset-->x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{yes|1 port}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx-->2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots | <!--Audio-->ADI AD2000B HD Audio | <!--USB-->{{yes|4 USB2.0}} | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} | <!--Opinion-->Firewire VIA VT6308 no |- | <!--Name-->gigabyte ex58 ds | <!--Chipset--> x58 + ICH10 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek 8111D rtl8169 | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket 1156 (2010)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H | <!--Chipset-->H55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->PCIe slot | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) | <!--USB-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) | <!--Opinion-->Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI H55M-E33 v1.0 | <!--Chipset-->E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->{{Yes|HD Audio ALC889}} | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}} | <!--Opinion-->Works well |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->P55 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket GMA 2100 (2011/2012 )===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X79 | <!--Chipset-->X79 with Sandy Bridge-E Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X79-UP4 | <!--Chipset-->X79 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Biostar H61 | <!--Chipset-->H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 | <!--Chipset-->H61 + Sandybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) | <!--USB-->2 ports | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek RTL8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GA-H61M-S2PV | <!--Chipset-->H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->pci-e 2.0 slot | <!--Audio-->ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--USB-->4 USB 2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) | <!--Opinion-->Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - |- | <!--Name-->Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop | <!--Chipset-->H61 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->4 ports | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC892 | <!--USB-->4 ports | <!--Ethernet-->{{no|Intel 82579V}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8H67-M | <!--Chipset-->H67 + | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->6 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus P8Z68-V LX | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC887 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion-->EFI bios |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) | <!--Chipset-->Z68 + Ivybridge | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2 sata3 - 4 sata2 | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC889 | <!--USB-->2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 | <!--Ethernet-->Realtek® 8111E | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H77 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->HD 4000 | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z77 | <!--Chipset-->Z77 with 3rd generation (Ivy Bridge) Core i7 (3xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX | <!--Chipset-->H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus H81 H81M-C | <!--Chipset-->H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE-->{{N/A}} | <!--SATA-->2x3g 2x6g | <!--Gfx-->pci-e slot | <!--Audio-->alc 887 vd | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet-->realtek 8111g | <!--Opinion-->skt 1150 |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z87-K | <!--Chipset-->Z87 with 4th generation (New Haswell) Core i7 i5 CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z87 Express | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA H97M D3H with i3 4360 or 4370 dual | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx-->750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with i5 4690K | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio-->Intel HD with ALC | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->MSI Z97 | <!--Chipset-->Z97 with 4th generation (new revision Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset-->H99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2011 v3 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus X99 | <!--Chipset-->X99 with Haswell-E Core i7 (5xxx) CPU | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte GA-X99-UD4 with Core i7-5930K Haswell-E 6-Core | <!--Chipset-->X99 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 1151 (2015/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H110 Plus | <!--Chipset--> with Pentium G4400 6600K 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA-->Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] | <!--Gfx-->Skylake Integrated HD Graphics | <!--Audio-->Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC | <!--USB-->Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback | <!--Ethernet-->{{No|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411 PCI Express Gigabit (rev 15)}} | <!--Opinion-->ATX with 3 pci and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Z170 Pro with i7 6700K | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Asus H170 Pro Gaming | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus B150 B150M Pro Gaming B150i | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V | <!--Chipset-->B250 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} =====Socket LGA 2066 (2017/ )===== [[#top|...to the top]] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Name ! width="5%" |Chipset ! width="5%" |ACPI ! width="5%" |IDE ! width="5%" |SATA ! width="5%" |Gfx ! width="5%" |Audio ! width="5%" |USB ! width="10%" |Ethernet ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus Rampage | <!--Chipset-->x299 with i9 | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name-->Gigabyte | <!--Chipset--X299 > | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion |- | <!--Name-->Asus | <!--Chipset--> Z390 with Kaby Lake X | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> up to 16 pcie lanes |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> Q370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> H370M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> B360M | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Name--> | <!--Chipset--> | <!--ACPI--> | <!--IDE--> | <!--SATA--> | <!--Gfx--> | <!--Audio--> | <!--USB--> | <!--Ethernet--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===Chromebooks=== https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/ Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty. [https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices From] Stoneyridge Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method Acer Chromebook 315 (CB315-2H) ALEENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 11A G6 EE HP Chromebook 11A G8 EE BARLA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14A G5 CAREENA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook 311 (C721) KASUMI ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 311 (R721T) KASUMI360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 14e Chromebook (S345) LIARA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 100e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Lenovo 300e Chromebook 2nd Gen AMD TREEYA360 ✅ [3] ✅ CR50 Picasso/Dali Device Name Board Name RW_LEGACY Firmware UEFI Firmware (Full ROM) WP Method HP Pro c645 Chromebook Enterprise BERKNIP ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook 14a DIRINBOZ ✅ CR50 Acer Chromebook Spin 514 EZKINIL ✅ CR50 HP Chromebook x360 14a GUMBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo ThinkPad C13 Yoga Chromebook MORPHIUS ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 100e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ ✅ CR50 Lenovo Chromebook 300e Gen3 AMD VILBOZ360 ✅ CR50 ASUS Chromebook Flip CM5 WOOMAX ✅ CR50 ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 7t4jaw2183jq6sw254k4ikiu9vasz5a 0 255153 4095400 4095280 2022-08-23T05:16:33Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} mtwso8m18jaqxemrxkd6skqu29iacmz 4095401 4095400 2022-08-23T05:20:36Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} sxvxsspkul6ix4t2fi5s78ghzghccgk 4095402 4095401 2022-08-23T05:22:59Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} hvu12sv108bpzmeg8qjvgbl6srbyn13 0 278635 4095347 4094566 2022-08-22T14:57:35Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|outside project scope}} = Final Quiz For all the Modules = '''Question 1 : Who is termed "father of the GNU Project"''' # Andrew S. Tanenbaum # Richard Stallman # Linus Torvalds # Bill Gates '''Question 2 : Why is it important that trainers use the software they will be training?''' # Helps them be liked by the trainees. # Helps them become conversant with features and functionalities that the software provides and can transmit this knowledge to their trainees. # Helps them boast of the knowledge they have about the software # Helps them deliver the training within the shortest time possible<br/> '''Question 3 : Which benefit/limitation applies to Open standards?''' # Inefficient use of existing resources # Lack Flexibility # Fewer options and thus less opportunities to optimise # Lower and manageable risk<br/> '''Question 4 : Which of the following definition best describe Open Content ?''' # Describes content that has been put at a pool for all to access just for reading but not for any modification # Describes any kind of creative work published in a format that explicitly does not allow copying and modifying of its information by anyone, exclusively by a closed organization, firm or individual # Describes any kind of creative work published in a format that explicitly allows copying and modifying of its information by anyone, not exclusively by a closed organization, firm or individual # Describes open content for only business community '''Question 5 : How are FOSS brand names protected?''' # Through licenses such as GPL3 # By an online community surveillance scheme # By placing product keys on application # FOSS brands are never protected and are open for use by anyone '''Question 6 : How effectively do you manage your leads?''' # I contact every lead and stay in contact until they are mine or I discard them. # I am following up on enough leads to achieve the level of production I want but there are always more leads that are not followed up on. # There are many leads that I don't follow up on or lose after the first contact # Only responds to their calls '''Question 7 : How strong is your service to your clients?''' # I will ask for their request only # I maintain good contact with my clients until an offer is accepted and then I lose touch. # My sellers call me before I call them, my buyers often leave me, and I am embarrassed to call after closing because I've lost touch. # I speak to my listed sellers, my pending clients, and my motivated buyers at least weekly on schedule. '''Question 8 : Which of the following is an important strategic decision a company needs to make ''' # Business Location # Which staff to employ # Name of the Company # Choosing your clients and market '''Question 9 : What are the obstacles, if any, you might perceive in people not wanting to attend FLOSS training courses?''' # Lack of knowledge on open source software # Poor marketing by FLOSS trainers # Most enterprises still do not use FLOSS tools and services # Over pricing of training fees '''Question 10 : Given that your cash flow projection of your FOSS business indicates a negative cash flow six months down the line, the FIRST remedy would be to:''' # Bring your cash flow projection back into "positive" by increasing sales, cutting costs and obtaining financing. # Attempt to sell the business. # Begin looking for alterative business opportunities. # Create a new cash flow statement '''Question 11 : In doing business branding is considered a very important undertaking. What is brand names are primarily used to achieve ''' # Show consumers you own the product. # Spice up the image of a product. # To help identify your product. # To help consumers select a product/service. '''Question 12 : Which of the following statements is incorrect?''' # Public Relations is the act of managing information flow between an organization and the public # Media Relations refers to way the media manages its relationships with the general public in order to safe guard its reputati # Public Relation may consist of activities an organization may involve itself in with the intention of promoting a positive relationship or image with its customers or indeed any members of the public # Public Relation could lend organization important media publicity at low or no costs at all '''Question 13 : Some of the major problems encountered by many FOSS companies in Africa are''' # Finding Free and Open Source Software that fit for their businesses # Skilled work force that is willing to work for a low salary # Aquisition of capital for investment # Finding clients for their products # 4 # 2 and 3 # 2,3 and 4 # 4<br/> '''Question 14 : Selection of candidates for FLOSS training can be done using the following criteria except''' # Role/function in organization # Educational background # Identified need # Nepotism<br/> '''Question 15 : When you are providing FOSS/FLOSS soultions, you are paid for ...''' # Business goodwill # Qualification # Service # Product '''Question 16 : Initiating a new business involves considerable risk, as well as an effort to overcome all the ......... against innovative ideas.''' # Inertia # Pressure # Attitude # Protest '''Question 17 : Defining a revenue model for your FOSS business will help you to do the following except''' # Stay focused on a niche and a target audience # Give you a foundation for your product or service development plans # Give you a good basis for accounting # Provide a foundation for your marketing plans '''Question 18 : Why is it important to have course materials developed using indigenous languages?''' # To attract more audience/participation from local communities # To compete with course materials in foreign languages # To raise money during translation processes # To adhere to government policies '''Question 19 : As a trainer, one should prepare in three key areas, which ones are they?''' ''Hint: This is a multiple answer question!'' # Youeself # The classroom # Fighting # The content '''Question 20 : One way to create FLOSS market is by persuading existing ICT users. Which one of the following statements misrepresents the act of persuasion?''' # Showing what others are doing # Showing frightening accounts of users of rival products, services # Showing user generated views # Showing scarcity of goods or services<br/> '''Question 21 : What do advocacy initiatives ultimately try to achieve?''' # Agitate public resentment against government # Influence customer choices # Resolve political differences # Policy change<br/> '''Question 22 : What is Network effects?''' # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users decreases # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users increases # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network decrease in value to users as the number of users increases<br/> '''Question 23 : In business a Marketing Mix consists of:''' # Product, Price, Place, Promotion # People, Products, Price, Place # Price, Promotion, Advertising, Place # Process, People, Physical Evidence, Product '''Question 24 : All free software is freeware and all freeware is free software. ''' # True # False '''Question 25 : S.W.O.T analysis is predominantly used to:''' # Determine the sales of an organisation. # Determine the capabilities of the organisation. # Assess whether an organisation should # Determine whether new products work or not. '''Question 26 : For this question please match the software to the appropriate group''' # Internet Browser A. Open Office - Impress # Apache B. World Processor # Open Office – Writer C. Firefox # Presentation '''Question 27 : Which of the following is not a common FOSS business model in Africa?''' # FOSS Training # Consultancy # System Software Development # Web Solution Providers '''Question 28 : In Business, the term Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) refer to ''' # License fees, installation cost and maintenance cost. # Training cost # Operation cost # Cost of your fixed Assets '''Question 29 : GPL compatible free software license is''' # A permissive non-copyleft free software license # A free software license, and a copyright license # A free software license, and a copyleft license # None of the above<br/> '''Question 30 : Who solves bugs and errors in open source software''' # Users # Developers # All of the above # None of the above '''Question 31 : The business planning process sometimes fails because ''' # The planning process is poorly managed # Plans are impractical # Planners lack the appropriate skills # Lack of government support # 1 only # 1 and 2 only # 1,2 and 3 only # 1,2,3 and 4 # '''Question 32 : What is product branding?''' # Garnishing company logo on your products and services # Is the proprietary visual, emotional, rational, and cultural image that you associate with a Company or a product # Constantly displaying and associating your products with other popular products # An appealing slogan often used to accompany your product advertisement '''Question 33 : What are the two licenses available for course material licensing?''' # CISCO License and Ubuntu License # OpenICDL license and Linux Professional Institute Certification License # Creative Commons and GNU Free Documentation License # Junior Level Linux Professional and GNU Free Documentation License '''Question 34 : In undertaking a FOSS business one of your source of information is secondary data. What is secondary data?''' # Data collected from personal interviews. # Data taken from questionnaires. # Data collected from published materials. # Data collected from suppliers. '''Question 35 : Join different FLOSS/FOSS communities both physical and online has a basic advantage. Which of the following is true ''' # It is place where you can showoff your skill # There is a wealth of skills and knowledge # Only those who are knowledgeable join # The community in only online '''Question 36 : The following are revenue streams for most FOSS Businesses in Africa except''' # Training # After Sale Support # Conducting Research # Adverting '''Question 37 : What is the most common reason why people start new businesses?''' # To get rich d. To work fewer hours # Because they don’t want to work for someone else # Because they have no other alternative # To work fewer hours '''Question 38 : As part of the social responsibility of most open source business discussed in Africa do the following except''' # Create websites for SME free of charges # Donate money to Open Source Software projects and communities # Send back modifications of a source code to foss communities # Undertake seminars to show people how to copy any software '''Question 39 : The concept of innovation and newness is now an ......... part of entrepreneurship.''' # Intangible # Integral # Integrated # Intelligible '''Question 40 : Which of the following are normally included in Open Educational Resources ''' # Learning content: full courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. # Tools: Software to support the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content including searching and organisation of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. # Implementation resources: Intellectual property licenses to promote open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localisation of content. # Instructors: Teachers, Lecturers, professors. # 2,3 and 4 # 1 and 2 # 1,2 and 3 # None<br/> '''Question 41 : Which of the following statements below best represents reasons why community media may be more useful media channel for SME wanting to promote their goods and services?''' # Community media doesn’t charge or levy local people wishing to promote their services # Community media is much more trusted than national broadcasters # Customers tend to view SMEs that work with community much more favorably # Community media’s commitment to local development tend to lend support to local businesses<br/> '''Question 42 : When you lease a space for an office, technical support shop or warehouse, how do you protect yourself from being tied into a lease even if you have outgrown the space?''' # Become personal friends with your landlord. # Plan to add space if necessary at a remote location. # Provide for this contingency in your lease. # Plan to sublease your premises and relocate to larger quarters.<br/> '''Question 43 : Which statement best describes FOSS/FLOSS?''' # FOSS applications are not owned by anyone. # FOSS has the freedom to use, understand, modify and distribute software. # FOSS is anti-copyright. # FOSS is just a software or a software development method. '''Question 44 : Trainers should see training as a stage production: which of the following is not part of the stage production aspects?''' # There is the audience (participants) # There is a stage (training room) # The performance by the audience (Shouting) # The performance by the actor(trainer conducting the course) '''Question 45 : Which of the following is not true about doing business in FLOSS''' # Help promote economic development # Help create jobs # Competing with Proprietary software # Generating money using FOSS tools and services '''Question 46 : Which key stakeholders will probably ask to view the business plan for a new venture ''' # Bank # Tax Revenue agency # Suppliers # Investors # 1 only # 1 and 4 only # 2 and 3 only # 1,2,3 and 4 '''Question 47 : Sula is interested in FLOSS training. A friend advised him on how to identify opportunities using any of the strategies below. According to your judgement, which one of the listed ways is the weak''' # Identifying popular applications (e.g. by looking at downloads from sourceforge.net and freshmeat.net) used by people and create a training for it # Waiting for friends to bring news about some training opportunities # Attending (either actively or passively) ICT conferences, workshops and other events such as Software Freedom Day to learn about the needs for training # Subscribing to newsletters, mailing lists and participating in relevant forums to learning about their training needs '''Question 48 : Most FOSS businesses provide web-based solution using ''' # SAJO-Sun Microsystem, Apache, Java and Oracle # LNMP–Linux Ngix MySQL Perl # LAMP-Linux Apache MySQL PHP # ASP.NET, IIS and SQL Server '''Question 49 : Why are small businesses important to a country's economy ''' # They provide employment # They can provide specialist support to larger companies # They can be innovators of new products # They provide competition to large companies # 1,2 and 3 only # 1 only # 1,2,3 and 4 # 1 and 3 only '''Question 50 : Below are some of the winning combinations of an "ideal" FLOSS trainer. Which one is not?''' # Winning personality and ability to communicate. # Practical experience in FLOSS applications # Ability to program in Java and Visual Basics # ''Should be a Certified Technical Trainer (CTT+) certified'' {{BookCat}} mrmq9hf68xnk5l8ud5825stv2ny704m 4095404 4095347 2022-08-23T05:55:36Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 didn't notice that this was part of a book before... wikitext text/x-wiki = Final Quiz For all the Modules = '''Question 1 : Who is termed "father of the GNU Project"''' # Andrew S. Tanenbaum # Richard Stallman # Linus Torvalds # Bill Gates '''Question 2 : Why is it important that trainers use the software they will be training?''' # Helps them be liked by the trainees. # Helps them become conversant with features and functionalities that the software provides and can transmit this knowledge to their trainees. # Helps them boast of the knowledge they have about the software # Helps them deliver the training within the shortest time possible<br/> '''Question 3 : Which benefit/limitation applies to Open standards?''' # Inefficient use of existing resources # Lack Flexibility # Fewer options and thus less opportunities to optimise # Lower and manageable risk<br/> '''Question 4 : Which of the following definition best describe Open Content ?''' # Describes content that has been put at a pool for all to access just for reading but not for any modification # Describes any kind of creative work published in a format that explicitly does not allow copying and modifying of its information by anyone, exclusively by a closed organization, firm or individual # Describes any kind of creative work published in a format that explicitly allows copying and modifying of its information by anyone, not exclusively by a closed organization, firm or individual # Describes open content for only business community '''Question 5 : How are FOSS brand names protected?''' # Through licenses such as GPL3 # By an online community surveillance scheme # By placing product keys on application # FOSS brands are never protected and are open for use by anyone '''Question 6 : How effectively do you manage your leads?''' # I contact every lead and stay in contact until they are mine or I discard them. # I am following up on enough leads to achieve the level of production I want but there are always more leads that are not followed up on. # There are many leads that I don't follow up on or lose after the first contact # Only responds to their calls '''Question 7 : How strong is your service to your clients?''' # I will ask for their request only # I maintain good contact with my clients until an offer is accepted and then I lose touch. # My sellers call me before I call them, my buyers often leave me, and I am embarrassed to call after closing because I've lost touch. # I speak to my listed sellers, my pending clients, and my motivated buyers at least weekly on schedule. '''Question 8 : Which of the following is an important strategic decision a company needs to make ''' # Business Location # Which staff to employ # Name of the Company # Choosing your clients and market '''Question 9 : What are the obstacles, if any, you might perceive in people not wanting to attend FLOSS training courses?''' # Lack of knowledge on open source software # Poor marketing by FLOSS trainers # Most enterprises still do not use FLOSS tools and services # Over pricing of training fees '''Question 10 : Given that your cash flow projection of your FOSS business indicates a negative cash flow six months down the line, the FIRST remedy would be to:''' # Bring your cash flow projection back into "positive" by increasing sales, cutting costs and obtaining financing. # Attempt to sell the business. # Begin looking for alterative business opportunities. # Create a new cash flow statement '''Question 11 : In doing business branding is considered a very important undertaking. What is brand names are primarily used to achieve ''' # Show consumers you own the product. # Spice up the image of a product. # To help identify your product. # To help consumers select a product/service. '''Question 12 : Which of the following statements is incorrect?''' # Public Relations is the act of managing information flow between an organization and the public # Media Relations refers to way the media manages its relationships with the general public in order to safe guard its reputati # Public Relation may consist of activities an organization may involve itself in with the intention of promoting a positive relationship or image with its customers or indeed any members of the public # Public Relation could lend organization important media publicity at low or no costs at all '''Question 13 : Some of the major problems encountered by many FOSS companies in Africa are''' # Finding Free and Open Source Software that fit for their businesses # Skilled work force that is willing to work for a low salary # Aquisition of capital for investment # Finding clients for their products # 4 # 2 and 3 # 2,3 and 4 # 4<br/> '''Question 14 : Selection of candidates for FLOSS training can be done using the following criteria except''' # Role/function in organization # Educational background # Identified need # Nepotism<br/> '''Question 15 : When you are providing FOSS/FLOSS soultions, you are paid for ...''' # Business goodwill # Qualification # Service # Product '''Question 16 : Initiating a new business involves considerable risk, as well as an effort to overcome all the ......... against innovative ideas.''' # Inertia # Pressure # Attitude # Protest '''Question 17 : Defining a revenue model for your FOSS business will help you to do the following except''' # Stay focused on a niche and a target audience # Give you a foundation for your product or service development plans # Give you a good basis for accounting # Provide a foundation for your marketing plans '''Question 18 : Why is it important to have course materials developed using indigenous languages?''' # To attract more audience/participation from local communities # To compete with course materials in foreign languages # To raise money during translation processes # To adhere to government policies '''Question 19 : As a trainer, one should prepare in three key areas, which ones are they?''' ''Hint: This is a multiple answer question!'' # Youeself # The classroom # Fighting # The content '''Question 20 : One way to create FLOSS market is by persuading existing ICT users. Which one of the following statements misrepresents the act of persuasion?''' # Showing what others are doing # Showing frightening accounts of users of rival products, services # Showing user generated views # Showing scarcity of goods or services<br/> '''Question 21 : What do advocacy initiatives ultimately try to achieve?''' # Agitate public resentment against government # Influence customer choices # Resolve political differences # Policy change<br/> '''Question 22 : What is Network effects?''' # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users decreases # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users increases # The phenomenon that describes how Products in a network decrease in value to users as the number of users increases<br/> '''Question 23 : In business a Marketing Mix consists of:''' # Product, Price, Place, Promotion # People, Products, Price, Place # Price, Promotion, Advertising, Place # Process, People, Physical Evidence, Product '''Question 24 : All free software is freeware and all freeware is free software. ''' # True # False '''Question 25 : S.W.O.T analysis is predominantly used to:''' # Determine the sales of an organisation. # Determine the capabilities of the organisation. # Assess whether an organisation should # Determine whether new products work or not. '''Question 26 : For this question please match the software to the appropriate group''' # Internet Browser A. Open Office - Impress # Apache B. World Processor # Open Office – Writer C. Firefox # Presentation '''Question 27 : Which of the following is not a common FOSS business model in Africa?''' # FOSS Training # Consultancy # System Software Development # Web Solution Providers '''Question 28 : In Business, the term Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) refer to ''' # License fees, installation cost and maintenance cost. # Training cost # Operation cost # Cost of your fixed Assets '''Question 29 : GPL compatible free software license is''' # A permissive non-copyleft free software license # A free software license, and a copyright license # A free software license, and a copyleft license # None of the above<br/> '''Question 30 : Who solves bugs and errors in open source software''' # Users # Developers # All of the above # None of the above '''Question 31 : The business planning process sometimes fails because ''' # The planning process is poorly managed # Plans are impractical # Planners lack the appropriate skills # Lack of government support # 1 only # 1 and 2 only # 1,2 and 3 only # 1,2,3 and 4 # '''Question 32 : What is product branding?''' # Garnishing company logo on your products and services # Is the proprietary visual, emotional, rational, and cultural image that you associate with a Company or a product # Constantly displaying and associating your products with other popular products # An appealing slogan often used to accompany your product advertisement '''Question 33 : What are the two licenses available for course material licensing?''' # CISCO License and Ubuntu License # OpenICDL license and Linux Professional Institute Certification License # Creative Commons and GNU Free Documentation License # Junior Level Linux Professional and GNU Free Documentation License '''Question 34 : In undertaking a FOSS business one of your source of information is secondary data. What is secondary data?''' # Data collected from personal interviews. # Data taken from questionnaires. # Data collected from published materials. # Data collected from suppliers. '''Question 35 : Join different FLOSS/FOSS communities both physical and online has a basic advantage. Which of the following is true ''' # It is place where you can showoff your skill # There is a wealth of skills and knowledge # Only those who are knowledgeable join # The community in only online '''Question 36 : The following are revenue streams for most FOSS Businesses in Africa except''' # Training # After Sale Support # Conducting Research # Adverting '''Question 37 : What is the most common reason why people start new businesses?''' # To get rich d. To work fewer hours # Because they don’t want to work for someone else # Because they have no other alternative # To work fewer hours '''Question 38 : As part of the social responsibility of most open source business discussed in Africa do the following except''' # Create websites for SME free of charges # Donate money to Open Source Software projects and communities # Send back modifications of a source code to foss communities # Undertake seminars to show people how to copy any software '''Question 39 : The concept of innovation and newness is now an ......... part of entrepreneurship.''' # Intangible # Integral # Integrated # Intelligible '''Question 40 : Which of the following are normally included in Open Educational Resources ''' # Learning content: full courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. # Tools: Software to support the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content including searching and organisation of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. # Implementation resources: Intellectual property licenses to promote open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localisation of content. # Instructors: Teachers, Lecturers, professors. # 2,3 and 4 # 1 and 2 # 1,2 and 3 # None<br/> '''Question 41 : Which of the following statements below best represents reasons why community media may be more useful media channel for SME wanting to promote their goods and services?''' # Community media doesn’t charge or levy local people wishing to promote their services # Community media is much more trusted than national broadcasters # Customers tend to view SMEs that work with community much more favorably # Community media’s commitment to local development tend to lend support to local businesses<br/> '''Question 42 : When you lease a space for an office, technical support shop or warehouse, how do you protect yourself from being tied into a lease even if you have outgrown the space?''' # Become personal friends with your landlord. # Plan to add space if necessary at a remote location. # Provide for this contingency in your lease. # Plan to sublease your premises and relocate to larger quarters.<br/> '''Question 43 : Which statement best describes FOSS/FLOSS?''' # FOSS applications are not owned by anyone. # FOSS has the freedom to use, understand, modify and distribute software. # FOSS is anti-copyright. # FOSS is just a software or a software development method. '''Question 44 : Trainers should see training as a stage production: which of the following is not part of the stage production aspects?''' # There is the audience (participants) # There is a stage (training room) # The performance by the audience (Shouting) # The performance by the actor(trainer conducting the course) '''Question 45 : Which of the following is not true about doing business in FLOSS''' # Help promote economic development # Help create jobs # Competing with Proprietary software # Generating money using FOSS tools and services '''Question 46 : Which key stakeholders will probably ask to view the business plan for a new venture ''' # Bank # Tax Revenue agency # Suppliers # Investors # 1 only # 1 and 4 only # 2 and 3 only # 1,2,3 and 4 '''Question 47 : Sula is interested in FLOSS training. A friend advised him on how to identify opportunities using any of the strategies below. According to your judgement, which one of the listed ways is the weak''' # Identifying popular applications (e.g. by looking at downloads from sourceforge.net and freshmeat.net) used by people and create a training for it # Waiting for friends to bring news about some training opportunities # Attending (either actively or passively) ICT conferences, workshops and other events such as Software Freedom Day to learn about the needs for training # Subscribing to newsletters, mailing lists and participating in relevant forums to learning about their training needs '''Question 48 : Most FOSS businesses provide web-based solution using ''' # SAJO-Sun Microsystem, Apache, Java and Oracle # LNMP–Linux Ngix MySQL Perl # LAMP-Linux Apache MySQL PHP # ASP.NET, IIS and SQL Server '''Question 49 : Why are small businesses important to a country's economy ''' # They provide employment # They can provide specialist support to larger companies # They can be innovators of new products # They provide competition to large companies # 1,2 and 3 only # 1 only # 1,2,3 and 4 # 1 and 3 only '''Question 50 : Below are some of the winning combinations of an "ideal" FLOSS trainer. Which one is not?''' # Winning personality and ability to communicate. # Practical experience in FLOSS applications # Ability to program in Java and Visual Basics # ''Should be a Certified Technical Trainer (CTT+) certified'' {{BookCat}} tcrshxzaouq9krh9kabqg459ejer7hi 1 285077 4095377 2483365 2022-08-22T22:08:48Z 49.178.159.212 /* thank you */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki glm::detail::tvec4<T> is part of the glm internal implementation and should not be used directly, as their documentation says. It's pretty simple to create a structure for storing vertices. == thank you == Thank you for your work on this documentation/tutorials. It has not gone unnoticed. Will definitely be recommending as learning material. [[Special:Contributions/49.178.159.212|49.178.159.212]] ([[User talk:49.178.159.212|discuss]]) 22:08, 22 August 2022 (UTC) fu3wnpuzp1s1xw7zvxxvq2c536fqum9 0 289158 4095311 4095209 2022-08-22T12:19:24Z Danielravennest 13526 Continue List 13 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:left;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">Section 5.5 - Starter and Expansion Sets</span>}} <div style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"> <div class="nonumtoc">{{TOCright}}</div> &emsp;The goal of the personal production example is supplying a range of basic products for a community of owner-operators. They do this as individuals or through joint effort for larger tasks. Product types include furniture, home improvements, food, and utilities. They start with smaller and simpler items and work up to bigger projects. We assume they start with limited funds, time, equipment, and experience. So part of the effort is improving themselves as people to overcome these limits. &emsp;A community project may start with as little as one person's part-time effort and no equipment or skills. So we describe a range of starter sets from very minimal to more substantial, with suggestions on use and gaining skills. Project owners can then select their starting points based on their available people and resources. We then include several expansion sets for projects growing beyond these starting points. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">1.0 - Necessary Inputs</span>== &emsp; &emsp;We can consider a starter set as a product. It must first be assembled and set up before it can be used to make improvements for itself, and end products for the owners and others. Like any functional system, it requires inputs and emits outputs of various kinds. These include: * '''Time''' - from one or more people to make plans, look for and acquire needed items, operate equipment, train others, or learn skills as needed. * '''Supply sources''' - for parts, materials, tools, machines, training materials, plans, and instructions. * '''Money''' - for items which can't be made internally, or for outside labor that project members can't supply. * '''Sheltered Space''' - to store and use the equipment. Even outdoor equipment should be protected when not in use. * '''Energy''' - such as electric power or human muscles, to make, set up, and operate the equipment. * '''Maintenance Items''' - like water, cleaning supplies, and waste disposal during and after operations. &emsp;We suggest starting by assessing which of these you have and which are lacking. The next step is to make a plan for getting enough of the inputs to get started, and how you will continue from there. For example, if you don't have all the basic tools from List 1 (below), you can make a shopping list of the missing items, then either buy them, start saving to buy them, or find a makerspace/hackerspace, community group, or neighbor that allows you to use them. &emsp;In modern society, money can commonly be traded for most other things people need and want. If lack of money is an obstacle, there are a couple of ways around that. One is to cut expenses, such as eating out less or sharing living space. The other is to increase income, such as doing basic jobs for other people in addition to current work, or upgrading your knowledge and skills so you can find better work. Reaching a goal may seem like a big challenge. Breaking it down into smaller steps, then taking them one at a time is more manageable. But you have to take the first step to get anywhere. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">2.0 - Starter Set Lists</span>== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Tool_use_by_animals|Some species]]''' besides ours use tools. We are unique in the variety and complexity of our tools, and that we use tools to make other tools. So which of the many options should be included in a starter set? The answer for a particular project and self-improvement path will vary. &emsp;The lists below are provided as a starting point for consideration and selection. '''<u>You don't need every item to start making things</u>'''. But the more of them you have, the more kinds of projects you can do. The lists also don't cover every possible project. They are starter sets to build on, not complete lists of every possible tool. Additional items may be needed for particular projects. For large and complex projects you may need multiples of each item, either different sizes and types, or for multiple people to use. For example, a saying in woodworking is "you can never have too many clamps". '''[NOTE:]''' Some of these lists or portions of them will be moved later to other chapters. They are currently here for ease of editing. &emsp;The lists are compiled from 18 existing tool and equipment lists. The intent is a sampling from a wide variety of sources which are then sorted to form starter and expansion sets for the various examples in these books. The source lists are from several makerspaces, a tool bank (who lend out tools to nonprofit projects), a book on rural workshops, the phased equipment list for the Seed Factory Project, a pamphlet from manufacturer Porter Tools, a course on "manual arts" (later called "shop class" in schools), a compiled list of equipment for industrial training classes, a website for beginning machinists, the author's personal tool list, a contributed list to these books, recommended tool brands from an online forum, a woodworking list from a YouTube channel, and a study of small industry in India. [[File:Personal Production Starter Set Path.png|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 5.5-1 - Suggested tool set paths for different types of projects. Figures can be enlarged by clicking the lower right -->.]] &emsp; &emsp;'''List Types''' - There are basic tools that have proved useful in many circumstances, from general home use to industrial production. Others are more specialized for specific tasks. For example, an axe is useful in dealing with trees, but useless for cutting steel reinforcement for concrete. So lists 1 and 2 below are the basic sets for general home use and home improvement/do it yourself projects. This is followed by expansion sets for more advanced and specialized projects. The lists are additive, meaning you should start with the basic ones, then add to them from the later lists as needed. Figure 5.5-1 shows a suggested path from the basic sets to more advanced ones. They are grouped into small indoor, large indoor, outdoor, and construction. The last of these produces more indoor space. Depending on the needs and interests of the personal production community, they can get items from any or all of these lists, and go beyond them. &emsp;Tools and machines can be classified according to size, power level, and cost. The general groups are (1) manual hand tools, (2) portable power tools, (3) stationary equipment, either powered or not, and (4) mobile equipment that is towed or can move itself. Cost and space needed tend to increase with each group. The lists are generally in order from the smaller, less expensive, and most needed first, but some items are needed together to complete a task. An example is drill bits for an electric drill. We try to note when that is the case. &emsp;To go beyond these lists, you will need to know what projects and products you want to make, and the methods and equipment needed for them. Many instructional books and articles have explicit lists of the equipment needed. Others implicitly identify useful tools by discussing their use. Tool and supply catalogs, and the tool sections of general online marketplaces can also be reviewed to identify candidate items. &emsp;'''Choosing Equipment''' - A given tool type, like a claw hammer, can be found in many versions with different quality, weight, intended usage, and cost. So the first thing is to understand what you will be using it for. Is it occasionally hanging pictures, or working full time as a carpenter? Larger and heavier tools can work with heavier materials, but can require more body strength and endurance to use. Smaller and lighter tools can be more precise, and used in tight spaces. So it can be useful to have several versions of a given type. &emsp;Cost is often a factor. You can get started with less expensive but adequate ones, and upgrade later. However very cheap tools may break or wear out quickly, and not be able to handle whatever you are working on. For personal production on a regular basis they should be hobbyist or professional grade rather than lowest grade. Used tools are typically less expensive, and often are perfectly fine for this type of use. Recognizing tool quality is a learned skill, as is knowing what grade you need for a given purpose. You may want to get recommendations from more experienced people, books, articles, instructional videos, online reviews, and discussion forums if you are new to it. &emsp;'''Supplies, Parts, and Materials''' - To complete a project you need more than just equipment like tools and machines. Equipment is not generally used up in a single project. But some supplies, like sandpaper, wear out with use. Others, like paint, end up as part of the finished item. If you are merely tightening something that has come loose, or are assembling a packaged kit that comes with everything needed, you may not need any added parts and materials. But most projects will need materials like lumber, and parts like screws, that end up in the finished item. &emsp;There is such a wide variety of these items that we cannot list them all. Instead we will note categories of supplies, parts, and materials as part of the lists below. Instructional and reference sources have more specific information on what is needed. Published project plans will often include a detailed materials and parts list. When starting a custom project you can develop a list as you plan it. Then you can look at what you already have, and identify what else is needed to complete it. &emsp;Shopping for every small project takes time, and buying in quantity can be less expensive. So it can be helpful to keep some supplies, parts, and materials on hand. These can be leftovers from previous projects, packaged hardware assortments, or accumulated from second-hand sources. We will try to indicate what is helpful to stock as a starting point, but suggest getting other items as needed for particular projects. There are many types of these items, so some way to keep them organized is useful. This can be '''[[w:Organizer_box|Organizer Boxes]]''' with compartments and drawers, empty jars and cans, or sometimes the box they came in. &emsp;In addition to purchased inventory, you can reuse items you already have but don't need, like old furniture, and items from your property like fallen or cut tree branches. Free and cheap outside sources can be found almost anywhere. Particularly good ones include scrap and wrecking yards, leftovers and removals from construction and renovation projects, and business trash. Always ask permission when scavenging from private property. You can also offer to clean up/remove/move items for people. For example, someone may have fallen tree branches which you can get free for the asking, or even get paid for removing them. Discarded or second-hand furniture can be used as work tables or storage, or as a source of lumber. &emsp;'''Making and Improving Your Own Items''' - The basic idea in these books is self-improvement. So if finances are more limited than time, or simply because you enjoy it, you can make or improve your own equipment. This lets you customize them to better fit your needs. For example, a workbench can be fit to your body size, what you are working on, and the available work space. A basic table saw consists of a motor, and an adjustable blade emerging from a cutting surface. But you can add different blades to suit the material, assorted guides for moving what you are cutting, and extension tables for managing larger pieces. To make or upgrade equipment requires already having some to work with, or access to other people's. However making everything from basic materials will take much longer than buying. So project members should consider what to make vs finding/buying already functional items. &emsp;Simple self-made woodworking projects include saw benches and saw horses, a stationary workbench, bench hook, miter box, and wooden mallets. A blacksmith can make many of their own tools, including a forge, chisels, hammers, punches, drifts, and fullers. A skilled one can make tongs, specialized hammers, hardies, flatters, and swages. Combining wood and iron work can produce cutting tools like axes and chisels, planes, drawknives, spokeshaves, claw hammers, and screwdrivers. '''[[w:David_J._Gingery|David Gingery]]''' even wrote a book series on how to build metalworking machines from scrap. At a more advanced level, a well-equipped machine shop can make many of the parts for another machine shop. &emsp;'''Ready-Made Equipment''' - Places to find new tools include home improvement and hardware stores, online marketplaces, industrial suppliers, and direct from the manufacturers. Used tools can be found online on trading sites like '''[[w:EBay|eBbay]]''' or '''[[w:Craigslist|craigslist]]''', or locally in the for-sale sections of social media. Pawn shops, flea markets, estate and garage sales are good sources for used tools. If you join a community of hobbyists or a '''[[w:Hackerspace|Makerspace]]''', you may find people who are upgrading or changed interests and are selling off/giving away items. You can sometimes borrow or rent tools, or use ones at community arts centers. A dedicated space for your own or group projects is less constrained by time and access, and has better control over tool selection and care. &emsp;'''Learning to Use Them''' - There are plenty of sources of information beyond what is in these books. Other books, both paper and digital, are a primary source. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?tab=collection Internet Archive]''' has a vast collection of digitized books. Local libraries either have paper books, can borrow them from other libraries through inter-library loan, or have digital copies you can borrow. You can of course buy new and used books online and in bookstores. Hobbyist magazines and other publications are useful both for project information and specialty equipment sources. &emsp;A community of people doing personal production can teach each other whatever skills they already had or are learning. Formal classes are taught at community centers and trade schools. Informal ones can be found among hobbyist groups, stores that sell the relevant items, and at makerspaces where you can observe and try things. You can find local community projects, hobbyists, or professionals and offer to help or work for them, and learn while doing. Video tutorials and online forums on specific subjects have also become quite helpful in recent years. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">3.0 - Basic Sets</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Before starting to use any kinds of tools and equipment, you should know how to use them safely and properly, and be protected from injury. So have the following items available, and get some safety training if needed: &emsp;'''Reference Material''' - At least one reference book on basic tool use to start with. Add additional books, videos, training classes, etc. as needed. There are many basic books available, but '''[http://everyspec.com/USN/NAVEDTRA/NAVEDTRA_14256_JUN1992_18379/ Tools and Their Uses, US Navy, 1992]''' is public domain and downloadable. The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=home+workshop+tools Internet Archive]''' also has several books on home workshops and tools to borrow or download. &emsp;Both paper and e-books can be used where you are working. To protect them from dirt and damage, a thick cardboard backing with rubber bands or spring clips, and a clear plastic bag or sheet as a cover is enough to start. E-books may need more protection for the display, like a wood tray with a hinged clear plastic lid. &emsp;'''Safety Equipment''' - Tools, and the materials being worked on, are usually stronger than body parts. So a variety of safety equipment should be used to protect yourself. These include safety glasses or goggles, ear plugs or headsets for sound, work gloves (cloth, leather, fireproof, and rubber in varying thickness), knee pads, masks or respirators for dust or vapors, shop aprons, hard hats, reinforced shoes and boots, and protective covers or shields around dangerous tool parts. The latter are often built-in or available for the tools. Which of these are needed depends on what you are doing. Loose clothes and hair can get caught up in moving parts, and should be changed or secured. &emsp;Despite using safety equipment, injuries can still happen. So '''[[w:First_aid_kit|first-aid supplies]]''' should be available nearby. Most homes already have some. If a work space is some distance away or you are working away from home, a basic first aid kit should be located in the space or your vehicle. Appropriate fire extinguishers and/or sprinklers should be available for any project with flammable materials. For outdoor work, water buckets and hoses should also be available. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 1 - General Home Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;These items are useful for common household tasks like hanging pictures, assembling furniture, or installing appliances. They are also needed for more advanced projects and maintaining other equipment. They should all fit in a toolbox like the one in figure 5.5-2. [[File:Caisse_à_outils_avec_petit_outillage.JPG|thumb|right|640x375px|Figure 5.5-2 - A cantilever toolbox with trays that slide apart.]] ::'''Tool and Supply Containers''' &emsp;While household tools can be stored in a drawer or closet shelf, it is handy to keep them in a '''[[w:Toolbox|Toolbox]]''' of some kind. This avoids multiple trips when you need to use more than one, and keeps them all together. Almost any kind of container will work, as long as it will hold the majority of them (except the largest like hand saws), and strong enough for the weight. Thick-wall cardboard boxes and plastic tubs are low-cost examples. Handles or hand openings make carrying them easier. Manufactured or self-made toolboxes often have one more more drawers, removable/sliding trays, or smaller containers/dividers for small items (Figure 5.5-2). That makes it easier to organize and find what you need than a random pile. Additional types of tool carriers include large buckets, with optional tool organizers, non-rigid carrying bags and backpacks, and tool belts and aprons for when you want to keep some tools at hand. [[File:Motorists_tool_kit_roll_of_1912.jpg|thumb|right|640x441px|Figure 5.5-3 - A 1912 Mechanic's tool roll.]] &emsp;Most tools are mostly or all metal, and power tools have motors, batteries, or cords. Many tools have accessories, like drill bits or various size sockets. So at some point hand-carrying a toolbox becomes difficult. You can either have multiple smaller toolboxes, or use a larger one with wheels and a handle to make moving it easier. There are manufactured stackable sets with the bottom unit having the wheels and handle, or you can get a separate handcart and strap multiple toolboxes to it. &emsp;Tools can damage each other, especially ones like files designed to cut metal. Smaller containers, especially ones with individual tool holders, within the tool box can protect them. Sharp blades can be covered with a cap or sheath, or wrapped in cloth. A tool roll of heavy cloth or soft leather can keep tools organized and separated from each other (Figure 5.5-3). &emsp;Supply items like nails, screws, and sandpaper get used up in a project. Extra supplies avoids having to shop for them for each project, and it is often cheaper to buy in quantity, or not possible to buy very small amounts. These extra supplies also need storage. Small amounts can be kept in the same container as the tools, either loose in a compartment or in the package they came in. Larger amounts can be stored in a separate container, and then whatever is needed for a given project pulled out as needed. [[File:HeadLamp.JPG|thumb|right|640x376px|Figure 5.5-4 - A battery-powered headlamp.]] ::'''Lighting and Inspection''' &emsp;You need to be able to see what you are working on. If permanent home lighting or daylight is not enough, there are portable options like plug-in lamps and work lights. Work lights can be mounted on stands or clamp onto an available surface. Battery options include flashlights, and headlamps which leave the hands free (Figure 5.5-4). Inspection mirrors are small adjustable ones on a handle to see in hard-to-reach places. Some have telescoping handles and built-in lights. ::'''Measuring and Marking Tools''' &emsp;These are used for marking where to make cuts or shapes, dimensions, or what a part is for later assembly. Typically a cut line is marked, and then an X, squiggle, or shading is used to show the part being cut away. Cuts should be on the removal side of the line rather than directly on it. It is easier to remove material to get the final dimension than put it back once removed. So tool positioning should account for blade width. * '''Pencils & Pens''' - Start with ordinary pencils. sharpener and eraser, and yellow and red marking crayons for dark and light raw wood respectively. Ink pen and colored marker lines are easier to see but harder to erase. The edge of '''[[w:Masking_tape|Masking Tape]]''' can be used to mark locations and be written on, then more easily removed where appearance matters. Office sticky notes and other low-stick items can also be used for this. * '''[[w:Scratch_awl|Scratch Awl]]''' - These make indented lines and points. They make a sharper line than writing tools and the indents help position a chisel or drill in the right place. * '''[[w:Ruler|Rulers]]''' - Steel, preferably stainless to resist rust and heat. One or more straight ones to start, 15-60cm (6-24 in) with fine-scale markings. '''[[w:Tape_measure|Tape measures]]''', one each roll-up steel, 4-10 m (12-30 ft)for straight distances, and a cloth/plastic sewing type for wrapping around objects. * '''[[w:Combination_square|Combination Square]]''' - For measuring and marking perpendicular or at an angle to an edge, and finding the center of an end. One 30cm (12 in) to start with. [[File:Tool-level.jpg|thumb|right|640x228px|Figure 5.5-5 - A torpedo level.]] * '''Levels and Plumbs''' - For finding horizontal and vertical lines. '''[[w:Spirit_level|Spirit levels]]''' have liquid with an air bubble in a curved tube. Start with a torpedo Level (Figure 5.5-5), a small magnetized one suitable for general home use, like leveling appliances. A '''[[w:Plumb_bob|Plumb Bob]]''' is a light string with a substantial weight, sometimes pointed at the bottom. Gravity pulls it vertical. It can be used to transfer positions or align objects vertically. If attached to a marked frame or scale it can help align vertical, horizontal or sloped directions. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;For fastening parts together or take them apart again. Also for striking items to drive them together or apart or change their shape. These are mainly manual (unpowered) tools. * '''[[w:Screwdriver|Screwdrivers]]''' - Screws come in a variety of sizes with different slots, for which a matching driver should be used. Sets with common sizes are available. A basic set should have at least a large flat head, large Phillips, small flat head, small Phillips, and stubby flat head (short shaft). Since a lot of torque (twisting force) is often needed, they should be better than the cheapest grade. :&emsp;When an item doesn't already have screw holes, an '''[[w:Bradawl|Awl]]''' with a very narrow or pointed tip is useful for starting small screws. If nothing else is available, a sharpened nail can be used. Larger wood screws require pre-drilling a hole about the size of the shaft inside the threads to avoid splitting the wood. :&emsp;A small cordless screwdriver that accepts hex shank bits can replace multiple screwdrivers and pre-drill holes. A set of screwdriver and small drill bits with matching shanks should be added if not included. '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand Drills]]''' of various kinds still exist but are mostly obsolete or used where power is not available. * '''[[w:Pliers|Pliers]]''' - For firmly holding items using leverage. A basic set would include either a channel or slip joint type where the space between the jaws can be changed, a lineman’s with heavy-duty jaws, long nose for reaching confined spaces, and a locking type which continues to hold without hand pressure. * '''[[w:Socket_wrench|Socket Wrench Set]]''' - For larger screws and bolts that need more torque. A basic set includes a reversible ratcheting handle and different sizes of matching sockets to fit hexagonal-head fasteners. '''[[w:Hex_key|Hex Keys]]''' (Allen wrenches) are used for hexagonal holes in a screw or bolt. A basic set of different size hex keys is enough to start. * '''[[w:Hammer|Hammers]]''' - For striking with higher force by combined arm and handle speed. A basic set includes a '''[[w:Claw_hammer|Claw Hammer]]''' for driving and removing nails, a '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball-Peen]]''' for striking other metal tools or shaping metal, and a '''[[w:Mallet|Rubber or Rawhide Mallet]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are hitting. These can be anywhere from the 250-1500g (8-38oz) weight range depending on your strength and what you are hitting but a 500g/16oz one is enough to start with. * '''[[w:Staple_gun|Staple Gun]]''' - The manual version uses a hand-compressed spring to drive heavy staples. It can be used for fastening plastic sheet, fabric, and other light materials into soft woods. Hardwoods may require hammering the staples flush, or using sturdier fasteners like upholstery tacks. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' [[File:Tapijtschaar.jpg|thumb|right|400x300px|Figure 5.5-6 - Carpet Shears.]] * '''[[w:Scissors|Scissors/Shears]]''' - These have two blades on a pivot connected to handles. A toolbox version should have stronger blades and higher handle-to-blade length ratio to cut thicker material than household/craft scissors. A suitable heavy duty one is a '''Carpet Shears''' (Figure 5.5-6). The offset handles make it easier to cut on a flat surface. * '''[[w:Utility_knife|Utility Knives]]''' - The kind called a "box cutter" has a retractable razor knife for cutting materials like cardboard. This is enough to start with. A straight edge can guide the blade along a desired line. If you use the knife often enough, it should come with or you can get replacement blades when they wear out. Blades are very low cost and not worth sharpening to a razor edge. An inexpensive '''[[w:Putty_knife|Scraper/Spreader Set]]''' with different width and shape blades is useful for general cleaning, prying, and spreading. Thicker blades are better for scraping, while thinner flexible blades are better for spreading. A '''Razor Scraper''' holds a single-edged razor blade crosswise, and is used at a low angle on hard surfaces like glass. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Pocketknife|Folding Pocket Knife]]''' has one or more blades which pivot into the handle. A '''[[w:Multi-tool|Multi-tool]]''' includes other items besides edged blades. In all cases the movable blades make it safer and easier to carry when not being used. Traditional fixed-blade utility knives have their uses, especially outdoors or working with wood, but need a sheath when not being used for safety and to avoid damage to the edge. They should be single-edged so you can push on the back of the blade for extra force. * '''[[w:Diagonal_pliers|Diagonal Pliers]]''' - are made of hardened steel and used to cut wires and similar long, narrow materials. They are typically built into lineman's pliers along with the gripping jaws. but adding a smaller one for tighter spaces or cut more closely to a surface is useful. * '''[[w:Snips|Metal Snips]]''' function like scissors, but have much thicker blades and more leverage, often with compound action. This allows cutting sheet metal and similar hard materials. A starter set only needs the straight-cutting type, but left and right curve cutting versions can cut more complex shapes without multiple straight cuts. * '''[[w:Hacksaw|Hacksaws]]''' hold a narrow, fine tooth blade under tension in a frame. One standard 30 cm(12 inch) saw with a few blades of different tooth fineness is sufficient for a starter set. They are used to cut metal, plastic, and wood where a narrow cut or thin walls requires a thin blade with small teeth. Junior and mini saws use shorter blades and can be used in smaller spaces. * '''[[w:Hand_saw|Wood Hand Saws]]''' - These are for general cutting of wood to size. One short enough to fit in a toolbox to start with. Longer carpenter's saws can use the full stroke length of arm and body. They need a longer toolbox or are stored separately with something to protect the cutting teeth. The basic types are '''[[w:Crosscut_saw|Crosscut]]''' with teeth to cut across the wood fibers (grain), and the '''[[w:Ripsaw|Ripsaw]]''' with teeth to cut lengthwise along the fibers. There are many other types of '''[[w:Saw|Saws]]''', but a smaller toolbox one and the two carpenter types for larger pieces of wood are enough for basic home projects. * '''[[w:File_(tool)|Files]]''' and '''[[w:Rasp|Rasps]]''' are used to remove small amounts of material by abrasion. Files have teeth the width of the tool, while rasps have smaller individual teeth. They are usually made of hardened high-carbon steel so they can cut other metals. They are fairly inexpensive, so a packaged set of six or more different sizes, shapes, and tooth fineness is enough to start. This should include at least the bastard, double cut, round, and triangular types. '''[[w:File_(tool)#Needle_files|Needle Files]]''' are very small ones for confined spaces or fine work. :&emsp;File sets should have some handles, and a holder or wrap to keep them from damaging each other and other tools. A stiff toothbruch, detail brush or "file card" (a brush with fine metal wires) can be used to remove accumulated particles. * '''[[w:Sandpaper|Sandpaper]]''' - is used to smooth surfaces, round sharp corners and similar finishing tasks. An assortment pack with different grain sizes is enough to get started. Grain is either particles per inch where fine grains have higher numbers, or direct size in microns. Sandpaper wears out and becomes clogged with particles, but is inexpensive to replace. A stiff brush like a toothbrush can clean out excess particles. There are types intended to be used wet or dry, and different grain materials. :&emsp;The paper or other backing is flexible and can be cut from the back or folded and torn to whatever size is needed. Cutting from the grit side will damage blades. It can be wrapped or taped to scrap wood or any other object to conform to the surface being sanded. '''[[w:Sanding_block|Sanding Blocks]]''' are also made for this purpose. Fingernail files and hobby sanding sticks are useful for small spaces. ::'''Tool Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;Tools and work areas need some care, maintenance, repair, or cleaning. Care can be divided into avoidable problems and unavoidable wear. Water and high humidity causes steel and other metals to rust or corrode and wood to decay. Dry storage and work areas, and quickly removing water after use helps avoid these problems. A wiped on coating of oil, or storing in oiled paper or cloth, can help keep water away from metal. Wood finishes or chemically treated lumber can prevent rot. Freshly cut logs and branches have a high water content, so they should be '''[[w:Wood_drying|Dried]]''' before most uses. This is called "seasoning" because drying time in air is measured in seasons. Paints and other durable coatings, and waterproof containers can protect both wood and metal items. &emsp;'''Sharpening''' - Using tools will eventually wear down sharp edges and moving parts. Casual use of a wood or metal saw may take years to wear down the cutting teeth, but if used regularly they require '''[[w:Sharpening|Sharpening]]''' or replacement. Hacksaw and razor blades are inexpensive and replaceable. More expensive cutting tools can be sharpened with files, sandpaper fastened to a flat surface like glass, and '''[[w:Sharpening_stone|Sharpening Stones]]''', and '''[[w:Razor_strop|Stropping]]''' with abrasive compounds. These are used in series with progressively finer teeth and grains until the necessary sharpness is reached. This varies by tool and its use. A fine tooth file from those listed above and a two-sided sharpening stone with coarse/fine grain is enough to start with. &emsp;'''Repair''' - Other tool parts may need replacement if they become too worn or break. The assembly tools listed above are used to take tools apart, replace the part, and put them back together. Any kind of flat tray or small container can be used to hold loose parts while disassembled, so they don't get lost or forgotten. If there are many parts, a multi-compartment item like an egg carton, ice tray, or muffin pan can organize them in the order they were disassembled so it can be reversed during re-assembly. &emsp;General maintenance and cleaning items don't need to be carried in a tool box, but brought out as needed. They include: * '''Lubricants and Tapes''' - One saying is "'''[[w:WD-40|WD-40]]''' for anything that moves but isn't and '''[[w:Duct_tape|Duct Tape]]''' for anything that moves but shouldn't". Lubricants and tape have many uses, so some of each should be available. One can of penetrating spray lubricant, and a roll each of strong cloth (duct) and regular masking tapes are enough to start. Other kinds of '''[[w:Lubricant|Lubricants]]''' and '''[[w:List_of_adhesive_tapes|Tapes]]''' can be added as needed. :&emsp;Tools and machines with moving parts often need oiling at specific points and not others. Some oil containers come with a small nozzle, but a small brush or cotton swab can be used in harder to reach spots. Dedicated '''[[w:Oil_can|Oil Cans]]''' (oilers) that work by gravity or pressure are available for frequent or large-scale use. * '''Brushes and Vacuums''' - Old toothbrushes and wire brushes can be used to clean up blade teeth, fastener threads and other small spaces. Soft hand brushes. a broom, dust pan, and trash cans are for collecting sawdust, metal shavings, etc. Hand and shop vacuums can clean up inaccessible or large areas. Cotton swabs and small craft brushes can be used to clean or apply finishes to small areas. * '''Cleaning Supplies''' - Old clothes or towels can be cut up, or cleaning rags purchased, for removing dirt, oil, grease, etc. Paper towels can be used but they wear out quickly. General household brushes, sponges, buckets and mops, water and household cleaners are used as needed to clean work areas. Most people have these already. If needed, cut-open plastic shopping or trash bags, and newspaper/advertising fliers can be used to protect surfaces. * '''Twine and Rope''' - Have multiple uses for bundling, temporary clamping, and securing loads being moved. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 2 - Home Improvement/Do-It-Yourself Use</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;The general-purpose tools and equipment listed here, when added to List 1, enable a range of more substantial home improvement, craft, and repair projects. You can start adding them as-needed for specific projects. Finding them used in bulk, such as auctions, moving, and estate sales, may save money. Any duplicate or unneeded items can be sold off or traded for ones you need. As noted above, you don't need everything from these two basic lists to start on projects. But the more items you have, the wider the range of projects you can do. ::'''Office & Media Equipment''' &emsp;These are used as=needed before starting a project to plan, design, research, and shop. They should be located away from work areas to avoid damage from tools, dirt, and dust: [[File:Drafting_board_with_T_Square.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-7 - Drawing board with T-square and other tools.]] &emsp;Hand drawing has been substantially replaced by computers and software, especially for professionals, but it is much lower cost to get started. Even with computers, it is still useful for sketching ideas, or making notes and alterations to existing plans. Printed plans, however created, are still useful in the workshop, as they can be larger than screens, and if full size can be used directly as templates. * '''[[w:Drawing_board|Drawing Board]]''' - This is a surface to make drawings and plans of custom projects, customizing existing ones, or scaling templates to full size. An existing table or counter with a smooth top can be used to start, but any piece of smooth-surfaced rigid material can be used instead to avoid pen and tape marks. Portable boards (Figure 5.5-7) can be moved where needed and put away between uses. Tape or push-pins are used to hold drawing sheets in place. Translucent '''[[w:Drafting_film|Drafting Film]]''' (vellum) can be laid over other drawings and illustrations as guides. '''[[w:Graph_paper|Graph Paper]]''' has a pre-printed grid, making scaled sketches easier. *'''[[w:Technical_drawing_tool|Drawing Tools]]''' are used to draw accurate lines and curves. These include the T-square, 45 and 60 degree triangles; engineer's, metric, and architects scales; lettering, circle, and irregular curve templates; protractor, low-stick drafting dots, masking tape; erasers, eraser shield, and dusting brush; bow compass and dividers; and mechanical pencils of various lead diameters. * '''Computer and Peripherals''' - If you don't already have one, a computer is useful for communication, inventory, purchasing, task management, and design software. A multifunction printer can be used to print out online or e-book plans, or enlarge templates to full size. The scanning function can do the reverse. Large plans and templates can be sent to a commercial print shop. A webcam can provide live video conversations. A smartphone can use its cameras to also do this function. A '''Digital projector''' can be used to transfer designs to physical items or templates. ::'''Storage and Workshop Space''' [[File:Paris_-_Carpenter_workshop_-_4944.jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-8 - A professional woodworking shop with storage and workbenches.]] &emsp;As tools accumulate, it gets harder to fit them in a closet and move them around even with a wheeled toolbox. So dedicated storage becomes useful. Storage may be in a garage, utility room, or outbuilding. A storage area can also hold parts and materials for future projects. Tools and materials can be quite heavy, so the storage should be sturdy. Shelving and cabinets, either wall-mounted or freestanding, are typically used for smaller items. Longer or larger items can be leaned against or hung from a wall. &emsp;Drawers can help keep items accessible but out of the way when not being used. For tools and accessories, some portable tool boxes, and the larger wheeled or stationary '''Tool Chests''' come in all sizes and number of drawers. Parts organizers, small containers, or open bins can be used for bulk items like nails and screws. Empty cardboard boxes are often free from stores if you ask, and come in all sizes. Sturdy ones are preferred. Labels on everything help finding the right items once many have accumulated. A pack of blank address labels and a bold marker can serve for this. &emsp;When you add dedicated work space to storage, it becomes a '''[[w:Workshop|Workshop]]''' (Figure 5.5-8). These come in all sizes from a craft area in the corner of a room, to garage and basement space, to freestanding buildings that can be as large as needed. If you move to an existing or new home, it may already have space for a workshop, or an existing shop in place. &emsp;Since the tools in these lists enable making and building things, workshops can be largely self-made. The shelves, work tables, chairs, cabinets and other items that support working in them are collectively called '''Shop Furniture'''. Setting up storage and workshop space can be a very big project, so it is typically divided into smaller steps, with the completed parts helping finish the rest. &emsp;How much workshop space is needed is determined by the size of the projects being made, and the shop furniture, assembly areas, tools, stationary machines, parts, and materials being stored and used. Workshops can be used by one person or many, so there should be enough space to not interfere with each other. Enough additional space is needed to move around and for large items to overhang and move through machines. For some projects, outdoor space can be used temporarily to extend the working area. &emsp;Shops should not be overcrowded and items piled haphazardly. That is both unsafe and hard to use. So enough space for proper storage and future growth should be planned for. Workshops also need adequate lighting, either natural or artificial, and enough electric power if if such tools are used. This may require upgrades to existing systems. Access to water, such as a utility sink, and ventilation if fumes or dust are generated are helpful. The floor must be able to support the total weight of everything in the shop, which can be quite large. Temperature and humidity should be controlled enough to prevent rust, wood rot, and be comfortable to work in. Access doors should be large enough to move materials and finished items through. &emsp;If you are doing longer-term projects, specialized '''Work Clothing''' is helpful. Tool and nail aprons and belts allow keeping the most used tools with you. Denim, leather, or other heavy materials are durable and can provide protection. Some versions have extra pockets, loops, and holders for items. ::'''Work Surfaces and Clamps''' * '''Portable''' - While some work can be done on the floor, supports bring the work to a comfortable height, and for longer items keep them from sagging or tilting while being worked on. Two '''[[w:Sawhorse|Sawhorses]]''', with optional boards and/or sheet goods laid on top are simple and flexible, and are a starting point if you have nothing else. They can be bought, but basic ones are easy to make and cheaper. '''[[w:Black_%26_Decker_Workmate|Folding Portable Workbenches]]''' can have built-in vises, stops, and tool-holders. If they are very light they can move while working. Some have steps to use body weight to stabilize them. They can also be weighted with anything heavy to keep them steady. [[File:Clamps.jpg|thumb|right|596x480px|Figure 5.5-9 - Assorted clamps: pipe, bar, trigger, handscrew, spring, C-clamp, and cam types.]] * '''[[w:Clamp_(tool)|Clamps]]''' - Clamps in general are used to hold one or more items together or to the work surface to keep them from moving. They can be much stronger than muscles and leave the hands free for working. A single clamp can allow items to rotate, so at least two medium-size ones are needed to start with. Additional clamps of various types and sizes are desirable (Figure 5.5-9). There are specialized clamps that use '''[[w:Band_clamp|Straps]]''' or for '''[[w:Mitre_clamp|Holding Corners]]''' that can be added later as needed, and temporary ones can be made from rope and sticks, with wedges driven under the rope to apply pressure. * '''[[w:Workbench|Workbenches]]''' - These are either stationary, or if wheeled generally stay within a workshop area. Their weight and rigidity keeps items from moving or vibrating from tool forces. They typically have built-in '''[[w:Vise|Vises]]''' and clamps, or are designed so temporary ones can fix the work to the bench. Vises generally have larger faces to apply pressure and are stationary, while clamps are typically movable. The intermediate clamp vise can be temporarily clamped where needed. The '''[[w:Vise#Engineer's|Bench]]''' (Figure 5.5-18) and '''[[w:Woodworking_vise|Woodworking Vices]]''' are the most common types. The latter have wood vise faces to avoid damage to items. :&emsp;There are a number of specialized tools and accessories to hold items to workbenches. Some have '''[[w:Bench_dog|Bench Dogs or Pegs]]''' or '''[[w:Holdfast_(tool)|Holdfasts]]''' that can be inserted into holes to position or secure items. Shaped inserts can better hold round or other items that don't match the jaw shape. For some projects, custom holding jigs need to be self-made. For any kind of vise or clamp, softer materials like wood, leather, or rubber can be inserted between the jaws to prevent damage to the work. :&emsp;Many workbenches have storage shelves, hooks, or drawers below the bench top. Wall-mounted benches often have additional shelves or cabinets above the bench for storage. Free-standing benches (not against a wall) allow access from all sides and working on overhanging items. If large items will be worked on, temporary supports or other shop tables can be used to support the excess. Depending on use, bench top height can be for working standing up or sitting, or a taller chair or stool used to sit at a standing bench. Some benches have built-in electrical outlets for power tools. Otherwise corded tools or battery chargers can be plugged in elsewhere. ::'''Ladders and Platforms''' &emsp;Some projects involve reaching/working above floor or ground level, and occasionally down a hole. * '''[[w:Ladder|Stepladders]]''' have steps or rungs to climb and stand on. They come in a wide variety of sizes, and are either free-standing or leaned against something. A two-step version may be enough to reach ceiling lights and high shelves indoors, but a 2 meter (6 foot) one with four legs is more stable and provides places to set or hang tools and materials while working. Some versions have a small fold-out shelf for this purpose. This size is sufficient to start with. For outdoor use extension or folding ladders can be adjusted to the task at hand. If you expect to reach a roof or tree limb, the length can be chosen based on that height. :&emsp;Modern ladders are rated for weight. Select one rated for at least your body weight plus the heaviest item you expect to lift up it. '''A falling ladder or falling off one can cause serious injury'''. Move the ladder rather than leaning or lifting heavy items beyond the legs. If the ground is not level or firm use boards or blocks to fix that. Secure the ladder if needed to what you are climbing up, or braced to the ground with diagonal poles or staked ropes. Secure yourself to the ladder or what you are climbing with hooks and ropes/straps/safety belt to prevent falls. *'''Work Platforms''' provide more horizontal surface to stand on or place things than ladders. They are useful when horizontal movement is needed while working. One or two sturdy boards placed across two ladders, or one ladder and building steps are simple versions. Since loose boards can shift, they should be clamped or have angles or blocks attached to prevent sliding off. ::'''Moving and Lifting''' &emsp;Moving heavy objects or large amounts of supplies happens often on larger projects. Moving or lifting items over 20 kg (40 lb) or carrying multiple smaller or lighter items is difficult by hand, and benefits from various transport and lift devices. Some bags and boxes saved from previous shopping or discarded by stores may be enough to start with. Horizontal movement benefits greatly from wheels. Depending on the task, a '''[[w:Hand_truck|Hand Truck]]''', '''[[w:Flatbed_trolley|Flatbed Trolley]]''' (moving dolly) or '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' can be used. '''[[w:Tub_(container)|Tubs]]''', '''[[w:Bucket|Buckets]]''' and assorted small containers are useful for storing and moving items like fasteners, bulk materials, liquids, and groups of tools. Workshop machines and carts can come with wheels or have them added. This allows moving them out of the way when not being used, or to where needed while working. &emsp;For moving large amounts of material or larger single items, motorized vehicles of many types and sizes exist. The most common are passenger cars, pickup trucks, and enclosed vans. Trailers can be attached to many of these vehicles. Flat or open bed loads can be protected and secured by tarps, nets, elastic or chain hooks, and ratcheted straps. Blocks, wedges, and bars can prevent loads from shifting. Securing loads is important for balancing trailers whose deck extends beyond the wheel base. '''[[w:Intermodal_container|Shipping containers]]''' can carry large amounts of goods and serve as temporary storage or even a small workshop. &emsp;'''[[w:Pulley|Pulleys]]''' are used for lifting, dragging, or changing the direction of a force. A single rope and body weight is enough for smaller loads. Sets of pulleys can be combined for added leverage. Inclined boards set on a step or block and fabricated ramps can help withe height changes. The ledge at the bottom of a hand truck and many other objects can be used as '''[[w:Lever|Levers]]''' to lift objects enough to place supports under them or get them onto wheels. '''[[w:Back_belt|Back Supports]]''' may help avoid injury when lifting heavy items with body strength, but proper technique is more important. &emsp;'''[[w:Winch|Winches]]''' multiply leverage with cranks and gears. There are both hand and powered versions. Temporary hoists can use 1-3 poles with anchor ropes as needed. They can support pulleys, hooks and other lifting gear high enough for a given task. These are the '''[[w:Gin_pole|Gin Pole]]''', '''[[w:Shear_legs|Shear Legs]]''', and '''[[w:Tripod|Tripod]]'''. Commercial lifts and cranes can be rented for occasional use, or are supplied while delivering large loads. &emsp;'''[[w:Jack_(device)|Jacks]]''' - are devices to lift heavy weights or apply bending forces, generally more than simple levers. There are may types using ratchets, screws, air pressure, or hydraulics. The type included with most passenger cars for changing tires is enough to start, but a bottle jack of 10-20 tons capacity is a useful addition. Always make sure the jack is firmly supported. On bare ground it is likely to push itself into the ground rather than lifting a heavy object. Boards, timbers, or concrete blocks can spread the load. Also place timbers or other supports as the item is lifted, in case the jack slips or the load shifts sideways. ::'''Measuring and Marking''' * '''Size Measures''' - The ruler-type '''[[w:Calipers|Caliper]]''' has a sliding jaw attached to a ruler, with a vernier scale for accuracy. The inside and outside spring types can take and transfer measurements. These three 6-12" (15-30cm) in size to start with. Dial and digital calipers can make more accurate measurements, but not as accurate as a micrometer. * '''Weight and Volume Measures''' - For measuring bulk items and liquids. These can be conventional kitchen and bathroom scales, measuring spoons and measuring cups. Empty clear/translucent containers can be filled with measured volumes and marked for shop use. This is useful for materials that will stain or are toxic that you don't want to contaminate your measuring set. &emsp;'''Note:''' Some of the angle, curve, and spline tools that follow overlap the drawing tools in the office section above. If you already have those, you may not need more to start with. Larger versions are useful for measuring and marking larger physical projects as opposed to scale drawings. The need for them depends on what projects you are doing. * '''Angle Measures''' - There are various devices for setting right angles (90 degrees or perpendicular). The '''[[w:Try_square|Try Square]]''' is 20-50 cm (8-20 inches) is for smaller accurate work. The '''[[w:Steel_square|Steel Square]]''' is a larger one-piece device with engraved scales. Angled and sloped cuts are either described by the two scales, like "6:12", or calculated from the angle tangent. For cutting sheet goods there are squares the full width of a standard sheet. Sheet goods are generally manufactured with right angles, so an alternate method is measuring the lengths on opposite sides from the corners, and connecting them with a straight edge. :&emsp;The '''[[w:Speed_square|Speed Square]]''' is a triangular '''[[w:Set_square|Set Square]]''' with a built in fence. This can be pressed against a board edge to mark a cut, or clamped to it to guide a circular saw. A '''[[w:Protractor|Protractor]]''' has an angle scale, and the bevel type has a pivoting arm to mark angles. A '''[[w:Sliding_T_bevel|Sliding T Bevel]]''' can set and transfer angles when you want them to match. One try or steel square is enough to get started, depending on the size of the projects. * '''Curve Marking''' - A '''[[w:Compass_(drawing_tool)|Compass]]''' has two sharp points, or one point and pencil/pen for marking arcs and circles. The distance between the points is set against a ruler to the radius desired. The regular and beam/trammel types will mark small and large radii and are enough to start with. Very large curves can be set by hooking the end of a tape measure to a small nail at the center point, and securing the sharp point, pencil, or pen to the tape with a small '''[[w:Binder_clip|Binder Clip]]''' * '''[[w:Flat_spline|Flat Splines]]''' and '''[[w:French_curve|French Curves]]''' can be used for non-circular curves. Lines on curved surfaces like cylinders can be set by marking two or more measured points, then wrapping folded paper or other bendable but not stretchy material between them to mark a line. [[File:Vpass-1.JPG|thumb|right|640x284px|Figure 5.5-9 - Carpenter's Level.]] * '''Carpenter's Level''' - 60-120 cm (2-4 foot) (Figure 5.5-9). A longer version of the torpedo level from list 1. This can span more distance and be more accurate, but is harder to use in small spaces. For longer distances a level can be set on or against a straight piece of finished lumber with parallel sides or any similar object. Once a horizontal or vertical line is determined, slopes can be set by measuring perpendicular to one end. ::'''Additional Hand Tools''' * '''Screw- and Nut Drivers''' - The basic screwdriver set can be extended to cover most projects with about 30 pieces from a large standard plus a precision assortment sets. Nut drivers have axial handles like screwdrivers, but with tips that fit different size nuts and bolt heads. Their use overlaps socket wrenches with extension bars. * '''Hand Saws''' - '''[[w:Compass_saw|Compass]]''' and '''[[w:Keyhole_saw|Keyhole Saws]]''' have narrow blades for making curved cuts. They differ in size and tooth fineness. Interior cuts can be extended from a small starter hole made with a drill or chisel. A '''[[w:Coping_saw|Coping Saw]]''' has a very narrow blade with small teeth, and a frame to keep it straight under tension. The small teeth are good for thin material. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow or Frame Saw]]''' is a larger version. Interior cuts can be made by unhooking the blade, putting it through a starter hole, and re-attaching it. The blade can be rotated as needed for the cutting direction. A '''[[w:Bench_hook|Bench Hook]]''' is a simple accessory, usually self-made, to keep an item steady while cutting, and slightly raised so you don't damage a work table. Hook a pair of them over the edge of the table and press what you are cutting against the upper blocks. :&emsp;Hand '''[[w:Backsaw|Backsaws]]''' have a reinforcing strip to keep the blade straight and can be used with a '''[[w:Mitre_box|Miter Box]]''' to guide it. They are used for cutting to length and accurate crosscut angles. They come in various sizes and tooth fineness from the larger miter saw, to tenon, dovetail, and razor. Ones with offset handles are used to cut pegs and other protrusions flush. Hand saws require periodic sharpening with use. Specialty clamps, file jigs (to even tooth height), and '''[[w:Saw_set|Saw Sets]]''' (to set kerf width) are available, but can be made/use other tools. The actual sharpening uses files and sharpening stones. * '''Hammers''' - Add other sizes of hammers with metal heads to those in list 1, either smaller and lighter for fine work, or heavier up to two-handed '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]'''. One or more hardwood mallets or '''[[w:Dead_blow_hammer|Dead Blow Hammer]]''' for when you don't want to damage what you are striking, with less rebound than the rubber mallet. These often have soft striking faces with sand or metal shot filling the head, which absorbs the rebound forces. The light '''[[w:Upholstery_hammer|Tack Hammer]]''' has one magnetized head to start small tacks and nails, such as for upholstery. The unmagnetized head then finishes driving them in. * '''Hooks and Picks''' - These are small tools with various shaped tips for fine work. They are similar to dental '''[[w:Periodontal_probe|Probes]]''' and '''[[w:Dental_explorer|Explorers]]'''. A basic set with several types to start with. * '''[[w:Burr_(edge)|Deburring Tools]]''' - For removing rough edges left by cutting tools. Files can also do this task, but a specialty tool set is sometimes more efficient on softer materials and longer edges. * '''Pry and Demolition Bars''' - These use leverage to remove nails, pry items apart, or start to lift heavy items. They can use hands or hammers to insert. They come in various sizes and shapes like the '''[[w:Cat's_paw_(tool)|Cat's Paw]]''', '''[[w:Crowbar|Crowbar]]''', and flat pry bars. Claw hammers have a built-in prying tool, but additional ones are useful. [[File:Quick_Change_Tool_System,_2parts.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 5.5-10 - Punch and matching die.]] * '''Chisels and Punches''' - '''[[w:Chisel#Cold_chisel|Cold Chisels]]''' are used to indent or cut thinner metal, and score, chip, or split masonry. '''[[w:Punch_(tool)|Punches]]''' are used to indent or pierce leather, wood, or metal. Hollow punches can make well-defined holes in thicker material. Matching '''Die Blocks''' support the other side so the surrounding area is not deformed (Figure 5.5-10). :&emsp;A '''[[w:Punch_(tool)#Center|Center Punch]]''' is used to mark where a drill will cut and keep it from wandering. A '''[[w:Nailset|Nailset]]''' is a punch with a small head, for driving a nail flush or slightly below without damaging the surrounding material. '''[[w:Drift_pin|Drift Pins]]''' are either straight or tapered. They are used to either transfer hammer impacts to hard-to-reach places or align holes before assembly. Start with a punch and chisel set of assorted types and sizes plus one medium '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Wood Chisel]]''' for minor trimming and cutting of wood and other softer materials. * '''Wrenches''' - Add to the basic socket set in List 1 a larger set with multiple handle sizes and a larger range of sockets. Sizes up to 1 1/2" SAE and 38mm metric will cover all but the largest projects. Using two handles with a nut and bolt allows more tightening force. :&emsp;Open or close-ended single piece '''[[w:Wrench|Wrenches]]''' can apply higher forces that would damage a ratchet type handle. Their drawback is having to remove and reposition for each turn in tight spaces. A combination wrench has one open and one closed end. Using the ratchet handle first, then this type for final tightening minimizes the work. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adjustable_spanner|Adjustable Wrenches]]''' have a cylinder to change the jaw opening. Four sizes from 6-12" (15-30cm) should cover most needs '''[[w:Pipe_wrench|Pipe Wrenches]]''' have parallel serrated jaws to better grip large nuts and heavy pipe. These come in a wide range of sizes, but a medium one is enough to start. A '''[[w:Hex_key#Variants|Ball-End Hex Key]]''' can be used at an angle to the screw in hard to reach places. Sizes from 0.05-0.5" and 1.27-10mm in addition to the plain set from list 1 should cover most needs. * '''Pliers ''' - As needed, add '''[[w:Pincers_(tool)|Pincers]]''' and nippers, to grab or cut across the handle rather than along it. They are useful for pulling items like nails, or cutting protruding items flush. To a single locking pliers in the basic set you can add additional sizes and jaw shapes. Other types of pliers can be added in different sizes and lengths. Also add pliers to install and remove '''[[w:Retaining_ring|Retaining Rings]]'''. The rings have different styles and sizes, so you may need a set, or one with replaceable tips. * '''[[w:Bolt_cutter|Bolt Cutter]]''' - For cutting thicker rods or bars than pliers using compound leverage. For even thicker items use a metal hacksaw, angle grinder, or reciprocating saw. * '''Shop Magnets''' - Extension and sweep, for retrieving dropped items and metal cuttings. A strong shop magnet can be used to locate nails and screws in a wall by feel, and so also where the framing is located. A '''[[w:Stud_finder|Stud Finder]]''' is a more advanced device for finding wall posts (studs). ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;There are many types and sizes of '''[[w:Power_tool|Power Tools]]'''. The portable ones are meant to be moved to the work and used with one or two hands, while stationary ones are larger and have the work brought to them. Most use electric power either from a battery or cord. Batteries allow moving anywhere without worrying about cord length and handling, but they eventually need recharging. Battery packs and chargers add to the cost. Corded tools generally allow higher power levels and longer running time. Most power tools come in a range of quality and power level, measured by Amps or Watts. Which to use depends on the projects you are doing. &emsp;'''[[w:Extension_cord|Extension Cords]]''' allow working farther from a power outlet. Cords should be rated for the highest power tool you expect to use, and for outdoor use if you expect to use them that way. If you are moving around or climbing up, tie an '''[[w:Overhand_knot|Overhand Knot]]''' with the ends of the tool and extension cords before plugging together. This prevents them from pulling apart. * '''[[w:Drill|Electric Drill]] and Accessories''' - One corded drill around 6 Amp power and a standard wood drill '''[[w:Drill_bit|Drill Bit Set]]''' up to the drill chuck size is enough to get started. If you expect to work with metal, there are bits made of stronger materials with a different cutting angle. A '''Drill Gauge''' can help identify the size of a bit. The '''Hammer''' type drill can apply forward impacts to better go through hard materials. Many drills have side handle and depth gauge attachments to for better control. Specialty '''Right Angle Drills''' have the chuck mounted sideways to the grip rather than axially, which allows drilling in smaller spaces. :&emsp;There are many accessories that can fit in a drill chuck. '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Driver Bits]]''' can be used in place of screwdrivers and socket wrenches. They are faster but with less control. A driver assortment set is enough to start. Others include sanding, wire, and buffing wheels, countersink, counterbore/spade, expansion, and auger bits for wood, and abrasive stones for metal. For large holes a stationary drill press (see List 8) handles the higher torque better, or use a smaller starter hole then a saw to enlarge it. Various kinds of '''[[w:Drill#Hand-powered|Hand-Powered Drills]]''' still exist, but are mostly used where power is not available, to start a hole, for small spaces, or countersinking. * '''[[w:Circular_saw|Circular Saw]]''' - A hand-held corded type with 7.25 inch (18.5 cm) blade diameter with carbide teeth is the most common to start with. Other size saws and blade types as needed. Cordless (battery powered) types typically use smaller blades. All types rotate the blade at high speed. So what you are cutting should be secured to prevent movement, and a firm grip on the tool with both hands. For accurate cuts, a straight object is clamped to the work, offset by the blade distance from the guide plate edge. * '''[[w:Reciprocating_saw|Reciprocating Saw]]''' with assorted blades - This moves the blade forward and back rather than rotating. Longer blades allow cutting thicker items than a circular saw. Since only the blade is in the cutting area, they can work in tighter spaces than a circular saw. A variety of blades are available for different materials, and in different lengths and stiffness. They are generally less accurate than circular saws, but clamping something to the work to hold the tool against can improve accuracy. * '''[[w:Jigsaw_(tool)|Jigsaw]]''' with assorted blades - This is a type of reciprocating saw where the blade goes vertically through a guide plate. They are most useful making straight or curved cuts in boards or sheet goods * '''[[w:Angle_grinder|Angle Grinder]]''' and '''[[w:Dremel|Rotary Tool]]''' - These use high speed bits for tasks like cutting, grinding, and sanding. They differ in the direction of rotation and size. Angle grinders rotate at a right angle to the tool body, and are generally larger and more powerful. Rotary tools, such as the Dremel brand, rotate in line with the body, similar to electric drills. Compared to electric drills they spin at much higher speeds but with lower torque at the same power. One of either type is enough to get started. * '''[[w:Heat_gun|Heat Gun]]''' - These produce much higher temperatures than hair dryers and should never be used for that purpose. Uses include paint stripping, shrink wrapping, softening plastic for bending, and general heating and melting. Higher temperatures require an oven or furnace, but heat guns are portable and can cover larger areas. ::'''Stationary Equipment</u>''' &emsp;These items should either be fastened in place to use properly, or are too heavy or unwieldy to hand carry while operating. Stationary equipment generally includes both powered and unpowered tools, but the three here are all powered. * '''[[w:Miter_saw|Power Miter Saw]]''' - These perform the same function as a hand backsaw and miter box but are much faster using a powered circular saw blade. Basic versions have a horizontal angle gauge and fence. More advanced ones have blade tilt and slide features, clamps for the material, and projected lines for the cut. A bench, sawhorses, or rollers keep longer and heavier lumber straight and balanced while cutting, and the saw generally has holes for bolting in place. * '''[[w:Bench_grinder|Bench Grinder]]''' - This uses high speed abrasive, wire, or buffing wheels to sharpen, remove material, clean, and polish. They throw cuttings at high speed and can generate sparks, so gloves and face protection should be used. On metal the heat generated can affect the '''[[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Temper]]''' and burn hands, so dipping in water periodically can cool the item. :&emsp;'''Wet Grinders''' turn more slowly and apply water to the wheel to avoid overheating. They are typically used for blade sharpening. A '''[[w:Sharpening_jig|Sharpening Jig]]''' holds the tool at the right angle to the abrasive. A 6-8 inch (15-20 cm) bench grinder with abrasive wheels is enough to start with. Bench grinders can be fastened to a workbench, or to a stand if larger items need to be worked on. * '''[[w:Air_compressor|Air Compressor]]''' - This is useful for inflating tires and other items, and also for air tools like nail guns and paint sprayers. A small one light enough to move where needed plus an air hose and attachments kit is enough to start with. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Beyond basic supplies already noted, these can mostly be accumulated as needed for current and future projects. We suggest starting with some nail, screw, and bolt/nut/washer assortment sets with different sizes. This avoids making a shopping trip for minor home projects. ::'''Care and Maintenance''' &emsp;'''Building Maintenance''' - Homes and other structures require maintenance to stay functional. Many of the tools and equipment listed above can be used for repair and replacement, in addition to building new items. Some tools are only used to diagnose and fix problems, but not to build new items. These include: * '''[[w:Test_light|Test Lights]]''' - are used to check if an electrical outlet or other device has a voltage (power). They are mostly used for safety, to make sure power is off before doing work, and to see if a non-working device is broken vs. an electrical supply problem. * '''[[w:Plunger|Rubber Plunger]]''' and '''[[w:Plumber's_snake|Snake]]''' - for clearing blockages in household pipes. &emsp;'''Vehicle Maintenance''' - After their homes, the next most important items for many people are their vehicles. This includes passenger cars, light trucks, motorcycles, bi- and tricycles (manual and electric), utility trailers, golf carts, riding mowers, and all-terrain vehicles. Some of the tools above, such as socket wrenches, can be used for maintenance, but a number of more specialized ones are used with vehicles. These include: * '''Tire gauge''' * '''Accessory Tire Inflater''' - A small compressor, often using a 12 Volt car accessory socket. It is mainly intended for vehicle and trailer tires, but can also be used for wheelbarrow, mower, and other small tires. * '''Battery Charger''' * '''Engine Oil, Grease Gun and other lubricants''' * '''Engine Coolant''' * '''Vehicle Cleaning Supplies''' &emsp;'''General Maintenance''' - When damaged, stripped, or frozen fasteners need to be removed, there are several ways to deal with it. Dirt and rust can be removed with brushes and rags, or specialty rust remover fluids. Penetrating spray lubricants and strong wrenches may then be enough to remove them. Many kinds of '''[[w:Screw_extractor|Extractors]]''' are made for removing broken or frozen screws, nuts, and bolts. If the hole is too damaged to reuse, it can be re-threaded with taps and dies, an insert or filler material used to patch it, or a new hole drilled nearby. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">4.0 - New Workshops and Expansion Sets</span>== &emsp; ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>New Workshops</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;List 2 talked about storage and workshop space. Some homes and many apartments don't have enough spare space for the kinds of projects you want to do, especially if you go beyond basic home improvement/do-it-yourself ones. The alternatives are to find or buy existing workshop space in the community, or to build new private or shared space. We discuss the needs and features of workshops first because they have to exist before you can work in them. Simpler ones can be built with the basic items from Section 3. Larger and more complex workshops may need items from Section 8 (below) on construction. When to build a new workshop depends on what you already have available, the need for added space, and outside factors like cost, financing, permits, etc. ::'''Needs and Features''' &emsp;Workshop buildings are one or more suitable existing structures, or purpose-built new ones added to a property. The property may already have living space, or be commercial, industrial, or bare land. Workshops can be additions attached to an existing building, or detached free-standing structures. Their size, location, and features depend on what kind of projects are intended. When planning them, you should consider future growth in addition to current needs. This can be handled by over-sizing a structure, planning for additions and extensions to it, or adding additional separate structures. &emsp;There are a number of reasons for a separate workshop. These include: * Outgrowing existing home space * Excessive noise, dust, debris, and fumes * Extra power and light requirements * Better access for vehicles and moving large items &emsp;Workshops can be specific to one type of craft or activity or more generalized. Some suggested design features include: * Sufficient windows or skylights for natural lighting, and added artificial lights where needed. * Large doors for materials and product delivery. * Sprinklers and fire extinguishers for fire protection. * A strong enough floor for heavy machinery and storage, or deep footings where needed. If there are upper floors, the heavier items should be on the lower floors. Stairs and lifting devices can ease moving items between floors, and the whole structure has to support the total weight. * Enough storage area for materials, parts, and supplies, and for equipment not currently being used. * Enough electric power for all equipment, preferably routed through ceiling drops or wall channels, for flexibility and to avoid trip hazards from cords. * A water supply for clean-up. * A first aid station. * A separate office area to keep out dust and dirt, with desk, drawing table, files for record-keeping, etc. &emsp;The contents of a workshop can be grouped into general items used across multiple activities, and those specific to a particular one. The layout should consider your workflows. In general, work starts with delivery of supplies, materials, and parts. Materials are then converted to finished parts, finishes applied, and assembled into completed items. Unless the completed items are to be used in the shop, the last step is delivery. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>Expansion Sets</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Sections 5.0 to 8.0 include a series of expansion set lists for items beyond the basic ones in Section 3.0. The added equipment may fit in space you already have at first, and outgrow it later. The lists are grouped into four categories: Small Indoor, Large Indoor, Outdoor, and Construction. Each list is specialized according to types of projects and materials. The expansion sets are not in a required order where earlier lists are needed before later ones. They are a set of mostly independent choices, depending on your interests and what you want to do. An exception is List 17 - General Construction, which has items used by multiple construction trades listed separately afterwards. &emsp;Most specialized projects will need some or all of the basic items from Sectopm 3.0. We try to list items where they are most likely to be needed, but some items can be shared across different project types. So you may want to review the items in related lists. Within each list the general order is from hand to power and larger tools. We try to note accessories that go with a particular tool or machine. We also try to note reference sources, and materials, parts, and supplies needed for the project type. At present the later lists are less complete than the basic ones. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">5.0 - Small Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Small indoor projects can be for personal enjoyment, creative expression, or to make useful items for personal use or sale. These are crafts and projects that can begin in temporary space like a desk or dining table, or in dedicated space of less than a room in existing living areas. They include light arts and crafts, printing and digital media, fabrics and leather work, jewelry, and electronics. They can mostly start with ordinary room lighting and electric power, perhaps with extra light in the work area. Serious hobby or small business production can grow beyond such workspace and have special needs. Section 4.0 covers new workshops for this. &emsp;We don't cover every possible activity and project, just some of the more common ones. Wikipedia's '''[[w:Outline_of_crafts|Outline of Crafts]]''', '''[[w:Handicraft|Handicraft]]''', and '''[[w:Fine_art|Fine Art]]''' articles list many of these other subjects. See also '''[https://www.smooth-on.com/applications/ Smooth-On's website]''' for additional categories, and the '''[https://www.dickblick.com/ Blick]''' website for types of tools and supplies. For ones not covered here you will need to find some reference books, printed articles, or websites that cover what is needed to get started. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 3 - Light Arts & Crafts</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Light arts and crafts involve creative expressions that don't require much power, space, or stationary equipment to start. Examples are '''[[w:Drawing|Drawing]]''' and art painting, where all the tools and supplies can be hand-carried to work on location rather than at home. &emsp;'''[[w:Painting|Artistic Painting]]''' is distinguished from the general use of '''[[w:Paint|Paints]]''' for coloring or protection, as in room walls and automobile bodies. General paints can be used artistically, but usually artist's paints are specialized types in smaller amounts. Modern paintings are usually portable on a surface like framed canvas or wood panels. Fixed paintings are sometimes done on building interiors and exteriors. Historically some sculptures were painted to make them look more lifelike. Almost any surface that paint or ink will adhere to or be implanted in can be used. &emsp;'''Artistic or Decorative Printing''' includes '''[[w:Linocut|Linocut]]''' and '''[[w:Woodblock_printing|Woodcut]]''' on fabric or paper. '''[[w:Papier-mâché|Papier-mâché]]''' uses paper or pulp, fabric reinforcement if needed, and glue, starch, or wallpaper paste. '''[[w:Mixed_media|Mixed Media]]''' are assemblages, collages, and sculpures using more than one type of material or '''[[w:List_of_art_media|Art Medium]]'''. In addition to some basic tools from prior lists, arts and craft tools can include: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Craft Scissors''' * '''[[w:Brush|Brushes]]''' - Art, foam, craft and general paint types. * '''Single Hole Punch''' * '''Crafting Needles''' - Including '''[[w:Crochet_hook|Crochet]]''', '''[[w:Knitting_needle|Knitting]]''', and '''[[w:Sewing_needle|Hand Sewing]]''' types, ::'''Work Area Items''' * '''Work Table and Storage''' - These can be existing household items or dedicated for arts and craft work. * '''Art Furniture''' - '''[[w:Easel|Easel]]''', drawing boards, portfolios, carrying cases, and folding tables and chairs for working in a studio or on location. * '''Surface Protection''' - Newspaper, old bedsheets, dropcloths, plastic tablecloths, or plastic sheeting. * '''Work Clothes''' - For messy arts and crafts such as an apron, smock, or old large shirt. * '''Storage containers and Organizers''' - for storing and mixing the variety of tools and materials. These can be purpose-made, or reused egg cartons, empty boxes, clean cans, jars, and small plastic containers. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Hot-Melt Glue Gun''' - uses sticks of glue and heat to melt them. * '''Small Oven''' - such as a kitchen toaster oven. For heating or melting small items. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Drawing''' - colored crayons, chalk, markers, pens, and pencils, drawing paper, pads and sketch books. * '''Artist's Paints''' - includes oil paints, pastels, watercolors, tempera, acrylics and enamels. * '''Art Printing''' - ink pad, sponge, brayer, rubber stamps, printing ink, wood blocks, linoleum. * '''Disposable containers''' - for weighing and mixing powders and liquids, and casting low-temperature resins. * '''Disposable stirrers''' - for paint, resin, etc. These can be bought, leftover plastic utensils, or scrap items. * '''Aluminum foil''' - to protect surfaces, and liners and containers for items needing oven heating. * '''Plastic''' - sheets, tubes and blocks from materials like acrylic and high-density polyethylene. * '''Casting Materials''' - Plaster of Paris, resins, etc. &emsp;Mixed media can use any found items, but some basic supplies include: * '''Fasteners & Adhesives''' - White, decoupage, fabric and wood glues. Glue sticks, painter's tape, thumbtacks, and hardware fasteners like brads, or nails. * '''Textiles''' - Yarn, craft felt, fabric scraps, thread, embroidery floss, muslin, burlap, and wool felt. * '''Sculptural Materials:''' - Salt and bread doughs. Modeling, polymer, and air dry clays. Craft foam and foam rubber. Chenille stems (pipr cleaners), toothpicks, straws, and craft/popsicle sticks. Scrap, found, and shaped wood pieces. Floral and coiled metal wire of various diameters, and larger metal pieces. * '''String, Bead and Knotwork''' - Cord, string, artificial sinew, fishing line, and thread. Pony, wood, glass, plastic, and metallic beads. * '''Decorations''' - such as glitter, pom poms, feathers, cotton balls, googly eyes, and sequins. * '''Papers''' - Copy, colored construction, wax, colored tissue, bath and "bleeding" tissue, freezer, crepe, and newsprint (blank or printed). Paper napkins, towels, and bags. Contact (adhesive-backed) paper, clear or colored. Card stock, flat and corrugated cardboard. Roll white, brown, and tracing paper. * '''Reused Items''' - such as magazines, junk mail, netting from produce bags, bubble wrap, packaging peanuts. * '''Natural Materials''' - such as leaves, sticks, small rocks, acorns & nuts, pine cones, flowers, and seeds & seed pods. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 4 - Printing and Digital Media</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Artistic printing is typically single or small numbers of items. '''[[w:Printing|Production Printing]]''' is a technology for mass reproduction and distribution of text and images for business, education, and entertainment. It has a long history of making physical copies like books and newspapers. Writing and drawing by hand can be done with very simple tools and materials. But printing in quantity needs specialized equipment for paper, fabric, photographs, and lithographs. &emsp;Today '''[[w:Electronic_media|Media]]''' of all types are increasingly produced, stored, and distributed by digital electronic methods. In addition to making text and drawings, digital media includes capturing photographs, sound, and video. It also includes creating digital content wholly electronically. New creations and recordings can be made, combined, and edited with a variety of suitable computers and software. These include stationary and portable computers, tablets, and smartphone. Additional input and output devices are often used with them, and the completed items distributed by communication networks or physical media. &emsp;Depending on the type of printing or digital media projects you want to do, you may need any of the following to get started: * '''Basic Working Space''' - including furniture and general tools from lists 1 and 2 for setup. * '''Basic Content Creation''' - this includes technical drawing and basic computing equipment and software from List 2 for text and illustrations, and light arts and crafts items from List 3 for artistic creations. A basic computing device generally includes some storage, display, keyboard and mouse, and speaker. These can be merged into a single device, such as laptops and smartphones, or separate components for desktop systems. They also generally have a network connection - wired, wireless, or both. ::'''Computers and Peripherals''' * '''Upgraded Computer(s)''' - High-end media creation, editing, and display may need better computers. This is generally set by the needs of the software and peripherals you will be working with. For example, if you are doing digital photography, you need enough storage for all the pictures you are editing and saving. Rendering high-end 3D graphics may require a corresponding graphics card, or even a dedicated computer for the task. If more than one person is working, you will need multiple computers. * '''Upgraded Input Devices''' - This includes special keyboards, mouse, joysticks, and touch-sensitive tablets. * '''Upgraded Displays''' - Some work benefits from larger, multiple, or higher quality displays. * '''Upgraded Audio''' - This can include higher quality and quantity of speakers, microphones, multichannel audio output, and headsets. * '''External or Networked Storage''' - * '''Scanners and Printers''' - These range from basic office types to large format versions. Multifunction units can do both scanning and printing. * '''[[w:Digital_camera|Digital Camera]]''' for photography and video production. A dedicated digital cameras, with accessories like tripods, lights, and microphones, can produce better results than smartphones or webcams. They have larger lenses and sensors, and more adjustments for focus, zoom, exposure time, etc. Higher-end cameras have interchangeable lenses for different purposes. ::'''Other Print Media''' &emsp;This includes printing on with other materials or processes besides paper, such as fabric, photographic prints, and lithographs. * '''Screen Printing Press''' - 4-Color, with accessories and supplies ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 5 - Fabric and Leather Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Textile|Textiles]]''' are fibers commonly used to make '''[[w:Woven_fabric|Woven Fabrics]]'''. '''[[w:Sewing|Sewing]]''' and related processes then turn fabric into creative and useful items such as clothing, drapery, and bedding. '''[[w:Leather|Leather]]''' is animal skin treated to prevent decay. In some cases it can be sewn and used like fabric. But the thickness, stiffness, and strength of leather often requires different tools, and it gets used for different kinds of items. &emsp;'''[[w:Pattern_(sewing)|Patterns]]''' are full-size drawings fastened or traced onto the material as a cutting guide. They are often purchased, but custom patterns made to fit a particular body or project, or scaled-up patterns from books and other sources can be self-made. You can use wide paper rolls or inexpensive cloth to make patterns. The latter can be test-fit on the wearer before cutting more expensive material, or used multiple times since cloth is more durable than paper patterns. &emsp;Custom patterns for complex shapes like feet can be made by wrapping plastic wrap or bags around them, then wrapping flexible tape around the plastic. Seam lines are then marked on the tape, and the pieces carefully cut off the body and flattened. Patterns made this way need to have seam margins added to them. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Sewing Kit''' - While all the items can be bought separately, it is convenient to get all of them at once to start, and kits are typically not very expensive. It can include any or all of the following: storage for all the items, spools of thread in various colors and thickness, scissors, spare buttons, spring clips and dressmaker's pins for holding fabric together. Hand sewing needles of various sizes, machine bobbins, safety pins, crochet hook, magnifier, tip and ring thimbles, pin cushion, and a measuring tape. * '''Cloth Measuring Tape''' - A flexible cloth or plastic ruler without a case. This was included in List 1, but if you don't have it yet, get one at least 60 inches (150cm) long for measuring body dimensions, and another up to 144 inches (360cm or 4 yards) for measuring uncut fabric and large sewn items like drapery. * '''Tailor's Chalk or Soapstone''' - For temporary marking on fabric. * '''Dressmaker's Shears''' - These are very sharp scissors with an offset handle that leaves the fabric flat while cutting. They should not be used for other purposes. * '''Thread Snips''' - Small pointed, and usually spring loaded, scissors for cutting thread and trimming fabric. The small size allows reaching into tight spaces after sewing. * '''[[w:Seam_ripper|Seam Ripper]]''' - A tool with a razor-edged hook for cutting sewn stitches without tearing the fabric. * '''Rotary Cutter Set and Mat''' - This uses a razor edged wheel rather than scissors action to cut material. A set includes replacement wheels with different shaped edges. A soft mat protects the table surface while allowing the blade to penetrate through. * '''[[w:Tailor's_ham|Tailor's Ham]]''' - A tightly stuffed pillow for pinning and ironing curved areas of fabric. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Sewing_table|Sewing Table]]''' - This can be any kind of table to start with, to support a sewing machine or fabric being hand cut and sewn. Custom tables inset a sewing machine bed level with the rest of the surface. This makes sliding the material easier. For larger and heavier material, a machine set perpendicular to a longer table eases movement. Custom tables can also have storage for accessories and tools or fold up to save space when not in use. * '''[[w:Sewing_machine|Sewing Machine]]''' - with accessories. A light domestic electric machine with at least straight and zig-zag stitches is enough for basic household sewing, like clothing and drapery. Modern ones can have many other stitches and accessories, and electronic features for semi-automatic tasks. A "foot" is what holds the fabric down while the needle passes through it. A basic one comes with the machine, but specialized ones either come with it or can be bought afterwards. :&emsp;A heavy-duty machine has a stronger frame and motor to sew thicker materials. Industrial machines are faster for production work and have more clearance between needle and frame, but typically fewer stitch types. Domestic machines typically feed one or two threads from a spool above, and another from a bobbin beneath, so a set of bobbins of the correct type are needed if they did not come with the machine. Sewing machines also use specialized needles of different diameters, which should be added if not included. The following specialized machines are not needed to start with, but added as needed: * '''[[w:Overlock|Overlock Machines]]''' - (Sergers) are used for edging, hemming, and seaming using multiple threads at once, needing fewer steps to finish a task. * '''[[w:Machine_embroidery|Embroidery Machines]]''' - add stitched threads to underlying fabric for decoration rather than construction and edging of basic sewing. Patterns can be formed by hand or with electronic control, beyond the mechanically formed fancy stitches. * '''Washing and Drying Machines''' - Some fabrics need pre-washing to remove residual dyes, avoid later shrinkage, or removing sizing applied to the fabric. Some dyeing can also be done in a washing machine. Most people already have such machines or access to commercial ones. * '''[[w:Ironing|Ironing Station]]''' - This includes a heat-resistant surface, usually cloth covered, and a heated '''[[w:Clothes_iron|Clothes Iron]]''' to remove wrinkles and flatten fabric or finished items. Pressing cloths are used between the iron and item to protect from excess heat. ::'''Leather Tools and Machines''' &emsp;Sewing leather requires heavy duty or specialized tools and machines. '''[[w:Leather_crafting|Leather Crafting]]''' involves other processes like dying, painting, carving, stamping, and molding, and uses a different set of mostly hand tools. The production of leather from skins and hides uses yet another set of tools and processes. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''Fabric''' - cotton, synthetic, upholstery * '''Leather''' * '''Thread''' * '''[[w:Notions_(sewing)|Notions]]''' - refers to small items and accessories besides fabric, leather, and thread, which end up in finished articles. Examples include buttons, clasps, zippers, hooks, eyelets, and laces. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 6 - Jewelry Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Jewellery|Jewelry]]''' is decorative wear, often made from high value materials. Creating it often involves small-scale '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' and '''[[w:Lapidary|Lapidary]]''', but can use a variety of other techniques. At a beginner level items would mostly be assembled from parts. More advanced projects involve making the parts before assembly. &emsp;Jewelers use basic items from Section 3.0 like measuring tools, some kind of workbench with a vise, small clamps and clips, needle files, and abrasive/polishing supplies. To those, add the following as needed: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Ring Sizers''' - A set of measured rings for fingers and a marked tapered rod for the rings themselves. * '''Magnifiers''' - Since jewelry work is typically small, these are very helpful. One useful type is an articulated lamp with a built-in lens. * '''[[w:Helping_hand_(tool)|Helping Hand]]''' - A base with jointed arms and clips or end clamps, and often a magnifier. It allows positioning an item at any angle, leaving both hands free to work with. * '''Bench Pin''' - A protruding hardwood pin with at least a narrow "V" slot, and optional other holes and indents, that is clamped to a workbench. It supports items while sawing or otherwise being worked on. Pins can be bought, but as sawing often damages them, they can be easily made to suit and replaced as needed using basic tools. * '''[[w:Piercing_saw|Piercing or Jeweler's Saw]]''' - A small coping saw 2-8 inches (50-200mm) in size with adjustable frame length. It uses very fine blades that often break, so shorter lengths can reuse broken pieces. A pack of blades of various fineness should be added if not supplied with the saw. * '''Jeweler's Anvil''' - A small anvil with round and flat horns. * '''Small-Jaw Pliers''' - If you don't already have them, a set with very small jaws for fine work, in assorted shapes. * '''Small Forming Hammers''' - A set of polished hammers around 5 ounces (150 grams) with various head shapes. For very fine work add a set of "micro" hammers around 2 ounces (60 grams) * '''Soft Hammer''' - A light hammer with rubber and plastic heads, which is less likely to leave marks on the work. * '''[[w:Planishing|Planishing Stakes]]''' and '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' - for hammering outside and inside compound curves. These are the same tools as used in blacksmithing (List 10), just smaller and working cold rather than hot metal. The process is also known as '''[[w:Sinking_(metalworking)|Sinking]]''', doming, dishing, or dapping. * '''[[w:Mandrel|Mandrels]]''' - Metal rods held by a vise or base block. Tapered ones are used for sizing and shaping items like rings and bracelets. Straight ones are used to support hollow or curved pieces being worked on. A set of various diameters and shapes (round, oval, triangular, square, etc.) can be accumulated as needed. Plain steel bars and rods can be used to start with. * '''[[w:Wire_drawing|Wire Drawing Plate]]''' - has a series of sized holes for reducing soft wire diameter by pulling it through with lubrication. Depending on wire diameter it may require mechanical leverage to get enough pulling force. * '''[[w:Engraving|Hand or Power Engravers]]''' - cut grooves into a hard surface for decoration or lettering. * '''Small metal shear''' * '''Body Forms''' - These are in the shape of complex parts of the body like head, neck and shoulders, hands, and feet. They are used to lay out and hang jewelry while being designed and fitted. ::'''Power Tools''' * '''Rotary Tool''' - with accessory bits, if you don't already have one. A stand to hold the tool steady is useful for fine work. A flexible shaft is also useful to reach small spaces and is lighter than holding the motor section. * '''Soldering equipment''' * '''Buffing station''' * '''Small Oven and Annealing Pans''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 7 - Electronics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Electronics|Electronics]]''' is distinguished from List 21 - Electrical Work, which is mostly done during construction and remodeling, and is mostly to supply power for lighting, electrical outlets, and fixed appliances. Electronics involves more complex active devices rather than than simple passive ones like on/off switches. In addition to basic tools from Section 3.0, add the following, or another set for electronics work: ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Precision Screwdrivers''' * '''[[w:Wire_stripper|Wire Stripper]]''' - is designed to cut the insulation from various gauge (diameter) wires without cutting the wire itself. They usually have built-in cutters to then trim the wire itself to length. * '''Pliers''' - Smaller Diagonal and long nose * '''Precision Tweezers''' * '''Magnifiers''' - Electronic components are often small, so an Eye Loupe (a head-mounted magnifier) or an articulated lens with built-in light is useful. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' * '''[[w:Soldering_iron|Soldering Iron]]''' - with assorted tips and sponges. * '''Digital Multimeter''' ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;Electronics projects benefit from a dedicated '''Work station'''. This typically includes a Work Table with a heat-resistant surface, Fume Fan, Universal Vise with standard and circuit board jaws, Third Hand, Test Leads, and a magnifier light. Additional items can include: * '''Digital Microscope''' * '''DC Power Supply''' * '''Oscilloscope/Signal Analyzer''' * '''Function Generator''' * '''Flash Memory - programmer and debugger''' * '''Computer''' - for communications to and from the electronic device, recording, analysis, and design. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Electronics is notable for the wide variety of parts available and used. To start with some basic items like wire and resistor assortments can be stocked, but the rest should probably be bought as needed for projects. * '''Discrete Components''' - Assorted Resistors, Capacitors, Choke Coils, Diodes, Transistors, Motor Drivers, Voltage Regulators, Amplifiers, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Photodetectors * '''Other Components''' - LCD Displays, Speakers, Microphones, Temperature Sensor, Hall Effect, Accelerometers, Microcontrollers, Frequency Crystals, Radios, Magnets, Buttons & Switches, Headers, Assorted Jacks & Plugs, Ribbon Connectors, Screw Terminals, Battery Holders, USB cables and connectors, Ethernet cables and connectors, Transducers, Small DC Motors and Digital Servos, Power Supplies * '''Wire''' - General Electrical: single, pair, and grounded types, solder wire, magnet wire, shape memory * '''Circuit Board substrates''' * '''Other Supplies''' - Antistatic Bags, Heat Shrink Tubing, Desoldering Braid, Cable Ties, Rubber sheet/feet ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">6.0 - Large Indoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers activities that typically need larger or more dedicated indoor space, extra power or other special features, and often result in more practical and useful finished items. We include woodworking, basic metal fabrication, projects that require high temperatures, and machine shop work. There is some overlap in tools and equipment used, but each of these has some unique items and workshop needs. &emsp;Typical home workshop spaces include a garage, basement, or freestanding building. More advanced community production may require dedicated property. This is partly from needing larger shop furniture, stationary machines, materials storage space, and the size of the items being made. Additional requirements like more power, heavy weights, and heat resistance can make regular living space unsuited. These lists assume you have most or all of the equipment from the basic sets in Section 3.0. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 8 - Woodworking</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Since other animals use wood for tools, they are likely the oldest tools of our ancestors. Many human artifacts, like houses and furniture, are primarily made from it. So some tools for basic '''[[w:Woodworking|Woodworking]]''' were already included in the lists in Section 3.0. Additional tools from this list can be added as needed for projects. Growing trees ('''[[w:Forestry|Forestry]]'''), converting them to lumber ('''[[w:Logging|Logging]]''' and '''[[w:Sawmill|Sawmills]]'''), and woodwork for buildings ('''[[w:Carpentry|Carpentry]]''') are specialized enough to cover in other lists. This one covers hobbyist and small business projects made and used mostly indoors, like furniture, cabinetry, and smaller items. &emsp;Prior to the 20th Century, all woodworking was done manually or with some assistance from water and wind power. Since then electricity and compressed air have greatly increased the speed and power of tools. Some woodworkers prefer using hand tools - they are quieter and you can more directly feel what is happening to the wood. Power tool users still need some hand tools to avoid damage, precise finishing, or getting into small spaces. Power and stationary tools generally need more workshop space and cost more. So it is a matter of choice, budget, and working space for which ones to use. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;If you are new to woodworking, the '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Woodworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22&sort=-date Internet Archive]''' has over 400 general books on the subject which are available to download or borrow for two weeks at a time. This list is sorted newest first. Books prior to 1950 will tend to focus more on hand tools, because modern power tools were not as common or too expensive for individual use. You can enter more specialized search terms on that site to find more books. &emsp;A general '''[https://www.youtube.com/ YouTube]''' search for "woodworking" brings up many results, but you are better off searching for more specific subjects. A single video is not long enough to cover all of woodworking. For beginners, we suggest a search term like "beginning woodworking series" to find ones that give a general introduction across several videos. An example is '''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRWjFTaHniqMVryvDAQ3771MO6_QQRYXN Start Woodworking]''', with 13 videos taking about 8 hours, which you can watch a little at a time. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;Woodworking obviously requires wood to work with. It comes mainly from '''[[w:Tree|Trees]]''' and some large plants like '''[[w:Bamboo|Bamboo]]'''. Wood properties vary widely depending on the species, growing conditions, and other factors, making every piece unique. So certain kinds of wood and particular pieces are better suited than others in a given project. There are artificial products like '''[[w:Plywood|Plywood]]''' and '''[[w:Composite_lumber|Composite Lumber]]''' partially made of wood, and some non-wood materials can be worked on with the same tools. This sometimes requires requires different bits or blades. &emsp;Commercial lumber is grown and processed into grades of similar type, suited for a category of projects. When buying, you should inspect and select individual pieces. For bulk amounts, you should expect some loss from defects, warp, etc. A knot or split may make a board unsuitable at full length, but you can cut off the bad part and use the remainder as a smaller piece. &emsp;Other materials, parts, and supplies used in woodworking include a wide variety of fasteners, hardware, glue, finishes, and abrasives. Home improvement and hardware stores will stock many of these, and specialty items can be bought from other suppliers. An assortment of nails, screws, and a bottle of '''[[w:Wood_glue|Wood Glue]]''' are enough to get started. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:Marking_gauge|Marking Gauges]]''' - Have an adjustable fence and single or dual points or knives, for scribing lines parallel to an edge. The '''[[w:Mortise_gauge|Mortise]]''' type marks both sides of a mortise and tenon joint at once so the two parts will fit exactly. * '''More Clamps''' - Woodworkers say "you can never have too many clamps". They are used to hold items in place while being shaped, groups of items that need identical cuts or smoothing, drilling aligned holes, and while gluing pieces together. Types include bar, screw, pipe, locking, spring, rigid C-shape, corner, strap, hose, and others. Since there are so many kinds, we suggest accumulating them a few at a time from used sources or bought as-needed for a project. :&emsp;Clamps can also be self-made by (1) taking any length of lumber, fastening two or more blocks to it, then driving a pair of wedges to tighten, (2) wrapping cord around the item, and driving one or more wedges between cords and wood, (3) using a loop of cord and twisting it with a stick to tighten, or (4) placing the item on the floor or a table and placing heavy objects on top. * '''[[w:Chisel#Woodworking|Woodworking Chisels]]''' have a sharp edge at the end of the blade beveled 25 degrees on one side. They are either pushed by hand or hit with a '''[[w:Mallet|Mallet]]''', typically wooden so as not to damage the tool handle. A simple mallet can be made from a tree branch the diameter of the head, with the handle portion trimmed down to size. Get either square edge or beveled wood chisels in several widths to 1 inch (25mm) or so to start with. There are a number of other types, like the mortise chisel for cutting grooves, which can be added as needed. :&emsp;'''[[w:Adze|Adzes]]''' are specialty tools with curved blades and a chisel edge. They are swung to rough out a shape. Long-handled ones are used standing on or next to the work. Smaller ones are used on bowls and other interior curves. * '''[[w:Plane_(tool)|Hand Planes]]''' - have wide chisel blades that slightly protrude through a flat base so as to take thin shavings, with one or two handles. The blade is positioned so as to preferentially cut high spots in the wood, enabling flattening it. There are a wide variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. The '''[[w:Scrub_plane|Scrub]]''', '''[[w:Block_plane|Block]]''', '''[[w:Jack_plane|Jack]]''', and '''[[w:Jointer_plane|Jointer]]''' types are for flat surfaces. The '''[[w:Rebate_plane|Rabbet/Rebate]]''' type is for cutting grooves or recesses, while circular planes have a curved rather than flat base for working curved surfaces. The combination plane has an adjustable frame for accepting different widths or sets of cutters. A few sizes of flat planes are enough to start. * '''[[w:Drawknife|Drawknife]]''' and '''[[w:Spokeshave|Spokeshave]]''' - These are two-handled tools used on the pull stroke, generally for shaping round pieces. The first has a wide, unprotected blade for removing bark and large shavings. The second has a smaller blade extending a variable amount from the body for finishing work. The blades may be straight or curved. One of each type is enough to start. [[File:Carving_tools_2.jpg|thumb|right|640x380px|Figure 5.5-11 - Woodcarving tools and mallet.]] * '''[[w:Wood_carving#Tools|Carving Tools]]''' - These are used for more intricate wood shaping than the ones previously mentioned. Depending on blade size and accuracy they can be driven by hand or a mallet (Figure 5.5-11). The carving knife has a short lengthwise blade, while gouges are sharpened crosswise, with longer blades that are either curved, hooked, or V-shaped. A set assorted shapes can be used to start. * '''[[w:Card_scraper|Cabinet (Card) Scrapers]]''' - Used with a '''[[w:Burnisher|Burnisher]]''' to create a sharp burr for scraping a fine surface on hard or difficult grained wood. * '''[[w:Wood_finishing|Wood Finishing]]''' - Sandpaper and sanding blocks are in List 1 above, but additional grain sizes and different backings like cloth are useful. Once the wood pieces or assembled item is the final shape, there are many finishing methods for appearance or to protect it. Tools like brushes and cloth pads can be used to spread the finish and remove excess. Applying finishes can be messy and involve toxic solvents and media. Workshop dust can contaminate the finish before it dries. So a separate finishing area with ventilation, drop cloths, and personal protection like gloves and filter masks are desirable. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Modern portable tools can use a power cord or batteries, with the choice depending on convenience, power level, and running time. List 2 included some basic portable power tools. Additional ones include: * '''[[w:Router_(woodworking)|Routers]]''' - The portable type has a fixed base and uses a variety of bit sizes and shapes, for cutting wood and other materials. If the router did not come with them, you should get at least a basic set of bits. The '''Plunge Router''' has a spring between motor and base, allowing vertical bit movement while working. * '''[[w:Sander|Sanders]]''' - There are many types of power sanding devices, both portable and stationary, which work faster than hand sanding. Some sanding accessories be mounted on other tool types like electric drills or bench grinders. The portable Belt, Detail, and Orbital types belts and disks with different grain fineness. One palm or belt sander with a assorted abrasives is enough to start. * '''Hand Planer''' - Uses a rotating cutting blade to flatten surfaces similar to hand planes. * '''[[w:Dowel|Dowel]]''' and [[w:Pocket-hole_joinery|Pocket Hole Jigs]]''' - Accessories used with an electric drill to accurately position holes. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' &emsp;These larger machines can work faster and more accurately by using built-in or accessory guides. The built-in table or work surface can be enlarged with extension tables, and side supports like sawhorses and rollers can be used to stabilize larger wood pieces. * '''[[w:Table_saw|Table Saw]]''' - A circular saw blade and motor mounted under a table, with adjustments to height and tilt. They generally have fences and other accessories to control the movement of the item past the blade. Compared to the portable circular saw in List 2 they are generally more powerful with a larger depth of cut, and easier to set up for repetitive cuts on multiple parts. A bench-top version may be enough for lighter projects, but should be secured while in use. Larger versions have a stand or cabinet. Different blades are available depending on what is being cut. * '''[[w:Jointer|Jointer]]''' - is similar to the power hand planer in having a rotating blade, except it is below the wood, and the wood moves rather than the tool. A fence is used to guide the wood, and some can be set at other angles than perpendicular. * '''Thickness Planer''' - Pulls a board with rollers between a flat table and rotating knives. It produces boards with flat and parallel surfaces. If you don't have a jointer to produce one flat surface, you can use a flat sled with the board shimmed and hot-glued to it to flatten one side with shallow cuts. * '''Sanders''' - Stationary sanders use a variety of abrasive belts, disks, cylinders, and drums. Some types will feed the work through the machine, but most require manually moving the work to the abrasive surface. A medium combination belt and disk sander is a good starting point. * '''[[w:Bandsaw|Bandsaws]]''' - use a loop of metal with teeth as the blade, running over two or more motor-driven wheels. They come in a variety of sizes from bench-top to floor-mounted, with different width and height capacity and motor power. Different blades are available for various cutting tasks. [[File:Holzdrechsel.jpg|thumb|right|640x425px|Figure 5.5-12 - Woodturning lathe.]] * '''[[w:Woodturning|Woodturning Lathe and Accessories]]''' - Turning makes symmetrical wood shapes mainly using a wood lathe (Figure 5.5-12) and long-handled chisels, gouges, and scrapers. Various holding devices are used with the lathe, according to the size and shape of the item being turned. Finishing operations like sanding can also be done while the piece is still mounted. * '''[[w:Scroll_saw|Scroll Saw]]''' - A reciprocating saw with a vertical narrow blade in tension, capable of cutting intricate curves. Get a set of assorted blades if not provided. * '''[[w:Drill#Drill_press|Drill Press]]''' - This is an electric drill mounted to a column and base, with an adjustable table. Compared to a portable drill they are more powerful and accurate. There are many sizes and variations, with the chuck axis-to-column distance being a key measurement since it sets the maximum distance a hole can be from the edge of a part. :&emsp;A very basic '''Drill Stand''' mounts a portable drill vertically, but this is only suitable for light work. An 8 inch (200mm) bench-top press is a better starting point. The frame is more rigid and the drive belt lowers speed and increases torque for a given motor. Smaller machines should be clamped or bolted to a stable surface. Larger versions are floor-mounted, and some can move and tilt the drill head for better access. * '''[[w:Router_table_(woodworking)|Router Table]]''' - This mounts a portable router, usually below the table surface, or can be a dedicated machine. Typically it has guide fences, and allows moving the wood through rather than moving the tool. This helps with doing multiple pieces of the same kind. * '''[[w:CNC_wood_router|CNC Wood Router]]''' - uses motors to move the cutting tool along defined axes, under computer control. This is useful for doing complex or repetitive patterns. The table can be any size, but ones large enough to cut quarter, half, or full sheets of plywood are common. * '''[[w:Dust_collector|Dust Collection System]]''' - A simple version is a wet/dry '''[[w:Vacuum_cleaner#Wet/dry|Shop Vacuum]]''' on wheels which is brought to whatever machine is being used. The machines may have fittings installed for the vacuum's hose. A more advanced version has pipes installed around the workshop that lead to a larger stationary vacuum system that has a separator for dust and larger chips. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 9 - Metal Fabrication</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;This list covers basic metal fabrication, This type of '''[[w:Metalworking|Metalworking]]''' involves forming, cutting, and joining thinner metal pieces where high accuracy is not required. Larger and thicker pieces require heating to shape or cast. Ceramics also require high temperatures, so we group them with blacksmithing and foundry work into List 10 (Hot Work). Machine Shop Work (List 11) can produce highly accurate finished parts, but needs a different set of equipment than the ones here. A given project may need some equipment from all three lists. Basic metal work needs many or all of the basic equipment from Section 3.0, such as workbenches and vises. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;The '''[https://archive.org/details/texts?query=Metalworking&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22available_to_borrow%22&and%5B%5D=lending___status%3A%22is_readable%22 Internet Archive]''' lists about 50 general books on metalworking which can be downloaded or borrowed for 14 days. You can find additional works using more specific search words like "welding" or "sheet metal", then selecting for "Always Available" and "Borrow for 14 days". Other types of reference and training sources, like paper books, instructional videos, and classes are also available. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' &emsp;'''[[w:Metal|Metal]]''' is of course required for metalwork. By far the most common type is '''[[w:Steel|Steel]]''', which is iron with a little carbon added, and optionally other elements to make a particular '''[[w:Alloy|Alloy]]'''. Scrap and auto salvage yards, recycling stations, and discarded appliances are cheap sources for basic metals. Auto and other types of repair shops may have scrap bins. Retailers like home improvement, hardware, and online stores stock some metal and fasteners. Dedicated metal and industrial suppliers have larger selections and can be found in most cities. Other items besides metal stock include: * '''[[w:Arc_welding#Consumable_electrode_methods|Consumable Electrodes]]''' - These are rods or wire used to fill joints and make weld beads, with a flux added protect from oxidation. * '''[[w:Sandblasting#Media|Abrasive Blasting Media]]''' - a wide variety of materials are used in blasting operations besides the sand from which it got its name. * '''Fasteners and Other Hardware''' - Some of these are the same as for woodworking and other projects, but machine screws, bolts, and rivets tend to be used more with metal. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Steel Welding Table''' - with magnetic welding squares, for grounding and magnetically clamping workpieces. This is in addition to a basic workbench. It should be located away from combustible materials. * '''Portable Welding Screens''' - to protect other people and equipment from sparks and UV light. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''[[w:C-clamp|Welding Clamps]]''' - The ordinary C-type clamp can be used, but ones with a deeper throat distance or locking jaws with flat tips are useful for welding. * '''Chain Vise or Clamp''' - Uses a flexible chain to hold round or irregular objects in place. * '''[[w:Metalworking_hand_tool|Forming Tools]]''' - Also known as "auto body tools", since that is a common use for them. These include various shape hammers and metal or wood blocks, but also specialty slappers, spoons, dollies and forming bags to create complex curves or flatten sheet metal. The tools used by jewelers and blacksmiths work similarly, but are smaller and larger respectively. * '''[[w:Bending_(metalworking)|Bending Tools]]''' - This includes hand bar, strip, and tube benders for lighter metal. * '''Blind Riveter and Rivet Set''' - for setting expanding or solid '''[[w:Rivet|Rivet]]''' fasteners. * '''Scriber and Ink''' - for accurate marking for cutting and drilling. * '''Soapstone Pencils''' - for marking metal when welding, since it is heat resistant. * '''Chipping Hammer & Stiff Wire Brushes''' - for removing slag and cleaning surfaces while welding. The hammer head has one sharp point side and often a chisel edge on the other. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' '''WARNING''' - Many types of welding produce harmful UV light, fumes, and hot sparks, and all produce a lot of heat. You should therefore have suitable goggles, face mask, respirator, gloves, cap, and heat-protective clothing like gloves and aprons. Some welders require dedicated or upgraded electric power to operate. Electric types have shock risk, and all types have fire risk. Work areas should be well ventilated against fumes and heat build-up. Basic welding machines include: * '''[[w:Spot_welding|Spot Welder]]''' - for sheet metal. Melts a small area by resistance heating. * '''[[w:Flux-cored_arc_welding|Flux Core Arc Welder]]''' - also called "Shielded Metal Arc Welding" (SMAW) a light-duty A.C. unit with sticks or spool feed is enough to start working with thicker steel sections. * '''[[w:Gas_metal_arc_welding|Gas Metal Arc Welders]]''' - These use a separately supplied inert shielding gas like CO2 or argon. There are a number of types. MIG uses a consumable weld wire as the electrode, while TIG uses a tungsten electrode and a separate stick or wire weld feed. * '''[[w:Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting|Torch Welders]]''' - These use a fuel-air or fuel-oxygen torch. The hot flame melts the material, into which a weld rod can be fed. Torches can also be used for rough cutting. These require gas tank supplies, but can work where enough electricity isn't available. A friction or long-handled lighter is needed. * '''[[w:Plasma_cutting|Plasma Cutters]]''' - Use a highly heated gas to cut most materials. Smaller ones are portable, and larger computer-controlled ones (CNC) are stationary with a support framework and water bath below. * '''Power Shears & Nibbler''' - Shears work scissors, while nibbler punches through metal, and can work from an interior starter hole. * '''Impact Drivers & Wrenches''' - These tools accept hex-shank bits and square drive sockets respectively. They apply rotary blows to the chuck or socket for extra tightening and loosening forces. Bits and sockets should be designed for impact use to prevent breakage. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''[[w:Abrasive_saw|Abrasive Saw]]''' - Also called a '''Chop Saw''', it is used to cut hard materials like metal, tile, and concrete. Smaller jobs can use an abrasive blade in a circular saw, or an angle grinder. The larger bench version protects the motor from metal dust, and can clamp the material for higher accuracy. It can cut thicker angle, bar, and pipe stock to length. * '''[[w:Abrasive_blasting|Sand Blaster]]''' - Uses compressed air to blow high velocity sand or other media at a surface to clean or finish it. The stationary version has a cabinet and collection system to contain the debris. The effect is similar to paper and wheel abrasives, but can be used for larger and more intricate items. * '''[[w:Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)|Brakes]]''' - are used to bend sheet metal. The finger type can bend and fold selected parts of an edge. These come in hand and powered versions depending on size and thickness of the bend. * '''Sheet Metal Shears''' - In addition to the left, straight, and right compound hand snips, and portable power shears and nibblers, the stationary '''[[w:Shear_(sheet_metal)|Sheet Metal Shears]]''' can handle larger and thicker sheets. This includes the bench, foot, power and compound throatless types. * '''[[w:Roll_bender|Roll Benders]]''' - can form cylindrical and conical shapes using three rollers that are either parallel or with one at a slight angle. * '''[[w:Machine_press|Machine (Shop) Press''' - For applying large forces for bending, shaping, or setting fasteners. Arbor presses use gears for mechanical advantage, while hydraulic presses use fluid pressure. '''[[w:Ironworker_(machine)|Ironworkers]]''' are heavy duty machines using hydraulic or flywheel power to cut, punch, or shape thicker materials while cold. Hot work equipment from list 10 is used to soften metals when cold work becomes too difficult. * '''[[w:Parts_washer|Parts Washer]]''' - This can range from a simple utility sink or tub to more complex units with a pump and spray system. Used to clean dirt, grease, and other contaminants from metal parts before working on them. * '''Hydraulic Pipe & Bar Bender''' - More powerful than hand benders for thicker bars, tubes, and pipes. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 10 - Hot Work - Blacksmith, Foundry, and Ceramics</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''CAUTION''' - All of these involve high temperatures, so either an outdoor or specially designed indoor area should be used. Good ventilation and fireproof/heat-protecting clothes are needed. &emsp;These types of hot work share the need for a high temperature furnace, kiln, or forge. They can share equipment, or at least share a working area designed for the heat, so we group them into one list. '''<u>Blacksmithing</u>''' [[File:Fort_Jackson_2012_-_panoramio_(23).jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-13 - Blacksmith's forge and leg vise.]] &emsp;'''[[w:Blacksmith|Blacksmithing]]''' is the general term for shaping thicker and heavier metal pieces while hot, but also for working iron and steel particularly. There are specialty names like '''[[w:Tinsmith|Tinsmith]]''' and '''[[w:Silversmith|Silversmith]]''' for working other metals either cold or hot. A minimal starter set requires a heat source (forge/furnace), a gripping tool to hold the hot metal without getting burned, a hammer, and a thick piece of unheated (and therefore hard) metal (anvil) to hammer the softened hot metal on. While basic work can be done with general-purpose tools, blacksmith's tools are specialized for this purpose. In addition to the special tools, basic ones like chisels and punches are also used. * '''Forge/Furnace''' - A '''[[w:Forge|Blacksmith's Forge]]''' (Figure 5.5-13) burns a bed of coal or charcoal to reach high temperatures. '''[[w:Industrial_furnace|Furnaces]]''' are insulated chambers with a door or opening that use use propane, natural gas, electric coils or induced currents for heating. '''[[w:Fire_brick|Fire Brick]]''', made from minerals with high melting points, are commonly used as liners in both, although natural clay will work with more heat loss. Fire brick is only moderately insulating, so it is sometimes backed with other materials like mineral fiber blankets to reduce heat loss. :&emsp;The forge or furnace structure is typically steel or common brick, which are fireproof. A variable air supply increases combustion rate and temperature for fuel-powered versions. Forges and furnaces can be bought, but assembling one from common items like sheet metal, fireplace bricks, and hair dryers is not difficult. Judging the metal temperature by color is important, so a shaded area is typically used. Impurities in coal smoke are toxic, so good ventilation is needed when using it. [[File:Turaidas_muižas_kalves_darbarīki.jpg|thumb|right|640x480px|Figure 5.5-14 - Blacksmith's tongs (center left) and other tools.]] * '''Tongs and Rakes''' - Blacksmith's tongs (Figure 5.5-14) have long handles with high leverage. Their length keeps hands out of the heat, and leverage is needed to hold heavy metal pieces. A variety of jaw shapes are used to fit the piece being picked up. For very heavy objects, an integral handle or the object's length keeps one end cool enough to grip. It gets removed later. Small rakes and shovels, which can be self-made, are used to remove coal ash (clinkers), or to move solid fuel around and over the piece. [[File:Hammer_collection_(49844506846).jpg|thumb|right|640x427px|Figure 5.5-15 - Various hammer types.]] * '''Hammers''' - These come in various sizes and shapes for hand shaping the heated metal (Figure 5.5-15). They include the simple one-handed square-head '''[[w:Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]''', '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer|Ball Peen]]''', and other '''[[w:Ball-peen_hammer#Variants|Wedge]]''' or flat heads. Section 3.0 already included some hammers. For blacksmithing a one-handed sledge and two sizes of ball-peen are enough to get started. For heavy-duty work, trip hammers use a foot pedal to raise and then drop a heavier hammer, and power hammers use motors and flywheels, or hydraulics, to produce greater forces. * '''Anvils and Blocks''' - '''[[w:Anvil|Anvils]]''' are heavy steel blocks shaped specifically for blacksmithing. '''[[w:Swage_block|Swage Blocks]]''' have various holes, indentations, and grooves to hammer into. They are often used with complementary hammers. These specialized tools are fairly expensive. Any heavy piece of steel can be used to start with, such a length of scrap railroad track, square or cylindrical blocks, or a section of thick plate. All of these should be mounted at a comfortable height on a stable impact-resistant stand. A vertical log buried partway into soil or a tree stump still in place are traditional methods. [[File:Silversmithing_anvils_and_hammers.jpg|thumb|right|400x600px|Figure 5.5-16 - Hammers and forming stakes.]] * '''Stakes''' are various shapes attached to a rod or bar which fit into a hole in an anvil or metal plate (Figure 5.5-16). For example used steel balls from a '''[[w:Ball_mill|Ball Mill]]''' welded to a bar can be used for compound curves. Straight pins inserted into a plate can be used for bending, typically with a length of pipe for leverage. Since blacksmiths make metal items, they can make some of these themselves. * '''Leg Vise''' - This is a large sturdy vise with a leg that extends to solid ground (Figure 5.5-13). This allows heavy hammering or bending without damaging the workbench or other support it is attached to. Either the workpiece or a shaping tool can be clamped in the vise. * '''[[w:Quenching|Quenching]] and [[w:Tempering_(metallurgy)|Tempering]]''' - the former rapidly cools workpieces in liquid, which results in a different crystal structure than slow cooling. Tempering is moderate heating of steel to control hardness and toughness. Annealing is heating metal enough to remove '''[[w:Work_hardening|Work Hardening]]''' and allow more shaping without cracking. Containers with fluids or sand, and controlled-temperature ovens are typically used for these processes. '''<u>Foundry</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Foundry|Foundry Work]]''' - '''[[w:Casting_(metalworking)|Casting]]''' metal involves melting then pouring into a prepared mold to cool. Depending on the metal it can require higher temperatures than blacksmithing, which only requires heating to soften it. In addition to a furnace, basic equipment needed includes: * '''[[w:Crucible|Crucibles]]''' - Containers designed to hold heated or melted materials. Some have handles, but many are simple bowl shapes, sometimes with lids. These require special tongs or lifting tools to insert and remove from the furnace, and pour molten material. * '''Casting Molds''' - There are many types of molds. '''[[w:Sand_casting|Sand Casting]]''' uses a parted box filled with damp sand mixed with a bonding agent. Patterns and additional cores are pressed between the box parts, then removed. This leaves a void the shape of the desired casting, and holes for the metal to pour in and hot gases to escape. * '''[[w:Pattern_(casting)|Patterns]]''' - These are replicas of the desired cast shape. They are typically made of wood, metal, or plastic if intended to be reused in sand casting. Other methods like '''[[Investment_casting|Investment]]''', '''[[w:Lost-wax_casting|Lost Wax]]''' and '''[[w:Die_casting|Die]]''' casting use different types of molds and pattern materials. '''<u>Ceramics</u>''' &emsp;'''[[w:Ceramic|Ceramics]]''' are shaped at room temperature, then heated in an enclosed furnace to make their shape permanent. Typically they use inorganic materials like clay. It takes time to first remove water with moderate heat, then reach the required high temperatures and slowly cool to avoid breakage. So furnaces are generally either thick-walled or insulated to reduce heat loss. [[File:Four_poterie_Sevres.jpg|thumb|right|410x599px|Figure 5.5-17 - Updraft Kiln.]] * '''[[w:Kiln#Ceramic_kilns|Ceramic Kiln]]''' - A type of furnace for longer-term heating than metal casting. '''[[w:Pit_fired_pottery|Pit Firing]]''' requires only a hole in the ground and fuel, but can't reach the higher temperatures of a kiln. '''Updraft Kilns''' (Figure 5.5-17) have a lower chamber for fuel, with an air supply. Combustion gases then go to an upper chamber with the ceramics, and finally to a chimney to draw air upwards. Simple ones can be made from clay, optionally lined with firebrick. A first firing will then harden the kiln. Enclosed gas or electric kilns can be purchased. To start with or for small amounts, it may be easier to find a community arts center that already has a kiln. * '''[[w:Potter's_wheel|Potter's Wheel]]''' - typically a lower flywheel and upper table spun to mold clay on the upper surface with hands and tools. It is used for the main shaping of symmetrical objects. They may be powered by feet directly, a pedal and crank, or electric motor. ::'''Parts, Materials, and Supplies''' &emsp;Hot work needs clays and glazes for ceramics and metals for smithing and casting. '''[[w:Molding_sand|Molding Sand]]''' is needed for sand casting, and machinable wax for lost-wax casting. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 11 - Machine Shop Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[[w:Machine_shop|Machine Shops]]''' until recently practiced "Subtractive Manufacturing". This is removing some of the material to turn unfinished items into finished parts. Modern '''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' uses the opposite method of "Additive Manufacturing", where material is added to make a finished part. Both depend on accurate tools and machines in order to produce accurate parts. Accurate parts, in turn, are needed in machines where they must fit together, or move and rotate for long periods of time. &emsp;While some machine shop work can be done with hand tools, the majority is usually done with special-purpose machines, which are themselves mostly made using other machine tools. One way to obtain accuracy is using thick and rigid machine tool parts. This makes them heavy. So the workshop needs a suitably strong floor, such as a thicker concrete slab or deep individual foundations for some machines. ::'''Reference Material''' &emsp;Many websites, books, and videos be found with search terms like: machine shop, machine tools, machinists, and the individual names of tool and machine types. A public example is '''[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc9_524.pdf Fundamentals of Machine Tools, US Army, 1996]'''. &emsp;When starting out, older books focus on the simpler and less expensive tools of that time, so are useful despite their age. Modern computer-controlled (CNC) machines, and those that are larger or have more features, are typically more expensive, need more room, power, and heavier floor support. Learning about these can be postponed until needed. ::'''Shop Furniture''' * '''Heavy Duty Workbench''' - Building and maintaining machines involves heavy metal parts. So one or more suitable workbenches are needed when the machines or their parts don't stand directly on the floor. Some have a metal plate top for durability, but for smaller and more delicate parts a wood top can be used. * '''Storage''' - Like other crafts and project types, machine shop work requires storage for parts, materials, and supplies, and in addition hand tools, cutting bits, and machine tool accessories. Nearly all of this will be metal, which is heavy, so storage should be very sturdy. :&emsp;Precision measuring tools need dust-proof storage with soft liners to avoid damage. They often have custom cases for this purpose. Cutting tools should be stored in a way they don't damage each other and other tools, so loose in a drawer or box is not recommended. They can be wrapped in cloth, or use racks, dividers or individual boxes to keep them apart. ::'''Holding Tools''' [[File:ViceBench-insetSoftJaws.jpg|thumb|right|640x444px|Figure 5.5-18 - Machinist's Bench Vise on metal-top workbench with brass insert at upper right.]] * '''Bench Vise''' - One or more heavy duty vises are typically mounted to the workbench with the jaws overhanging the edge, so that tall items can be clamped. Various inserts are used to hold different shapes, or are made of softer materials to not damage the item (Figure 5.5-18). Some vises have a small built-in anvil. If any hammering is to be done on the vise, it should be mounted over a bench leg. * '''Machinist's Clamps''' - Machine tools often have slots in their tables in the shape of an inverted "T". Inverted bolts and specialty '''[[w:T-slot_nut|T-slot Nuts]]''' can be inserted, then bars and other clamping devices can be bolted down. '''Toolmaker's Clamps''' have parallel-jaws and two screws to hold items together. These would be in addition to the vise and other clamps from previous sets. [[File:TruLockMachineVice.jpg|thumb|right|640x378px|Figure 5.5-19 - Machine vice with angle scale bolted to mill bed.]] * '''Machine Vise''' - is bolted to a machine tool to hold a part while being worked on (Figure 5.5-19). These are either plain or have rotation and tilt motions. Often used with other clamps and fixtures for precise positioning. * '''[[w:V-block|V-Blocks]]''' - with clamps are used to hold round or irregular shapes when drilling or cutting. * '''Setup Blocks''' - Often 1x2x3 and 2x4x6 inch sizes for ease of setting up exact positions. These can either be plain or drilled and threaded. * '''[[w:Parallels_(engineering)|Parallel Bars Set]]''' - To support work above vise jaws or at offset positions while staying parallel to the machine table. Often used in combination with other setup blocks. * '''[[w:Angle_plate|Angle Plate]]''' - Used to hold a part at a measured angle to a machine table. * '''[[w:Magnetic_switchable_device|Magnetic Holders]]''' - have a switchable magnetic field to temporarily hold an item in a fixed position, typically for taking measurements, centering, or machining. They are an alternative to clamps and vises, but care should be taken that they have enough holding force for the task. ::'''Measurement Tools''' &emsp;'''[[w:Machinist|Machinists]]''' use a wide variety of measuring tools to produce accurate parts and machines. Some machines have built-in scales and devices, but separate tools are often needed. They are often more accurate versions of basic measuring tools. * '''[[w:Scientific_calculator|Solar Scientific Calculator]]''' - For general calculations. Some machinist calculations involve trigonometry and circular areas, so it should have these higher functions. The solar cells avoid needing to replace batteries. It should also be protected with a case or be stored in a clear plastic bag. * '''[[w:Machinist_square|Machinist Squares]]''' - These include plain right angle squares in different sizes, and combination squares for centering and angle setting. These are more solid and accurately made than the same tools for woodworking. * '''[[w:Radius_gauge|Radius]]''' and '''[[w:Feeler_gauge|Feeler Gauges]]''' - Radius gauges use a bright light to detect if a part matches the curve of the gauge. Feeler gauges are made to accurate thicknesses to measure small gaps. * '''[[w:Thread_pitch_gauge|Thread Pitch Gauge]]''' - Has leaves with tooth profiles to determine the size of threads on an existing part. * '''Taper Gauge Set''' - These have sloped widths or thicknesses with a scale. Sets have several pieces to cover a wider size range. * '''[[w:Wiggler_(tool)|Edge and Center Finders]]''' - Also called "wigglers" after how they work. Used to find the center or edge of a part, after which a precise offset can be set with a machine's handwheel or digital readout. * '''[[w:Micrometer_(device)|Micrometers]]''' - These use a calibrated screw for accurate measurements. They come in different size ranges and for outside, inside, and depth measurements. Start with a 0-1 inch/25 mm outside micrometer and add others as needed. * '''[[w:Bore_gauge|Bore Gauges]]''' - The telescoping type have a pair of heads that expand to measure inside diameter or width. Used with a micrometer to set or read their width. * '''Thread Wire Measuring Set''' - Uses two wires on one side and one on the other plus a micrometer to accurately measure the size of a threaded part. * '''Toolmaker's Dividers''' - with rigid legs and spring. To transfer measurements and draw arcs on inked parts. * '''Calipers''' - a more accurate version than the basic one from Section 3.0. * '''[[w:Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)|Indicators]]''' - Dial or digital, with magnetic base. Measures distance from a reference surface to a probe. * '''[[w:Surface_plate|Surface Plate]]''' - Highly accurate flat surface, typically granite or cast iron. Used as a reference surface for other measuring tools, setups, and marking of parts before cutting. * '''[[w:Engineer's_spirit_level|Machinist's Level]]''' - A precision spirit (bubble) level for leveling machine tools and other surfaces. * '''Adjustable Parallels Set''' - spanning 0.375-2.25in (10-50mm), for measuring and setting exact widths and offsets. * '''[[w:Gauge_block|Gage Block Set]]''' - Highly accurate blocks which are stacked to produce exact lengths. Typically used to check the accuracy of other measuring devices rather than direct use. * '''[[w:Sine_bar|Sine Bar]]''' - This is two accurate cylinders connected to a bar so that exact angles can be calculated or set by the mathematical sine of a triangle formula. * '''[[w:Coordinate-measuring_machine|Coordinate Measuring Machine]]''' - an advanced and often automated machine to measure the physical geometry of an object. * '''[[w:Optical_comparator|Optical Comparator]]''' - a device to magnify and project the profile of a part so it can be measured. ::'''Marking Tools''' * '''Industrial Marker''' - These use heat and oil-resistant ink for marking and layout. * '''Layout Fluid & Brush''' - For more durable layout marks. Either commercial, or a denatured alcohol/shellac/fabric dye mix. * '''Scriber, Carbide Tipped''' - For scratching lines onto metal parts. * '''Prick and Center Punches''' - Prick punches are smaller and used for marking exact points on a part. Center punches are heavier and struck like chisels to make a starter hole for drill bits. * '''Transfer Punches''' - These come in sets of different diameters, and are used to transfer the centers of one or more holes from one part to another. * '''Steel Straight Edge''' - An accurately made flat bar for scribing lines onto a part, and checking flatness with a light held behind it. Commercial flat bar stock may be enough to start with, but precision ones made for the purpose will be more accurate. ::'''Assembly Tools''' &emsp;Basic assembly tools like screwdrivers and socket wrenches were included in Section 3.0. Some '''[[w:List_of_screw_drives|Additional Specialty Tools]]''' may be needed to maintain or adjust machine tools such as the '''[[w:Torx|Torx]]''' type. Some of these allow higher torque, which can be useful when building new projects. ::'''Cutting and Abrasive Tools''' * '''[[w:Tap_and_die|Tap and Die Sets]]''' - Includes handles and individual taps and dies. Used for cutting matching inside and outside screw threads. * '''[[w:Reamer|Reamers]]''' - Hand and Expanding. Uses tap handle for turning. Finishes a hole to an exact size. * '''[[w:Drill_bit#Center_and_spotting_drill_bit|Center Drill Bits]]''' - Used in a lathe to drill a center hole in the part for the '''[[w:Tailstock|Tailstock]]''' to fit into. * '''[[w:Center_gauge|Center Gauge]]''' - used to guide grinding thread-cutting tools to the right angle and then mount them perpendicular to the part. * '''[[w:Hand_scraper|Hand Scrapers]]''' - Used with or to make surface plates and produce precision surfaces. ::'''Stationary Subtractive Machines''' [[File:Sharp_3_Axis_Vertical_Mill_Full_View.jpg|thumb|right|358x599px|Figure 5.5-20 - Vertical milling machine with manual positioning, electronic readout, and Kurt machine vise to hold parts being milled.]] * '''[[w:Milling_(machining)|Vertical and Horizontal Milling Machines]]''' - (Figure 5.5-20) These are described by the rotating axis of the tool head. Movements can be manual or computer (CNC) controlled. Vertical mills are typically smaller and lower power. A compound (2 axis) slide table added to a medium drill press may be enough to get started, but a floor-mounted mill will be more accurate and can handle larger parts. Desktop CNC mills can be used for small items, but are lower power and therefore slower. [[File:Tornio_piccolo.jpg|thumb|right|640x407px|Figure 5.5-21 - Small Bench Lathe.]] * '''[[w:Metal_lathe|Metal Lathe]]''' - These are heavier and more powerful than wood-cutting lathes, with higher accuracy. They are described by the maximum diameter and length of the parts they can work, such as 7x14 inches. A small bench-top one (Figure 5.5-21) may be enough to start. Larger ones require custom tables or are floor-mounted. Lathes can be manually or computer (CNC) controlled. Combination machines exist that do both milling and lathe work if space is at a premium * '''Lathe & Mill Accessories''' - Lathes and mills use a variety of '''[[w:Cutting_tool_(machining)|Cutting Tools]]''' and need specialized holding tools (noted above) for the items being worked. The cutting tools are held with '''[[w:Chuck_(engineering)|Chucks]]''', '''[[w:Collet|Collets]]''', and '''[[w:Spindle_(tool)|Spindles]]''' due to the high forces involved. They are often particular to a given machine or machine size. A '''[[w:Rotary_table|Rotary Table]]''' or '''[[w:Indexing_head|Indexing Head]]''' allows allows positioning items at precise angles. :&emsp;Industrial machine tools use cutting oils to remove heat and chips. For small projects a brush or oil can and hand application may be enough. For larger ones a steady feed of oil and chip removal is needed. Oil can be filtered and reused, but metal chips are sharp and should be carefully disposed of. CNC type machines need a computer and suitable software to prepare the series of instructions, or directly control them. * '''[[w:Drill#Geared_head|Industrial Drill Press]]''' - These are larger and heavier than woodworking drill presses, typically floor mounted with gear rather than belt drives. Some come equipped with cross-slide or rotating tables, or these can be added as accessories. Others have radial and tilt heads for large and heavy parts where it is easier to move the head than the part being drilled. One or more sets of metal-cutting drill bits with different diameters and lengths are needed to start with. * '''[[w:Bandsaw#Metal_fabrication_shop_and_machine_shop_models|Horizontal Metal Bandsaw]]''' - For cutting larger metal bars or blocks to length. In contrast to the wood saws, the metal is clamped in place while the cutting blade slowly pivots down. * '''Vertical Heavy-Duty Bandsaw''' - For rough cutting curved metal sections by moving them through the saw. This can be a woodworking bandsaw with a metal-cutting blade, or a more powerful one. It is suitable for thinner and lighter metal pieces. For larger and heavier items, they are held stationary while a portable cutting tool is moved through them. * '''[[w:Surface_grinding#Equipment|Surface Grinder]]''' - Produces flat surfaces by moving a part horizontally under a grinding wheel. * '''[[w:Electrical_discharge_machining|EDM Machine]]''' - Electrical discharge machining uses sparks across an insulating fluid to remove material and shape a part. * '''[[w:Laser_cutting|Laser Cutter/Engraver]]''' - uses a focused high-power laser to cut or ablate material, often under computer control. There are various types and sizes of machines. ::'''Additive Machines''' &emsp;'''[[w:3D_printing|3D Printing]]''' is a category of methods and machines that make parts by adding material under computer control. There are now a '''[[w:3D_printing_processes|Variety of Such Machines]]''' in various sizes that "print" different materials by different methods. Some methods are better suited to industrial use, and others for home use. Part resolution can be as small as 10 nanometers, and other machines work on a large enough scale for '''[[w:Construction_3D_printing|Building Construction]]'''. A related set of methods involve spraying material onto an existing surface. Examples are '''[[w:Spray_painting|Spray Painting]]''' and '''[[w:Thermal_spraying|Thermal Spraying]]'''. The spray is often directed by hand, but can be done by machines under computer control. &emsp;Printed parts often need additional finishing steps, like removing printed supports that were needed during printing but not afterwards, or sanding to smooth sometimes uneven surfaces. Which types of additive machines are needed depends on the materials you want to use, and the speed, size, and accuracy required. Due to the wide variety of processes, machines, and purposes, we don't list individual machines. Instead, we recommend looking at some '''[https://archive.org/details/inlibrary?query=3D+printing Reference Sources]''', then investigate available machines. &emsp;Most printers need a computer file describing the part to be made. They can be made yourself using suitable software, or use existing ones made by others. Depending on the printer, they may need a separate computer to send commands, similar to how office printers work with paper. Otherwise they may have the control computer built-in and only need the part file delivered to it. &emsp;When starting out, it may make sense to use a commercial printing service, as they only need the computer file to make a part. Open-source printer designs and kits are available. They are less expensive, but require doing some or all of the work of building them. Already built '''[[w:Comparison_of_3D_printers|Printers]]''' are available new for as little as a good portable power tool, but supplies of printing material can be expensive if you are making many parts. ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">7.0 - Outdoor Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;This section covers projects where the work or the finished items are mostly located outdoors. It includes yard work, gardening, digging and landscaping, forestry, and farming. Aside from location, they share somewhat overlapping sets of tools, so consider other lists than the primary category you are interested in. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 12 - Yard Work</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;A '''[[w:Yard_(land)|Yard]]''' commonly means the area of land surrounding a house, typically in suburban areas. In urban areas, residences may have little or no yard area. Properties larger than a few acres (1 hectare) can be called "acreage" if mostly undeveloped, and a large house with lots of outside improvements on multiple acres is called an '''[[w:Estate_(land)|Estate]]'''. This list covers items for self-maintenance of suburban yards, or maintenance of yards for others on a small-business scale. &emsp;Typical yards have live items like grass, some trees, and decorative plants and ground cover. They can also have a variety of constructed items like paths, fences, storage sheds, decks and patios. Most of these need some degree of cleaning and maintenance for appearance and to meet local rules. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Brooms and Dustpans''' - For sweeping paved areas and picking up the resulting piles. Includes Wide push, upright sweep, and wide dustpan. * '''Rakes''' - Leaf, Bow, and Thatch types. * '''[[w:Edger#Manual_lawn_edgers|Lawn Edger]]''' - A manual tool used to keep grass and roots from encroaching on paved or other types of surfaces. * '''[[w:Hedge_trimmer|Hedge Trimmer]]''' - Large scissors or pruning shears used to trim hedge plantings or decorative bushes. '''Pruning Shears''' have shorter blades, usually curved, with more leverage for cutting thicker or harder stems. * '''[[w:Wheelbarrow|Wheelbarrow]]''' - A single or dual-wheel cart with handles for general moving of bulk or heavier items. The wheel(s) carry most of the weight while steering and pushing with the handles. Most have a sloped tray so they can be emptied by tilting vertical. * '''[[w:Hatchet|Hatchet]]''' - A combination tool with a sharp blade on one side and a hammer head on the other. An example use is trimming a branch to make a stake then pounding it in. * '''[[w:Loppers|Lopper]]''' and '''Pruning Saw''' - Loppers have long handles with short blades, sometimes with compound action. Can cut saplings and branches up to 2 inches (5 cm) for the largest version by working around the stem until severed. Pruning saws are hand saws with teeth designed to cut living wood, and can cut somewhat larger branches in crowded areas. Large branches should be cut partway from below with two cuts removing a wedge, then finished from above. This prevents a split from damaging the main stem or trunk, and makes a more controlled fall for the branch. * '''[[w:Polesaw|Polesaw]]''' - A pruning saw attached to a pole to reach higher without a ladder. Many have a levered pruning blade with a cord, to cut smaller high branches. * '''[[w:Garden_hose|Garden Hose]]''' - For delivering water where needed in a yard. A simple spray or pistol nozzle is enough to start, but there are a number of other special purpose attachments. Rubber grommets are used to prevent leakage. * '''Containers''' - '''[[w:Bucket|Water Buckets]]''' and smaller containers can be used to transport small amounts of water. '''[[w:Fuel_container|Fuel Containers]]''' are needed for machines and devices that use them. Other yard supplies like fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can be toxic. They either come with a container, or can be stored in suitable boxes and bags. ::'''Portable Power Tools''' &emsp;Outdoor power tools can be electrical, using either a power cord or internal batteries. Corded tools generally need outdoor-type extension cords of sufficient length and wire gauge for the required distance. Battery types typically need a matching charger for removable batteries. Portable generators and inverters connected to a vehicle can supply power at greater distances than extension cords. Other outdoor tools have combustion engines that require fuel or a fuel/oil blend, and some need separate lubricating oil. The choice among power types depends on cost, convenience, noise level, and required power level. * '''[[w:Leaf_blower|Leaf Blower]]''' - uses high-speed air to move leaves and other debris away from buildings and pavements or into piles. Mower blades act like a fan, and with a side discharge can both chop up and blow leaves into piles or rows for pickup. * '''[[w:String_trimmer|String Trimmer]]''' - Cuts grass and weeds around obstacles or edges of a yard, without damaging other items. Some types accept other accessories for different tasks. Alternately herbicides, woven or sheet weed barriers, and solid objects can prevent growth in unwanted areas. * '''Power Hedge Trimmer''' - Typically use a reciprocating blade that slides against stationary fingers. Does similar tasks to hand hedge shears and pruners. * '''[[w:Pressure_washing|Pressure Washer]]''' - Uses high pressure water, sometimes with additives like soap, to clean exterior surfaces. Some have different angle nozzles and adjustable pressure. * '''[[w:Brushcutter_(garden_tool)|Brush Cutter]]''' - The hand-carried type has more power than a string trimmer and accepts accessories like circular saw blades to cut thicker items. A '''[[w:Brush_hog|Brush Hog]]''' has wheels or is mounted to a larger machine, and functions like a heavy-duty lawn mower. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' * '''[[w:Lawn_mower|Lawn Mower]]''' - Uses blades to cut larger areas of grass to an even height. Most modern ones are powered. Smaller ones are walk-behind and either pushed or are self-propelled. Larger '''Riding Mowers''' have a seat and steerable wheels. Some types have a bag to collect grass clippings, and may have a side discharge to blow the clippings away from the blades. Even larger '''Lawn Tractors''' are powerful enough to tow wagons or mount other attachments. These start to overlap in function with small agricultural tractors with a mowing attachment. :&emsp;The type of mower to use depends on the area to be mowed, coverage speed, cost, noise level, whether it is for personal or commercial use, and what obstacles have to be worked around. For example, with '''[[w:Zero-turn_mower|Zero-Turn]]''' mowers the drive wheels rotate at different speeds/direction, and the other wheels swivel in any direction. This allows maneuvering in tighter spaces. ::'''Materials, Parts, and Supplies''' * '''[[w:Mulch|Mulch]]''' - A layer of material applied to the surface of soil. It can be applied around structures, plantings, and trees to make maintenance easier, conserve moisture, improve fertility, reduce erosion, and for looks. Ground covers can be artificial, like landscape fabric, inorganic like gravel, organic like wood chips, or living plants which are close to the ground. Organic mulches can be self-made on-site from items like fallen leaves and branches which are shredded or composted. * '''[[w:Lawn#Lawn_care_and_maintenance|Lawn Maintenance]]''' - Depending on the current and desired condition of a yard, this can include adding topsoil, organic material, sand, and other soil additives to improve its quality. Additional supplies include grass seed, fertilizers, pest controls, and herbicides. It can be much easier to work with the natural soil and climate conditions than to force a specific lawn type. For example, a grass/clover mix can self-fertilize since clover can fix nitrogen from the air. Other ground covers, perennials, shrubs, and trees may be less work to maintain. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 13 - Gardening</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Gardening is distinguished from general yard work by intentionally planting and growing plants for food or aesthetic reasons. Yard work is more basic exterior maintenance to suppress weeds, maintain access, and reduce vermin. There is overlap between the two, but gardening typically has more specialized tools. ::'''Hand Tools''' * '''Garden Trowel''' - a small pointed shovel designed to use with one hand. * '''Hand Cultivator''' - small single hand, or long handle two hand types. They have several curved tines for breaking up soil or pulling weeds by the roots. * '''Hand Weeder''' - any of several hand tools to sever deeper roots or cut weeds near the surface. * '''Draw Hoe''' - has a blade set crosswise to the handle. It is intended to chop into the ground and then pulled or levered. Can be one or two-handed, with various blade shapes. Narrow blades are for hard soil, while wider ones can move looser soil. * '''Scuffle Hoes''' - The '''Hoop''' or action type has a cross blade more parallel to the handle, often sharpened to cut roots near the surface. '''Linear''' hoes have blades parallel to the handle and can cut roots without disturbing adjacent soil. * '''[[w:Garden_fork|Garden Fork]]''' - has around four sturdy tines set parallel to a D-ended handle. They are driven into the soil and then levered to loosen or lift it. The '''[[w:Pitchfork|Pitchfork]]''' has a longer straight handle and slightly curved tines. It is used to pick up and throw loose material rather than drive into the ground. * '''Bulb Planter''' - has pivoted cylinder halves and a serrated bottom to cut and lift soil for planting bulbs and other plants, then replacing the soil to cover them. * '''Wheel Hoe''' - A narrow wheel attached to handles, on which a hoop blade and other attachments can be mounted. It is useful where longer rows of soil need to be worked. * '''Root Cutter''' - any of a number of serrated tools designed to cut thicker roots. The shovel type has a chisel bottom edge and toothed sides, and is stepped on for cutting force. The one hand type have hooked saw blades or a toothed trowel shape. The shovel and trowel types are first used to expose the root before cutting. ::'''Stationary Equipment''' * '''Garden Shed''' - This is a building near a garden to store tools, equipment, and materials. It may also include a workbench for maintenance and tasks like potting plants. * '''[[w:Raised-bed_gardening|Raised Beds]]''' - are enclosed areas of soil above ground level set up for any of a number of reasons: easier access, erosion control, eliminate compaction by not walking on the soil, and others. * '''[[w:Garden_structure|Garden Structures]]''' - These are other structures like walls, fences, trellises, greenhouses, stakes, and wire mesh. They are used for weather and sun control, to keep out animals, and to support growing plants. The simplest gardens use none of these and must accept the yield losses. This may be less than the cost and work of building structures, and simply plant more to reach the desired yield. ::'''Mobile Equipment''' &emsp;For larger gardens and heavier soils, hand tools will take too long or are too hard to use. Wheeled power equipment, either electric or combustion engine, can handle the needed soil preparation. For new gardens, this includes breaking up the soil, removing excess rocks, grading for drainage, and mixing in soil amendments. It may be more economical to hire the people and equipment for the heavier one-time tasks. Categories of equipment include self-powered walk-behind, and attachments to larger riding mowers and garden tractors. * Cultivators - For breaking up and mixing soil. ::'''Supplies''' * Compost pile - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 14 - Digging and Landscaping</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;This list is for more extensive excavation and contouring land for drainage and looks, and installing permanent additions like steps, walls, and fences. * Shovels & Spades - Assorted sizes. A shovel has a rounded and more angled blade and is used at a lower angle. A spade has a flatter and in-line blade and is used vertically for trenches and other straight-sided digging. * Power Auger * Digging Bars - Assorted sizes * Soil Tamper * Pick Axe - Heavy point and lever head, for heavy & rocky soil. Resembles cutter mattock. * Cutter Mattock - Perpendicular root cutter & medium digging/levering blades for roots. * Post Hole Digger and Post Pounder ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 15 - Forestry</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hand Axes - Felling Axe for cutting trees, smaller Camp axe for trimming and notching branches. * Saws - '''[[w:Bucksaw|Bucksaw]]''' for cutting smaller logs to length. The '''[[w:Bow_saw|Bow Saw]]''' typically has a narrower blade and smaller frame for branches and working in tight spaces. The electric or fuel-powered '''[[w:Chainsaw|Chainsaw]]''' is for cutting larger trees down and to size. '''WARNING''' all serious timber cutting is very dangerous due to powerful machines with exposed teeth, and the weight of falling or shifting trees and branches. It should never be done alone or without some training. Methods like anchor ropes/chains can pull down trees from a safe distance. If you are at all unsure, hire professionals with the right equipment and experience. * Bark Tools - Spud, Bark Scraper/Pry Bar, Power Debarker ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 16 - Farming</u></span>=== &emsp; ==<span style="font-size:x-large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;">8.0 - Construction Projects</span>== &emsp; &emsp;Construction generally follows a sequence of steps, some of which may be skipped if not needed. The exact order of tasks depends on the design and access needed, so the lists in this section are not a strict sequence, but rather grouped by trade and skills. The main steps include: * '''Plans and Permits''' - Before physical work, design of the project, including making sure outside access and utilities will be available, what site features currently exist that may need to be changed or worked around, then obtaining needed permission such as building permits. * '''Site Work''' - This includes clearing, surveying, marking out, grading, compacting, and excavation, and providing temporary utilities and sanitation if needed. * '''Substructure and Foundations''' - These are the items that end up at or under ground level when complete, such as drainage, utility lines, and the building foundation. * '''Main Structure and Large Items''' - Walls, floors, roof, external doors and windows; and also items like heating and ventilation systems and bathtubs that are too large to install later. * '''Internal Utilities and Services''' - These are items like electrical and plumbing that will later be hidden by finished walls. * '''Finishing''' - The final surfaces, cabinets, interior doors, fixtures, and appliances that will be visible and used. &emsp;How many of the steps you can do yourself vs hiring contractors depends on your skills, crew size, and how often you expect to do it. Earlier work like excavation generally needs larger and more expensive equipment than later steps like finishing. So when starting out in construction we suggest contracting out the bigger steps. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 17 - General Construction</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Besides basic tools from Lists 1 and 2, some general equipment is used across multiple phases of construction projects. We try to list those here, and more specialized items in the later lists. ::'''Measurement Tools''' * '''[[w:Chalk_line|Chalk Line]]''' - For marking out straight lines by snapping a chalked string against a surface. * Measuring Tapes & Wheels - 10-100m (30-300 foot) Tapes for measurements and layout. * Transits - Builder's and Surveyors, for vertical and property measurement. * Mason's Twine - Light string to mark edges and horizontals with minimal stretch and sag. * Bullhorn * Portable Radios * Rubber Boots * Cold Weather Gear * Folding Chairs * Coolers - Drink, Food * Tables - Plan, Portable * Extension Cords, Multi-Plug Adapters, & Power Strips * Work Lights * Water Pump - Trash type. For removing water after rain or from holes. * Drop Cloths & Tarps - Painter's (Canvas, Plastic), Vinyl Cargo, Polyethylene * Weather Protection - For workers and worksites. Can be manufactured, or rigged from tarps, lumber with nails or screws at one or both ends as poles, anchor ropes, and either heavy objects like concrete blocks or ground stakes/anchors to secure the ropes. * Cleanup - Brooms, dust pans, trash cans & bags (can also use empty boxes) * Extension Poles - for tools and props * Fans - Box, Pedestal, Drum * Inverter and Portable Generator * Warning cones, signs, safety and erosion fencing, security equipment, safety vests * Seam Roller - has multiple uses for roofing, carpet, and wallpaper. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 18 - Carpentry</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Carpentry includes wood framing, roofing, structural metalwork, fireplaces, and drywall. Drywall is typically left until after internal utilities and services are installed. * Hammers - '''[[w:Framing_hammer|Framing Hammers]]''' are larger and heavier than claw hammers, for driving large nails into wood-frame construction. * Nail Guns - Assorted sizes. These drive nails with electric or air power, when large numbers or faster work is desired. * Drywall Square * Drywall Saw * '''[[w:Glass_cutter|Glass Cutter]]''' - for trimming window and other glass to size. ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 19 - Masontry & Concrete</u></span>=== &emsp; * Hammers - Brick, Engineer, Sledge * Chisels - Assorted types and sizes Brick, Concrete, Mason, Stone, Tile, Star Point. Hand protectors & Offset Holders as needed * Trowels - Pointing, Brick, Rectangular * Mortar Hoe - with holes to aid mixing * Mixers - Hand, electric blade, wheeled or trailer electric or fueled for larger amounts. Very large amounts typically use mixer truck delivery. * Mud Tray and Hawk - for holding smaller amounts of mortar for troweling * '''SDS Type Hammer Drill''' - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 20 - Plumbing</u></span>=== &emsp; * Pipe and Tubing Cutters * Pipe Threading Taps & Dies - ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 21 - Electrical</u></span>=== &emsp; * '''Insulated Screwdrivers''' - To prevent electrical shocks. Generally power should be off while doing electrical work, so this is a safety measure in case it accidentally isn't. * '''Electric Circuit, Outlet, and Breaker Testers''' ===<span style="font-size:large; font-family:'Georgia', serif;"><u>List 22 - Finishing</u></span>=== &emsp; &emsp;Construction finishes are the final visible parts of a building after the structural, mechanical, and hidden utilities are installed. ::'''Finish Carpentry''' &emsp;This includes interior doors, cabinets, countertops, closet interiors, wood flooring, baseboards, and moldings. ::'''Paint and Wall Coverings''' * Combination and Razor Scrapers * Hand Sander * Can Hook & Key * Paint Brushes & Comb * Roller Tray & Liners, Roller Handles, Roller Brushes, * Paints and stains as needed per job. * Wallpaper Paste and Smoothing Brushes * Trimming Wheel - To trim or cut wallpaper to size, especially once pasted to a surface. ::'''Plumbing and Electrical Fixtures''' &emsp;This includes items like sinks and faucets, wall outlets, ceiling lights, and built-in electronics. It also includes installing built-in and free-standing appliances. ::'''Flooring and Tile''' &emsp;This includes flooring other than wood, such as carpet, sheet, and floor tiles. It also includes other tile work such as kitchens and bathrooms. * Caulk Gun * Putty Knives - Assorted sizes * Drywall Trowels - Narrow & Wide * Pole Sander * Floor Buffer * Floor Scraper </div> {{BookCat}} o7mojxa15id2uv46bryy0vk6q6mbha9 0 304168 4095346 4095210 2022-08-22T14:53:38Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/77.132.56.106|77.132.56.106]]) and restored revision 3766276 by 138.94.121.120 wikitext text/x-wiki One of the major attractions of the PSP are it's wealth of popular Japanese games and visual novels; few of which have been released in English-speaking countries. Some crafty people have taken up translation projects to bring the experience over the language barrier. == Making your own Translations == The basic process is to unzip the ISO file, decompile some binaries, make your edits, zip it back up, and create an xdelta. Hacks may be necessary to allow the English characters to reflow, since Japanese is often more concise than English. A great way to learn how this process works is to work on the (abandoned) Steins;Gate PSP translation: * [[PSP/Steins Gate Translation]] == Project Listing == Here's a list of all the unofficial PSP game Translations that we know of. Feel free to add any new ones to the list. ''This list was rescued from the [http://archive.is/ETXtP Akatranslations Wiki], which shut down when Wikispaces became paid-only. Feel free to update as necessary.'' === Complete === Projects that have been fully translated into English. * '''Done via game patches:''' ** [http://cavespeak.org/post/141970447339/version-091 7th Dragon 2020] ** [http://danganronpa.wordpress.com/2013/06/23/release-danganronpa-english-translation-v1-0/%23more-787 Danganronpa - Kibou no Gakuen to Zetsubou no Koukousei - PSP The Best] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/digimon-world-re-digitize-translation.331385/ Digimon World Re:Digitize] ** [http://www.skybladecloud.net/projects/final-fantasy-type-0-psp-english-translation/ Final Fantasy Type-0 (DMCA'd by Square Enix)] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/grand-knights-history-english-patch-alpha-looking-for-help.365958/ Grand Knights History] ** [http://projectdiva.wikispaces.com/Translation+Patch Hatsune Miku: Project Diva] / [http://projectdiva.wikispaces.com/Translation+Patch+%282nd%29 2nd] or [http://projectdiva.wikispaces.com/Translation+Patch+%282nd+Low+Price+Edition%29 2nd using Plugins]/ [http://projectdiva.wikispaces.com/Translation+Patch+%28extend%29 Extend] ** [https://gbatemp.net/threads/phantasy-star-portable-2-infinity-english-localization-public-release.576943 Phantasy Star Portable 2 Infinity] ** [http://shinji-nerd-life.blogspot.se/2013/10/planetarian-psp-in-english.html Planetarian] ** [https://www.romhacking.net/forum/index.php?topic=20725.0/ R-Type Tactics II] ** [https://gbatemp.net/threads/storm-lover-kai-english-translation.390899/ Storm Lover Kai] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/tokimeki-memorial-girls-side-premium-3rd-story-english-translation.367491/ Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side Premium 3rd Story] ** [http://toradora.xyz.is/ Toradora Portable] * '''Done via transcripts or recorded playthroughs:''' ** [http://game-time-kouryaku.blogspot.com/2011/03/faq.html K-On! Houkago Live!!] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/last-ranker-fully-translated-playthrough.361585/ Last Ranker] Via Youtube videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMjWrtftxMTxnLtiHdO34qI6xyCmgBwEe Steins;Gate Hiyoku Renri no Darling] - Via YouTube videos ** [http://forums.fuwanovel.org/index.php?/topic/5363-complete-fan-translating-time-travelers-vn-level-5/ Time Travelers] (Via YouTube videos) ** [http://game-time-kouryaku.blogspot.com/2011/03/faq-3.html%23more Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 3] (Disaster Report 3) Script Only === Mostly Complete === These projects are mostly finished and the majority of text is in English. * '''Being worked on via game patches:''' ** [http://www.pspgweber.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=39&t=24102&sid=ec18083355cd3a8762f9b8155dccec1f Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep - Final Mix (character descriptions)] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/psp-la-pucelle-ragnarok-translation.320662/ La Pucelle Ragnarok] ** [http://patr0805.wordpress.com/ Little Busters! Converted Edition] ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/mobile-suit-gundam-age-universe-accel-translation.333970/ Mobile Suit Gundam Age Universe Accel] - Menu and gameplay elements only ** [http://akatranslations.wikispaces.com/Mystery+Dungeon+-+Shiren+The+Wanderer+3+Portable Mystery Dungeon - Shiren The Wanderer 3 Portable] ** [https://gbatemp.net/threads/nayuta-no-kiseki-english-translation.373365/ Nayuta no Kiseki] (Practically finished, 99% at least) ** [http://gbatemp.net/threads/phantom-kingdom-portable-english-translation.365313/ Phantom Kingdom Portable] ** [https://bitbucket.org/truneet/milky-holmes-psp Tantei Opera Milky Holmes] ** [http://vc3translationproject.wordpress.com/ Valkyria Chronicles 3] ** [http://akatranslations.wikispaces.com/Way+of+the+Samurai+Portable Way of the Samurai Portable] ** [http://visuallyneko.wordpress.com/2013/07/24/yume-miru-kusuri-on-psp/ Yume Miru Kusuri] * '''Being worked on via transcripts or video playthrough:''' ** [https://archive.is/MB8yX All Kamen Rider: Rider Generation 2] - via wiki ** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMjWrtftxMTyi8jmrL7Es5Mf-DuZ_XTZa Steins;Gate Linear Bounded Phenogram]- Via YouTube Videos. ** [http://www.gamefaqs.com/psp/614495-macross-triangle-frontier/faqs/61883 Macross Triangle Frontier] ** [http://www.gamefaqs.com/psp/961063-macross-ultimate-frontier/faqs/60727 Macross Ultimate Frontier] ** [http://cyberakuma.livejournal.com/tag/translation Shining Blade] ** [https://thegamesofharuhisuzumiya.dreamwidth.org/ Suzumiya Haruhi no Tsuisou] ** [http://talesofnaridanx.weebly.com/index.html Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X] - Script only === Currently Active === These projects are currently active and the authors appear to still be working on them: * [http://dothacktranslate.wordpress.com/ .hack//LINK] * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AqRPQz13F4fZdEhoQ2E1M0JrZmlfQ011NjNLR1BBSXc 7th Dragon 2020-II] * [http://forums.novelnews.net/showthread.php?t=36048 Amagami EbiKore+] * [https://gbatemp.net/threads/baka-and-test-portable-english-patch-help-needed.370054/ Baka to Test to Shoukanjuu Portable] * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/brothers-conflict-passion-pink-translation-project.353117/ Brothers Conflict: Passion Pink] * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/danball-senki-boost-translation-help.337782/ Danball Senki BOOST] * [http://dialovers.piratejewel.net/Main_Page Diabolik Lovers ~Haunted Dark Bridal~] * [https://iwakuraproductions.wordpress.com Fate/Extra CCC] ** Original Team had dropped the project. Picked up by a new team. * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/release-gundam-vs-gundam-next-plus-v1-3-ep.334381/ Gundam vs Gundam NEXT PLUS] * [http://tlwiki.org/index.php?title=Idolmaster_SP IdolM@ster SP] * [http://grimmfeather.wordpress.com/2013/05/10/ongoing-translation-kuroko-no-basuke%E3%80%8C%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%A6%E5%90%88%E3%80%8Dpsp-game-training-camp-arc-part-ii/ Kuroko no Basuke] (The Training Camp) - via transcript * [http://www.tradukosoft.com/ Mahou Shoujo Madoka Magica Portable] ** Original Team had dropped the project. Picked up by Tradukosoft * [http://notcliche.com/ziddy/ Ore no Imouto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai Portable ga Tsuzuku Wake ga Nai] - Disc 1 of 2 fully translated and playable * [https://gbatemp.net/threads/phantasy-star-portable-2-infinity-english-translation.368328/ Phantasy Star Portable 2 Infinity] * [http://eternalnyaboronofficial.weebly.com/ Sakurasou no Pet na Kanojo] * [http://samurai-elite.fullforums.net/t57-project-wots2p-conversion Samurai Dou Portable 2] * [http://soltriggerenglish.wordpress.com/ Sol Trigger] * [http://twinbrave-translation.tumblr.com/ Tales of the Heroes Twin Brave] ** Project restarted * [https://gbatemp.net/threads/sd-gundam-g-generation-overworld-english-translation.369219/page-1 SD Gundam G Generation Overworld] * [http://blacklabel-translations.com/ Utawarerumono Portable] * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/yu-gi-oh-5ds-tag-force-6-translation-project.351972/ Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's Tag Force 6] * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/zettai-zetsumei-toshi-3-translation-project.368872/ Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 3] (Disaster Report 3) Currently working on patch === Cancelled === These projects have been cancelled, be it because of official release, lack of interest or complications. * [http://hanatabatranslation.wordpress.com/ Amnesia] (Officially released on Vita and Steam) * [https://www.facebook.com/TRADUKOSoft/posts/1668992869844010 Conception: Ore no Kodomo o Undekure!] (Traduko Soft cancelled it) * [http://otomeido.wordpress.com/ Otomate games] (made obsolete by the establishment of Idea Factory's international branch) * [http://danganronpa.wordpress.com/ Super Danganronpa 2] (Officially released on PS Vita) * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/super-robot-wars-oe.351431/ Super Robot Wars Operation Extend] (loss of interest) === Misunderstandings === These projects aren't actually a translation patch/script. * [http://gareblogs.wordpress.com/2013/09/25/english-translation-dies-irae-amantes-amentes-%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9-%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC-prologue/ Dies Irae ~Amantes Amentes~] ** As stated by the [http://i.imgur.com/wATQnGy.png translator]. === Dead === These projects have had very little activity and are most likely dead. * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/super-robot-wars-z2-english-patch.335313/ Dainiji Super Robot Taisen Z Hakai hen] * [http://akatranslations.wikispaces.com/Daisenryaku+VII+Exceed Daisenryaku VII Exceed] * [http://akatranslations.wikispaces.com/Dragon+Quest+%26+Final+Fantasy+in+Itadaki+Street+Portable Dragon Quest & Final Fantasy in Itadaki Street Portable] * [http://forums.fuwanovel.org/index.php?/topic/1346-gakuen-hetalia-official-psp-game/ Gakuen Hetalia] * [http://www.pspgweber.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=96&t=32510 Genso Suikoden: Tsumugareshi Hyakunen no Toki] * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/gundam-assault-survive-menu-translation-patch.237668/ Gundam Assault Survive] - Menu only * [http://www.youtube.com/user/kenma9123 Kidou Senshi Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam NEXT PLUS] * [http://www.pspgweber.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=96&t=24820 Mana Khemia 2: Ochita Gakuen to Renkinjutsushi Tachi Portable+] * [http://boysofsilencetranslations.wordpress.com/mashiro-iro-symphony/ Mashiro Iro Symphony] - Last update June 2013 * [http://teammaverickone.blogspot.ca/ Monster Hunter Portable 3rd] * [http://chad19.webs.com/ Queen's Blade: Spiral Chaos] - Menus * [http://zarradeth.wordpress.com/ Suzumiya Haruhi no Yakusoku] - Last update 2012 * [http://a0t.co/2013/10/09/project-annoucements/ Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X & Tales of Phantasia Cross Edition] * [http://www.talesofrebirth.altervista.org/ Tales of Rebirth] === Obsolete === These projects are obsolete because the game was officially released in English. * Breath of Fire III (PAL PSP game) * [http://www.alucard.cc/forums/index.php?topic=1267.0 Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII] (PSP game) * Dissidia: Final Fantasy (PSP game) * [http://blog.coldbird.co.cc/ God Eater] (PSP game) * [http://www.skybladecloud.net/projects/final-fantasy-type-0-psp-english-translation/ Final Fantasy Type-0 (DMCA'd by Square Enix)] (PS4, Xbox One and Steam game) * [https://gbatemp.net/threads/god-eater-2-translation-looking-for-translators.386192/ God Eater 2] (Steam, PSV, PS4) * [http://www.youtube.com/user/Keytotruth Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep] (PSP game) * [http://www.youtube.com/user/Keytotruth Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep - Final Mix -] (PS3 game) * [http://www.teamhgg.org/ Monster Hunter Portable 2nd G] (PSP game) * [http://gbatemp.net/threads/one-piece-romance-dawn-translation-project.339507/ One Piece Romance Dawn] (3DS game) * [http://shinji-nerd-life.blogspot.se/2013/10/planetarian-psp-in-english.html Planetarian] (Steam and iOS game) * Tales of Eternia (PAL PSP game) * [http://forums.maxconsole.net/showthread.php?11674-winning-eleven9-512ms-%29 Winning Eleven 9] (PSP game) {{BookCat}} 4f4p5mw3sv2mwkpc86mh5e8qx32j9r4 4 359378 4095378 4094335 2022-08-22T22:34:17Z 160.72.231.11 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> This page is automatically cleaned every 70,000,012 hours. nb3k05trhzk16ny2wt2dnkh8sti28u2 4095379 4095378 2022-08-22T22:34:52Z 160.72.231.11 Undid revision 4095378 by [[Special:Contributions/160.72.231.11|160.72.231.11]] ([[User talk:160.72.231.11|discuss]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> efa5udpbb942msq2oco4mlj2yz47q14 0 363714 4095308 3351889 2022-08-22T12:10:22Z 41.114.44.61 Spellings wikitext text/x-wiki 0402055963084 Regional Executive T Teffo Manager PO Box 82 CCMA Lonsdale Private Bag X14578 0710 Polokwane 0700 TEL:0152292905 FAX:0157549501 Dear Sir/Madam APPROVAL OF THE LAW BURSARY IN TERMS OF THE GAZETTE, AS AMENDED Kindly be informed that your application for the 2023 LLB CCMA Bursary,dated 20220802,in respect of 0402055963084 TSHEPOTEFFO,has been approved from the date of application. Kindly note that the Bursary will be fully active if the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA approves your application for admission of the BACHELOR OF LAWS degree for the academic year of 2023. Benefits will include: •Payment of registration fee •Payment of tuition fees •Learning material allowance •Living allowance,if you register for 10 modules •Vacation work/internships/permanent employment during the second year of study More information will be available after verification of your UNISA application status.If there is any uncertainty with regard to this notification contact the CCMA office. Yours Faithfully CCMA Superintendent General 9stc8kt9m2h0icw47c406cd01x8lsdd 4095325 4095308 2022-08-22T14:23:27Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Vandals are having fun today... Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/41.114.44.61|41.114.44.61]]) and restored revision 3351889 by Efex3 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[Special:search/grammar prefix:Pinyin/]]'' '''Grammar''' is the [[Pinyin/Rule|rules]] for composing [[Pinyin/Sentence|sentences]], [[Pinyin/Clause|clauses]], [[Pinyin/Phrase|phrases]] and [[Pinyin/Word|words]] in a [[Pinyin/Language|language]]. The term refers also to the study of such rules; and this field includes morphology, syntax and phonology; usually complemented with phonetics, semantics and pragmatics. '''Yǔfǎ''' shì zǔchéng jùzi, cóngjù, duǎnyǔ hé dāncí de yǔyán guīzé. Zhège cí yě zhǐ zhèxiē guīzé de yánjiū; zhège lǐngyù bāokuò cífǎ, jùfǎ hé yīnyùnxué; tōngcháng fǔyǐ yǔyīnxué, yǔyìxué hé yǔyòngxué. {{BookCat}} [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Pinyin/Linguistics]] 1xi4ba5t1dfqojm20abx5uocgjm9vs5 0 383762 4095432 3989891 2022-08-23T10:02:04Z 82.132.213.119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Outdated}} hi Andy I hope this is now suitable '''1.4 State why and when health and safety control equipment, identified by the principles of protection, should be used relating to types, purpose and limitations of each type, the work situation, occupational use and the general work environment, in relation to:''' '''– collective protective measures''' '''– personal protective equipment (PPE)''' '''– respiratory protective equipment (RPE)''' '''– local exhaust ventilation (LEV).''' ''1.4 Collective protective measures: include Risk assessments, COSHH assessments, Toolbox talks, method statements, hazard warning signs and Site induction. There are also safety measures on site such as handrails for protection where necessary. Signage and areas you are not allowed in will be clearly visible. All staff should be aware of safety measures and if not, new men to site should be informed at tool box talks.&nbsp;'' ''Purpose and limitations –are to ensure everyone is aware of the health and safety requirements on site, risks or potential hazards are limited where possible. Any hazards should be identified to all on site. New staff should be shown the risk assessments prior to joining site work. Increased knowledge will also increase chances of reducing injuries. &nbsp;Limitations: People not reading information available or following instructions.'' ''Personal protective equipment (PPE) consists of - Steel toe boots - Protect feet from stubbing toes falling objects, Hi visibility jacket to be seen, Ear defenders to protect hearing. &nbsp;Hardhat is worn to protect head from falling objects, banging head. Goggles essential to protect eyes, Gloves for hand or any finger injury reduction. Gloves should be particularly used for Joinery and cutting materials with power tools or sharp blades/ saws. &nbsp;PPE will not protect form all hazards, for example hard hats will only protect from some falling objects not very heavy objects, but they would hopefully take some of the impact.&nbsp;'' ''Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) Dust masks self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Need to know limitations and use of each piece of apparatus. The right equipment will stop lungs breathing in harmful dust, toxic fumes and gases. Training is essential to use correctly and maintenance of all PPE must be maintained.'' ''Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) LEV is an engineering control system to reduce dust, mist, fume, vapour or gas in the workplace. It assists by extracting harmful toxic gases from the environment. LEV relies on power and will not work if there is a power cut.'' '''1.5 State how the health and safety control equipment relevant to the work should be used in accordance with the given instructions.'''&nbsp; ''1.5 All relevant health and safety equipment should be used in relevant work situations as stated in the health and safety regulations. Workers must be trained in using all equipment and maintaining their own PPE. New workers to site should be inducted and have tool box talks, if unsure how to use anything site foreman should be asked. What I would do if there was a changed circumstance or incident in work place: I would report it to my supervisor. How I would comply to environmental requirements: I would comply with the company policies and tool box talk instructions to dispose of waste and reduce dust and other pollutants. Switch off lights and equipment when not in use. Do not play radio loud as this can be distracting and can also stop people hearing if there is an incident.&nbsp;'' '''1.6 State which types of health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area and associated equipment.''' ''1.6 The health, safety and welfare regulations relevant to site work is the construction regulation 2013. warning signs are there to support the mandatory wearing of helmet goggles and safety boots. Some sites require high visibility garments. Others signs that could be seen; Scaffold not in use, moving vehicles or crane in use. Hazard signs include electric cable to avoid trips and falls hazards. Notices to visitors; to sign in usually in main office before site entry.&nbsp;'' '''1.7 State why health, safety and welfare legislation, notices and warning signs are relevant to the occupational area.''' ''1.7 Ensure workers, visitors and site personnel are kept safe and their health and safety needs are met. Sites should where possible include toilets and clean eating areas.&nbsp;'' '''1.8 State how to comply with control measures that have been identified by risk assessments and safe systems of work.''' ''1.8 Complying with control measures that have been identified by the risk assessments and safe systems of work is required to reduce injury to employees and risk of being sued to the employer. Risk assessments should be available and easily accessed by all involved. They should be discussed with staff on site.&nbsp;'' '''2.2 List typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to resources, substances, asbestos, equipment, obstructions, storage, services and work activities.''' ''2.2 Typical hazards associated with the work environment and occupational area in relation to the following are:&nbsp;'' ''Resources: materials too heavy to lift and lifting equipment not available can cause injury to back. Cuts to hands if gloves not worn whilst cutting or lifting difficult materials, scaffold unsafe causing falls, equipment poorly maintained, canteen not available or dirty.&nbsp;'' ''Work activities: not using correct lifting technique or equipment. Untidy work place leads to trips and falls, Bits going in eye when cutting with saw or tools. Injury to hands from cutting materials, Stubbing toes on stored materials.&nbsp;'' ''Substances: Dust from site or sawdust from wood cutting. Asbestos can be found in older buildings.&nbsp;'' ''Equipment: Noise from circular saw or hammer drills, routers etc.&nbsp;'' ''Obstructions: Obstructions can cause falls, and trips.&nbsp;'' ''Services: when removing materials on site or drilling walls there could be gas or electric piping. When digging out for foundations there are electrical and gas services that are hazards.&nbsp;'' '''2.3 List the current common safety risks.''' ''2.3 Current common safety risks are: For a joiner the biggest risks are injuries to the hands and loss of fingers. Injuries to back is common as there is a lot of heavy materials to lift, correct manual handling is essential. Sawdust in eyes is also common, reduced risk with protective goggles and PPE worn.&nbsp;'' '''2.4 List the current common health risks.''' ''2.4 Current common health risks are: Vibration finger due to machinery, hearing impairment, breathing issues due to dusty environments. Back pains due to position of working if in confined spaces. Skin cracks to hands in winter.'' '''2.5 State how changing circumstances within the workplace could cause hazards.''' ''2.5 Changing circumstances within the workplace can cause hazards due to: Employees on site not being aware of changes and potential risks. Employer not being aware of changes to change risk assessment and inform employees. Hazards may change as work progresses and staff should be updated regularly as should risk assessments.'' '''2.6 State the methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace.''' ''2.6 Methods used for reporting changed circumstances, hazards and incidents in the workplace are:'' ''Updated risk assessments, toolbox talks, site meetings.&nbsp;'' '''3.6 State the organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare, in relation to:''' '''– dealing with accidents and emergencies associated with the work and environment''' '''– methods of receiving or sourcing information''' '''– reporting&nbsp;''' '''– stopping work''' '''– evacuation''' '''– fire risks and safe exit procedures''' '''– consultation and feedback.''' ''3.6 The organisational policies and procedures for health, safety and welfare in relation to dealing with emergencies are to - stop work and contact site foreman immediately, everyone has a responsibility to report any accidents or near misses. If fire alarm starts or lights go out, making it dangerous to work, everyone must stop immediately. Evacuating the site leaving tools and going to nearest fire escape&nbsp;'' ''All men should be aware of fire risks and follow precautions to reduce risks at all times. Be aware of fire exits and plans for each building in case of fire.&nbsp;'' ''Site feedback book should be available to record any incidents Site manager should always be aware of any incidents. Site foreman and employees are responsible for ensuring they are aware of site safety procedures.'' '''3.7 State the appropriate types of fire extinguishers relevant to the work'''. ''3.7 Different types of fire extinguishers used in the workplace: CO2 for electrical fires, Water for wood and cloth. Foam for use on fuel fires'' ''Water extinguishers have a red band and are for wood, paper, textile, solid materials fires.'' ''Blue band extinguishers are for electrical fires and varnishes, flammable liquids. They use dry powder foam. &nbsp;'' ''Black carbon dioxide extinguishers are also used on electrical fires.'' '''3.8 State how and when the different types of fire extinguishers are used in accordance with legislation and official guidance.''' ''3.8 Extinguishers are used by releasing the pin, point at fire and press on the handle. Make sure not to endanger self or colleagues. Always assess fire and ensure feel can extinguish safely if not evacuate and call fire brigade immediately. Only trained people should use them.&nbsp;'' '''4.2 State how personal behaviour demonstrates responsibility for general workplace health, safety and welfare, in relation to:''' '''– recognising when to stop work in the face of serious and imminent danger to self and/or others''' '''– contributing to discussions and providing feedback''' '''– reporting changed circumstances and incidents in the workplace''' '''– complying with the environmental requirements of the workplace.''' ''4.2 You should stop work as soon as you see any sign of fire or concern and raise alarm.&nbsp;'' ''If fire alarm constantly rings go to nearest fire exit. Complete toolbox talk with site employees or attend if requested, If I did not understand anything I would ask questions.&nbsp;'' '''4.3 Give examples of how the behaviour and actions of individuals could affect others within the workplace.''' ''4.3 All employees behaviour on site could affect others, we should use power tools correctly, &nbsp;follow safety regulations and be aware of risk assessments and requirements. No fooling around in the workplace.&nbsp;'' '''5.2 State how security arrangements are implemented in relation to the workplace, the general public, site personnel and resources.''' 5.2 Security arrangements should be in the workplace for the general public they should not have access to a site that is unsafe, they would not have PPE, know the risks or safety requirements. Any site personnel should arrive on site and report to site manager, If unknown or visiting personnel they should give their registration for vehicle and give name, with arrival sign in and ensure aware to sign off site as they leave. Power tools should be stored in a secure container on site.&nbsp; <u>Unit no- QCF642 Conforming to &nbsp;Productive working practices in the workplace.</u> '''1.2 Describe the different methods of communicating with line management, colleagues and customers.''' ''1.2 Communicating with management can be through phone, face to face if urgent or difficult information to pass on, email, and completion of forms. Colleagues can communicate in the same ways. Customers should always be communicated with politely and listened to ensuring their needs understood. Customers can also be communicated through advertising online, posters and phone calls.'' '''1.3 Describe how to use different methods of communication to ensure that the work carried out is productive.''' ''1.3 Productive work relies on good communication with all site staff, employees should be aware of job sheets and expectations. Time lines assist with work to be completed and expectations of customers. Site meetings and method statements assist with communication and achieving productivity.'' &nbsp; '''2.3 Describe how organisational procedures are applied to ensure work is planned and carried out productively, in relation to:&nbsp;''' '''– using resources for own and other’s work requirements''' '''– allocating appropriate work to employees''' '''– organising the work sequence- reducing carbon emissions.''' ''2.3 Always apply organisational procedures to ensure work is planned and carried out productively:&nbsp;'' ''Using resources for own and others work requirements by ensuring job accurately measured to see time that will be required and materials that will be needed. Tools and materials should be made available as required.&nbsp;'' ''Site foreman usually allocates work to employees. They should understand employee’s knowledge and skill to ensure work allocated appropriately. If more men required, this should be communicated to foreman and organised. Waste should be minimised by only ordering necessary materials and not having delays.&nbsp;'' '''2.4 Describe how to contribute to zero/low carbon work outcomes within the built environment.''' ''2.4 Contributing to zero/low carbon work outcomes within the built environment can be achieved by the selection of appropriate raw materials. Always turn off equipment when not in use. Reduce waste always measure twice and cut once!'' '''3.2 Describe how to complete and maintain documentation in accordance with organisational procedures, in relation to:''' '''– job cards''' '''– worksheets&nbsp;''' '''– material/resource lists''' '''- time sheets.''' ''3.2 Job cards assist with complying to organization procedures by telling personnel about what is required and where, setting expectations and requirements. Jobs should be completed on the date assigned, clearly completed and signed appropriately. Time sheets should be completed by employees as they tell managers how many hours worked each week and ensure correct wages paid; they should be completed and handed directly to site foreman.&nbsp;'' '''3.3 Explain the reasons for ensuring documentation is completed clearly and within given timescales.''' ''3.3 Documentation should be completed accurately and within set timescales to ensure the job runs smoothly and safely. The site manager should be aware of progress and any issues.'' '''4.3 Describe how to maintain good working relationships, in relation to:''' '''– individuals.''' '''– customer and operative.''' '''– operative and line management.&nbsp;''' '''- own and other occupations.'''&nbsp; ''4.3 Good working relations are maintained in relation to the following in these ways:'' ''Individuals- knowing expectations and being informed.&nbsp;'' ''Customers can receive Emails, photos/plans/pictures and drawings. &nbsp;Site meetings. Ensuring informed means happy with work or ability to raise concerns timely.'' ''Regular site updates will create good team work as everyone clear of expectations.'' ''Understanding each other’s skills within professions, helps maintain good working relationships.&nbsp;'' '''4.4 Describe why it is important to work effectively with line management, colleagues and customers.''' ''4.4 It is important to work effectively with line managers, colleagues and customers to ensure expectations met, the job is completed within set timescales. Everyone is aware of progress, any issues and completion timescales.&nbsp;'' '''4.5 Describe how working relationships could have an effect on productive working.''' ''4.5 Working relationships have an effect on productivity as poor relationships can hinder progress. Cause slow working inaccurate completion of jobs and unhappy customers. Leads to poor communication amongst employees.'' '''4.6 Describe how to apply principles of equality and diversity when communicating and working with others.''' ''4.6 Principles of equality and diversity, when communicating and working with others can be achieved by knowing site employees, their background, skills, knowledge, and personal requirements. Everyone should be treated fairly.'' <u>Unit QCF643 Moving, Handling and Storing Resources in the workplace.</u> '''1.3 Describe the different types of technical, product and regulatory information, their source and how they are interpreted.''' 1.3 Different products come with their own technical and product information. These must be read and followed at all times. This information lets the user know of anything specific to ensure safe use, moving and storage of product. Technical information is often about the safe use of the product. If information not readily available can also be found on line for most products or gained from seller or manufacturer. &nbsp; '''1.5 Describe how to obtain information relating to using and storing lifting aids and equipment.''' ''1.5 Information related to using and storing lifting aids should come with the manual for the equipment. This is often attached to the equipment or stored in office; Staff should also attend training regularly and not be allowed to use any equipment if they are not trained in its use.&nbsp;'' '''2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working:''' '''– in the workplace, in confined spaces, below ground level, at height, with tools and equipment, with materials and substances, with movement/storage of materials and by manual handling and mechanical lifting.''' ''2.1 Responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working:'' ''In the workplace in confined spaces you should ensure a safe clear working area as possible confined cluttered spaces can often be more dangerous. H&S at work regulations 1999 say that risk assessments should be completed for all work environments, this is important for confined spaces. The task, materials and tools required, suitability of completing the task in this environment and arrangements for emergencies should all be considered. Below ground level workers must use PPE and have breathing apparatus if required. They should have gas meter reading equipment for toxic gasses. Should always be two people and someone at ground level that knows you are there. Risk assessments should be completed prior to commencing. If working in trenches ensure sides are propped safely. Working at height- safety harnesses should be used. Risk assessment carried out as previously. Scaffolds should be used and PASMA qualified staff only to use scaffolding. Cherry picker should be used if appropriate. Method statements should be followed. All employees must be qualified and competent to use any tools. Movement and storage of materials is also managed by correct manual handling and safe storage guidelines.'' ''&nbsp;'' '''2.2 Describe the organisational security procedures for tools, equipment and personal belongings in relation to site, workplace, company and operative.''' ''2.2 Site security should be covered by the company. Night site operatives should be employed if risks remain at night. All tools should be stored safely and securely when not in use with lock boxes available. All personal belongings should be stored safely and out of the way.&nbsp;'' '''2.3 Explain what the accident reporting procedures are and who is responsible for making the reports.''' ''2.3 How to report an accident:'' ''• If injury happens, person must report to site foreman and put in book'' ''• If injuries can be tended on site first aider to support.&nbsp;'' ''• If serious injury ambulance or attendance at A&E may be required.&nbsp;'' ''• Serious injuries must be investigated by the site foreman or the company representative.'' ''• Measures should be put in place to reduce risk of similar injury occurring again.&nbsp;'' 2.4 See Q 3.7 QCF 641 these assessment questions have already been answered. 2.5 As above met in QCF 641 Q 3.8 3.4 See unit QCF641 Q 1.4 question already answered&nbsp; 3.5 This question has already been answered in QCF 641 question 1.5 4.2 Describe the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects associated with the occupational resources in relation to: Lifting and handling aids, Container, Fixing, holding and securing systems&nbsp; Characteristics Quality &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses Sustainability Limitations Defects Lifting and handling aids Buckets/wheel barrows&nbsp; Fork lift Trolley Plaster board lifter.&nbsp; Genie.&nbsp; Must be maintained to keep workable standard. &nbsp; specific uses otherwise quality cannot be guaranteed Lifting of heavy &nbsp;material. Used for transferring materials and equipment/tools etc Made of strong materials that should last a long time. Must be used correctly to secure and maintain safe use and durability Manufacturing instructions must be followed. If any defects found do not use Container Metal materials Strong durable quality Storage of materials/tools for security and safety Long lasting, material reusable Required in different sizes Lock breakages door hinges break Fixings Wall ties, retainers, screws Fixing inner and outer walls Screws are used to fix doors and windows. Retainers hold insulation in place Reusable materials Specific fixings for different tasks Usually strong lasting any defects do not use. 4.3 Describe how the resources should be handled and how any problems associated with the resources are reported. 4.3 Any resources should be used according to manufacturer’s instructions. With any problems reported to site manager and provider of resources. 4.4 Explain why the organisational procedures have been developed and how they are used for the selection of required resources. 4.4 Organisational procedures are in place to ensure material is selected and controlled to prevent theft, over ordering and stocking and to ensure enough materials are available to maintain productivity. It also ensures the correct materials for the job are used. All materials should be handled according to the manufacturer’s instructions and any risk assessments.&nbsp; 4.5 Describe any potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work. 4.5 Potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work include injury from tool use, falls trips and slips from risks on site, manual handling injuries through incorrect manual handling. Exposure to hazardous substances. Environmental risks associated to asbestos, mould and bacteria if not stored correctly prior to use.&nbsp; 5.4 Describe how to protect work from damage and the purpose of protection in relation to general workplace activities, other occupations and adverse weather conditions. &nbsp;5.4 All materials should be stored as recommended to avoid damage. Adverse weather to untreated timber is damaging. This will lead to a less than standard finish. If removing doors and windows of properties that are habited this must be planned around the weather to avoid damage to property and belongings. If unable to avoid weather tarpaulin could be used to protect property.&nbsp; 5.5 Explain why the disposal of waste should be carried safely in accordance with environmental responsibilities, organisational procedures, manufacturers’ information, statutory regulations and official guidance. 5.5 Disposal of waste should be carried out safely, Correct skips for recycling waste should be used, all waste should be stored safely and securely until collected. Ensure waste is moved correctly using PPE and lifting aids as required.&nbsp; 6.2 State the purpose of the work programme and explain why deadlines should be kept in relation to: – progress charts, timetables and estimated times– organisational procedures for reporting circumstances which will affect the work programme. 6.2 Progress charts are to show start and finish times of jobs. The building contractor has a contractual obligation to provide these charts. If there is no progress plan it would be difficult to manage the work as no one would understand the scheduling of events to ensure completion.&nbsp; 7.4 If resources are moved and stored differently I would need to ensure other colleagues aware, prior to me moving them and where they are moved to, this would then not disrupt their working and productivity.&nbsp; QCF628 v2 Setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines. 1.3 Describe the organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources and how they are implemented. 1.3 If there was any information I have that was wrong or inappropriate I would inform my supervisor; he would then refer to site manager. I would then wait instruction on how to proceed. &nbsp;1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: – specifications, current legislation, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturer’s information 1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: Drawings show what is to be built some of it will be very detailed and may be to scale. It will have sizes of rooms and heights and instruct what materials to be used. Usually found in site office. Job specifications, is a written description of the quality of materials and details of any fixing and dimensions of the construction work to be used with drawings when building. Found in site office. Risk assessments, provide a process of identifying any potential risks that may be involved in an activity, referencing the risk assessment helps prevent accidents. Increases the understanding of potential risks. Found in site office. Method statements help manage the work ensuring necessary precautions have been shared with those involved. Method statements help reduce hazards by planning an operation. Found in site office. Schedules are used for listing repetitive items in a construction project, such as doors windows and their ironmongery, manholes, finishing to rooms, etc. Found in site office. A Manufacturer’s information can be found on the product itself and explains how the item should be handled or used. Local council offices regulate building developments and renovations.&nbsp; 2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working: – in the workplace, at height, in confined areas, with tools and equipment, with movement/ storage of materials and by manual handling 2.1 Whenever working on site anything that you think may endanger the health and safety of yourself, other persons or members of the public should be reported to the supervisor/site manager.&nbsp; Correct PPE should always be used as required by health and safety legislation.&nbsp; Manual Handling can be very dangerous when not carried out correctly, should always follow risk assessment as you do not want any trip hazards popping up when carrying heavy objects. Carrying equipment should always be used if weight above recommendations for personal lifting, and should only be used if correctly trained.&nbsp; Working below ground level there's a danger of being buried or crushed if the area working in collapses, there should always be someone working above ground who is able to raise alarm.&nbsp; When working on a scaffold you must be aware of falling over the edge, to reduce the potential risk of falling hand rails should be all around at a height of 950mm to prevent falling over the edge. 2.2 This has previously been answered in questions QCF 643 Q 2.2&nbsp; 2.3 This question has been answered in QCF 643 Q 2.3 2.4This question has been answered in QCF 641 Q 3.8 3.3 This question has been previously answered in QCF 641 Q1.4 3.4 This question has previously been answered in QCF 641 Q 1.5 3.5 This question has been previously answered in QCF 643 Q 3.6 4.2 Tools and equipment –Describing the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects.&nbsp; Characteristics uses Limitations Defects Sustainability Wood products /Doors Windows. Should be made from hardwood or softwood, machined correctly. Separate rooms, insulate/ fit into frames. Have to be correct measured size to fit openings. If not manufactured or stored correctly can bow and twist out of shape. All wood is sustainable. Sustainable sources should be found and used as a priority. Fixings, Screws, bolts, nails etc Made from metals, stainless steel etc. Should be rust proof if used for outside fixings. Used for fixing materials together. Only suitable for particular fixings wrong fixings will not hold as well as they should. Can come damaged and bent should not be used If correctly used should last a long time.&nbsp; Insulation Kingspan, compressed insulation. For insulating spaces usually loft space or wall space. Prevent heat escaping can also assist with sound proofing. Come in different thickness and sizes should be used appropriately No good if cracked or wet Can be made from recycled materials. Power tools Made from steel and plastic, rubber handles. Used for wood working, machining woods. Make machining wood much quicker than by hand, more efficient and if used correctly can be safer. Only as good as the tradesman using them. Often can develop faulty cables, or blades can become less effective. Require maintaining well to ensure long use. Do burn out depending on use. &nbsp;Some products have recyclable properties.&nbsp; 4.3 Describe how the resources should be used correctly, how problems associated with the resources are reported and how the organisational procedures are used 4.3 All resources should only be used in line with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Any defects should be reported immediately and the tools taken out of use and clearly marked as defective do not use.&nbsp; 4.4 Explain why the organisational procedures have been developed and how they are used for the selection of required resources. 4.4 Organisational procedures are used for the selection of required resources to ensure the correct materials are used for the job, the correct amounts are available to prevent over ordering and to monitor use to ensure theft of resources does not occur. All materials should be delivered as close to the area they will be required in as possible to reduce the need for manual handling unnecessarily.&nbsp; 4.5 Describe any potential hazards associated with the resources and methods of work. 4.5 If rules and regulations are followed injury from resources and materials could be reduced, such as slips, trips, falls over misplaced materials. Injury from over lifting weights that is outside capability. Health risks apply if PPE is not used correctly as previously stated. &nbsp;Injuries have the potential to be serious, dangers from working with materials and resources of this nature should not be underestimated.&nbsp; 4.6 Describe how to calculate quantity and length associated with the method/procedure to erect and remove specialist access equipment. 4.6 Calculating quantity and length associated with specialist access equipment is achieved by: I would specify to a scaffolding company how high, how long and how many lifts the specialist access equipment would be required to be. This would need to be within building safety requirements for specific task in hand. They would measure the height and length of scaffold required, ensuring steps are built into the scaffolding to comply with health and safety regulations. &nbsp;5.4 Describe how to protect work from damage and the purpose of protection in relation to general workplace activities, other occupations and adverse weather conditions 5.4 We protect timber and other materials to keep as dry as possible, to prevent twisting. When working in joiner’s shops all timber is stacked on metal shelving to keep straight. It must also be stacked safely and not too high so it topples over. Doors must always be stored flat on top of each other to stop twisting. If timber is used for outside purposes, it should always be treated first to prevent damage and make weatherproof.&nbsp; 5.5 Explain why the disposal of waste should be carried out safely in accordance with environmental responsibilities, organisational procedures, manufacturers' information, statutory regulations and official guidance. 5.5 If working on a site there should be different skips to put different waste into, this helps to ensure recycling of materials occurs. Company policy on waste management and recycling should always be adhered to.&nbsp; 6.2 Describe the purpose of the work programme and explain why deadlines should be kept in relation to: organisational procedures for reporting circumstances which will affect the work programme 6.2 The purpose of a progress chart is to show start and completion times of operations. These are contractual obligation and if they are not meet there can be financial penalties to the building contractor. The programme can identify problems or progress. It enables planning of materials plant and personnel and helps plan for remedial actions to get back onto schedule. Should there be a situation with resources that may cause delays to the work then we are to report to my supervisor immediately. 7.5 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – check powered transportable cutting and shaping machines (fuel and electric mains/battery) for serviceability – check voltage requirements, safety cut offs and circuit breakers&nbsp; – set up machines in preparation for use – fix and secure work – select and ensure safety guards are in place in accordance with machine instructions – select accessories for the machine and the work – identify maintenance requirements for accessories. 7.5 Applying safe work practices Follow procedures Report problems Establish authority required to rectify Power tools Follow instructions Ensure trained to use Ensure blades are kept sharp, all leads have no splits. Safety guards are available and in good working order Ensure pat tested To site foreman first. Manufacturer if required Foreman Electrician to get pat tested.&nbsp; Manufacturer Voltage requirements Preferred 110 voltage for all power tools on site Competent to use tools, Ensure new staff aware of regulations As Above As above Set up machines in preparation for use Dust extraction kits to be used if required.&nbsp; Ensure automatic feeds are set correctly. Ensure check in good working order, guards in place, no lose wiring.&nbsp; Staff trained in set up and use. Follow manufacturing set up guidelines for each piece of equipment Ensure all equipment is maintained appropriately as per instructions. As Above As Above Fix and secure work Use G cramps to secure wood to bench. Health and safety procedures Ensure G cramps in working order. And secured properly Inform foreman if any problems.&nbsp; 7.6 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – cut and shape materials to agreed tolerances – change saw blades: circular, chop, mitre, bench, jig, reciprocating, alligator and scroll – change accessories: drill bits, router bits, discs, planner blades, abrasives. – use templates, profiles and jigs – operate fixed machines – use tools, accessories and equipment – work at height – use access equipment. 7.6 Safety work practice is a set guideline to help workers perform tasks that may not require step by step procedure. They must be applied when cutting and shaping materials by ensuring guard rails are kept close to the saw blades, not exposing the saw. If changing blades, router bits etc always ensure power is turned off first. &nbsp;Ensure PPE is worn when handling blades and hazardous tools and material. Ensure trained in safe use of tools and changing accessories. When using templates, profiles and jigs you must make sure they are correctly cramped to work place. If work becomes lose this could be dangerous. When operating fixed machines, the same principles apply, ensure all blades and guards are fixed correctly. Ensure dust extraction is in working order when using fixed machines. Working at height increases risk of injury, use harness and hard hats as required. Make sure correct height adjusting equipment, ladders or scaffolding is set correctly. Problems with all of the above would be reported through site foreman and manager and written in site safety book. Any damaged equipment would be removed and labelled as not working.&nbsp; Site health and safety procedures are there for the safe management of staff on site. The procedures guide employees as they are a series of steps that guide you from start to finish of a job in chronological order. All employees must know site rules, attend tool box talks and understand the reporting procedures. &nbsp; 7.7 Describe the needs of other occupations and how to effectively communicate within a team when setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines. 7.7 When setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines it is important the team know how to effectively communicate and understand the needs of other occupations. This can be achieved by ensuring all aware of site management requirements, plans of completion and deadlines for each part of the job. Training sessions should be made available for all employees, toolbox talks should be held regularly and employees should be encouraged to attend. All machines should be pat tested, and within date. Each occupation has its own hazards, requirements, risks and timescales and all site staff should be made aware of them and updated regularly as situations change. &nbsp;All communication across different occupational teams should be polite and clear. 7.8 Describe how to maintain the tools, accessories and ancillary equipment used when setting up and using transportable cutting and shaping machines. 7.8 Before setting up and using any tools they should be completely checked to ensure they are in good working order and comply with site regulations. All safety guards should be in place and available, all wires/cords should be checked to ensure not damaged. The tools should be dry and ensured that they have not got wet in storage. Storage and maintenance of tools is important to assist with keeping them in good working order. Some tools require oil spraying and silicone spraying to ensure they run freely. QCF12 v2 Maintaining Non-structural Carpentry Work in the Workplace.&nbsp; 1.3 State the organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources and how they are implemented. 1.3 The organisational procedures developed to report and rectify inappropriate information and unsuitable resources are access to site foreman, communication books and tool box talk events for sharing information, incident books. They are implemented across sites by all employees being aware they are available and having the responsibility to read and complete. &nbsp;All staff has good site training on how to comply with site rules and regulations. Ensuring how to access organisational procedures is the individuals and foreman responsibility.&nbsp; 1.4 Describe different types of information, their source and how they are interpreted in relation to: – specifications, current legislation, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturer’s information 1.4 Information to employees are available in many forms job specifications are available to inform employees of what is required to be completed and the tools required to complete. It may also have timescales. This is often given in paper form or can be made available through email. Current legislation for site management should be available to all staff on site in folders; it is also available on line. Every employee has a responsibility to know where to access legislation.&nbsp; Method statements would be made available by email or in paper form on site. They should be made available before job is started and agreed. Method statements identify the method of completing the tasks in hand.&nbsp; Risk assessments should be carried out if any risks are identified, sites will have common risks and specific risks to each site. Risk assessments are to identify risks and put the plan in place to minimise the risk by suggesting ways of minimising risk. Risk assessments are usually kept in site folders. All staff should be aware of how to access.&nbsp; Manufacturer’s information should be available on line if not available on site.&nbsp; 2.1 Describe their responsibilities under current legislation and official guidance whilst working: – in the workplace, at height, in confined areas, with tools and equipment, with movement/ storage of materials and by manual handling 2.1Responsibilities under current legislation whilst working in the workplace at height are that safe procedures should be used, the height should be risk assessed and if meets the needs for scaffolding this should be put in place, with barriers around at suitable height to prevent falls, If ladders used these should always be securely placed and have an extra person supporting at the bottom. I should never over reach of a ladder as this causes risk of falling. If working in confined spaces ensure safe, access and exit routes appropriate and easily achieved. Ensure safe to manoeuvre and use any tools in the confined space. Ensure someone aware you are there. Movement should not be restricted as this could cause manual handling injury or muscle injury due to poor positioning.&nbsp; 2.2 Describe the organisational security procedures for site security procedures for tools, equipment, and personal belongings in relation to site, workplace, company and operative 2.2 Organisational security procedures are there to maintain the security of site, tools, equipment and personal belongings, workplace, company and operative. &nbsp; They are available in many forms. All sites should be safe and locked when not in use, general public should not be able to access. If visitors do need to access in the day they should be seen at the site entrance office and not allowed to just enter unknown. Full PPE should then be provided as required. All tools and equipment should be stored safely and locked away when not in use, storage containers with sturdy locks should be made available. Tools and equipment left out can be very dangerous. Employees should be encouraged not to bring personal belongings on site, as a cluttered site is a dangerous one, however if they do it should be locked up and stored safely and securely. This provision should be available to employees. There should be a sign in and out book for all sites, all procedures should be available and followed, there are often site cabins available for personal storage and van checks can be carried out to ensure theft is not achieved. Each company will have its own procedures and employees should be informed of these as soon as they enter the site.&nbsp; 2.3 Explain what the accident reporting procedures are and who is responsible for making reports. 2.3 Accident reporting procedures are available on all sites; all incidents and accidents should be reported immediately. If injury occurs, injured party should be given first aid as soon as possible by the site first aider, assistance to attend emergency department should be given if required. The incident should be entered into the accident book by the injured party if possible, or the site foreman if not. Site foreman should be informed as soon as possible of all injuries.&nbsp; 2.4 This question has been answered in 3.7 and 3.8 in QCF 641.&nbsp; 3.2 This question has been addressed in QCF 641 Q 1.4, 1.5. Gloves protect fingers from splinters, saw and blade injuries. Ear protectors reduce the damage caused by loud machines and tools. Head protection is used in case anything should fall over and hit head. Dust mask should be used when cutting wood to reduce inhalation of sawdust and fine dust from cutting materials.&nbsp; RPE and LEV should be used on site when working in confined spaces with dust and sawdust specifically to reduce inhalation. Joiner’s shops should have specific ventilation to assist with reduction of air pollutants.&nbsp; Collective PPE should be used at all times as specified.&nbsp; 3.3 Describe how the relevant health and safety control equipment should be used in accordance with the given instructions. 3.3 All health and safety control equipment comes with manufactures use guidelines; these should be followed at all times. Instructions should be available at all times to staff. Staff should have appropriate training to ensure they know how to use correctly.&nbsp; If unsure or instructions not available seek advice.&nbsp; 3.4 State how emergencies should be responded to in accordance with organisational authorisation and personal skills when involved with fires, spillages, injuries and other task-related hazards 3.4 Personal response to hazards and incidences: &nbsp; Fires – Raise alarm first, fire should be tackled with appropriate fire extinguisher if small enough to make a difference and feel can do so. If you hear fire alarm and the alarm is continuous go to nearest fire exit, leave all tools and equipment. Make for the fire assembly point.&nbsp; If spillages found or occur, ensure aware of what the substance is first, if appropriate clean up with appropriate cleaning substances. Make the area safe, if floor wet ensure wet floor warning sign available. Ascertain where spillage is from and reduce further leakage/ Spillage.&nbsp; If accident occurs at work inform first aider. If serious injury stay with injured party and ring ambulance or get colleague to do so. &nbsp;All accidents should be reported in accident/ incident book. Ensure foreman aware and informed.&nbsp; 4.2 Describe the characteristics, quality, uses, sustainability, limitations and defects associated with the resources in relation to: – timber, manufactured sheet material, prefabricated components, ironmongery, metals, sash cord, adhesives, sealants, guttering, downpipe, fixings and associated ancillary items– hand and/or powered tools and equipment. 4.2&nbsp; Characteristics Quality Uses Sustainability Limitations Defects Timber Comes in Soft wood –Pine. Hard wood – oak, mahogany are the most used. Soft wood is soft and not known to be long lasting unless pressure treated. Both woods can be used for doors, windows, skirting etc hard wood long lasting and better for outdoor uses and durability. Both sustainable Soft wood requires pressure treating to last, both require treating to endure outside weather conditions Knots in wood can weaken the plank. Should be treated if present as they can bleed. Can also twist and bow if not stored correctly. Manufactured sheet materials Known as MDF, internal and external ply, Come in different thicknesses and have different purposes. Boxing pipes in, flat roofs, Over boarding flooring It is sustainable Does not have a very good finish unless veneered. Can be dangerous when cutting as causes dust.&nbsp; Prefabricated components Window frames and door frames, modular buildings Good for speed of completing jobs. Houses and buildings Yes Have to be pre measured and ordered. Twisting Ironmongery Door handles window locks, screws fixings, window stays, door closers, locks etc Come in different metal finishes, stainless steel, brushed aluminium, brass. Different quality according to cost. For closing, locking and decoration of doors and windows. Can be used as scrap if not wanted and recycled. Quality is associated with cost.&nbsp; Finish is personal taste, though if used outdoors and long lasting would be best getting better quality. Check if all working prior to fitting.&nbsp; Metals As Above Sash cord Rope for windows usually waxed finish. Come as standard For box sash windows on pulleys. NA Can snap and frey over time and often require replacing. Ensure no defects prior to fitting Adhesives and sealants Bonding agents, waterproof sealing agents Can come in various qualities, fungal retardant waterproof sealants, Adhesives can come for the use with wood and for use with specific material. Adhesives used for sticking skirting boards in place, glueing sheet veneers.&nbsp; Sealants used for sealing round sinks, baths, windows and door frames. NA Can wear and shrink over time. Can dry if not stored correctly.&nbsp; Once opened need to be used within limited time. &nbsp; Guttering and down pipes Come in plastic, wood or composite. PVC plastic last longer, all come in different qualities. Wood ones are used for conservation and period properties. Assisting with drainage of water Sustainable Only used in specific types on specific properties.&nbsp; Different durability Holes, damaged pipes. Twisted. Fixings and associated ancillary items Screws, nails, bolts, etc Come in different qualities and materials Screwing materials together, nails for holding materials together. Yes Have to use right product for the right job, not necessarily interchangeable uses. Can be bent, not finished correctly, check for defects before use.&nbsp; Hand or power tools Drill, planer, sander, Circular saw etc Come in different makes and qualities. Tools used by skilled tradesman need to be of a better quality for sustained use. For speed of completing work and making the job easier. They have progressed from many hand tools. Some parts are. Can be repaired by having parts added or replaced Batteries run out, leads split, motors burn out, brushes require changing. Ensure no defects pre use, check dry and wires not split. Any guards must be present.&nbsp; 4.3Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.3 4.4 Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.4 4.5Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.5 4.6 Answered in QCF 641 Q 4.6 5.4 Answered in QCF 628 Q 5.4 5.5 Answered in QCF 628 Q 5.5 6.2 Answered in QCF 641 Q 6.2 7.7 Describe how to apply safe work practices, follow procedures, report problems and establish the authority needed to rectify them, to: – splice and replace frames and mouldings – repair and replace doors and windows – repair and replace ironmongery – repair or replace guttering, downpipes – replace sash cords – replace architraves, skirting, dado rails and picture rails – form joints associated with repairs – use hand tools, power tools and equipment – work at height – use access equipment. 7.7&nbsp; Safe working practices Follow Procedures Report problems Establish Authority required to rectify. Splice and replace frames PPE should be worn, all collective PPE should be considered if working from heights. Remove damaged piece, cut and remove at 45 degrees cut new splice to fit. Glue and or screw back in place with new piece. Any problems should be reported Site manager would be next in authority to report to.&nbsp; Repair and replace doors and windows As Above Remove door and windows. Replace with new and make good to any surrounding damaged area. Ensure site tidy. Report problem to site manager or customer. If manufacture fault with door or window inform manufacturer. Site mgr/Customer/ manufacturer. Repair and replace ironmongery PPE&nbsp; Follow instructions of what is required. Remove old damaged ironmongery and replace with repaired or replacement Problems should be reported to manufacturer or retailer. Inform site manager or customer As above Repair and replace guttering and downpipes PPE and collective PPE. Ensure safe working height, use harness and hard hat. Scaffold if required. If on ladder ensure tied off at the top. Angle no more than 75%. Remove old materials, replace with new, Ensure securely fastened in place. ensure all waste removed safely. As above As above Replace sash cords Goggles and gloves. Remove box sash and remove staff bead. Remove wooden fillet at bottom window to reveal lead weight. Drop moues down back window, connect to lead weight, Remove any salck and staple sash cord to sash. Connect all back in place As Above As Above Replace architraves, skirting, dado rails and picture rails PPE to be worn. Remove and replace As Above As Above Form joints associated with repairs PPE Remove old material, cut 45 degree mitre glue and nail back on. Pin mitre. As Above As Above Use hand tools, power tools and equipment PPE To be worn at all times Check for any damage pre use. Keep maintained at all times. Ensure trained and competent to use. Inform site manager if any problems, see manufacturer if any problems within warranty. As Above Work at height-Using access equipment PPE head protection, harness, scaffold, tied ladder. Collective PPE should be considered. Look out for overhead cables. &nbsp; Ensure appropriate height lifting equipment used for the height being worked at and securely in place. Must be PASMA trained and competent to use. Inform site manager if any concerns or problems Site manager &nbsp;7.8 Describe the needs of other occupations and how to effectively communicate within a team when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. When setting up and using powered transportable cutting and shaping machines it is important the team know how to effectively communicate and understand the needs of other occupations. This can be achieved by ensuring all aware of site management requirements, plans of completion and deadlines for each part of the job. Training sessions should be made available for all employees, toolbox talks should be held regularly and employees should be encouraged to attend. All machines should be pat tested, and within date. Each occupation has its own hazards, requirements, risks and timescales and all site staff should be made aware of them and updated regularly as situations change. &nbsp;All communication across different occupational teams should be polite and clear. 7.9 Describe the methods of sharpening the hand tools used when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. They should be sharpened as per manufacturer’s instructions following the RAMS provided for the purpose. 7.10 Describe how to maintain the tools and equipment used when maintaining non-structural carpentry work. These should only be used for the purpose foe what they were manufacturer for. They should be used as the manufacturer’s recommendations and the RAMS provided. Many tools require training to use effectively. QCF09Av2 Installing First Fixing Components in the Workplace. 09 1.3 met in 12 1.3 09 1.4 met in 12 1.4 09 2.1 met in 12 2.1 09 2.2 met in 12 2.2 09 2.3 met in 12 2.3 09 2.4 met 12 2.4 09 2.3 met in 12 2.3 09 4.2 met in 12 4.2&nbsp; 09 4.3 met in 12 4.3 09 4.4 met in 12 4.4 09 4.5 met in 12 5.5 09 4.6 met in 12 4.6 09 5.4 met in 12 5.4 09 5.5 met in 12 5.5 09 6.1 met in 12 6.2 09 7.6 met in 12 7.6 09 7.7 met in 12 7.7 09 7.8 met in 12 7.8 09 7.9 met in 12 7.9 {{BookCat}} {{booklet}} {{Shelves|Trades}} {{Status|50%}} 8qf6gqskhn6tddq5uhpntryptrgtcdx 0 401949 4095344 4095193 2022-08-22T14:51:08Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/4 am korea|4 am korea]] ([[User talk:4 am korea|talk]]) to last version by Danilka5469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |name = Infobox/doc |bodystyle = border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; cellpadding: 1; background-color:#f8f9fa |captionstyle = font-size: 100%; |headerstyle = background: #eaecf0; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Web-portal of The Ministry of Justice |header5 = |label5 = Multilanguage |data5 = [[{{Flag|Ukraine}}|20px|border]] - Ukrainian |header6 = |label6 = Mobile version |data6 = No |header7 = |label7 = {{w|RSS}} |data7 = No |header8 = |label8 = Subscription |data8 = Yes |header9 = |label9 = Account |data9 = No |header10 = |label10 = Search |data10 = Yes |header11 = |label11 = [[w:Social networking service|Social Networks]] |data11 = [https://www.facebook.com/minjust.official/?fref=ts Facebook], [https://twitter.com/minjust_gov_ua Twitter], [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjYKjQMvu7X7fmaMOlFQ_Zg Youtube] |belowstyle = background:#eaecf0; |below = '''Official website:''' <br> {{#statements:P856|from=Q4294878}} <br> '''Online cabinet:''' <br> {{#statements:P856|from=Q56682596}} }} __TOC__ The web portal of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine provides information on the following categories: * About the ministry; * Structure; * Activities; * Regulatory framework; * Sites of justice departments; * Press Center. == E-services == The web portal of Ministry of Justice of Ukraine contains services that state body of Ukraine provide: * [https://minjust.gov.ua/news/info/adresi-tsentriv-z-nadannya-bezoplatnoi-pravovoi-dopomogi Services for security legal aid] * [https://minjust.gov.ua/news/info/on-layn-chati-viddiliv-derjavnoi-reestratsii-aktiv-tsivilnogo-stanu On-line chats of departments of public registration of civil states] * [https://minjust.gov.ua/news/info/pologovi-budinki-v-yakih-mojna-otrimati-svidotstvo-pro-narodjennya-ditini The list of maternity hospitals, in which it is possible to obtain a birth certificate for a child] * [https://erb.minjust.gov.ua/#/search-debtors Unified search-service of debtors/arrears on alimony/wage arrears] To use the services of the web portal of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, registration doesn't needed. == Online cabinet of the Ministry of Justice == The online cabinet of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine offers: * Obtaining documents from the state registries of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in on-line mode. * Registration actions in the state registers of Ukraine in electronic form. * Search for information in the state registers of Ukraine. * Use of electronic reporting systems for persons engaged in specialized professional activities. * References to various information sources. * Search for legislative documents, templates (samples) of documents. * Participation in electronic bidding with seized property. == Open Data == The following data sets are published in the [https://minjust.gov.ua/open_data "Open Data" section]: * directory of enterprises, institutions (institutions) and organizations of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and subordinate organizations, including their telephone and address; * potential objects of energy resources of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the main territorial departments of justice, enterprises, institutions and organizations of the justice system; * information on the organizational structure of the Ministry of Justice; * report on the use of budget funds (for administrators of information using budget funds), in particular for individual budget programs; * reports, including information requests; * annual procurement plans; * information on the accounting system, types of information stored by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine; * the register (list) of sets of open data; * lists of administrative services, information cards of administrative services and application forms necessary for applying for administrative services; * financial reporting of business entities of the state sector of the economy belonging to the management of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine; * other available data corresponding to the definition of public information in the form of open data; * information from registers in the format of open data. [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/E-Government by country/Ukraine|{{BOOKSORTKEY}}]] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/E-Government by country/Ukraine/State open data|{{BOOKSORTKEY}}]] fv6hl30o0nvu5wgxtld8i6jjjj5huz9 0 407794 4095316 3552471 2022-08-22T13:38:37Z 2402:8100:22BA:834F:0:16:BF26:2B01 Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{print version notice|QBasic|QBasic\Print Version}}</noinclude> <noinclude> =<center> Introduction </center>= Microsoft QuickBasic and QBasic (Quick Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are very popular programming languages for beginners. While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool. This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic. One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64. View this Wikibook in full book view. =<center>Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Text Output|Text Output}} =<center>Advanced Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Text Output|Advanced Text Output}} =<center>Basic Math</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Math|Basic Math}} =<center>Advanced Maths</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Maths|Advanced Maths}} =<center>Basic Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Input|Basic Input}} =<center>Advanced Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Input|Advanced Input}} =<center>Flow Control</center>= {{:QBasic/Flow Control|Flow Control}} =<center>Subroutines and Functions</center>= {{:QBasic/Subroutines and Functions|Subroutines and Functions}} =<center>Arrays and Types</center>= {{:QBasic/Arrays and Types|Arrays and Types}} =<center>Files</center>= {{:QBasic/Files|Files}} =<center>Sound</center>= {{:QBasic/Sound|Sound}} =<center>Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Graphics|Graphics}} =<center>Images</center>= {{:QBasic/Images|Images}} =<center>Advanced Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Graphics|Advanced Graphics}} =<center>3d Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/3D Graphics|3D Graphics}} =<center>What Next</center>= {{:QBasic/What Next|What Next}} =<center> Sample Programs </center>= {{:QBasic/Sample Programs|Sample Programs}} =<center>Appendix</center>= {{:QBasic/Appendix|Appendix}} rugizpwpwec6nx9z88htg6xjzokpenv 4095317 4095316 2022-08-22T13:41:26Z 2402:8100:22BA:834F:0:16:BF26:2B01 Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{print version notice|QBasic|QBasic\Print Version}}</noinclude> <noinclude> {notice|QBasic|\Print Version\Main} <noinclude> =<center> Introduction </center>= Microsoft QuickBasic and QBasic (Quick Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are very popular programming languages for beginners. While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool. This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic. One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64. View this Wikibook in full book view. =<center>Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Text Output|Text Output}} =<center>Advanced Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Text Output|Advanced Text Output}} =<center>Basic Math</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Math|Basic Math}} =<center>Advanced Maths</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Maths|Advanced Maths}} =<center>Basic Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Input|Basic Input}} =<center>Advanced Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Input|Advanced Input}} =<center>Flow Control</center>= {{:QBasic/Flow Control|Flow Control}} =<center>Subroutines and Functions</center>= {{:QBasic/Subroutines and Functions|Subroutines and Functions}} =<center>Arrays and Types</center>= {{:QBasic/Arrays and Types|Arrays and Types}} =<center>Files</center>= {{:QBasic/Files|Files}} =<center>Sound</center>= {{:QBasic/Sound|Sound}} =<center>Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Graphics|Graphics}} =<center>Images</center>= {{:QBasic/Images|Images}} =<center>Advanced Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Graphics|Advanced Graphics}} =<center>3d Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/3D Graphics|3D Graphics}} =<center>What Next</center>= {{:QBasic/What Next|What Next}} =<center> Sample Programs </center>= {{:QBasic/Sample Programs|Sample Programs}} =<center>Appendix</center>= {{:QBasic/Appendix|Appendix}} 7kdfzjpjhu3amv5qt8v58uhbrg7iked 4095323 4095317 2022-08-22T14:21:48Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Rejected the last 2 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/2402:8100:22BA:834F:0:16:BF26:2B01|2402:8100:22BA:834F:0:16:BF26:2B01]]) and restored revision 3552471 by Debanshu.Das wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{print version notice|QBasic|QBasic\Print Version}}</noinclude> =<center> Introduction </center>= Microsoft QuickBasic and QBasic (Quick Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are very popular programming languages for beginners. While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool. This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic. One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64. View this Wikibook in full book view. =<center>Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Text Output|Text Output}} =<center>Advanced Text Output</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Text Output|Advanced Text Output}} =<center>Basic Math</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Math|Basic Math}} =<center>Advanced Maths</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Maths|Advanced Maths}} =<center>Basic Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Basic Input|Basic Input}} =<center>Advanced Input</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Input|Advanced Input}} =<center>Flow Control</center>= {{:QBasic/Flow Control|Flow Control}} =<center>Subroutines and Functions</center>= {{:QBasic/Subroutines and Functions|Subroutines and Functions}} =<center>Arrays and Types</center>= {{:QBasic/Arrays and Types|Arrays and Types}} =<center>Files</center>= {{:QBasic/Files|Files}} =<center>Sound</center>= {{:QBasic/Sound|Sound}} =<center>Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Graphics|Graphics}} =<center>Images</center>= {{:QBasic/Images|Images}} =<center>Advanced Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/Advanced Graphics|Advanced Graphics}} =<center>3d Graphics</center>= {{:QBasic/3D Graphics|3D Graphics}} =<center>What Next</center>= {{:QBasic/What Next|What Next}} =<center> Sample Programs </center>= {{:QBasic/Sample Programs|Sample Programs}} =<center>Appendix</center>= {{:QBasic/Appendix|Appendix}} 7b7fpmg9q39hgdeponce95cvd44hask 0 412650 4095405 4089930 2022-08-23T05:57:00Z Refcanimm 3267488 /* The evidence to be replied upon should be submitted so that it is part of the tribunal's record */ wikitext text/x-wiki Rules 31-43 are in a section of the rules entitled "documents" and they concern how to provide documents, the language(s) that documents may be in, the process that the Division should follow when it itself wants to provide documents, the criteria that the Division shall use to determine whether to accept documents, how the Division should decide whether or not to accept documents that have been submitted late, how documents may be provided both to the Division and to other parties, the requirement to provide original documents at the hearing, and the process for providing additional documents as evidence after a hearing. In short, these rules 31-43 concern the ''process'' by which a claimant is to submit a document to the Board. For a discussion of what documents a claimant is obliged to submit to the Board, see Rules 3-12 and the summary of those obligations at [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]] == RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents == The text of the relevant rules reads: <pre>Documents Form and Language of Documents Documents prepared by party 31 (1) A document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding must be typewritten, in a type not smaller than 12 point, on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 1⁄2 inches x 11 inches) paper. Photocopies (2) Any photocopy provided by a party must be a clear copy of the document photocopied and be on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 1⁄2 inches x 11 inches) paper. List of documents (3) If more than one document is provided, the party must provide a list identifying each of the documents. Consecutively numbered pages (4) A party must consecutively number each page of all the documents provided as if they were one document.</pre> === What is a "document" as the term is used in these rules? === The term "document" is not explicitly defined in these rules. No definition, for instance, is provided in the definitions section of the rules at Rule 1 ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Definitions]]). As with any exercise of statutory interpretation in Canada, the proper scope and meaning of the term "document" in these rules will thus emerge by applying Driedger’s modern approach to statutory interpretation, namely that "the words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament".<ref>''Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v. Rex,'' 2002 SCC 42 (CanLII), [2002] 2 SCR 559, par. 26, <http://canlii.ca/t/51s6#26>, retrieved on 2020-02-02</ref> Doing so, the following principles emerge: * <u>The term "documents" is defined broadly and is not confined to paper documents:</u> When the current version of the RPD Rules were drafted in 2012, they were drafted against the background of the wording of the prior Rule 27 under the 2002 Refugee Protection Division Rules and the caselaw that had interpreted that version of the rules. One such case was ''Cortes v. Canada'', which, when interpreting the previous version of this rule in the 2002 RPD Rules,<ref>''Refugee Protection Division Rules,'' SOR/2002-228, Rule 27.</ref> had endorsed the following broad conception of what a document is within the meaning of the RPD Rules: "The ''Commentaries to the Refugee Protection Division Rules'' provide that “document” includes “any correspondence, memorandum, book, plan, map, drawing, diagram, picture or graphic work, photograph, film, microform, sound recording, videotape, machine‑readable record, and any other documentary material, regardless of physical form or characteristics, and any copy of those documents”".<ref name=":1">''Hernandez Cortes v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2009 FC 583 (CanLII), para. 26.</ref> This interpretation continues to be persuasive, notwithstanding that the ''Commentaries to the Refugee Protection Division Rules'' are no longer made available by the Board. The caselaw applying to the previous rule would therefore appear to continue to be applicable to the updated one, as there was no indication that the 2012 amendments to the rules intended to depart from the previous interpretations and practices. Indeed, decisions under the new rules continue to construe the term "document" broadly, as with the following 2017 Refugee Appeal Division decision which concludes that "documents" include “electronic documents”, as that term is defined in section 31.8 of the ''Canada Evidence Act'' ("''electronic document'' means data that is recorded or stored on any medium in or by a computer system or other similar device and that can be read or perceived by a person or a computer system or other similar device. It includes a display, printout or other output of that data.").<ref>''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 56261 (CA IRB), par. 49, <http://canlii.ca/t/h5p78#par49>, retrieved on 2020-08-19.</ref> Furthermore, the Federal Court has held that non-paper sources of evidence, such as DVDs, are admissible before administrative tribunals in other circumstances: ''Grenier v Canada''.<ref>''Grenier v Canada (Attorney General)'', 2013 FC 208 (CanLII) at paras 31, 34-39.</ref> * <u>The term "document" as used in these rules is not limited to documents provided for evidentiary purposes, but also includes other types of documents:</u> Where the term "document" is used in these rules without any qualification, it should apply to all documents, whether or not those documents are evidentiary ones or other types of documents such as written submissions. The term "documents" as used in these rules includes documents ''prepared by a party'' as per Rule 31(1), which sets out the format required for any "document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding". RPD Rule 37 specifies that a "document", as the term is used in these rules, includes "a notice or request in writing". Some of the RPD rules apply only to documents used as evidence (for example Rule 43 applies only where "a party wants to provide a document ''as evidence''", which the courts have held excludes situations where documents are provided for non-evidentiary purposes, such as written submissions (<em>Yared Belay v. Canada</em>, paras. 41-42<ref name=":0" />) and caselaw (''Petrovic v. Canada'', para. 11<ref name=":5" />)). By necessary implication, the fact that other rules do not include this type of limitation on the term "documents" means that those rules apply to all documents submitted (notices, requests, submissions, caselaw, etc.), not simply evidentiary ones. === What is a "proceeding" as the term is used in these rules? === Many of these rules relate to documents used in "a proceeding", for example Rule 31(1) specifies that "a document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding" must meet the specifications set out therein. Are all documents submitted to the Refugee Board by a claimant or protected person (where there is an application to vacate or cease their protection, say) ones that are being used in a proceeding? Generally speaking, that is the case, as discussed in the following commentary below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Meaning of "proceeding" in this rule]]. === The evidence to be replied upon should be submitted so that it is part of the tribunal's record === Rule 31(4) provides that a party must consecutively number each page of all of the documents provided as if they were one document. One of the policy implications of this is that documents and evidence relied upon should generally be submitted and placed on the record so that they are available for any appeal or review of the Division's decision. In this way, the Division should not generally accept hyperlinks to evidence given that the content at the hyperlink may change. The Federal Court holds that "citations are not evidence before the Court"<ref>''Sani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1337 (CanLII), at para 14, <https://canlii.ca/t/jl2k3#par14>, retrieved on 2021-12-17.</ref> and the Division should conclude likewise. The following analysis from ''Iribhogbe v. Canada'' may be considered persuasive: <blockquote>With respect to the website links and excerpts from these webpages, the RAD noted that the Applicant did not provide any documentation as new evidence in his Rule 29 application, as required by the RAD Rules. Instead, he included references to forty (40) Internet web links and select excerpts from webpages. The RAD indicated that any submission of new evidence must be in printed form, not a simple reference to an Internet link. The RAD further indicated that, in the absence of the actual documents containing the excerpts, it was unable to ascertain the publication date of the information to determine if the documents could have been provided with the Applicant’s appeal record.<ref>''Iribhogbe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 501 (CanLII), at para 24, <https://canlii.ca/t/jnm47#par24>, retrieved on 2022-05-12.</ref> </blockquote>Similarly, in ''Urbieta v. Canada'' the RAD noted the RPD could not reasonably be expected to take a claimant's cellphone into evidence and proferring one's cellphone at the hearing is not a substitute for having submitted the documents prior to the hearing as required by the RPD Rules, so that the evidence may be accepted and placed on the record.<ref>''Urbieta v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 815 (CanLII), at para 28, <https://canlii.ca/t/jpl5g#par28>, retrieved on 2022-06-27.</ref> == RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents == <pre>Language of documents — claimant or protected person 32 (1) All documents used by a claimant or protected person in a proceeding must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided together with an English or French translation and a declaration signed by the translator. Language of Minister’s documents (2) All documents used by the Minister in a proceeding must be in the language of the proceeding or be provided together with a translation in the language of the proceeding and a declaration signed by the translator. Translator’s declaration (3) A translator’s declaration must include translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate.</pre> == Commentary == The following commentary applies to Rules 32(1)-(3) collectively. It is then followed by more specific commentary pertaining to each of the specific subsections of Rule 32. === Where evidence has not been translated in accordance with the rules, the Board may decline to accept it or may assign it low weight === ==== Declining to accept untranslated documents ==== The proper procedure to follow where a claimant attempts to admit documents that are untranslated is ordinarily that followed by RAD Member Normand Leduc when he wrote as follows: "Exhibit P-3 is not translated into English or French and, consequently, I cannot accept it as evidence."<ref>''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 15012 (CA IRB), para. 16.</ref> This is so as the language of this rule is described as "mandatory", including through its use of the word "must",<ref>''Londono v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 CanLII 95605 (CA IRB), para. 17 (interpreting its analogous and identically-worded rule).</ref> and that countervailing considerations such as cost<ref>''Glibchenko v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2014 CanLII 95427 (CA IRB), para. 6.</ref> and time constraints<ref>''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 99305 (CA IRB), para. 15.</ref> are not generally valid reasons for non-compliance with the rule that documents be translated. Furthermore, the Federal Court has stated that it is not the tribunal's role to ask an interpreter present in the hearing room to translate a claimant's narrative: <blockquote>The burden of being ready to proceed at a hearing is on the applicant, not the tribunal. Placing an obligation on the tribunal to ensure that the applicant's PIF is complete is similar to transferring the applicant's burden to the tribunal. The Court feels that the tribunal did not have an obligation to ask the interpreter present in the courtroom to translate the applicant's PIF to correct his deficiencies, as the applicant had suggested. It is the applicant's responsibility to prepare his claim file, and it is not up to the tribunal to fix his deficiencies.<ref>''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 818 (CanLII), at para 27, <https://canlii.ca/t/g0jvf#par27>, retrieved on 2022-03-28.</ref> </blockquote>See Rule 6(3) on the requirement for the Basis of Claim form to have an interpreter's declaration: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]. ==== Declining to accept a document that has only been translated in part ==== The above logic applies equally where only a portion of the document has been translated. Member Edward Bosveld of the Refugee Appeal Division concluded that generally, a translation of a document should be complete, not only a selective translation of isolated words in a document on which a party wishes to rely:<blockquote>Here, the Minister has not provided a translation of the Albanian-language wording on the Facebook pages, and yet seeks to rely upon that wording to establish that the Respondent’s father is employed as a XXXX XXXX XXXX, which the Minister argues is not consistent with self-confinement at home. The Respondent disputes this contention, noting that the Minister has only translated selective words, and he disagrees that the words relate to his father’s employment. The Minister has not complied with the requirement to provide a signed translator’s declaration along with the translation of the Albanian words on the Facebook posts. Further, even if such a declaration had been provided, the RAD would still have some difficulty because only a partial translation has been provided. The translation provided does not comply with the Rules, is not complete, and the RAD cannot determine whether it is accurate. The RAD therefore declines to admit the Google translations into evidence.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 95934 (CA IRB), paras. 14-15.</ref></blockquote>But see ''Elias v. Canada'', in which the Federal Court commented on an IAD decision that had discounted evidence on the basis that it was untranslated. The court commented that the fact that the evidence was untranslated was not relevant to its probative value, as follows:<blockquote>The IAD found that there was insufficient evidence that Ms. Elias and Mr. Baiade are in frequent communication. Yet, the record contains about 50 pages of screen shots showing communications by WhatsApp or other phone and messaging applications, apparently in 2015 and 2019. The IAD discounted this evidence because it was in Arabic and not translated. Yet, what is relevant is the frequency of communication, not its contents. ... While these issues may not independently render the IAD’s decision unreasonable, they further erode its reasonableness.<ref>''Elias v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 252 (CanLII), at para 23, <https://canlii.ca/t/jml60#par23>, retrieved on 2022-03-31.</ref></blockquote>When considering this case, it should be noted that the IAD's equivalent rule, IAD Rule 29, is very similar to the above RPD Rule ("All documents used at a proceeding by a person who is the subject of an appeal must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided with an English or French translation and a translator’s declaration").<ref>Immigration Appeal Division Rules, SOR/2002-230, s 29, <https://canlii.ca/t/7xss#sec29>, retrieved on 2022-03-31.</ref> ==== Accepting untranslated evidence into evidence, but weighing it based on the fact that it is untranslated ==== The Board also has the power to admit such evidence into the record, while assigning it little or no weight, through its power to vary the rules per Rule 70 of the RPD Rules. For example, in interpreting its analogous rule, the Immigration Appeal Division commented:<blockquote>The appellant provided approximately 72 pages of documents as evidence. The majority of the documents were in the German language. Minister’s counsel objected to admission of those documents on the basis that they did not comply with ''Immigration Appeal Division Rule'' 29(1). The German language documents were not translated into either official language. The appellant explained that the purpose of the documents was to show the extent of his dental treatment. The documents were allowed into evidence but the appellant was advised little or no weight could be attached to them since they were not translated into one of Canada’s official languages.<ref>''Stellbrink v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 CanLII 98269 (CA IRB), para. 5.</ref></blockquote>The logic and practicality of admitting such untranslated documents was illustrated by the Immigration Appeal Division, when interpreting its analogous rule, as follows:<blockquote>The appellant provided copies of chat messages for a select period. For the most part, those messages are in a foreign language. Counsel for the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration submitted that the messages should not have been admitted as evidence because they do not conform to ''IAD Rule'' 29(1). The age of smartphones, internet communications and social media creates a dilemma. If a couple is regularly communicating by text, chat messages, Facebook or similar instant messaging, disclosure of all their messages would bog down hearings with mountains of paper. The cost of translation would be prohibitive. On the other hand, providing the messages without translation limits their probative value. Providing only a sample may lead to the inference that the remaining messages contain evidence adverse to the appellant’s case. There is no easy solution. The appellant has attempted to overcome the problem by providing a statutory declaration explaining the evidence. That is of some assistance. I give the evidence some weight, but the weight I give is reduced by the fact that the messages are in a foreign language.<ref name=":9">''Zhao v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 CanLII 57822 (CA IRB), para. 9.</ref></blockquote> === This translation requirement applies to video and audio evidence submitted to the Board, which must also be transcribed === Claimants regularly submit audio and video evidence to the Board. It must be transcribed and that transcription should then be translated into English or French. The Federal Court confirmed this in ''Cortes v. Canada'' when interpreting the previous version of this rule:<blockquote>Rule 28 provides that “[a]ll documents used at a proceeding must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided with an English or French translation and a translator’s declaration”. Moreover, the ''Commentaries to the Refugee Protection Division Rules'' provide that “document” includes “any correspondence, memorandum, book, plan, map, drawing, diagram, picture or graphic work, photograph, film, microform, sound recording, videotape, machine‑readable record, and any other documentary material, regardless of physical form or characteristics, and any copy of those documents”. Here, the DVD is a “document” that was not translated as required by the Rules. The panel was therefore entitled to attach no probative value to it.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The Refugee Protection Division has confirmed that the same reasoning applies to audiovisual and other evidence submitted under the current version of the RPD Rules.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93295 (CA IRB), para. 34.</ref> The guidebook ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' from ''refugeeclaim.ca'' under the question "Do videos, websites, or other electronic documents need to be translated?" states that "Yes! All evidence that you obtain must be translated into English or French. Videos must be transcribed." This reflects the best, and usual, practice. == RPD Rule 32(1) - Language of claimant or protected person's documents == <pre>Language of documents — claimant or protected person 32 (1) All documents used by a claimant or protected person in a proceeding must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided together with an English or French translation and a declaration signed by the translator.</pre> === This rule applies to documents used by a claimant or protected person in a proceeding, not to all documents provided=== Claimants are obliged to provide all relevant documents in their possession at the time that they provide their BOC Form. These documents need not be translated: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Documents attached to the BOC form need not be translated at the time that they are attached]]. In contrast, documents provided at a later time must be translated since the only reason for their provision is that the claimant intends to rely upon them at the hearing, and hence they are to be "used" within the meaning of Rule 32(1). === Claimants need not provide documents in the language of the proceeding, only in English or French=== Claimants elect a language for their proceeding, either English or French. That said, per Rule 32(1), they are not limited to submitting documents in that language. Unlike the Rule for the Minister at 32(2), claimants are solely required to provide their documents in English or French (or, for documents in another language, with a translation into either English or French), regardless of what the language of the proceeding is. RAD Member Douglas Fortney commented on this issue as follows: <blockquote>In this case where the RPD member could not understand a document provided in French, the correct procedure would have been to have accepted the document into evidence and if necessary obtain an English language translation. Alternatively, it could have been considered to have obtained the services of a French – English interpreter who could have assisted in understanding the contents of the document at the RPD hearing.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 107659 (CA IRB), para. 27.</ref> </blockquote>This is reinforced by the IRB ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'', which states that "All persons in the hearing room are free to speak the official language of their choice, including counsel for the subject of the proceeding. At the request of any party to the proceeding, the IRB will make arrangements to provide interpretation from one official language to the other, taking into consideration third language interpretation may also be required for the case."<ref name=":7">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'', Date modified: 2018-07-03 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/pnnpollo.aspx> (Accessed January 22, 2020).</ref> This has legislative support in section 14 of the ''Official Languages Act'', which provides:<blockquote>''Official languages of federal courts<br/>'''''14)''' English and French are the official languages of the federal courts, and either of those languages may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any federal court.<ref>Official Languages Act, RSC 1985, c 31 (4th Supp), s 14 <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/530sl#sec14</nowiki>> retrieved on 2020-01-25.</ref></blockquote>The Board is considered to be a "federal court" based on the way that term is defined in the Official Languages Act and is thus bound by this provision: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Decisions#In what language or languages must the reasons for decisions be made available where they are publicly released?]] As such, a claimant may provide documents (be they letters, correspondence, submissions, notices, or other evidentiary or non-evidentiary documents - see the broad definition of what is considered to be a "document" above [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 31 - How to provide documents]]) provided that they meet the Rule 32 requirements regarding language. === What should a claimant do if they cannot afford to translate all of their documents? === Claimants are responsible for absorbing the cost of translating all written materials into either French or English.<ref>Jennifer Bond & David Wiseman, ''Imperfect Evidence and Uncertain Justice: An Exploratory Study of Access to Justice Issues in Canada's Asylum System,'' 53 U.B.C. L. Rev. 1 (2020), page 8.</ref> At times, claimants cannot afford to translate all of their documents. This may come up where a claimant is unrepresented (and thus does not have access to a translation budget from Legal Aid), where a claimant has sufficient means to afford private counsel but nonetheless is not able to afford having all of their documents translated because the documents are particularly voluminous, and where a claimant is entitled to legal aid but the translation budget provided by legal aid has been insufficient in the context of the case. In such a situation the claimant should advise the Division of the situation and be able to show that they took all reasonable steps to have the documents translated: *<u>Advise the Division in writing of the existence of the additional documents and the cost issue preventing them from being translated:</u> The guidebook ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' from ''refugeeclaim.ca'' recommends that a claimant "Tell the [RPD] in writing that you have other documents that you could not afford to translate."<ref>Kinbrace Community Society, ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants,'' 2019 Version, <<nowiki>https://refugeeclaim.ca/wp-content/themes/refugeeclaim/library/guide/rhpg-vancouver-en.pdf</nowiki>>, page 17 (accessed January 17, 2020).</ref> *<u>Seek out a friend, volunteer, family member, etc. to translate the documents:</u> The claimant should be prepared to show that they made reasonable efforts to have the documents translated. The rules do not require that the translation be done by a professional: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#The translator need not supply an affidavit, be accredited, be fluent in both languages, or be completely independent]]. *<u>Apply to legal aid (for additional funds for translation):</u> For example, the BC Legal Services Society pre-authorizes translation costs of up to $361 (1,900 words) for each immigration representation contract.<ref>Legal Services Society, ''Disbursements Tariff'', November 2017 <https://legalaid.bc.ca/sites/default/files/2019-03/disbursementsNov2017.pdf> (Accessed February 2, 2020), page 8.</ref> Counsel may apply for authorization to translate additional documents in particular cases. Similarly, in Ontario, lawyers with RPD certificates from Legal Aid can bill Legal Aid online for translation of up to 3500 words. For documents longer than 3500 words, lawyers can submit a request for additional disbursements for translation.<ref>Legal Aid Ontario, News Release, "New Translation Disbursement for Refugee Certificates" (29 May 2015), online: <http://legalaid.on.ca/en/news/newsarchive/1505-29&#x20;translationdisbursement.asp>.</ref> Furthermore, the claimant should consider alternative ways to put the information in question in front of the Member: *<u>Translate the most important documents:</u> Instructions to claimants in public documents such as the guidebook ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' from ''refugeeclaim.ca'' are that "Translation can be very expensive. If you can’t afford to translate everything, choose the most important documents."<ref name=":3" /> *<u>Have only portions of the documents translated:</u> As a half-way measure, the claimant may attempt to have the most important or relevant portions of the documents translated. But see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Declining to accept evidence that has only been translated in part]] regarding the Division's discretion to decline to admit such evidence where, for instance, the partial translation properly reduces the weight that can be attached to the document. *<u>Make the untranslated documents available at the hearing, including for spot translation:</u> The guidebook ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' from ''refugeeclaim.ca'' recommends that a claimant "Take [the untranslated documents] to the hearing and explain to the Presiding Member what the documents show."<ref name=":3">Kinbrace Community Society, ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants,'' 2019 Version, <https://refugeeclaim.ca/wp-content/themes/refugeeclaim/library/guide/rhpg-vancouver-en.pdf>, page 29 (accessed January 17, 2020).</ref> The Member would then have the discretion to ask the interpreter to spot-translate portions of the documents: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Interpreters#Can an interpreter be asked to translate documents?]] *<u>Provide a statutory declaration or testimony under oath about the contents of the untranslated documents:</u> The Board has the power to waive the rules and admit the untranslated documents into evidence for the purposes of the record (albeit potentially assigning them less weight because of the lack of a translation). For example, the Immigration Appeal Division did just this when interpreting its analogous rule, commenting as follows: <blockquote>The appellant provided copies of chat messages for a select period. For the most part, those messages are in a foreign language. Counsel for the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration submitted that the messages should not have been admitted as evidence because they do not conform to ''IAD Rule'' 29(1). The age of smartphones, internet communications and social media creates a dilemma. If a couple is regularly communicating by text, chat messages, Facebook or similar instant messaging, disclosure of all their messages would bog down hearings with mountains of paper. The cost of translation would be prohibitive. On the other hand, providing the messages without translation limits their probative value. Providing only a sample may lead to the inference that the remaining messages contain evidence adverse to the appellant’s case. There is no easy solution. The appellant has attempted to overcome the problem by providing a statutory declaration explaining the evidence. That is of some assistance. I give the evidence some weight, but the weight I give is reduced by the fact that the messages are in a foreign language.<ref name=":9" /></blockquote>Finally, the claimant should consider that except for documents that were in their possession at the time that they completed their BOC form, and documents travel and identity documents that they acquire after that time, the rules do not strictly require the claimant to submit all relevant documents in their possession. Instead, the claimant need only submit the documents on which they wish to rely in order to make their case and the claimant must take all reasonable steps to corroborate their claim in the circumstances; see commentary to Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]]. As such, if the rules do not require the evidence in question to be submitted to the tribunal, then the claimant may consider whether they wish to rely on the information and whether the same information may be adduced in another way, such as through witness testimony. === The Board is not obliged to pay for the translation of documents where a claimant cannot afford to do so=== The instructions on the Basis of Claim form are "Include certified translations in English or French for all documents in a language other than English or French. You must pay for these translations yourself."<ref name=":6">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf>, page 2.</ref> The Refugee Appeal Division has held that "the responsibility to provide translations for documents in a foreign language rests with the party using the documents, in this case, the claimant." They went on to note that "the fact that the Board can and sometimes does translate documents that the Board intends to use as evidence is not relevant to the decision of the RPD. The RPD Rules clearly require the “user” (claimant in this case) to provide translations of foreign language documents. The claimant (the Appellant) failed to do so and therefore failed to comply with the rules."<ref>''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 144401 (CA IRB), para. 10.</ref> === Procedural fairness considerations where a claimant's untranslated documents are not accepted === The above list of possible actions by a claimant concerns circumstances where the claimant has made reasonable efforts to have documents translated and has been unable to do so because of cost. There are other reasons why a claimant may appear at a hearing with untranslated documents, including where they state that they did not know that the documents needed to be translated. Where a claimant's untranslated documents are not accepted, panels of the Division have attempted to accommodate persons, particularly unrepresented claimants, in a number of ways, including by allowing the party to testify to the matters discussed in the documents as an alternative way of adducing the evidence in question (see ''Huang v Canada'')<ref>''Huang v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 CanLII 98247 (CA IRB), para. 5.</ref> and by allowing the party to submit proper translations of the documents in question post-hearing (though the court has held that the Board need not do so as a matter of procedural fairness, even where a claimant is unrepresented, though this conclusion will likely depend on the probative value of the document in question, see ''Soares v. Canada'').<ref>''Da Costa Soares v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190 (CanLII), paras. 15-25.</ref> == RPD Rule 32(2) - Language of Minister's documents == <pre>Language of Minister’s documents (2) All documents used by the Minister in a proceeding must be in the language of the proceeding or be provided together with a translation in the language of the proceeding and a declaration signed by the translator.</pre> === The Minister must use the language of the proceeding in oral and written pleadings=== As per Rule 32(2), all documents used by the Minister in a proceeding must be in the language of the proceeding (or be provided together with a translation). A question may arise about the proper scope of the terms "documents" and "proceeding" in the above rule. For example, if a Minister provides a notice of intervention, is it a "document" being used in a "proceeding"? ==== Meaning of "documents" in this rule ==== One argument that has been advanced is that the term "documents" as used in this rule only includes documents as evidence, not notices from the Minister. This argument is best rejected based on the observations and citations provided in the section on the definition of "document" above: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What is a "document" as the term is used in these rules?]]. ==== Meaning of "proceeding" in this rule ==== As per Rule 32(2), all documents used by the Minister in a proceeding must be in the language of the proceeding (or be provided together with a translation). At times, the argument has been advanced that documents such as a notice of intervention are not being used in a proceeding at the time that they are supplied since "proceeding" is defined in Rule 1 as follows: "proceeding includes a conference, an application or a hearing". Instead, rather than being supplied for use in any one of those listed proceedings, the argument is that it is being supplied for notification purposes. Such semantic quibbling is best avoided and this argument should be rejected for the following reasons: * As the Board states in its ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'', "language rights must generally be given a broad and liberal interpretation".<ref name=":7" /> * The definition of a proceeding in Rule 1 "includes" the listed procedures, but does not indicate that it is limited to them. The RPD Rules are subordinate to the Act, which in s. 170 contemplates a broad and expansive conception of what a Refugee Protection Division "proceeding" is, including that a file-review decision made without any hearing being held is something that happens within a proceeding (s. 170(f)) and that the Board's provision of notice of the hearing to the Minister is also something that happens in a proceeding (s. 170(c)). If notifying the Minister of the hearing is something that happens "in a[] proceeding", then it is hard to see why the Minister's notifications should not similarly be considered to have been provided for use "in a proceeding".<ref>''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', SC 2001, c 27, s 170 <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/53z6t#sec170</nowiki>> retrieved on 2020-02-01.</ref> Furthermore, in ''Duale v. Canada'' the court commented that "proceedings" as used in section 167 of the Act encompass more than the actual hearing before the RPD. Thus, subsection 168(1) allows a division to determine that "a proceeding" before it has been abandoned for such pre-hearing matters as failing to provide required information or failing to communicate with the division as required.<ref name=":02">''Duale v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 150 (CanLII), par. 5, <http://canlii.ca/t/1gcff#5>, retrieved on 2020-01-27</ref> See the discussion of the interpretation of the term "proceeding" in the Act at: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Definitions#Commentary on the definition of "proceeding"]]. * Furthermore, Ministerial intervention notices must include the details required by Rule 29, and where they do not, the proper remedy is that the notice of intervention will not be accepted.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 62221 (CA IRB), <<nowiki>https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2016/2016canlii62221/2016canlii62221.html</nowiki>>.</ref> It is clear that the Minister provides a notice of intervention so that it can rely on it ''at the hearing'' as proof that it has complied with the rules requiring such notification. * Finally, the purpose of such notices has been described as follows: "[Rule 29(2)(a)] exists to compel the Minister to provide notice to the claimant why they have decided to intervene in his or her claim. It is to provide the claimant with fore-knowledge of the concerns the Minister has with the claim, so as to allow the claimant to prepare a response to these concerns. It is an issue of procedural fairness."<ref>''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 62221 (CA IRB), para. 15.</ref> If this notice were not provided in the language of the proceedings, then the purpose of providing this specific advance information to the claimant about the Minister's concerns could be frustrated. ==== Ministerial obligations pursuant to ''Official Languages Act'' ==== Finally, the better view of this question is that the Minister is under a legal obligation to provide all documents, including pleadings and other procedural documents, in the language of the proceeding and that this obligation stems from the ''Official Languages Act'', which is considered a quasi-constitutional statute.<ref>''Canada (Attorney General) v. Viola'', [1991] 1 F.C. 373, at page 386.</ref> The ''Official Languages Act'' provides that where a federal institution is a party to civil proceedings is shall use the language chosen by the other parties in any oral or written pleadings, except in narrow exceptional circumstances:<blockquote><u>Language of civil proceedings where Her Majesty is a party</u> '''18''' Where Her Majesty in right of Canada or a federal institution is a party to civil proceedings before a federal court, (a) Her Majesty or the institution concerned shall use, in any oral or written pleadings in the proceedings, the official language chosen by the other parties unless it is established by Her Majesty or the institution that reasonable notice of the language chosen has not been given; and (b) if the other parties fail to choose or agree on the official language to be used in those pleadings, Her Majesty or the institution concerned shall use such official language as is reasonable, having regard to the circumstances.<ref>Official Languages Act, RSC 1985, c 31 (4th Supp), s 18 <http://canlii.ca/t/530sl#sec18> retrieved on 2020-01-25.</ref></blockquote>While there does not appear to be judicial consideration on point, it is arguable that this provision applies to delegates of the Minister from IRCC and PSEP where they intervene in matters before the Board. Such proceedings are "before a federal court", which is defined in s. 3(2) of the ''Official Languages Act'' as "any court, tribunal or other body that carries out adjudicative functions and is established by or pursuant to an Act of Parliament." The Federal Court of Appeal concluded that the IRB meets this definition in ''Devinat v. Canada''.<ref>''Devinat v. Canada (Immigration and Refugee Board),'' 1999 CanLII 9386 (FCA), [2000] 2 FC 212, par. 57, <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/4ll0#57</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2020-01-25</ref> Furthermore, the participation of the Minister's delegates in Board proceedings would appear to constitute a circumstance in which a "federal institution" has become party to proceedings. A "federal institution" is defined broadly in the ''Official Languages Act,'' it not only includes the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and the Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness (based on the definitions of "federal institution" and "department" in s. 3 of the Act), but it also includes "any other body that is specified by an Act of Parliament to be an agent of Her Majesty in right of Canada or to be subject to the direction of the Governor in Council or a minister of the Crown", which would presumably include a Minister's delegate under the IRPA whose powers are derived from s. 6 of the Act which provides, ''inter alia'', that "The Minister may designate any persons or class of persons as officers to carry out any purpose of any provision of this Act, and shall specify the powers and duties of the officers so designated".<ref>''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,'' SC 2001, c 27, s 6 <http://canlii.ca/t/53z6t#sec6> retrieved on 2020-01-31.</ref> === If the claimant switches languages from French to English, or vice versa, the Minister must provide translations of their documents they intend to use === ==== Practice under the previous version of the RPD rules was that such documents did not need to be translated ==== Under the previous 2002 version of the rules, the wording of the predecessor rule to Rule 32(2) was interpreted as not requiring the Minister to provide translations of documents where the claimant subsequently switched the language of proceedings. For example, if the claimant elected to proceed in French and the Minister gave the claimant a document in French, and the claimant then subsequently decided that they instead preferred to proceed in English, the Minister was not obliged to provide a new translation of the document into English, but could instead rely on the previously disclosed document. The key question was whether the document was provided to the claimant in the language of proceedings at the time that it was sent. This question was dealt with by the Federal Court in ''Blanco v. Canada'', a case that concerned the previous version of the rules at the Immigration Division, which tracked the wording in the RPD Rule. In that case, the person concerned commenced his proceedings in English. The claimant then secured new, French-speaking, counsel. The Board then approved the claimant's application to change the language of the proceedings to French. At the same time, both the panel and the Minister refused to provide French translations of the documents that the Minister had previously sent to the applicant's former counsel in English. The claimant argued at the hearing that the panel could not legally enter into evidence documents that were in English and had not been translated into French prior to the hearing. The Federal Court rejected this argument on the basis that "It is clear that when the documents in question were provided by the respondents, the language of the proceedings was English, precluding the need for a French translation."<ref>''Bolanos Blanco v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 280 (CanLII), paras. 12-20.</ref> This interpretation appears to turn on the then-extant Immigration Division rule which stipulated that "If the Minister <u>provides</u> a document that is not in the language of the proceedings, the Minister must provide a translation and a translator’s declaration. <u>[emphasis added]</u>" On the basis that the rule in question provided that the trigger for translation is the language of proceedings at the time that the document is provided, the court concluded that the documents could properly be entered as evidence in the hearing. ==== Changes to this provision in the 2012 RPD Rules now require that the document be in the language of proceedings at the time of its use ==== The Board's practice that was highlighted in the ''Blanco'' decision (above) was stridently criticized by members of the House of Commons Official Languages Committee.<ref>Official Languages Committee on Dec. 16th, 2010, House of Commons Hansard <https://openparliament.ca/committees/official-languages/40-3/39/sylvia-cox-duquette-1/>.</ref> The Official Languages Commissioner subsequently requested that the Board make changes to the RPD Rules regarding the rules about the language of RPD proceedings. One of the goals for the new RPD Rules, as identified by the Board, was to "address [these] recommendations of the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (OCOL)".<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''RPD Rules Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement,'' Date modified: 2018-07-04, Accessed January 3, 2020 <<nowiki>https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/act-rules-regulations/Pages/RiasReir.aspx</nowiki>>.</ref> The wording of the new (and current) Rule 32(2) requires that "all documents <u>used by the Minister</u> in a proceeding must be in the language of the proceeding or be provided together with a translation in the language of the proceeding and a declaration signed by the translator <u>[emphasis added]</u>". This is a departure from the previous wording of this Rule under the 2002 version of these rules, which read: "If the Minister <u>provides a document</u> that is not in the language of the proceedings, the Minister must provide a translation in that language and a translator’s declaration."<ref>''Refugee Protection Division Rules,'' SOR/2002-228, Rule 28(2).</ref> The fact that the rule focuses on the ''use'' of the documents appears to indicate that under the new rules, the circumstances in ''Blanco v. Canada'' would not recur because the Minister would be obliged to provide translations of any documents that they had previously provided should they want to continue to rely on them''.'' == RPD Rule 32(3) - Language of documents - Requirement for a translator's declaration== <pre>Translator’s declaration (3) A translator’s declaration must include translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate.</pre> === What are the requirements for the translator's declaration for documents?=== Translated document should meet the following requirements: * <u>A copy of the original-language document should be provided in addition to the translation:</u> Rules 32(1), 32(2), and 32(3), read conjointly, require that a copy of the original document in the original language be submitted as well as a translation of it. * <u>The translator's declaration must meet each of the requirements enumerated in Rule 32(3):</u> The translator's declaration should be in the following form: "A translator’s declaration must include the translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate." * <u>The translator's declaration should be signed:</u> The instructions in the Basis of Claim form regarding document translation are that a claimant is to "Include certified translations in English or French for all documents in a language other than English or French."<ref name=":6" /> As explained on the Basis of Claim form, this requirement that the translations be "certified" will be met where any documents provided are accompanied by a translator's declaration that meets the requirements of Rule 32(3) ("A translator’s declaration must include translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate") plus the statement is signed by the translator.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version <<nowiki>https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf</nowiki>>, Appendix - Pages 1-2.</ref> * <u>Translator should have some independence from the claimant:</u> The translator is to have a certain degree of independence from the claimant. **''Counsel should not act as the translator:'' Counsel themselves should not act as the translator because, should any issues arise as to the accuracy of the translation in question, then they could be called as a witness. While that can occur (e.g. cases in other legal contexts have held that "while it is highly undesirable for counsel to wear the cloak of both advocate and witness, the client has the right to have his counsel testify as a witness"<ref>''Insurance Corp. of British Columbia v. Suska,'' 2007 BCSC 1838.</ref>) it raises questions about potential conflicts of interest and logistical hurdles. However, as the court accepted in ''Grandmont v. Canada'', a person working in-house at the law firm the claimant has selected may be considered acceptable to translate documents.<ref name=":4" /> ** ''The claimant themselves, and close family members thereto, should not act as the translator:'' When interpreting its similar rule, the Immigration Appeal Division has rejected documents in on the basis of its concern that, ''inter alia'', the documents were "not fully translated by an independent translator".<ref>''Huang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2012 CanLII 46522 (CA IRB), para. 19.</ref> The basis for this independence requirement in the rules appears to be somewhat scant, but arguably arises as a matter of the weight that the Board should attach to the evidence - particularly if any other credibility issues regarding the person doing the translating were to emerge at the hearing. This aspect of independence is also emphasized by public explanations of the refugee claim process, including Kinbrace Community Society's ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' which notes that it is best that the translator not be a relative: "Certified translators are best, but not required. If you cannot pay for a professional translator, you can have someone else you trust (preferably not a relative) translate your documents for you."<ref name=":3" /> === Where the document does not contain a translator's declaration in the appropriate form, it should generally not be admitted=== Where the requirement for a translator's declaration has not been complied with, the proper process is generally that the document should not be admitted. For example, the RAD has commented as follows:<blockquote>Although there is an English translation of these documents, there is no [translator's declaration] attached to them, as is required.... The RAD, therefore, cannot ascertain that these documents have been properly translated from Chinese into English. The RAD therefore cannot accept these documents[.]<ref>''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 151861 (CA IRB), para. 10.</ref></blockquote>Parties sometimes attempt to adduce evidence that has been translated through automated systems such as Google Translate. It should generally not be admitted into evidence on the basis that no Rule 32(3) translator's declaration has been provided for such evidence. On the basis that "The Board cannot determine whether it is accurate", the Refugee Appeal Division has declined to admit such Google translations into evidence, including when provided by the Minister.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 95934 (CA IRB), para. 15.</ref> The Refugee Protection Division specifically has issued a practice notice on this point entitled ''Refugee Protection Division Practice Notice: Compliance with Refugee Protection Division Rules'' which comments on Google translations as follows:<blockquote>The RPD frequently receives documents that have not been translated, or have been translated but are not accompanied by a translator’s declaration. Sometimes these documents have been translated by a web-based tool, such as Google Translate. Such translations do not comply with RPD Rule 32, cause delays to the proceedings and may not be accepted by the presiding member.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division Practice Notice: Compliance with Refugee Protection Division Rules'', Effective date: December 8, 2014 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/AviPraNotRpdSprComRulResReg.aspx> (Accessed January 25, 2020).</ref></blockquote> === The translator need not supply an affidavit, be accredited, be fluent in both languages, or be completely independent === Provided that this is done, a translator's declaration need not comply with other requirements that are not found in the rules: *<u>Statement from translator need not be an affidavit:</u> For example, the translator's statement need not be in the form of an affidavit; the Immigration Appeal Division reached this conclusion when interpreting its similar rule: "The panel does not share the respondent’s concern with the Certificate of Translation that accompanied the disclosure. While not in the form of an affidavit, the Rule does not require one".<ref>''Yeung v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 CanLII 80130 (CA IRB), para. 8.</ref> *<u>Translator need not be "accredited":</u> There are many bodies that accredit translators and interpreters, from the Board itself to professional organizations like the ''Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia''.<ref>For more information see Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia, www.stibc.org.</ref> While using an accredited translator may be a good idea, it is not a requirement of the rules. The Immigration Appeal Division reached this conclusion when interpreting its similar rule: "The Minister’s counsel submitted that the translations ... do not constitute credible evidence because they were not done by accredited translators.... The panel is of the opinion that the documents submitted by the appellant showing the exchanges between the parties ... can be taken into account by the panel, even though they were not written by accredited translators".<ref name=":4">''Grandmont v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 CanLII 97579 (CA IRB), para. 43.</ref> *<u>The translator need not be fluent in both languages:</u> The requirement in the rules is solely that the translator provide a "statement that the translation is accurate," nothing more. The University of Ottawa Refugee Assistance Project has a Hearing Preparation Kit which discusses the level of proficiency the translator must have in the languages in question. That kit includes sample translator's declarations, both where the translator is fully fluent in both languages, and one for where the translator is not. They indicate that an acceptable declaration to be used where the translator is not fully fluent in both languages is as follows: "I, ____(name_______, of the City of ____(location)_____, hereby certify that I have translated this Marriage Certificate from ____(original language)___ to English, and that I am partially competent to render such translation, being partially fluent in the ____(original language)___ and English languages. A fully competent translator was not available."<ref>University of Ottawa Refugee Assistance Project, ''UORAP Hearing Preparation Kit'', ''Guide 3: Preparing Evidence for your Hearing'' <https://www.fcjrefugeecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hearing_preparation_kit.pdf>, page 14.</ref> *<u>Translator need not be completely independent from the claimant:</u> As discussed above, the translator is to have a certain degree of independence from the claimant, but the degree of independence required is not high. This aspect of independence is also emphasized by public explanations of the process, including Kinbrace Community Society's ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' which notes that it is best that the translator not be a relative: "Certified translators are best, but not required. If you cannot pay for a professional translator, you can have someone else you trust (preferably not a relative) translate your documents for you. This person must sign a translator’s declaration."<ref name=":3" /> As the court accepted in ''Grandmont v. Canada'', a person working in-house at the law firm the claimant has selected may be considered acceptable to perform this task.<ref name=":4" /> == RPD Rule 33 - Disclosure and use of documents by the Division== <pre>Disclosure and Use of Documents Disclosure of documents by Division 33 (1) Subject to subrule (2), if the Division wants to use a document in a hearing, the Division must provide a copy of the document to each party. Disclosure of country documentation by Division (2) The Division may disclose country documentation by providing to the parties a list of those documents or providing information as to where a list of those documents can be found on the Board’s website.</pre> === The RPD has an obligation to provide documents and information required by the Rules to the Minister upon request === Subsection 170(''d'') of the Act requires the Division to provide the Minister, on request, with the documents and information referred to in subsection 100(4) of the Act, which are the documents and information required by the rules of the Board:<blockquote>100(4) A person who makes a claim for refugee protection inside Canada at a port of entry and whose claim is referred to the Refugee Protection Division must provide the Division, within the time limits provided for in the regulations, with the documents and information — including in respect of the basis for the claim — required by the rules of the Board, in accordance with those rules.</blockquote> === The Division has the power to provide post-hearing documents prior to rendering a decision === RPD Rule 33 concerns circumstances in which the Division provides a copy of a document that it wants to use in a hearing. What about where the Division wants to provide a document to parties following a hearing? The Division may do so and, while it must invite comment from the parties on any such post-hearing disclosure, it need not resume the hearing afterwards. The Division's power to provide such post-hearing documents was emphasized in the Board's public commentary on the previous version of the RPD Rules, which read "The Division may provide a document to the claimant (and to the Minister if the Minister has intervened) after a hearing if the Division considers its use would assist in ensuring a full and proper determination of a claim for refugee protection. The claimant will be given an opportunity to make submissions on that document."<ref name=":8" /> While that public commentary is no longer published by the IRB, the principle stands. === The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package === The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' which is dated June 2019, commits that "The <abbr>RPD</abbr> and <abbr>RAD</abbr> will consider the most recent <abbr>NDP</abbr>(s) in support of assessing forward-looking risk."<ref name=":14">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx> (Accessed August 30, 2020).</ref> A panel of the Board should comply with this policy. This has implications both for which NDPs should be disclosed on a file and for the currency of the NDPs which are disclosed: * <u>Which NDPs are disclosed:</u> A panel should ensure that it considers the relevant NDPs, both those that relate to countries of citizenship, as well as those that relate to countries of former habitual residence, where that concept applies. For example, in ''El Hraich v. Canada'', the court commented that "There is no indication that the Panel considered the National Documentary Package on the UAE before it rendered the decision.", noting that the Court has found that where central elements of a claim, such as the right to return to a CFHR for a stateless person, are at issue, the RPD should examine and refer to the available country documentation.<ref>''El Hraich v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 213 (CanLII), at para 28, <https://canlii.ca/t/jmk07#par28>, retrieved on 2022-03-16.</ref> * <u>Whether the NDPs disclosed are current:</u> In ''Zhao v. Canada'' the court held that "as a matter of procedural fairness, the [Board] had a duty to disclose the most recent NDP and to give the Applicants an opportunity to respond and make submissions on this matter."<ref>''Zhao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1593 (CanLII), par. 31, <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/j48rf#par31</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2020-04-01.</ref> Similarly, in ''Oymali v. Canada'' the court held that "the latest NDP should be considered in assessing risks".<ref>''Oymali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 889.</ref> The obligation to consider the latest NDP extends to matters where a new NDP is released while a claim is under reserve. However, there are some limits to this principle: * <u>It does not apply to documents other than those in an NDP:</u> In ''Tambwe-Lubemba'' the court considered whether a panel of the Board must consider updated country documents received by the Board post-hearing that are not explicitly placed on the file''.'' The applicants in that case submitted that the panel hearing their claim should have considered information received by the Refugee Division's document centre after the hearing, but before the decision had been rendered. What the Court held was that the panel was under no obligation to consider information that the members had not seen and that was not tendered by the claimants.<ref>''Nagulesan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1382 (CanLII), para. 13.</ref> * <u>It does not apply where the new information would make no difference to the decision:</u> In ''Worku v. Canada'', the Federal Court held that the Board was not bound to consider the newest NDP information when there was no indication that the information was a significant departure from the information which was considered by the RPD.<ref>''Worku v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 784.</ref> As such, the Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' is that "The <abbr>RAD</abbr> will disclose to the parties new <abbr>NDP</abbr> documents only when they wish to rely upon them".<ref name=":14" /> The fact that the panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package does not mean that a panel needs to scour through every document in it for any possible statement that could support or hinder the claimant; for a discussion of this, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters]]. === Rule 33(2): The Division may disclose country documentation by providing information as to where a list of those documents can be found on the Board's website === RPD Rule 33(2) provides that "the Division may disclose country documentation by providing to the parties a list of those documents or providing information as to where a list of those documents can be found on the Board’s website." Certain documents are listed in the lists of documents on the Board website, but the documents themselves are only available via email, in particular samples of identity documents appended to Responses to Information Requests generated by the Board's research directorate. The court has held that the fact that such samples are not reproduced in the NDP published online on the IRB’s website does not breach procedural fairness. In ''Zerihaymanot v. Canada'', the court noted that "this sample document was attached to a Response to Information Request in the NDP, with a note that to obtain a copy of the attachment, one must email a request. Rule 33(2) specifies that disclosure of country documentation may include being provided with the document by the Division or being informed where the information could be found."<ref>''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.</ref> Further, in that case, during the RPD hearing, counsel was directed to the sample birth certificate and it was clear from counsel’s questions and submissions that counsel had the document. The court noted that there does not appear to be any requirement that the NDP be publicly posted on the internet, and that in the 1990s when this was not done, the Federal Court of Appeal had concluded that the fact that documents were available in IRB documentation centres was sufficient to be fair: ''Mancia v Canada''.<ref>''Mancia v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [1998] 3 FC 461 at paras 22, 26.</ref> == RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing == <pre>Disclosure of documents by party 34 (1) If a party wants to use a document in a hearing, the party must provide a copy of the document to the other party, if any, and to the Division. Proof that document was provided (2) The copy of the document provided to the Division must be accompanied by a written statement indicating how and when a copy of that document was provided to the other party, if any. Time limit (3) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients no later than (a) 10 days before the date fixed for the hearing; or (b) five days before the date fixed for the hearing if the document is provided to respond to another document provided by a party or the Division.</pre> === What documents does a party need to provide when? === Rule 34(1) concerns documents that a party "wants" to use in a hearing. The rule provides that such documents must be received by their recipients no later than 10 days before the date fixed for the hearing (except, per Rule 34(3)(b) where they are provided in response to documents provided by other party, in which case the deadline is five days prior to the hearing). This discretionary rule allows, but does not require, a claimant to submit documents. It can be contrasted with Rule 7(3) which obliges claimants to provide certain types of documents. Specifically, Rule 7(3) provides that a claimant "must" attach all "relevant documents in their possession" to their Basis of Claim form, including identity and travel documents (whether genuine or not). The only exception to this is for documents that were seized by an officer or provided to the Division by an officer. In short, the disclosure deadlines established by the RPD rules appear to be the following: {| class="wikitable" !Stage in Claim !Document Type !Disclosure Obligation !Deadline !Rule |- |When BOC Form Provided |All relevant documents in the claimant's possession |Mandatory Disclosure |Must be attached to BOC Form |Rule 7(3) |- |After BOC Form Provided |Claimant's identity or travel documents |Mandatory Disclosure |Must be provided "without delay" after the claimant obtains |Rule 7(4) |- |After BOC Form Provided |Any other documents "a party wants to use" |Discretionary/optional |10 days before the hearing (or 5, if in response) |Rule 34 |} As such, the rules appear to establish a regime in which a claimant is obliged to provide all relevant documents that are in their possession at the time that they provide their BOC form. For documents that come into a claimant's possession after that point, other than identity or travel documents, the claimant has discretion about whether or not to submit them and need only do so if they want to use them in the proceeding. A qualification to this principle is that: * claimants are obliged to submit identity and travel documents (whether genuine or not) that come into their possession at any point (Rule 7(4) - [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#A claimant is obliged to provide any relevant documents in their possession without delay, whether genuine or not]]); * while the Minister has no obligation to become a party to a proceeding ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Intervention by the Minister#The Minister is permitted to intervene in proceedings, but is not required to do so]]), once it does so its disclosure must be "complete" and cannot be selective. A failure to do so is a violation of natural justice. In the words of the Federal Court, "At a bare minimum, if the Minister chooses to disclose evidence, that disclosure must be complete."<ref>''B135 v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 871 at para. 26.</ref> Where complete disclosure has not been provided by the Minister, procedural fairness may oblige the RPD to require the Minister to make inquiries of relevant Canadian law enforcement agencies to obtain documents, for example.<ref>''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 48, <https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par48>, retrieved on 2022-08-09.</ref> * claimants have an obligation to take reasonable steps to provide acceptable documents establishing their identity and other elements of the claim ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#A claimant has an obligation to make reasonable efforts to establish their identity and to corroborate their claim]]); and * the Board can compel testimony and the production of evidence should it choose to do so ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#The Division may instruct the claimant to provide specific documents]]). The above timelines for providing documents are reiterated in the Basis of Claim form that all claimants receive: "If you get more identity or travel documents that support your claim after you have provided your BOC Form, give two copies to the IRB without delay. If you get more documents, other than identity or travel documents, that support your claim after you have provided your BOC Form, give one copy to the IRB and a copy to the Minister, if the Minister is a party, at least 10 days before your hearing." The BOC Form also states on its cover page: "you are responsible for obtaining and providing to the IRB any documents that may support your claim." The above documentary disclosure obligations specified in the Rules are also distinct from the separate matter of the Division's ability to draw an adverse inference as to credibility in circumstances in which documents are not provided. Even if it is not mandatory for the claimant to have submitted a particular document above as per the Rules, where a claimant does not do so, the Division may conclude that a claimant's failure to provide a document is indicative of a fear to provide the evidence to the Board, allowing the Board to draw an adverse inference about the credibility of the fact that the document would have otherwise served to establish or corroborate. Of course, this type of adverse inference may only be drawn where the claimant is given a reasonable opportunity to adduce the evidence once the Division identifies its concern, or where the evidence was otherwise mandatory for the claimant to produce, and furthermore the Federal Court has held that "a panel cannot draw a negative inference from the mere fact that a party failed to produce any extrinsic documents corroborating his or her allegations, except when the applicant’s credibility is at issue".<ref>''Ahortor v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'' (1993), 65 F.T.R. 137 (FCT).</ref> See the discussion of Rule 11 for more detail: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Rule 11 - Documents Establishing Identity and Other Elements of the Claim]]. === The Board must consider its discretion to provide relief where a claimant submits a document later than the time limit in Rule 34(3) === The time limit in Rule 34(3) for providing documents must be read in conjunction with section 170 of the IRPA, and specifically the following subsections of that provision:<pre>Subsections 170 (e), (g) and (h) of the IRPA however indicate that in any proceeding before the RPD it: (e) must give the person . . . a reasonable opportunity to present evidence . . .; (g) is not bound by any legal or technical rules of evidence; (h) may receive and base a decision on evidence that is adduced in the proceedings and considered credible or trustworthy in the circumstances.</pre>In ''Trboljevac v. Canada'', the court commented that "While the Panel Member was aware of the ten-day time period in Rule 34(3) for disclosing documents, the failure of the Member to acknowledge or apparently be aware of the ''IRPA'' provisions allowing them to nonetheless accept the documents had the effect of preventing the Applicant from substantiating his claim. ... the Panel Member should have addressed why they declined to exercise the discretion provided to them in section 170 of the ''IRPA''. Failure to exercise that discretion was a breach of natural justice in this matter."<ref>''Trboljevac v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 26 (CanLII), para. 52.</ref> The Board's discretion to admit late-filed documents is guided by Rule 36, below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents]]. === Does the 10 day deadline for submitting documents reset when a hearing has multiple sittings? === A question can arise about the interpretation of the phrase "days before the date fixed for the hearing" in Rule 34. As per Rule 34(3), documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients no later than 10 days before the date fixed for the hearing. If a resumption of a hearing is scheduled more than 10 days after the first sitting of the hearing, does this mean that any documents submitted 10 or more days prior to the next sitting are, in the words of RPD Rule 34(3), being submitted at least "10 days before the date fixed for the hearing"? To the mind of this author, this question has not been definitively resolved in the published jurisprudence. This this is likely because panels are permissive about accepting documents submitted prior to a resumption given their obligation to give any person before them a reasonable opportunity to present evidence (s. 170(e) of the Act). == RPD Rule 35 - Documents relevant and not duplicate == <pre>Documents relevant and not duplicate 35 Each document provided by a party for use at a proceeding must (a) be relevant to the particular proceeding; and (b) not duplicate other documents provided by a party or by the Division.</pre> === The use of the National Documentation Package does not preclude the disclosure of additional Country of origin information === The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that:<blockquote>Relevant <abbr>NDP</abbr>(s) are disclosed to the parties in every refugee claim before the <abbr>RPD</abbr> as the standard source of <abbr>COI</abbr> evidence in refugee determination. As per <abbr>RPD</abbr> Rule 33(2), the <abbr>RPD</abbr> provides the parties with information as to where the <abbr>NDP</abbr> can be found on the Board's website, and it is the parties' responsibility to check the <abbr>IRB</abbr> website for the newest version of the relevant <abbr>NDP</abbr>(s) prior to their hearing. ... The use of <abbr>NDPs</abbr> does not preclude the disclosure of additional <abbr>COI</abbr> not contained in an <abbr>NDP</abbr> by the Division or a party to a proceeding. Such information must be disclosed on a case-by-case basis, subject to the legal and procedural requirements of each Division.</blockquote> === Practice notice on voluminous country conditions evidence === The Board’s ''Notice to parties and counsel appearing before the Refugee Protection Division – voluminous country conditions evidence'' specifies procedures regarding voluminous disclosure of country conditions evidence filed at the Refugee Protection Division. As per the practice notice, parties must make a formal application to submit country conditions evidence that exceeds 100 pages per country of reference.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Notice to parties and counsel appearing before the Refugee Protection Division – voluminous country conditions evidence,'' Date modified: 2018-06''-''26 ''<''https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/voluminous-country-conditions-evidence-preuve-volumineuse-relative-aux-conditions-dans-le-pays.aspx''>.''</ref> Disclosure of country conditions evidence over the specified page limit must be accompanied by an application made in accordance with RPD Rule 50. That said, during the Covid-19 pandemic, this practice notice has been suspended, so it is no longer in effect.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings,'' July 10​, 2020, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx#toc34> (Accessed August 14, 2020).</ref> ==== How does one know whether documents are country conditions evidence or not? ==== As the practice notice states, evidence presented before the RPD generally falls into two broad categories: documents personal to the parties (e.g. identity documents, police reports, etc.) and evidence regarding country conditions (e.g. human rights reports, research on the situation in the country, etc.). This Practice Notice applies only to country conditions evidence. Documents which speak to the claimant's personal risk and are specific to their claim, for example those that are by or about the claimant themselves, will be considered personal. In contrast, country conditions documents are evidence relating to human rights conditions in a claimant's country. The question in each case is whether the primary purpose of a particular document is to substantiate the claimant's personal profile or to speak to human rights or other facts and conditions regarding a claimant's country. The guidebook ''Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants'' from refugeelcaim.ca provides examples of each type of document. With regards to personal documents, they list: <blockquote> * Are there photographs, letters, videos, emails, or other documents that show the problems you had? Get them! * Did you go to the police or another government agency for help? Get a copy of the police report or other proof of your visit. * Did you get medical help? Get your hospital or doctor’s records. * Are there news articles about people who are connected to your case? Get them! * Are there people who witnessed what happened to you? Ask them to write what happened and send it to you. If possible, ask this person to swear (declare) their statement is true in front of a lawyer or notary. * Are there people who have experienced problems that are similar to yours? Ask them to describe their experiences in writing. If possible, ask this person to swear their statement is true in front of a lawyer or notary. * Is your claim based on your religious identity or membership in a political party or other group? Get documents that show your membership. * Has your mental health suffered because of what happened to you? Get a report from a doctor or psychologist in Canada which documents your health problems. * You will also need identity documents to prove your citizenship.<ref name=":3" /> </blockquote> With regards to country conditions documents, they list: <blockquote> * This type of evidence includes reports from well-respected sources that document human rights abuses, political events, and other news that relate to your claim. * Recent reports from human rights organizations (e.g. Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch), United Nations reports, U.S. State Department Country Reports, news articles, or videos showing human rights abuses in your country. * Articles and reports from newspapers and human rights organizations in your country. </blockquote>Similarly, documents about an organization that the claimant may have been involved with (even in Canada) will fit into this category of evidence that relates to human rights conditions in a claimant's country, so long as they do not mention the claimant by name or otherwise depict or refer to the claimant. Thus, for example, where the Minister seeks to intervene to argue that a claimant is excluded pursuant to Article 1F(a) of the Convention, if the Minister wishes to provide more than 100 pages to demonstrate that an organization in question committed crimes during a specific historical period, pursuant to this practice notice, they must bring an application for permission to file voluminous disclosure. Additional discussion of the difference between these two types of documents is found in the IRB ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings'' which distinguishes between country-of-origin research—which is generally-available information and does not include “information gathered by the IRB that is specific to a particular claimant”—and claimant-specific research.<ref>''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx>.</ref> Furthermore, the Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' provides the following definition of Country of origin information (COI): "Information about the situation in a country that is relevant to the refugee determination process and obtained from publicly available sources that are viewed as, whenever possible, reliable and objective."<ref name=":14" /> ==== What is the Board's jurisdiction to limit voluminous country conditions disclosure? ==== As is clear from Rule 35, the only conditions imposed by the Rules on which documents may be admitted are that they must be relevant to the proceeding and not duplicate any other documents provided by the claimant or the Division. The RPD Rules themselves contain no restriction on the volume of documents that may be disclosed, and they make no distinctions between different types of documents. The authority cited in the practice notice is that the Chairperson of the IRB has the authority to take any action that may be necessary to ensure that members of the Board are able to carry out their duties efficiently and without undue delay as per paragraph 159(1)(g) of the Act. In addition, Rule 69 of the RPD Rules specifies that in the absence of a provision in the Rules dealing with a matter raised during the proceedings, the Division may do whatever is necessary to deal with the matter. The sufficiency of this legislative provision and Rule as authority for what appears to be an amendment to the Rules via practice notice (that was not authorized by the Governor in Council, as required), does not appear to have received judicial consideration. See [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/About]] for details about how the RPD rules were authorized by the Governor General in Council. However, the Federal Court of Appeal’s reasoning in ''Thamotharem v. Canada'' would appear to provide some support for the Board’s action.<ref>''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FCA 198 (CanLII), [2008] 1 FCR 385.</ref> As stated in the IRB ''Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides'' notes, "that the subject of a guideline could have been enacted as a rule of procedure issued under paragraph 161(1)(a) of the IRPA will not normally invalidate it."<ref name=":03">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides,'' July 7​, 2022, <https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/pages/PolJurisGuide.aspx> (Accessed July, 2022).</ref> For further discussion thereon, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Duties of Chairperson#The Chairperson's guideline‑issuing and rule‑making powers overlap]]. === The Board has jurisdiction to refuse to admit documents for reasons that are broader than the Rule 35 criteria === Rule 35 provides two criteria for all documents provided by a party for use at a proceeding: they must be relevant and not duplicative. Does the fact that the Rules only enumerate these two criteria here mean that, by implication, the Board may not refuse to admit documents for other reasons beyond those enumerated in Rule 35? No. The Board retains a broader discretion to control its process, including the documents that it admits in its proceedings. There are numerous examples of this, including: * ''Excluding evidence where doing so is required by the Constitution:'' For example, the Division has the power to exclude evidence pursuant to s. 24(2) of the ''Charter'' where the evidence was collected in violation of ''Charter'' rights, an issue which usually arises regarding port of entry interview notes in situation where the right to counsel was violated; see, as an example, ''Huang v. Canada''.<ref>''Huang v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2002 FCT 149 (CanLII), [2002] 3 FC 266, par. 23, <http://canlii.ca/t/lgk#par23>, retrieved on 2020-02-06.</ref> * ''Excluding evidence where doing so is required by law:'' The Board states in its Legal Services paper on Weighing Evidence that "in some cases it is not appropriate to admit evidence and give it little or no weight, instead the panel should refuse to admit the evidence at all. This may arise, for example, where the evidence is ... protected by privilege or statutory protection of its confidentiality".<ref name=":10">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Weighing Evidence - Chapter 3: Assessing Evidence'', Last Updated December 31, 2003, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Pages/EvidPreu03.aspx> (Accessed February 6, 2020).</ref> This would apply, for example, where the use of the evidence is prohibited by the ''Privacy Act.'' The Board frequently considers this issue when determining whether to admit decisions from other panels into evidence where they are provided by the parties, see, for example [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public#Should a panel admit copies of decisions from other claims?]]. * ''Excluding evidence as a discretionary decision made by the tribunal:'' The Board states in its Legal Services paper on Weighing Evidence that "in some cases it is not appropriate to admit evidence and give it little or no weight, instead the panel should refuse to admit the evidence at all. This may arise, for example, where the evidence is not relevant to the issues in the case; or where the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighs its probative value; ... or where the evidence is unduly repetitive."<ref name=":10" /> == RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents == <pre>Use of undisclosed documents 36 A party who does not provide a document in accordance with rule 34 must not use the document at the hearing unless allowed to do so by the Division. In deciding whether to allow its use, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including (a) the document’s relevance and probative value; (b) any new evidence the document brings to the hearing; and (c) whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule 34.</pre> === The Board must weigh the relevant factors === The court has provided guidance on how the RPD should approach the task of weighing the factors listed in Rule 36, noting that considering such factors does not mean merely listing them, but involves actively weighing them to determine whether the documents in question should be admitted.<ref>''Mbirimujo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 553, at para. 23.</ref> Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the RPD had a practice notice in effect entitled ''Notice to parties and counsel appearing before the Refugee Protection Division – late disclosure''.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Notice to parties and counsel appearing before the Refugee Protection Division – late disclosure,'' May 7, 2018 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/late-disclosure-communication-tardive.aspx></ref> Nothing in this practice notice relieved the Board of the obligation to exercise its discretion under Rule 36:<blockquote>Rule 36 of the RPD Rules clearly gives the RPD discretion to accept an undisclosed document at the hearing. This discretion exists even if a party’s request does not comply with the ''Notice to parties and counsel appearing before the Refugee Protection Division - late disclosure'' published by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, although this defect may be a relevant factor in determining the request. When a refugee protection claimant asks the RPD to exercise this discretion, the principles of procedural fairness require that he or she be given the opportunity to make submissions on the matter. The RPD did not give Ms. Alvarez Rivera such an opportunity, which constitutes a breach of procedural fairness.<ref>''Alvarez Rivera c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2021 CF 99 (CanLII), par. 24, <https://canlii.ca/t/jczlf#par24>, consulté le 2021-02-22.</ref></blockquote>Furthermore, the list of relevant factors under Rule 36 requires that all of the factors should be considered, not just some of them.<ref>''Alvarez Rivera v. Canada,'' 2021 FC 99, para. 31.</ref> === Past consideration of the Rule 36 factors === Past decisions of the Board have considered the above factors thusly: *'''(a) the document’s relevance and probative value''' **<u>Is the source of the document reliable?</u> For country conditions evidence, probative value can be assessed in part by considering the source of the document. For example, in ''Hasan v. Canada'' the Board refused to admit a series of documents concerning country conditions relevant to the claim: "Within the Disclosure Package are a number of reports from various organizations attesting to the ill-treatment of Palestinian males, the severe measures taken against Palestinians, and the unlawful killings and other abuses directed against Palestinians by Israeli forces." The court held that it could be considered that "These reports come from such traditionally accepted (for purposes of evidence) sources as Amnesty International. In addition, several reports emanated from Israeli sources such as the Israeli Information Centre for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories."<ref>''Hasan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1537 (CanLII), para. 9-10.</ref> **<u>How central are these documents to the core elements of the claim?</u> The RAD has held that, as part of this probative value assessment, there should be an analysis as to the centrality of the documents to the core elements of the claim.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 140842 (CA IRB), par. 18, <http://canlii.ca/t/j8rc1#par18>, retrieved on 2020-12-18.</ref> *'''(b) any new evidence the document brings to the proceedings''' *'''(c) whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule 34''' **<u>Is the claimant educated?</u> In ''Mercado v. Canada'' the court affirmed that it is proper to consider a claimant's level of education when making this decision, stating with approval that "The panel clearly took into consideration the fact that the applicant was educated."<ref name=":11">''Mercado v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 311, 2010 FC 289 (F.C.), para. 38.</ref> **<u>Has the claimant been self-represented?</u> The Board's Chairperson Guidelines 7 provide that "Generally speaking, the RPD will make allowances for self-represented claimants who are unfamiliar with the RPD's processes and rules."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division'', Amended December 15, 2012 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir07.aspx#FailureA4> (Accessed January 26, 2020), section 1.3.</ref> That said, it may be considered that the Claimant's Kit that all claimants receive, and the instructions on the BOC form, emphasize the document disclosure deadlines (see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#The deadline for providing documents to the Board depends on the nature of the document]]). **<u>Is the party's counsel experienced?</u> In ''Mercado v. Canada'' the court affirmed that it is proper to consider the fact that a claimant was represented by experienced counsel when making this decision. The court stated: "Contrary to the applicant’s argument, the RPD did not impose a heavier burden on him simply because he was represented by this counsel. That was simply a part of the facts relevant to assessing the reasonable efforts that could objectively be expected on the part of a person in the applicant’s position."<ref name=":11" /> **<u>How much time has the party had to try to obtain the document?</u> In ''Mercado v. Canada'' the court affirmed that it is proper to consider how much time a claimant has had to access the document in question, writing "the RPD also considered that the applicant had more than two years to obtain this documentation and that it should have been easy to access".<ref name=":12">''Mercado v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 311, 2010 FC 289 (F.C.), para. 40.</ref> **<u>Were the documents available to the party earlier?</u> Lorne Waldman writes in his text that a panel of the Board should consider the explanation provided for the late disclosure: "If the documents were available and could have been disclosed earlier than this will weigh against acceptance of the documents."<ref name=":13">Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration & Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], <<nowiki>https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478</nowiki>> (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 1724 of the PDF.</ref> For example, in ''Mercado v. Canada'' the court commented with approval that the RPD "considered that the applicant had more than two years to obtain this documentation and that it should have been easy to access because the principal applicant seemed to indicate that the tax return was in his father’s possession in Venezuela."<ref name=":12" /> **<u>Was a party's ability to produce this document affected by the Covid-19 pandemic?</u> The RPD should consider the principle set out in the ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' that it will apply the rules flexibly in light of Covid-19.<ref name=":15" /> Furthermore, the Board is to consider any other relevant factors, which have included: *<u>When were the documents actually disclosed?</u> As stated in the Board's public commentary on the previous version of these rules under the heading ''Other factors the Division may consider where disclosure is late'', "The Division may also consider other relevant factors such as ... when the documents were actually disclosed. Thus the parties should make every effort to disclose their documents as soon as possible."<ref name=":8" /> For example, in one decision on this matter RAD Member Angus Grant noted that it was relevant that the documents had been submitted "a full five days prior to the hearing".<ref>''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 140842 (CA IRB), par. 18, <http://canlii.ca/t/j8rc1#par18>, retrieved on 2020-12-17.</ref> *<u>Was the Board aware at an earlier date that a mistake was made in providing the document, and what actions did the Board take?</u> The Federal Court noted in ''Balasundaram v. Canada'' that "Reasonableness underlying fairness is also based on expectations. Norms of conduct develop and persons come to rely upon them. One of those norms that normally applies is that obvious slips and omissions will not be automatically fatal and may be corrected. For example, the failure to include an attachment to an email raises the expectation that the addressee will advise the sender of his or her error."<ref>''Balasundaram v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 38 (CanLII), par. 30, <https://canlii.ca/t/gg2lx#par30>, retrieved on 2021-03-31.</ref> *<u>Will admitting the documents result in delay to the proceedings?</u> Lorne Waldman writes in his text that a panel properly considers "whether or not the admission of the late disclosure will result in a lengthy delay in the proceedings."<ref name=":13" /> Where it would, this would point against admission of the late document. Where it would not, this would support admitting the document. *<u>Would admitting the evidence cause prejudice to the other party in the proceedings?</u> The court considered this factor in ''Hasan v. Canada'' when it concluded that the Board was wrong to refuse late evidence in a case where the Minister was not participating.<ref>''Hasan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1537 (CanLII), para. 12.</ref> Lorne Waldman writes in his text that "In light of the wording of these Rules and given the importance of the procedure to the individual involved, it is certainly arguable that relevant documents should be excluded only if their admission would be highly prejudicial to one of the parties and if this prejudice could not be rectified by a short adjournment."<ref>Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration & Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], <<nowiki>https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478</nowiki>> (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 1720 of the PDF.</ref> *<u>Are there any relevant personal circumstances of the claimant?</u> As stated in the Board's public commentary on the previous version of these rules under the heading ''Other factors the Division may consider where disclosure is late'', "The Division may also consider other relevant factors such as the personal circumstances of the claimant".<ref name=":8" /> For example, one may consider the statement in the Board's SOGIE guidelines that "A reasonable delay may also arise out of an individual's reluctance to reveal their <abbr>SOGIE</abbr> to a spouse or other family member, or in their realizing or accepting their <abbr>SOGIE</abbr>."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson's Guideline 9: Proceedings Before the IRB Involving Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression,'' <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir09.aspx>, at section 8.5.11.</ref> === Rule concerns use of undisclosed documents at a hearing, as opposed to other types of proceedings === Rule 36 provides that a party who does not provide a document in accordance with Rule 34 (which specifies the process and timeline for disclosure of documents by a party) must not use the document at the hearing unless allowed to do so by the Division as per the process specified above. In interpreting this rule, the definitions section in Rule 1 provides a definition of a "proceeding" which is apposite. It defines a proceeding as including "a conference, an application or a hearing". As such, the fact that such documents cannot be used at a "hearing" appears to imply that they may be used in other types of proceedings, subject to other relevant rules. One such rule is Rule 43 concerning additional documents provided after a hearing. If the hearing has occurred, then any documents provided afterwards must meet the requirements of that rule. The fact that this rule does not limit a party's ability to use documents in, say, a pre-hearing application or conference stems from the wording of Rule 34, which establishes the deadline for providing such documents as being "10 days before the date fixed for the hearing". Instead, if a late-filed document being relied upon in a pre-hearing conference or application were to cause prejudice to another party, then general principles of procedural fairness would guide the Board's actions. === The Division may impose conditions on the use of late documents === As stated in the Board's public commentary on the previous version of these rules, "Where the Division allows the use of a document provided outside the time limit in the rules, it may impose conditions on its use that it considers appropriate. For example, the Division may decide that only certain relevant portions of a long document will be referred to."<ref name=":8">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Commentaries to the Refugee Protection Division Rules'', Date Modified: 2009-05-22 <https://web.archive.org/web/20100704062357/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/eng/brdcom/references/aclo/pages/rpdcomment.aspx> (Accessed January 28, 2020).</ref> === If the panel admits late documents pursuant to Rule 36, it should not then assign those documents low weight for the sole reason that they are late === In ''Pineda v. Canada'', the Division had accepted documents that were submitted late. However, in its reasons, the tribunal concluded that it would afford the documents little weight because of the late disclosure. The court concluded that this was in error: "having exercised its discretion to allow the filing of this evidence pursuant to Rule 30 outside of the delay provided for in Rule 29, it appears somewhat counterintuitive considering the criteria to be used in the exercise of such discretion to then assign very little weight to this evidence on the basis that it was filed late and without considering the explanation provided by the applicant as to why it was so."<ref>''Pineda v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 538, 2010 FC 454 (F.C.), para. 35.</ref> === The Rule 36 factors need not be considered where a document is otherwise inadmissible, for example where it has not been translated === The requirement that the tribunal consider whether to accept a late document does not apply where the issue is not the lateness of the document but rather the lack of a proper translation. In ''Soares v. Canada'' the court held that this rule need not be considered in a case where the issue is not that a document had been disclosed late, but rather that it has been disclosed without translation.<ref>''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2007] F.C.J. No. 254, 2007 FC 190 (F.C.).</ref> In short, the fact that a party is attempting to provide untranslated analysis late does not change the fact that both this rule and Rule 32 properly apply in such circumstances: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Where evidence has not been translated in accordance with the rules, the Board may decline to accept it or may assign it low weight]]. == RPD Rule 37 - Rules apply to any document == <pre>Providing a Document General provision 37 Rules 38 to 41 apply to any document, including a notice or request in writing.</pre> == RPD Rule 38 - How to provide documents to the Division, the Minister, and any other person == <pre>Providing documents to Division 38 (1) A document to be provided to the Division must be provided to the registry office specified by the Division. Providing documents to Minister (2) A document to be provided to the Minister must be provided to the Minister’s counsel. Providing documents to person other than Minister (3) A document to be provided to a person other than the Minister must be provided to the person’s counsel if the person has counsel of record. If the person does not have counsel of record, the document must be provided to the person.</pre> == RPD Rule 39 - Ways that a document may be provided == <pre>How to provide document 39 Unless these Rules provide otherwise, a document may be provided in any of the following ways: (a) by hand; (b) by regular mail or registered mail; (c) by courier; (d) by fax if the recipient has a fax number and the document is no more than 20 pages long, unless the recipient consents to receiving more than 20 pages; and (e) by email or other electronic means if the Division allows.</pre> === This limit has been increased to 50 pages by practice notice === As per the ''Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' from the RPD dated June 24, 2020, the 20 page limit for faxes has been increased to 50 pages.<ref name=":15">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings,'' June 24, 2020, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx> (Accessed June 24, 2020).</ref> === Unless consent to receive more than 20 pages by fax is received prior to sending the document, the document will not be considered to have been received === As stated in the Board's public commentary on the previous version of these rules, "The maximum number of pages that may be faxed to the Division or to another party is 20 pages, including a cover sheet. The recipient's consent must be obtained ''before'' faxing a document or package of documents longer than 20 pages; otherwise, the documents will not be considered to have been received."<ref name=":8" /> This statement would apply, ''mutatis mutandis'', to the new limit of 50 pages. == RPD Rule 40 - Application if unable to provide document == <pre>Application if unable to provide document 40 (1) If a party is unable to provide a document in a way required by rule 39, the party may make an application to the Division to be allowed to provide the document in another way or to be excused from providing the document. Form of application (2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 50. Allowing application (3) The Division must not allow the application unless the party has made reasonable efforts to provide the document to the person to whom the document must be provided.</pre> === Rule 40(3): The party must have made reasonable efforts to provide the document to the person to whom the document must be provided === This is an issue that arises with applications to vacate and cease refugee protection where the protected person cannot be located: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#Rule 64(3): The Minister must provide a copy of the application to the protected person]]. Such applications may proceed in the absence of the person concerned unless doing so would amount to a breach of the tribunal's duty of fairness. The Division must not allow an application to proceed without having provided notice to the person concerned unless the Minister can show, to the Division's satisfaction, that reasonable efforts have been made to provide the document as required, as stated in Rule 40(3). In determining applications under rule 40, the RPD has considered such factors as: * the Minister’s efforts to search internet databases, * the Minister's searches in the Canadian Police Information Centre database, * the Minister's personal attendance at the last known address, * the Minister's attempts to reach the protected person at the last known telephone number, and * the relative quality of the Minister’s evidence on the merits of the application to cease.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Legal Resources - Chapter 12 - Applications to Cease Refugee Protection'', <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Pages/RefDef12.aspx#n1242> (Accessed December 6, 2020), at s. 12.4.2.</ref> == RPD Rule 41 - When documents are considered received == <pre>When document received by Division 41 (1) A document provided to the Division is considered to be received by the Division on the day on which the document is date-stamped by the Division. When document received by recipient other than Division (2) A document provided by regular mail other than to the Division is considered to be received seven days after the day on which it was mailed. If the seventh day is not a working day, the document is considered to be received on the next working day. Extension of time limit — next working day (3) When the time limit for providing a document ends on a day that is not a working day, the time limit is extended to the next working day.</pre> === The fact that a document is "considered to be received" on a particular day creates a rebuttable presumption of fact === Rule 41(2) states that "a document provided by regular mail...is considered to be received seven days after the day on which it was mailed." The fact that a document is "considered to be received" on that date means that it can be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the document was received on the date in question. However, this is a rebuttable presumption of fact. Where, for example, the mail is returned as undeliverable, the presumption would not hold. Similarly, if information came to the attention of the sender that the document in question in reality was received on a later day, for example because the recipient was outside of the country for an extended period, then it would not be proper to simply "consider" the document as having been received after the seven-day period. This interpretation is supported by the Board's public commentary on the previous version of the rules which held that the fact that a document is "considered to be received" in this way "does not relieve a party of ensuring that [it was actually received]": "If a document is sent by regular mail, [this subsection] of the Rules states that the document is considered to be received seven days after the day it was mailed. If the seventh day is not a working day, the document is considered received on the next working day. However, mailing the document does not relieve a party of ensuring that the Division actually receives the document within the specified time limit."<ref name=":8" /> Similarly, while it will be presumed that a notice of hearing mailed to a claimant (or their counsel) provides adequate notice of a hearing, where the evidence establishes that the notice was not in fact received, then any abandonment determination could be set aside, subject to a broader examination of the principles relevant to abandonment proceedings including whether the claimant was diligent in keeping the Board up-to-date with their contact information.<ref>''Anwar v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2003] FCJ No 622 (FC), as cited in Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 307.</ref> === Documents sent to another Division of the Board will not automatically be placed on the RPD file === Persons with matters before the RPD may also have matters before another Division of the Board, including the Immigration Division, or the Refugee Appeal Division (as when a matter is appealed and then remitted for reconsideration by the RAD). Documents submitted to those other Divisions will not automatically be placed on the record at the RPD and it is generally up to a party to submit such documents to the RPD if they want the RPD to consider them. == RPD Rule 42 - Original documents == <pre>Original Documents Original documents 42 (1) A party who has provided a copy of a document to the Division must provide the original document to the Division (a) without delay, on the written request of the Division; or (b) if the Division does not make a request, no later than at the beginning of the proceeding at which the document will be used. Documents referred to in paragraph 3(5)(e) or (g) (2) On the written request of the Division, the Minister must without delay provide to the Division the original of any document referred to in paragraph 3(5)(e) or (g) that is in the possession of an officer.</pre> === One of the purposes of original documents being made available to the Division is to allow for the verification of those original documents === Rule 42 provides that a party who has provided a copy of a document to the Division must also provide the original document to the Division. One of the purposes of this relates to the integrity of the process and the ability of the Division to assess the authenticity of the original document. For example, the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings'' state that where, after consulting with the responsible member manager, the assigned member forms the opinion that forensic verification is necessary, they may direct the RPD adjudicative support team to send the document to the RCMP Forensic Laboratory Services for verification.<ref>''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx> (Accessed November 28, 2021).</ref> The average turn around time for forensic examination is 120 days. Hence, the assigned member must consider whether forensic verification will unreasonably delay the proceedings beyond the parameters set by legislation. === The Board has suspended the application of Rule 42(1)(b) during the Covid-19 pandemic === In its ''Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', which applies during the Covid-19 period, the Board has states that "until further notice, the RPD waives the requirement in RPD Rule 42(1)(b) to provide the original documents at the beginning of the hearing, unless directed in advance by the presiding member."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', June 23, 2020, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx#toc25> (Accessed August 1, 2020).</ref> This practice notice states that "original documents must still be retained and provided to the Division upon request." == RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing == <pre>Additional Documents Documents after hearing 43 (1) A party who wants to provide a document as evidence after a hearing but before a decision takes effect must make an application to the Division. Application (2) The party must attach a copy of the document to the application that must be made in accordance with rule 50, but the party is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration. Factors (3) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including (a) the document’s relevance and probative value; (b) any new evidence the document brings to the proceedings; and (c) whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule 34.</pre> === History === The present RPD Rule 43 is similar, but not identical, to the previous Rule 37 in the older, 2002, version of the rules:<ref>''Cox v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2012 FC 1220 (CanLII), at para 23, <https://canlii.ca/t/ftgjl#par23>, retrieved on 2022-07-07.</ref><pre>Additional documents after the hearing has ended 37. (1) A party who wants to provide a document as evidence after a hearing must make an application to the Division. Written application (2) The party must attach a copy of the document to the application. The application must be made under rule 44, but the party is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration. Factors (3) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including: (a) the document’s relevance and probative value; (b) any new evidence it brings to the proceedings; and (c) whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule 29.</pre> === Rule 43 applies to evidence, not submissions, caselaw, or other tribunal decisions === Rule 43 does not apply to submissions made after a hearing. This is because, as stated in <em>Yared Belay v. Canada</em>, this rule sets out a procedure for filing evidence after a hearing, not submissions.<ref name=":0">''Yared Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1387 (CanLII), paras. 41-42 <https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/2016/2016fc1387/2016fc1387.html>.</ref> Furthermore, a party cannot make an application to submit another decision of the Refugee Protection Division, or indeed some other tribunal, or a piece of caselaw pursuant to this rule. As the court commented in ''Petrovic v. Canada:''<blockquote>I do not find that a copy of a tribunal decision constitutes “evidence” under subsection 43(1) of the Rules for the following reasons. First, the RPD is not required to analyze each piece of case law, as it would material evidence. Second, with the presentation of new evidence, the opposing party is generally given the opportunity to make submissions on the admissibility of said evidence, including cross‑examination. It is difficult to imagine how anyone could oppose the admissibility of a piece of case law (decision). Lastly, if Parliament wanted previous RPD decisions to constitute evidence under section 43 of the Rules, I believe it would have explicitly indicated so.<ref name=":5">''Petrovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 637 (CanLII), para. 11.</ref></blockquote>The relevant rule for extending the time to supply non-evidentiary documents is Rule 70 (which see). === The Division has no substantive duty to accept post-hearing evidence or submissions, but it must consider the newly submitted evidence expressly === As held in ''Aguilera v Canada'', the Board "has no duty to accept post-hearing evidence or to allow submissions thereon".<ref>''Aguilera v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 507, 167 ACWS (3d) 967.</ref> It does, however, have a duty to "acknowledge the post-hearing evidence submitted by the Applicants and to explain why it should or should not be considered".<ref>''Mannan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 144 (CanLII), para. 52.</ref> In short, "the Board ha[s] a duty to consider the newly submitted evidence expressly".<ref>''Matingou-Testie v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 389, [2012] FCJ No 401 at para 43.</ref> This duty extends until such time as the decision is rendered.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2015 CanLII 108739 (CA IRB), paras. 13-19.</ref> Where a panel fails to acknowledge and review a claimant's post-hearing evidentiary submissions, it will have violated the principles of natural justice and procedural fairness in the adjudication of the claim. However, this obligation does not entitle a claimant to any particular result other than a fair process in which the relevant rules, such as Rule 43, are considered and the evidence is then either accepted or rejected. This obligation to consider newly submitted evidence expressly applies even where the Rule 43 application may be scant, or missing details. For example, in ''Cox v. Canada'', the court considered a situation in which the Minister argued that: <blockquote>the Board had no duty to consider expressly the application to admit the evidence in its reasons because the application did not comply with all of the requirements of Rule 37. Particularly, the Respondent underlines the want of explanation in the application as to why the evidence could not have been submitted in time for the hearing. </blockquote>The court dismissed this argument, concluding that the Board had a duty to consider the newly submitted evidence expressly notwithstanding the lack of such submissions on one of the factors enumerated in the relevant rule.<ref>''Cox v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2012 FC 1220 (CanLII), at para 24, <https://canlii.ca/t/ftgjl#par24>, retrieved on 2022-07-07.</ref> See also the following commentary: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#New evidence submitted post-hearing should be assessed pursuant to Rule 43 even where the party does not explicitly refer to the rule]]. === New evidence submitted post-hearing should be assessed pursuant to Rule 43 even where the party does not explicitly refer to the rule === In ''Shuaib'', the Court addressed the issue of whether the RPD could reject post-hearing documents on the basis that no formal application for their admission was made in accordance with Rule 43. The Court found that providing the documents, accompanied by an explanation as to why they should be considered, met the requirements of the Rules.<ref>''Mannan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 144 (CanLII), para. 46.</ref> The Court determined that the RPD made a reviewable error in ignoring the post-hearing evidence. Similarly, the RAD has held that the RPD erred in not considering documents where it was "implicit in the correspondence to the RPD that an application was being made to have further evidence considered post-hearing." Member M. Pettinella of the RAD commented on this obligation as follows in one case: <blockquote>The RAD notes that the Minister’s correspondence was received by the Board after the Appellant’s hearing and before a decision was rendered by the RPD. It is implicit in the Minister’s correspondence to the RPD that an application was being made to have further evidence considered post-hearing. The RPD erred when it failed to consider the Minister’s correspondence as an application. The RPD had an obligation to consider the Minister’s application and determine if the evidence was admissible within its rules. RPD rule 43(3) indicates that the RPD must consider any relevant factors, including, the document’s relevance and probative value; any new evidence the document brings to the proceedings; and whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule [43].<ref>''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 107435 (CA IRB), para. 17.</ref> </blockquote> === The Board must consider each of the Rule 43(3) factors === Pursuant to Rule 43(3), in deciding this type of application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including: *(a) the document’s relevance and probative value *(b) any new evidence the document brings to the proceedings *(c) whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document as required by rule 34 As such, the Board is required to consider the relevance, probative value, newness of the documents, as well as whether the party, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document on time, i.e. factors that are the same as those enumerated in Rules 36(a), (b), and (c). The text ''Refugee Law'' states that "the criteria for the receipt of post-hearing evidence are similar to the long-established grounds at common law by which an individual may tender new evidence on appeal."<ref>Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 304.</ref> The court has held that "While the list of factors to be considered in [Rule 36] is not exhaustive, the use of the word “including” rather than the words “such as” before the list of factors indicates the intent that each of the factors included in the sub-rule be considered. A failure to do so gives rise to a breach of procedural fairness."<ref name=":2">''Cox v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2012 FC 1220 (CanLII), para. 27.</ref> As such, in a case where the Board's decision weighed only one factor, the court concluded that it had erred. === Rule 43(3) factors are not exhaustive, and as such, the Board may consider additional factors === The fact that, per Rule 43(3), the Division should consider "any relevant factors" means that it is not limited to the factors above, which are enumerated in the rule, and may consider other factors. In the words of Mr. Justice Near, "the list of factors to be considered in Rule 37(3) is not exhaustive".<ref name=":2" /> === The consideration of the Rule 43(3) factors in past decisions === See the discussion of the identical factors in the commentary for Rule 36 above ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents]]). Additional factors particular to post-hearing documents that have been considered have included: *'''Whether a claimant made an earlier application to provide post-hearing documents that did not include this type of document:''' Where a panel has provided a claimant with leave to submit some specified type of document post-hearing, the claimant should not expect that another, unrelated, type of document will be allowed absent an application on point. In ''Farkas v. Canada'', the court noted that "the post-hearing documents actually submitted do not fit within the type for which the RPD had given leave to file, that is to say 'corroborative police and/or medical documents'. As the post-hearing evidence did not fall within the scope of the RPD’s grant of permission, the RPD would have been justified rejecting it."<ref>''Farkas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 542 (CanLII), para. 13.</ref> *'''Whether the document exists at the time of the application:''' At times, parties will apply for a proceeding to be held in abeyance until some document comes into their possession, for example a court decision from a foreign judicial process that has not yet concluded. This rule does not apply to such requests because this rule only applies where the party has and submits a copy of the document that it wants the Board to consider, per Rule 43(2). Instead, requests for leave to provide documents post-hearing, and to refrain from providing a decision until such documents are provided are not strictly assessed under Rule 43, but should instead be considered based on the Board's plenary jurisdiction. === Requests to submit a document post-hearing that the claimant does not have in its possession are not made pursuant to Rule 43 === At times, parties will apply for a proceeding to be held in abeyance until some document comes into their possession, for example a court decision from a foreign judicial process that has not yet concluded. Rule 43 does not apply to such requests because this rule only applies where the party has and submits a copy of the document that it wants the Board to consider, per Rule 43(2). Instead, requests for leave to provide documents post-hearing, and to refrain from providing a decision until such documents are provided are not strictly assessed under Rule 43, but should instead be considered based on the Board's plenary jurisdiction. The general approach is to decline to hold a proceeding in abeyance pending the outcome of a foreign process, but it should be noted that, when considering the overall scheme of the Act, In cases where the person has been charged with an offence in Canada punishable by ten or more years, and the criminal proceedings are still pending, the officer has the discretion to await the outcome of the trial before making a determination as to an individual's admissibility to file a claim.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27, s 100(2) <http://canlii.ca/t/53z6t#sec100subsec2> retrieved on 2020-04-13.</ref> As such, there is some precedent in the IRPA for putting proceedings into abeyance pending another proceeding's conclusion and documents related thereto becoming available. The court held in ''Gulamsakhi v. Canada'' that the Board should generally have a liberal approach to allowing reasonable requests to submit post-hearing documents given the issues that are usually at stake in refugee claims:<blockquote>In my opinion, in the circumstances of this case, the RPD erred in refusing to grant the Applicant an adjournment or permission to file evidence later. All adjournments require a balancing of the many circumstances of the case. Here, the primary error was that the RPD did not factor into its balancing the consequences of deportation for this Applicant. ... In the present case, particularly given the potentially horrific fate awaiting the Applicant, not only at the hands of her husband but also at the hands of criminal and possibly religious justice authorities, and given little prejudice an adjournment would realistically cause the RPD or Canadian authorities, in my view in the circumstances overall fairness required the RPD to grant the adjournment to enable the Applicant to provide the RPD with the corroborating documents it was requested.<ref>''Gulamsakhi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2015] F.C.J. No. 271, 2015 FC 105 (F.C.), para. 25.</ref></blockquote> === If credibility concerns emerge from documents submitted by a claimant post-hearing, the panel generally need not resume the hearing === The general rule is that the RPD has no obligation to return to a claimant with concerns arising from their own post-hearing submissions. The court has stated that "To do so would be onerous on the RPD. It must be kept in mind that it was up to the Applicants to submit credible and corroborative evidence to support their claim."<ref>''Behary v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 794 (CanLII), para. 31.</ref> This conclusion may differ where the Minister is involved in a proceeding and their post-hearing submissions raise issues as to the credibility of the claimant, or vice versa. == References == <references responsive="" /> tk0wfig1ktcnxajoh26yokpdh6piaf9 0 414140 4095360 3825369 2022-08-22T18:16:59Z Jvbignacio9 871972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|Introduction to Human Geography}} {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0" style="width:100%; border:solid #BBBBBB 5px; background:#EEEEEE" |- | [[File:Saga-gis.png|Saga-gis|thumb|175px|center|Human geographers use geographic information technology such as that pictured above in order to study important trends.]] | style="vertical-align:right" | <div style="margin-left:15px;margin-right:15px"> '''What is human geography?''' Human geography, a subfield of geography, is concerned with the interactions of humans and the environment. It seeks to explain the demographic trends, economic attributes, and political configuration of regions by considering both the physical and the cultural landscape. It is thus distinct from physical geography, which focuses exclusively on natural features. '''About this textbook''' This textbook aims to provide a simple, no-fear introduction to the discipline, presenting its evolution and explaining its major concepts while remaining free of jargon. It is aimed at the general reader and thus does not follow the AP® curriculum of the subject of the same name. The help of educators and students alike is requested. </div> |} {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0" style="border:solid #BBBBBB 1px; background:#EEEEEE" <!-- ### Preface ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:15px"><big>[[/Human Geography as a Discipline|'''Preface''' - Human Geography as a Discipline]]</big> Important figures and theories in the field of human geography; development and evolution of human geography; techniques employed by geographers </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Carl Ritter Litho (cropped).jpg|60px|Carl Ritter, a 19th century German geographer and proponent of the theory of environmental determinism and of the organic theory of the state.]] <!-- ### Chapter 1 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Cartography|'''Chapter 1''' - Methods and Challenges in Mapmaking]]</big> Overview of the history of cartography; how to properly read maps; advantages and disadvantages of competing projections of the Earth; impact of technology</div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Mercator 1569.png|60px|Gerardus Mercator's 1569 world map, whose mathematical principles continue to serve as the basis for the contemporary Mercator projection]] <!-- ### Chapter 2 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Demography|'''Chapter 2''' - Studying Human Populations]]</big> Modern and historical demographic change in human societies; statistical models of development; epidemiology </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Stage5.svg|60px|The demographic transition model, which is used in demography to predict the developmental patterns of countries]] <!-- ### Chapter 3 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Cultural Diffusion|'''Chapter 3''' - How People, Goods, and Ideas Spread]]</big> Introduction to cultural diffusion; mechanisms and types of cultural diffusion; migration and its effects </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Athen BW 2017-10-09 14-22-49.jpg|60px|Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were cultural hearths from which Western civilization derived many of its characteristics]] <!-- ### Chapter 4 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Linguistic Geography|'''Chapter 4''' - The Distribution of the Languages of the Earth]]</big> Evolution of major languages; language families; language as a source of conflict and/or unity; language policy; pidgin and creole languages; impact of geography </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Languages world map,angola.png|60px|A map of the world's language families]] <!-- ### Chapter 5 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Belief Systems|'''Chapter 5''' - Major Belief Systems and Religions]]</big> The geographic distribution of beliefs systems and their adherents; universalizing and ethnic religions; religious conflict </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|60px|Istanbul's Blue Mosque was constructed during the rule of Ahmed I, a 17th-century Ottoman emperor. Mosques such as this one serve as houses of worship for followers of Islam, the world's fastest-growing major religion]] <!-- ### Chapter 6 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Political Geography|'''Chapter 6''' - How Is Our World Organized Spatially?]]</big> The political structure of Earth; types of states; development of nation-states; regionalization and globalization; supranationalism and internationalism in the modern world </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg|60px|1648's Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the Thirty Years' War and resulted in the adoption of a new principle of state sovereignty]] |} {{shelves|Geography}} {{status|0%}} ft46skj1c046fmrbzfokbsrxv27cdvv 4095371 4095360 2022-08-22T21:33:18Z Mbrickn 3181019 Fixed redirect wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|Introduction to Human Geography}} {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0" style="width:100%; border:solid #BBBBBB 5px; background:#EEEEEE" |- | [[File:Saga-gis.png|Saga-gis|thumb|175px|center|Human geographers use geographic information technology such as that pictured above in order to study important trends.]] | style="vertical-align:right" | <div style="margin-left:15px;margin-right:15px"> '''What is human geography?''' Human geography, a subfield of geography, is concerned with the interactions of humans and the environment. It seeks to explain the demographic trends, economic attributes, and political configuration of regions by considering both the physical and the cultural landscape. It is thus distinct from physical geography, which focuses exclusively on natural features. '''About this textbook''' This textbook aims to provide a simple, no-fear introduction to the discipline, presenting its evolution and explaining its major concepts while remaining free of jargon. It is aimed at the general reader and thus does not follow the AP® curriculum of the subject of the same name. The help of educators and students alike is requested. </div> |} {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0" style="border:solid #BBBBBB 1px; background:#EEEEEE" <!-- ### Preface ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:15px"><big>[[/Human Geography as a Discipline|'''Preface''' - Human Geography as a Discipline]]</big> Important figures and theories in the field of human geography; development and evolution of human geography; techniques employed by geographers </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Carl Ritter Litho (cropped).jpg|60px|Carl Ritter, a 19th century German geographer and proponent of the theory of environmental determinism and of the organic theory of the state.]] <!-- ### Chapter 1 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Cartography|'''Chapter 1''' - Methods and Challenges in Mapmaking]]</big> Overview of the history of cartography; how to properly read maps; advantages and disadvantages of competing projections of the Earth; impact of technology</div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Mercator 1569.png|60px|Gerardus Mercator's 1569 world map, whose mathematical principles continue to serve as the basis for the contemporary Mercator projection]] <!-- ### Chapter 2 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Demography|'''Chapter 2''' - Studying Human Populations]]</big> Modern and historical demographic change in human societies; statistical models of development; epidemiology </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Stage5.svg|60px|The demographic transition model, which is used in demography to predict the developmental patterns of countries]] <!-- ### Chapter 3 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Cultural Diffusion|'''Chapter 3''' - How People, Goods, and Ideas Spread]]</big> Introduction to cultural diffusion; mechanisms and types of cultural diffusion; migration and its effects </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Athen BW 2017-10-09 14-22-49.jpg|60px|Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were cultural hearths from which Western civilization derived many of its characteristics]] <!-- ### Chapter 4 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Linguistic Geography|'''Chapter 4''' - The Distribution of the Languages of the Earth]]</big> Evolution of major languages; language families; language as a source of conflict and/or unity; language policy; pidgin and creole languages; impact of geography </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Languages world map actual.png|60px|A map of the world's language families]] <!-- ### Chapter 5 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Belief Systems|'''Chapter 5''' - Major Belief Systems and Religions]]</big> The geographic distribution of beliefs systems and their adherents; universalizing and ethnic religions; religious conflict </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|60px|Istanbul's Blue Mosque was constructed during the rule of Ahmed I, a 17th-century Ottoman emperor. Mosques such as this one serve as houses of worship for followers of Islam, the world's fastest-growing major religion]] <!-- ### Chapter 6 ### --> |- | style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center" | <div style="margin-top:10px">[[File:100 percent.svg]]</div> | style="vertical-align:top" | <div style="margin-right:20px"><big>[[/Political Geography|'''Chapter 6''' - How Is Our World Organized Spatially?]]</big> The political structure of Earth; types of states; development of nation-states; regionalization and globalization; supranationalism and internationalism in the modern world </div> | style="background:#CCCCEE;vertical-align:top" | [[File:Westfaelischer Friede in Muenster (Gerard Terborch 1648).jpg|60px|1648's Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the Thirty Years' War and resulted in the adoption of a new principle of state sovereignty]] |} {{shelves|Geography}} {{status|0%}} 6kkh8hsxhalk846sa3vde1ur6veasto 0 424138 4095413 4095153 2022-08-23T07:08:09Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Minor handheld consoles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright|limit=3}} == Console Chapters == {{info|The labeling of a console as belonging to a certain generation is somewhat arbitrary, as console generations are partly determined by a mix of technology, release year, and social factors. This book uses labels that appear to have general consensus to reduce confusion.}} === First Generation of Video Game Consoles === {{wikipedia|First generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Magnavox Odyssey/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 4, 2020}} [[/Odyssey series|Magnavox Odyssey series]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Coleco Telstar series/]] ** [[w:Coleco Telstar Marksman|Coleco Telstar Marksman]] - Lightgun variation. * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Color TV-Game|Nintendo Color TV-Game]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/TV Tennis Electrotennis|Epoch TV Tennis Electrotennis]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/APF TV Fun series/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/PC-50x Family/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Gameroom Tele-Pong|Entex Gameroom Tele-Pong]] * {{stage short|100%|December 19, 2020}} [[/Pong consoles/]] ==== DIY consoles ==== * {{stage short|50%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Elektor TV Games Computer/]] * {{stage short|50%|October 24, 2021}} [[/Visulex Kit/]] ===== Interton Video Series ===== * {{stage short|50%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2000/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 13, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2400/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2501/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2800/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 3000/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 3001/]] ===== Telejogo Series ===== * {{stage short|50%|December 27, 2021}} [[/Telejogo/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Telejogo II/]] ===== Other home consoles ===== * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Telescore 750/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450/]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Philips Tele-Game series/]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Video Pinball series/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Sportronic Electronic TV Sport/]] ==== Warsaw Pact Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/BSS 01/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Ameprod Television Game 10/]] * {{stage short|100%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Турнир/|Ministry of the Electronics Industry Турнир (Turnir)]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|25%|January 22, 2021}} [[/Atari Game Brain/]] ==== Screenless handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Electro Tic-Tac-Toe|Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/Merlin|Merlin (Parker Brothers)]] === Second Generation of Video Game Consoles === {{wikipedia|Second generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Atari 2600|Atari 2600 / VCS]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Atari 5200/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Fairchild Channel F/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Magnavox Odyssey²/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Intellivision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/ColecoVision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/RCA Studio II/]] ** {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Visicom COM-100/]] ==== Minor Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Cassette Vision|Cassette Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Astrocade|Bally Astrocade]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/APF-MP1000|APF-MP1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Bandai Super Vision 8000|Bandai Super Vision 8000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy|Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/SHG Black Point|SHG Black Point]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/VTech CreatiVision|VTech CreatiVision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Pyūta Jr|Pyūta Jr]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Palladium Tele-Cassetten Game|Palladium Tele-Cassetten Game]] <!--Palladium made 2001 compatibles, but was this one?--> * {{stage short|100%|June 9, 2021}} [[/Unisonic Champion 2711|Unisonic Champion 2711]] * {{stage short|100%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Maikon Mahjong/]] ====== 2001 family ====== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Arcadia 2001|Arcadia 2001]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Leisure Vision|Leisure Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Tele-Fever|Tele-Fever]] ====== 1292 family ====== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/1292 Advanced Programmable Video System|1292 Advanced Programmable Video System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Interton Video Computer 4000/]] ===== Tabletop Consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Vectrex|Vectrex]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Entex Adventure Vision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 7, 2020}} [[/Children's Discovery System|Children's Discovery System]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Philips Videojeu N60/]] ===== Canceled Consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Ultravision Video Arcade System|Ultravision Video Arcade System]] * {{stage short|100%|January 24, 2021}} [[/Atari Cosmos|Atari Cosmos]] * {{stage short|100%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sony Prototype TV Game Machine/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Intellivision III/]] ==== Handheld Consoles ==== ===== Major handhelds consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|October 25, 2020}} [[/Game & Watch series|Nintendo Game & Watch series]] * {{stage short|100%|October 26, 2020}} [[/Microvision|Microvision]] ===== Minor handheld consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Epoch Game Pocket Computer/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Entex Select-A-Game/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/VTech Variety/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 7, 2020}} [[/Colorvision|Colorvision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Palmtex Portable Videogame System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Digi Casse/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman|Nintendo Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman]] * {{stage short|25%|December 27, 2021}} [[/Bandai LCD Solarpower/]] ===== 3D handheld consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Tomytronic 3D/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/VTech 3D Gamate/]] ===Third Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Third generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/SG-1000|Sega SG-1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Master System|Sega Master System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Atari 7800/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Philips Videopac+ G7400/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Super Cassette Vision|Super Cassette Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Vidéoway|Vidéoway]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/PV-1000|Casio PV-1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/My Vision|My Vision]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Micro Genius/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Dina/]] * {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Ending-Man Terminator/]] ==== Console versions of Home Computers ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Atari XEGS/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Amstrad GX4000/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Commodore 64 Games System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Zemmix|Zemmix]] ==== VHS Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/View-Master Interactive Vision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Video Challenger|Video Challenger]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Action Max|Action Max]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Connor Videosmarts/]] ==== Educational consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/VTech Socrates/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/LJN Video Art/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/BBC Bridge Companion/]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Halcyon|RDI Halcyon]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Control-Vision|Control-Vision]] ==== Projector Game Systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Proscreen|Proscreen]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Light Games|Light Games]] ==== Portable LCD Game Systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000|Ohio Art Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/IM-26|IM-26]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/PreComputer 1000|PreComputer 1000]] ===Fourth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Fourth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom / Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Sega Genesis|Sega MegaDrive / Genesis]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/TurboGrafx-16|NEC TurboGrafx-16]] ** {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/PC Engine SuperGrafx|PC Engine SuperGrafx]] ** {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/TurboDuo/]] ==== Console versions of arcade systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/NEO•GEO|SNK NEO•GEO]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Capcom Power System Changer/]] * {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Otoko Attack System/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Super A'Can/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/TV Boy/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 24, 2021}} [[/KW-501/]] ==== Interactive multimedia devices ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Tandy Video Information System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Terebikko/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/LaserActive/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Commodore CDTV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/CD-i/]] ==== Educational home game consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Sega Pico|Sega Pico]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Konami Picno|Konami Picno]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 11, 2020}} [[/WOWOW|Taito WOWOW]] * {{stage short|100%|December 11, 2020}} [[/Konix Multisystem/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 4, 2021}} [[/Atari Panther/]] * {{stage short|100%|August 31, 2021}} [[/Atari Mirai/]] * {{stage short|25%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Кроха/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Game Boy|Nintendo Game Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Game Gear|Sega Game Gear]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Atari Lynx|Atari Lynx]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/TurboExpress|NEC TurboExpress]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Barcode Battler|Barcode Battler]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Watara Supervision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Mega Duck|Mega Duck / Cougar Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Gamate/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Game Master/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 1, 2021}} [[/Nintendo Mini Classics/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 3, 2022}} [[/New Wave Z400S/|J.Cock New Wave Z400S]] * {{stage short|0%|June 9, 2022}} [[/Tomy Data Battle/]] ==== Cancelled handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|July 3, 2022}} [[/Action Gamemaster/]] ===Fifth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Fifth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Nintendo 64|Nintendo 64]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/PlayStation|PlayStation]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Sega Saturn|Sega Saturn]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Virtual Boy|Virtual Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Atari Jaguar|Atari Jaguar]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO Interactive Multiplayer]] ==== Obscure home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Pippin|Apple Bandai Pippin]] * {{stage short|100%|November 17, 2020}} [[/PC-FX|NEC PC-FX]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Playdia|Bandai Playdia]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Casio Loopy/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/FM Towns Marty|FM Towns Marty]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Amiga CD32|Commodore Amiga CD32]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Hasbro Toaster VR|Hasbro Toaster VR / Sliced Bread Project]] * {{stage short|100%|December 10, 2021}} [[/SNK NeoStar/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Genesis Nomad|Sega Genesis Nomad]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/WonderSwan|WonderSwan]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Neo Geo Pocket|SNK NeoGeo Pocket]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 22, 2020}} [[/Pokémon Pikachu|Pokémon Pikachu]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Game.com|Game.com]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/R-Zone|R-Zone]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu|Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Bemani Pocket/]] * {{stage short|75%|May 30, 2022}} [[/PasoGo/]] ===Sixth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Sixth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Dreamcast|Sega Dreamcast]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 2|Sony PlayStation 2]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Xbox|Microsoft Xbox]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Xavix|XaviXPORT & Domyos Interactive System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/V.Smile|V.Smile]] * {{stage short|50%|September 13, 2021}} [[/C64 Direct-to-TV/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Atari Flashback series/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Let's! TV Play Classic/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/DVD Kids/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 9, 2022}} [[/Tomy Kiss Site/]] ==== Educational DIY Consoles ==== * {{stage short|50%|February 11, 2021}} [[/XGameStation|XGameStation]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/MATCH64/]]<ref>https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site</ref> ==== Platform Technology ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Nuon/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 2, 2020}} [[/DISCover/]] ==== Canceled consoles ==== * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/SNK Millennium/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/ApeXtreme/|Apex Digital ApeXtreme]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/Phantom/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/L600|Indrema L600]] * {{stage short|50%|February 4, 2021}} [[/Panasonic M2/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Game Boy Advance/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/Pokémon Mini/]] ==== Mobile Phone Gaming hybrids ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/N-Gage|Nokia N-Gage]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/GPANG/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Sony mylo/]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/Tapwave Zodiac/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/GP32/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/digiBLAST/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pelican VG Pocket/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/GameKing/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Cybiko/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pixter/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pepper Pad/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Hasbro P-O-X/]] * {{stage short|75%|August 21, 2022}} [[/Aquaplus PIECE/|Aquaplus P/ECE (PIECE)]] ==== Unconventional formfactors ==== * {{stage short|50%|September 16, 2021}} [[/iQuest/]] * {{stage short|0%|July 28, 2022}} [[/Kek Powerizer/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2021}} [[/Kasey the Kinderbot/]] * {{stage short|75%|August 19, 2021}} [[/Pocket Neopet/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2021}} [[/iriver clix/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|February 5, 2021}} [[/Red Jade/]] ===Seventh Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Seventh generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Wii|Nintendo Wii]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 3|Sony PlayStation 3]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Xbox 360|Microsoft Xbox 360]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Game Wave Family Entertainment System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/HyperScan/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Zeebo/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Vii/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 6, 2021}} [[/Designer's World|Hasbro Designer's World]] * {{stage short|75%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Sifteo Cubes/]] ==== Educational consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/V.Flash/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/PlayPower/]] [[w:PlayPower]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Net Jet/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/My Q/]] ==== Open consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/UzeBox/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/EVO Smart Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 11, 2021}} [[/HYDRA Game Development Kit/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/ODROID/|HARDKERNEL ODROID]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Mignon/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Mignonette/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Nintendo DS/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Portable/]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Gizmondo/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Coleco Sonic/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Pocket Dream Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Mi2/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/DIFRNCE MGC01/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 24, 2021}} [[/Swinxs/]] * {{stage short|25%|April 20, 2021}} [[/JXD 1000/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Gemei X760+/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/Retro Duo/]] ==== Educational handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Leapster Explorer/]] * {{stage short|75%|March 18, 2021}} [[/LeapFrog Didj/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Teachermate/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Fly Pentop Computer/]] ==== Open Platform Handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Dingoo|Dingoo series]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Pandora|Open Pandora]] * {{stage short|50%|August 19, 2021}} [[/PoGa|4D systems PoGa]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Meggy Jr RGB/]] ===== GP2X Family ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X Wiz/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X Caanoo/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/VIA MOMA|VIA MoMA Eve]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/XGP/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/GamBros|GamBros handhelds]] ===Eighth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Eighth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Wii U|Nintendo Wii U]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Switch|Nintendo Switch]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 4|PlayStation 4]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Xbox One|Xbox One]] ==== Retro revival consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/NES Classic Edition|NES Classic Edition & Famicom Classic Edition]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/Super NES Classic Edition|Super NES Classic Edition & Super Famicom Classic Edition]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Classic|PlayStation Classic]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/TurboGrafx 16 mini/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sega Genesis Mini/]] * {{stage short|75%|December 29, 2021}} [[/Super Retro Trio/]] * {{stage short|75%|September 17, 2021}} [[/PC Classic/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Polymega/|Polymega (RetroBlox)]] * {{stage short|75%|September 20, 2021}} [[/Retro Freak/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 15, 2022}} [[/Retro-Bit Generations/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/PasocomMini MZ-80C/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/PasocomMini PC-8001/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 2, 2021}} [[/Intellivision Play Power/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Sega Zone/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Atari 2600 Plug & Play Joystick/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Ocelot Arcade System/]] ==== Microconsoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Nvidia Shield TV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Ouya/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/GameStick/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/M.O.J.O.|Mad Catz M.O.J.O.]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Razer Forge TV/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Fuze Tomahawk F1/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/ZTE Fun Box/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 27, 2021}} [[/miniStation/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 29, 2021}} [[/ST-3200/]] * {{stage short|50%|August 19, 2021}} [[/TGP Box|TGP Box / Tencent Games Platform Box / The Blade Box]] * {{stage short|25%|December 10, 2021}} [[/FlarePlay/]] * {{stage short|0%|March 29, 2021}} [[/Xtreamer Multi-Console/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 2, 2021}} [[/GamePop series/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 28, 2021}} [[/SlimPort Nano Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|April 14, 2022}} [[/ZRRO/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/PlayJam OTT/]] ==== TV Platforms ==== A number of multimedia devices were released during this time, many of which included the ability to play video games. * {{stage short|0%|March 25, 2021}} [[/Fire TV|Amazon Fire TV]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Nexus Player|Google Nexus Player]] * {{stage short|0%|March 30, 2021}} [[/Apple TV/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 20, 2021}} [[/Roku/]] * {{stage short|75%|December 10, 2021}} [[/Exent GameTanium/]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Steam Machines/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/LeapTV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum Vega/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 16, 2021}} [[/CT510/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sony Toio/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Tovertafel/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/InnoTV/]] ==== Art consoles ==== * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} ''[[/Slow Games/]]'' * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} ''[[/R-Kaid-6/]]'' * {{stage short|50%|May 13, 2022}} ''[[/Cary42/]]'' * {{stage short|50%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Analogue CMVS/]] ==== Canceled consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Chameleon|Chameleon]] * {{stage short|100%|March 21, 2021}} [[/Huawei Tron/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/OUYE/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 22, 2021}} [[/Asus GameBox/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Unnamed Amazon Game Console/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/3DS|Nintendo 3DS]] * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Vita|Sony PlayStation Vita]] ==== Open handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/TinyDuino|Tiny Arcade & Tiny Pocket]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Pokitto/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Arduboy/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Gamebuino/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Adafruit PyGamer/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Game Gadget/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Clockwork GameShell/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 14, 2021}} [[/Kano Pixel/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 28, 2021}} [[/Kitronik GameZip 64/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 28, 2021}} [[/Creoqode 2048/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Creoqode PYXA/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Minty Pi/]] ==== Retro revival handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Neo Geo X/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum Vega+/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Namco Museum Mini Player/]] ==== Minor handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Nvidia Shield Portable|Nvidia Shield Portable]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Xperia Play|Sony Xperia Play]] * {{stage short|100%|March 19, 2021}} [[/GCW Zero/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/JXD S5100/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD XD/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win 2/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Gemei A330/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Monon Color/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/HG Series|HG-501 and HG-503]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/MobiGo/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/iXL/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/K-Magic/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Yinlips YDPG18/]]<ref>https://www.engadget.com/2011-12-12-p-s-its-not-a-vita-yinlips-android-based-ydpg18.html</ref> * Wikipad * Fire Phone ==== Gaming Tablets ==== * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Razer Edge/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Unu/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|January 27, 2021}} [[/Panasonic Jungle|Panasonic Jungle]] * {{stage short|0%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Razer Switchblade/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2021}} [[/nD/]] ===Ninth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Ninth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Xbox Series|Xbox Series X and Series S]] * {{stage short|100%|October 28, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 5/]] ==== Minor Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 26, 2020}} [[/KFConsole/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 6, 2021}} [[/Moranbong/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Mad Box/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/GameBender/]] ===== PC Based Consoles ===== * {{stage short|50%|January 13, 2021}} [[/Big O/]] * {{stage short|0%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Lenovo IdeaCentre 5 17IAB7/]] * {{stage short|0%|February 6, 2022}} [[/MSI Trident/]] ==== Retro revival consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Intellivision Amico/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 28, 2020}} [[/Atari VCS/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Mega Drive Mini 2/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/Unnamed SNK Console/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Roshambo Retro Gaming Kit/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Bootleg/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/PiCade/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/RetroN Sq/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Evercade VS/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 16, 2021}} [[/MiSTer/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/weeCee/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/Amiga A500 Mini/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 9, 2022}} [[/C64 Mini/]] * {{stage short|0%|November 29, 2021}} [[/Unnamed Hyperkin N64 Console/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 14, 2022}} [[/Warrior 64/]] * {{stage short|100%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Open Game Station/]] ==== Home Arcade Systems ==== * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Capcom Home Arcade/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Neo Geo Mini/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sega Astro City Mini/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 8, 2022}} [[/Sega Astro City Mini V/]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Kate |title=Sega's Latest Mini-Console Is Cute, But Reviewers Are Complaining Of Bad Lag |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/08/segas-latest-mini-console-is-cute-but-reviewers-are-complaining-of-bad-lag |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Nintendo Life |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Taito Egret Mini II/]] ==== Unreleased ==== * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Spartan/]] * {{stage short|50%|July 12, 2022}} [[/Polium One/]] ==== Cancelled Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|February 8, 2021}} [[/Subor Z+|Subor Z+]] ==== Handheld Consoles ==== {{info|By this generation, competition from Smartphone gaming had seriously reduced the market for traditional handheld game consoles. Most handhelds this generation came from small outfits seeking to fill a niche.}} ===== Major Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|75%|April 16, 2022}} [[/Steam Deck/|Valve Steam Deck]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Playdate/]] ===== Indie or Open handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/DragonBox Pyra/]] * {{stage short|50%|February 12, 2021}} [[/Pimoroni PicoSystem/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 28, 2021}} [[/32Blit/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 5, 2022}} [[/ESPboy/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/CircuitMess devices/]] * {{stage short|50%|December 29, 2021}} [[/Thumby/|Tiny Circuits Thumby]] ===== Retro revivals handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.|Nintendo Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.]] * {{stage short|0%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda|Nintendo Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Game Gear Micro|Sega Game Gear Micro]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/Evercade/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 2, 2021}} [[/FunKey S/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 17, 2021}} [[/GameForce CHI/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/BittBoy/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/TinyTan BTS Tamagotchi/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/TinyPi/]] * Asterisk<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liszewski |first1=Andrew |title=Tiny Handheld Boils Tetris Down to Its Bare Essentials |url=https://gizmodo.com/tiny-tetris-handheld-tindie-store-asterisk-pcb-retro-1849320704 |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Gizmodo |date=22 July 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yarwood |first1=Jack |title=Random: Creator Makes Adorable Tiny Tetris-Like Device |url=https://www.timeextension.com/news/2022/07/random-creator-makes-adorable-tiny-tetris-like-device |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Time Extension |date=25 July 2022}}</ref> ===== Other Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Kitronik Arcade/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/ODROID-GO Series/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/microByte/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Circuit Gem/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Gem Boy Zero/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Creoqode LYRA/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/GPD Win Max/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win 3/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD XP/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Aya Neo/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/PiBoy series/]] PiBoy DMG and PiBoy SRX * {{stage short|25%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Anbernic RG351/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/SMATCH Z/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 11, 2021}} [[/Lenovo Legion Play/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 24, 2021}} [[/AYN Odin/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 5, 2021}} [[/AYA Neo 2021 Pro/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/G3x/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 21, 2021}} [[/Miyoo Mini/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 5, 2022}} [[/TRDR Pocket/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 4, 2022}} [[/Retroid Pocket 2/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 4, 2022}} [[/Retroid Pocket 2+/]] * {{stage short|25%|June 3, 2022}} [[/OneXPlayer/]] ===== Educational Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|March 16, 2021}} [[/Kittenbot MeowBit/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Elecrow Crowbits/]] ===== Unreleased Handhelds ===== * Alienware Concept UFO ==== Unconventional Formfactors ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/BL6|Bud Light BL6]] * {{stage short|100%|January 27, 2021}} [[/LaserCube/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Tomogotchi Smart/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 5, 2021}} [[/InWin 309 Gaming Edition/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Light Pong/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Play! Remote/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 2, 2022}} [[/WOWCube/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 2, 2022}} [[/Tovertafel 2/]] * {{stage short|75%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Picoo/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 2, 2022}} [[/Gameboard/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 13, 2022}} [[/Playpulse One/]] ==Computer Chapters== === 1970's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Apple II|Apple II]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Atari 8 bit family|Atari 8 bit family]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/VideoBrain Family Computer|VideoBrain Family Computer]] === 1980's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/IBM Personal Computer|IBM Personal Computer]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Commodore 64|Commodore 64]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Amiga|Commodore Amiga]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/BBC Micro|BBC Micro]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Acorn Electron/]] * {{stage short|25%|April 26, 2022}} [[/Acorn Archimedes/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum|Sinclair ZX Spectrum]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Amstrad CPC/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/MSX|MSX computers]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Texas Instruments TI-99/4A/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/FM Towns|Fujitsu FM Towns]] * {{stage short|25%|February 25, 2020}} [[/PC-8800 series|NEC PC-8800 series (PC-88)]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/X68000/|Sharp X68000]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Sharp X1/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Jupiter Ace/]] * {{stage short|75%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Mattel Aquarius/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/Tomy Tutor/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 20, 2021}} [[/Coleco Adam/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Spectravideo/]] === 1990's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Windows 9x|Windows 95 & 98]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Classic Mac|Classic Mac]] == Other Formfactors == ===Wearables=== * {{stage short|75%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Apple Watch/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/Fitbit/]] ===Automobiles=== * {{stage short|75%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Tesla Arcade/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Indi One/|IndiEV Indi One]] ==Cloud Chapters== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/AirConsole/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Xbox Game Pass cloud gaming/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Google Stadia/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Now|Sony PlayStation Now]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Gaikai/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/OnLive/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Luna|Amazon Luna]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/GeForce Now|Nvidia GeForce Now]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Shinra Technologies/]] * {{stage short|100%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Dive In/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 11, 2021}} [[/Tizen cloud gaming/]] * [[Utomik]] ==External Resources== * [https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/early-home-video-game-history-making-television-play-the-strong/1gISMn3lzjV8JQ?hl=en Google Arts and Culture] - Online exhibit on early home gaming. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{Chapter navigation|Arcades after the golden age|Consoles}} {{status|100%}} {{BookCat}} n159elmc3446s9ejxhayckbf6mnpcpm 3 443393 4095359 4095218 2022-08-22T17:25:30Z Einschlauesding 3381683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Einschlauesding/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(2d) |counter = 1 |archiveheader = {{aan}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }}__NOTOC__<!-- --> == stuffy things == Wow, I literally scoffed through ~28 iron pickaxes and half a diamond pickaxe breaking stone to make space for new rooms in my new house in Minecraft... Worth it! (perhaps I should have started with a diamond pickaxe. Now I have more diamonds than iron! xD) ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:28, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :22 iron and 29 diamonds. Crazy. Better build my blacksmith room soon or I'll have zero iron and 59 raw iron waiting idle. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :[[User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1#You know you had too many salted peanuts when...|You know I had too many salted peanuts when...]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 18:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Lol [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 20:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :My game is going great right now. I've added a background, added new sppecial effects, and even upgraded the mining system. Before, block mining was fun. Now it looks awesome. Before: getting better tools lowered how many times you need to hit a block to break it by one. After: Upgrades make cracks in blocks larger, until the point you can break it instantly. I've added a new block mechanic: softness. A tool's power is subtracted by the block's hardness. If the resulting number is larger than 0, you can mine it. Softness increases the ease to mine it, without effecting the minimum required power to crack it at all. Logs are similar, but have a sideways chop cut, instead of a crack and hole. Also, these cracks cover the entire block, not just a 1x1 block corner on larger ones (some blocks are larger than others). ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 21:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :62 diamonds in minecraft, 35 from a single mining trip xD^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:50, 10 August 2022 (UTC) :Wow, the mosquitoes love me. They used to only get my mum and brother last year. Now they bite me, my brother, and by dad. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:44, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :times almost up. u wanna chat a bit? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :I had my aunt over (again), made my game more newbie-friendly (somebody who has no idea how to play something) and fixed a few bugs. It started when I had her play the game. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:04, 14 August 2022 (UTC) Im so sorry I'm always so lateeee [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 16:22, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :No worries^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :Ohhh! I might be able to play fortnite with you tomorow! It's updating, meaning I might be able to play (works like that a lot)! ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC) Nice!! But you gotta wait a little, I gotta go to school now :I [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 05:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Well yea, I can't play it in two a-clock in the morning, can I? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 08:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC) In back home nowwww [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 12:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :No fucking idea why it won't start. Fortnite broke. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:13, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Have you tried to redownload it? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Yea, 50 times. Excluding updates. Maybe more. Not joking. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 16:37, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Thats so weird, have you also googled it yet? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:12, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :For some reason, google doesn't work either on my device. Although that is probably my parents thinking wikipedia has all the answers. It has a lot, but probably not this one. I'm clueless. Even tried deleting all my games... Well, all exept minecraft and splatoon and fortnite itself.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Hi. Today sucks. I don't even know why. I just can't smile today in any "real" way. Well, I guess I almost cracked my brother's head with a toy car. That contributes to my bad mood.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC) Ohh im sorry for you, hopefully you feel better today!! [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC) q47feyivuv1yokdaj5m7gtx3r6630ug 4095362 4095359 2022-08-22T19:04:26Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Einschlauesding/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(2d) |counter = 1 |archiveheader = {{aan}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }}__NOTOC__<!-- --> == stuffy things == Wow, I literally scoffed through ~28 iron pickaxes and half a diamond pickaxe breaking stone to make space for new rooms in my new house in Minecraft... Worth it! (perhaps I should have started with a diamond pickaxe. Now I have more diamonds than iron! xD) ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:28, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :22 iron and 29 diamonds. Crazy. Better build my blacksmith room soon or I'll have zero iron and 59 raw iron waiting idle. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :[[User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1#You know you had too many salted peanuts when...|You know I had too many salted peanuts when...]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 18:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Lol [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 20:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :My game is going great right now. I've added a background, added new sppecial effects, and even upgraded the mining system. Before, block mining was fun. Now it looks awesome. Before: getting better tools lowered how many times you need to hit a block to break it by one. After: Upgrades make cracks in blocks larger, until the point you can break it instantly. I've added a new block mechanic: softness. A tool's power is subtracted by the block's hardness. If the resulting number is larger than 0, you can mine it. Softness increases the ease to mine it, without effecting the minimum required power to crack it at all. Logs are similar, but have a sideways chop cut, instead of a crack and hole. Also, these cracks cover the entire block, not just a 1x1 block corner on larger ones (some blocks are larger than others). ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 21:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :62 diamonds in minecraft, 35 from a single mining trip xD^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:50, 10 August 2022 (UTC) :Wow, the mosquitoes love me. They used to only get my mum and brother last year. Now they bite me, my brother, and by dad. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:44, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :times almost up. u wanna chat a bit? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :I had my aunt over (again), made my game more newbie-friendly (somebody who has no idea how to play something) and fixed a few bugs. It started when I had her play the game. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:04, 14 August 2022 (UTC) Im so sorry I'm always so lateeee [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 16:22, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :No worries^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :Ohhh! I might be able to play fortnite with you tomorow! It's updating, meaning I might be able to play (works like that a lot)! ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC) Nice!! But you gotta wait a little, I gotta go to school now :I [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 05:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Well yea, I can't play it in two a-clock in the morning, can I? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 08:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC) In back home nowwww [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 12:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :No fucking idea why it won't start. Fortnite broke. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:13, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Have you tried to redownload it? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Yea, 50 times. Excluding updates. Maybe more. Not joking. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 16:37, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Thats so weird, have you also googled it yet? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:12, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :For some reason, google doesn't work either on my device. Although that is probably my parents thinking wikipedia has all the answers. It has a lot, but probably not this one. I'm clueless. Even tried deleting all my games... Well, all exept minecraft and splatoon and fortnite itself.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Hi. Today sucks. I don't even know why. I just can't smile today in any "real" way. Well, I guess I almost cracked my brother's head with a toy car. That contributes to my bad mood.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC) Ohh im sorry for you, hopefully you feel better today!! [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :At least I managed to avoid killing my brother! Now ''that'' would be ''really'' bad. And sad. Oh, and I would have been in prison right now too. Most likely. Strangely he managed to not only not bleed, but also only cry for 5 minutes. Lucky me. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:04, 22 August 2022 (UTC) n1nfdma3hsol6fadaoklgn6fsngypqp 0 446809 4095414 4069538 2022-08-23T07:11:22Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The Hasbro P-O-X entered the market in September, 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nardi |first1=Tom |title=Hacking The RF Protocol Of An Obscure Handheld Game |url=https://hackaday.com/2022/07/06/hacking-the-rf-protocol-of-an-obscure-handheld-game/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Hackaday |date=6 July 2022}}</ref> The system was to cost $25 US Dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldman |first1=Abigail |title=Hasbro Hopes Virus-Killing Game, Pox, Is Infectious |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-20-fi-27670-story.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=20 February 2001}}</ref> ==Technology== ==External Resources== {{Wikipedia|P-O-X}} {{Clear}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ c6sa3j6m6spd0q8jyhy08g64p82uw6a 4095415 4095414 2022-08-23T07:19:40Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== 1 million units were sold in the test market phase.<ref>{{cite news |title=P-O-X by Hasbro – The Video Game Kraken |url=http://videogamekraken.com/p-o-x-by-hasbro |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> The system was to cost $25 US Dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldman |first1=Abigail |title=Hasbro Hopes Virus-Killing Game, Pox, Is Infectious |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-20-fi-27670-story.html |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=20 February 2001}}</ref> ==Technology== An RF protocol was used for system communication.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nardi |first1=Tom |title=Hacking The RF Protocol Of An Obscure Handheld Game |url=https://hackaday.com/2022/07/06/hacking-the-rf-protocol-of-an-obscure-handheld-game/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=Hackaday |date=6 July 2022}}</ref> ==External Resources== {{Wikipedia|P-O-X}} {{Clear}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 7m0yrax5498kk31uhk4iuhqvi8x918k 3 447393 4095349 4094989 2022-08-22T16:19:08Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Why Create Vampires? */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Zombie by Margaret Atwood == '''Zombie''' is a poem by the world famous poet Margaret Atwood. Her poem can be found in her book <u>'''Dearly'''</u>, a collection of her new poems. I hope to post a critical essay on 'Zombie' by Margaret Atwood, as a example of critical analysis in Literature. I am certain that I can fairly reprint a few lines from the poem, yet I'm not sure if I can post the entire poem. Any suggestions? Thanks~~ [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 18:04, 25 June 2022 (UTC) <br> There you have it: zombie. <br> Didn't you always suspect? <br> "Poetry is the past <br> that breaks out in our hearts" <br> like a virus, like an infection. <br> <br> The quote within the poem: "Poetry is the past that breaks out in our hearts..." is taken from the poet Rilke. <br> ==NEW EDITS!== NEW TOPIC: [ I left these paragraphs under CREATE VAMPIRES / History and Folklore ] History, meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek historia, according to Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History History is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. The study of History is a major discipline in academic fields. The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings. It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. Imaginative young readers today, could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools. Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. Creative writing is not a discipline in academic fields. Create Vampire is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! TIP: Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? I edited this major paragraph Create Vampires / History and Folklore / Create Vampires?: <BR>CREATE VAMPIRES? In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet grave-robbery is not...? In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC) If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note? I hope to add this paragraph [somewhere after "The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories..."] The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories, that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings. It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging (centuries later) from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. <BR>Thanks. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC) == I will miss Pi zero. == Although this is a personal response, in no way related to "Create Vampires," I have recently learned of Wikibooks' loss. Pi zero was a great guide, and I will miss his guidance when I am loss on Wikibooks. He was a special person online. Now I wonder who will remind me to avoid ORIGINAL RESEARCH? LOL. [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:54, 15 August 2022 (UTC) == Why Create Vampires? == I added 5 new paragraphs to a new page: Why Create Vampires? <br> Contributions from Wikibookians interested in these subjects, especially vampires, are welcomed! <br> <br> [new section] What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood? What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do? These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you? Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit! Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty. In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, reflect the society and times you observe and write about. Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone. Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. <br> <br> <br> I WILL SLOWLY ADD MORE INFORMATION TO THIS SECTION [NOT ON MAIN PAGE] Why Create Vampires? / Warning! <br> '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' <br> <br> Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. <br> Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, <br> almost un-loveable, and very problematic.<BR> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS:<br> |- ! Traits !! !! Characteristics |- | Pale / Deadly pale || || Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- | Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth || || Predator personality |- | Thin || || Alpha Male type |- | Black hair / Brown Hair || || "Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- | Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. || || |} <BR> Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination?<br> <BR> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. <BR> These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers.<BR> <br> {| class="wikitable" |+ Supernatural Vampire Traits |- ! Traits that are supernatural !! Mythological Creature |- | Immortality <br>Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning<br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing || [[File:"Le Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} <br> Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] <br> who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, <br> which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested <br> in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! <br> <br> Sources: <br> [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/|https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 <br> [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957|https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com <br> [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid|https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> Thanks [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 17:03, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == DROPPING MY RACIAL BAGGAGE == <br> MY PERSONAL INFORMATION SEEMS TO BELONG ON MY DISCUSSION PAGE.<br> Dropping My Racial Baggage <br> On my body I have two birthmarks. One is a darker brown than my normally brown body, the other is a yellowish-brown birthmark, lighter than most of my brown body. I always knew my family was blended, we merged and emerged from attractive dark brown and yellowish-brown relatives who could pass as white because of their facial features. Today, I’m sure they could blend with tan Americans, meaning Americans who are a lighter brown in skin complexion and appearance. I always thought my family was most like the family from The Cosby Show, a popular family TV Show. On The Cosby Show, Bill Cosby’s TV father was not embarrassed by the members of his family who came in a range of shades, from dark brown to almost-white. The fact was that families with extended family members felt comfortable, and popular, claiming all the members of their family! This was ideal. Some people wanted to celebrate. The 1980s were diverse and positive times for family Entertainment. As opposed to foreign cultural notions of people checking one of two boxes: black or white, and away from similar subversive cultural norms … black and tan? The composition by Duke Ellington comes to mind… I consider most Americans in a range between dark brown and tan. When people ask me my race, I always say “brown,” because I am a brown woman, or to be technically correct, I am a multi-colored, 4th dimensional woman. Most people do not want to be super-technical (by acknowledging the 4th dimension of space-time), yet people seem to want to live reasonable lives. For example, why can’t the box of 8 colors describe the colors we see when we look at other people? Perhaps crayons’ manufacturers, CRAYOLA, did need to make several flesh colored crayons and market colors that people appear to be, ranging from dark brown to light brown. After watching America’s Top Model, at least 13 seasons, I realized that most people can see beyond the simple “black” or “white” description, yet there are people who will describe a brown, or a tan person as either “black” or “white.” Humans calling people “black” or “white” use to mildly bother me, I remember when I roomed with a Jewish person, (a student who ate pepperoni pizza with few problems), a young woman who re-named me “black” every time I spoke with her, I remember feeling puzzled, then resentful. My third-grade Teacher never labeled me black, the other African-Americans in my High School never left me with the “black” label, nor did a few Native Americans who were called “Asian-Americans,” (…about Native-Americans, I mean we know where America is, but where is Asia?) therefore I was really puzzled. During my “identity growth” years, when I considered the words other people used to label “me,” I was grouped with other teenagers, later, mis-leading college students and other young adults whose mis-labeling of others was either a shameful oversight or ironic (the irony based on previous unexamined cultural biases Americans had failed to question). What is ironic about public expressions of race is the fact that our notions about race are influenced by our culture. For example, in High School, I remember my excitement about the field of Science, a high point after I had read a TIME magazine article that reported Scientist who could trace DNA via. The mitochondrial organelles. What I remember from my Cell Biology books are that the mitochondria are the “power house” of the cell. The article suggested that we could trace our ancestors DNA not just from DNA found in the nucleus, but also through analyzing unique DNA found in the mitochondria. This information made news, in fact, the cover of that TIME magazine was a arty image with a updated image of Adam and Eve. I assume the updated image was to announce the new Science developing to help find our ancestors and discovering our relatives. I remember that I stood in front of my Science class with a issue of TIME magazine in my hand, and I asked the class if they knew “black” people were in the garden of Eden. The arty image on the cover of TIME actually showed people who looked like African-Americans, people with brownish-tan skin, and mid-length curly hair. People in America who looked like the image on the TIME magazine cover were / are called “black” in America. As I gain a greater appreciation for the Arts, especially after I took a few Art appreciation classes, I realize that forcing a racial classification was rude, by asking if the class knew that black people were in the garden of Eden, I exposed my mis-education. It is the ironic mis-education I remember I attached to the arty TIME magazine cover. In my early weeks on my college campus, I would brag about my chosen field: Genetics. Because there was no major in Genetics, I had to settle for a Biology or a Chemistry major. I could take extra classes that focused on Genetics. Other Science students were also interested in Genetics and seemed the types who would follow me into Genetic fields where we would, hopefully, find jobs in Genetics, where we would one day help to cure genetic disorders. That was my teenage dream for my future career. Turns out, reality is less ideal. Although I did find meaningful work later, in a laboratory that studied animal genetics, I basically learned how to use modern Science equipment [a giant lesson needed if Science is to improve our understandings…]. Science equipment is complex, and often, a lack of a good understanding of Science and Technology left Science students with puzzling results… I also worked at a Hospital, and I proudly held a healthy and alert white baby boy whose parents were probably immigrants from China. Technically, I have held white children, and I technically believe that they are a minority, and like other children, small white children should always be protected by adults and by our government. Finally, I use to converse with other students about my hair, or about my complexion [my hair and skin does lighten and darken with sunlight exposure]. Few students believed I needed to allow my hair to be natural, to see the two different hair types (one tight and curly, like a spiral, the other less tight, more wavey), or that my time spent without make-up (concealer) was necessary, yet my time spent without make-up allowed my brown complexion to emerge (in its range of brownness). By studying my genotypic expression, my biological inheritance, my outer surface appeared. I studied myself as I truly would appear without cosmetics, concealers, and hair-straighteners. I did not burn my bra (I did have limits), yet freeing oneself of “surface enhancers” allowed me to feel confident in who I truly was: a healthier, brown woman with black curly hair. I suppose I found myself? Nonsense, how could I ever lose me? I allowed my natural surface appearance to emerge, at least for a brief time in my life. Were college students who were once interested in Genetics as a career path impressed? Probably not. For unknown reasons, the ‘natural’ black chick, or the brown wannabe white-Hippy stereotype seemed to follow me. After exposure to radiation [a safe level] while working in a research laboratory, I did follow a popular “back-to-nature” path where I preferred natural products to “overprocessed” or processes products. My non-racist friends, many blond with sun-kissed brown skin, were typical “white Hippies,” yet I didn’t have to be a wannabe white-Hippy to be a non-racist woman who supported nature, was a Environmentalist, and a supporter of better opportunities for all Americans, regardless of their color, religion or gender! When I went online to share my learnings, gleaned from my factual college experiences, I was treated like a poor black child who couldn’t understand racist online… What? I could look up the definition for racism. [Racism (n): prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized]. As I understand the concept, racism is a flawed ideology that simplifies reality, forcing complex humans into limited conceptual categories. I was always against individual racist, preferring my own understanding of the situation from Dr. Martin Luther King’s point-of view, as I remember his message, we should judge a man based on his character [his deeds] and not on the color of his skin. To better fight against racism, I got help from Christians. In general, Christians believe that God has a plan for all of humanity. Many Christians believe that all people are the children of God. In the presence of active Christians on campus, I met actual black people, people with dark brown skin that could be mistook for the color black in bright sunlight. Near “black” people, I felt the color brown, there was no other way to describe my skin’s appearance. I was a brown human, which is what I had been saying since the 3rd grade in my public school! Contact with diversity confirmed my truth. Now that I am a Christian, I do not mentally pick-up racist ideology as being somehow above Christian beliefs and values. I do try to sense a person’s character. Realistically, most people in America struggle to raise their children because it is hard to raise good Christians and good citizens. I am done with dragging around “racial baggage,” I see people and choose religious values to pick-up, humanity to champion. mdbqju73e02fppdnsg6llzohknbn3ko 0 448244 4095361 4095080 2022-08-22T18:21:58Z 145.53.237.167 /* Drive */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Query|What is this? Is it a book?}} == Project Hephaistos == Hḗphaistos was the Greek god of metalworking, craftsmen, artisans, and fire. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was cast off Mount Olympus and lived in exile underneath Mount Etna, later to return to Olympus. He is described as being lame as the result of a congenital impairment, but a craftsman who makes up for his impairment by devicing genial designs. In this Book we will discuss in broad strokes the ideas and designs of "Project Hephaistos", an interstellar starship. Just like its namesake this ship will suffer from being lame and will have to make up for its slowness by utilizing all kinds of crafts. == Why should we reach for the stars? == A common question asked when pondering interstellar travel, is why try this in the first place? After all, there is no reasonable expectation of any kind of trade with distant colonies, a mission that under enormous costs at the very edge of our abilities would bring a handful of humans to another star system would not alleviate any population problems on earth, and all the resources committed to this singular project could surely be used back at home? There are some arguments for a mission like it: * Survival of species-level extinction events * knowledge only obtainable by spreading throughout the galaxy * advancements in technologies necessary for this mission would benefit broader society == Limits of imagination == If we try to envision a realistic future mission to the stars we will always have to start with the technologies we currently have at our disposal. We might speculate about enhancing performance characteristics by some factor or to engineer proven principles on a much larger scale. However if we start speculating about technologies not even in its infancy yet we would soon enter the realm of fentasy. Let's have a look at three examples: Antimatter, Cryosleep, Alcubiere-Warpdrive. For an interstellar mission the Alcubierre-Warpdrive looks most promising: afterall to warp spacetime around the ship would free us from the shackles of this peski speed limit of the universe, the ship could travel with any speed needed, without the inhabitants even feeling any acceleration. Some mathematical work has been done regarding the energy requirements and the possible solutions of the spacetime geometries, so why should we ignore this? The answer is simple: it would require negative energies, we don't even know if this is physically possible. No one has ever created a warp bubble nor is it even so much as a proven possibility. The case for antimatter is slightly better. We do know it exists, we regularly produce it. We even have stored minuscule amounts of it. So surely it's only a matter of engineering to create a dedicated antimatter factory and drive concepts like "Antimatter Catalysed Fusion" (AimStar) to become possible? The ships would still be bound by the universal speed limit, but could come arbitrarily close to it? so why not a ship that cruises at 99% the speed of light? There is no experimental evidence for any kind of successful reanimation after freezing a complex organism. If we want to avoid just using magic fantasy technology we will have to limit ourselves to technologies that have a physically sound foundation, have already small-scale applications, and could conceivably be upscaled. Inherently this will lead to us missing quite a lot of interesting developments! in fact we will be in a situation like Jules Verne, using the steam-powered technology of his time to envision submarines and space travel in a near future while completly obvious of any advances in electric engineering, computation and nuclear physics. So any kind of space ship we will discuss on the basis of todays technology will necessarily turn out to be a kind of steam-punk contraption. == The challenge == <blockquote>Space [...] is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist, but that's just peanuts to space.</blockquote> Douglas Adams Size comparison (star=salt crystal, size of a galaxy, collision with andromeda), Speed comparison (fastest man-made object), {| class="wikitable" |+ fastest man made object in space |- ! Name !! Started (flight time) !! Distance !! Current Speed !! time for 1 ly !! Header text |- | Voyager 1 || Example || 61,200 km/h || 17,600 years || Example || Example |- | Voyager 2 || Example || 55,300 km/h || Example || Example || Example |- | Pioneer 10 || Example || 12,300 km/s || Example || Example || Example |- | Pioneer 11 || Example || 40,400 km/h || Example || Example || Example |- | Parker Solar Probe || Example || 692,000 km/h|| 1,560 years || Example || Example |- | New Horizons || Example || 47,000 km/h|| Example || Example || Example |} Now if we are honest we have to admit none of those probes was explicitly build and launched to reach interstellar space. Their mission was to visit planets in our own solar system during the span of a few years, a mission they all very successfully performed. This begs the question, which kind of speed could we achieve if we wanted to? So lets ponder which speed we could attain if we used the most powerful rocket that ver existed, NASAs Saturn V. But instead of using all its energy to lift thousands of tons from earth, lets start the journey with a fully tanked Rocket already in space. To answer these kind if Questions, "How much speed can we obtain using a specific rocket" we will use a more than 100 year old equation: The '''classical rocket equation''', or '''ideal rocket equation''' It is credited to the Russian scientist [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] who independently derived it and published it in 1903, although it had been independently derived by several other scientists as well. [[File:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.svg|thumb|right|A rocket's required mass ratio as a function of effective exhaust velocity ratio]] The maximum change of velocity of the vehicle, <math>\Delta v</math> (with no external forces acting) is: <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = I_\text{sp} g_0 \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f},</math> where: * <math>v_\text{e} = I_\text{sp} g_0</math> is the effective exhaust velocity; **<math>I_\text{sp}</math> is the specific impulse in dimension of time; **<math>g_0</math> is standard gravity; * <math>\ln</math> is the natural logarithm function; * <math>m_0</math> is the initial total mass, including propellant, a.k.a. wet mass; * <math>m_f</math> is the final total mass without propellant, a.k.a. dry mass. Given the effective exhaust velocity determined by the rocket motor's design, the desired delta-v, and a given dry mass <math>m_f</math>, the equation can be solved for the required propellant mass <math>m_0 - m_f</math>: <math display="block">m_0 = m_f e^{\Delta v / v_\text{e}}.</math> The necessary wet mass grows exponentially with the desired delta-v. what if we put a Sturn V in orbit, attach our most efficient engine, which speed can we reach?) All that remains to do yo answer our question is to find the exhaust velocity, the dry and wet mass of each stage, and then plug these numbers into th equation: {| class="wikitable" |+ Saturn V |- ! Stage !! rocket engine !! exhaust velocity !! dry mass !! wet mass |- | S-IC|| Rocketdyne F-1 || 3km/s || 137,000 kg || 2,214,000 kg |- | S-II|| Rocketdyne J-2|| 4.13 km/s || 36,000 kg || 480,000 kg |- | S-IVB || Rocketdyne J-2 || 4.13 km/s || 13,500 kg|| 119,000 kg |} Now of course since all stages are together at the beginning, we will have to add all the masses of all remaining stages for each of the engines. So when stage 1 begins its burn and throws hot exhaust gas with a velocity of 3 km/s behind the rocket, the wet mass of the whole rocket will be: 2813000 kg. When stage 1 ends, the remaining mass will be the dry-mass of stage 1 plus the total mass of the still remaining stages. <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 3km/s \ln \frac{2813000kg}{736000kg} = 4.02 km/s</math> <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{599000kg}{49500kg} = 10.2 km/s</math> <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{119000kg}{13500kg} = 8.92 km/s </math> Combined, at the end of all three stages completely exhausted the empty last stage (with its payload) would have attained a speed of 23.14 km/s. Without any possibility to ever slowdown. But of course we could do a bit better! After all, why should we use the less effective engine of the first stage, when we already have more effective ones. Infact we could use Even if we use the best engine at hand, ignore all the problems associated with starting from the surface, construct a 10 times larger rocket then the largest one we have today, fuel it with the most efficient fuel - a one way trip to the nearest star would take ~ thousands (?) years. How can we compare drives? * thrust * specific impulse exhaust velocity - temperature Ion-Engine VASIMIR Oberth Effect Gravitational Slingshot examining the data of the above table shows with currently reachable technologies only nuclear pulse propulsion gives us the slightest chance of propelling anything over interstellar distance that has more mass than a dandelion seed and would arrive in less than a thousand years. == The proposal == === Drive === As the original Project Orion proposed, the main drive will be several thousand nuclear bombs. Build as to be shaped charges, emitting most of their energy in two narrow cones towards and away from the pusher plate. The pusher plate itself is parabolic in shape. The thickness of the plate varies in such a way, that areas which will be hit by the most energetic particles are more massive, while further out the plate is less massiv. This should ensure an equal acceleration of the plate, without to much internal stresses. Extending from the outer edge of the plate will be an magnetic nozzel to harness the energy of particles not within the plate radius. To protect the plate from ablation before each blast the surface needs to be coated in an oil film. All components hich can withstand considerable accerlerations, e.g. surplus material, nuclear charges, reactor, radiators will be placed directly behind the pusher plate and will encounter several g's of acceleration every few minutes. The original Project Orion proposed a series of mechanical shock absorbers between the pusher plate and the remaining structures, instead our design will use an Eddy Current Break. === Habitation === === Waste break down === === Food production === === Oxygen regeneration === === Psychological effects === [[Image:biosphere2 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Biosphere 2]] [[File:Wiki bio2 sunset 001.jpg|thumb|Biosphere 2 ]] [[Image:Biosphere2 Inside big.jpg|thumb|Biosphere 2, interrior viewed from the thornscrub towards the Ocean sections]] [https://www.closed-worlds.com/bios-3?lightbox=dataItem-jg4l694e BIOS-3] [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~meyer/CISC1600/Materials/Unit3/Sources_Project_3/Lab_Project_3_files/Biosphere2cutaway.jpg BIOSphere] [https://www.vulture.com/2013/08/syd-mead-design-blade-runner-aliens-elysium.html Syd Mead Design] [https://cdnb.artstation.com/p/assets/images/images/040/290/933/large/nichlas-benjamin-5000-final-torus-interior-2.jpg?1628434985 Nichlas Benjamin] [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c3/d8/85/c3d8856f9d2854b2fa10ec11691552a7.jpg Standford Torus] [[File:1915 Çanakkale Bridge 20220327.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge of Turkey, opened in 2022, has the longest central span (2,023 m) of any suspension bridge.]] Size comparison: Aircraft Carrier, Suspension Bridge, Stanford Torus With staying cables of 1 km length (radius), the habitat torus would have a circumference of 6.3 km. If each habitat ring has a width of 200m, the surface area of each ring would be 1.26 km^2. Employing 3 decks per ring, with a vertical distance of 40m would yield a total of 3.8 km^2., which is the same are of central park in New York. 4 such rings per ship would put the total living area at 15 km^2. [http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm Land area of Islands] '''Lo''' (sometimes wrongly spelled ''Loh'') is an island in the Torres group of islands, in northern Vanuatu. The island is located 2.25 miles from the Toga Island As of 2009, the population of the island was 210.<ref> {{cite document | url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/vu/stats/Publications/2009%20Census%20Summary%20release%20final.pdf | title=2009 National Census of Population and Housing: Summary Release | publisher=Vanuatu National Statistics Office | year=2009 | access-date= October 11, 2010}}</ref> It had in 1979 a population of 84 people. [[File:Pitcairn Island Group.svg|Map of the Pitcairn Islands]] Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has a land area of 163.6 km² and sustained a population of 3000-4000. To sustain the caloric intake of a population of 90 people at least 200 acres or 0.8 km^2 are needed. High yield hydroponic and vertical farming not included. One person breathes the oxygen production of around 8 trees. == Sociology == bpzp5rhe9awc3bygm7v6l7c4oytmzft 0 448280 4095411 4095152 2022-08-23T07:07:12Z Mbrickn 3181019 Mbrickn moved page [[History of video games/Platforms/Aquaplus P/ECE]] to [[History of video games/Platforms/Aquaplus PIECE]]: Using alternate name for better structure wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> File:Piece PME-001.jpg </gallery> ==History== ===Launch=== The launch of the system was planned for November 30, 2001,<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> however it is unknown if this target was met. The system did release in 2001 for 11000 Japanese Yen.<ref name="VS">{{cite news |title=Aquaplus P/ECE (vs Panic Playdate) ⌘I Get Info |url=https://blog.gingerbeardman.com/2021/08/19/aquaplus-piece-vs-panic-playdate/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=blog.gingerbeardman.com}}</ref> However the price was also listed as 9,800 Japanese Yen.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> The console was distributed in retail through PC software stores.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> ===Legacy=== The official main P/ECE website was last updated on August 20th, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=P/ECE Official WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/index.html |website=aquaplus.jp |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> A small homebrew scene continued developing for the system long after it was released to the market. New commercial releases for the system occurred as recently as 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aquaplus P/ECE: Game Reviews Vol. 2 ⌘I Get Info |url=https://blog.gingerbeardman.com/2021/08/28/aquaplus-piece-game-reviews-vol-2/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=blog.gingerbeardman.com |date=August 28, 2021}}</ref> This console was referenced in Episode 11 of the 2020 anime ''Tonikawa: Over the Moon for You''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Theron |title=TONIKAWA: Over The Moon For You ‒ Episode 11 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/tonikawa-over-the-moon-for-you/episode-11/.167388 |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Anime News Network |date=December 14, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The system is was noted by the blog of ''GingerBreadMan'' for it's similarities to a later console, the [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Platforms/Playdate|Playdate]].<ref name="VS"/> ==Technology== ===Compute=== The system was powered by a 32-bit RISC CPU, the Epson S1C33209, which was clocked at 24 megahertz.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> The system had 256 KB of Volatile SRAM.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/><ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> Storage was non-expandable, and was based on 512 KB of flash RAM, about 320 kilobytes of which was available to the user.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/><ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> ===Audio Visual=== The system included a widescreen orientation {{Convert|45|mm}} by {{Convert|31|mm}} monochrome FSTN LCD with a resolution of 128 pixels by 88 pixels capable of displaying 4 shades of darkness.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> This display was acknowledged by Aquaplus as low specification for the time, and was selected specifically for improved battery life and size.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> Audio was possible by using PWM through the CPU.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> Audio was output using either a single onboard monaural speaker, or through a headphone jack.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> ===Hardware=== The system measured {{Convert|101|mm}} high by {{Convert|65|mm}} wide by {{Convert|17|mm}} deep and weighed {{Convert|67|g}} without any AA battery inserted.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> A 1 channel 16 bit timer was used to handle interrupts.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> ===Software=== Very unusually for a console of the early 2000's, but similar to other small handhelds of the era, Aquaplus released development tools without asking for a royalty and free as in gratis, and explicitly with no license.<ref name="PIECE"/> The primary development language was a variant of the C programming language,<ref name="PIECE"/> which was fully compatible with ANSI C.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> An educational story based course with three characters was released to help developers learn how to write software for the system.<ref>{{cite web |title=まじかる＊コンパイル｜P/ECE Officeal WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/mc/index.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=aquaplus.jp}}</ref> Additionally two official games were released with source publicly available to aid developers.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> A contest with a number of prizes ranging from 50,000 Japanese Yen to 1 million Japanese Yen was distributed at various times and was held to develop software for the system.<ref>{{cite web |title=P/ECE Official WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/contest/index.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=aquaplus.jp}}</ref> ===Communication=== The system supported Infrared based wireless communication, sporting both a receiver and blaster on the top of the console, for communication with other consoles.<ref name="PIECE">{{cite web |title=P/ECE Official WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/intr.html |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=aquaplus.jp}}</ref> The system also supported wired USB communication with an onboard USB Type B port for use with a computer.<ref name="PIECE"/> This was the intended method of uploading software to the device.<ref name="PIECE"/> Unusually for the time, the system could also be used as a controller for PC games via USB.<ref name="PIECE"/> The possibility of operation with other consoles such as the [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Platforms/PlayStation 2|PlayStation 2]] was mentioned in the official FAQ.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> ===Power=== The system used one AA battery for around 8 hours of mobile operation, and a standby mode being available for when the system was not in operation.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/><ref name="OfficialSpec">{{cite web |title=P/ECE Official WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/spec.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=aquaplus.jp}}</ref> The system was designed for use with standard alkaline AA batteries, and the use of rechargeable batteries was explicitly mentioned as a gray area.<ref name="OfficialFAQ"/> It should be noted that documentation contemporary competing game consoles such as the [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Platforms/GameBoy|GameBoy Color}} explicitly told users to avoid using rechargeable batteries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why shouldn't rechargeable batteries be used in the Game Boy? |url=https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Pocket-Color/FAQ/Why-shouldn-t-rechargeable-batteries-be-used-in-the-Game-Boy-/Why-shouldn-t-rechargeable-batteries-be-used-in-the-Game-Boy-619646.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=Nintendo of Europe GmbH}}</ref> When available and adequately powered, USB was automatically switched to as a power source for the system,<ref name="OfficialFAQ">{{cite web |title=P/ECE Official WebPage |url=https://aquaplus.jp/piece/faq.html |website=aquaplus.jp |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> an unusual feature for the time. ===Accessories=== The system included a attachment point for a strap or charm.<ref name="PIECE"/> ==Games== The system was powerful enough to support complex gameplay features such as 3D environments or destructible environments.<ref name="VS"/> ==Console Versions== * Original "Silver & Black" - Features silver and black two tone casing and silver buttons.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> Original models included special software built in.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> * Other versions ** "Pearl White" - Features opaque bright white casing and matching white buttons.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> ** "Clear Blue" - Features translucent blue casing and black buttons.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> ** "Clear Red" - Features translucent red casing and black buttons.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> Note that all models have a black bezel around the display.<ref name="OfficialSpec"/> ==Notes== The name of the system is written as either ''P/ECE'' or ''PIECE''. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|75%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ ns78qx12o2ioy63eb91xia405f3slvq 0 448312 4095351 4094577 2022-08-22T16:24:06Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Why Create Vampires? */ Added 5 paragraphs to section "Why Create Vampires" wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular <br> with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to <br> gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.<br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people <br> to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, <br> your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, <br> reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, <br> emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, <br> or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. == Why Create Vampires? == What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood? What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do? These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you? Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit! Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty. In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, reflect the society and times you observe and write about. Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone. Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, almost un-loveable, and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits ! !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale | |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth | |Predator personality |- |Thin | |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair | |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, <nowiki><br></nowiki> or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with <nowiki><br></nowiki> subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? <nowiki><br></nowiki> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality Drinking blood Sunlight Poisoning Heightened senses Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! Sources: [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> {{BookCat}} j1vjmzkf72mn5n4kvxmnnfplu5rb6ze 4095352 4095351 2022-08-22T16:26:36Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Why Create Vampires? */ Removed a few paragraphs that I hade repeated. wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular <br> with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to <br> gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.<br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people <br> to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, <br> your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, <br> reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, <br> emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, <br> or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, almost un-loveable, and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits ! !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale | |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth | |Predator personality |- |Thin | |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair | |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, <nowiki><br></nowiki> or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with <nowiki><br></nowiki> subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? <nowiki><br></nowiki> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality Drinking blood Sunlight Poisoning Heightened senses Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! Sources: [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> {{BookCat}} p945szt6j75e29a5sn6o9lydnr5whjo 4095353 4095352 2022-08-22T16:30:31Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 Removed 3 page breaks, added 4 page breaks wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular <br> with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to <br> gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.<br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people <br> to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, <br> your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, <br> reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, <br> emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, <br> or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, almost un-loveable, and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits ! !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale | |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth | |Predator personality |- |Thin | |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair | |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality <br> Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning <br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! Sources: [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> {{BookCat}} 7isnuarxiu4op9bj2hxk6kwdedtgurb 4095354 4095353 2022-08-22T16:54:44Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Why Create Vampires? */ Added two paragraphs and moved the Tips around. wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular <br> with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to <br> gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.<br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people <br> to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, <br> your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, <br> reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, <br> emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, <br> or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, almost un-loveable, and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits ! !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale | |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth | |Predator personality |- |Thin | |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair | |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality <br> Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning <br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! <nowiki><br></nowiki> Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obvious. In 1819, John Polidore wrote '''The Vampyre''', a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. <nowiki><br></nowiki> The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his '''The Vampire''' in 1897 "To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair," it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up. <nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><br></nowiki> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe <nowiki><br></nowiki> physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? <nowiki><br></nowiki> Sources: [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> {{BookCat}} kbcu18eodihpp56njd0saiere141bmq 4095356 4095354 2022-08-22T17:01:49Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 /* Why Create Vampires? */ Fixed page break typos wikitext text/x-wiki == Why Create Vampires? == <br> What would happen if you woke-up one day with a horrible craving for blood?<br> What if you woke up, then slowly realized that you were invisible, would you get dressed out of habit? <br> What if you woke-up one day both hungry and invisible? What would you do?<br> These are questions writers may consider when approaching fictional narratives. Stories about ghosts, angels, zombies and vampires are popular <br> with modern readers, yet why do people write about vampires? Should you?<br> <br> Perhaps writing creatively about a fascinating subject is a bit of a dream. In order to first figure out what to write, some people may choose to <br> gather together with other writing students to consider and experiment with ideas and techniques of use to other Writers. <br> Classes that encourage creative writing, may encourage exploration of fascinating subjects, such as vampires. <br> Exploration of unusual subjects can be rewarding to the creative spirit!<br> <br> Creative writing is a self-developmental process involving your creativity, using established techniques of the Writer’s craft, shaped by your level of honesty.<br> In creative writing classes, your story is not just your creative expression, each story you take time to write is similar to a window allowing people <br> to share in the communication process. You don’t just share common norms about spelling, grammar, or idiomatic expressions used by normal people, <br> your story can share information about how a group of people reacted to life-altering events, meaning your stories can in a general sense, <br> reflect the society and times you observe and write about.<br> <br> Because every writer is advised to “write what you know,” you may willingly look for safe ways to write what you know, creatively, <br> in a non-factual manner that may not share factual information, yet will express your emotions, or will reflect the feelings of everyone.<br> Creative writing is about telling a story, in a expressive, original manner. Techniques like tone, meaning how to express the right mood, <br> emotional intensity, or level of humor, meaning how we tell the story using the right tone to a reader who is unable to hear you, <br> or hear the people your story will reflect, may become easier after we have developed better writing skills. <br> <br> Creative writing is a subject about developing better writing skills, and allowing honest expression, often in non-factual, creative ways. <br> <br> Writers who write about the vampires from their imagination maybe following their own personal creative spirit. '''WARNING: <u>Vampires of the imagination in action!</u>''' Giving warnings against vampires of the imagination maybe a useful device writers could explore. Typical vampires of the imagination are not friendly characters, they seem to possess unusual traits and characteristics, they are not popular, almost un-loveable, and very problematic. {| class="wikitable" |+COMMON VAMPIRE-IMAGINATION TRAITS + CHARACTERISTICS: !Traits ! !Characteristics |- |Pale / Deadly pale | |Enjoy isolation / Loner personality |- |Long fangs / Fang-ish teeth | |Predator personality |- |Thin | |Alpha Male type |- |Black hair / Brown Hair | |"Energy Vampire" : Negativity, overly dramatic, hostile rages, complaints and sad stories. |- |Re-animated corpse with failing body issues. | | |} Vampires of the imagination that seem to be re-animated, walking corpses, some with dominate alpha-male behaviors and sharp cuspids, could be a terror, a monster, or a walking nightmare to a town, or neighborhood. It is easy for Writers to warn their readers against such a vampire [...of the imagination], yet what about vampires with subtle negative energy influences? What of Energy vampires and other less monster-ish vampires of the imagination? {| class="wikitable" |+Supernatural Vampire Traits !Traits that are supernatural !Mythological Creature |- |Immortality <br> Drinking blood <br> Sunlight Poisoning <br> Heightened senses <br> Morphing |[[File:"Le_Vampire".jpg|thumb|"Le Vampire"]] |} Vampire stories found in Eastern European Folklore often warn people against evil characters, or of a evil character [the antagonist] who in a malicious manner seeks to harm innocent people. Regardless of the motive, the methods are of drugging [poisoning] the victim, which often leads to the innocent person getting buried alive, and / or having their graves robbed by grave-robbers interested in robbing the rich. Many Eastern European folk stories have warnings against grave-robbers! <br> <br> Some traits for vampires of the imagination are obvious. In 1819, John Polidore wrote '''The Vampyre''', a fictional piece that is noted as having introduced vampires of modern Fiction. The Poet Rudyard Kipling wrote in his '''The Vampire''' in 1897 "To a rag and a bone and a hank of hair," it is implied that Kipling's vampire is realistic, thus mostly made up. <br> <br> '''Tip:''' Typically, humans have four cuspids in their mouth. Two on the bottom, and two on the top left and right side of the mouth. <br> These are the sharpest, longest teeth, they have a pointed edge and have been called "vampire teeth" by some Writers. <br> <br> Perhaps Juliet in William Shakespeare's play: Romeo and Juliet could be described by some people as a vampire of the imagination. Does William Shakespeare describe physical traits that would support this claim or unusual interpretation? <br> Sources: [[https://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/%7Chttps://healthpsychologyconsultancy.wordpress.com/2012/07/13/the-energy-vampire-personality-type/]] wordpress.com Reviewed: 8/19/2022 [[https://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957%7Chttps://theconversation.com/five-vampire-traits-that-exist-in-the-natural-world-104957]] theconversation.com [[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid%7Chttps://www.dictionary.com/browse/cuspid]] www.dictionary.com <br> link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''"How do you spell vampire?"''' <br> <br> link: [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling]]<br> {{BookCat}} 23v4sw4e68rtby4qwja3w0dkp9iaai1 0 448331 4095393 4095296 2022-08-23T03:16:56Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> research suggests aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness, is an effective treatment for depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia (32–36) through both physiological and psychological mechanisms, and may be comparable or superior to other common treatments, such as psychotherapy and pharmacology Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on sample of 8 males who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} pwdqwvad37g6jlxt8jwoltry66nlonx 4095396 4095393 2022-08-23T03:42:16Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria (several sub-criteria are described under criteria A-E): A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin First Responders: Behavioural Health Concerns, Emergency Response, and Trauma. [internet] May 2018.</ref> Those suffering from PTSD are less likely to participate in physical activity and will engage in a more sedentary lifestyle. Previous research into the link between physical activity and symptoms of long term PTSD has identified that an increase in physical activity may not only reduce PTSD symptoms but could also decrease the risk of the co-morbidities .<ref>Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. ''Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal''. [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, ''et a''l. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. ''BMC Research Notes'' [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> Exercise as a treatment for PTSD is less likely to be associated with the stigma often found with mental injuries and psychological and pharmacological treatments.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. 21 March 2019.</ref> A 2017 meta-analysis specifically focusing on stigma in mental health found that a third of first responders experience or perceive stigma to some level in conjunction with mental injury.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref>Haugen P, McCrillis A, Smid G, Nijdam M. Mental health stigma and barriers to mental health care for first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Psychiatric Res. 2017; Volume 94,Pages 218-229.</ref> Research indicates exercise is a readily available, functional, low-cost alternative, comparable or superior treatment for PTSD.<ref name="Hegberg" /> research suggests aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness, is an effective treatment for depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia (32–36) through both physiological and psychological mechanisms, and may be comparable or superior to other common treatments, such as psychotherapy and pharmacology Taken together, the findings suggest that those with low levels of PTSD who engage in vigorous-intensity activity may see the most profound effects on hyperarousal symptoms, whereas there may be more widespread symptom effects as PTSD severity increases. For example, studies that failed to detect a significant association measured exercise with a single-item questionnaire or variable (e.g., assessing engagement in exercise or not, or number of days per week of exercise), whereas studies that have found significant effects used validated, multiple-item exercise assessment measures. A single-item measure does not capture frequency, intensity, and time (duration) and type of exercise, and therefore may not be adequate to assess behaviors that promote alterations in cardiorespiratory fitness or the effectiveness of aerobic exercise. '''Exercise Only''' Another article published from these data (57) suggested that participants with lower fitness at baseline, measured using the YMCA ergometer bike test which assesses submaximal VO2 maximum, reported a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to their higher-fit peers (β = 0.10, ''p'' < 0.10). == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues. The research undertaken in this article was funded by Fearless Outreach. The article processing charge was funded by UC, with the study approved by the UC Human Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics, and Integrity Review Board. No conflicts of interest were declared by any author.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study conducted on sample of 8 males who were either currently serving armed forces personnel, first responders or military veterans. The sample consisted of two groups, a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study is undertaken to identify the feasibility of undertaking future research, by testing criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601. Epub 2017 Nov 14.</ref> Therefore, it is important the pilot study process and outcomes are transferrable and adaptable for subsequent studies. == '''What did the research involve?''' == == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 863wjmw82j008rglhfu3qu9q8gcd1k1 0 448337 4095382 4095284 2022-08-23T00:39:30Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki This critique is of the research article: Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == What is the background to this research? == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. MS is the result of damage to myelin sheath (demyelination). Demyelination disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain, and this can result in a decline in motor and cognitive functions such as losing the ability to walk, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (see the MS website linked for more information on prevalence in Australia).<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref> Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the burden of disease is high and individuals often have a lowered quality of life and are less physically active. MS commonly affects an individuals ability to walk unassisted and interferes with their balance and motor control<ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. With this, a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses, however improving the level of disability and disease burden on the individual there is mixed evidence to suggest it is somewhat ineffective (add reference<ref>xxx</ref>). Consequently, exercise interventions prescribed for MS have often been discouraged as it is believed it can worsen symptoms and increase the rate of progression. It remains underutilised in as intervention within the MS population, however, there is moderate evidence to suggest that resistance training has been supported to minimise loss of functional capacity<ref name=":0" />. The chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves gait and balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. '''''NOTE TO SELF: I need to add more to this: more evidence/explanation is needed exploring the effectiveness of resistance training and exercise in the MS population on balance and gait.''''' == Where is the research from? == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased in peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for research related MS from MS care centres on a global level. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska under the Multiple Sclerosis Centre. This database aims to publish original research articles that address clinical issues in order to explore the disease from a multidisciplinary point of care<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist with more than 20 years experience and based in Nebraska, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has an interest in exploring the therapies and there effectiveness related to MS, and has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects. Therefore, academic team is well published and reliable. == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == == Further information/resources == == References == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) 9h1ca7j86bhl98ccybr33lbescathi7 2 448351 4095306 4095305 2022-08-22T12:03:42Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Point chart */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am?(4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 650||There is no hope for you... |- |651 or more||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |} d852kdxj7jup3lpbt4x2lljsr893dw3 4095309 4095306 2022-08-22T12:12:50Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ I currently got 539 points... wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 650||There is no hope for you... |- |651 or more||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |} 3ur9jzed61z6dkf81c6er9c8h7bxyce 4095310 4095309 2022-08-22T12:16:21Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ now Ihave 589! AAAARGH! SAVE ME! wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 650||There is no hope for you... |- |651 or more||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |} 2h4ahvc58p3hv8ilfx2r0g43f5lky9u 4095312 4095310 2022-08-22T12:30:37Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 650||There is no hope for you... |- |651 or more||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |} pw43chjvc98gumrsebca6lhfdd7js8n 4095313 4095312 2022-08-22T13:10:35Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Point chart */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 50||There is no hope for you... |- |751 - 2000||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |2001 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:ASG|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} iwyj50jehgsgnbdzkmpvvhpagywxf3e 4095315 4095313 2022-08-22T13:11:18Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Point chart */ A WTF typo wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off WiFi| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 300||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |301 - 50||There is no hope for you... |- |751 - 2000||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |2001 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} 96pgglgybx0ye4m7ygto1ok43wuwqf3 4095420 4095315 2022-08-23T08:25:45Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable. Exept by great effort.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off the WiFi.| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) *You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5) :*You dream it every night? (10) :*You actually edit while sleeping? (20) *Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10) *You almost end emails with <nowiki>~~~~<nowiki/>? (5) :*You ''actually'' end a few emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (10) ::*Most emails? (15) :::*All? (30) ::*Without realizing? (50) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 350||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |351 - 700||There is still hope! |- |751 - 1500||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |1501 - 2500||You are fatally addicted to Wikiboks. There is little hope now. |- |2501 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} mf556cpd4wmdeuj3inc7bzelhpxr6au 4095421 4095420 2022-08-23T08:31:41Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable. Exept by great effort.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off the WiFi.| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) *You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5) :*You dream it every night? (10) :*You actually edit while sleeping? (20) *Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10) *You almost end emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (5) :*You ''actually'' end a few emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (10) ::*Most emails? (15) :::*All? (30) ::*Without realizing? (50) *You add links in most sentences to Wikibooks policies? (5) *You are an admin? (10) *You are a bureaucrat? (50) *You are [http://enwikibooks.wikiscan.org/users one of the top hundred] active users? (10) :*You want to be? (15) ::*You want to reach the top? (50) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 350||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |351 - 700||There is still hope! |- |751 - 1500||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |1501 - 2800||You are fatally addicted to Wikiboks. There is little hope now. |- |2801 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} fh076915790c1mkn1dax89qbl58y3j7 4095422 4095421 2022-08-23T08:36:02Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable. Exept by great effort.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off the WiFi.| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== *You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) *You edited Wikibooks today? (1) :*You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ::*You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) *You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) :*70%? (50) ::*You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (90) *You revert vandalism? (5) :*Just to get the points? (-15) *You are a vandal? (-50) *You check your watchlist once a day? (2) :*Twice a day? (3) ::*Ten times a day or more? (10) :*Is it set as your start page? (15) *You check recent changes every day? (2) :*Five times a day? (5) ::*Ten times or more? (15) :*Is it bookmarked? (3) ::*Set as your start page? (15) *You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) *You eat trolls? (2) :*For breakfast? (4) ::*Before breakfast? (6) :::*Late at night and/or midnight? (10) *You edited before 8am? (5) :*From 7am? (2) ::*From 6am? (4) :::*From 5am? (6) *You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) *You press "random page" every day? (3) :*Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ::*Made? (20) :*You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) :*You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) *You edit and eat at the same time? (5) :*You put your food down to edit? (7) ::*You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) *You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) :*Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ::*Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) *You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) :*A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) *You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) :*You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) *You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) :*A temporary block? (20) ::*That lasts less than a week!? (50) :::*You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) *You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) *You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) :*You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) *You edited this page? (10) :*You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) *You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) :*You got caught? (5) ::*You carried on anyways? (25) *You are ashamed with your score? (0) :*Is it too big? (5) :*Or too small? (3) *You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5) :*You dream it every night? (10) :*You actually edit while sleeping? (20) *Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10) *You almost end emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (5) :*You ''actually'' end a few emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (10) ::*Most emails? (15) :::*All? (30) ::*Without realizing? (50) *You add links in most sentences to Wikibooks policies? (5) *You are an admin? (10) *You are a bureaucrat? (50) *You are [http://enwikibooks.wikiscan.org/users one of the top hundred] active users? (10) :*You are not one of the top hundred, but you want to be? (10) :*You want to reach the top? (50) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 350||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |351 - 700||There is still hope! |- |751 - 1500||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |1501 - 2800||You are fatally addicted to Wikiboks. There is little hope now. |- |2801 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} 9andhlanzlh3orehf31wz56ade7trad 4095424 4095422 2022-08-23T08:52:56Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable. Exept by great effort.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off the WiFi.| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== #You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) #You edited Wikibooks today? (1) ##You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ###You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) #You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) ##70%? (60) ###You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (100) #You revert vandalism? (5) ##Just to get the points? (-35) #You are a vandal? (-50) #You check your watchlist once a day? (2) ##Twice a day? (3) ###Ten times a day or more? (10) ##Is it set as your start page? (15) #You check recent changes every day? (2) ##Five times a day? (5) ###Ten times or more? (15) ##Is it bookmarked? (3) ###Set as your start page? (15) #You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) #You fight trolls? (2) ##For breakfast? (4) ###Before breakfast? (6) ####Late at night and/or midnight? (10) #You edited before 8am? (5) ##From 7am? (2) ###From 6am? (4) ####From 5am? (6) #You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) #You press "random page" every day? (3) ##Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ###Made? (20) ##You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) ##You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) #You edit and eat at the same time? (5) ##You put your food down to edit? (7) ###You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) #You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) ##Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ###Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) #You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) ##A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) #You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) ##You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) #You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) ##A temporary block? (20) ###That lasts less than a week? (50) ####You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) #You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) #You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) ##You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) #You edited this page? (10) ##You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) #You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) ##You got caught? (5) ###You carried on anyways? (25) #You are ashamed with your score? (q) ##Is it too big? (5) ##Or too small? (3) #You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5) ##You dream it every night? (10) ##You actually edit while sleeping? (20) #Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10) #You almost end emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (5) ##You ''actually'' end a few emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (10) ###Most emails? (15) ####All? (30) ###Without realizing? (50) #You add links in most sentences to Wikibooks policies? (5) #You are an admin? (10) #You are a bureaucrat? (50) #You are [http://enwikibooks.wikiscan.org/users one of the top hundred] active users? (10) ##You are not one of the top hundred, but you want to be? (10) ##You want to reach the top? (50) ###You ''actually'' tried (or are trying)? (10) ####You gave up? (-50) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 350||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |351 - 700||There is still hope! |- |751 - 1500||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |1501 - 2800||You are fatally addicted to Wikiboks. There is little hope now. |- |2801 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} cuwr8v7j3odphdzlae08s36uite3vjn 4095425 4095424 2022-08-23T09:07:44Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Wikibookaholic test */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{essay}} {{infobox| label5=Type|data5=Addiction| label7=Cause|data7=wikibooks.org| label10=Risk factor|data10=Having a computer, having too much free time, existing.| label15=Treatement|data15=There is no treatment. This contagious disease is incurable. Exept by great effort.| label20=Medication|data20=Turning off the WiFi.| }} A '''Wikibookaholic''' is somebody who is addicted to Wikibooks. Wikipedia [[w:WP:Wikiholic|has an article on this]], but represents Wikipedia more than Wikibooks. Below are questions. Answer them to gain points. ==Wikibookaholic test== #You viewed Wikibooks today? (1 - in case you hadn't noticed, this test ''is'' on Wikibooks) #You edited Wikibooks today? (1) ##You edited Wikibooks at least once in the last hour? (2) ###You are editing Wikibooks '''as you are reading this'''! (5 - impressive!) #You spend 50% of your time online in Wikibooks? (25) ##70%? (60) ###You ''only ever'' use Wikibooks? (100) #You revert vandalism? (5) ##Just to get the points? (-35) #You are a vandal? (-50) #You check your watchlist once a day? (2) ##Twice a day? (3) ###Ten times a day or more? (10) ##Is it set as your start page? (15) #You check recent changes every day? (2) ##Five times a day? (5) ###Ten times or more? (15) ##Is it bookmarked? (3) ###Set as your start page? (15) #You invited friends over to Wikibooks? (-1 for each one who became a vandal, 1 for each reader, and 5 for each editor) #You fight trolls? (2) ##For breakfast? (4) ###Before breakfast? (6) ####Late at night and/or midnight? (10) #You edited before 8am? (5) ##From 7am? (2) ###From 6am? (4) ####From 5am? (6) #You gave yourself 17 points in that last question as it is always 7, 6, and 5am ''somewhere'' in the world? (17 for cleaverness) #You press "random page" every day? (3) ##Did you once get to a page you edited? (5) ###Made? (20) ##You pressed it and found yourself on the same page twice in a row? (1) ##You're upset because you only got one point for that last question, because the odds for that happening are about {{NUMBEROFBOOKS}} to one? (1 - that really is a ripoff) #You edit and eat at the same time? (5) ##You put your food down to edit? (7) ###You're food spoiled while you were editing? (10 - right, I'm dragging you to the nearest wikiclinic) #You wikiprepend "Wiki" to some words? (5) ##Wikifor '''wikievery''' wikiword? (10) ###Wikiand wikiyou wikican wikiactually wikiread wikiit!? (100) #You worrythat your score is too high and will do something after "a few more edits"? (15) ##A hundred edits later and you never even tried? (25) #You spotted the typo above and want to fix it, but you're worried that you will lose your place if you do? (3) ##You fix it anyway? (20 - please revert it though, it's there on purpose) #You greave the loss of editing privileges when you are perma-blocked? (12) ##A temporary block? (20) ###That lasts less than a week? (50) ####You greave if you are blocked for 24 hours!!? (500 - you got serious problems) #You feel depressed when you are inactive for a full day? (5 - real life is quite important) #You feel ashamed if your edit count this month is lower than last months? (10) ##You strive to make up for it by doing more edits next month? (15) #You edited this page? (10) ##You [[User:L10nM4st3r|made]] this page? (100) #You broke some sort of rule to edit Wikibooks? (20) ##You got caught? (5) ###You carried on anyways? (25) #You are ashamed with your score? (q) ##Is it too big? (5) ##Or too small? (3) #You dream of editing Wikibooks? (5) ##You dream it every night? (10) ##You actually edit while sleeping? (20) #Something you one thought is important is suffering because of your addiction to Wikibooks? (10) #You almost end emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (5) ##You ''actually'' end a few emails with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>? (10) ###Most emails? (15) ####All? (30) ###Without realizing? (50) #You add links in most sentences to Wikibooks policies? (5) #You are an admin? (10) #You are a bureaucrat? (50) #You are [http://enwikibooks.wikiscan.org/users one of the top hundred] active users? (10) ##You are not one of the top hundred, but you want to be? (10) ##You want to reach the top? (50) ###You ''actually'' tried (or are trying)? (10) ####You gave up? (-50) #You randomly help other users? (10) #As soon as you get you hands on a computer or phone, you're straight on Wikibooks? (20) ##Even though you have important work to do? (25) ==Point chart== {|class="wikitable" |- |Less than 1||You must be a vandal! |- |1 - 10||You are safely away from this addiction. For now. |- |11 - 80||You are a regular contributor. Rest in peace. |- |81 - 350||Uh-oh! You are addicted! |- |351 - 700||There is still hope! |- |751 - 1500||You are so addicted to Wikibooks, it is about time you try and treat it... |- |1501 - 2800||You are fatally addicted to Wikiboks. There is little hope now. |- |2801 or more||I mean... We have [[WB:AGF|a policy]] that prevents me from accusing you of cheating! :D |} 8qfvu8nbylirqyh42nv9dn7ilyoj8ks 0 448391 4095370 4095304 2022-08-22T21:03:58Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete}} === 6WF Perth === A comprehensive article about 6WF Perth has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation: * [[/Research|Research - 6WF Perth]] - Summary of research to date * [[/Notes|Transcriptions and Notes - 6WF Perth]] - More than 30 transcriptions * [[/Graphics|Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - 6WF Perth]] - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several relevant QSLs held * [[/Wikipedia|Incubator of Wikipedia Article on 6WF Perth]] - Coming real soon now! Key internet links: Maxwell Hull, VK3ZS, Federal Historical Section WIA: biography "Walter Francis Maxwell Howden" in "Amateur Radio" of October 1983<ref>https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-AUSTRALIA/IDX/Amateur-Radio/80s/Amateur-Radio-AU-1983628.pdf</ref> Neville Williams' biography in "When I think Back . . ." section of Electronics Australia of December 1996<ref>http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/valves/NW199612.pdf</ref> Tribute page by Andrew (current 3BQ callsign holder) "A3BQ (VK3BQ) a Very Historic callsign."<ref>https://www.vk3bq.com/2014/10/29/a3bq-vk3bq-callsign/</ref> (includes several other links) Wonderful 41 minute recording of an oral history interview with Max "Maxwell Howden interviewed by Mel Pratt ion 1972 for the Mel Pratt collection" <ref>{{Citation | author1=Howden, Maxwell, 1899-1980 | author2=Pratt, Mel, -1986 | title=Maxwell Howden interviewed by Mel Pratt for the Mel Pratt collection | journal=Mel Pratt collection [sound recording] | publication-date=1972-04-04 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19169227 | access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Another excellent 35 minute recording of speech by Max in 1974 to the Radio Amateur's Old Timer's Club about amateur radio late 1910s through 1930s [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfgofQ-Gu_s&ab_channel=AusRadioHistorian Youtube] Pending further progress on the foregoing, the following lovely article from Melbourne's Table Talk, summarising Max's life to 1927, and accompanied by a wonderful caricature touches briefly on how much Max contributed to the development of wireless in Australia in the 1920s <blockquote>'''Prominent Personalities.''' Written by C. R. Bradish. '''MAX HOWDEN, A RADIO PIONEER.''' Illustrated by L. F. REYNOLDS. WHY Max Howden allowed a good part of his countenance to retire behind a mass of foliage to give zest to the suspicion that he was either learning painting under Max Meldrum or Bolshevism under Zinobiffsky is, of course, his own affair, but the probable explanation is that he was too busy to shave. When a comparative infant in his early twenties cheerfully stays up late, not for the pastimes that keep most of us out of bed, but for the business of experimenting in wireless, shaving is frequently superfluous and may even become a serious interruption to the scientific purposes of life. Anyhow, Max, christened Maxwell by his parents in his baptism, has allowed his beard to grow and is so content with the innovation that he can gaze without any noticeable increase of pulse on the prettiest shaving soap advertisements and all those other subtly-worded communiques offering miraculous safety razors for immaterial prices. Max Howden is an uncommon young man. To the average listener-in who takes his evening fill of talk on beet growing or fowl-raising interspersed with orchestral selections from the works of Professor Whizzbang, the name of Howden is little known, but to the scattered world of experimentalists he is one of the Columbuses of the ether, a fellow of infinite worth and enterprise. What he has done will go down in the records to remind us of an unflinching pioneering spirit in the face of all sorts of difficulties and discouragements. Remember that he took up the problem of long-distance wireless when it was being cradled in the lap of officialdom. Apparatus was crude and expensive, and other conditions governing research were not attractive. At the beginning Max Howden was allowed to experiment under Permit No. 19 issued by the Navy Office. He was keen, and he possessed a patience and perseverance that nothing could affect. At first he employed a double slide tuner and crystal detector and started to pick up the ships and Australian coastal stations — then considered something like an invigorating mental adventure, though it is hardly ten years ago. Howden, a practised reader of Morse, heard the calls going back and forward for several months, all the while developing his apparatus, but never assuaging his consuming thirst for experiment. Soon he was listening to the messages thrown into the void by the V.L.A. station in New Zealand, and with this awoke the ambition to have the whole world of wireless audible and build a machine that would leap oceans and establish two way communication. In 1920 a boon of great price came into his hands. The first shipment of valves, a mean half-dozen in all, was landed in Melbourne, and he was lucky to get one. It may interest the present-day amateur to learn that those valves were 65/ each, which will give some idea of the high cost of wireless to a moderate pocket. With the single valve installed Howden's range of reception was vastly increased. Though he is now hardened to the sensations of discovery and achievement, he can still recall the thrill when he distinctly heard JOC (Japan) on a wave length of 600 metres. After that exploit several other high-powered stations studding the globe practically became next-door neighbors. Among them was POZ, of Nauen, Germany, celebrated be fore and during the war; FL, attached to the Eiffel Tower, Paris; YL, at Lyons, in the South of France; MUU, of Carnarvon, Wales; and NAA, of Arlington, America. By this time Howden was hard at it. To him wireless had attained the proportions of a fashionable vice. Whilst other young men were wearing their feet sore in the company of syncopated dirges, or were sitting up late trying to make four aces grow where one grew before he was among his instruments, experimenting with R valves, Muirhead Amplifying valves and what not, and losing sleep with the stoicism popularly associated with scientific work. Hereabouts he built his own audio frequency transformer to use additional amplication and received his first transmitting licence, he first practising on a wave length of 400 to 440 metres. Shortly after the Government kept that wave length exclusively for commercial purposes, and amateurs were then only permitted to play with a wave length not exceeding 250 metres. That did not deter Master Howden. As he proved afterwards, no arbitrary rules about wave lengths could keep a resourceful expert isolated from the world abroad. As a matter of fact, just about the height of the first trans-Pacific tests his own specially designed simplex receiver picked up 23 American amateur stations on a 200-metre wavelength, which was an unprecedented patch of purple in the history of wireless experiment in this country. Thereafter he settled down to experiments in transmission, and he and others, including the brilliant Maclurcan, of Sydney, collectively developed shortwave apparatus. His first great success, after infinite endeavor, was to signal through to California. This happened on November 2, 1924, with a wave length of only 87 metres, and Howden's elation in the circumstances can be imagined. Two nights later 1SF (Boston) reported that a message from Howden had leapt the Pacific and the American continent and had been picked up intact. But an even finer triumph was to follow. A little after five in the morning of November 13, the same year, Mr Simmonds, a clever English amateur, officially known as G2OD, heard his call, and in a few seconds he was talking to Simmonds — which was the first two-way wireless communication between England and Australia. That is not the full story of his work, but it must suffice. It indicates in some measure the temperament of the man and the cool, relentless striving that has won him his position in this strange new science. A curious man, this, with a face paled by long vigils and with eyes lighted by the fanaticism of one who has dedicated a life to a passion. The technics of wireless slip off his tongue as glibly as the prayers of a Buddhist monk, and I doubt if he has in recent years ever mentioned any other subject with animation. He has that strange gift of concentration on one thing which marks men of high talent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146842335 |title=Prominent Personality MAX HOWDEN |newspaper=[[Table Talk]] |issue=3112 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=29 December 1927 |accessdate=8 February 2021 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> {{BookCat}} lnsyxq0qw3d9r1le22k2q4vfl96nvmr 0 448392 4095366 4095303 2022-08-22T20:47:58Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1923 12 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the follow-ing article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths con-tinues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — (Enclosure) "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescrip-tion case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of clas-sical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas,Forth Worth, Detroit, Daven-port, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Penn-sylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play,'' said she. Fredonia. "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustaf-son, manager of the Fredonia Tele-phone Company, who went on to in-form a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connect-ed a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sun-day, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an ex-periment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the ser-vice by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm. Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have in-stalled radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesome-ness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lone-some any more." Mr Wright continu-ing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broad-casting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Colum-bus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independ-ence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imag-ination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accom-plished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 2feb628u0op5bcuty75vq7u2o0k1vut 4095367 4095366 2022-08-22T20:55:43Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1923 12 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} t98c8qr07eda8itohs88qtyna1i3104 4095369 4095367 2022-08-22T21:02:11Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1923 12 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} qzs05tysajdrlyjr57525gzxch9pwb1 4095418 4095369 2022-08-23T08:17:32Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 01 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} f3f6m5bqt9rcees3tlir25hq7u53yz7 4095419 4095418 2022-08-23T08:22:59Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 01 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} aezw23otcvit96q49upyqcy4euzkzzr 4095423 4095419 2022-08-23T08:37:07Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1924 01 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} f3w5fnzlvx7f0tdiq2zhl8bzal6f96o 0 448397 4095329 4094923 2022-08-22T14:32:01Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 L10nM4st3r moved page [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format]] to [[Hobo tourism/Long intercontinental trips and expeditions]] without leaving a redirect: Ak! wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Modern vagrant.jpg|thumb|380px| Russian traveler [[d:Q104033754|Viktor Pinchuk]] in Sucre, Bolivia<br> (This is what a person practicing bum tourism looks like)]] {{main|Hobo tourism}} '''Hobo tourism (or bum tourism)''' is a format of traveling around the planet in which the subject, overcoming the planned route, leads a more than Spartan lifestyle, where material costs are minimized. There are some similarities with [[w:Backpacking (travel)|backpacking]], but in this case everything is much more complicated and extreme. This method originated in Russia in the post-[[w:Perestroika|Perestroika]] period; in [[w:Russian language|Russian]] it is called «бомж-туризм» (pronounced: bomzh-turizm), where the first constituent word mean a homeless person. ==Etymology== The term has at first glance a strange name for the reason that the existence of a traveler for a certain period of time becomes similar to the life of homeless people, who in Russia, since the 90s of the last century, have been called [[w: ru:Бомж|«бомж»]]. == What is it for? == Makes sense to be used by people who don’t have enough funds, but creatively thinking, who make a feasible contribution to science, art and literature, or at least who want to improve their own knowledge. The essence of the method is that by saving money on personal comfort, you can visit many more places on the planet and, as a result, through historical and geographical (as well as in the field of other sciences) research multiplied by your own vision of the world, benefit your country and not only. The above method of transportation opens up additional opportunities for creativity — painting, photography, the creation of literary works in the genre of travel essays, etc. — which, upon returning to their homeland, allows the traveler in one form or another to acquaint compatriots inclined to a home lifestyle with what saw in a foreign land. == [[Bum tourism/Equipment|How to get ready and what to take with you?]] == Going on a trip of the "bum tour" format, it should be remembered that you can not take expensive items with you: when sleeping on the streets, in the companies of bum natives and other similar places, spectacular equipment (smartphones, cameras, video cameras) can attract the attention of criminal elements. You need to look inconspicuous, clothes should not only be inexpensive, but also not stand out against the general background, i.e. without bright tones and motley shades. The material reserve should be divided into two or three parts and hidden on yourself, preferably in the upper part of the body, since during the route it is possible to ford shallow reservoirs (for example, streams), as well as moving by small-sized water transport with boarding and disembarkation in places where no specially equipped berths. It is advisable to use the method of [[w:Ultralight backpacking|ultralight backpacking]]: a small backpack without zippers, [[w:Sleeping pad|sleeping pad]] and a blanket (or sleeping bag) is the main attributes of bum tour. The presence of a tent is possible, but undesirable. == The form of clothing and the period of action == Following the example of migratory birds, you need to choose the end of autumn or the beginning of winter to set off, planning to return closer to summer. Since most international flights originate from capitals, the starting point is likely to be one of major cities. The above season is usually accompanied by low air temperatures, so you should put on outerwear, which is not a pity to throw away at the arrival airport, leaving only a light sweater, a scarf and sports hat made of thin warm fabric, that fits in a clenched fist: it can be cold at night even in tropical countries. == Tips for choosing a route == The route should include places with favorable climatic conditions. The ideal option is [[w:Developing country|developing countries]], where prices are low, and the expanses are not fully explored. The [[w:First world|first world states]], due to the high prices of goods and services, are suitable only for short-term transit on the way to the goal. The cold spots of the planet are not useful for practicing this method. == [[Overnight stays in long intercontinental wanderings of the "bum tour" format|Recommendations for choosing places to stay overnight]] == In order to save money, need placing in the ruins of abandoned houses, in the open air, in cemeteries, stairwells and halls of residential multi-storey buildings, as well as in other places where the presence of foreigners does not contradict native laws. If possible — in the homes of local residents: it is easier to get a bed for the night with poor people, residents of villages or small towns. == Methods of transportation == The main and irreplaceable way of traveling for a hobo tourist (as well as a backpacker) is [[w:Hitchhiking|hitchhiking]]. In addition, you can use budget transport (sometimes it has a specific benefit: at relatively low costs, time is saved). And a distance of up to 20 kilometers is easy to overcome on foot, which gives additional opportunities for learning about the world around you. A good option is to visit ten or more countries in one trip, in particular, if the route runs, for example, through Latin America, or the islands of Oceania. You can also take advantage of low-cost airlines and seasonal ticket sales. == [[Bum tourism/Food|Food]] == In poor countries (namely, they are of primary interest to those who have chosen this method), there are always points of street catering, where it is easy to purchase inexpensive dishes for a nominal fee. When staying overnight in the jungle — you can eat the gifts of nature, visiting the aborigines — what the owners will serve. == It's important to know == In recent years, the concept of "bum tour" and "bum tourism" sometimes apply by users of the World Wide Web in the meaning of [[w:Slum tourism|"Slum tourism"]]. There is a slight similarity between these terms; in particular, regarding the option of a traveler's residence in the communities of homeless people. Nevertheless, the clients of slum tourism, for the most part, are well — off people who want to find thrills in this new entertainment for themselves in order to dilute the routine of a monotonous, far from poor life. While the subjects of hobo tourism, who go on long journeys around the world "with a bag on their shoulders" — on the contrary. == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Notes of an international tramp| "Notes of an international tramp"]]'' * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} [[Category: Hobo tourism]] snzbpgz1vkzbdu38o9g4iw74c7nm7iq 4095330 4095329 2022-08-22T14:33:31Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Modern vagrant.jpg|thumb|380px| Russian traveler [[d:Q104033754|Viktor Pinchuk]] in Sucre, Bolivia<br> (This is what a person practicing bum tourism looks like)]] {{main|Hobo tourism}} '''Hobo tourism (or bum tourism)''' is a format of traveling around the planet in which the subject, overcoming the planned route, leads a more than Spartan lifestyle, where material costs are minimized. There are some similarities with [[w:Backpacking (travel)|backpacking]], but in this case everything is much more complicated and extreme. This method originated in Russia in the post-[[w:Perestroika|Perestroika]] period; in [[w:Russian language|Russian]] it is called «бомж-туризм» (pronounced: bomzh-turizm), where the first constituent word mean a homeless person. ==Etymology== The term has at first glance a strange name for the reason that the existence of a traveler for a certain period of time becomes similar to the life of homeless people, who in Russia, since the 90s of the last century, have been called [[w: ru:Бомж|«бомж»]]. == What is it for? == Makes sense to be used by people who don’t have enough funds, but creatively thinking, who make a feasible contribution to science, art and literature, or at least who want to improve their own knowledge. The essence of the method is that by saving money on personal comfort, you can visit many more places on the planet and, as a result, through historical and geographical (as well as in the field of other sciences) research multiplied by your own vision of the world, benefit your country and not only. The above method of transportation opens up additional opportunities for creativity — painting, photography, the creation of literary works in the genre of travel essays, etc. — which, upon returning to their homeland, allows the traveler in one form or another to acquaint compatriots inclined to a home lifestyle with what saw in a foreign land. == [[Bum tourism/Equipment|How to get ready and what to take with you?]] == Going on a trip of the "bum tour" format, it should be remembered that you can not take expensive items with you: when sleeping on the streets, in the companies of bum natives and other similar places, spectacular equipment (smartphones, cameras, video cameras) can attract the attention of criminal elements. You need to look inconspicuous, clothes should not only be inexpensive, but also not stand out against the general background, i.e. without bright tones and motley shades. The material reserve should be divided into two or three parts and hidden on yourself, preferably in the upper part of the body, since during the route it is possible to ford shallow reservoirs (for example, streams), as well as moving by small-sized water transport with boarding and disembarkation in places where no specially equipped berths. It is advisable to use the method of [[w:Ultralight backpacking|ultralight backpacking]]: a small backpack without zippers, [[w:Sleeping pad|sleeping pad]] and a blanket (or sleeping bag) is the main attributes of bum tour. The presence of a tent is possible, but undesirable. == The form of clothing and the period of action == Following the example of migratory birds, you need to choose the end of autumn or the beginning of winter to set off, planning to return closer to summer. Since most international flights originate from capitals, the starting point is likely to be one of major cities. The above season is usually accompanied by low air temperatures, so you should put on outerwear, which is not a pity to throw away at the arrival airport, leaving only a light sweater, a scarf and sports hat made of thin warm fabric, that fits in a clenched fist: it can be cold at night even in tropical countries. == Tips for choosing a route == The route should include places with favorable climatic conditions. The ideal option is [[w:Developing country|developing countries]], where prices are low, and the expanses are not fully explored. The [[w:First world|first world states]], due to the high prices of goods and services, are suitable only for short-term transit on the way to the goal. The cold spots of the planet are not useful for practicing this method. == [[Bum tour/Overnight stays in long intercontinental wanderings|Recommendations for choosing places to stay overnight]] == In order to save money, need placing in the ruins of abandoned houses, in the open air, in cemeteries, stairwells and halls of residential multi-storey buildings, as well as in other places where the presence of foreigners does not contradict native laws. If possible — in the homes of local residents: it is easier to get a bed for the night with poor people, residents of villages or small towns. == Methods of transportation == The main and irreplaceable way of traveling for a hobo tourist (as well as a backpacker) is [[w:Hitchhiking|hitchhiking]]. In addition, you can use budget transport (sometimes it has a specific benefit: at relatively low costs, time is saved). And a distance of up to 20 kilometers is easy to overcome on foot, which gives additional opportunities for learning about the world around you. A good option is to visit ten or more countries in one trip, in particular, if the route runs, for example, through Latin America, or the islands of Oceania. You can also take advantage of low-cost airlines and seasonal ticket sales. == [[Bum tourism/Food|Food]] == In poor countries (namely, they are of primary interest to those who have chosen this method), there are always points of street catering, where it is easy to purchase inexpensive dishes for a nominal fee. When staying overnight in the jungle — you can eat the gifts of nature, visiting the aborigines — what the owners will serve. == It's important to know == In recent years, the concept of "bum tour" and "bum tourism" sometimes apply by users of the World Wide Web in the meaning of [[w:Slum tourism|"Slum tourism"]]. There is a slight similarity between these terms; in particular, regarding the option of a traveler's residence in the communities of homeless people. Nevertheless, the clients of slum tourism, for the most part, are well — off people who want to find thrills in this new entertainment for themselves in order to dilute the routine of a monotonous, far from poor life. While the subjects of hobo tourism, who go on long journeys around the world "with a bag on their shoulders" — on the contrary. == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Notes of an international tramp| "Notes of an international tramp"]]'' * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} 6580a7hfw5s5682l5127idmk6rlfuwb 0 448398 4095331 4094956 2022-08-22T14:35:26Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 correct category wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hotel in Sudan.webm|thumb|400px|Hotel in [[w:Atbara|Atbara]], Sudan, 2010 (1 [[w:Berth (sleeping)|sleeping berth]] — 5 [[w: Sudanese pound|S.P.]] = $1,5)]] '''Rest at night''' is one of the important moments in the practice of bum tourism: sleep is necessary for health and physical activity during long expeditions with low self—financing, where high energy consumption awaits you daily. Since sometimes, even in poor countries, the cost of hotel accommodation can be relatively high (for example, in Comoros — from 20 €, in Botswana — from $ 40), it makes sense to use the alternatives described below. == [[/In Aboriginal dwellings/]] == There are special hospitality networks for Internet dating with subsequent residence at home with the users of the resource in the country chosen for visiting — this practice is widely used by backpackers. With hobo tourism, circumstances can throw a traveler to places where there is no international web or (due to the unpredictability of obtaining visas along the way) to a country whose visit was not planned by the route. Spontaneous acquaintances with local residents come to the rescue, who sometimes don't mind inviting a foreigner to stay in their huts. == [[/In an abandoned building/]] == Unlike the previous method, where you need to adjust to the routine of the owners, and this is not always convenient (for example, sitting up late talking with the household suffering from boredom somewhere in a God-forsaken village on a small island, the name of which not all geographers know), the option is useful because you can go to bed in silence, choosing an acceptable time. A building abandoned by residents can be a one-story, or a high-rise skyscraper. In the latter case, there will be enough space for a large expedition group. == [[/On objects under construction/]] == Construction projects that were mothballed are the best option for accommodating hobo tourists: there are no guards and builders working at night. At existing construction sites, overnight accommodation is possible with the permission of the responsible person. However, this is not feasible everywhere: in the big cities of Japan, Korea, China and Hong Kong, the objects under construction are surrounded by a multi-meter fence, which, to put it mildly, is difficult to penetrate. == [[/At the cemetery/]] == The method may not be used in every country. Tested on his own experience by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk in Japan and Taiwan<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 18|isbn=978-5-9909912-5-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 27-28|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref>. Due to the similar mentality of the residents and the low crime rate, it can be assumed that a similar result is expected in South Korea. The rest of the countries have not been tested in this regard, so you can use this recommendation while staying there only at your own risk. == [[/Under the open sky/]] == The method is common among backpackers and local hikers. But unlike the above categories, a hobo tourist, spending the night in nature, does not use a tent and a sleeping bag. In the jungle, on islands off the ocean coast and other places where the sky replaces the roof, it is possible to use this method only in the dry season; in settlements and adjacent areas — in the rainy season too: you should find a canopy that will protect at night in case of heavy rain. == [[/In the company of local bums|In the company of local homeless people]] == This method is used in critical cases when there is no alternative. For example, if you arrival coincided with the late time of day, when there is no time to find the best option. == [[/In halls and stairwells/]] == The use of this method can be useful in Japan and Hong Kong, i.e. where the prices for accommodation are quite high. Stairwells of technical floors of residential buildings and lobbies of institutions will save you from cold and atmospheric precipitation. There is no single universal way: in each specific case, you need to act with an eye to the circumstances and using intuition. == [[/At the police station/]] == The method is widely used among local residents of five countries of the southern part of the African continent: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland (Eswatini). The police will also accept a white hobo tourist — on general grounds. In other countries, the use of this method is possible by agreement with police officers: based on their mood on the day of your arrival, and other nuances. == [[/In the flophouse (dosshouse)/]] == Almost every third world country has a separate category of hotels, which travel agency clients who visit the same country as part of a group of their own kind have no idea about. The main guests of such places are aborigines, who come from the province to a big city or the capital of their country for shopping or for another purpose. Sometimes bedbugs really live in such places. == [[/Hostels|In hostels]] == The hostel is the main and most popular accommodation facility for backpackers; it is also used among travelers practicing bum tourism. == [[/In a public toilet/]] == A method used in extreme cases (for example, if, due to the low temperature of the surrounding air, sleeping in the open air can cause harm to health). == [[/In the ancient pyramid/]] == The method can be called "exotic", due to the fact that not all countries have pyramids. == In the terminals of international airports == No more than one night is used: on the day of arrival in the country, or the day of departure. It is convenient if the plane arrived late in the evening, or an early morning departure is expected. == Other possible options == * In temples and mosques of Arab countries. * Under benches in Chinese trains, or in the vestibule of Indian trains (during crossings). * In the hospital. Tested in South Africa. * On the bus leaving the next morning. It is practiced in African countries, if you have a ticket. It is convenient that you do not need to look for a bus station in the early morning — you can inspect dreams during passenger boarding. * In the waiting rooms of railway stations. It is possible in many countries, except Japan, where terminals are closed from 00 to 06 hours and trains do not run. * In a separate booth of an Internet cafe. Invented and used in Japan by local residents who do not have enough funds for hotel accommodation. You will need to pay, but compared to hotel rates, it's nothing. * In the ATM pavilion. If there is a bank card that allows you to get inside. == Quote == * ''Will share the secrets of my street sleepovers. If you get into an unfamiliar city, can stay anywhere, even on the central avenue under the walls of buildings, but on one condition: you need to deploy after midnight, and leave before six in the morning. At six, the first passerby may appear, probably suffering from insomnia, in half an hour there will be several of them, and closer to seven — a lot'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 32|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} 7wufizeuorqu2ie7o8f8ljbcocgmemq 0 448400 4095333 4095085 2022-08-22T14:37:17Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Room in Hotel.jpg|thumb|430px| A room in a hotel on Clot Bey Street, Cairo (Egypt, 2011)]] [[File:Hotel in Sudan.webm|thumb|400px| Coaching inn. [[w:Atbara|Atbara]] (Sudan, 2011)]] [[File:Hotel in Afghanistan-2.webm|thumb|400px|Room in mehmunsaray. Kabul (Afghanistan, 2008)]] '''Flophouse & dosshous''' (also: outsider hotels, hotels without stars) are facilities designed to accommodate guests moving within their own country (in this context, in relation to "developing countries"). In most cases, they can be used by foreigners. == Coaching inn == A fenced area in the open air, where several dozen metal beds are located — this type of accommodation is found in Sudan. When staying overnight in such a "hotel", in order to avoid unwanted loss of property and equipment, the backpack should be deposited in a special room, the key to which is with the responsible person ("caretaker"). == Mehmunsaray & mehmunkhane == The Afghan version. When choosing this accommodation facility for temporary residence, you should know that they sleep on the floor here (Afghans also sleep on the floor in houses — this is a local tradition), and therefore, the number of beds in the room is conditional. There is no furniture, and instead of a hanger, usually a nail is driven into the wall. Toshnab (toilet in [[w:Persian language|Farsi]]) can be located on the street, three hundred meters away (as it was, for example, in the mehmunsarai of [[w:Bamyan|Bamyan]] — see video #3 in the gallery) To settle in one of the most budget place in Kabul, you need go to the Kote Sangi district on the outskirts of the city. The cost of a berth in the accommodation facilities here ranges from $4-6, and mehmunsaray at the lowest price, is divided into squares (cubes) along the corridor by glass partitions, outwardly similar to an aquarium, where each division has a size of 1.5 x 2 m <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Afghan prisoner|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 55|isbn=978-5-9909912-3-1}}</ref>. However, in this hospitable country, you can do without "hotels": the local poor, who sometimes live without locks on the doors, will be glad to have a foreign guest. (See chapter of the textbook [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings|"In Aboriginal dwellings"]]). == Guest House == A common variant in African countries. It is used by local residents when moving from one locality to another: since there is no direct transport connecting distant points of a particular country, you have to go with transfers, stopping for the night in such places in order to continue the moving in the morning. Guest house is a simple room where the shower and toilet are outside. Sometimes the "shower room" is inside, separated from the bed by a partition, behind which you can douse yourself with water from a plastic canister. A guest arriving from abroad will be accommodated on a general basis, at the same price or, what happens more often, slightly overstating the price list. Guest houses are also found in Asian countries. When choosing this method of accommodation for settlement in an African or Asian country, it is necessary to imagine in advance that guest houses in the third world space are fundamentally different from European counterparts. === Exceptions to the rules === Cases when a foreigner may not be accommodated in a similar accommodation object described above are extremely rare. In Cairo, on [[w:Antoine Clot|Clot Bey]] Street, located near the railway station (Ramses district), some owners of squalid real estate do not have a license to accommodate citizens of other countries. To implement the plan, it is recommended to walk to the end of the street, examining all the buildings, given that some of them may have signs in Arabic, not duplicated English. You need to be prepared for the fact that bedbugs can live in the room where you will still be settled: this is not often, but it happens. == Additional information == === Hostel === {{main|Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Hostels}} This object assumes living in the same room of several people who are strangers to each other. Hostels, usual, are located either in capitals and large cities, or in places of increased interest for foreigners. As an example of the second option — the tiny town [[w:Aguas Calientes, Peru |Aguas Calientes]], where people come from all over the world who want to see the lost Inca city — Machu Picchu. Hostels are widely used by backpackers, but hobo tourists sometimes stay in these accommodation facilities. Here, as a rule, clean; the bed linen is washed, the rooms are cleaned. And the low price is achieved by the fact that up to 12 people can be accommodated in one room, which is called a dormitory. The choice of such objects is recommended for lovers of communication and noisy (mainly youth) companies. == For the same price — with comfort == In some countries (in particular, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), you can stay in a relatively good hotel for a symbolic amount of 5-7 USD, which allows a hobo tourist to forget about his lifestyle for a while. In this case, it is not rational to look for alternative placement methods. == Gallery (photos and videos) == <gallery widths="270px" heights="270px" class="center"> File: Одноместный номер в городе Керманшах (Иран).webm|thumbtime=22|thumb|Single room in Kermanshah (Iran, 2008) File: Hostel in Surat (Photo from book).jpg| Dormitorium in hostel. Surat <br>(India, 2006) File: Hotel in Afghanistan.webm|thumbtime=29|thumb|A room in Mehmunkhane, Bamyan. <br>(Afghanistan, 2008) File: Hotel Murah.jpg | Hotel Murah (in transl. with Indonesian — "Cheap hotel"), Makassar (Indonesia, 2013) File: Quadruple Room in Damascus.webm|thumbtime=05|thumb|Quadruple room in Damascus<br> (Syria, 2008) </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commonscat|Flophouse (бомж-отель)}} {{bookcat}} bxj77mb8utmf95k65k4gcli0hrxdsrr 0 448401 4095335 4094953 2022-08-22T14:39:07Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: В гостях у брунейца (г. Пекан-Тутонг).webm|thumbtime=06|thumb|400px|At the house of Bruneians ([[w:Tutong|Pekan-Tutong]], 2012)]] '''Staying at the an aborigines dwellings''' is a method used not only by hobo tourists, but also by backpackers, and sometimes by ordinary people (more often from among young people) who want to visit a particular country without large expenses. To achieve this goal, Hospitality exchange service are usually used, the participants of which offer foreigners accommodation for some time on their own living space. But, if backpackers and "beginners" prefer to choose highly developed countries and large cities to visit, a traveler practicing hobo tourism can get to places around the globe where there is no Internet, and about the aforementioned service bobody knows. In this case, spontaneous acquaintances with local residents will help. Sometimes aborigines invite a wanderer to visit on their own initiative, but since this does not always happen, you can arrange an overnight stay with local residents yourself. == A guide to action == To get things done, you need to know a few basic truths: * Rural residents are more likely to receive guests than city dwellers. Sometimes the villagers' dwellings do not have locks: there is nothing to steal. The probability that the owner of a comfortable apartment located in a major city of any country will invite one or more foreigners to his home is much lower, and in megacities it is close to zero. * The inhabitants of God-forsaken corners of the globe (in particular villages located on small islands) are bored by the lack of events. A foreigner from a distant country is the only way for them to communicate, an option to speak out. * In a rural area or a small town, you can, after waiting for the evening, independently knock on any dwelling, asking for a place under a canopy in the yard; with a negative result, repeating the action repeatedly. == Fact == Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, moving through the territory of Papua New Guinea (in 2013) for more than twenty days, never resorted to the services of hotels, during the entire period staying with the aborigines<ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=116 - 140|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. == Gallery == Illustrations from books: <br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''"[[Six months by islands... and countries]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2 (photo #1-3)<br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''"[[Two hundred days in Latin America]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 210 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0 (photo #4)<br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''"[[Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2020. —116 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5 (photo #5)<br> <gallery widths="270px" heights="270px" class="center"> File: Malaysians.jpg|On a visit to the Malaysians <br> (Sukau, Sabah, 2013) File: Indonesians with newspaper.jpg|On a visit at Indonesians <br>(Sumatra Island, Indonesia, 2013) File: Papuans.jpg| On a visit to the Papuans <br>(Western Highlands, [[w:Papua New Guinea|PNG]], 2013) File: Cubans.jpg|On a visit to the Cubans ([[w:Guisa|Guisa]], Cuba, 2015) File: Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk (Pentecost Island).jpg|On a visit to aborigines of the [[w:Pentecost Island|Pentecost Island]] (Ranwas, Vanuatu, 2020) </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} sppnnsz6yrjfnnprwazgqr5btv3mmtg 0 448402 4095337 4094951 2022-08-22T14:40:09Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 correct category wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Life wasn't comfy (Lambir Hills, Sarawak).jpg|thumb|380px| Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk in a dilapidated apartment near a nature reserve [[w: Lambir Hills National Park | Lambir Hills]], Sarawak, Malaysia. <br> (Photo from book «[[Six months by islands... and countries]]», p. 30)]] '''Sleeping in an abandoned building''' is one of the many ways for a traveler to get a night's rest using the [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format| hobo tourism]] methods. <br> Place for accommodation — empty buildings intended for demolition, with dismantled window and door blocks — if desired, you can find in any country of the world. == Pros and cons == Sometimes such objects (due to the fact that the residents have been evicted for a long time and the structure is not protected from the destructive effects of precipitation) are in an emergency condition, there may be a pungent smell of dampness inside. At the same time, despite the above disadvantages, this method has its positive sides. For example, unlike overnight accommodation at an existing construction site, where the working day begins in the morning, there is no need to get up with the first crowing of the roosters. It is easy to find a hiding place in the ruins where you can hide backpack (keeping your valuables with you), allowing you to wander around lightly during the day. == Equipment == When using the method, the same standard set of equipment is used as for overnight stays [[Overnight stays in long intercontinental wanderings of the "hobo tour" format/Under the open sky|in the open air]] and [[Overnight stays in long intercontinental wanderings of the "hobo tour" format/At the cemetery|in cemeteries]]: * [[w: Sleeping pad|Roll mat]] & polyethylene oilcloth twice the size (so that the lower plane of the mat does not get dirty), * inflatable pillow, * Bedspread or blanket. == A practical example == * Events of 2019, [[w:Port Vila|Port Vila]], Vanuatu (see "Gallery, photo 1") ''"On the main street — empty government building with a sign at the entrance. It's not hard to get in, there are no guards, but there are a lot of people around: can't do it without being noticed. A second option — an abandoned house on the outskirts of town — proved unfit for the night: there were puddles in the rooms (a consequence of heavy rain and a roof that had been blown off). "Bad luck, will have return to Pango," — thought, when a heavy downpour came. Ran towards the bus stop. The door of building was ajar in one of the alleys, darkness behind it. I went in, took out a torch. A room with a high ceiling looked like an assembly hall. Meanwhile, the rain outside had intensified, drumming furiously on the slate roof. Chose place to sleep in the far corner, where an extra, back door was covered by [[w:Roller shutter|roller shutters]]. The room had not been used for a long time, so there was almost no chance of anyone coming in. To avoid attracting attention, left the front door unlocked, and hung my wet clothes on the nails I had hammered in ''<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 63-64|isbn=978-5-9909912-5-5}}</ref>. == Gallery == Illustrations from the books:: <br> Pinchuk Viktor ''"[[Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2020. —116 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5 (photo #2)<br> Pinchuk Viktor ''"[[Six months by islands... and countries]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2 (photo #3,5)<br> <gallery widths="270px" heights="270px" class="center"> File:Accommodation for Russian traveler (Port Vila, Vanuatu).jpg|Port Vila, Vanuatu, 2019<br> A derelict building in the city centre File:Suite for a tramp (ʻEua-island, Tonga).jpg|On the island of Eua, Tonga, 2019<br>Abandoned forester's lodge File:Apartments of the Russian traveler (Kuala Lumpur) (1).jpg|Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2012 (I)<br> View from the apartment window File:Apartments of the Russian traveler (Kuala Lumpur) (2).jpg|Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2012 (II)<br> Bed space File:Apartments of the Russian traveler (Kuala Lumpur) (3).jpg|Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2012 (III)<br> View outside </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} s9p6dq7wokot9qcakchbq8ckklo4jvj 0 448406 4095334 4094978 2022-08-22T14:38:11Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Staying overnight in homeless companies and communes''' is a method of obtaining a night's rest (and sometimes a short-term stay) practised by supporters of [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format|hobo tourism]]. == Why is it needed? == There may be several reasons for this seemingly strange accommodation option: * Arrival in next city of exotic country coincided with the late time of day, when there is no option. * A traveller sleeping in the company of homeless people may not be noticed by street criminals, whose activities become more active at night; but a foreigner sleeping alone on the street will be the object of unnecessary attention by criminals. * People living on the streets and train stations can help a beginner in understanding of local traditions, for example, how to protect themselves from petty thieves who can covet seemingly worthless items, etc. * Living in a commune of the homeless provides the traveler with opportunities to experience the life of the lower classes of the society. * Sometimes the homeless community has a habitable structure (a ruin or unfinished building) where a proponent of the hobo tourism methodology can live for some time (read more below, in the "Practical Examples" section). == Comparing the method to "Slum tourism" == The Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who uses unconventional methods of travelling, has repeatedly lived and stayed overnight in underclass and sometimes socially deprived places. As a rule, a foreign tourist who has lived side by side with beggars for some time, who is not opposed to them and has no privileges that elevate him above others, is respected by slum-dwellers without provoking negative emotions, and his visit does not leave an unpleasant residue in people's memory, which may appear after visiting narcissistic sightseers with expensive photo and video equipment. == Practical examples == '''This is how the books describes a traveller's encounter with the homeless in [[w:Jakarta|Indonesian capital]]:''' ''Behind the decrepit fence — abandoned unfinished building: just the thing. Apparently, someone lives there. I called out. A young Indonesian with a confused expression came to the fence. Asked him by signs if I could come in. He pointed to the gate on the other side. It was opened. An elderly woman came out. "Can I sleep here?" — uttered a phrase in the local language, prudently learnt by heart. The old woman, smiling, permitted. The four-storey derelict building had no walls. Part of the ground floor was occupied by a commune of homeless people, the upper floors were empty. The guy took me to the second floor, where a spring mattress from a double bed lay on the concrete floor. Next to it was a wooden bench, like the ones they use in hospitals and on beaches, with a pile of rags on it. "You can cover yourself with this," the Indonesian explained and walked away. Of the "furniture" in the space allotted to me there — only the two items described, and there is a "toilet" that don't know its purpose yet. I approached the "balcony" (there were ones on four sides): a pile of rubbish below, in the distance the neon-lit buildings of expensive hotels'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 64 - 65|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. '''Late in [[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], Indonesia:''' ''...Leaving the bus, I walked a hundred metres, looking for a nook to sleep. The midnight street was lit by lanterns. On the left, under a long awning on the pavement, lay a community of homeless people who reminded me of their counterparts in the Indian city of Mumbai. I walked a little further — nothing suitable. However... Turned around and turned back. Perhaps the African natives would envy these people: they have electricity that is not always present in the Black Continent. I approached the two men sitting under the light bulb. The old man, hearing a question in his native language, shook head negatively and with a disgruntled expression on his face, asked to go back to where had come from. This was an odd reaction. Usually beggars in third-world countries are enthusiastic about such a request. In fact, who says this grandfather is the "boss" of the homeless? I'll ask others. At the very end of the "settlement" there were two more: a middle-aged man was sleeping on the ground, while a young man of indeterminate gender, with an earring in his ear, was watching... television. The mains cable from a small television receiver went somewhere upwards, probably to an electric pole. On closer inspection, the street television viewer turned out to be a man. "Everything here is occupied," — he explained with a smile, — and the empty lot in the corner is for the motorbike. "You can set up there," — the guy added, pointing to the threshold under the closed double door of the building a metre away from the motorway. Far from luxury, even by the standards of a bum, but at midnight there was no alternative. With an affirmative nod of my head, I spread out a mat and soon fell asleep to the lullaby of the occasional passing car'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 77 - 78|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. '''And this is about an overnight stay in [[w:Guangzhou|Guangzhou]], China:''' ''...On the lower span of the bridge, occupying a well-lit area behind the railings, the three were resting peacefully after a noisy day at the railway station. The older one, apparently mute, mooed only occasionally, the second, a middle-aged bum, was sullen and taciturn, and the youngest was slightly different from his brethren: he had not yet reach the standard. He was the one I asked about spending the night in their company. "No problem!" — he replied with a sign and, watching me spreading a mat, decided to instruct the guest. Passers-by squinted at this scene and, without stopping, walked on, spurred on by the overcast weather. Noticing that I looked at the clouds, the guy shook his head, "No, it's not going to rain." — "Shoes, just to be safe, you'd better put them under a pillow," — he explained, — "they'll get dragged away. "But my shoes is very old" — I replied, being quite surprised. "That's not the point," the instructor went on, "a beggar boy tramp (there are many of them here) might come up and ask for money, and if you don't give it, he'll grab the shoes and run away. — "And the backpack has to be wrapped around both arms and covered with a blanket," the homeless man explained, seeing me tie the strap to my arm. "Tying it won't save you, they might cut it off..." — he added. At this time the oldest of the two made a sound and my interlocutor approached him.''<ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 157|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px" caption=""> File: Homeless dwelling.jpg|The second (vacant) floor of an unfinished building housing a community of homeless people. Jakarta, Indonesia. (Photo from book by Pinchuk Viktor «[[Six months by islands... and countries]]»)'' File:Shower Room in Jakarta.jpg|"Shower room" in an Indonesian commune of homeless people (Jakarta, Indonesia), which Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk used with them. File: Бездомный (г. Гуанчжоу).jpg|One of the inhabitants of the railway station in whose company the Russian traveller spent the night; Guangzhou, China (Photo from book by Pinchuk Viktor «[[Six months by islands... and countries]]») </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Notes of an international tramp| "Notes of an international tramp"]]'' {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} 7nxlwu4vr1c8weynusqq6glkbfvennn 0 448412 4095332 4095083 2022-08-22T14:36:24Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:WC (Kasuga-taisha, Japan).webm|thumbtime=00|thumb|380px|Spacious toilet in forest park area near temple complex<br> [[w:Kasuga-taisha|Kasuga-taisha]], [[w:Nara (city)|Nara]] (Japan)]] '''Staying overnight in a public toilet''' — a variant of night rest travelers using the methods of [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format|bum tourism]]. Used in emergencies; for example, if air temperature or precipitation do not allow [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|sleeping outdoors]]. == Equipment == Standard kit of hobo tourist: plastic sheeting (to protect the underside of the sleeping pad from dust), an inflatable pillow, plaid or sleeping bag. == Cases from practice == Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk twice used this method in the fourth solo expedition to Africa: when crossing the border between Lesotho and South Africa; and in the city of [[w:Oudtshoorn|Oudtshoorn]], where he [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|went to the police station]], and was identified by an officer for the night in such an extravagant place<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=138|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref><ref name=book>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=152-153|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. Here is how one of the aforementioned cases is described in the book "[[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu|Holiday of wandering mzungu]]": ''"Another hour of walking, I noticed in the distance several separate sources of light: lanterns, or windows of houses. Even if it is a village — also not bad. When the building of a border checkpoint was visible ahead, the road was blocked by a stream flowing from the mountain. I took out a flashlight. Having crossed the ford, has stumbled into... closed gates. Surprise! What to do? There are three options: climb over the fence; stay on this side until the morning ("sleep" jumping on one leg, or lying — shivering from cold); long time shouting wild cry. I chose the third point as the most sensible. Continuing to yell frantically, noticed a police car approaching the building with glowing windows. I took out a flashlight, adding a sound signal with a light. Soon the car left, and with it the hope. Without paying attention to the details, continued what I had started. A man came out of the luminous building. Approaching the gate, he asked where I had come from. "From Lesotho", said, holding out my passport through the bars. The border guard has opened the lock. We approached the office walls, he fled the door and, putting a stamp with the inscription Sani Pass, returned the document through the window: "You can go". It began to rain. "And how many kilometers to the city?" — "About thirty". — "Can I sleep here?" — "This is the border, impossible". Having inspected the territory of the border guard, I found a toilet: quite clean, cozy and without an unpleasant smell. "Can I stay overnight in the WC?" — asked, returning. "Well. Only passport surrender till morning"'' <ref name=book></ref>. In the Japanese city of Nara near the temple complex Kasuga-taisha, located in a forest park on the outskirts of the city, a suitable option (see video). However, overnight in the WC did not take place because an alternative was found — [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|the vestibule of high-rise]] <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=22-23|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref>. == Aspects of application == This option is presented for theoretical study, the use of the method in practice is low probability. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} r9ircgvxj0eiu2qtxq7vweom8wb2v8v 0 448415 4095336 4095162 2022-08-22T14:39:58Z MrAlanKoh 3392840 added types of ode solver wikitext text/x-wiki == Order of Differential Equations == An order of differential equation (ODE) is an equation that has highest derivative of the dependent variable involved some ordinary derivatives of a function with respect to the independent variable.. Often, the goal is to ''solve'' an ODE, i.e., determine what function or functions satisfy the equation. That means the differential equation defines the relationship between variables and their derivatives. There are a primarily two of ODE types # 1st Order Differential Equation ('''1st ODE''') # 2nd Order Differential Equation ('''2nd ODE''') === First Order Differential Equation === All the linear equations in the form of derivatives are in the first order. It has only the first derivative such as dy/dx, where x and y are the two variables and is represented as <math>\frac{dy}{dx}+Py=Q</math> === Second-Order Differential Equation === When the order of the highest derivative present is 2, then it is a second order differential equation. <math>\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}+n\frac{dy}{dx}+my^{2}=P</math> === Type of ODE solver in MATLAB === There are few types of ODE solver but we will focus on just the commonly used : {| class="wikitable" |+ !ODE !Accuracy !Use case suggestion |- |'''ode45''' |Medium |For most use case, ode45 should be enough to solve the ODE |- |'''ode23''' |Low |ode23 can be more efficient than ode45 at problems with crude tolerances |- |'''ode113''' |Low to High |ode113 can be more efficient than ode45 at problems with stringent error tolerances, or when the ODE function is computationally intensive. |} == References == https://web.archive.org/web/20220201162959/https://byjus.com/maths/differential-equation-and-its-degree/ https://web.archive.org/web/20220822141804/https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/order-of-differential-equation/ aazegld7cqyzbtxjgy4nlnco1ys9svh 4095348 4095336 2022-08-22T16:12:57Z MrAlanKoh 3392840 save draft first, continue tomorrow wikitext text/x-wiki == Order of Differential Equations == An order of differential equation (ODE) is an equation that has highest derivative of the dependent variable involved some ordinary derivatives of a function with respect to the independent variable.. Often, the goal is to ''solve'' an ODE, i.e., determine what function or functions satisfy the equation. That means the differential equation defines the relationship between variables and their derivatives. There are a primarily two of ODE types # 1st Order Differential Equation ('''1st ODE''') # 2nd Order Differential Equation ('''2nd ODE''') === First Order Differential Equation === All the linear equations in the form of derivatives are in the first order. It has only the first derivative such as dy/dx, where x and y are the two variables and is represented as <math>\frac{dy}{dx}+Py=Q</math> === Second-Order Differential Equation === When the order of the highest derivative present is 2, then it is a second order differential equation. <math>\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}+n\frac{dy}{dx}+my^{2}=P</math> === Type of ODE solver in MATLAB === There are few types of ODE solver but we will focus on just the commonly used : {| class="wikitable" |+ !ODE !Accuracy !Use case suggestion |- |'''ode45''' |Medium |For most use case, ode45 should be enough to solve the ODE |- |'''ode23''' |Low |ode23 can be more efficient than ode45 at problems with crude tolerances |- |'''ode113''' |Low to High |ode113 can be more efficient than ode45 at problems with stringent error tolerances, or when the ODE function is computationally intensive. |} === '''Examples : ODE45 to solve differential equations''' === There are $10,000 deposited into the bank fixed deposit accounts and the interest rate is 2% annually. To start with, we need to do a equation to model the money. Equation 1: <math>\frac{dM}{dt} = \frac{2}{100} M</math> : interest annual is 2% annually over time , Equation 2: <math>M(0) = 10,000</math> : Amount of money initial is at 10,000 From Equation 1, we take out (Note: Need tp consult on other Wikibooks on how to derive the linear equations) <math>dM = 0.002M.dt </math> <math>\int\limits_{}^{} \frac{1}{M}.dM = \int_{}^{} 0.02dt</math> <math>\ln e M = \ln e (0.02 t) + c</math> <math>M(t) = e^{0.02t} . e^c</math> == References == https://web.archive.org/web/20220201162959/https://byjus.com/maths/differential-equation-and-its-degree/ https://web.archive.org/web/20220822141804/https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/order-of-differential-equation/ nhrwdik4ruohathcz5r96hamzkjaehz 0 448421 4095328 4095220 2022-08-22T14:30:40Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk in the Police Station (Lae, PNG).jpg |thumb|400px|Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk against the background of wanted posters at the police station in Lae, [[w:Papua New Guinea|PNG]], where he spent the night.<br>Photo from the book [[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries|"Six months by islands... and countries"]]]] [[File:В полицейском участке города Лаэ (Папуа-Новая Гвинея).jpg|thumb|350px|The cell in the police station, next to where the traveller was sleeping (Lae, Papua New Guinea).<br> Photo from the book [[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries|"Six months by islands... and countries"]]]] [[File:Remmogo Victim Support Sentre.jpg |thumb|320px|Reference from the "Сentre for victims of crime" in [[w:Leroro|Leroro]], South Africa, where the traveller spent the night]] '''Overnight stay at the police station''' has nothing to do with forced confinement of law and order offenders; it is an official rule applied by five countries in the southern part of the African continent: South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini (Swaziland), Botswana, Namibia — for residents. Following local traditions, traveller practising [[Long intercontinental trips and expeditions in "bum tour" format|methods of bum tours]] can find overnight accommodation in a police station — on general grounds. == In theory == This method is used by locals who come from the provinces to the big city and cannot afford even the cheapest room in a simple hotel. The officers allow "lodgers" to stay at the police station if they plan to leave the city in the early hours of the morning. Double or even multiple overnight stays at the same police station are not allowed. The measure is intended to protect the African population from street crime, which is more active at night. == In practice == If a white traveller arrives to spend the night, the police in the above-mentioned countries will "house" him or her in the same way as local "clients", i.e. without singling out from the general public. In villages and provincial settlements (where there are hardly anybody willing to spend the night at the police station) the foreigner will be received more kindly: the officers will allow him to spend the night in a horizontal position and may provide with a separate room (for example, some sort of meeting room). In big cities and capitals it is different: a traveler who came to spend the night won't be turned away but he will have to "sleep" in a sitting position on a bench at the hall, next to dark-skinned "companions in misfortune". This is not an official practice in other parts of the world but the police can be of help to the stranger — it depends on the personal character of both the traveler and the law enforcement officers. For a description, with concrete examples from the traveller's own experience, see Wikisource at the link in the relevant section below. == More on this topic == * Most foreigners visiting countries in southern Africa — people who are wealthy, they arrival to visit national parks and unaware of this method. * South Africa has a special service for victims of street crime and domestic violence, where a Russian traveller who sought help at the [[w:Leroro|Leroro]] police station once spent the night (12 April 2018): ''"Five minutes later, when I was ready to lie down on the floor and come to sleep, a police officer entered the room and mysteriously informed me that there was a much more comfortable option. Having gathered my things, I followed the uniformed man. As if at customs before a flight, my luggage thoroughly inspected and I was escorted to the next building — a rehabilitation centre for victims of criminal offences. "If you don't have money to live in a hotel, then in a way you are a victim too," the policeman said. I was allocated a separate room with two beds and I selected the one I liked. A black woman, a staff member of the "Remmogo Victim Support Centre", escorted me to the shower room, handed a toothbrush with toothpaste and soap, took my clothes to the wash, and provided me with second-hand clothes in return. I tried — the size fit. After the ablution, I got dinner — a national dish, similar to porridge. "No victims today but you," said the "housewife". — "Are there any at all?" — "Of course," replied the woman: "people who have been robbed by criminals, wives of violent alcoholic husbands..." '' <ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Holiday of wandering mzungu|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=169|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref> == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} hpko9vtothj01g34wkndiwzmf7x4bb7 0 448429 4095327 4095281 2022-08-22T14:29:39Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 fix wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Ночлег в холле студенческого общежития (Киото).webm|thumbtime=13|thumb|380px|Overnight stay on the floor of a student dormitory, Kyoto, Japan]] [[File: Ночлег на лестничной площадке техэтажа жилого дома (Гонконг).jpg|thumb|300px|Staying overnight on the technical floor of a residential building in Hong Kong (view from rooftop)]] '''Staying overnight in the lobby of an office structure or on the landing of an apartment building''' is a variation of a hobo tourist's night rest.<br> The option was tried out by the Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk in Japan and Hong Kong. In the big cities of Japan, some high-rise office and residential buildings do not have code locks at the front entrances, particularly the old nine-storey apartment buildings. If you go up the stairs, there is a technical floor at the top, a not big area of which is quite suitable for a night's rest. Sometimes it is not necessary to go up. This is what it looks like in practice: ''"Osaka is the second largest and third most populous city in Japan. I was not invited to visit, spent the night in the entrance hall of a relatively (by Japanese standards) small building. We live in the 21st century, high-rise blocks have a security at the entrance. Japan is not far behind. Only the guard was not at workplace: for a long time and to no avail I knocked on his booth through the tinted glass. A cosy, dead-end corridor, lined on the left and right with letterboxes, is where the stunned Japanese found the early morning "alien".''<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=7|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref> The same traveller, while in Kyoto, lived on the floor of a student dormitory for several days, having a rest at the door of the lift which does not work at night (see video), and leaving his backpack dayly in the lobby during the day. While in Hong Kong, he spent the night on the top floor of a high-rise building, near the roof exit door, where permanently hid backpack started from the second day of stay <ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 144|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. == A guide to action == On the basis of the above, the recommendations for using this method can be summarised as follows: * Find a high-rise building that does not have a combination lock, climb to the end of the stairs and (if there is a technical floor and space is available) spread out a [[w:Sleeping pad|sleeping pad]] on the concrete and lay down to sleep. * Go into the lobby of the building; if a guard is present, ask him to allocate two square metres on the floor for sleeping. If there is no guard present, choose a secluded corner on your own and go to bed quickly, making as little noise as possible. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bookcat}} brp46ar5y07w7eadmgayd3ch4u8wuwd 3 448430 4095342 2022-08-22T14:48:13Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Welcome */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == <div style="text-align:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Jayswolf!</div> <!-- FIRST COLUMN --> <div style="width:49.5%; float:left; margin:0em; padding:0em;"> <div style="margin:0.2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;"> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#89b5e7; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">[[File:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px|link=|alt=]] '''First steps tutorial'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> '''Wikibooks is for [[WB:AGF|collaborative]] development of free&nbsp;[[WB:WIW|textbooks]].''' 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Thank you. }} ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 14:52, 22 August 2022 (UTC) 7l8nu8131ycki48l3flo84fqk2a9pon 3 448432 4095365 2022-08-22T19:36:06Z Koavf 16549 Created page with "{{subst:welcome}} ~~~~" wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome, Nada kareem22! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:36, 22 August 2022 (UTC) q11kuuxb02c6u4sf3i1qmly36mnvth6 14 448433 4095372 2022-08-22T21:34:06Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{book category header}} {{BookCat}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} ptt9drnitry3svbos36hzjb54f56f99 0 448434 4095373 2022-08-22T21:48:39Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created stub wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} ==Relation of Geography and Belief systems== Many religions place great importance on specific locations. For example, the city of Jerusalem is particularly important to followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Other cities may be important to a specific religion, such as the Vatican City for Catholicism, or how Mecca is of great importance to followers of Islam. Some religions place great importance on natural features, such as the River Ganges in Hinduism, Mount Fuji in Shintoism, or the Black Hills for the beliefs of several Indigenous American peoples. ==Relation of Geography and Belivers== Some countries are nearly exclusively a specific religion. For example, Vatican City is exclusively Catholic. Other countries, such as the United States, possess a wide variety of religions. Some countries are mostly irreligious, such as North Korea, where the majority of people profess no religion officially. Oftentimes within a multicultural country, a specific region or city will be predominantly of a certain religion, such as how Salt Lake City in the United States, which possesses a Mormon population much higher then the national average. {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} 3dh70vv4bj4haoma17yw0f4v504im65 4095374 4095373 2022-08-22T21:49:04Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} ==Relation of Geography and Belief systems== Many religions place great importance on specific locations. For example, the city of Jerusalem is particularly important to followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Other cities may be important to a specific religion, such as the Vatican City for Catholicism, or how Mecca is of great importance to followers of Islam. Some religions place great importance on natural features, such as the River Ganges in Hinduism, Mount Fuji in Shintoism, or the Black Hills for the beliefs of several Indigenous American peoples. ==Relation of Geography and Belivers== Some countries are nearly exclusively a specific religion. For example, Vatican City is exclusively inhabited by Catholics. Other countries, such as the United States, possess a wide variety of religions. Some countries are mostly irreligious, such as North Korea, where the majority of people profess no religion officially. Oftentimes within a multicultural country, a specific region or city will be predominantly of a certain religion, such as how Salt Lake City in the United States, which possesses a Mormon population much higher then the national average. {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} hyce6njs399m2zevp4co2igyiqtpjki 4095375 4095374 2022-08-22T21:51:57Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Relation of Geography and Belivers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} ==Relation of Geography and Belief systems== Many religions place great importance on specific locations. For example, the city of Jerusalem is particularly important to followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Other cities may be important to a specific religion, such as the Vatican City for Catholicism, or how Mecca is of great importance to followers of Islam. Some religions place great importance on natural features, such as the River Ganges in Hinduism, Mount Fuji in Shintoism, or the Black Hills for the beliefs of several Indigenous American peoples. ==Relation of Geography and Belivers== Some countries are nearly exclusively a specific religion. For example, Vatican City is exclusively inhabited by Catholics. Other countries, such as the United States, possess a wide variety of religions. Some countries are mostly irreligious, such as North Korea, where the majority of people profess no religion officially. Oftentimes within a multicultural country, a specific region or city will be predominantly of a certain religion, such as how Salt Lake City in the United States, which possesses a Mormon population much higher then the national average. Typically believers live in areas where there are communities of other believers of the same religion or belief system, though there are exceptions. This can be for a variety of reasons, such as being born into a religion, community support provided by other believers, or other reasons. Some believers will specifically seek out areas that lack believers, as missionaries do. {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} nqane5x9b98rved6laal41v6d7tc2dw 4095376 4095375 2022-08-22T21:54:08Z Mbrickn 3181019 Added map wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Prevailing religious population by country percentage.svg|thumb|A political world map of prevailing religious populations by country. Note that a religion being prevailing in a country is not necessarily an indicator of the absence of other religions, nor does it necessarily show if a state is a theocracy or not.]] ==Relation of Geography and Belief systems== Many religions place great importance on specific locations. For example, the city of Jerusalem is particularly important to followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Other cities may be important to a specific religion, such as the Vatican City for Catholicism, or how Mecca is of great importance to followers of Islam. Some religions place great importance on natural features, such as the River Ganges in Hinduism, Mount Fuji in Shintoism, or the Black Hills for the beliefs of several Indigenous American peoples. ==Relation of Geography and Belivers== Some countries are nearly exclusively a specific religion. For example, Vatican City is exclusively inhabited by Catholics. Other countries, such as the United States, possess a wide variety of religions. Some countries are mostly irreligious, such as North Korea, where the majority of people profess no religion officially. Oftentimes within a multicultural country, a specific region or city will be predominantly of a certain religion, such as how Salt Lake City in the United States, which possesses a Mormon population much higher then the national average. Typically believers live in areas where there are communities of other believers of the same religion or belief system, though there are exceptions. This can be for a variety of reasons, such as being born into a religion, community support provided by other believers, or other reasons. Some believers will specifically seek out areas that lack believers, as missionaries do. {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} fx5hcluknpnfi0aghur9xgpu0bfwgxa 0 448435 4095380 2022-08-23T00:25:05Z 2A02:6B67:E19D:0:413B:E41C:ED16:7CD0 Description of mindfulness wikitext text/x-wiki Mindfulness is an advanced form of awareness and attention in many Buddhist schools. in Zen shikantaza practitioners "just sit" in a state of conscious awareness. In Vajrayana dzogchen and mahamudra practice, abiding in the non-dual state of rigpa is constant mindfulness. hs29pe29txyygg9x6rjtrpjkg5la29j 3 448436 4095395 2022-08-23T03:21:55Z Banakamila 3399844 /* Add Article */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Add Article == Please add subcategory "Article" to my profile. [[User:Banakamila|Banakamila]] ([[User talk:Banakamila|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Banakamila|contribs]]) 03:21, 23 August 2022 (UTC) qh1jafmexqrd9xxqhoz7pmr2h2otsb8 3 448437 4095403 2022-08-23T05:46:14Z Iyush=12 3399859 /* Looking for Jasper AI Review 2022 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Looking for Jasper AI Review 2022 == Looking for Jasper AI Review 2022, Jarvis AI has been renamed Jasper AI or rebranded to Jasper AI so don’t confuse between Jarvis and jasper both are the same. Everyone wants to Rank higher, including those of us who have to publish a lot of blog posts every day. Bloggers constantly need to produce new material, without sacrificing quality. I have extensive experience in the SEO field and would be happy to rank your blog posts at the top of Google’s search results with the help of Jasper AI. [[User:Iyush&#61;12|Iyush&#61;12]] ([[User talk:Iyush&#61;12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iyush&#61;12|contribs]]) 05:46, 23 August 2022 (UTC) 3jtye2t2fsd33i51rk36f6gsv0uxfns 3 448438 4095408 2022-08-23T07:01:32Z Xania 40302 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome, ZN1234! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 07:01, 23 August 2022 (UTC) m4ik0wyezdyeumahlfbuztr6v7um0q0 0 448439 4095410 2022-08-23T07:06:06Z Mbrickn 3181019 Outline based on the topics stated in TOC at [[Introduction to Human Geography]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} ==Political Structure of Earth== ==Types of States== ==Development of Nation-states== ==Regionalization and globalization== ==Supranationalism and Internationalism in the modern world== {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} iw5naslqw4sv13ipqjsrdtjmkkb9vzz 0 448440 4095412 2022-08-23T07:07:13Z Mbrickn 3181019 Mbrickn moved page [[History of video games/Platforms/Aquaplus P/ECE]] to [[History of video games/Platforms/Aquaplus PIECE]]: Using alternate name for better structure wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[History of video games/Platforms/Aquaplus PIECE]] bdcy5nbmdznx7bkd7mbqsb8hj4o1omz 0 448441 4095416 2022-08-23T07:40:01Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{Printable}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Printable}} 0xqxhwf5lzgyeji792ie8xl1hwzw7h5