Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 4 385 4096974 4096698 2022-08-28T22:06:27Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Developing A Universal Religion */ Support wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{Requests for deletion/Archives}} {{Requests for deletion/Using Template:Icon}} {{clear}} = Undeletion = {{shortcut|WB:RFU}} {{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}} = Deletion = {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} {{clear}} <!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --> == General Internal Medicine == {{closed|Speedy deleted. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 09:48, 19 April 2022 (UTC)}} [[General Internal Medicine]] * Page incorrectly created as a book :Done --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 04:19, 19 April 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Transwiki:Termina]],[[Transwiki:Spectacle Rock]],[[Transwiki:Zelda franchise strategy guide/Locations/Lost Woods]],[[Transwiki:Lost Woods]],[[Transwiki:Gerudo Valley]],[[Transwiki:Subrosia]],[[Transwiki:Lon Lon Ranch]],[[Transwiki:Koholint Island]] == {{closed|Speedy deleted. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 08:32, 1 May 2022 (UTC)}} Was doing my first transwiki imports after a while due to a request for import, and I forgot about the auto redirect feature when moving content to mainspace. Not sure if deletion is needed, but I'd note my mistake here, just in case. --[[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 19:25, 30 April 2022 (UTC) :Speedied. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 08:32, 1 May 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Subpages of [[English-Hanzi]] == {{Closed|Closed as delete pages. {{re|Minorax}} could you please delete the problematic pages? --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 13:24, 7 May 2022 (UTC)}} Same issue as [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Pinyin]]. Either unsourced/primary research, see creations of [[Special:Contributions/Efex3]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 07:49, 1 May 2022 (UTC) :{{del}} pages in question for the same reasons as [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Pinyin]] and also [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/English-Hanzi]]. Phrases shouldn't be hard to verify facts; they are also dubious as far as being pedagogical aids, also likely are copyvios. They have no place in language guides in my opinion. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 08:39, 1 May 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == My wikibooks == {{Closed|Closed as delete. No opposition, and technically these pages could be speedy deleted anyway. Most pictures in the books have already gone, and they would no longer have been updated. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:18, 16 May 2022 (UTC)}} Hello - Please delete my [[Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine]] and [[Geriatric Medicine]] wikibooks. They have become obsolete. I am updating in a different place. I deleted the text because I was not aware I could request deletion. Thank you. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Powellle|Powellle]] ([[User talk:Powellle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Powellle|contribs]]) </small> {{end closed}} == [[Suicide/Suffocation]] == {{closed|The decision was '''keep'''. The reason for this is that deletion votes are either dubiously policy based (the "neutral point of view" argument, which is either untrue or else suggesting a rewrite); or else based on the concept of "objectionable content" which is not a policy-based argument. I would strongly suggest that any further deletion requests should be for the whole book only, I feel we have little to gain from the piecemeal deletion of its pages. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 20:10, 5 June 2022 (UTC)}} Reasoning for why "Suicide/Suffocation" should be deleted: The page violates Wikipedia's policy of maintaining a neutral point of view. It advocates for methods of suicide as being "advantageous" due to their success rate. This content is deceptively masked under a false label ("video game strategy guides"). It is irresponsible and dangerous as it reads like a "how-to" manual for desperate individuals contemplating suicide. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:67.242.46.214|67.242.46.214]] ([[User talk:67.242.46.214#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/67.242.46.214|contribs]]) </small> :<strike>{{del}} I'm hesitant to agree. Wikibooks does not seem like the place for such a 'guide'. I don't see what value this brings to the project.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 00:47, 25 May 2022 (UTC)</strike> :{{keep}}. Wikibooks is not censored. If you don't like the way it is written, it can be changed to reflect a neutral / factual position. The "delete the suicide book" discussion has come up repeatedly with the same outcome - it's been kept. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:53, 25 May 2022 (UTC) ::<strike>I'm aware that it's been nominated again and again (I remember it being nominated about 15 years ago for the first time) and I'm sure the consensus this time will also be to ''keep'' the page but I'd still like to voice my opinion. I'm sure this won't be the last time it's nominated either :) --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 12:08, 25 May 2022 (UTC)</strike> :[[Image:Symbol comment vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Comment''' previous discussions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation]], and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Toxification/Repackaging drugs in capsules]]. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 09:20, 25 May 2022 (UTC) ::Also see [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/December]]. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 14:11, 25 May 2022 (UTC) :{{del}} What is the point of a book about killing yourself? It's a bit... Wrong. At least to me. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 10:17, 1 June 2022 (UTC) : {{keep}} I would agree with QuiteUnusual's reasoning. Also the OP references Wikipedia, not Wikibooks, and additionally I see nothing about video games in the linked page. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 10:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC) : I think the OP may be confusing the site banner with a label (which naturally appears at the top of every page). The site banner is about video game guides.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 11:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC) {{closed end}} == [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Nc3/3...e3]] == {{closed|No comments. Looks like a keep to me. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 15:02, 11 July 2022 (UTC)}} Yes, I know sacrificing your queen for a knight is dumb. But this is a chess opening book, and I personally think that with some expansion, (better moves perhaps?) this could be saved. [[User:Name Pun|Name Pun]] ([[User talk:Name Pun|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Name Pun|contribs]]) 22:28, 29 June 2022 (UTC) :'''comment''' I know this user was blocked for socking, but I'm gonna assume this discussion is still open. The inconsistency can be fixed to add a chess box at the top of the page, but that is not the reason I used [[Template:delete]]. Though Name Pun ''does'' have a point, if there were some more good openings, a few bad openings wouldn't be too bad, maybe with a notice saying something like "this is not a recommended opening as it could have a significant negative impact as the game progresses"? I am therefore undecided. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 06:00, 30 June 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[SEWTHA2.0]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. License is incompatible. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:20, 5 August 2022 (UTC)}} The original book this one aims to be based on is released under a Creative Commons Attribution '''Non-Commercial''' Share Alike 2.0 UK England & Wales licence according to their page at [https://www.withouthotair.com/about.html]. The author is quite clear on the same page that they are not OK with others using their book commercially (Albeit specifically referencing the Amazon Marketplace). Unfortunately, as I understand it [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|this licence is incompatible with Wikibooks]], which prohibits imports of content not fully compliant with a plain CC-BY-SA 3.0 licence, which includes commercial use. --[[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 21:28, 4 August 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Transwiki:Visual Basic 6 to .NET Function Equivalents]] == Orphan page that is nearly a duplicate of content located at [[Visual Basic .NET/Visual Basic 6 to .NET Function Equivalents]]. -MBrickn :'''Delete''' per MBrickn (p.s: you forgot to sign.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 07:38, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :Thanks! Sorry I forgot to sign. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 20:27, 8 August 2022 (UTC) *{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:08, 16 August 2022 (UTC) == [[Developing A Universal Religion]] == '''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]]. The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 & 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource. The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of "life" as "Life". It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion. The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to "support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability". There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: "Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living." The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: "This omnipotent consequence of evolution is just that—a consequence." It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?]. The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says "The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved", but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that. As for the previous VfD: * As for the book being "well written": It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above. * As for "Looks like a real book to me": It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks. * As for "There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility." Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism. * As for "This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.": Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of "some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y". The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::Make it '''wikisource'''y! ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 2ot6yccnsz4wa061e6sps2k7tgmfhkx 4096975 4096974 2022-08-28T22:08:20Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Developing A Universal Religion */ lol wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{Requests for deletion/Archives}} {{Requests for deletion/Using Template:Icon}} {{clear}} = Undeletion = {{shortcut|WB:RFU}} {{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}} = Deletion = {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} {{clear}} <!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --> == General Internal Medicine == {{closed|Speedy deleted. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 09:48, 19 April 2022 (UTC)}} [[General Internal Medicine]] * Page incorrectly created as a book :Done --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 04:19, 19 April 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Transwiki:Termina]],[[Transwiki:Spectacle Rock]],[[Transwiki:Zelda franchise strategy guide/Locations/Lost Woods]],[[Transwiki:Lost Woods]],[[Transwiki:Gerudo Valley]],[[Transwiki:Subrosia]],[[Transwiki:Lon Lon Ranch]],[[Transwiki:Koholint Island]] == {{closed|Speedy deleted. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 08:32, 1 May 2022 (UTC)}} Was doing my first transwiki imports after a while due to a request for import, and I forgot about the auto redirect feature when moving content to mainspace. Not sure if deletion is needed, but I'd note my mistake here, just in case. --[[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 19:25, 30 April 2022 (UTC) :Speedied. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 08:32, 1 May 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Subpages of [[English-Hanzi]] == {{Closed|Closed as delete pages. {{re|Minorax}} could you please delete the problematic pages? --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 13:24, 7 May 2022 (UTC)}} Same issue as [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Pinyin]]. Either unsourced/primary research, see creations of [[Special:Contributions/Efex3]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C;">Minorax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 07:49, 1 May 2022 (UTC) :{{del}} pages in question for the same reasons as [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Pinyin]] and also [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/English-Hanzi]]. Phrases shouldn't be hard to verify facts; they are also dubious as far as being pedagogical aids, also likely are copyvios. They have no place in language guides in my opinion. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 08:39, 1 May 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == My wikibooks == {{Closed|Closed as delete. No opposition, and technically these pages could be speedy deleted anyway. Most pictures in the books have already gone, and they would no longer have been updated. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 21:18, 16 May 2022 (UTC)}} Hello - Please delete my [[Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine]] and [[Geriatric Medicine]] wikibooks. They have become obsolete. I am updating in a different place. I deleted the text because I was not aware I could request deletion. Thank you. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Powellle|Powellle]] ([[User talk:Powellle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Powellle|contribs]]) </small> {{end closed}} == [[Suicide/Suffocation]] == {{closed|The decision was '''keep'''. The reason for this is that deletion votes are either dubiously policy based (the "neutral point of view" argument, which is either untrue or else suggesting a rewrite); or else based on the concept of "objectionable content" which is not a policy-based argument. I would strongly suggest that any further deletion requests should be for the whole book only, I feel we have little to gain from the piecemeal deletion of its pages. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 20:10, 5 June 2022 (UTC)}} Reasoning for why "Suicide/Suffocation" should be deleted: The page violates Wikipedia's policy of maintaining a neutral point of view. It advocates for methods of suicide as being "advantageous" due to their success rate. This content is deceptively masked under a false label ("video game strategy guides"). It is irresponsible and dangerous as it reads like a "how-to" manual for desperate individuals contemplating suicide. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:67.242.46.214|67.242.46.214]] ([[User talk:67.242.46.214#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/67.242.46.214|contribs]]) </small> :<strike>{{del}} I'm hesitant to agree. Wikibooks does not seem like the place for such a 'guide'. I don't see what value this brings to the project.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 00:47, 25 May 2022 (UTC)</strike> :{{keep}}. Wikibooks is not censored. If you don't like the way it is written, it can be changed to reflect a neutral / factual position. The "delete the suicide book" discussion has come up repeatedly with the same outcome - it's been kept. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:53, 25 May 2022 (UTC) ::<strike>I'm aware that it's been nominated again and again (I remember it being nominated about 15 years ago for the first time) and I'm sure the consensus this time will also be to ''keep'' the page but I'd still like to voice my opinion. I'm sure this won't be the last time it's nominated either :) --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Mann.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 12:08, 25 May 2022 (UTC)</strike> :[[Image:Symbol comment vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Comment''' previous discussions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide (2)]], [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Suffocation]], and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Suicide/Toxification/Repackaging drugs in capsules]]. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 09:20, 25 May 2022 (UTC) ::Also see [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2019/December]]. --[[User:Mrjulesd|<span style="color:orange;">Jules</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Mrjulesd|(Mrjulesd)]] 14:11, 25 May 2022 (UTC) :{{del}} What is the point of a book about killing yourself? It's a bit... Wrong. At least to me. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 10:17, 1 June 2022 (UTC) : {{keep}} I would agree with QuiteUnusual's reasoning. Also the OP references Wikipedia, not Wikibooks, and additionally I see nothing about video games in the linked page. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 10:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC) : I think the OP may be confusing the site banner with a label (which naturally appears at the top of every page). The site banner is about video game guides.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 11:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC) {{closed end}} == [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Nc3/3...e3]] == {{closed|No comments. Looks like a keep to me. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 15:02, 11 July 2022 (UTC)}} Yes, I know sacrificing your queen for a knight is dumb. But this is a chess opening book, and I personally think that with some expansion, (better moves perhaps?) this could be saved. [[User:Name Pun|Name Pun]] ([[User talk:Name Pun|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Name Pun|contribs]]) 22:28, 29 June 2022 (UTC) :'''comment''' I know this user was blocked for socking, but I'm gonna assume this discussion is still open. The inconsistency can be fixed to add a chess box at the top of the page, but that is not the reason I used [[Template:delete]]. Though Name Pun ''does'' have a point, if there were some more good openings, a few bad openings wouldn't be too bad, maybe with a notice saying something like "this is not a recommended opening as it could have a significant negative impact as the game progresses"? I am therefore undecided. _{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 06:00, 30 June 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[SEWTHA2.0]] == {{closed|1=Deleted. License is incompatible. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:20, 5 August 2022 (UTC)}} The original book this one aims to be based on is released under a Creative Commons Attribution '''Non-Commercial''' Share Alike 2.0 UK England & Wales licence according to their page at [https://www.withouthotair.com/about.html]. The author is quite clear on the same page that they are not OK with others using their book commercially (Albeit specifically referencing the Amazon Marketplace). Unfortunately, as I understand it [[Wikibooks:Copyrights|this licence is incompatible with Wikibooks]], which prohibits imports of content not fully compliant with a plain CC-BY-SA 3.0 licence, which includes commercial use. --[[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 21:28, 4 August 2022 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Transwiki:Visual Basic 6 to .NET Function Equivalents]] == Orphan page that is nearly a duplicate of content located at [[Visual Basic .NET/Visual Basic 6 to .NET Function Equivalents]]. -MBrickn :'''Delete''' per MBrickn (p.s: you forgot to sign.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 07:38, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :Thanks! Sorry I forgot to sign. [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 20:27, 8 August 2022 (UTC) *{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:08, 16 August 2022 (UTC) == [[Developing A Universal Religion]] == '''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]]. The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 & 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource. The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of "life" as "Life". It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion. The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to "support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability". There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: "Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living." The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: "This omnipotent consequence of evolution is just that—a consequence." It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?]. The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says "The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved", but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that. As for the previous VfD: * As for the book being "well written": It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above. * As for "Looks like a real book to me": It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks. * As for "There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility." Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism. * As for "This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.": Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of "some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y". The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 0jxvgkho4es9356nfux6czysdify8we 0 8229 4096925 4083491 2022-08-28T18:08:42Z 2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C /* File Input */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Python Programming/Navigation|Loops|Files}} Public static void main(strong[]args){ Int gain=5,cost=0; } gain=cost+gain; System.out.print(cost); } } ==Input== Python 3.x has one function for input from user, <code>input()</code>. By contrast, legacy Python 2.x has two functions for input from user: <code>input()</code> and <code>raw_input()</code>. There are also very simple ways of reading a file and, for stricter control over input, reading from stdin if necessary. ===input() in Python 3.x=== In Python 3.x, input() asks the user for a string of data (ended with a newline), and simply returns the string. It can also take an argument, which is displayed as a prompt before the user enters the data. E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(input('What is your name?')) </syntaxhighlight> prints out <pre> What is your name? <user input data here> </pre> Example: to assign the user's name, i.e. string data, to a variable "x" you would type <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = input('What is your name?') </syntaxhighlight> In legacy Python 2.x, the above applies to what was <code>raw_input()</code> function, and there was also <code>input()</code> function that behaved differently, automatically evaluating what the user entered; in Python 3, the same would be achieved via <code>eval(input())</code>. Links: * [https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#input input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 3, docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#raw_input raw_input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 2, docs.python.org ===input() in Python 2.x=== In legacy Python 2.x, input() takes the input from the user as a string and evaluates it. Therefore, if a script says: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = input('What are the first 10 perfect squares? ') </syntaxhighlight> it is possible for a user to input: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> map(lambda x: x*x, range(10)) </syntaxhighlight> which yields the correct answer in list form. Note that no inputted statement can span more than one line. input() should not be used for anything but the most trivial program, for security reasons. Turning the strings returned from raw_input() into Python types using an idiom such as: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = None while not x: try: x = int(raw_input()) except ValueError: print('Invalid Number') </syntaxhighlight> is preferable, as input() uses eval() to turn a literal into a Python type, which allows a malicious person to run arbitrary code from inside your program trivially. Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#input input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 2, docs.python.org ===File Input=== ====File Objects==== To read from a file, you can iterate over the lines of the file using ''open'': <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> f = open('test.txt', 'r') for line in f: print(line[0]) f.close() </syntaxhighlight>j cjk dejkekdjtgj´≥ erf jfrbfyhe ¬o,m jwnqmskr rfgvbl lonvgt ol;vciohkm,dcv lhnkl dohjn gv This will print the first character of each line. A newline is attached to the end of each line read this way. The second argument to ''open'' can be 'r', 'w', or 'rw', among some others. The newer and better way to read from a file: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> with open("test.txt", "r") as txt: for line in txt: print(line).gr.,t </syntaxhighlight> The advantage is that the opened file will close itself after finishing the part within the ''with'' statement, and will do so even if an exception is thrown. Because files are automatically closed when the file object goes out of scope, there is no real need to close them explicitly. So, the loop in the previous code can also be written as: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for line in open('test.txt', 'r'): print(line[0]) </syntaxhighlight> You can read a specific numbers of characters at a time: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> c = f.read(1) while len(c) > 0: if len(c.strip()) > 0: print(c) c = f.read(1) </syntaxhighlight> This will read the characters from f one at a time, and then print them if they're not whitespace. A file object implicitly contains a marker to represent the current position. If the file marker should be moved back to the beginning, one can either close the file object and reopen it or just move the marker back to the beginning with: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> f.seek(0) </syntaxhighlight> ====Standard File Objects==== There are built-in file objects representing standard input, output, and error. These are in the sys module and are called stdin, stdout, and stderr. There are also immutable copies of these in __stdin__, __stdout__, and __stderr__. This is for IDLE and other tools in which the standard files have been changed. You must import the sys module to use the special stdin, stdout, stderr I/O handles. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys </syntaxhighlight> For finer control over input, use sys.stdin.read(). To implement the UNIX 'cat' program in Python, you could do something like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys for line in sys.stdin: print(line, end="") </syntaxhighlight> Note that sys.stdin.read() will read from standard input till EOF. (which is usually Ctrl+D.) ===Parsing command line=== Command-line arguments passed to a Python program are stored in sys.argv list. The first item in the list is name of the Python program, which may or may not contain the full path depending on the manner of invocation. sys.argv list is modifiable. Printing all passed arguments except for the program name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys for arg in sys.argv[1:]: print(arg) </syntaxhighlight> Parsing passed arguments for passed minus options: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys option_f = False option_p = False option_p_argument = "" i = 1 while i < len(sys.argv): if sys.argv[i] == "-f": option_f = True sys.argv.pop(i) elif sys.argv[i] == "-p": option_p = True sys.argv.pop(i) option_p_argument = sys.argv.pop(i) else: i += 1 </syntaxhighlight> Above, the arguments at which options are found are removed so that sys.argv can be looped for all remaining arguments. Parsing of command-line arguments is further supported by library modules optparse (deprecated), argparse (since Python 2.7) and getopt (to make life easy for C programmers). Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html The Python Standard Library - 28.1. sys], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/argparse.html The Python Standard Library - 15.4. argparse], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html The Python Standard Library - 15.5. optparse], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/getopt.html The Python Standard Library - 15.6. getopt], python.org ==Output== The basic way to do output is the print statement. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello, world') </syntaxhighlight> To print multiple things on the same line separated by spaces, use commas between them: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello,', 'World') </syntaxhighlight> This will print out the following: Hello, World While neither string contained a space, a space was added by the print statement because of the comma between the two objects. Arbitrary data types can be printed: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(1, 2, 0xff, 0777, 10+5j, -0.999, map, sys) </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 1 2 255 511 (10+5j) -0.999 <built-in function map> <module 'sys' (built-in)> Objects can be printed on the same line without needing to be on the same line: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for i in range(10): print(i, end=" ") </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To end the printed line with a newline, add a print statement without any objects. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for i in range(10): print(i, end=" ") print() for i in range(10,20): print(i, end=" ") </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 If the bare print statement were not present, the above output would look like: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 You can print to a file instead of to standard output: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello, world', file=f) </syntaxhighlight> This will print to any object that implements write(), which includes file objects. Note on legacy Python 2: in Python 2, print is a statement rather than a function and there is no need to put brackets around its arguments. Instead of <tt>print(i, end=" ")</tt>, one would write <tt>print i,</tt>. === Omitting newlines === In Python 3.x, you can output without a newline by passing end="" to the print function or by using the method write: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys print("Hello", end="") sys.stdout.write("Hello") # Or stderr to write to standard error stream. </syntaxhighlight> In Python 2.x, to avoid adding spaces and newlines between objects' output with subsequent print statements, you can do one of the following: ''Concatenation'': Concatenate the string representations of each object, then later print the whole thing at once. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(str(1)+str(2)+str(0xff)+str(0777)+str(10+5j)+str(-0.999)+str(map)+str(sys)) </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 12255511(10+5j)-0.999<built-in function map><module 'sys' (built-in)> ''Write function'': You can make a shorthand for ''sys.stdout.write'' and use that for output. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys write = sys.stdout.write write('20') write('05\n') </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 2005 You may need sys.stdout.flush() to get that text on the screen quickly. ===Examples=== Examples of output with ''Python 3.x'': * from __future__ import print_function ** Ensures Python 2.6 and later Python 2.x can use Python 3.x print function. * print("Hello", "world") ** Prints the two words separated with a space. Notice the surrounding brackets, ununsed in Python 2.x. * print("Hello world", end="") ** Prints without the ending newline. * print("Hello", "world", sep="-") ** Prints the two words separated with a dash. * print("Hello", 34) ** Prints elements of various data types, separating them by a space. * print("Hello " + 34) ** Throws an error as a result of trying to concatenate a string and an integer. * print("Hello " + str(34)) ** Uses "+" to concatenate strings, after converting a number to a string. * sum=2+2; print "The sum: %i" % sum ** Prints a string that has been formatted with the use of an integer passed as an argument. See also [[#Formatting]]. * print ("Error", file=sys.stderr) ** Outputs to a file handle, in this case standard error stream. Examples of output with ''Python 2.x'': * print "Hello" * print "Hello", "world" ** Separates the two words with a space. * print "Hello", 34 ** Prints elements of various data types, separating them by a space. * print "Hello " + 34 ** Throws an error as a result of trying to concatenate a string and an integer. * print "Hello " + str(34) ** Uses "+" to concatenate strings, after converting a number to a string. * print "Hello", ** Prints "Hello " without a newline, with a space at the end. * sys.stdout.write("Hello") ** Prints "Hello" without a newline. Doing "import sys" is a prerequisite. Needs a subsequent "sys.stdout.flush()" in order to display immediately on the user's screen. * sys.stdout.write("Hello\n") ** Prints "Hello" with a newline. * print >> sys.stderr, "An error occurred." ** Prints to standard error stream. * sys.stderr.write("Hello\n") ** Prints to standard error stream. * sum=2+2; print "The sum: %i" % sum ** Prints a string that has been formatted with the use of an integer passed as an argument. * formatted_string = "The sum: %i" % (2+2); print formatted_string ** Like the previous, just that the formatting happens outside of the print statement. * print "Float: %6.3f" % 1.23456 ** Outputs "Float: 1.234". The number 3 after the period specifies the number of decimal digits after the period to be displayed, while 6 before the period specifies the total number of characters the displayed number should take, to be padded with spaces if needed. * print "%s is %i years old" % ("John", 23) ** Passes two arguments to the formatter. ===File Output=== Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, one per line: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt","w") for i in range(1,10+1): print(i, file=file1) file1.close() </syntaxhighlight> With "w", the file is opened for writing. With "file=file1", print sends its output to a file rather than standard output. Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, separated with a dash: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt", "w") for i in range(1, 10+1): if i > 1: file1.write("-") file1.write(str(i)) file1.close() </syntaxhighlight> Opening a file for appending rather than overwriting: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt", "a") </syntaxhighlight> In Python 2.x, a redirect to a file is done like <tt>print >>file1, i</tt>. See also [[../Files/]] chapter. ===Formatting=== Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the string percent operator: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> v1 = "Int: %i" % 4 # 4 v2 = "Int zero padded: %03i" % 4 # 004 v3 = "Int space padded: %3i" % 4 # 4 v4 = "Hex: %x" % 31 # 1f v5 = "Hex 2: %X" % 31 # 1F - capitalized F v6 = "Oct: %o" % 8 # 10 v7 = "Float: %f" % 2.4 # 2.400000 v8 = "Float: %.2f" % 2.4 # 2.40 v9 = "Float in exp: %e" % 2.4 # 2.400000e+00 vA = "Float in exp: %E" % 2.4 # 2.400000E+00 vB = "List as string: %s" % [1, 2, 3] vC = "Left padded str: %10s" % "cat" vD = "Right padded str: %-10s" % "cat" vE = "Truncated str: %.2s" % "cat" vF = "Dict value str: %(age)s" % {"age": 20} vG = "Char: %c" % 65 # A vH = "Char: %c" % "A" # A </syntaxhighlight> Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the format() string method, since Python 2.6: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> v1 = "Arg 0: {0}".format(31) # 31 v2 = "Args 0 and 1: {0}, {1}".format(31, 65) v3 = "Args 0 and 1: {}, {}".format(31, 65) v4 = "Arg indexed: {0[0]}".format(["e1", "e2"]) v5 = "Arg named: {a}".format(a=31) v6 = "Hex: {0:x}".format(31) # 1f v7 = "Hex: {:x}".format(31) # 1f - arg 0 is implied v8 = "Char: {0:c}".format(65) # A v9 = "Hex: {:{h}}".format(31, h="x") # 1f - nested evaluation </syntaxhighlight> Formatting numbers and other values as strings using literal string interpolation, since Python 3.6: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> int1 = 31; int2 = 41; str1="aaa"; myhex = "x" v1 = f"Two ints: {int1} {int2}" v2 = f"Int plus 1: {int1+1}" # 32 - expression evaluation v3 = f"Str len: {len(str1)}" # 3 - expression evaluation v4 = f"Hex: {int1:x}" # 1f v5 = f"Hex: {int1:{myhex}}" # 1f - nested evaluation </syntaxhighlight> Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#format 2. Built-in Functions # format], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#custom-string-formatting 7.1.2. Custom String Formatting], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#formatspec 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#template-strings 7.1.4. Template strings], docs.python.org * [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/ PEP 3101 -- Advanced String Formatting], python.org * [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/ PEP 498 -- Literal String Interpolation], python.org ==External Links== * [http://www.python.org/doc/current/tutorial/inputoutput.html 7. Input and Output] in The Python Tutorial, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/reference/simple_stmts.html#print 6.6. The print statement] in The Python Language Reference, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#open 2. Built-in Functions #open] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=write#file.write 5. Built-in Types #file.write] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html 27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions] in Python Documentation, python org -- mentions sys.stdout, and sys.stderr * [http://docs.python.org/release/2.3.5/lib/bltin-file-objects.html 2.3.8 File Objects] in Python Library Reference, python.org, for "flush"<!-- Unfortunatelly, for Python 2.3.5; I cannot quickly find a better link for the latest 2.x Python --> * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org -- for "%i", "%s" and similar string formatting * [http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/python25/web/str-format.html 7.2.2. The string format operator], in Python 2.5 quick reference, nmt.edu, for "%i", "%s" and similar string formatting {{Python Programming/Navigation|Loops|Files}} 544p8b86w57ah1907k7gxgnjq6tqt14 4096932 4096925 2022-08-28T19:04:32Z JackPotte 99248 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C|2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C]] ([[User talk:2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C|talk]]) to last version by 2409:4070:4E05:D514:BE7D:70D0:610E:F14 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Python Programming/Navigation|Loops|Files}} Public static void main(strong[]args){ Int gain=5,cost=0; } gain=cost+gain; System.out.print(cost); } } ==Input== Python 3.x has one function for input from user, <code>input()</code>. By contrast, legacy Python 2.x has two functions for input from user: <code>input()</code> and <code>raw_input()</code>. There are also very simple ways of reading a file and, for stricter control over input, reading from stdin if necessary. ===input() in Python 3.x=== In Python 3.x, input() asks the user for a string of data (ended with a newline), and simply returns the string. It can also take an argument, which is displayed as a prompt before the user enters the data. E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(input('What is your name?')) </syntaxhighlight> prints out <pre> What is your name? <user input data here> </pre> Example: to assign the user's name, i.e. string data, to a variable "x" you would type <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = input('What is your name?') </syntaxhighlight> In legacy Python 2.x, the above applies to what was <code>raw_input()</code> function, and there was also <code>input()</code> function that behaved differently, automatically evaluating what the user entered; in Python 3, the same would be achieved via <code>eval(input())</code>. Links: * [https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#input input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 3, docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#raw_input raw_input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 2, docs.python.org ===input() in Python 2.x=== In legacy Python 2.x, input() takes the input from the user as a string and evaluates it. Therefore, if a script says: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = input('What are the first 10 perfect squares? ') </syntaxhighlight> it is possible for a user to input: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> map(lambda x: x*x, range(10)) </syntaxhighlight> which yields the correct answer in list form. Note that no inputted statement can span more than one line. input() should not be used for anything but the most trivial program, for security reasons. Turning the strings returned from raw_input() into Python types using an idiom such as: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> x = None while not x: try: x = int(raw_input()) except ValueError: print('Invalid Number') </syntaxhighlight> is preferable, as input() uses eval() to turn a literal into a Python type, which allows a malicious person to run arbitrary code from inside your program trivially. Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#input input()] in Built-in Functions in Library Reference for Python 2, docs.python.org ===File Input=== ====File Objects==== To read from a file, you can iterate over the lines of the file using ''open'': <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> f = open('test.txt', 'r') for line in f: print(line[0]) f.close() </syntaxhighlight> This will print the first character of each line. A newline is attached to the end of each line read this way. The second argument to ''open'' can be 'r', 'w', or 'rw', among some others. The newer and better way to read from a file: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> with open("test.txt", "r") as txt: for line in txt: print(line) </syntaxhighlight> The advantage is that the opened file will close itself after finishing the part within the ''with'' statement, and will do so even if an exception is thrown. Because files are automatically closed when the file object goes out of scope, there is no real need to close them explicitly. So, the loop in the previous code can also be written as: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for line in open('test.txt', 'r'): print(line[0]) </syntaxhighlight> You can read a specific numbers of characters at a time: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> c = f.read(1) while len(c) > 0: if len(c.strip()) > 0: print(c) c = f.read(1) </syntaxhighlight> This will read the characters from f one at a time, and then print them if they're not whitespace. A file object implicitly contains a marker to represent the current position. If the file marker should be moved back to the beginning, one can either close the file object and reopen it or just move the marker back to the beginning with: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> f.seek(0) </syntaxhighlight> ====Standard File Objects==== There are built-in file objects representing standard input, output, and error. These are in the sys module and are called stdin, stdout, and stderr. There are also immutable copies of these in __stdin__, __stdout__, and __stderr__. This is for IDLE and other tools in which the standard files have been changed. You must import the sys module to use the special stdin, stdout, stderr I/O handles. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys </syntaxhighlight> For finer control over input, use sys.stdin.read(). To implement the UNIX 'cat' program in Python, you could do something like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys for line in sys.stdin: print(line, end="") </syntaxhighlight> Note that sys.stdin.read() will read from standard input till EOF. (which is usually Ctrl+D.) ===Parsing command line=== Command-line arguments passed to a Python program are stored in sys.argv list. The first item in the list is name of the Python program, which may or may not contain the full path depending on the manner of invocation. sys.argv list is modifiable. Printing all passed arguments except for the program name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys for arg in sys.argv[1:]: print(arg) </syntaxhighlight> Parsing passed arguments for passed minus options: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys option_f = False option_p = False option_p_argument = "" i = 1 while i < len(sys.argv): if sys.argv[i] == "-f": option_f = True sys.argv.pop(i) elif sys.argv[i] == "-p": option_p = True sys.argv.pop(i) option_p_argument = sys.argv.pop(i) else: i += 1 </syntaxhighlight> Above, the arguments at which options are found are removed so that sys.argv can be looped for all remaining arguments. Parsing of command-line arguments is further supported by library modules optparse (deprecated), argparse (since Python 2.7) and getopt (to make life easy for C programmers). Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html The Python Standard Library - 28.1. sys], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/argparse.html The Python Standard Library - 15.4. argparse], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/optparse.html The Python Standard Library - 15.5. optparse], python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/getopt.html The Python Standard Library - 15.6. getopt], python.org ==Output== The basic way to do output is the print statement. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello, world') </syntaxhighlight> To print multiple things on the same line separated by spaces, use commas between them: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello,', 'World') </syntaxhighlight> This will print out the following: Hello, World While neither string contained a space, a space was added by the print statement because of the comma between the two objects. Arbitrary data types can be printed: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(1, 2, 0xff, 0777, 10+5j, -0.999, map, sys) </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 1 2 255 511 (10+5j) -0.999 <built-in function map> <module 'sys' (built-in)> Objects can be printed on the same line without needing to be on the same line: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for i in range(10): print(i, end=" ") </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To end the printed line with a newline, add a print statement without any objects. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> for i in range(10): print(i, end=" ") print() for i in range(10,20): print(i, end=" ") </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 If the bare print statement were not present, the above output would look like: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 You can print to a file instead of to standard output: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print('Hello, world', file=f) </syntaxhighlight> This will print to any object that implements write(), which includes file objects. Note on legacy Python 2: in Python 2, print is a statement rather than a function and there is no need to put brackets around its arguments. Instead of <tt>print(i, end=" ")</tt>, one would write <tt>print i,</tt>. === Omitting newlines === In Python 3.x, you can output without a newline by passing end="" to the print function or by using the method write: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys print("Hello", end="") sys.stdout.write("Hello") # Or stderr to write to standard error stream. </syntaxhighlight> In Python 2.x, to avoid adding spaces and newlines between objects' output with subsequent print statements, you can do one of the following: ''Concatenation'': Concatenate the string representations of each object, then later print the whole thing at once. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> print(str(1)+str(2)+str(0xff)+str(0777)+str(10+5j)+str(-0.999)+str(map)+str(sys)) </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 12255511(10+5j)-0.999<built-in function map><module 'sys' (built-in)> ''Write function'': You can make a shorthand for ''sys.stdout.write'' and use that for output. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import sys write = sys.stdout.write write('20') write('05\n') </syntaxhighlight> This will output the following: 2005 You may need sys.stdout.flush() to get that text on the screen quickly. ===Examples=== Examples of output with ''Python 3.x'': * from __future__ import print_function ** Ensures Python 2.6 and later Python 2.x can use Python 3.x print function. * print("Hello", "world") ** Prints the two words separated with a space. Notice the surrounding brackets, ununsed in Python 2.x. * print("Hello world", end="") ** Prints without the ending newline. * print("Hello", "world", sep="-") ** Prints the two words separated with a dash. * print("Hello", 34) ** Prints elements of various data types, separating them by a space. * print("Hello " + 34) ** Throws an error as a result of trying to concatenate a string and an integer. * print("Hello " + str(34)) ** Uses "+" to concatenate strings, after converting a number to a string. * sum=2+2; print "The sum: %i" % sum ** Prints a string that has been formatted with the use of an integer passed as an argument. See also [[#Formatting]]. * print ("Error", file=sys.stderr) ** Outputs to a file handle, in this case standard error stream. Examples of output with ''Python 2.x'': * print "Hello" * print "Hello", "world" ** Separates the two words with a space. * print "Hello", 34 ** Prints elements of various data types, separating them by a space. * print "Hello " + 34 ** Throws an error as a result of trying to concatenate a string and an integer. * print "Hello " + str(34) ** Uses "+" to concatenate strings, after converting a number to a string. * print "Hello", ** Prints "Hello " without a newline, with a space at the end. * sys.stdout.write("Hello") ** Prints "Hello" without a newline. Doing "import sys" is a prerequisite. Needs a subsequent "sys.stdout.flush()" in order to display immediately on the user's screen. * sys.stdout.write("Hello\n") ** Prints "Hello" with a newline. * print >> sys.stderr, "An error occurred." ** Prints to standard error stream. * sys.stderr.write("Hello\n") ** Prints to standard error stream. * sum=2+2; print "The sum: %i" % sum ** Prints a string that has been formatted with the use of an integer passed as an argument. * formatted_string = "The sum: %i" % (2+2); print formatted_string ** Like the previous, just that the formatting happens outside of the print statement. * print "Float: %6.3f" % 1.23456 ** Outputs "Float: 1.234". The number 3 after the period specifies the number of decimal digits after the period to be displayed, while 6 before the period specifies the total number of characters the displayed number should take, to be padded with spaces if needed. * print "%s is %i years old" % ("John", 23) ** Passes two arguments to the formatter. ===File Output=== Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, one per line: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt","w") for i in range(1,10+1): print(i, file=file1) file1.close() </syntaxhighlight> With "w", the file is opened for writing. With "file=file1", print sends its output to a file rather than standard output. Printing numbers from 1 to 10 to a file, separated with a dash: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt", "w") for i in range(1, 10+1): if i > 1: file1.write("-") file1.write(str(i)) file1.close() </syntaxhighlight> Opening a file for appending rather than overwriting: <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> file1 = open("TestFile.txt", "a") </syntaxhighlight> In Python 2.x, a redirect to a file is done like <tt>print >>file1, i</tt>. See also [[../Files/]] chapter. ===Formatting=== Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the string percent operator: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> v1 = "Int: %i" % 4 # 4 v2 = "Int zero padded: %03i" % 4 # 004 v3 = "Int space padded: %3i" % 4 # 4 v4 = "Hex: %x" % 31 # 1f v5 = "Hex 2: %X" % 31 # 1F - capitalized F v6 = "Oct: %o" % 8 # 10 v7 = "Float: %f" % 2.4 # 2.400000 v8 = "Float: %.2f" % 2.4 # 2.40 v9 = "Float in exp: %e" % 2.4 # 2.400000e+00 vA = "Float in exp: %E" % 2.4 # 2.400000E+00 vB = "List as string: %s" % [1, 2, 3] vC = "Left padded str: %10s" % "cat" vD = "Right padded str: %-10s" % "cat" vE = "Truncated str: %.2s" % "cat" vF = "Dict value str: %(age)s" % {"age": 20} vG = "Char: %c" % 65 # A vH = "Char: %c" % "A" # A </syntaxhighlight> Formatting numbers and other values as strings using the format() string method, since Python 2.6: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> v1 = "Arg 0: {0}".format(31) # 31 v2 = "Args 0 and 1: {0}, {1}".format(31, 65) v3 = "Args 0 and 1: {}, {}".format(31, 65) v4 = "Arg indexed: {0[0]}".format(["e1", "e2"]) v5 = "Arg named: {a}".format(a=31) v6 = "Hex: {0:x}".format(31) # 1f v7 = "Hex: {:x}".format(31) # 1f - arg 0 is implied v8 = "Char: {0:c}".format(65) # A v9 = "Hex: {:{h}}".format(31, h="x") # 1f - nested evaluation </syntaxhighlight> Formatting numbers and other values as strings using literal string interpolation, since Python 3.6: <syntaxhighlight lang=Python> int1 = 31; int2 = 41; str1="aaa"; myhex = "x" v1 = f"Two ints: {int1} {int2}" v2 = f"Int plus 1: {int1+1}" # 32 - expression evaluation v3 = f"Str len: {len(str1)}" # 3 - expression evaluation v4 = f"Hex: {int1:x}" # 1f v5 = f"Hex: {int1:{myhex}}" # 1f - nested evaluation </syntaxhighlight> Links: * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#format 2. Built-in Functions # format], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#custom-string-formatting 7.1.2. Custom String Formatting], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#formatspec 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language], docs.python.org * [https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#template-strings 7.1.4. Template strings], docs.python.org * [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3101/ PEP 3101 -- Advanced String Formatting], python.org * [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/ PEP 498 -- Literal String Interpolation], python.org ==External Links== * [http://www.python.org/doc/current/tutorial/inputoutput.html 7. Input and Output] in The Python Tutorial, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/reference/simple_stmts.html#print 6.6. The print statement] in The Python Language Reference, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#open 2. Built-in Functions #open] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html?highlight=write#file.write 5. Built-in Types #file.write] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html 27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions] in Python Documentation, python org -- mentions sys.stdout, and sys.stderr * [http://docs.python.org/release/2.3.5/lib/bltin-file-objects.html 2.3.8 File Objects] in Python Library Reference, python.org, for "flush"<!-- Unfortunatelly, for Python 2.3.5; I cannot quickly find a better link for the latest 2.x Python --> * [http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations] in The Python Standard Library at Python Documentation, python.org -- for "%i", "%s" and similar string formatting * [http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/python25/web/str-format.html 7.2.2. The string format operator], in Python 2.5 quick reference, nmt.edu, for "%i", "%s" and similar string formatting {{Python Programming/Navigation|Loops|Files}} bakv956jx26dohzl4ssbkdmn7ci39lf 0 14705 4096991 4086640 2022-08-29T01:18:55Z Smlckz 3362165 /* Writing to the console */Fix typo wikitext text/x-wiki In this chapter you will learn: * How a Pascal source code file is structured * Basic terminology == Programs == All your programming tasks require one source code file that is called in Pascal a <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program</syntaxhighlight>. A <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program</syntaxhighlight> source code file is translated by the compiler into an executable application which you can run. Let’s look at a minimal <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program</syntaxhighlight> source code file: <div style="page-break-inside: avoid"> <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> program nop; begin { intentionally empty } end. </syntaxhighlight> # The first line <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program nop;</syntaxhighlight> indicates that this file is a Pascal source code file for a program. # The <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>begin</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>end</syntaxhighlight> mark a frame. We will explain this in detail as we move on. # <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>{ intentionally empty }</syntaxhighlight> is a ''comment''. Comments will be ignored by the compiler, thus do not contribute in any way how the executable program looks or behaves. # And the final dot <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>.</syntaxhighlight> after the final <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>end</syntaxhighlight> informs the compiler about the program source code file’s end. </div> {{XNote|If you feel overwhelmed by the pace of this book, the Wikibook [[Programming Basics]] might be more suitable for you.}} == Compilation == In order to start your program you need to compile it. First, copy the program shown above. We advise you to actually type out the examples and not to copy and paste code. Name the file <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>nop.pas</syntaxhighlight>. <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>nop</syntaxhighlight> is the program’s name, and the filename extension <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>.pas</syntaxhighlight> helps you to identify the ''source code'' file. Once you are finished, tell the compiler you have chosen to compile the program: {{Code:Interpreted | title = {{abbr|FPC|FreePascal compiler}} | If you are using the {{abbr|FPC|FreePascal compiler}}, type into a console <syntaxhighlight lang="bash" inline>fpc </syntaxhighlight> followed by a (relative or absolute) file name path to the source code file: | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">fpc nop.pas</syntaxhighlight> | <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Target OS: Linux for x86-64 Compiling nop.pas Linking nop 4 lines compiled, 0.1 sec</syntaxhighlight> | If there no typing errors, successful compilation looks like this (some data may differ). In the current directory there will be a new file called <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>nop</syntaxhighlight>. This is the executable program you can start. }} {{Code:Interpreted | title = {{abbr|GPC|GNU Pascal compiler}} | If you are using the {{abbr|GPC|GNU Pascal compiler}}, type into a console <syntaxhighlight lang="bash" inline>gpc </syntaxhighlight> followed by a (relative or absolute) file name path to the source code file: | <syntaxhighlight lang="bash">gpc nop.pas</syntaxhighlight> | | If there are no typing mistakes, <syntaxhighlight lang="bash" inline>gpc</syntaxhighlight> will not report any errors, but there will be a new file (by default) called <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>a.out</syntaxhighlight>. }} Finally, you can then execute the program by one of the methods your {{abbr|OS|operating system}} provides. For example on a console you simply type out the file name of the executable file: <syntaxhighlight lang="bash" inline>./nop</syntaxhighlight> (where <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>./</syntaxhighlight> refers to the current working directory in Unix-like environments) As this program does (intentionally) nothing, you will not notice any (notable) changes. After all, the program’s name <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>nop</syntaxhighlight> is short for ''no operation''. {{XNote|Programs need to be compiled for every single platform. ''Platform'' refers to {{abbr|OS|operating system}}, {{abbr|OS|operating system}} version, and the utilized microprocessor architecture and make. Only if all of these metrics match, you can copy an executable file to a different computer and run it there, too. Otherwise it may fail. Modern {{abbr|OSs|operating systems}} can prevent you from running non-compatible programs (to some degree of precision).}} == The computer speaks == Congratulations to your first Pascal program! To be fair, though, the program is not of much use, right? As a small step forward, let’s make the computer speak (metaphorically) and introduce itself to the world: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program helloWorld(output); begin writeLn('Hello world!'); end. </syntaxhighlight> === Program header === The first difference you will notice is in the first line. Not only the program name changed, but there is <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>(output)</syntaxhighlight>. This is a program ''parameter''. In fact, it is a list. Here, it only contains one item, but the general form is <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>(a, b, c, d, e, …)</syntaxhighlight> and so on. A program parameter designates an external entity the {{abbr|OS|operating system}} needs to supply the program with, so it can run as expected. We will go into detail later on, but for now we need to know there are two ''special'' program parameters: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>input</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>output</syntaxhighlight>. These parameters symbolize the default means of interacting with the {{abbr|OS|operating system}}. Usually, if you run a program on a console, <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>output</syntaxhighlight> is the console’s display. === Writing to the console === The next difference is <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn('Hello world!')</syntaxhighlight>. This is a statement. The statement is a routine invocation. The routine is called <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn</syntaxhighlight>. <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>WriteLn</syntaxhighlight> has (optional) parameters. The parameters are, again, a comma-separated list surrounded by parentheses. ==== Routines ==== ''Routines'' are reusable pieces of code that can be used over and over again. The routine <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn</syntaxhighlight>, short for ''write line'', writes all supplied parameters to the destination followed by a “newline character” (some magic that will move the cursor to the next line). Here, however, the destination is invisible. That is, because it is optional it can be left out. If it is left out, the destination becomes <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>output</syntaxhighlight>, so our console output. If we ''want'' to ''name'' the destination explicitly, we have to write <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn(output, 'Hello world!')</syntaxhighlight>. <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>WriteLn(output, 'Hello world!')</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn('Hello world!')</syntaxhighlight> are ''identical''. The missing optional parameter will be inserted automatically, but it relieves the programmer from typing it out. In order to use a routine, we write its name, as a statement, followed by the list of parameters. We did that in line&nbsp;2 above. {{XNote|Routines need to be defined before they can be used. The routine <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn</syntaxhighlight>, however, is defined as an integral part of the Pascal language. In one of the following chapters we will learn to define our ''own'' routines.}} ==== String literals ==== The parameter <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>'Hello world!'</syntaxhighlight> is a so-called string literal. ''Literal'' means, your program will take this sequence of characters ''as it is'', not interpret it in any way, and pass it to the routine. A <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>string</syntaxhighlight> literal is delimited by typewriter (straight) apostrophes. === Reserved words === In contrast to that, the words <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>begin</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>end</syntaxhighlight> (and many more you see in a bold face in the code examples) are so-called ''reserved words''. They convey special meaning as regards to how to interpret and construct the executable program. You are only allowed to write them at particular places. {{XNote|Nevertheless, you ''can'' write the <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>string</syntaxhighlight> literal <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>'program'</syntaxhighlight>. The string delimiters “disable” interpretation.}} === Behavior === {{Code:Output | Now, that we know what the source code contains, create a new file <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>helloWorld.pas</syntaxhighlight>, copy the source code (by typing it manually), compile and run it: | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program helloWorld(output); begin writeLn('Hello world!'); end.</syntaxhighlight> | <syntaxhighlight lang="text">Hello world!</syntaxhighlight> | The program will print <syntaxhighlight lang="text" inline>Hello world!</syntaxhighlight>, ''without'' the straight quotation marks, on an individual line to the console. Isn’t that great? {{hidden|“Help! I only see the terminal window opening and closing again!”|In this case, try this program <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" highlight="1,4" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program helloWorld(input, output); begin writeLn('Hello world!'); readLn(); end.</syntaxhighlight>The changed lines are highlighted. The extra <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>readLn()</syntaxhighlight> will make your program stall, so the program is not considered ''done''. After you hit {{key press|Enter}} the terminal window should close again.}} }} This type of program, by the way, is an example of a class of “Hello world” programs. They serve the purpose for demonstrating minimal requirements a source code file in any programming language needs to fulfill. For more examples see [[Computer Programming/Hello world|Hello world]] in the WikiBook “Computer Programming” (and appreciate Pascal’s simplicity compared to other programming languages). == Comments == We already saw the option to write ''comments''. The purpose of comments is to serve the programmer as a reminder. === Comment syntax === Pascal defines curly braces as comment delimiting characters: {{nowrap|<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>{ comment }</syntaxhighlight>}} (spaces are for visual guidance and have no significance). The left brace ''opens'' or ''starts'' a comment, and the right brace ''closes'' a comment. {{XNote|“Inside” a comment you cannot use the comment closing character as part of your text. The ''first'' occurrence of the proper closing character(s) ''will'' be the end of the comment.}} However, when Pascal was developed not all computer systems had curly braces on their keyboards. Therefore the bigramms (a pair of letters) using parentheses and asterisks was made legal, too: {{nowrap|<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>(* comment *)</syntaxhighlight>}}. Such comments are called ''block comments''. They can span multiple lines. Delphi introduced yet another style of comment, line comments. They start with two slashes <syntaxhighlight lang="delphi" inline>//</syntaxhighlight> and comprise everything until the end of the current line. Delphi, the {{abbr|FPC|FreePascal compiler}} as well as {{abbr|GPC|GNU Pascal compiler}} support all three styles of comments. === Helpful comments === There is an “art” of writing ''good'' comments. {{caution | heading = | Comments should not repeat what can be deduced from the source code itself. <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" highlight="2,4" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program helloWorld(output); begin { This is where the program begins } writeLn('Hello world!'); end. (* This is where the program ends. *) </syntaxhighlight>}} {{technote | heading = | Comments should explain information that is not apparent: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" highlight="3" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program nop; begin { intentionally empty } end. </syntaxhighlight>}} When writing a comment, stick to ''one'' natural language. In the chapters to come you will read many “good” comments (unless they clearly demonstrate something like below). == Terminology == Familiarize with the following terminology (that means the terms on the right printed as comments): <!-- This diagram deliberately does not show functions/procedures, so the reader does not get overwhelmed with information. --> <syntaxhighlight lang="delphi" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program demo(input, output); // program header // ───────────────────────────────────┐ const // ────────────────────┐ │ answer = 42; // constant definition ┝ const-section│ // ────────────────────┘ │ type // ────────────────────┐ │ employee = record // ─┐ │ │ number: integer; // │ │ │ firstName: string; // ┝ type definition │ │ lastName: string; // │ ┝ type-section │ end; // ─┘ │ │ // │ │ employeeReference = ^employee; // another type def. │ │ // ────────────────────┘ ┝ block // │ var // ────────────────────┐ │ boss: employeeReference; // variable declaration┝ var-section │ // ────────────────────┘ │ // │ begin // ────────────────────┐ │ boss := nil; // statement │ │ writeLn('No boss yet.'); // another statement ┝ sequence │ readLn(); // another statement │ │ end. // ────────────────────┘ │ // ───────────────────────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> Note, how every constant and type definition, as well as every variable declaration all go into dedicated ''sections''. The reserved words <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>const</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>type</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>var</syntaxhighlight> serve as headings. A ''sequence'' is also called a ''compound statement''. The ''combination'' of definitions, declarations and a sequence is called a ''block''. Definitions and declarations are optional, but a sequence is required. The sequence may be empty, as we already demonstrated above, but this is usually not the case. Do not worry, the difference between ''definition'' and ''declaration'' will be explained later. For now you should know and recognize ''sections'' and ''blocks''. == Tasks == {{Question-answer | question = Can a comment contain a comment? Try and write a test program to find it out! Mix various comment delimiters and see what happens if you mix them up. | answer = Yes/no. While you can ''begin'' another comment inside a comment, the terminating character(s) will mark the end of a comment in general. The following situations do not cause a problem: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" line style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program commentDemo; begin { (* Hello { { { } (* (* { (* Foo } { (* Bar *) </syntaxhighlight> The first comment-''ending'' character(s) demarcate ''the end'' of the entire comment, regardless whether it started with <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>{</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>(*</syntaxhighlight>. That means, here the compiler will complain: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" line start="6"> { start (* again? } *) </syntaxhighlight> Line comments are immune to this, since they do not have an explicit end delimiter. This will compile without errors: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" line start="7"> // *) } { (* end. </syntaxhighlight> }} {{-}} {{Question-answer | question = What does <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>writeLn</syntaxhighlight> (note the lack of a parameter list) do? | answer = <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>WriteLn</syntaxhighlight> without any supplied parameters prints an empty line to the default destination, i. e. <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>output</syntaxhighlight>. }} {{-}} {{Question-answer | question = Write a <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>program</syntaxhighlight> that shows this (or similar): <syntaxhighlight lang="text" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> #### #### ######## ######## ## ##### ## ## # ## ## ILY ## ## sweetie ## ### ### ### ### ### ### ### # </syntaxhighlight> | answer = An acceptable implementation could look like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> program valentine(output); begin writeLn(' #### ####'); writeLn(' ######## ########'); writeLn(' ## ##### ##'); writeLn(' ## # ##'); writeLn(' ## ILY ##'); writeLn(' ## sweetie ##'); writeLn(' ### ###'); writeLn(' ### ###'); writeLn(' ### ###'); writeLn(' ###'); writeLn(' #'); end. </syntaxhighlight> Note, the program parameter list (first line) only lists <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>output</syntaxhighlight>. Beware, while the exact number of spaces do not matter in your code, they do matter in string literals. Wikipedia has more on [[w:ASCII art|ASCII art]]. }} {{Auto navigation|Variables and Constants|Getting started}} 4xhcog38a3x3wtv9tbhkiqm0b97otko 0 19014 4096986 4057484 2022-08-28T23:43:57Z Bolanigak 3247568 /* Plural nouns */Corrections wikitext text/x-wiki {{Persian/top}} In this lesson, you will learn how to create and use plurals of nouns in Persian. == Dialogue: {{Persian/text|...|...}} == {{Persian_Under_Construction}} ... and... are talking.... {{Persian/dialogue-top}} {{Persian/dialogue|...|X|...|...|...}} {{Persian/dialogue|...|Y| ... |...|...}} |- | colspan=4 | |} '''Explanation''' :... and .... '''Vocabulary''' {{Persian/vocab-list }} [[File:Fa-ادرس9.ogg|درس9]] : [[File:Fa-امروز.ogg|امروز]] – [[:nl:wikt:vandaag|vandaag]] (today) : [[File:Fa-د يروز.ogg|د يروز]] – [[:nl:wikt:gisteren|gisteren]] (yesterday) : [[File:Fa-د بستان.ogg|د بستان]] – [[basisschool]] : [[File:Fa-بودن.ogg|بودن]] – [[zijn]] (be) : [[File:Fa-آمدن.ogg|آمدن]] – [[komen]] (come) : [[File:Fa-اسم.ogg|اسم]] – [[naam]] (name) : [[File:Fa-باريد ن.ogg|باريد ن]] – [[regenen]],[[sneeuwen]] : [[File:Fa-من.ogg|من]] – [[:nl:wikt:ik|ik]] (I) : [[File:Fa-نام.ogg|نام]] – [[naam]] : [[File:Fa-نادر.ogg|نادر]] – [[Nader]] (jongensnaam) (boys name) : [[File:Fa-كتاب.ogg|كتاب]] – [[boek]] (book) : [[File:Fa-امين.ogg|امين]] – [[Amin]] (jongensnaam) (boys name) : [[File:Fa-پس دادن.ogg|پس دادن]] – [[teruggeven]] : [[File:Fa-پس داد.ogg|پس داد]] – [[hij geeft]], [[zij geeft]] : [[File:Fa-امروز باران باريد.ogg|امروز باران باريد]] – [[vandaag regent het]] (today it rains) : [[File:Fa-من از دبستان آمدم.ogg|من از دبستان آمدم]] - [[ik kom uit school]] (I come from school) : [[File:Fa-من از د بستان تند آمدم.ogg|من از د بستان تند آمدم]] – [[ik kom snel uit school]] (I come fast from school) <br style="clear:both" /> == Plural nouns == {{Persian/connecting letters box|Arab=کتاب&zwnj;ها|Latn=ketâbhâ | کتاب&zwnj;|ketâb|&zwnj;ها|hâ}} The usual way to make a plural in Persian is to add the suffix {{Persian/text|ها|ha}} to the noun. The suffix is typically written immediately after the noun with with a ZWNJ. Colloquially, {{Persian/text|ها}} is pronounced ‹â›. Many words have an alternative plural form that may be used instead of the colloquial Persian form. For example, animate nouns (those that denote humans or things with human-like characteristics) and nouns that denote paired body parts (e.g. eyes, ears, and hands) have an alternative plural form made with the suffix {{Persian/text|ان|ân}}: * {{term-fa|پسر|pesar|boy}} + {{Persian/text|ان|-an|-s}} * {{term-fa|چشم|cešm|eye}} + {{Persian/text|ان|-an|-s}} Many Arabic words have different plural forms that may be used in Persian. Some are created by adding suffixes: * {{term-fa|باغ|bâgh|garden}} + {{Persian/text|ت|-at}} = {{Persian/text|باغات|bâghat|gardens}} * {{term-fa|معلّم|mo’allem|teacher}} + {{Persian/text|ین|-in}} = {{Persian/text|معلّمین|mo’allemin|teachers}} Others are called “broken plurals”: * {{Persian/text|كِتاب|ketâb|book}}, {{Persian/text|كُتُب|kotob|books}},[http://www.zarsara.com/default.aspx کتاب] * {{Persian/text|وَقْت|vaqt|time}}, {{Persian/text|اوقات|owqat|times}} * {{Persian/text|طَرَف||side, direction}}, {{Persian/text|اَطْراف||sides, directions}} * {{Persian/text|شَخْس||person}}, {{Persian/text|اَشْخاس||persons}} * {{Persian/text|مُقَدَّمِه||preliminary}}, {{Persian/text|مُقّدَّمات||preliminaries}} * {{Persian/text|عِلم||science}}, {{Persian/text|عُلوم||sciences}} * {{Persian/text|وَزير||minister}}, {{Persian/text|وُزَراء||ministers}} (govt.) * {{Persian/text|لغت||word}}, {{Persian/text|لُغات||words}} * {{Persian/text|شاعِر||poet}}, {{Persian/text|شُعَرا||poets}} * {{Persian/text|عَرَب||Arab}}, {{Persian/text|اَعْراب||Arabs}} <br style="clear:both" /> {{Persian/translation | fa=این کتاب‌ها|en=these books |این|in|this, these| |کتاب|ketâb|book| |ها|-hâ|-s|}} To pluralize a noun phrase, only the main noun is changed. Adjectives and demonstrative adjectives are not, as shown on the right. ====Numbers==== {{Persian/translation|en=twenty-one (21)|fa=بیست و یک |بیست|bist|twenty| |و|o|and| |یک|yek|one|}} After 20, Persian numbers use {{term-fa|و|o|and}} between digit, as shown in the example on the right. {{Persian/translation|en=three thousand four hundred fifty-six (3,456) }} ==Exercises== {{Persian/exercises-top|Plurals}} | Translate the following phrases into Persian. |- |{{Persian/Question-answer|question=the books|answer={{Persian/text|کتاب‌ها|ketâbhâ}}}} {{Persian/Question-answer|question=those girls|answer=Using the regular Persian plural, {{Persian/text|آن دخترها|ân doxtarhâ|those girls, those daughters}}<br/> Bonus points: The alternative plural from Arabic is {{Persian/text|آن دختران|ân doxtarân}} }} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} |} {{Persian/bottom|Persian/Lesson 10|Lesson 10 (&nbsp;<big>۱۰</big>&nbsp;), Direct objects and prepositions}} {{Persian/stub}} 4r4dzyvlv7wgljkqtmo058zu5899ibq 4096987 4096986 2022-08-28T23:46:51Z Bolanigak 3247568 /* Exercises */Corrected an error wikitext text/x-wiki {{Persian/top}} In this lesson, you will learn how to create and use plurals of nouns in Persian. == Dialogue: {{Persian/text|...|...}} == {{Persian_Under_Construction}} ... and... are talking.... {{Persian/dialogue-top}} {{Persian/dialogue|...|X|...|...|...}} {{Persian/dialogue|...|Y| ... |...|...}} |- | colspan=4 | |} '''Explanation''' :... and .... '''Vocabulary''' {{Persian/vocab-list }} [[File:Fa-ادرس9.ogg|درس9]] : [[File:Fa-امروز.ogg|امروز]] – [[:nl:wikt:vandaag|vandaag]] (today) : [[File:Fa-د يروز.ogg|د يروز]] – [[:nl:wikt:gisteren|gisteren]] (yesterday) : [[File:Fa-د بستان.ogg|د بستان]] – [[basisschool]] : [[File:Fa-بودن.ogg|بودن]] – [[zijn]] (be) : [[File:Fa-آمدن.ogg|آمدن]] – [[komen]] (come) : [[File:Fa-اسم.ogg|اسم]] – [[naam]] (name) : [[File:Fa-باريد ن.ogg|باريد ن]] – [[regenen]],[[sneeuwen]] : [[File:Fa-من.ogg|من]] – [[:nl:wikt:ik|ik]] (I) : [[File:Fa-نام.ogg|نام]] – [[naam]] : [[File:Fa-نادر.ogg|نادر]] – [[Nader]] (jongensnaam) (boys name) : [[File:Fa-كتاب.ogg|كتاب]] – [[boek]] (book) : [[File:Fa-امين.ogg|امين]] – [[Amin]] (jongensnaam) (boys name) : [[File:Fa-پس دادن.ogg|پس دادن]] – [[teruggeven]] : [[File:Fa-پس داد.ogg|پس داد]] – [[hij geeft]], [[zij geeft]] : [[File:Fa-امروز باران باريد.ogg|امروز باران باريد]] – [[vandaag regent het]] (today it rains) : [[File:Fa-من از دبستان آمدم.ogg|من از دبستان آمدم]] - [[ik kom uit school]] (I come from school) : [[File:Fa-من از د بستان تند آمدم.ogg|من از د بستان تند آمدم]] – [[ik kom snel uit school]] (I come fast from school) <br style="clear:both" /> == Plural nouns == {{Persian/connecting letters box|Arab=کتاب&zwnj;ها|Latn=ketâbhâ | کتاب&zwnj;|ketâb|&zwnj;ها|hâ}} The usual way to make a plural in Persian is to add the suffix {{Persian/text|ها|ha}} to the noun. The suffix is typically written immediately after the noun with with a ZWNJ. Colloquially, {{Persian/text|ها}} is pronounced ‹â›. Many words have an alternative plural form that may be used instead of the colloquial Persian form. For example, animate nouns (those that denote humans or things with human-like characteristics) and nouns that denote paired body parts (e.g. eyes, ears, and hands) have an alternative plural form made with the suffix {{Persian/text|ان|ân}}: * {{term-fa|پسر|pesar|boy}} + {{Persian/text|ان|-an|-s}} * {{term-fa|چشم|cešm|eye}} + {{Persian/text|ان|-an|-s}} Many Arabic words have different plural forms that may be used in Persian. Some are created by adding suffixes: * {{term-fa|باغ|bâgh|garden}} + {{Persian/text|ت|-at}} = {{Persian/text|باغات|bâghat|gardens}} * {{term-fa|معلّم|mo’allem|teacher}} + {{Persian/text|ین|-in}} = {{Persian/text|معلّمین|mo’allemin|teachers}} Others are called “broken plurals”: * {{Persian/text|كِتاب|ketâb|book}}, {{Persian/text|كُتُب|kotob|books}},[http://www.zarsara.com/default.aspx کتاب] * {{Persian/text|وَقْت|vaqt|time}}, {{Persian/text|اوقات|owqat|times}} * {{Persian/text|طَرَف||side, direction}}, {{Persian/text|اَطْراف||sides, directions}} * {{Persian/text|شَخْس||person}}, {{Persian/text|اَشْخاس||persons}} * {{Persian/text|مُقَدَّمِه||preliminary}}, {{Persian/text|مُقّدَّمات||preliminaries}} * {{Persian/text|عِلم||science}}, {{Persian/text|عُلوم||sciences}} * {{Persian/text|وَزير||minister}}, {{Persian/text|وُزَراء||ministers}} (govt.) * {{Persian/text|لغت||word}}, {{Persian/text|لُغات||words}} * {{Persian/text|شاعِر||poet}}, {{Persian/text|شُعَرا||poets}} * {{Persian/text|عَرَب||Arab}}, {{Persian/text|اَعْراب||Arabs}} <br style="clear:both" /> {{Persian/translation | fa=این کتاب‌ها|en=these books |این|in|this, these| |کتاب|ketâb|book| |ها|-hâ|-s|}} To pluralize a noun phrase, only the main noun is changed. Adjectives and demonstrative adjectives are not, as shown on the right. ====Numbers==== {{Persian/translation|en=twenty-one (21)|fa=بیست و یک |بیست|bist|twenty| |و|o|and| |یک|yek|one|}} After 20, Persian numbers use {{term-fa|و|o|and}} between digit, as shown in the example on the right. {{Persian/translation|en=three thousand four hundred fifty-six (3,456) }} ==Exercises== {{Persian/exercises-top|Plurals}} | Translate the following phrases into Persian. |- |{{Persian/Question-answer|question=the books|answer={{Persian/text|کتاب‌ها|ketâbhâ}}}} {{Persian/Question-answer|question=those girls|answer=Using the colloquial Persian plural, {{Persian/text|آن دخترها|ân doxtarhâ|those girls, those daughters}}<br/> Bonus points: The alternative, higher-register plural {{Persian/text|آن دختران|ân doxtarân}} }} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} {{Persian/Question-answer}} |} {{Persian/bottom|Persian/Lesson 10|Lesson 10 (&nbsp;<big>۱۰</big>&nbsp;), Direct objects and prepositions}} {{Persian/stub}} ea3tvs7p4c09m0lobn9ai2hxn953kpw 0 36464 4096993 4084387 2022-08-29T01:43:52Z 2601:1C0:6600:2D2F:1482:E123:FBAE:62D1 /* Overview */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character| | name = Charles "Charlie" Weasley | gender = Male | hair = Red | eyes = Unknown | family = [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]] (father)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Molly Weasley]] (mother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill Weasley]] (oldest brother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy Weasley]] (younger brother) <br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred Weasley|Fred Weasley]] (younger brother) <br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/George Weasley|George Weasley]] (younger brother) <br>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron Weasley]] (younger brother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]] (younger sister) | loyalty = [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Albus Dumbledore]] }} == Overview == '''''Charlie Weasley''''' is the second son of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Molly Weasley]]. He is three years older than [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]], the Weasley's third son. He was a Prefect in his fifth year at Hogwarts, and Quidditch Seeker on the Gryffindor house team. After graduation, he went to work with dragons in Romania. If he stayed for the full seven years, he would have left Hogwarts the year before Harry arrived. According to the author, Charlie's birthday is 12 December. His birth year is not given in the series, but internal evidence suggests 1972. == Role in the Books == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Philosopher's Stone|Philosopher's Stone]] === Charlie is mentioned in passing on the Hogwarts Express as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] lists his brothers who have attended Hogwarts before him. At tea with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]] on the Friday of their first week, Hagrid asks Ron how Charlie is doing, saying that he always liked Charlie, who was good with animals. In commenting on Harry's proficiency on a broom, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]] says "He caught that thing in his hand after a fifty-foot dive. Didn't even scratch himself. Charlie Weasley couldn't have done it." Later that day, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred and George]] tell Harry that they've heard about him; they are on the team as well, they're Beaters, and George tells Harry, "We haven't won since Charlie left, but this year's team is going to be brilliant." A few times after that, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Oliver Wood|Oliver Wood]] compares Harry's skills as Seeker favourably with Charlie's. The Weasley children, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]], Fred, George, and Ron, stay at Hogwarts over Christmas because their parents are visiting Charlie in Romania. When it becomes apparent that something is going to have to be done about [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]]'s pet dragon, Norbert, Harry hits on the idea of sending Norbert off to Ron's brother Charlie. Though he does respond to Ron's letter, Charlie does not directly appear, but four of his friends do end up spiriting Norbert away in the night. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] === Charlie is waiting at [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/The Burrow|the Weasleys' kitchen table]] when Harry arrives by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Floo Powder|Floo powder]] from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Privet Drive|the Dursleys']]. It is mentioned here that he has a large, healing burn on one arm. Charlie is at home because [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]] has managed to get tickets to the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Quidditch World Cup|Quidditch World Cup]], and will be going to the Cup with the rest of the family. Being old enough to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Apparition|Apparate]], he does so, arriving at the campsite about noon with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill]]. He goes to the stadium with the rest of the Weasley family, and apparently enjoys the match, discussing it at some length with the rest of the family on their return to the campsite. When the riot breaks out that night, he goes with Bill, Percy, and Arthur to try to break it up before the Muggles get injured, and in the process collects an injury. In the following week and a bit, we see him a few times around the Weasley family home, doing homely tasks like darning a fireproof balaclava. When [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Amos Diggory|Amos Diggory]] calls Arthur to tell him about [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alastor Moody|Mad-Eye Moody]], Charlie is part of the conversation where we learn about Moody's history. Charlie travels with the rest of the group to the Hogwarts Express, and alludes to something mysterious that will be happening at Hogwarts. Apparently Bill and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Mrs. Weasley]], who have accompanied the group to the platform, know about it as well, but none of them will say anything, much to the annoyance of Harry, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred, and George]]. We see Charlie again at the run-up to the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/First Task|First Task]] of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]], where he is one of the wizards brought in to wrangle the dragons needed for that task. He speaks briefly to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]], unaware of Harry's presence under the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Invisibility Cloak|Invisibility Cloak]], but suggesting that Hagrid was unwise to bring [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime|Madame Maxime]] to see what her champion would be facing. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] === While Charlie Weasley is mentioned as being in the Order of the Phoenix, Arthur Weasley says that they have chosen to leave him in Romania, so that he can bring wizards from other countries into the organization. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] === Apparently, Charlie is unable to return to Hogwarts from Romania in time to play a part in the first part of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle of Hogwarts|battle of Hogwarts]], but he arrives with the reinforcements and is part of the forces who eventually defeat the Death Eaters. == Strengths == Charlie has a gift with animals, especially dragons. He was also a skilled seeker, with Oliver Wood believing he could have played for England if he had chosen to. == Weaknesses == == Analysis == One issue that has been mentioned repeatedly on the Harry Potter fan sites is that, as stated [http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/faq_view.cfm?id=63 here], Charlie is three years older than Percy, so possibly the last time he will have flown as Seeker for Gryffindor would be in his seventh year, the year immediately preceding Harry's arrival. In that case, the Twins' statement in the first book that they haven't won a game since Charlie left, would be true only because they hadn't played any games since Charlie left. While this does rather nag at the reader, and the author has never explained it, there is one unexplored possibility: Charlie's chosen profession does not seem to require any [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/NEWT exams|NEWT-level studies]]. So Charlie, as the Twins did after him, might not have chosen to wait out the seventh year of school. In fact, as he would have come of age shortly before Christmas of his sixth year, he could well have left school then, leaving Gryffindor without his services as Seeker for the last two matches of that year and the three matches immediately before the series opens. It is more likely, though, that if he had chosen to leave school early, he would have left at the end of his sixth year, leaving Gryffindor 0 for 3 in Quidditch the year before Harry arrived. The narration in general seems to imply that Charlie is four or five years older than he actually is. This is highly unlikely, though, given other events in the series: if Charlie were four or five years older than this stated age, then Bill as the older brother would need to be at least three or four years older than ''his'' stated age, so would have been born at the latest in 1968, while his wife (still at school when the Triwizard Tournament takes place) is at the most three years older than Harry Potter, hence born at the earliest in 1978. This ten year gap in ages is not impossible, but one that would have probably been commented upon. This is likely to be a simple mistake much like with the age of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bellatrix Lestrange|Bellatrix Lestrange]]. It is also said in the first three books that Gryffindor hasn't won the Quidditch cup in seven or eight years, amounting to Charlie's entire tenure at the school based on his stated age. One would think that if Charlie was as good as he was said to have been, Gryffindor would have won at least a few times during that period. Of course, we don't know whether other Houses had similarly stellar players. As the Quidditch Cup seems to be based on total points in the tournament, it is of course possible that other Houses, faced with dismally weak opposition from teams other than Gryffindor, would take the opportunity to pump up their winning scores and their Cup standing by unnecessarily extending their games. It is suggested that the most usual winner of the Quidditch cup is Slytherin, and this does seem to be a strategy that House would be willing to employ. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} # Why do you think Hagrid liked Charlie so much? == Greater Picture == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}} {{BookCat}} jk29r0hnjugyd6vthtvwufwjniukrjy 4097061 4096993 2022-08-29T07:38:44Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2601:1C0:6600:2D2F:1482:E123:FBAE:62D1|2601:1C0:6600:2D2F:1482:E123:FBAE:62D1]] ([[User talk:2601:1C0:6600:2D2F:1482:E123:FBAE:62D1|talk]]) to last version by L10nM4st3r wikitext text/x-wiki {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character| | name = Charles "Charlie" Weasley | gender = Male | hair = Red | eyes = Unknown | family = [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]] (father)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Molly Weasley]] (mother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill Weasley]] (oldest brother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy Weasley]] (younger brother) <br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred Weasley|Fred Weasley]] (younger brother) <br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/George Weasley|George Weasley]] (younger brother) <br>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron Weasley]] (younger brother)<br/>[[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ginny Weasley|Ginny Weasley]] (younger sister) | loyalty = [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Albus Dumbledore]] }} == Overview == '''''Charlie Weasley''''' is the second son of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Molly Weasley]]. He is three years older than [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]], the Weasley's third son. He was a Prefect in his fifth year at Hogwarts, and Quidditch Seeker on the Gryffindor house team. After graduation, he went to work with dragons in Romania. If he stayed for the full seven years, he would have left Hogwarts the year before Harry arrived. According to the author, Charlie's birthday is 12 December. His birth year is not given in the series, but internal evidence suggests 1973. == Role in the Books == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}} === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Philosopher's Stone|Philosopher's Stone]] === Charlie is mentioned in passing on the Hogwarts Express as [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]] lists his brothers who have attended Hogwarts before him. At tea with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]] on the Friday of their first week, Hagrid asks Ron how Charlie is doing, saying that he always liked Charlie, who was good with animals. In commenting on Harry's proficiency on a broom, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]] says "He caught that thing in his hand after a fifty-foot dive. Didn't even scratch himself. Charlie Weasley couldn't have done it." Later that day, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred and George]] tell Harry that they've heard about him; they are on the team as well, they're Beaters, and George tells Harry, "We haven't won since Charlie left, but this year's team is going to be brilliant." A few times after that, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Oliver Wood|Oliver Wood]] compares Harry's skills as Seeker favourably with Charlie's. The Weasley children, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]], Fred, George, and Ron, stay at Hogwarts over Christmas because their parents are visiting Charlie in Romania. When it becomes apparent that something is going to have to be done about [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]]'s pet dragon, Norbert, Harry hits on the idea of sending Norbert off to Ron's brother Charlie. Though he does respond to Ron's letter, Charlie does not directly appear, but four of his friends do end up spiriting Norbert away in the night. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] === Charlie is waiting at [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/The Burrow|the Weasleys' kitchen table]] when Harry arrives by [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Floo Powder|Floo powder]] from [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Privet Drive|the Dursleys']]. It is mentioned here that he has a large, healing burn on one arm. Charlie is at home because [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]] has managed to get tickets to the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Quidditch World Cup|Quidditch World Cup]], and will be going to the Cup with the rest of the family. Being old enough to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Apparition|Apparate]], he does so, arriving at the campsite about noon with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy]] and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bill Weasley|Bill]]. He goes to the stadium with the rest of the Weasley family, and apparently enjoys the match, discussing it at some length with the rest of the family on their return to the campsite. When the riot breaks out that night, he goes with Bill, Percy, and Arthur to try to break it up before the Muggles get injured, and in the process collects an injury. In the following week and a bit, we see him a few times around the Weasley family home, doing homely tasks like darning a fireproof balaclava. When [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Amos Diggory|Amos Diggory]] calls Arthur to tell him about [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alastor Moody|Mad-Eye Moody]], Charlie is part of the conversation where we learn about Moody's history. Charlie travels with the rest of the group to the Hogwarts Express, and alludes to something mysterious that will be happening at Hogwarts. Apparently Bill and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Molly Weasley|Mrs. Weasley]], who have accompanied the group to the platform, know about it as well, but none of them will say anything, much to the annoyance of Harry, [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Ron Weasley|Ron]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Fred and George Weasley|Fred, and George]]. We see Charlie again at the run-up to the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/First Task|First Task]] of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]], where he is one of the wizards brought in to wrangle the dragons needed for that task. He speaks briefly to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]], unaware of Harry's presence under the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Invisibility Cloak|Invisibility Cloak]], but suggesting that Hagrid was unwise to bring [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime|Madame Maxime]] to see what her champion would be facing. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] === While Charlie Weasley is mentioned as being in the Order of the Phoenix, Arthur Weasley says that they have chosen to leave him in Romania, so that he can bring wizards from other countries into the organization. === [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] === Apparently, Charlie is unable to return to Hogwarts from Romania in time to play a part in the first part of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle of Hogwarts|battle of Hogwarts]], but he arrives with the reinforcements and is part of the forces who eventually defeat the Death Eaters. == Strengths == Charlie has a gift with animals, especially dragons. He was also a skilled seeker, with Oliver Wood believing he could have played for England if he had chosen to. == Weaknesses == == Analysis == One issue that has been mentioned repeatedly on the Harry Potter fan sites is that, as stated [http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/faq_view.cfm?id=63 here], Charlie is three years older than Percy, so possibly the last time he will have flown as Seeker for Gryffindor would be in his seventh year, the year immediately preceding Harry's arrival. In that case, the Twins' statement in the first book that they haven't won a game since Charlie left, would be true only because they hadn't played any games since Charlie left. While this does rather nag at the reader, and the author has never explained it, there is one unexplored possibility: Charlie's chosen profession does not seem to require any [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/NEWT exams|NEWT-level studies]]. So Charlie, as the Twins did after him, might not have chosen to wait out the seventh year of school. In fact, as he would have come of age shortly before Christmas of his sixth year, he could well have left school then, leaving Gryffindor without his services as Seeker for the last two matches of that year and the three matches immediately before the series opens. It is more likely, though, that if he had chosen to leave school early, he would have left at the end of his sixth year, leaving Gryffindor 0 for 3 in Quidditch the year before Harry arrived. The narration in general seems to imply that Charlie is four or five years older than he actually is. This is highly unlikely, though, given other events in the series: if Charlie were four or five years older than this stated age, then Bill as the older brother would need to be at least three or four years older than ''his'' stated age, so would have been born at the latest in 1968, while his wife (still at school when the Triwizard Tournament takes place) is at the most three years older than Harry Potter, hence born at the earliest in 1978. This ten year gap in ages is not impossible, but one that would have probably been commented upon. This is likely to be a simple mistake much like with the age of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bellatrix Lestrange|Bellatrix Lestrange]]. It is also said in the first three books that Gryffindor hasn't won the Quidditch cup in seven or eight years, amounting to Charlie's entire tenure at the school based on his stated age. One would think that if Charlie was as good as he was said to have been, Gryffindor would have won at least a few times during that period. Of course, we don't know whether other Houses had similarly stellar players. As the Quidditch Cup seems to be based on total points in the tournament, it is of course possible that other Houses, faced with dismally weak opposition from teams other than Gryffindor, would take the opportunity to pump up their winning scores and their Cup standing by unnecessarily extending their games. It is suggested that the most usual winner of the Quidditch cup is Slytherin, and this does seem to be a strategy that House would be willing to employ. == Questions == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}} # Why do you think Hagrid liked Charlie so much? == Greater Picture == {{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}} {{BookCat}} e81t9tqsldzsid2b63p6w0rrl3n67vw 0 37503 4096930 4083332 2022-08-28T18:26:54Z TTWIDEE 3395602 Added "??" to the end of a blunder noted by the theory table wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position|= |Bird's Opening| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | |pl| | |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= |moves=1. f4 |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A02-A03]] |parent=[[../|Starting position]] }} == 1. f4 - Bird's Opening == Bird’s Opening is an aggressive and less common opening, named after the chess player Henry Bird. This opening weakens the h4-to-e1 diagonal, and weakens White’s kingside, but helps control the centre and is good for players who don’t want to study openings. Black can respond with [[/1...d5|1...d5]] (Dutch variation) or [[/1...e5|1...e5]] (From’s Gambit); if White accepts the gambit, it creates more kingside weakness, and White must play carefully as a mate is easily seen with 2…d6 3. exd6 Bxd6 4. Nc3 Qh4+ 5. g3 Qxg3+ 6. hxg3 Bxg3#. Overall, this opening can be fun for club players and can usually lead to a tactical and aggressive game. == Statistics == ;Approximate chances : White win 35%, Draw 25%, Black win 39% ;Estimated next move popularity : d5 49%, Nf6 15%, e5 11%, c5 9%, g6 8%, d6 2%. Other moves less than 0.5%. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} :::'''1. f4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">1</th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"> </th> <td>f4<br>[[/1...d5|d5]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>Nf6</td> <td>e3<br>g6</td> <td>Be2<br>Bg7</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/1...Nf6|Nf6]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>g6</td> <td>e3<br>Bg7</td> <td>Be2<br>O-O</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"> </th> <td>...<br>[[/1...e6|e6]]</td> <td>g4??<br>Qh4#</td> <td>N/A<br>N/A</td> <td>N/A<br>N/A</td> <td>0-1</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">From Gambit</th> <td>...<br>[[/1...e5|e5]]</td> <td>fxe5<br>d6</td> <td>exd6<br>Bxd6</td> <td>Nf3<br>Nf6</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Symmetric Variation</th> <td>...<br>[[/1...f5|f5]]</td> <td><br></td> <td><br></td> <td><br></td> <td><br></td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/1...g6|g6]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>d5</td> <td>e3<br>Bg7</td> <td>d4<br>Nh6</td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Bird's Opening}} == References == {{reflist}} {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} [[fi:Shakkiaapinen/Peli/1. f4]] rk514elpmu2diollb53fw8xm7uqnhkd 0 50788 4097072 3269359 2022-08-29T08:28:15Z WereSpielChequers 248949 c/e wikitext text/x-wiki Schizophrenia is a complex illness of the human being. That is one of the illness of behavior with biological origin, not without psycho-social contributions. The complexity comes from a several face what could show this illness, with positive symptoms, or negative symptoms or, like most of the time, both. In definitions the positive symptoms are the presence of perceptual disorders, like different kind of hallucinations, delusions, and the negative symptoms are the absences of motivations, volitions, feelings. Most of the studies show that the principal cause of this illness is the low presence of dopamin in synapsis of the mesocortical tracts, which comes from the ventral tegmentum of thalamus, with relations of nucleus nigra. That cause the low function of frontal cortex, which cause the negative symptoms, and in same time the higher dopamin concentration in synapsis of the mesolimbical tracts, which cause the positive symptoms. {{BookCat}} nzykc4l1t151ypiovg7fiuz7cqpa59g 0 61553 4096800 3462864 2022-08-28T13:07:46Z LeoChiukl 3384033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mergeto|Mathematical Proof and the Principles of Mathematics}} Sometimes people read mathematical proofs and think they are reading a foreign language. This book describes the language used in a mathematical proof and also the different types of proofs used in math. This knowledge is essential to develop rigorous mathematics. As such, rigorous knowledge of math is not a prerequisite to reading this book. This book will use a lot of [[Set Theory|set theory]] as examples, but the examples have been selected to either be intuitive or, at the very least, sufficiently explained. However, this does not mean that math will not be used as some of the examples. But, the math will be simple unless noted otherwise. They will require knowledge of algebra to solve. [[File:Venn1011.svg|alt= Venn Diagram of A→B|right|frame|The Venn Diagram of A→B, an iconic depiction of proofs]] #[[/Introduction|Introduction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Logical Reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Notation|Notation]] [[Image:50%.svg]] #[[/Methods of Proof|Methods of Proof]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Constructive Proof|Constructive Proof]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contrapositive|Proof by Contrapositive]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contradiction|Proof by Contradiction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Induction|Proof by Induction]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|Counterexamples]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types|Other Proof Types]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof and Computer Programs/]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof Assistants/]] [[File:00%.svg]] *[[/Appendix|Appendix]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Answer Key|Answer Key]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Symbols Used in this Book|Symbols Used in this Book]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Glossary|Glossary]] [[File:00%.svg]] <!--This list is not meant to be comprehensive yet. Please add anything you feel needs to be added. I also plan on adding an appendix, once I decide what to put in it.--> ---- [[/Print version/]] {{Shelves|Mathematical logic}} {{Alphabetical|M}} {{status|25%}} 2ghcwaxwzdmfflxw6bazd796cxpj5nm 4096819 4096800 2022-08-28T13:26:40Z LeoChiukl 3384033 Undid revision 4096800 by [[Special:Contributions/LeoChiukl|LeoChiukl]] ([[User talk:LeoChiukl|discuss]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Sometimes people read mathematical proofs and think they are reading a foreign language. This book describes the language used in a mathematical proof and also the different types of proofs used in math. This knowledge is essential to develop rigorous mathematics. As such, rigorous knowledge of math is not a prerequisite to reading this book. This book will use a lot of [[Set Theory|set theory]] as examples, but the examples have been selected to either be intuitive or, at the very least, sufficiently explained. However, this does not mean that math will not be used as some of the examples. But, the math will be simple unless noted otherwise. They will require knowledge of algebra to solve. [[File:Venn1011.svg|alt= Venn Diagram of A→B|right|frame|The Venn Diagram of A→B, an iconic depiction of proofs]] #[[/Introduction|Introduction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Logical Reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Notation|Notation]] [[Image:50%.svg]] #[[/Methods of Proof|Methods of Proof]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Constructive Proof|Constructive Proof]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contrapositive|Proof by Contrapositive]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contradiction|Proof by Contradiction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Induction|Proof by Induction]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|Counterexamples]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types|Other Proof Types]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof and Computer Programs/]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof Assistants/]] [[File:00%.svg]] *[[/Appendix|Appendix]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Answer Key|Answer Key]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Symbols Used in this Book|Symbols Used in this Book]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Glossary|Glossary]] [[File:00%.svg]] <!--This list is not meant to be comprehensive yet. Please add anything you feel needs to be added. I also plan on adding an appendix, once I decide what to put in it.--> ---- [[/Print version/]] {{Shelves|Mathematical logic}} {{Alphabetical|M}} {{status|25%}} bxmsnnjyo32j1izuqw0fai0hrf7qd0f 4096863 4096819 2022-08-28T13:53:56Z LeoChiukl 3384033 wikitext text/x-wiki Sometimes people read mathematical proofs and think they are reading a foreign language. This book describes the language used in a mathematical proof and also the different types of proofs used in math. This knowledge is essential to develop rigorous mathematics. As such, rigorous knowledge of math is not a prerequisite to reading this book. This book will use a lot of {{colored em|set theory}} as examples and for communication, but the examples have been selected to either be intuitive or, at the very least, sufficiently explained. However, this does not mean that math will not be used as some of the examples. But, the math will be simple unless noted otherwise. They will require knowledge of algebra to solve. After introducing {{colored em|set theory}} informally <ref>We introduce set theory informally since this is simpler and set theory is not the main focus of this book. For a formal discussion of set theory (which may be difficult to understand without the knowledge learnt in this book), see the wikibook [[Set Theory]].</ref> and methods of mathematical proof, we will start discussing some fundamental concepts that are important for more advanced topics in mathematics. [[File:Venn1011.svg|alt= Venn Diagram of A→B|right|frame|The Venn Diagram of A→B, an iconic depiction of proofs]] #[[/Introduction|Introduction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Logical Reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Notation|Notation]] [[Image:50%.svg]] #[[/Informal Introduction to Set Theory/]] #[[/Methods of Proof|Methods of Proof]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Constructive Proof|Constructive Proof]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contrapositive|Proof by Contrapositive]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contradiction|Proof by Contradiction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Induction|Proof by Induction]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|Counterexamples]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types|Other Proof Types]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Proof and Computer Programs/]] (optional) [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Proof Assistants/]] (optional) [[File:00%.svg]] # [[/Equivalence Relations/]] # [[/Functions/]] # [[/Set Cardinalities/]] *[[/Appendix|Appendix]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Answer Key|Answer Key]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Symbols Used in this Book|Symbols Used in this Book]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Glossary|Glossary]] [[File:00%.svg]] <!--This list is not meant to be comprehensive yet. Please add anything you feel needs to be added. I also plan on adding an appendix, once I decide what to put in it.--> ---- [[/Print version/]] {{Shelves|Mathematical logic}} {{Alphabetical|M}} {{status|25%}} 39ulgj8d1hitpo9ce5j6atj7o5xjgqj 0 76051 4096997 4095236 2022-08-29T02:09:09Z Belteshazzar 333751 /* Basket */ I guess there could be a basket on the edge of the board wikitext text/x-wiki {{CompactTOC8|center=yes}} {{Navbox | title = Glossary | name = Arimaa/Glossary | state = uncollapsed | group1 = Pieces and players | list1 = [[#Elephant|Elephant]] {{·}} [[#Camel|Camel]] {{·}} [[#Horse|Horse]] {{·}} [[#Dog|Dog]] {{·}} [[#Cat|Cat]] {{·}} [[#Rabbit|Rabbit]] {{!}} [[#Gold|Gold]] {{·}} [[#Silver|Silver]] {{!}} [[#Strength|Strength]] {{·}} [[#Strong piece|Strong piece]] {{·}} [[#Friendly piece|Friendly piece]] {{·}} [[#Free piece|Free piece]] | group2 = Board and squares | list2 = [[#West_wing|West wing]] {{·}} [[#East_wing|East wing]] {{·}} [[#Quadrant|Quadrant]] {{·}} [[#Rank|Rank]] {{·}} [[#File|File]] {{·}} [[#Key square|Key square]] {{·}} [[#Adjacent|Adjacent]] {{!}} [[#Trap|Trap]] {{·}} [[#Home_trap|Home trap]] {{·}} [[#Away_trap|Away trap]] | group3 = Movement | list3 = [[#Push|Push]] {{·}} [[#Pull|Pull]] {{·}} [[#Dislodge|Dislodge]] {{·}} [[#Freeze|Freeze]] {{·}} [[#Capture|Capture]] {{!}} [[#Step|Step]] {{·}} [[#Turn|Turn]] {{!}} [[#Flip|Flip]] {{·}} [[#Pull and replace|Pull and replace]] {{·}} [[#Push and replace|Push and replace]] {{!}} [[#Four-for-two|Four-for-two]] {{·}} [[#Three-for-one|Three-for-one]] {{·}} [[#Three-for-three|Three-for-three]] {{·}} [[#Repetition_rule|Repetition rule]] | group4 = Tactics | list4 = [[#Basket|Basket]] {{·}} [[#Fence|Fence]] {{·}} [[#Fork|Fork]] {{·}} [[#Phalanx|Phalanx]] {{·}} [[#Pinch|Pinch]] {{·}} [[#Scatter|Scatter]] {{·}} [[#Mutual_protection|Mutual protection]] {{·}} [[#False_protection|False protection]] {{·}} [[#Hang|Hang]] {{·}} [[#Exchange|Exchange]] {{·}} [[#Rotation|Rotation]] {{·}} [[#Choke|Choke]] | group5 = Strategy | list5 = [[#Frame|Frame]] {{·}} [[#Pin|Pin]] {{·}} [[#Blockade|Blockade]] {{·}} [[#Hostage|Hostage]] {{·}} [[#Linchpin|Linchpin]] {{·}} [[#Elephant deadlock|Elephant deadlock]] {{·}} [[#Overload|Overload]] {{·}} [[#Sacrifice|Sacrifice]] {{·}} [[#Swarm|Swarm]] {{·}} [[#Trap attack|Trap attack]] {{·}} [[#Goal attack|Goal attack]] | group6 = Game phases | list6 = [[#Setup|Setup]] {{·}} [[#Opening|Opening]] {{·}} [[#Middlegame|Middlegame]] {{·}} [[#Endgame|Endgame]] | group7 = Win conditions | list7 = [[#Goal|Goal]] {{·}} [[#Elimination|Elimination]] {{·}} [[#Immobilization|Immobilization]] {{·}} [[#Draw|Draw]] | group8 = Misc | list8 = [[#Arimaa_Challenge|Arimaa Challenge]] {{·}} [[#Postal_game|Postal game]] {{·}} [[#Lemming|Lemming]] }} <span id="A" ></span> ==Adjacent== The d4 square is ''adjacent'' to c4, e4, d3, and d5. In Arimaa, ''adjacent'' does not include diagonals, which have no place in the rules. ==Arimaa Challenge== First held in 2004, the ''Arimaa Challenge'' was an annual match between a top bot and top human players. Humans dominated for eleven years, until a bot's surprise victory in 2015. ==Away trap== An opponent's [[#Home trap|home trap]]: c6 and f6 are ''away traps'' for Gold, while c3 and f3 are ''away traps'' for Silver. <span id="B" ></span> ==Basket== A ''basket'' is like a [[#Frame|frame]] or [[#Fence|fence]], but does not directly involve a [[#Trap|trap square]]. A piece in a basket is blocked in any direction it could move if it were [[#Freeze|unfrozen]]. ==Blockade== A ''blockaded'' or ''smothered'' piece is surrounded by pieces which it can't [[#Push|push]] away. A blockaded square is occupied by a piece which can't be pushed off. See also ''[[#Phalanx|Phalanx]]'', ''[[#Frame|Frame]]'', ''[[#Immobilization|Immobilization]]''. <span id="C" ></span> ==Camel== The second [[#Strength|strongest]] of the six unique Arimaa pieces. Each side has one ''camel''. ==Capture== A ''capture'' removes a piece from the board; a piece is captured when it occupies a [[#Trap|trap square]] with no friendly piece [[#Adjacent|beside]] it. ==Cat== The fifth [[#Strength|strongest]] of the six unique Arimaa pieces. Each side has two ''cats''. ==Choke== A ''choked'' piece is blocked by its own [[#Rabbit|rabbit]]. Unable to retreat homeward, advanced rabbits can sometimes be used against their owner. <span id="D" ></span> ==Dislodge== To [[#Push|push]] or [[#Pull|pull]] an opponent's piece. ''Dislodge'' should not be confused with ''[[#Capture|capture]]''. ==Dog== The fourth [[#Strength|strongest]] of the six unique Arimaa pieces. Each side has two ''dogs''. ==Draw== Prior to July 1, 2008, one who had lost all eight [[#Rabbit|rabbits]] could still get a ''draw'' by [[#Capture|capturing]] all remaining enemy rabbits. Draws are no longer possible, as a game [[#Elimination|now ends]] when one side is out of rabbits. <span id="E" ></span> ==East wing== The right side of the board viewed from [[#Gold|Gold]]'s perspective, specifically the f-, g-, and h-[[#File|files]]. ==Elephant== The [[#Strength|strongest]] of the six unique Arimaa pieces. Each side has one ''elephant'', which is the only piece that cannot be [[#Push|pushed]] or [[#Pull|pulled]] by the opponent. ==Elephant deadlock== The two [[#Elephant|elephants]] are ''deadlocked'' when both remain [[#Adjacent|next to]] the same [[#Trap|trap]], preventing any [[#Capture|capture]] therein. ==Elimination== A player wins by ''elimination'' if the opponent has no [[#Rabbit|rabbits]] left. In the rare event that each player loses his last rabbit in the same [[#Turn|move]], the one who made the move wins. See also ''[[#Goal|Goal]]'', ''[[#Immobilization|Immobilization]]''. == Endgame == The game phase when a [[#Goal|goal]] line can no longer be blocked reliably, and thus gameplay centers around goal threats. See also ''[[#Opening|Opening]], [[#Middlegame|Middlegame]]''. ==Exchange== An ''exchange'' or ''trade'' occurs when each side [[#Capture|captures]] material within a few turns. If each side captures a rabbit, that is a ''rabbit exchange''. If the gold camel is captured and then a silver horse is captured, that is a ''camel-for-horse exchange''. See also ''[[#Sacrifice|Sacrifice]]''. <span id="F" ></span> ==False protection== When two friendly pieces next to a [[#Trap|trap]] could each be [[#Dislodge|dislodged]] in two steps, resulting in a [[#Capture|capture]] in an apparently protected trap. See also ''[[#Mutual protection|Mutual protection]]''. ==Fence== A ''fenced'' piece is stuck [[#Adjacent|next to]] a [[#Trap|trap]], and could only [[#Step|step]] into that trap. A fence may result in a [[#Capture|capture]], [[#Frame|frame]], or [[#Hostage|hostage]]. ==File== One of eight columns on an Arimaa board. From [[#Gold|Gold]]'s perspective, the ''a-file'' is on the left and the ''h-file'' is on the right. From [[#Silver|Silver]]'s perspective, it is the reverse. ==Flip== In one [[#Turn|turn]], a piece might [[#Pull|pull]] and then [[#Push|push]] a weaker enemy piece; the stronger piece finishes where it started, having ''flipped'' the enemy piece two squares. A piece surrounded on three sides cannot do a flip, as there is not room for the movement. ==Fork== A ''forked'' piece is simultaneously threatened with [[#Capture|capture]] in two different [[#Trap|traps]]. The forked piece would have to be on c4, c5, d3, d6, e3, e6, f4, or f5. ==Four-for-two== A four-step [[#Turn|move]] which can be undone in two steps by the opponent. Like [[#Three-for-one|three-for-ones]], four-for-twos usually give away time. ==Frame== A piece which is on a [[#Trap|trap square]], securely surrounded on three sides by opposing pieces, has been ''framed''. Its lone friendly defender is [[#Pin|pinned]]. See also ''[[#Basket|Basket]]'', ''[[#Phalanx|Phalanx]]'', ''[[#Blockade|Blockade]]''. ==Freeze== A piece is ''frozen'' if no [[#Friendly piece|friendly piece]] occupies an [[#Adjacent|adjacent]] square, and a [[#Strength|stronger]] enemy piece does occupy one. A frozen piece cannot move until a friendly piece is beside it, or until the stronger enemy piece leaves. A frozen piece can still be [[#Push|pushed]] or [[#Pull|pulled]] by the opponent. ==Free piece== A ''free piece'' can move around with limited risk. [[#Blockade|Blockades]], [[#Frame|frames]], [[#Hostage|hostages]], [[#Trap attack|trap attacks]], and [[#Goal|goal]] threats may restrict pieces on both sides, leaving other pieces to decide the game. Having the ''strongest free piece'' or ''strongest local piece'' can be a large advantage. ==Friendly piece== For [[#Gold|Gold]], any gold piece is a ''friendly'' piece. For [[#Silver|Silver]], any silver piece is friendly. See also ''[[#Mutual protection|Mutual protection]]''. <span id="G" ></span> ==Goal== If a [[#Rabbit|rabbit]] reaches the opponent's home [[#Rank|rank]], the game is won by ''goal'', which is the usual way a game ends. See also ''[[#Elimination|Elimination]]'', ''[[#Immobilization|Immobilization]]''. ==Goal attack== An ongoing [[#Goal|goal]] threat. See also ''[[#Trap attack|Trap attack]]''. ==Gold== ''Gold'' is the player with gold pieces. Gold is both the first to [[#Setup|set up]] and the first to [[#Turn|move]]. See also ''[[#Silver|Silver]]''. <span id="H" ></span> ==Hang== A ''hanging'' piece is exposed to immediate or forced [[#Capture|capture]]. See also ''[[#False protection|False protection]]''. ==Home trap== A [[#Trap|trap]] on a player's third [[#Rank|rank]]. The squares c3 and f3 are [[#Gold|Gold]]'s home traps; the squares c6 and f6 are [[#Silver|Silver]]'s home traps. See also ''[[#Away trap|Away trap]]''. ==Horse== The third [[#Strength|strongest]] of the six unique Arimaa pieces. Each side has two ''horses''. ==Hostage== A ''hostage'' piece is held near a [[#Trap|trap]] and threatened with [[#Capture|capture]] should a friendly defender leave. <span id="I" ></span> ==Immobilization== A player wins by ''immobilization'' if the opponent has no piece which can move, or if any move the opponent could make would [[#Repetition rule|recreate]] a position they created twice before. See also ''[[#Freeze|Freeze]]'', ''[[#Blockade|Blockade]]'', ''[[#Goal|Goal]]'', ''[[#Elimination|Elimination]]''. <span id="J" ></span> <span id="K" ></span> == Key square == A square north, south, east, or west of a [[#Trap|trap square]]. See also ''[[#Trap attack|Trap attack]]''. <span id="L" ></span> ==Lemming== Not recognizing a lost cause, some bots will go all out to save a doomed [[#Strong piece|strong piece]]. The bot sends over a weak piece to defend it, only to have the weak piece [[#Capture|captured]] with the strong piece no better off. The cycle may repeat several times, with the bot sending over ''lemmings'' and the opponent capturing them. ==Linchpin== A stabilising piece in front of a piece which might otherwise be vulnerable. If the gold camel is on b3 and intends to stay there, Gold might have a ''linchpin'' horse on a4 to prevent his camel from being [[#Freeze|frozen]] on b4 in the event it is pulled up. <span id="M" ></span> == Middlegame == The period between the [[#Opening|opening]] and [[#Endgame|endgame]]. ==Mutual protection== When two or more [[#Friendly piece|friendly pieces]] protect each other from [[#Capture|capture]] in a [[#Trap|trap]] they are [[#Adjacent|adjacent]] to. See also ''[[#False protection|False protection]]''. <span id="N" ></span> <span id="O" ></span> == Opening == The period from [[#Setup|setup]] roughly until the first [[#Capture|capture]]. See also ''[[#Middlegame|Middlegame]], [[#Endgame|Endgame]]''. ==Overload== Multiple threats might ''overload'' the enemy [[#Elephant|elephant]], if no other piece can defend. <span id="P" ></span> ==Phalanx== When every square a piece could be [[#Push|pushed]] onto is already occupied. A ''phalanx'' may be part of a larger [[#Blockade|blockade]], or may simply block a particular move. ==Pin== A lone [[#Friendly piece|friendly piece]] supporting a [[#Frame|framed]] piece is said to be ''pinned''. If a pinned piece moves, the framed piece [[#Capture|disappears]] instantly. ==Pinch== A [[#Capture|capture]] defense in which an enemy piece is surrounded so that it cannot [[#Pull|pull]] or [[#Flip|flip]] a piece into a [[#Trap|trap]]. ==Postal game== A game in which players have at least a day to complete each [[#Turn|move]], allowing for deeper exploration than would a live game. ==Pull== A piece can ''pull'' a [[#Strength|weaker]] enemy piece by first stepping onto an unoccupied [[#Adjacent|adjacent]] square, and then moving the enemy piece onto the square that was just vacated. A pull requires two [[#Step|steps]]. ==Pull and replace== When a piece [[#Pull|pulls]] a weaker enemy piece, and then a [[#Friendly piece|friendly piece]] steps onto the square the enemy piece was pulled from. ==Push== A piece can ''push'' a [[#Strength|weaker]] enemy piece by first moving it to an [[#Adjacent|adjacent]] empty square, and then itself stepping onto the square which that enemy piece had occupied. A push requires two [[#Step|steps]]. A [[#Phalanx|phalanx]] may block a push. ==Push and replace== When one piece [[#Push|pushes]] another and steps away, allowing a different [[#Friendly piece|friendly piece]] to take a square formerly occupied by an enemy piece. See also ''[[#Pull and replace|Pull and replace]]''. <span id="Q" ></span> ==Quadrant== A 64-square board can be divided into four ''quadrants'' of 16 squares each. In Arimaa, each quadrant contains one [[#Trap|trap]]. <span id="R" ></span> ==Rabbit== The [[#Strength|weakest]] unit on the board, and the only piece that cannot be moved backward by its owner. Each player starts with eight ''rabbits'', and aims to eventually get one to [[#Goal|goal]]. ==Rank== One of eight rows on an Arimaa board. [[#Gold|Gold]]'s ''home rank'' is 1, while [[#Silver|Silver]]'s is 8. The opponent's home rank is the [[#Goal|goal]] line. ==Repetition rule== A player who has created the same position twice may never create that exact position again. This is a consideration in sequences where players undo each other's moves. ==Rotation== When a piece holding a [[#Blockade|blockade]] or [[#Frame|frame]] is replaced by a weaker piece or a [[#Phalanx|phalanx]], the original piece has ''rotated'' out. If a [[#Hostage|hostage]] defender is replaced, usually by multiple weaker pieces, the original defender has rotated out. A piece can likewise rotate out of a trap control fight. See also ''[[#Swarm|Swarm]]''. <span id="S" ></span> ==Sacrifice== A [[#Strong piece|strong piece]] might be ''sacrificed'' so that a friendly [[#Rabbit|rabbit]] can reach [[#Goal|goal]]. A weak piece might be sacrificed while one secures a [[#Frame|frame]] or [[#Hostage|hostage]]. Likewise, one might have to give up a piece to break an elephant [[#Blockade|blockade]] or stop an enemy goal. ==Scatter== If there is no good way to defend against a [[#Trap attack|trap attack]], home pieces might ''scatter'' to avoid or delay [[#Capture|capture]]. ==Setup== At the start of a game, [[#Gold|Gold]] ''sets up'' his pieces on the first and second [[#Rank|ranks]], in any configuration he chooses. [[#Silver|Silver]] then sets up her pieces on the seventh and eighth ranks. ==Silver== ''Silver'' is the player with silver pieces. Silver is second to [[#Setup|set up]] and second to [[#Turn|move]]. See also ''[[#Gold|Gold]]''. ==Step== A piece can ''step'' onto any unoccupied [[#Adjacent|adjacent]] square. A player takes one to four steps on any [[#Turn|turn]]. Any piece move requires one step; a [[#Push|push]] or [[#Pull|pull]] uses two steps, since two different pieces move. ==Strength== There are six unique types of pieces, each with a different ''strength''. A piece can [[#Push|push]], [[#Pull|pull]], or [[#Freeze|freeze]] any weaker enemy piece. From strongest to weakest, the units are [[#Elephant|elephant]], [[#Camel|camel]], [[#Horse|horse]], [[#Dog|dog]], [[#Cat|cat]], and [[#Rabbit|rabbit]]. ==Strong piece== The [[#Elephant|elephants]], [[#Camel|camels]], and [[#Horse|horses]] are sometimes known as ''strong pieces''. When one side loses two such pieces, an opposing [[#Dog|dog]] might then be considered a strong piece, as it faces threats from only two enemy pieces. ==Swarm== When several pieces advance toward an [[#Away trap|away trap]]. A ''swarm'' may allow an advanced [[#Elephant|elephant]] to [[#Rotation|rotate]] out of a trap control fight, or out of [[#Hostage|hostage]] defense. See also ''[[#Trap attack|Trap attack]]''. <span id="T" ></span> ==Three-for-one== Three [[#Step|steps]] which can be undone in a single step by the opponent. Such a move will give away time, unless the opponent can't easily spare that one step. ==Three-for-three== Three [[#Step|steps]] which could be undone in three steps by the opponent. When three steps cancel three steps, both sides have effectively taken one-step [[#Turn|turns]]. This may continue for several turns, as long as the fourth steps sometimes create [[#Repetition rule|unique positions]]. ==Trap== There are four ''trap'' squares on the board, located at c3, c6, f3 and f6. A piece can be [[#Capture|captured]] in a trap square. ==Trap attack== A ''trap attack'' entails an attempt to occupy multiple [[#Key square|key squares]] of an [[#Away trap|away trap]], perhaps creating [[#Capture|capture]] or [[#Goal|goal]] threats. ==Turn== A player completes a ''turn'' by moving pieces a total of one, two, three or four legal [[#Step|steps]]. The opposing player then gets a turn. Also known as a ''move''. <span id="U" ></span> <span id="V" ></span> <span id="W" ></span> ==West wing== The left side of the board viewed from [[#Gold|Gold]]'s perspective, specifically the a-, b-, and c-[[#File|files]]. <span id="X" ></span> <span id="Y" ></span> <span id="Z" ></span> <noinclude>{{Arimaa/Navigation}}</noinclude> 4acvhi7q99umzpykskv2j44piy86qvb 0 101467 4096792 3334864 2022-08-28T12:59:34Z 41.115.108.53 /* Finding a Story */Write to find it easier wikitext text/x-wiki {{MMM devHeader}} =Writing for the Screen=third screen {| border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" width="35%" align=right |- | colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;" | "I like the idea of making films about ostensibly absolutely nothing. I like the irrelevant, the tangential, the sidebar excursion to nowhere that suddenly becomes revelatory. That's what all my movies are about. That and the idea that we're in possession of certainty, truth, infallible knowledge, when actually we're just a bunch of apes running around. My films are about people who think they're connected to something, although they're really not." - *[[wikiquote:Jean-Luc_Godard|Jean-Luc Godard]] |} Screenwriting is different from other literary forms. The script is essentially a "blueprint" that will guide the other filmmakers through the production of the film. Often, the final film will differ from what was on the page. These differences can be as small as a few simple dialogue changes, or as large as a complete change in tone, direction, and intent. Accepting this process is key to being a screenwriter who not only writes well, but will work well with the other people involved in the film's production. <p>In addition to being the blueprint for the film, the script also serves as a way to get that film made in the first place. Based on the strength of your screenplay, budget, talent, and enthusiasm, the film will fall into place. It is the strength of the story that can secure financing and production talent. It's not innovative and thrilling setpieces or even a smattering of really great scenes peppered throughout your script, but a cohesive, intriguing story that holds the reader's (and eventually the viewer's) attention from beginning to end. This is such a basic concept, and yet one that seems utterly lost on some screenwriters, even those already established in Hollywood. ==Finding a Story== ===Write what you Know=== This adage is always "Write what you know". This is excellent advice as writing from your personal experience will make the story, characters and tone believable. The flip side of this is the joke that all first time scripts by writers who have recently moved to Hollywood are about...the struggles of a young writer recently moved to Hollywood. So write what you know but choose something of interest to an audience. You would be amazed at how easily a little known hobby of yours or a quirky friend translates into a scene or a character. Shamelessly mine your personal history and cut and paste characteristics of your friends together and you will be surprised at how little you need to spin from whole cloth. The first ten pages of script are said to be the most important. They should begin to show how the entire film will work as a whole. ==The Right Budget== More often than not, the beginning screenwriter will find that his first sold screenplay will result in low-budget film. This also applies to those writing for the independent film scene. With that in mind, it may not be a good idea to call for giant six-legged creatures scurrying up the side of a skyscraper or epic space battles across multiple solar systems in your script. While such effects ''can'' be done on a limited budget, they will not be of similar quality to those features for which money is not a constraint. It is not only extended special effects sequences that can break a budget, but also a large cast and/or sets. For low-budget films, try to keep both the cast and the different locations as few in number as possible. While this may seem limiting to a writer's creativity, many find the opposite to be true when they are confronted with the challenge of creating a compelling and memorable story within the confines of a low budget. Of course, if money is not an issue, feel free to create a ''Lawrence of Arabia''-style epic with a cast of thousands and CGI that would break ILM. [http://soyouwanna.com/site/syws/makemovie/makemovie.html low-budget movie tips] =Screenwriting Books and Authors= <p>Screenwriting books come in two forms: those written by successful screenwriters in Hollywood and those by, well, other types of people. And while you may be thinking that you would prefer to read a book on screenwriting by someone who has actually ''sold'' a script, both types of books actually have their strengths and weaknesses. Successful screenwriters ''have a certain pedigree to their "how-to" books because they have actually been there and done that. However, success in artistic fields is rarely formulaic. They themselves may be confused as to what it was exactly in their script that allowed them to sell'' it in the first place. These books tend to be slightly''' muddled in thought and offer a strong temptation to handle things the way this particular author did (because, after all, he did sell his script). While his method may have worked for him, it may not work for you for any number of reasons. These books are worth reading because they do offer a glimpse into the thought-process of a successful screenwriter, along with the usual samples that you can study, but just remember to take their pathway and alter it to fit your writing style and personality. <p>The other type of screenwriting books usually comes from academia: often from a professor who has never sold a screenplay, but seems to know a lot about the format. These books are useful in learning the mechanics of the screenplay. It is crucial for a first-time writer to remember that all the characterization and pathos in the world cannot help a script that doesn't hold true to the basic foundation of what makes a screenplay a screenplay in the first place. While it is true that there are plenty of scripts that break convention, knowing the convention is the only way you can break it successfully. The writers of these books can take a more generalized view of the process and focus in on things like act structures, climaxes, and inciting incidents, but rarely offer the advice on making your characters and story come alive. So any good writer will have a library that has at least two books from these two separate categories. ===Syd Field and Robert Mckee=== <p>These are the two most well known screenwriting "gurus," though neither has written a successful movie. This does not mean they have nothing worthwhile to say; both writers are good analysts of structure and form. ===William Goldman=== <p>Goldman won an Academy Award for "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", another one for "All the President's Men" and he has written (among others) two famous books on screenwriting, <i>Adventures in The Screen Trade</i> and <i>More Adventures in the Screen Trade</i>. The oft-quoted "nobody knows anything" (meaning you can have all the right elements for a great movie and flop at the box office) is a quote from "Adventures in the Screen Trade". Although he does not teach structure, as Syd Field or Robert McKee do, he does provide often funny, sometimes heart-breaking insights into the life of a working (striving and surviving) screenwriter in Hollywood. His books are no screenwriting manuals, but the life and heart that are lacking in McKee's or Field's books are abundant in his memoirs. Read McKee once, so you know what people talk about when they mention "inciting incident" and other McKeeisms,... but read Goldman every now and then, to be inspired, and know that, as hard as you think writing is for you, it is even harder for him. ===Cherry Potter - <i>Screen Language</i>=== <p>An excellent counterweight to the more structural and formalistic screenwriting guides. Includes inspiring and original suggestions for approaching the process of generating and elaborating story ideas. Also contains insightful analyses of a number of classic films, concentrating on the sequence (a series of scenes) as an essential building block. ===J. Michael Straczynski - <i>The Complete Book of Screenwriting</i>=== <p>The Creator of the Emmy-winning series Babylon Five (as well as other credits too numerous to mention), J. Michael Straczynski provides a notable tome that marries insider experience with practical tips for outlining, writing, finding an agent, pitching and more. While his topic is broad (with sections on writing for movies, television, animation, radio, theatre and the business itself) his grasp and the script examples alone make it a worthy read. Producing between 2000 and 3000 pages of published or produced material every year, authors don't get much more credible than this. ===Elliot Grove - <i>Write and Sell the Hot Screenplay</i>=== <p>From the director of Raindance, this book presents a down-to-earth, systematic approach to all the elements of writing a screenplay, plus a detailed strategy for selling it once it’s written. It covers a lot of ground and is therefore inevitably concise, but the clarity of the concepts and practical advice is hugely valuable. Elliot Grove regularly presents a two-day workshop of the same name, which is well worth attending ===Stephen King=== Okay, so he's not a screenwriter. He is, however, one of the best-selling authors of all time, so anything he has to say about writing is probably worth listening to. King's book <i>On Writing</i> is excellent as he tries to come to grips with what causes us to create, and looks at where the writing comes from. Anybody doing any sort of writing will find this book most useful. =Screenwriting Websites= ===http://www.wordplayer.com=== WORDPLAY / wordplayer.com is a phenomenal resource. Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio are working screenwriters who co-wrote the DreamWorks animated feature SHREK, winner of the first Academy Award for Best Computer Animated Film in 2002. These guys have written a number of brilliant essays and articles on the art and business of screenwriting that are essential reading. ===The Artful Writer=== A blog on "information, theory and debate for the professional television and film writer". Lots of useful info. http://artfulwriter.com/ ===http://www.freefilmschool.org=== FreeFilmSchool.Org has extensive articles on all phases of independent film production from developing screenplay ideas to marketing the finished film. ===Story&Drama=== At http://www.storyanddrama.com/storytelling-tutorials/ authors will find an Introduction to storytelling explaining the basic concepts then a Working Method which describes the creative process of writing a script in 5 steps. {{BookCat}} [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Writing movies]] 24atf75q278r5ciw10zx3ba1ralc06b 4096793 4096792 2022-08-28T13:00:18Z Syunsyunminmin 3382164 fix wikitext text/x-wiki {{MMM devHeader}} =Writing for the Screen= third screen {| border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" width="35%" align=right |- | colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;" | "I like the idea of making films about ostensibly absolutely nothing. I like the irrelevant, the tangential, the sidebar excursion to nowhere that suddenly becomes revelatory. That's what all my movies are about. That and the idea that we're in possession of certainty, truth, infallible knowledge, when actually we're just a bunch of apes running around. My films are about people who think they're connected to something, although they're really not." - *[[wikiquote:Jean-Luc_Godard|Jean-Luc Godard]] |} Screenwriting is different from other literary forms. The script is essentially a "blueprint" that will guide the other filmmakers through the production of the film. Often, the final film will differ from what was on the page. These differences can be as small as a few simple dialogue changes, or as large as a complete change in tone, direction, and intent. Accepting this process is key to being a screenwriter who not only writes well, but will work well with the other people involved in the film's production. <p>In addition to being the blueprint for the film, the script also serves as a way to get that film made in the first place. Based on the strength of your screenplay, budget, talent, and enthusiasm, the film will fall into place. It is the strength of the story that can secure financing and production talent. It's not innovative and thrilling setpieces or even a smattering of really great scenes peppered throughout your script, but a cohesive, intriguing story that holds the reader's (and eventually the viewer's) attention from beginning to end. This is such a basic concept, and yet one that seems utterly lost on some screenwriters, even those already established in Hollywood. ==Finding a Story== ===Write what you Know=== This adage is always "Write what you know". This is excellent advice as writing from your personal experience will make the story, characters and tone believable. The flip side of this is the joke that all first time scripts by writers who have recently moved to Hollywood are about...the struggles of a young writer recently moved to Hollywood. So write what you know but choose something of interest to an audience. You would be amazed at how easily a little known hobby of yours or a quirky friend translates into a scene or a character. Shamelessly mine your personal history and cut and paste characteristics of your friends together and you will be surprised at how little you need to spin from whole cloth. The first ten pages of script are said to be the most important. They should begin to show how the entire film will work as a whole. ==The Right Budget== More often than not, the beginning screenwriter will find that his first sold screenplay will result in low-budget film. This also applies to those writing for the independent film scene. With that in mind, it may not be a good idea to call for giant six-legged creatures scurrying up the side of a skyscraper or epic space battles across multiple solar systems in your script. While such effects ''can'' be done on a limited budget, they will not be of similar quality to those features for which money is not a constraint. It is not only extended special effects sequences that can break a budget, but also a large cast and/or sets. For low-budget films, try to keep both the cast and the different locations as few in number as possible. While this may seem limiting to a writer's creativity, many find the opposite to be true when they are confronted with the challenge of creating a compelling and memorable story within the confines of a low budget. Of course, if money is not an issue, feel free to create a ''Lawrence of Arabia''-style epic with a cast of thousands and CGI that would break ILM. [http://soyouwanna.com/site/syws/makemovie/makemovie.html low-budget movie tips] =Screenwriting Books and Authors= <p>Screenwriting books come in two forms: those written by successful screenwriters in Hollywood and those by, well, other types of people. And while you may be thinking that you would prefer to read a book on screenwriting by someone who has actually ''sold'' a script, both types of books actually have their strengths and weaknesses. Successful screenwriters ''have a certain pedigree to their "how-to" books because they have actually been there and done that. However, success in artistic fields is rarely formulaic. They themselves may be confused as to what it was exactly in their script that allowed them to sell'' it in the first place. These books tend to be slightly''' muddled in thought and offer a strong temptation to handle things the way this particular author did (because, after all, he did sell his script). While his method may have worked for him, it may not work for you for any number of reasons. These books are worth reading because they do offer a glimpse into the thought-process of a successful screenwriter, along with the usual samples that you can study, but just remember to take their pathway and alter it to fit your writing style and personality. <p>The other type of screenwriting books usually comes from academia: often from a professor who has never sold a screenplay, but seems to know a lot about the format. These books are useful in learning the mechanics of the screenplay. It is crucial for a first-time writer to remember that all the characterization and pathos in the world cannot help a script that doesn't hold true to the basic foundation of what makes a screenplay a screenplay in the first place. While it is true that there are plenty of scripts that break convention, knowing the convention is the only way you can break it successfully. The writers of these books can take a more generalized view of the process and focus in on things like act structures, climaxes, and inciting incidents, but rarely offer the advice on making your characters and story come alive. So any good writer will have a library that has at least two books from these two separate categories. ===Syd Field and Robert Mckee=== <p>These are the two most well known screenwriting "gurus," though neither has written a successful movie. This does not mean they have nothing worthwhile to say; both writers are good analysts of structure and form. ===William Goldman=== <p>Goldman won an Academy Award for "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", another one for "All the President's Men" and he has written (among others) two famous books on screenwriting, <i>Adventures in The Screen Trade</i> and <i>More Adventures in the Screen Trade</i>. The oft-quoted "nobody knows anything" (meaning you can have all the right elements for a great movie and flop at the box office) is a quote from "Adventures in the Screen Trade". Although he does not teach structure, as Syd Field or Robert McKee do, he does provide often funny, sometimes heart-breaking insights into the life of a working (striving and surviving) screenwriter in Hollywood. His books are no screenwriting manuals, but the life and heart that are lacking in McKee's or Field's books are abundant in his memoirs. Read McKee once, so you know what people talk about when they mention "inciting incident" and other McKeeisms,... but read Goldman every now and then, to be inspired, and know that, as hard as you think writing is for you, it is even harder for him. ===Cherry Potter - <i>Screen Language</i>=== <p>An excellent counterweight to the more structural and formalistic screenwriting guides. Includes inspiring and original suggestions for approaching the process of generating and elaborating story ideas. Also contains insightful analyses of a number of classic films, concentrating on the sequence (a series of scenes) as an essential building block. ===J. Michael Straczynski - <i>The Complete Book of Screenwriting</i>=== <p>The Creator of the Emmy-winning series Babylon Five (as well as other credits too numerous to mention), J. Michael Straczynski provides a notable tome that marries insider experience with practical tips for outlining, writing, finding an agent, pitching and more. While his topic is broad (with sections on writing for movies, television, animation, radio, theatre and the business itself) his grasp and the script examples alone make it a worthy read. Producing between 2000 and 3000 pages of published or produced material every year, authors don't get much more credible than this. ===Elliot Grove - <i>Write and Sell the Hot Screenplay</i>=== <p>From the director of Raindance, this book presents a down-to-earth, systematic approach to all the elements of writing a screenplay, plus a detailed strategy for selling it once it’s written. It covers a lot of ground and is therefore inevitably concise, but the clarity of the concepts and practical advice is hugely valuable. Elliot Grove regularly presents a two-day workshop of the same name, which is well worth attending ===Stephen King=== Okay, so he's not a screenwriter. He is, however, one of the best-selling authors of all time, so anything he has to say about writing is probably worth listening to. King's book <i>On Writing</i> is excellent as he tries to come to grips with what causes us to create, and looks at where the writing comes from. Anybody doing any sort of writing will find this book most useful. =Screenwriting Websites= ===http://www.wordplayer.com=== WORDPLAY / wordplayer.com is a phenomenal resource. Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio are working screenwriters who co-wrote the DreamWorks animated feature SHREK, winner of the first Academy Award for Best Computer Animated Film in 2002. These guys have written a number of brilliant essays and articles on the art and business of screenwriting that are essential reading. ===The Artful Writer=== A blog on "information, theory and debate for the professional television and film writer". Lots of useful info. http://artfulwriter.com/ ===http://www.freefilmschool.org=== FreeFilmSchool.Org has extensive articles on all phases of independent film production from developing screenplay ideas to marketing the finished film. ===Story&Drama=== At http://www.storyanddrama.com/storytelling-tutorials/ authors will find an Introduction to storytelling explaining the basic concepts then a Working Method which describes the creative process of writing a script in 5 steps. {{BookCat}} [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Writing movies]] 6527gyzffcdt385vqqhph4v656uni0i 4096795 4096793 2022-08-28T13:02:07Z Syunsyunminmin 3382164 Reverted to revision 3334864 by [[Special:Contributions/Pi zero|Pi zero]] ([[User talk:Pi zero|talk]]) (Using [[:m:User:Xiplus/TwinkleGlobal|TwinkleGlobal]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{MMM devHeader}} =Writing for the Screen= {| border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" width="35%" align=right |- | colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;" | "I like the idea of making films about ostensibly absolutely nothing. I like the irrelevant, the tangential, the sidebar excursion to nowhere that suddenly becomes revelatory. That's what all my movies are about. That and the idea that we're in possession of certainty, truth, infallible knowledge, when actually we're just a bunch of apes running around. My films are about people who think they're connected to something, although they're really not." - *[[wikiquote:Jean-Luc_Godard|Jean-Luc Godard]] |} Screenwriting is different from other literary forms. The script is essentially a "blueprint" that will guide the other filmmakers through the production of the film. Often, the final film will differ from what was on the page. These differences can be as small as a few simple dialogue changes, or as large as a complete change in tone, direction, and intent. Accepting this process is key to being a screenwriter who not only writes well, but will work well with the other people involved in the film's production. <p>In addition to being the blueprint for the film, the script also serves as a way to get that film made in the first place. Based on the strength of your screenplay, budget, talent, and enthusiasm, the film will fall into place. It is the strength of the story that can secure financing and production talent. It's not innovative and thrilling setpieces or even a smattering of really great scenes peppered throughout your script, but a cohesive, intriguing story that holds the reader's (and eventually the viewer's) attention from beginning to end. This is such a basic concept, and yet one that seems utterly lost on some screenwriters, even those already established in Hollywood. ==Finding a Story== ===Write what you Know=== This adage is always "Write what you know". This is excellent advice as writing from your personal experience will make the story, characters and tone believable. The flip side of this is the joke that all first time scripts by writers who have recently moved to Hollywood are about...the struggles of a young writer recently moved to Hollywood. So write what you know but choose something of interest to an audience. You would be amazed at how easily a little known hobby of yours or a quirky friend translates into a scene or a character. Shamelessly mine your personal history and cut and paste characteristics of your friends together and you will be surprised at how little you need to spin from whole cloth. The first ten pages of script are said to be the most important. They should begin to show how the entire film will work as a whole. ==The Right Budget== More often than not, the beginning screenwriter will find that his first sold screenplay will result in low-budget film. This also applies to those writing for the independent film scene. With that in mind, it may not be a good idea to call for giant six-legged creatures scurrying up the side of a skyscraper or epic space battles across multiple solar systems in your script. While such effects ''can'' be done on a limited budget, they will not be of similar quality to those features for which money is not a constraint. It is not only extended special effects sequences that can break a budget, but also a large cast and/or sets. For low-budget films, try to keep both the cast and the different locations as few in number as possible. While this may seem limiting to a writer's creativity, many find the opposite to be true when they are confronted with the challenge of creating a compelling and memorable story within the confines of a low budget. Of course, if money is not an issue, feel free to create a ''Lawrence of Arabia''-style epic with a cast of thousands and CGI that would break ILM. [http://soyouwanna.com/site/syws/makemovie/makemovie.html low-budget movie tips] =Screenwriting Books and Authors= <p>Screenwriting books come in two forms: those written by successful screenwriters in Hollywood and those by, well, other types of people. And while you may be thinking that you would prefer to read a book on screenwriting by someone who has actually ''sold'' a script, both types of books actually have their strengths and weaknesses. Successful screenwriters ''have a certain pedigree to their "how-to" books because they have actually been there and done that. However, success in artistic fields is rarely formulaic. They themselves may be confused as to what it was exactly in their script that allowed them to sell'' it in the first place. These books tend to be slightly''' muddled in thought and offer a strong temptation to handle things the way this particular author did (because, after all, he did sell his script). While his method may have worked for him, it may not work for you for any number of reasons. These books are worth reading because they do offer a glimpse into the thought-process of a successful screenwriter, along with the usual samples that you can study, but just remember to take their pathway and alter it to fit your writing style and personality. <p>The other type of screenwriting books usually comes from academia: often from a professor who has never sold a screenplay, but seems to know a lot about the format. These books are useful in learning the mechanics of the screenplay. It is crucial for a first-time writer to remember that all the characterization and pathos in the world cannot help a script that doesn't hold true to the basic foundation of what makes a screenplay a screenplay in the first place. While it is true that there are plenty of scripts that break convention, knowing the convention is the only way you can break it successfully. The writers of these books can take a more generalized view of the process and focus in on things like act structures, climaxes, and inciting incidents, but rarely offer the advice on making your characters and story come alive. So any good writer will have a library that has at least two books from these two separate categories. ===Syd Field and Robert Mckee=== <p>These are the two most well known screenwriting "gurus," though neither has written a successful movie. This does not mean they have nothing worthwhile to say; both writers are good analysts of structure and form. ===William Goldman=== <p>Goldman won an Academy Award for "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", another one for "All the President's Men" and he has written (among others) two famous books on screenwriting, <i>Adventures in The Screen Trade</i> and <i>More Adventures in the Screen Trade</i>. The oft-quoted "nobody knows anything" (meaning you can have all the right elements for a great movie and flop at the box office) is a quote from "Adventures in the Screen Trade". Although he does not teach structure, as Syd Field or Robert McKee do, he does provide often funny, sometimes heart-breaking insights into the life of a working (striving and surviving) screenwriter in Hollywood. His books are no screenwriting manuals, but the life and heart that are lacking in McKee's or Field's books are abundant in his memoirs. Read McKee once, so you know what people talk about when they mention "inciting incident" and other McKeeisms,... but read Goldman every now and then, to be inspired, and know that, as hard as you think writing is for you, it is even harder for him. ===Cherry Potter - <i>Screen Language</i>=== <p>An excellent counterweight to the more structural and formalistic screenwriting guides. Includes inspiring and original suggestions for approaching the process of generating and elaborating story ideas. Also contains insightful analyses of a number of classic films, concentrating on the sequence (a series of scenes) as an essential building block. ===J. Michael Straczynski - <i>The Complete Book of Screenwriting</i>=== <p>The Creator of the Emmy-winning series Babylon Five (as well as other credits too numerous to mention), J. Michael Straczynski provides a notable tome that marries insider experience with practical tips for outlining, writing, finding an agent, pitching and more. While his topic is broad (with sections on writing for movies, television, animation, radio, theatre and the business itself) his grasp and the script examples alone make it a worthy read. Producing between 2000 and 3000 pages of published or produced material every year, authors don't get much more credible than this. ===Elliot Grove - <i>Write and Sell the Hot Screenplay</i>=== <p>From the director of Raindance, this book presents a down-to-earth, systematic approach to all the elements of writing a screenplay, plus a detailed strategy for selling it once it’s written. It covers a lot of ground and is therefore inevitably concise, but the clarity of the concepts and practical advice is hugely valuable. Elliot Grove regularly presents a two-day workshop of the same name, which is well worth attending ===Stephen King=== Okay, so he's not a screenwriter. He is, however, one of the best-selling authors of all time, so anything he has to say about writing is probably worth listening to. King's book <i>On Writing</i> is excellent as he tries to come to grips with what causes us to create, and looks at where the writing comes from. Anybody doing any sort of writing will find this book most useful. =Screenwriting Websites= ===http://www.wordplayer.com=== WORDPLAY / wordplayer.com is a phenomenal resource. Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio are working screenwriters who co-wrote the DreamWorks animated feature SHREK, winner of the first Academy Award for Best Computer Animated Film in 2002. These guys have written a number of brilliant essays and articles on the art and business of screenwriting that are essential reading. ===The Artful Writer=== A blog on "information, theory and debate for the professional television and film writer". Lots of useful info. http://artfulwriter.com/ ===http://www.freefilmschool.org=== FreeFilmSchool.Org has extensive articles on all phases of independent film production from developing screenplay ideas to marketing the finished film. ===Story&Drama=== At http://www.storyanddrama.com/storytelling-tutorials/ authors will find an Introduction to storytelling explaining the basic concepts then a Working Method which describes the creative process of writing a script in 5 steps. {{BookCat}} [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Writing movies]] mphi72pre0v8gik07d2mnn6p9iear42 0 112205 4097004 3947841 2022-08-29T03:11:18Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typos wikitext text/x-wiki ==Contents:== *[[Civ/Civilization_IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python_Tutorial/Introduction|Page 1: Introduction]] *[[Civ/Civilization_IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python_Tutorial/The_Basics|Page 2: The basics]] *[[Civ/Civilization_IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python_Tutorial/Using the API|Page 3: Using the API]] *[[Civ/Civilization_IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python_Tutorial/Event scripting & Interface mods|Page 4: Event scripting & Interface mods]] *[[Civ/Civilization_IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python_Tutorial/Debugging|Page 5: Debugging]] *[[Civ/Civilization IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python Tutorial/Misc|Page 6: Misc]] == Introduction == Python can be used to achieve a surprising amount of things in Civ 4, but only if you know how. Now, while I'm probably not the best person to be writing this tutorial, I feel I am quite familiar with the sort of things you can do to the game with it. Please feel free to edit anything I've got here, as the tutorial is far from complete. The tutorial is also on CFC [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=154130 here]. Any updates on the wiki I will attempt to update there, though obviously the format is a bit stricter there. If you want to know a little bit about python, I'd check out [[:w:Python programming language|the wikipedia entry]] and [http://www.python.org/ the python website] Just a brief rundown on what python is capable of in Civ 4 terms: '''Python can:''' * be used to make complex scripts causing events to happen on a trigger. For example, you can make it so that if you take the holy city of a religion, all Civs following that religion will declare war on you. * be used to edit the interface. Pretty much all of the game interface is generated dynamically by python, and can be edited in python. You can make new buttons, alter the layout of the Civelopedia, change the way the tech tree is generated... and even, if you so desire make a small dancing pig in the corner of your screen - with music (though I don't believe anybody has tried this, I'm pretty sure it's doable). There are limitation to this - mouseover texts, for example, are far better suited to the SDK. * be used to generate new map types. I haven't tried this myself, so it might not be covered too well in this tutorial. * be used to edit the AI... I'd do it with the SDK though, as it'll probably save a lot of time! '''Python can't:''' * be used exactly how you might want to use it. While the amount of things you can do in it is really quite large, there are several things you just can't do. This is really quite annoying, but it's something you've got to learn to live with. The amount of things you ''can'' do is staggering, so don't complain. Hopefully with the release of the SDK more experienced coders will enhance the ability of python to change the way the game works. Still reading? Good! Now my suggestion for first steps would be to browse through [http://sthurlow.com/python/ GBM's python tutorial], which gives a brief outline of how to program in python. Also, if you have not done so, check out [http://www.python.org the python website] which has lots of information about python (unsurprisingly). Finally, I'd check out [http://modiki.apolyton.net/index.php?title=Guide_to_Python_in_CIV this python tutorial ''by Jon (Trip) Shafer, Firaxis''], who's tutorial you may find better than mine, after all, he is the guy who coded alot of it in the first place. ==The basics== As you should know by now, there are several different types of "thing" you can get in python: ints, floats, strings, and bools. You also might be aware of "pointers". I wasn't when I first came to python, so I'll give you a little heads-up about them. Basically a pointer is a game entity. It can take the form of a unit, a plot (square), or a player. In the default python code, and in many modder's code, a variable is shown to be a pointer by prefacing it with "p". So pUnit will define a single unit in the game, pPlayer a single player. Likewise, if a variable is prefaced with an "i" it is likely to be an integer (int) variable, and "b" a Boolean (bool) variable. iPlayer, for example, will probably be a player's individual ID number, rather then the pointer for the player. It does sometimes get confusing, as most pointers have integers which are closely related to them. This method of naming things helps to avoid confusion in a language like python where variables need not be declared, however it is only a guideline, and just because a variable is named as if it were a certain type of variable, it won't necessarily be one. I also would like to put a note here about "Types". In most xml entries you will need to enter something into a type field. This field is a very important link to python, though must be converted to an int for it to work properly. There is one function that you'll be finding yourself using over and over again, so I thought I'd put it here. This function will find the int corresponding to the type - and as most functions in the API (soon to come) will want the int value of the type it's very useful. For example: gc.getInfoTypeForString("TECH_MYSTICISM") will return the int corresponding to the tech Mysticism, which, as it is the first entry in the relevant xml file will be zero by default. gc.getInfoTypeForString("RELIGION_TAOISM") will return the int 6 by default, as it is the 7th religion listed. If you don't get that last bit right now, don't worry - hopefully it'll come clear when you read the next section. ==The API== The Civ 4 API is a list of all the functions specific to Civ 4 which interface with the actual game. There are two copies of the API. The first, by Locutus can be found [http://civilization4.net/files/modding/PythonAPI_v160/ here], and the second, by GBM can be found [http://sthurlow.com/cvDocs/ here]. Locutus' API is up to date with the patch 1.60, so I suggest you use that one. Now, in the past month or so answering questions on the forums about python I have noticed that quite a few people have had trouble reading the APIs. Interpreting what the functions do can be quite difficult, however the APIs do give you lots of hints, if you care to read them. I'll use Locutus' API as an example, as I feel the interface is better, so [http://civilization4.net/files/modding/PythonAPI_v160/ open it up]! ===Classes=== Firstly, we have the classes. These list all the functions that can be done to a specific entity, or pointer. For example, CyUnit lists all the functions that will work on a unit entity (a unit in the game). The classes are listed in the top-left hand frame. You will notice that there are several classes with a little "+" symbol by them. These classes are used for getting specific information directly from the xml files on an object. ===Types=== Now we have the types. These are the different types which can be extracted from the xml files. The int values shown are the default values, and while you could use them, and your code would most likely work, I would recommend against it, as if the order of the xml is changed in a future patch, your code will break. Instead I recommend using gc.getInfoTypeForString("") as shown above, as this is much more patch-compatible. ===Functions=== Finally we have the functions. Each class has its own set of functions which must be done to that class and that class only. If you try to take a function from a class, and use it on a different class it won't work. The functions are the main bit of the API, the stuff you want to know. Now, there are lots of different functions. Most of the functions don't "do" anything in the game, instead they get a value from your pointer which you can use in an equation. '''If you look on the left hand side of the function, it will show you what this function returns.''' For example, if you used: BOOL CyPlayer.canChangeReligion() it would '''not''' set the player able to change religion, instead it would return a BOOL, a true or false value depending on weather the player can or can't. See what I mean about it not "doing" anything? Things a function can return are: * Bool - true or false, 1 or 0 * Int - an integer value (can be negative) (256 for example) * Float - a floating point number (1.3423 for example) * String - a string ("The cat sat on the mat") * Turple - a list ([1, 4, 2, 8, 2]) * Void - see below The functions that do "do" things return a "VOID" - meaning that they setting rather than getting data. These functions are the most important ones really, as you can't do much without them, and unfortunately there aren't really enough of them to do everything you would want. Sorry, but that's just the way it is. So, you know what a function returns, but that's not all you need to know. You also need to know what information to give it to return this data. Some functions don't require any inputs. CyUnit.canMove() for example doesn't need to know anything apart from which unit it's checking to see if can move (the unit pointer should be in the place of the CyUnit). However, most functions aren't this simple, and require an input to create an output. Let's take, for example: CyUnit.setHasPromotion(PromotionType eIndex, BOOL bNewValue) This function takes two arguments (inputs), the promotion type you want to give to the unit, and a bool value of weather to take, or remove the promotion. To give an example: pUnit.setHasPromotion(gc.getInfoTypeForString("PROMOTION_COMBAT1"), 1) would give the pointer, pUnit the promotion combat 1. Note that it is important to give the int value of the promotion in this case, as when the function asks for a type, it really wants an int... don't ask! As luck would have it, if you put the wrong arguments into a function python will tell you when trying to run the function. More about this in the debugging section! ====CyGlobalContext==== Commonly abbreviated to gc in files this is probably the most useful class, as it contains all the general Civ 4 related functions. GlobalContext is unique in that it doesn't have to be called with a pointer, but is a standalone class for getting information. It has a number of useful purposes: *As I have said before you can use it to get integers from types. For example: gc.getInfoTypeForString("TECH_MYSTICISM") would get the int value for Mysticism. *You can use it to get from an integer ID to a pointer. For example:[code]gc.getPlayer(0)[/code] would return the pPlayer pointer for the the player with an ID of zero. *You can use it to get info from xml files. For example gc.getPromotionInfo("PROMOTION_COMBAT1") would return the pointer for the combat 1 promotion, which could then be used with CvPromotionInfo to get information about that specific promotion. *A common usage is to get the active player pointer, which returns the pointer of the player whose turn it is: gc.getActivePlayer() *The final major use is to get the number of instances of a certain thing. For example: gc.getNumPromotionInfos() would return the number of promotions which are available in the game. This is very useful for if you want to cycle through the promotions and check if a unit has them, activating a new function if it does. While there are other uses for CyGlobalContext, they are a bit to numerous to list here. I've tried to list what I think are the major ones. ==Events== Events are things which occur due to certain triggers. There is only certain amount of fixed triggers, and this ties down modders slightly, however the triggers will accommodate most scripts. If you open up CvEventManager.py, the event triggers run from line 193 down to line 747 (patch 1.52). There are nearly 60 different triggers that can be used, ranging from onUpdate which runs every frame (probably about 30 times a second), to onGameStart which runs only once, at the start of the game. Most triggers have arguments associated with them. These arguments are stored in the argsList. Under most event headers these arguments are defined. It's usually pretty obvious what they do. Perhaps the simplest method of adding events on triggers is to just to add the event into the events manager. This will work for small mods, although it raises certain compatibility issues. A better way of doing it is to create your own CvCustomEventManager file. I recommend Dr Elmer Jiggle's event manager (found [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=157141 here]). It's a bit tricky to understand at first, but well worth it if you can get it working. For examples of it in action I'd check out any of TheLopez's ModComps (look in [http://forums.civfanatics.com/forumdisplay.php?f=180 this forum]). '''Things to note''' * The onEndPlayerTurn trigger does not occur at the end of a player's turn, instead it occurs at the end of the start of a player's turn, after all the cities have built, etc. If you want to do an event on the end of a player's turn you'll probably have to bodge up some code to do it at the start of the next player's turn. It would appear something similar goes on with onBeginGameTurn, and onEndGameTurn, although both occur at the END of the game turn rather than at the beginning like the player ones. Thanks to Kael for spotting this. '''Example''' * If, for instance, you wanted a message to come up on every player's screen at the start of every game turn (in other words, at the start of the first player's turn), you could replace this code in the event manager: def onBeginGameTurn(self, argsList): 'Called at the beginning of the end of each turn' iGameTurn = argsList[0] CvTopCivs.CvTopCivs().turnChecker(iGameTurn) with the following code: def onBeginGameTurn(self, argsList): 'Called at the beginning of the end of each turn' iGameTurn = argsList[0] CyInterface.addImmediateMessage("You have just started a new turn", "") # Adds the message "You have just started a new turn" with no sound attached. CvTopCivs.CvTopCivs().turnChecker(iGameTurn) ''NOTE: When making a formal mod you shouldn't simply add stuff to the event manager like this as it can cause compatibility issues. Check out the custom event manager linked to above.'' ==Interface== As I mentioned in the introduction almost all of the GUI is created dynamically either when you enter the relevant screen, or at the start of the game. Just about all of it is moddable. The files for modding the interface are in .../Assets/Python/Screens. '''Things to note''' * When placing items in the interface that the x and y co-ords that you enter will correspond to the top left hand corner of the item. * Remember that the resolution can change. It may often be a good idea to change how your interface displays depending on the resolution. To find the X and Y resolutions you can use the code: CyGInterfaceScreen.getXResolution() or CyGInterfaceScreen.getYResolution() * If an item needs a name, that name must be unique to that item, or strange things start to happen. * The way the techchooser script is written can make it quite hard to mod. Instead of being generated every time you load up the screen, the techchooser is instead generated at the start of the game, and then only the colour changes are done in-game. To stop this happening in game, and to ensure that the techchooser shows the mods you make to it while you're game is running I suggest you comment out line 72 (screen.setPersistent(True)). This will make the techchooser be constantly regenerated while open, and although this may cause your computer to slow slightly, it should work better. Sometimes though, due to the way it is generated for techchooser mods you will have to restart the game to see any changes. ==Debugging== ''I would appreciate it if somebody could check over this section as I'm not certain as to all of it's accuracy, and cannot test it as I will be away from my computer for the next few months'' Everybody has to do debugging when their scripts don't work, as it is so easy to make one little mistake, causing the whole code to make no sense. The first step in debugging is to switch the in-game debugging options on. To do this, open up Civilization4.ini (make sure to back it up), and change the following entries to the following values: HidePythonExceptions = 0 ShowPythonDebugMsgs = 1 LoggingEnabled = 1 MessageLog = 1 This should enable in-game python popups, and cause all errors and messages to be printed in your My Documents/My Games/Civilization 4/Logs directory. The three important logs to look for when debugging are PythonDbg, PythonErr and PythonErr2. ===Common error messages and their causes:=== In the logs usually the errors will have a traceback on them. This traceback lists all the files that are effected by the error, and the lines the error occur on. The lase line is usually the one you are interested in, as this is the one where the error occurs. Sometimes you'll have to go back a few steps as the error won't be on the last line, but usually it is! ====Syntax errors:==== These are mainly typing errors - missed ":"s, incorrect whitespace, or bad bracketing. The game usually picks up on these when you load it up. The error logs should show you exactly where the error is in the syntax with a little ^ symbol underneath it. ====Argument errors:==== If you try to use a function designed for a pointer on an integer value, you will get a type error. Go to the line specified and check that the function you're are using is valid. Usually it will say what type of function it is expecting, and what you've given it. NOTE: Some classes need () after them in functions, some don't. If you are getting a Type Error this may be the cause. ====Type Errors:==== These either occur when you are passing a function too many, or too few arguments. You have to make sure the amount of arguments you are passing a function matches the amount of arguments it takes, or the function will throw up an error when you try to run it. ====Name Errors:==== This means that you've tried to use something that the game doesn't know what is. For example, if you were to type a = b without first saying what b was, there is no way the computer could set a vale to a. Remember a=b does not do the same as b=a. Also, make sure you haven't any "==" where you want "=", or vice versa. Sometimes you'll get "Argument referenced before assignment". I don't know if this goes alongside the Name Error, if it needs it's own category, but basically it's like a name error, but you define "a" later on in your code. ===="List index out of range"==== This happens when you try and reference a index in a list, turple, or dictionary which doesn't exist. This one can be tough, and you might have to use methods described in the next part of this section to see exactly what is going wrong. That's all the error messages I can think of right now. I'm pretty sure there are one or two I've forgotten - if you find any please feel free to ask and I'll include them here. As I said at the start I'm not 100% certain on the accuracy of these, but they should be ok. ===Code not behaving=== So you've written your code. It all functions with no errors... but it doesn't actually produce the results you expect it to in the game. There can be several causes of this: Firstly, if you think a piece of code should be having an effect in the game, make sure that it is by checking the API to see if it is a VOID function. It's quite a common mistake when first starting out to use other functions thinking that they will do something, when in fact they just retrieve information. Secondly, if everything seems right you need to start putting debug messages in. This section brings you back right to the very start of python coding, when you were telling your computer to print "hello world". What you will need to do is to get the computer to print a message telling you what a certain value is at a certain point in the code, and compare it to what you think it should be. For example, the following code will print "a=b" in the debugging log if a=b, and print the values of a and b otherwise: if a == b: print "a=b" else: print a print b This can be quite hard to decipher in the debug log (often you will have many many numbers), so you can do more advanced messages if a == b: print "a = b, a and b are %d, and %d"%(a,b)) else: print("a = %d"%(a)) print("b = %d"%(b)) Where %d will reference the number outside the "" after the %. If you want to place a string there you have to use %s. This can give you detailed information as to exactly what is going on inside your code, and hopefully from that you should be able to see what is going wrong with it. ==Misc== This page contains other stuff about Civ 4 python that isn't really covered in the other posts, and is not obvious at first glance. Some of it is fan-made - creating shortcuts to do some quite complicated things. ===PyHelpers.py:=== Most python files import this file. Basically it adds a few shortcuts to some more complicated functions. If you can't find exactly what you want in the API there is a chance that this file might be able to help you - though it only really creates shortcuts, and still follows the API. ===CvGameUtils.py:=== This file is used when deciding certain things, like what can/cannot be built. It can be used to interrupt some basic game functions. Normally each function returns "False", but if you were to make it return "True" under some certain conditions on those conditions the unit, for example, could be removed from the list of units available. You could use this to make having the slavery civic make a slave unit be buildable, for example. I'd check it out yourself to see exactly how much power you have in there. ===Scriptdata:=== If you want to add additional information about certain parts of the game world you need scriptdata. For example, if you want a unit to use up "ammo" everytime it fought, and then have to return to a city with an armoury to resupply, or maybe you want plots to become muddy if too many units travel on them without roads, you need scriptdata. If you want to play around with scriptdata, I recommend getting Stone-D's excellent [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=146130 SD-Toolkit]. This toolkit allows you to attach pieces of data to parts of the game. Each part must be identified with a unique mod-name (for compatibility). NOTE: There is an improved version of the toolkit posted on [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showpost.php?p=3911399&postcount=30 this post on CFC] by Teg_Navanis. This version is faster than the default version, and fixes several minor issues the default had. ===Action Buttons:=== talchas has released an [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=152314 Action Button's Utility Mod] which is a template for adding buttons to the GUI to do custom functions when pressed. The AI will have no clue about it. ===Square Selection:=== Once again by talchas [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=151941 this mod] is a template. With suitable modification this could be used to make artillery act exactly as Civ 3 artillery, with no bodges. Once again, AI shortcomings come in. ===.ini file modifications:=== While I have not actually tried it myself, there is a mod by Dr Elmer Jiggle which allows you to add variables to a mod's .ini file. [http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=157141 Get it here] <div style="float: right;"> [[Civ/Civilization IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python Tutorial/The Basics|Next page -->]] {{BookCat}} 0l0hh73eva8v12duckoigxkb99dbb67 0 138756 4097035 1572399 2022-08-29T06:49:20Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Altera-epm7032-HD.jpg|thumb|CPLD die]] {{wikipedia|CPLD}} CPLD stands for Complex Programmable Logic Device. They are similar in concept to FPGA, but operate using different methods. {{BookCat}} 4v63oejx7y96nellspv882ibwf69e44 4097036 4097035 2022-08-29T06:49:37Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Altera-epm7032-HD.jpg|thumb|CPLD die]] {{wikipedia|CPLD}} CPLD stands for Complex Programmable Logic Device. They are similar in concept to FPGA, but operate using different methods. {{Status|0%}} {{BookCat}} gimicshvrx3wmo8oxd8h36b3wjv41iq 0 138769 4097037 1411768 2022-08-29T06:52:54Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} == Acronyms Used in this Book == <!-- Please keep these in alphabetical order, and when adding (or removing) rows, please check all tables in the article. --> {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Acronym ! Expansion |- | CPLD | Complex Programmable Logic Device |- | FPGA | Field Programmable Gate Array |- | FPOA | Field Programmable Object Array |- | GAL | Generic Array Logic |- | HDL | Hardware Description Language |- | ILA | Integrated Logic Analyzer |- | IP | Intellectual Property |- | JTAG | Joint Test Action Group |- | PAL | Programmable Array Logic |- | PLD | Programmable Logic Device |- | RTL | Register Transfer Level |- | VHDL | VHSIC Hardware Description Language |- | VHSIC | Very High Speed Integrated Circuit |} do4evbm6nag7qb1k0ffjsv4h3rjzeoq 4097038 4097037 2022-08-29T06:53:21Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} == Acronyms Used in this Book == <!-- Please keep these in alphabetical order, and when adding (or removing) rows, please check all tables in the article. --> {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Acronym ! Expansion |- | CPLD | Complex Programmable Logic Device |- | FPGA | Field Programmable Gate Array |- | FPOA | Field Programmable Object Array |- | GAL | Generic Array Logic |- | HDL | Hardware Description Language |- | ILA | Integrated Logic Analyzer |- | IP | Intellectual Property |- | JTAG | Joint Test Action Group |- | PAL | Programmable Array Logic |- | PLD | Programmable Logic Device |- | RTL | Register Transfer Level |- | VHDL | VHSIC Hardware Description Language |- | VHSIC | Very High Speed Integrated Circuit |} {{Status|25%}} lg43zrm0y81ltjh02nk1dg7u67d8jni 0 138775 4097054 1573978 2022-08-29T07:17:23Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} ==Design== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] (Discontinued - Legacy software) ==Simulation== * [http://www.icarus.com/eda/verilog/ Icarus Verilog] ([[w:Icarus Verilog|Wikipedia article]]) * [http://www.model.com ModelSim] * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Synthesis== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Implementation== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] {{BookCat}} sadk64a1zb1vpke5mu71r4i36bj0s80 4097055 4097054 2022-08-29T07:19:28Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} ==Design== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/vivado.html XILINX Vivado] * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] (Discontinued - Legacy software) ==Simulation== * [http://www.icarus.com/eda/verilog/ Icarus Verilog] ([[w:Icarus Verilog|Wikipedia article]]) * [http://www.model.com ModelSim] * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Synthesis== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Implementation== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] {{BookCat}} e2x85suo2jm4wunwrd3monofoexojhi 4097057 4097055 2022-08-29T07:25:20Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Simulation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} ==Design== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/vivado.html XILINX Vivado] * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] (Discontinued - Legacy software) ==Simulation== * [http://iverilog.icarus.com/ Icarus Verilog] ([[w:Icarus Verilog|Wikipedia article]]) * [http://www.model.com ModelSim] * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Synthesis== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Implementation== * [http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm XILINX ISE WebPACK] {{BookCat}} 7av3ttfp2z45n613vpi75p1pcow0wso 4097058 4097057 2022-08-29T07:26:04Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright}} ==Design== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/vivado.html XILINX Vivado] * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] (Discontinued - Legacy software) ==Simulation== * [http://iverilog.icarus.com/ Icarus Verilog] ([[w:Icarus Verilog|Wikipedia article]]) * [http://www.model.com ModelSim] * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Synthesis== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] ==Implementation== * [https://www.xilinx.com/products/design-tools/ise-design-suite/ise-webpack.html XILINX ISE WebPACK] {{Status|25%}} {{BookCat}} iws74h145p57kzgdoblqzzjyy06iuz0 0 138776 4097039 3269787 2022-08-29T06:53:59Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [http://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [http://www.Actel.com/ Actel.com] * [http://www.altera.com/ Altera.com] * [http://www.latticesemi.com Lattice] * [http://www.synopsys.com Synopsys] * [http://www.synplicity.com/ Synplicity] * [http://www.cadence.com Cadence] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Xilinx Gentoo-wiki: How to program Xilinx FPGAs from Linux] * [http://wiki.opengraphics.org/tiki-index.php?page=Introduction+to+Verilog Open Graphics Project wiki: Verilog Lessons] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] has [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Computer_Architecture_Lab/FPGA_Hello_World_Example some FPGA tutorials] * [http://www.vlsichipdesign.com Knowledge and concepts about VLSI chip design and development] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. * [http://opencircuits.com/JTAG Open Circuits: JTAG] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] * [http://www.verilog.com Verilog.com] === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} ol0bt1tbdficmkw7u9471akjkcip661 4097040 4097039 2022-08-29T06:54:43Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Verilog Resources */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [http://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [http://www.Actel.com/ Actel.com] * [http://www.altera.com/ Altera.com] * [http://www.latticesemi.com Lattice] * [http://www.synopsys.com Synopsys] * [http://www.synplicity.com/ Synplicity] * [http://www.cadence.com Cadence] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Xilinx Gentoo-wiki: How to program Xilinx FPGAs from Linux] * [http://wiki.opengraphics.org/tiki-index.php?page=Introduction+to+Verilog Open Graphics Project wiki: Verilog Lessons] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] has [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Computer_Architecture_Lab/FPGA_Hello_World_Example some FPGA tutorials] * [http://www.vlsichipdesign.com Knowledge and concepts about VLSI chip design and development] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. * [http://opencircuits.com/JTAG Open Circuits: JTAG] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} j078ies2g92tt1j39fy35gid0hh34uk 4097042 4097040 2022-08-29T06:58:33Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Further Reading */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Xilinx Gentoo-wiki: How to program Xilinx FPGAs from Linux] * [http://wiki.opengraphics.org/tiki-index.php?page=Introduction+to+Verilog Open Graphics Project wiki: Verilog Lessons] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] has [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Computer_Architecture_Lab/FPGA_Hello_World_Example some FPGA tutorials] * [http://www.vlsichipdesign.com Knowledge and concepts about VLSI chip design and development] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. * [http://opencircuits.com/JTAG Open Circuits: JTAG] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} eiedrtwmmendwgb23jwkcj0pru7esyn 4097043 4097042 2022-08-29T07:00:27Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Further Reading */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Xilinx Gentoo-wiki: How to program Xilinx FPGAs from Linux] * [http://wiki.opengraphics.org/tiki-index.php?page=Introduction+to+Verilog Open Graphics Project wiki: Verilog Lessons] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] has [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| some FPGA tutorials]] * [http://www.vlsichipdesign.com Knowledge and concepts about VLSI chip design and development] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. * [http://opencircuits.com/JTAG Open Circuits: JTAG] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} 405jaxlihoyo0p4oo8fvligglkiaa7f 4097044 4097043 2022-08-29T07:05:05Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Further Reading */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] has [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| some FPGA tutorials]] * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} 2zqkj79j9kkpo6kywf6z3o28c35uhi1 4097046 4097044 2022-08-29T07:08:31Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [http://www.eda.org/ EDA.org] * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/ The Hamburg VHDL archive] * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * [http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] * [http://www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/ Designers Guide to VHDL] * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} gio2lxszofyxmf26w3zw6s1yyve9v0i 4097047 4097046 2022-08-29T07:12:07Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* VHDL Resources */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/vhdl.html The Hamburg VHDL archive] ** [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] (PDF) * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * Designers Guide to VHDL - {{ISBN|9780120887859}} * [http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl/ The FAQ of news://comp.lang.vhdl] * [http://members.optushome.com.au/jekent/FPGA.htm John Kent's FPGA Page] - List of VHDL and FPGA resources, including VHDL tutorials. * [http://www.opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} it077w3zdopfd97nhqpsf120ldmg51c 4097048 4097047 2022-08-29T07:13:42Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* VHDL Resources */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/vhdl.html The Hamburg VHDL archive] ** [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] (PDF) * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * Designers Guide to VHDL - {{ISBN|9780120887859}} * [https://opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] * [http://www.systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} ad87srfcj1bs9aqyq55pdm4liggvxfj 4097049 4097048 2022-08-29T07:14:12Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* SystemC Resources */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/vhdl.html The Hamburg VHDL archive] ** [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] (PDF) * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * Designers Guide to VHDL - {{ISBN|9780120887859}} * [https://opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] on Wikipedia * [https://systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{BookCat}} 3azvhdmeiiqwid8qixs1jpgts6lif02 4097050 4097049 2022-08-29T07:14:29Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia. === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/vhdl.html The Hamburg VHDL archive] ** [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] (PDF) * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * Designers Guide to VHDL - {{ISBN|9780120887859}} * [https://opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] on Wikipedia * [https://systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{Status|100%}} {{BookCat}} nx5euk9734995cz392kjbwhsiq4vx51 4097052 4097050 2022-08-29T07:14:44Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Verilog Resources */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Programmable Logic Page}} {{TOCright}} == Further Reading == * [https://www.xilinx.com/ Xilinx.com] * [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable.html Intel FPGA] * [https://www.latticesemi.com/ Lattice] * [https://www.synopsys.com/ Synopsys] * Boltros, Nazeth M. "HDL Programming Fundamentals", {{ISBN|1584508558}} * [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab]] discusses designing CPUs and then implementing them using a FPGA. ** [[Wikiversity:Computer Architecture Lab/FPGA Hello World Example| Wikiversity Computer Architecture Lab FPGA tutorials]] === Verilog Resources === * [[w:Verilog|Verilog]] on Wikipedia === VHDL Resources === * [[w:VHDL|VHDL]] * [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/vhdl.html The Hamburg VHDL archive] ** [https://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl/doc/cookbook/VHDL-Cookbook.pdf VHDL Cookbook] (PDF) * Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition. * Designers Guide to VHDL - {{ISBN|9780120887859}} * [https://opencores.org/ www.opencores.org] - A home of many [[open source]] VHDL and [[Verilog]] projects === SystemC Resources === * [[w:SystemC|SystemC]] on Wikipedia * [https://systemc.org/ SystemC.org] === Wikibooks Resources === *[[Embedded Systems]] *[[Digital Circuits]] *[[VHDL for FPGA Design - Principles and Practices]] *[[Semiconductors]] *[[Logic for Computer Science]] {{Status|100%}} {{BookCat}} 5svuze2doyjl4g7n6u19b33q8vigcsn 0 148773 4096995 4087627 2022-08-29T02:06:10Z 195.189.234.81 Lyalya77.77.75.7@gmail.com wikitext text/x-wiki ==Usage note== German names are useful for people from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein. The following names are dinosaurs and to be avoided if you have a teenage character from these places today: Gerda, Gertrud, Hannelore, Hedwig, Elke, and Ilse; and Wilhelm, Heinz, Egon, Erwin, Franz, Adolf, Dietrich, Manfred, and Kurt. Note that a lot of the names listed below are also very old-fashioned. ==Girls' names== #Ada #Ada-Sylvia #Adele #Adelgund #Adelheid (Alheid) #Agathe #Agna #Alexa #Alexandra #Alexandra-Sophia #Aloisa #Alwine #Amalia #Ammelie #Andrea #Anett/Anette #Angela #Angelika #Anita #Anja #Anna (Anke, Annika, Annike, Anni) #Anna-Bärbel #Anna-Lise #Anna-Lotte #Anne (Anke, Annika, Annike, Anni) #Anne-Birgit #Annegret #Annelies/Anneliese #Annemarie #Anselma #Antje #Appolonia (Ploni) #Ariane #Armgard #Astrid #Barbara (Bärbel, Barbi) #Bärbel #Baronika #Beate #Berta #Bertita #Bettina #Bianka/Bianca #Birgit #Birgitte #Birthe #Brigitta/Brigitte #Britta #Brunhilde/Brunhilda #Cäcilie (Cilia, Zilli) #Cekine #Charlotte #Christa #Christa-Marina #Christi #Christiane #Christina/Christine #Christl/Christel #Cordula #Corinna #Dagmar #Dagmar-Anette #Daniela (Dani) #Denise #Diana #Diotima #Dora (Dorchen) #Doris (Dorchen) #Dorothea/Dorothee (Thea, Dorit, Dorchen) #Eberharde #Edda #Edelgard #Edeltraud/Edeltraut #Edeltrud #Edith #Effi #Eike #Elena #Eleonore #Elfreida (Elfi) #Elfriede #Elisabeth #Elise #Elka/Elke #Ella (Elli, Elly) #Ellen (Elli, Elly) #Elsbeth #Else/Elsa #Elvira #Emelie/Emilie (Emmi) #Erdmute #Erika #Erna #Eva #Eva-Maria #Franziska (Fränzel, Fanni) #Frauke #Freya #Frieda/Frida #Friedegard #Friedericke (Fritzi) #Gabriela/Gabriele (Gabi) #Garnet-Andrea #Garde #Gebharde #Gerda #Gerlinda/Gerlinde #Gerta #Gertraud #Gertraude #Gertrud (Trudi, Gert, Trud, Trude) #Gesa #Gisa #Gisela #Gitta/Gitte #Greta/Gretchen #Grethe #Gudrun #Gunda #Gundula #Hanna/Hanne #Hannelore (Hanni) #Hauke #Hedwig #Heide #Heide-Karin #Heidemarie #Heidi #Heidrun #Heike #Helena/Helene (Leni) #Helga #Hella #Helma #Henriette #Hermine (Mina, Minchen) #Herta/Hertha #Hilda/Hilde #Hildegard #Hilma #Hulda #Ida #Ilona #Ilka #Ilse #Imma #Ina #Inge #Ingeborg/Ingeburg #Ingrid #Insa #Irene #Iris #Irma #Irmengard #Irmgard #Isa #Isabella #Jana #Janine #Jasmin #Jettchen #Johanna (Hanna, Hannele) #Jolante #Josefa/Josepha #Josephine (Phinchen) #Juli #Julia (Julchen) #Juliane (Julchen) #Juni #Jutta #Kaethe #Karin #Karina/Carina #Karin-Astrid #Karla #Karlin #Karlotta/Karlotte #Karola/Carola #Karolina/Karoline #Katerina #Katharina (Katchen) #Käthe/Käte #Katja #Katrin/Kathrin #Kerstin #Kirsten #Klara #Klarissa #Klaudia #Konstanze/Constanze/Constanza (Stanzi) #Kornelia/Cornelia #Kreszentia (Zenzi) #Krista #Kristina #Lätitia #Laura #Lena/Lene (Leni) #Leonie #Leonore (Lorchen) #Lexi #Liane #Lies #Liesbeth/Lisbeth #Liese/Lise #Lieselotte/Liselotte #Liesl/Lisl #Lili/Lilli #Lina #Lisa #Lissi #Loni #Lore #Lorelei #Lotte #Ludwige/Ludwiga #Luise #Lukretia #Lutgard #Luzie/Luzi [Lucie] #Lydia #Madlen (Mady) #Magdalena/Magdalene (Magda, Lena, Lenchen) #Maja #Malwine #Mana #Manuela #Maren #Margareta/Margaretha (Gretchen, Gretel, Marga) #Margarete/Margrete (Gretchen, Gretel, Marga) #Margit/Margot #Margitta #Margot #Margrit (Grit) #Maria #Mari-Angela #Marianne #Marike #Marina #Marion #Marit #Marita #Marjeta #Marlene #Marlies/Marlis/Marliese #Marthe (Marti) #Martina (Marti) #Mathilde #Mechthild #Meike #Melanie #Melina-Marie #Merle #Meta #Michaela #Mieke #Minna #Mirjam #Mitzi/Mizzi #Monika #Nadine #Nadja #Nanni #Natalie #Natascha #Nella #Nena #Nicole #Nida #Nikola (Nikki) #Nina #Notburga #@Lyalka #Olympie #Ortun #Ortrud #Ossi #Ottilie #Patrizia #Paula #Pauline #Petra #Phöbe #Porsche #Rahel #Ramona #Rebekka #Regina/Regine #Regula #Reintraud #Renate #Resi #Ria #Rita #Romi #Ronja #Rosa (Röschen) #Rosalinde #Rosamunde/Rosemunde #Rosemarie #Roswitha (Rosi) #Ruth #Sabine (Sabinchen) #Sabrina #Sandra #Sara #Selina #Senta #Sibylle/Sybille #Sieglinde #Sigrid #Silja #Silke #Simone #Sina #Sinikka #Sonja #Sophia/Sophie/Sofia (Pepi) #Stefanie (Steffi) #Stella #Susanne (Susi, Suschen) #Swenja #Sylvia #Tabea #Tamara #Tanja #Tatiana #Tereza #Thekla #Theresa #Thilde #Tonja #Traute #Trina/Trine #Trixi #Ulla (Ulli) #Ulrike (Ulli) #Ursula (Ursel) #Usel (Uschi) #Uta/Ute #Vanessa #Vera #Verena #Veronika/Veronike (Vroni) #Viktoria (Viki) #Vinzentia (Zenzi) #Viola #Virginie #Waltraud/Waltraut #Weike #Wendelgard #Wiebke #Wilhelmina/Wilhelmine (Mina, Minchen) #Zölestine ==Boys' names== #Achim #Adalmund #Adelbert/Adalbert #Adelmute (Almut, Almuth) #Adrian #Albert #Albrecht #Alexander (Alex, Sander) #Alfons #Alfred (Freddi) #Alois #Alwin #Anatol #Anders #Andreas #Äneas #Anselm #Anton (Toni) #Aribert #Arius #Armin #Arndt #Arne #Arnim #Arno #Arnold #Arnulf #Artur #August #Axel #Balthasar #Barnabas #Bartholomäus #Bastian #Benedikt #Benjamin #Bernd/Berndt #Bernhard (Benno) #Bernward (Benno) #Bertold/Berthold (Berto, Bert) #Bertram (Bert) #Bodo #Brandt #Bruno #Bruns #Burkhard #Cäcile #Cäsar #Christian #Christoph (Toffel) #Clemens #Conrad #Daniel #David #Degenhard #Denis #Detlef #Diesel #Dietbold #Dieter #Dietleib #Dietmar/Ditmar #Dietrich (Dirk, Dierk) #Dominik #Eber #Eberhard #Eckart/Eckert #Eckbrecht #Eckhard #Edgar #Edmund #Edsel #Eduard #Egbert #Egon #Ehregott #Ekkehard #Elias #Elmar #Emanuel #Emil #Engelbert #Enrich #Erhard #Erich #Erik #Ernst #Erwin #Esra #Eugen #Ewald #Ezechiel #Faber #Fabian #Falk #Felix #Ferdinand #Florian (Flori) #Florian-Adrian #Frank (Franki) #Franko #Franz (Fränzchen) #Franz-Dieter #Franziskus/Franciskus #Franz-Josef #Fridolin/Friedolin #Friedbert #Friedhelm #Friedrich (Fritz) #Friedrich-Paul #Fritz #Fürchtegott #Gabriel #Gebhard #Georg #Gerald #Gerd #Gerhard/Gerhardt #Gerold #Gerrit #Gottfried (Friedel) #Gotthard (Götz) #Gotthold (Götz) #Gottleib/Gottlieb #Gottschalk (Götz) #Gregor #Gunnar #Gunter #Günther #Gustav #Hagen #Hanno #Hans (Hansel) #Hans-Georg #Hans-Joachim #Hans-Peter #Harald (Harri) #Harro #Hartmut #Hasso #Heiko #Heiner #Heinrich #Heinz #Heinz-Dieter #Hektor #Helmar #Helmut/Helmuth (Heli) #Hendrik #Henning #Henrik/Henryk #Herbert #Hermann #Hilmar #Holger #Horaz #Horst #Hubert #Hubertus #Ignaz #Imer #Ingert (Ingo) #Ingolf (Ingo) #Ingomar (Ingo) #Isaak #Isidor #Jakob #Jan #Jansen #Jens #Jeremias #Joachim #Jochen #Jodokus #Johann #Johannes (Hannes) #Jörgen (Jörg) #Jörn #Josef (Sepp, Seppi) #Josias #Jost #Julian #Jürgen #Justin #Justus #Kai #Karl/Carl #Karl-Heinz/Karlheinz #Karl-Ludwig #Karlmann #Karol #Karsten/Carsten #Kaspar/Caspaar #Klaudius #Klaus/Claus #Klaus-Dieter #Klaus-Karl #Klaus-Peter #Klemens #Knut #Konrad #Konrad-Wilhelm #Konstantin #Korbinian #Kunz #Kurt #Kurt-Adolf #Kurt-Christian #Leonhard #Leonik #Leopold (Leo) #Lorenz #Lothar #Ludo #Ludolf #Ludwig #Lukas #Lutz #Maik #Manfred #Manuel #Marcel #Marek #Marian #Marius #Marko #Markus (Mark) #Martin #Matthäus [Matthaeus] #Matthias #Max #Maximilian (Max) #Meinhard #Meinrad #Melchior #Michael #Mirko #Moritz #Narziss #Neidhard #Niklas #Nikodemus #Nikolaus (Niko, Nico) #Norbert #Norman #Oliver #Ortwin #Oskar #Otmar/Ottmar #Otto #Ottokar #Patrick #Paul #Paul-Dieter #Peter #Philipp/Filipp #Raimar/Reimar #Raimund/Reimund #Rainer/Riner #Rainier #Ralf #Randolf #Reichold #Reinhard #Reinhold #Reinmar #Rene #Rheinhardt #Rickhard/Richard #Robert #Roderich #Roland #Rolf #Roman #Ruben #Ruddiger/Rüdiger #Rudolf (Rudi) #Rupert #Rupertus #Ruprecht #Rutger #Sander #Sascha #Schorsch #Sebastian #Siegfried #Sieghard #Siegmund/Seigmund/Sigmund #Sigurd #Simon #Sonke #Stadler #Stefan #Stefan-Paul #Steffen #Steinmar #Sven #Terenz #Thaddäus #Theobold #Theodor (Theo) #Thile #Thomas #Thorsten #Till-Alexander #Tilmann #Timothee (Tim, Timm, Timo) #Tobias #Tornsten #Traugott #Udo #Ulf #Ullrich/Ulrich #Uter #Utz #Uwe #Veit #Viktor #Vinzenz #Volker #Volkmar #Waldemar (Walli, Wally) #Waldo (Walli, Wally) #Walter/Walther #Wenzel #Werner #Werther #Wilfried (Willi) #Wilhelm (Willi) #Willibald (Willi) #Winfried #Wolfgang (Wolf, Wulf) #Wolfram (Wolf, Wulf) ==Surnames== ===Top 20=== #Schmidt #Meyer #Hoffman #Beck #Schultz #Keller #Weber #Schneider #Becker #Gross #Zimmerman #Wolf #Kramer #Shaffer #Fischer #Meyers #Schroeder #Hartman #Mueller #Bauer ===21-200=== #Acker #Ackerman #Albrecht #Altman #Arnold #Baer #Barger #Barnhart #Bauman #Beckman #Bender #Berg #Berger #Beyer #Block #Brandt #Braun #Brenner #Brucker #Bruner #Brunner #Buckner #Burger #Burkhart #Busch #Butts #Cagle #Cline #Coffman #Coon #Conrad #Cramer #Decker #Dick #Diehl #Dietrich #Dietz #Doss #Eckert #Eller #Engel #Engle #Epps #Ernst #Faust #Fink #Foss #Frank #Franks #Frederick #Frey #Fritz #Funk #Gee #Geiger #Gerber #German #Glass #Goetz #Golden #Goss #Grimm #Grossman #Gunter #Haas #Hagen #Hahn #Hamm #Hammer #Hanks #Harms #Hawley #Hebert #Heck #Hedrick #Heller #Hendricks #Hendrix #Herring #Hess #Hester #Hiedrick #Hinkle #Hoff #Hoover #Huber #Huff #Hummel #Jacob #Kaiser #Kauffman #Kaufman #Kessler #Klein #Kline #Koch #Koehler #Koenig #Kohler #Kraft #Krause #Krueger #Kruse #Kuhn #Kurtz #Ladner #Lang #Lehman #Lenitz #Linder #Lorenz #Lowe #Ludwig #Lutz #Mann #Mathis #Maurer #Mayer #Meier #Metz #Metzger #Mock #Mohr #Moser #Mosher #Moss #Muller #Myers #Neff #Otto #Rader #Richter #Ritter #Rosen #Rucker #Rushing #Ruth #Sapp #Schaefer #Schaeffer #Schafer #Schaffer #Schell #Schmitt #Schmitz #Schreiber #Schulz #Schumacher #Schuster #Shafer #Shaver #Sherman #Shultz #Siegel #Spangler #Spann #Springer #Stover #Swartz #Switzer #Ulrich #Unger #Varner #Vogel #Vogt #Wagner #Weiner #Weiss #Werner #Wetzel #Wilhelm #Winkler #Winter #Witt #Wolff #Yeager #Yoder #Zeigler #Ziegler #Zimmer ===Others=== #Ablanalp #Ables #Abplanalp #Abt #Achenbach #Ackermann #Ackman #Acord #Acuff #Adelman #Adelung #Aden #Adenauer #Aderholt #Admire #Adolph #Aegerter #Aehrenthal #Aeschliman #Ager #Ahlers #Ahner #Aichele #Ake #Albaugh #Alber #Alberts #Albin #Albrechtskirchinger #Albus #Aldinger #Aleshire #Alkire #All #Allbach #Alleman #Alles #Allman #Alt #Altaner #Alter #Althaus #Althoff #Altizer #Amaker #Aman #Amann #Amburgey #Amen #Amend #Ament #Amer #Amey #Amick #Ammann #Ammon #Amon #Amrhein #Amsler #Amy #Anderegg #Anderman #Anders #Andes #Anding #Andreae #Andreas #Anger #Angerhausen #Angle #Angst #Angstadt #Angstman #Anhauser #Ankney #Anschitz #Anschutz #Anspach #Anstett #Antes #Anton #Apel #Apgar #Appel #Appell #Apple #Apt #Arbeiter #Arbogast #Arend #Arends #Arendt #Arlt #Armbrust #Armbruster #Armentrout #Arndt #Arner #Arney #Arno #Arnon #Arp #Artman #Artz #Arvin #Ary #Ascher #Ashbaugh #Aslinger #Asmus #Asperger #Astor #Ater #Auer #Aufhauser #Augustin #Ault #Aultman #Auman #Aumiller #Auslander #Aust #Baade #Babbel #Babst #Bachelder #Bacher #Bachman #Bachmann #Bachmeyer #Bachner #Bachus #Backer #Backes #Backhaus #Bade #Baden #Badeni #Bader #Baehr #Bahe #Bahl #Baier #Bair #Balk #Balke #Ballenger #Ballinger #Ballweg #Balmer #Baltes #Baltz #Baltzell #Balzer #Bamberger #Band #Bane #Baney #Bangert #Banker #Bare #Barga #Barge #Barhorst #Barkman #Barks #Barner #Barnhardt #Barrick #Barringer #Bart #Bartel #Bartelt #Barth #Barthel #Bartling #Bartman #Bartow #Bartsch #Bartz #Basch #Basel #Bash #Basil #Basinger #Basler #Bassler #Bast #Bastian #Batdorf #Batz #Batzer #Bauch #Bauder #Baugher #Baumann #Baumbach #Baumeister #Baumer #Baumert #Baumgardner #Baumgart #Baumgarten #Baumgartner #Baur #Bayer #Bayerl #Baylor #Baysinger #Beagle #Beahm #Beanblossom #Becher #Bechtel #Bechtol #Bechtold #Beckel #Beckert #Beckmann #Beckner #Beckstead #Beehler #Beeler #Beem #Beer #Beersticker #Beery #Behler #Behling #Behm #Behn #Behne #Behner #Behnke #Behr #Behrends #Behrendt #Behrens #Behringer #Beier #Beil #Beiler #Belch #Beller #Bellinger #Bellman #Belser #Beltz #Belz #Benckensdorf #Bendel #Benninger #Benscheidt #Bensinger #Bentz #Benz #Benzing #Berends #Berens #Bergen #Berghahn #Bergmann #Beringer #Berlin #Berliner #Berndt #Berneker #Berner #Bernhard #Bernhardt #Berning #Berns #Bertha #Berthold #Bertsch #Besecker #Besser #Bessler #Bester #Bethke #Betsch #Bettcher #Bettendorf #Bettinger #Bettis #Betz #Bevers #Bey #Beyers #Beyersdorf #Bice #Bickel #Bickley #Bieber #Biehl #Biehle #Bieker #Biel #Bien #Bier #Bierbaum #Bierman #Biermann #Bigler #Bilderback #Bilger #Billman #Binder #Bindergarten #Bing #Bingaman #Bingman #Birk #Birkenstock #Birkholz #Bischoff #Bischoffshausen #Bish #Bitner #Bittenbinder #Bitter #Bitting #Bittinger #Bittner #Bixler #Blackwelder #Blankenbeckler #Blaser #Blass #Blatt #Blattner #Blauser #Blazer #Bleeker #Blehm #Bleich #Blenker #Blickensdorf #Blind #Blitz #Blitzer #Bloch #Blocher #Blocker #Bloeckner #Blohm #Blose #Blosser #Blough #Blubaugh #Bluhm #Blume #Blumer #Boatner #Bobb #Bock #Bockelman #Bockman #Bode #Boden #Bodenhamer #Bodenheimer #Bodin #Boeck #Boeding #Boehm #Boehme #Boehmer #Boelter #Boerger #Boerner #Boes #Boese #Boettcher #Bogen #Boger #Bogner #Bohl #Bohland #Bohlen #Bohler #Bohling #Bohlman #Bohm #Bohman #Bohn #Bohnenblust #Bohner #Bohnert #Bohnsack #Bohr #Bohrer #Bolander #Boldt #Bolenbaugh #Boler #Boley #Bolick #Bolinger #Boll #Boller #Bolling #Bollinger #Bollman #Bolt #Bolte #Bolten #Boltz #Bolz #Bomar #Bomberger #Bomgardner #Boner #Bonk #Bonn #Bonner #Booe #Booher #Book #Bookman #Boomershine #Boos #Boose #Booze #Boozer #Bopp #Borchardt #Borchers #Borchert #Border #Bordner #Borger #Borgman #Borgmann #Borgmeyer #Bork #Borman #Bormann #Born #Borror #Borst #Bortz #Bosch #Bose #Bosen #Boser #Bosler #Bosse #Bost #Bott #Bottorff #Bouck #Bouknight #Bowersox #Boysen #Braatz #Brack #Braker #Bram #Braman #Brand #Brandel #Brandenburg #Brandes #Brandis #Brandl #Brank #Branstetter #Brantner #Brasch #Brase #Bratcher #Brauer #Braunschweig #Braunsdorf #Brautigam #Brawner #Brecht #Brede #Brehm #Brehmer #Breit #Breitegger #Breitenbach #Breitenstein #Bremer #Bremmer #Brendel #Brenden #Breneman #Brenneman #Brennenstuhl #Bressler #Bretz #Breuer #Breunig #Brey #Breyer #Bricker #Brickey #Brickman #Brickner #Brier #Briese #Brimmer #Brink #Brinker #Brinkman #Brinkmann #Brobst #Brocious #Brodbeck #Brode #Brodt #Broker #Brom #Brombach #Brombacher #Brong #Bronner #Brookover #Brose #Brosius #Bross #Brott #Brotzman #Broyles #Brubaker #Bruch #Bruck #Brucker #Bruckner #Bruder #Bruegel #Brueggeman #Bruening #Bruggeman #Brugger #Bruhl #Bruhn #Bruhs #Bruise #Brumbach #Brumbaugh #Brummer #Brummett #Brune #Brungardt #Bruning #Brunjes #Brunk #Brunn #Bruns #Brunswick #Bruss #Brust #Bubb #Bublitz #Buch #Bucher #Buchheit #Buchholtz #Buchholz #Buchleiter #Buchman #Buchner #Bucholtz #Buchwald #Buckman #Buckwalter #Budde #Buddensieg #Buder #Bueche #Buechler #Buechner #Buehler #Buehring #Buelow #Buerger #Buettner #Buff #Bugge #Buhl #Buhler #Buhr #Buker #Buller #Bulow #Bumgardner #Bumgarner #Bunge #Bunger #Bunning #Bunts #Burbach #Burchard #Burcholz #Burg #Burgan #Burgett #Burggraf #Burgher #Burkart #Burkey #Burkhard #Burkhardt #Burmeister #Burner #Burtch #Buscheck #Buscher #Buschman #Buschmann #Buse #Buser #Bushman #Bushong #Busick #Buske #Buss #Bussard #Busse #Buster #Buterbaugh #Buth #Butner #Butt #Butz #Buzzard #Byer #Byerly #Byler #Cale #Camper #Canipe #Cansler #Capehart #Caplinger #Carle #Carlock #Carls #Carner #Carolina #Carper #Carstens #Casper #Cassel #Castleman #Castor #Caylor #Chrisman #Christ #Christen #Christina #Christman #Christner #Chronister #Claar #Clapper #Classen #Claus #Claycomb #Cleek #Clemmer #Clever #Click #Clinard #Clinger #Clodfelter #Cloninger #Clontz #Clouse #Clouser #Clover #Clower #Clowers #Cluck #Clutter #Clymer #Cobble #Coffelt #Cogar #Cohrs #Colclasure #Conatser #Conkle #Constantine #Cooler #Coonrod #Coons #Coopersmith #Copenhaver #Coppinger #Copple #Cordes #Core #Corn #Cornman #Correll #Cosner #Coss #Costner #Cotner #Cover #Cowger #Crass #Craver #Creager #Creasy #Crecelius #Creek #Cresp #Cress #Crider #Crigger #Crim #Criner #Cripe #Crisler #Criss #Crissman #Crist #Crites #Cron #Crone #Cronkite #Crose #Crossman #Crowl #Croyle #Crumb #Crumrine #Cuhni #Culler #Cullmann #Culp #Curl #Curtsinger #Cybart #Cypert #Dagen #Dahlke #Dahm #Dahmen #Dahmer #Dahms #Dahn #Dahr #Dake #Damm #Dammann #Damrosch #Dankers #Dankert #Dannenberg #Danner #Dantzler #Danz #Dapper #Darr #Darst #Dasher #Dashner #Daub #Daubenspeck #Dauber #Daubert #Dauer #Daum #Deardorff #Dechant #Deckard #Deckert #Deckman #Dedrick #Deel #Deem #Deemer #Deeter #Defibaugh #Degen #Degenhardt #DeGraffenreid #Dehler #Dehmel #Dehmer #Dehn #Dehner #Deines #Deitz #Dellinger #Delp #Demmer #Demut #Demuth #Dengler #Denk #Denker #Denzer #Depp #Deppen #Derr #Derringer #Desch #Detrich #Dettman #Detweiler #Detwiler #Deutsch #Deutscher #DeVilbiss #DeWald #DeWalt #Dice #Dickerman #Dickert #Diebold #Diederich #Diedrich #Diefenderfer #Dieffenbach #Diehm #Dieing #Diemer #Diener #Dierking #Dierks #Diesel #Diesler #Diestler #Dieter #Dietrick #Diez #Diffenderffer #Dillenbeck #Dillinger #Dillman #Dillow #Dills #Dinger #Dinges #Dingess #Dingle #Dingler #Dingus #Dinkel #Dirks #Dirksen #Discher #Dishman #Disque #Dittberner #Dittman #Dittmar #Dittmer #Dittrich #Ditzler #Dockstader #Dodt #Doering #Doerr #Doescher #Dohl #Dohm #Dohme #Dohrmann #Dolder #Dollinger #Domer #Dominick #Dominique #Dominy #Doner #Donis #Donmoyer #Donner #Dopp #Dorfman #Dorn #Dornacher #Dorner #Dorr #Dorsch #Dorst #Dosch #Dost #Doster #Dot #Draeger #Draheim #Drasche #Dreher #Dreibelbis #Dreiling #Dreschler #Dressel #Dresser #Dressler #Drewes #Drews #Drexler #Drey #Dreyer #Drinkard #Drost #Drueck #Drum #Drumheller #Drummer #Duckert #Duden #Duerr #Dugger #Duhr #Dull #Dummer #Dummermuth #Dunkel #Dunkelberger #Dunker #Dunkle #Dunmire #Dunneback #Dunst #Duppstadt (US only) #Duren #Durkheim #Durr #Durst #Dyess #Eaker #Earhart #Earnest #Earnhardt #Easterday #Easterly #Ebbert #Ebel #Ebeling #Eberhard #Eberhardt #Eberhart #Eberharter #Eberle #Eberly #Ebersole #Ebert #Ebinger #Ebling #Ebner #Eby #Echols #Eck #Eckard #Eckart #Eckel #Eckenrode #Ecker #Eckhardt #Eckhart #Eckhoff #Eckler #Eckman #Edelman #Eden #Eder #Edick #Edinger #Edler #Effinger #Egbert #Eger #Egger #Eggert #Ehleiter #Ehlers #Ehlert #Ehmann #Ehrenberg #Ehret #Ehrhardt #Ehrhart #Ehrhorn #Ehrl #Ehrlich #Ehrman #Eich #Eichelberger #Eicher #Eichhorn #Eichler #Eichner #Eichorn #Eickoff #Eifert #Eigner #Eiland #Eiler #Eilerman #Eilers #Einwaechter #Eis #Eisele #Eisenbarth #Eisenhart #Eisenhauer #Eisenhower #Eisenman #Eisenreich #Eisman #Eisner #Elbert #Ell #Ellenberger #Ellenburg #Ellerman #Ellinger #Elsass #Elser #Elsner #Emch #Emerick #Emert #Emig #Emigh #Emmer #Emmerich #Emmert #Emrich #Emrick #Ender #Enderle #Enders #Endres #Engelbrecht #Engelhardt #Engelke #Engelking #Engelman #Engelmann #Engels #Englehardt #Englehart #Engleman #Engler #Englert #Enoch #Enochs #Ensminger #Enterline #Enzweiler #Eoff #Epling #Epp #Epperly #Epperson #Epping #Eppler #Epting #Erb #Erbe #Erdman #Erdmann #Erhardt #Erhart #Erick #Erion #Erk #Erlang #Erler #Erndt #Ernest #Ernsberger #Erpelding #Erspamer #Erstweiler #Ertel #Ertl #Erxleben #Esch #Eschenbach #Eschenbacher #Eshelman #Eslick #Eslinger #Esper #Esser #Esslinger #Ester #Esterbauer #Etter #Ettinger #Etzel #Euler #Eurich #Eveland #Even #Everhart #Everly #Everman #Eversole #Evert #Ewald #Ewalt #Ewers #Ewert #Exline #Exner #Eyler #Eyman #Faber #Fackler #Factor #Fader #Fager #Fahrenwald #Failing #Falk #Faller #Fankhauser #Fann #Farner #Fasching #Fass #Fassbinder #Fast #Faught #Faulfaber #Fazenbaker #Feaster #Feather #Feder #Fedler #Fehr #Fehrenbach #Feist #Feit #Feiter #Feldt #Felker #Feller #Fellers #Fellman #Fels #Felt #Felten #Felter #Feltman #Feltner #Feltz #Fender #Fendler #Fenner #Fenske #Fenster #Fenstermacher #Fenstermaker #Ferber #Ferdinand #Fersten #Ferster #Fessler #Fetscher #Fett #Fetter #Fetterman #Fetters #Fettig #Fetzer #Feucht #Feuerstein #Fey #Feyman #Fichter #Fick #Fickes #Fiecke #Fiedler #Fike #Filler #Finck #Finkbeiner #Finke #Finkle #Finster #Finzer #Fisch #Fischhof #Fischler #Fiscus #Fishback #Fishburn #Fishel #Fitting #Fix #Fixx #Fizer #Flach #Flagler #Flake #Flamm #Flaugher #Fleck #Fleckenstein #Fleeman #Fleenor #Fleischer #Fleischman #Fleischmann #Fleisher #Fleishman #Flemister #Flesher #Fleshman #Flick #Flickinger #Fliehman #Flock #Flohr #Florian #Flory #Fluker #Flury #Focht #Foermer #Foerster #Fogle #Fogleman #Folk #Folmar #Foltz #Foor #Foos #Forney #Forst #Fortenberry #Fortman #Fortner #Fortney #Foulk #Foust #Fouts #Foutz #Frada #Frady #Frahm #Frailey #Fraley #Fralick #Franck #Franke #Frankfurt #Frankfurter #Frantz #Franz #Franzen #Frase #Frautschi #Freda #Fredrick #Fredricks #Freese #Freeze #Frei #Freitag #Frenzel #Frerichs #Frese #Freshour #Freudenburg #Freudenthal #Freund #Frick #Fricke #Fricks #Fridley #Fried #Friedeck #Friedel #Friedrich #Fries #Friese #Frietsch #Frink #Frisch #Frischkorn #Fritch #Fritsch #Fritsche #Fritts #Fritze #Fritzler #Frix #Froehlich #Froelich #Froman #Fromm #Fromme #Fryman #Fuchs #Fudge #Fuehrer #Fuhr #Fuhrman #Fulk #Fulks #Fullbright #Fullenback #Fullmer #Fults #Fultz #Funck #Funderburg #Funderburk #Funke #Funkhouser #Furman #Furst #Futch #Fye #Gabbard #Gabbert #Gabel #Gabler #Gaertner #Gaier #Gaiser #Galentine #Gallman #Gans #Gant #Gantz #Ganz #Gardenhire #Garff #Garlock #Garman #Garr #Garren #Garst #Garten #Gartman #Gartner #Garver #Gasch #Gaskamp #Gass #Gasser #Gassinger #Gast #Gauer #Gauger #Gaul #Gaulke #Gaumer #Gause #Gauss #Gearhart #Gebhard #Gebhardt #Gebhart #Gehl #Gehlert #Gehr #Gehrig #Gehring #Gehrke #Geib #Geibel #Geier #Geigel #Geil #Geis #Geise #Geisel #Geiser #Geisler #Geiss #Geissler #Geist #Geitz #Gelman #Gengler #Gensler #Genthner #Gentner #Gentz #Gephart #Gerdes #Geren #Gerg #Gerhard #Gerhardt #Gerhart #Gering #Gerke #Gerken #Gerlach #Gerling #Gerlt #Germann #Gerner #Gerst #Gersten #Gerstner #Gerth #Gerz #Gess #Gessel #Gessner #Geswein #Geter #Getman #Gette #Getter #Gettinger #Getz #Geyer #Giel #Giendl #Gies #Giese #Gieseke #Giesen #Gift #Gilsdorf #Gimbel #Ginder #Gingrich #Ginter #Ginther #Gipe #Gish #Gisi #Gittler #Glaber #Glantz #Glanz #Glasser #Glassman #Glatt #Glatz #Gleissner #Gleitsch #Glessner #Glick #Gloss #Glotfelty #Glotz #Gluck #Glueck #Glymph #Gobel #Gober #Gobert #Goble #Gochenour #Goebel #Goehler #Goehring #Goering #Goertz #Goetsch #Goettl #Goettsch #Goetzer #Goetzinger #Goldner #Goldschmidt #Goll #Golla #Golladay #Golliday #Gonser #Goodermote #Goodner #Goodnite #Goodsell #Gorney #Gorz #Gose #Goshorn #Gosser #Gossman #Gott #Gottfried #Gotto #Gottschalk #Graber #Grable #Graeber #Graebner #Graf #Graff #Gragg #Grahm #Gram #Grammer #Grams #Grandstaff #Grass #Grasser #Grau #Gravel #Graver #Graybeal #Graybill #Grebitus #Greenawalt #Greenwald #Greenwalt #Gregor #Greiner #Greiser #Grell #Grenz #Gress #Grider #Gries #Grill #Grindle #Grindstaff #Griner #Groess #Groff #Groh #Groll #Groner #Groover #Grossnickel #Grote #Groth #Grothe #Grounds #Grube #Gruber #Gruhlke #Grund #Grundmann #Gruner #Grunewald #Grunwald #Grussendorf #Gruver #Gschwind #Gstohl #Guderian #Guebert #Guendler #Guenther #Guggemos #Guice #Gulp #Gunder #Gunderman #Gundlach #Gunkel #Gunther #Guntrum #Gurganus #Gurr #Guse #Gusman #Guss #Gust #Guster #Guth #Guthmiller #Gutknecht #Gutshall #Guyer #Haack #Haar #Habe #Haber #Haberkorn #Haberman #Habsburg #Hack #Hackbarth #Hacker #Hackler #Hackman #Haecker #Haefner #Hafer #Haffner #Hafner #Haga #Hagar #Hagedorn #Hagel #Hageman #Hagemann #Hagemeier #Hager #Hagerman #Hagler #Hagy #Hahne #Haider #Haigler #Hain #Hake #Halder #Halderman #Hall #Haller #Hallman #Halper #Halter #Halterman #Haman #Hamann #Hambrick #Hamburg #Hamburger #Hamler #Hamman #Hammel #Hammers #Hammes #Hamper #Hamrick #Handel #Hanel #Hanelt #Haner #Hanger #Hank #Hanke #Hankey #Hanl #Hann #Hanneman #Hanner #Hannibal #Hans #Hansel #Hanselman #Happel #Harbaugh #Hardt #Hargelt #Harger #Haris #Harkey #Harkleroad #Harless #Harnet #Harnish #Harpole #Harpster #Harsh #Harshbarger #Harshman #Hart #Harter #Hartfield #Hartig #Harting #Hartinger #Hartl #Hartle #Hartline #Hartmann #Hartmeyer #Hartpence #Hartranft #Hartsell #Hartsock #Hartsoe #Hartung #Hartwick #Hartwig #Hartz #Hartzell #Hartzler #Haschke #Haskell #Hasler #Hass #Hasse #Hassel #Hassell #Hassinger #Hassler #Hatmaker #Hatt #Haubert #Haubrich #Hauch #Hauck #Hauer #Hauff #Haug #Haugen #Hauger #Haught #Hauk #Haun #Haupt #Hauptman #Hauschildt #Hause #Hauser #Hausermann #Haushalter #Hausman #Hausmann #Haverstock #Hayner #Heavner #Heber #Heberling #Hecht #Heckel #Hecker #Heckler #Heckman #Heer #Heffner #Hefley #Heflin #Hefner #Heft #Hegel #Heger #Hehn #Heid #Heide #Heidel #Heidelberg #Heideman #Heiden #Heidenreich #Heider #Heidler #Heidrick #Heidt #Heier #Heil #Heilig #Heilman #Heim #Heiman #Heimann #Heimbach #Heimlich #Hein #Heine #Heinecke #Heineken #Heineman #Heinemann #Heinen #Heiner #Heinkel #Heinlein #Heinrich #Heins #Heintz #Heintzelman #Heinz #Heinze #Heis #Heise #Heisenberg #Heiser #Heisler #Heiss #Heist #Heit #Heitkamp #Heitman #Heitmann #Heitz #Heitzman #Held #Helder #Heldman #Heldt #Helfrich #Helling #Hellmann #Hellwig #Helman #Helmer #Helmick #Helmuth #Helsel #Helt #Helwig #Helzer #Hemmer #Hemminger #Hempel #Hendershot #Hendler #Henke #Henkel #Henline #Henn #Hennen #Hennig #Henning #Henninger #Hennings #Henrich #Henrichs #Henricks #Henschke #Hensel #Hensle #Hensler #Hentges #Hentz #Henze #Hepler #Hepner #Hepp #Heppner #Herb #Herbst #Herder #Herdt #Hermes #Herold #Herr #Herren #Herrman #Herrmann #Hershberger #Hershman #Hertz #Hertzler #Hertzog #Herzberg #Herzig #Hesse #Hesselbach #Hesselschwardt #Hesser #Hessler #Heth #Hetrick #Hettinger #Hetzel #Hetzler #Heu #Heuer #Heumann #Heuser #Heyden #Heyen #Heyer #Heyman #Hibbler #Hibner #Hiebert #Hieke #Hier #Hiers #Hilbert #Hild #Hildebrand #Hildebrandt #Hildebrant #Hilderbrand #Hileman #Hilger #Hille #Hillen #Hillenbrand #Hilt #Hiltz #Hiltzner #Himmler #Hinderliter #Hiner #Hinerman #Hinkel #Hinnenkamp #Hinrichs #Hintz #Hintze #Hinz #Hinze #Hipp #Hippe #Hipper #Hipple #Hipps #Hirschman #Hirt #Hirth #Hise #Hiser #Hitz #Hively #Hix #Hoch #Hochhalter #Hochstetler #Hochzeit #Hockenberry #Hockensmith #Hocker #Hocking #Hockman #Hodapp #Hoefer #Hoeft #Hoehl #Hoehn #Hoehne #Hoelscher #Hoepffer #Hoeppner #Hoern #Hoerner #Hofer #Hoffer #Hoffmeister #Hofman #Hofmann #Hofmeister #Hofstetter #Hohl #Hohler #Hohman #Hohmann #Hohn #Holderman #Holl #Hollar #Hollenbach #Hollenbeck #Holler #Hollinger #Hollman #Holscher #Holsinger #Holst #Holstein #Holt #Holthaus #Holtkamp #Holtman #Holtz #Holtzclaw #Holtzman #Holtzmann #Holz #Holzer #Holzheimer #Holzinger #Holzman #Holzwarth #Homan #Honaker #Hopfer #Hopp #Horn #Hornback #Hornberger #Horney #Hornich #Horning #Hornung #Horst #Horstman #Hoss #Host #Hostetler #Hostetter #Hott #Hottinger #Hotz #Houk #Houpt #Houseknecht #Housel #Housman #Houtz #Hower #Howser #Hoyer #Hubler #Hubner #Hubsch #Huck #Huckleberry #Huebner #Huelskamp #Huehn #Huffaker #Huffine #Hufford #Huffstetler #Huffstutler #Hufnagel #Hug #Hughart #Hugo #Huhn #Hullinger #Huls #Hummell #Hummer #Hund #Hundt #Hunger #Hunn #Hunsaker #Hunsberger #Hunsicker #Hunsinger #Hunsucker #Hunziker #Hupp #Huse #Huseman #Husman #Huss #Hust #Huth #Hutsell #Hutt #Hutter #Hutto #Hutzler #Hyder #Hymes #Hypes #Hysell #Ice #Ickes #Ihle #Imboden #Imel #Imelmann #Imhoff #Imler #Immel #Inabinet #Inge #Irick #Irion #Isenhour #Iser #Ishee #Isler #Jaeckel #Jaeger #Jager #Jahn #Jahnke #Jahns #Jakob #Janke #Jantz #Jantzen #Janzen #Jehle #Jenny #Jent #Jentzsch #Jeschke #Jeske #Jess #Jesse #Jessee #Jessen #Jesser #Jessie #Jester #Joas #Job #Jock #Johannes #Jolck #Jonas #Joshua #Jost #Judah #Judy #Juergens #Juliar #Jumper #Jung #Junge #Junghanns #Junk #Junker #Jurgens #Just #Kaelin #Kaesbeck #Kaestner #Kahl #Kahle #Kahler #Kalb #Kale #Kaler #Kallenbach #Kamerer #Kamin #Kamm #Kammer #Kammerer #Kamp #Kampa #Kampen #Kampf #Kamps #Kanagy #Kanner #Kanode #Kanter #Kantner #Kapp #Kappel #Kappler #Karbacher #Karcher #Karg #Karl #Karle #Karls #Karn #Karner #Karns #Karst #Karsten #Kasch #Kasdorf #Kasel #Kash #Kaspar #Kasper #Kass #Kast #Kasten #Kaster #Kastner #Kates #Katzer #Kaul #Kautz #Kaylor #Kayser #Keck #Keebler #Keefer #Keehn #Keehner #Keener #Keeperman #Keesee #Keeter #Kefauver #Keffer #Kegler #Kehl #Kehr #Keifer #Keil #Keim #Keiper #Keiser #Keisler #Keitel #Keitt #Kelch #Kell #Kellar #Kellerman #Kelling #Kellner #Kelm #Kelsch #Keltner #Kemmer #Kemmerer #Kempel #Kemper #Kempf #Kendig #Kennell #Kennemer #Kenner #Kensinger #Kenter #Kephart #Kepler #Kepner #Keppel #Keppler #Kerber #Kerbs #Kerl #Kerley #Kerner #Kershner #Kersten #Kerstetter #Kesner #Kessel #Kessig #Kessinger #Kestelmann #Kestner #Ketner #Ketter #Ketterer #Ketterman #Kettler #Kettner #Keyser #Khuen #Kibber #Kiefer #Kieffer #Kiel #Kies #Kiesel #Kiesl #Kiesling #Kifer #Kiger #Kiker #Kile #Kilian #Kill #Killinger #Kilmer #Kimberling #Kime #Kimes #Kimler #Kimmel #Kimmell #Kimpel #Kindel #Kindig #Kingery #Kinkel #Kinne #Kinser #Kinsler #Kintzel #Kinzel #Kinzer #Kipp #Kirch #Kircher #Kirchner #Kirchoff #Kirn #Kirsch #Kirst #Kirts #Kisner #Kissee #Kissel #Kisselbrack #Kissell #Kissinger #Kissner #Kist #Kistler #Kistner #Kittel #Kitterman #Kittinger #Kitzmiller #Kizer #Klaeber #Klah #Klahn #Klahr #Klammer #Klaphake #Klapp #Klapper #Klar #Klass #Klassen #Klatt #Klaus #Klawitter #Kleber #Kleckner #Klee #Kleeman #Kleiber #Kleiman #Kleiner #Kleinert #Kleinknecht #Kleinman #Kleinschmidt #Kleis #Kleist #Klem #Klemm #Klemp #Klepper #Klick #Kliebert #Kliegel #Klimburg #Klimmer #Klinck #Kling #Klingbeil #Klingensmith #Klinger #Klingler #Klingman #Klink #Klitsch #Klock #Kloettschen #Klohse #Klopfer #Klopp #Klos #Kloss #Kloster #Klosterman #Klostermann #Klotz #Kluender #Kluesner #Klug #Kluge #Klumpp #Kluth #Knaack #Knabe #Knapp #Knappenberger #Knaub #Knauer #Knauf #Knaus #Knauss #Knebel #Knecht #Knees #Knepp #Knepper #Knick #Knickrehm #Knipp #Knippschild #Knisely #Knisley #Knittle #Knobel #Knobloch #Knock #Knoll #Knop #Knopf #Knopp #Knorr #Knouse #Knupp #Knuth #Kobel #Kober #Kocher #Koehl #Koehn #Koeller #Koening #Koenitzer #Koepke #Koepp #Koerber #Koerner #Koester #Koger #Kohl #Kohlmeier #Kohls #Kohr #Kolander #Kolb #Kolbe #Kolf #Kollen #Koller #Kollman #Kolman #Konen #Koning #Konitzer #Konkel #Konrad #Koob #Koon #Koonce #Koontz #Koop #Kopf #Kopp #Koppen #Korb #Korman #Korn #Kornreich #Kort #Korte #Korth #Koss #Kost #Kostner #Kott #Kotter #Kotzbauer #Kowarsch #Kraatz #Krabbe #Krach #Kraeger #Kraetsch #Krafft #Krahn #Kraker #Krall #Kram #Kramp #Krankheit #Krantz #Kranz #Krapfen #Krasner #Kratz #Kratzer #Kraus #Kraushaar #Krauss #Krautheimer #Krautwurst #Krebs #Krebsbach #Krech #Kreft #Kreger #Krehbiel #Kreider #Kreiger #Kreisel #Kreitzer #Kreke #Krell #Kremer #Krenz #Kreps #Kresge #Kress #Kretschmer #Kreuger #Kreusch #Kreutzer #Kreuzer #Krick #Kriebel #Krieg #Krieger #Krier #Krill #Kriner #Kring #Kriss #Krist #Kroeger #Kroeker #Kroger #Krogman #Kroh #Krohn #Kromer #Kron #Krone #Kroner #Kropf #Kropp #Krouse #Krout #Krug #Kruger #Krull #Krum #Krumm #Krupp #Kube #Kuder #Kuebler #Kuehl #Kuehn #Kuehner #Kuester #Kugler #Kuhl #Kuhlenschmidt #Kuhlman #Kuhlmann #Kuhlmeier #Kuhnert #Kuhns #Kull #Kullman #Kulp #Kumbernuss #Kumm #Kummer #Kump #Kunde #Kunkel #Kunkle #Kunst #Kuntz #Kunz #Kunze #Kupkat #Kurland #Kurt #Kurth #Kurz #Kush #Kuss #Kuster #Kutcher #Kutz #Kyler #Kyser #Kyzer #Laatsch #Lach #Lacher #Lachermeier #Lackner #Ladwig #Lage #Lager #Lagner #Lahman #Lahr #Lail #Lair #Lambeck #Lambrecht #Lamm #Lamp #Lampe #Lamper #Lampert #Lampman #Landes #Landgraf #Landis #Landler #Landwehr #Landwehrmann #Lange #Langen #Langenfeld #Langenscheidt #Langerhausen #Langner #Lank #Lantz #Lanz #Lapp #Lasch #Lascher #Lash #Lasher #Lass #Lassen #Latshaw #Laub #Laubach #Lauber #Lauer #Laufer #Lauffer #Launer #Laus #Lautenschlager #Lauter #Lauterbach #Lauterback #Lawyer #Lazarus #Leatherman #Leathers #Lechner #Lederer #Lederman #Leedy #Leeman #Leff #Leffel #Leffler #Lefler #Legler #Lehmann #Lehmkuhl #Lehn #Lehnen #Lehner #Lehr #Lehrer #Leib #Leibenfrost #Leicht #Leider #Leiker #Leininger #Leis #Leiser #Leist #Leister #Leisure #Leiter #Leitner #Leitz #Lemke #Lemley #Lemmer #Lenhardt #Lenhart #Lenk #Lenz #Leonhardt #Leopold #Lepelmeier #Leppert #Lerch #Lerman #Lesch #Leser #Lesh #Lesher #Lessing #Lessman #Lett #Leu #Levering #Ley #Leyendecker #Libengood #Licht #Lickliter #Lieb #Lieber #Liedl #Liedtke #Liefer #Lietz #Lightner #Lightsey #Liller #Limbaugh #Linck #Lindamood #Lindauer #Linde #Lindeman #Lindemann #Linden #Lindenberg #Linderman #Lindner #Lindow #Linebarger #Lineberger #Lineberry #Lineman #Ling #Linge #Lingeman #Lingenfelter #Linger #Lingerfelt #Lingle #Lininger #Linke #Linkhart #Linkous #Linneman #Linster #Lint #Lintz #Lipe #Lipp #Lippert #Lippman #Lippold #Lipps #List #Lister #Litz #Livengood #Loar #Lobner #Locher #Lochner #Loden #Loder #Loeb #Loeffelman #Loeffler #Loehr #Loehrer #Loesch #Loeschner #Loeser #Loewen #Lohman #Lohmann #Lohmer #Lohmeyer #Lohner #Lohr #Lohrke #Lohse #Loman #Longenecker #Longmire #Longnecker #Loos #Loose #Loper #Lopp #Lopper #Lorentz #Lorenz #Lorenzen #Lotz #Loudermilk #Loughman #Loy #Lucht #Lucian #Lucius #Lucke #Ludecker #Ludwick #Luebbert #Luebke #Lueck #Lueckenbach #Luedtke #Lueschen #Luetkemeyer #Luft #Luginbuhl #Luhr #Lukas #Luken #Lung #Lust #Luster #Lutes #Luth #Luthy #Lux #Luz #Lybarger #Lyda #Lyday #Lydick #Maag #Mach #Machen #Macke #Mader #Madler #Maehl #Mager #Magers #Mahl #Mahle #Mahler #Mahn #Mahnke #Mahr #Maier #Maisch #Maize #Majerus #Malchow #Maner #Mangels #Manger #Manges #Mangold #Mangus #Manhart #Manke #Manske #Manthe #Manthey #Mantz #Manz #Manzenberger #Marburger #Markel #Markell #Marker #Markert #Markle #Markus #Marquardt #Marquart #Marte #Marten #Marti #Marty #Martz #Maser #Mask #Maske #Mass #Mast #Mater #Mathena #Matherne #Matte #Matter #Mattern #Mattes #Matteson #Matthes #Matthias #Matthies #Mattice #Mattis #Matz #Matzen #Matzenkopf #Matzke #Mau #Mauch #Mauck #Mauk #Maul #Maus #Mauser #Maust #Mautz #Max #Mayers #Mayr #McInturff #Mechling #Meckendorffer #Medel #Meece #Mefford #Mehl #Mehring #Meidinger #Meiers #Meihoffer #Meinecke #Meiners #Meinhardt #Meininger #Meinzer #Meis #Meise #Meisel #Meiser #Meisl #Meisner #Meiss #Meissner #Meister #Mekus #Melcher #Melchior #Melchor #Mellinger #Menaker #Mendel #Mengel #Menges #Menke #Mensch #Mentzer #Menz #Menzel #Merck #Merkel #Merkle #Mertens #Mertes #Mertz #Merz #Messenger #Messerschmidt #Messersmith #Messinger #Messmer #Messner #Metelman #Metterling #Mettler #Metts #Metzinger #Metzler #Meuderscheid #Meurer #Meuser #Meyerhoff #Meyerson #Michaelis #Michels #Mick #Mickel #Middendorf #Mielke #Mier #Miers #Miesner #Mikel #Mikels #Mikesell #Milbrandt #Milens #Millhouse #Milliron #Miltenberger #Minder #Mingus #Minich #Minick #Minier #Minix #Mink #Minks #Minner #Minnich #Minnick #Mintz #Misch #Mishler #Misner #Mittelberg #Mitts #Mitzel #Mize #Mizell #Mizelle #Moeller #Moesch #Mohl #Mohler #Mohn #Moldenhauer #Moler #Molitor #Moll #Molter #Monn #Montag #Montz #Moorer #Moorlach #Moos #Moose #Morelock #Moretz #Morgendorffer #Moritz #Morlock #Morman #Morning #Morningstar #Mosser #Most #Mosteller #Motsinger #Motter #Motz #Moulder #Mounts #Mouser #Movee #Mower #Moyer #Muench #Muff #Muhlbach #Mulch #Mullet #Mumaw #Mumm #Mumma #Mumme #Mummert #Mumpower #Munce #Munc #Mund #Mundt #Munk #Munsch #Munsell #Munster #Munsterman #Muntz #Munz #Murff #Murr #Musselman #Musser #Mutchler #Muth #Mutter #Myer #Naab #Naber #Nabors #Nace #Nadler #Naegel #Naegeli #Naff #Nagel #Nagle #Nail #Nalbach #Nance #Nantz #Narr #Nass #Nast #Nau #Naugle #Nauman #Naumann #Nebeker #Nebel #Nedel #Neese #Neher #Nehls #Nehring #Neidert #Neidig #Neihoff #Neiman #Nell #Nemetz #Nemitz #Nesler #Nesselman #Nester #Nestroy #Neth #Netter #Netzer #Neu #Neubauer #Neubert #Neuendorf #Neufeld #Neuhaus #Neuman #Neumann #Neumeister #Neuner #Neuss #Newhouse #Ney #Nice #Nicely #Nick #Nickel #Nicklas #Nicolai #Nicolay #Nida #Niebergall #Niebuhr #Niederhauser #Niehaus #Niehoff #Nieman #Niemeyer #Nies #Niles #Nilges #Nilles #Nims #Nimtz #Nissen #Niswander #Nitz #Nitzgen #Noack #Noah #Noell #Noffsinger #Nold #Nolte #Nolting #Norden #Noss #Nothdurft #Null #Nusbaum #Nuss #Nussbaum #Ober #Oberacker #Oberhofner #Oberlander #Oberle #Oberlechner #Oberlin #Oberman #Obermiller #Obrecht #Obst #Ochs #Oeggl #Oehler #Oehmke #Oehrlein #Oelschlaeger #Oertle #Oesterling #Oestreich #Ohl #Ohlenbusch #Ohler #Ohlinger #Ohlmacher #Oldenburg #Olinger #Oller #Oltman #Oltscher #Oman #Opitz #Opp #Oppenheimer #Opperman #Oren #Orndorff #Ort #Orth #Ortman #Ortner #Ostendorf #Oster #Oswalt #Otte #Otten #Otter #Ottinger #Ottman #Ouzts #Overfelt #Overholt #Overly #Overman #Overturf #Oyer #Pabst #Paff #Pagel #Pahl #Pahnke #Palen #Pallas #Palm #Pancake #Pang #Pankey #Pankratz #Panzer #Papenduff #Papke #Papp #Parmer #Paschal #Paschall #Paschke #Patt #Patzwahl #Pauli #Pauls #Paulus #Pauly #Pautz #Peckner #Peeler #Peiffer #Peil #Pelkey #Peller #Peltz #Pelzer #Pence #Penner #Peppers #Pergande #Perls #Persinger #Peter #Peterman #Petermann #Peters #Petri #Petry #Petz #Pfaff #Pfaller #Pfalzgraf #Pfannenstiel #Pfarr #Pfau #Pfeffer #Pfeiffauf #Pfeiffer #Pfeil #Pfeiler #Pfister #Pflug #Pflum #Pfund #Phifer #Philhower #Philipps #Pick #Pickel #Pickell #Pickl #Pickle #Pickles #Picklesimer #Piel #Pieper #Pier #Pietsch #Pifer #Pilger #Piller #Pilsner #Pinegar #Pinter #Pirkle #Pirtle #Pitner #Pitzen #Pitzer #Planck #Plank #Plaster #Plath #Plattner #Platz #Platzer #Pless #Ploss #Plotner #Plott #Plunk #Plyler #Poeppelman #Poetzsch #Poff #Poffenberger #Pohl #Pohlman #Pohlmann #Pollan #Pollman #Polster #Polzin #Pomerantz #Pontius #Poorman #Popp #Poppe #Poppmeier #Porath #Port #Portman #Posch #Poss #Postel #Postell #Postinger #Pottorff #Powley #Prager #Prahl #Prall #Prange #Preas #Prehn #Preiss #Preissler #Prellwitz #Preslar #Presler #Presser #Pressler #Preuss #Preussler #Priebe #Pries #Priester #Prill #Primus #Printz #Prinz #Prinzhorn #Probst #Prochnow #Profanter #Propp #Propst #Prost #Puff #Puhl #Puhlmann #Pullman #Puls #Pulver #Pung #Purg #Purkey #Puth #Putz #Putzier #Pylant #Pyron #Quaas #Quade #Quandt #Quant #Quast #Quattlebaum #Quenzer #Quesenberry #Quinl #Quint #Quisenberry #Raab #Raabe #Raasch #Rabe #Raber #Racker #Radabaugh #Radel #Rademacher #Radke #Radtke #Raff #Rager #Rahe #Rahm #Rahn #Railsback #Rainbolt #Rainer #Rall #Ramer #Ramm #Ramsburg #Ranck #Rand #Ranft #Range #Rantzen #Rapp #Rappold #Rasch #Raschke #Raske #Rasner #Rasnick #Rasor #Rasp #Rast #Rath #Rather #Ratzlaff #Raub #Rauch #Rauh #Rauk #Rausch #Rauscher #Rauschkolb #Raymer #Reagle #Ream #Reamer #Reber #Rech #Reck #Recker #Redeker #Redenius #Reding #Redinger #Redwine #Reeh #Reeser #Regel #Reger #Regina #Regner #Rehberg #Rehder #Rehkop #Rehm #Rehman #Reiber #Reich #Reichard #Reichel #Reichenbach #Reicher #Reichert #Reichling #Reichman #Reider #Reif #Reiff #Reimann #Reimer #Reimers #Rein #Reinbold #Reineck #Reinecke #Reineke #Reiner #Reinert #Reinhard #Reinhardt #Reinhart #Reinhold #Reinke #Reinsch #Reisenauer #Reiser #Reising #Reisinger #Reisner #Reiss #Reiter #Reithoffer #Reitz #Relyea #Remaley #Remer #Remick #Remmel #Remmers #Rempe #Remsen #Remus #Rener #Renick #Renken #Renn #Renner #Rennich #Renninger #Rentschler #Rentz #Rentzer #Renz #Repass #Repp #Reppert #Resch #Reser #Resh #Resler #Ress #Ressler #Rethman #Retter #Rettig #Retzlaff #Reuschel #Reuss #Reuter #Rex #Rexroad #Reyer #Reymann #Rheem #Rhein #Rhem #Rhine #Rhinehart #Rhode #Rhudy #Rhyne #Rhynes #Ribble #Richburg #Richert #Rick #Rickel #Rickert #Ricketson #Ricklefs #Ridder #Ridenhour #Ridenour #Ridinger #Riebe #Rieck #Ried #Riedel #Rieder #Riedl #Riedman #Rieff #Riegel #Rieger #Riehl #Riehle #Riehlman #Rieke #Riel #Riemer #Ries #Riese #Rieser #Riess #Rieth #Riffel #Riffle #Riggle #Riggleman #Rikard #Riker #Rindfleisch #Rine #Rinehart #Ringer #Ringler #Riniker #Rink #Rinker #Rippel #Ripper #Ripple #Risch #Riser #Rish #Risher #Rising #Risinger #Risner #Risser #Ristau #Ritch #Ritenour #Ritsch #Ritterhouse #Ritz #Ritzer #Ritzman #Rivenbark #Rizer #Rocker #Rode #Roden #Roder #Roebling #Roeder #Roehl #Roehling #Roehm #Roemer #Roepke #Roesch #Roeser #Roesler #Roesner #Roessler #Rogge #Rohde #Rohe #Rohlander #Rohn #Rohr #Rohrbach #Rohrbaugh #Rohrer #Rolf #Rolfes #Roling #Roll #Rolling #Romer #Romig #Romine #Rominger #Rommel #Rond #Ronk #Roof #Roop #Roos #Roose #Ropp #Rosch #Roseman #Rosenbalm #Rosenow #Roser #Rosmarin #Rosner #Rossman #Rossow #Rost #Roster #Roten #Rothe #Rother #Rothermel #Rothrock #Rottenberger #Rotter #Rottman #Rotz #Roudebush #Roush #Rubel #Ruble #Ruch #Ruchti #Ruckman #Rude #Ruder #Rudiger #Rudisill #Rudnick #Rudolf #Rudy #Rueb #Ruegg #Rueter #Ruf #Ruffner #Ruh #Ruhl #Ruhland #Ruhmann #Rule #Rumbaugh #Rumfelt #Ruml #Rummel #Rumpelmeier #Rumph #Runge #Runk #Runkle #Runner #Rupe #Rupel #Ruppe #Ruppert #Rusch #Rust #Rutsch #Rutz #Saam #Saar #Saas #Saathoff #Sacher #Sack #Sackel #Sadler #Saeger #Saenger #Sagers #Sahr #Saltsman #Saltz #Saltzman #Salzer #Salzgeber #Salzman #Salzwedel #Sam #Sammer #Samsel #Sand #Sander #Sandman #Saner #Sanger #Sanner #Sass #Sasse #Sasser #Sassmanshausen #Satter #Sattler #Sauer #Sauers #Saul #Saum #Saur #Sauter #Sautter #Sax #Saxer #Sayler #Schaaf #Schaal #Schaar #Schaber #Schacher #Schacht #Schachte #Schachter #Schade #Schaenen #Schaff #Schaffhauser #Schaffner #Schaible #Schalk #Schall #Schaller #Schaner #Schank #Schanno #Schant #Schantz #Schanz #Schanzenbach #Schaper #Scharf #Scharff #Scharnhorst #Schatz #Schaub #Schauer #Scheck #Scheel #Scheele #Scheer #Scheerer #Scheetz #Scheffel #Scheffer #Scheffler #Scheiber #Scheid #Scheidegger #Scheider #Scheidler #Scheidt #Scheller #Schelling #Schemerhorn #Schempp #Schenck #Schendel #Schenk #Schepers #Scher #Scherbarth #Scherer #Scherf #Scherr #Scherrer #Schertz #Schett #Scheu #Scheuerman #Scheuplein #Scheve #Schewe #Schick #Schieber #Schiefelbein #Schiel #Schiele #Schier #Schiff #Schiffer #Schild #Schildgen #Schildknecht #Schilke #Schill #Schiller #Schilling #Schillinger #Schima #Schimank #Schimke #Schimmel #Schimpf #Schindler #Schipper #Schirmer #Schisler #Schissler #Schist #Schister #Schlabach #Schlaefli #Schlager #Schlanger #Schlater #Schlecht #Schlegel #Schleich #Schleicher #Schleifer #Schlemmer #Schlenker #Schleusner #Schley #Schlicher #Schlichthornlein #Schlichting #Schlieffen #Schlitter #Schlome #Schloss #Schlosser #Schlotterbeck #Schlueter #Schlup #Schluter #Schmaltz #Schmalz #Schmalzreid #Schmeling #Schmeltzer #Schmelzer #Schmid #Schmidlin #Schmidtmeyer #Schmieder #Schmit #Schmoll #Schmuck #Schmucker #Schnabel #Schneck #Schnee #Schneeweiss #Schneiderman #Schnell #Schneller #Schnepf #Schnerb #Schnicke #Schnieders #Schnitzer #Schnur #Schnurr #Schober #Schobernd #Schoch #Schock #Schoen #Schoenberger #Schoenborn #Schoenmaker #Schoenrock #Schoepp #Schoesser #Schoettlekotte #Schoff #Scholkopf #Scholl #Scholz #Schopp #Schor #Schorn #Schorr #Schorsch #Schott #Schrack #Schrader #Schraeder #Schram #Schramm #Schrank #Schrantz #Schranz #Schraub #Schrauger #Schrecengost #Schreck #Schreckengost #Schreffler #Schreier #Schreiner #Schriter #Schriver #Schrock #Schroder #Schroer #Scroeter #Schroff #Schrom #Schroth #Schroyer #Schrum #Schrumpf #Schrupp #Schubert #Schuch #Schuck #Schueler #Schuelke #Schueller #Schuerenkraemer #Schuessler #Schuett #Schuette #Schuetz #Schug #Schuh #Schulberg #Schuldt #Schuler #Schulhausen #Schull #Schuller #Schulte #Schultheis #Schulze #Schumaker #Schuman #Schumann #Schumer #Schunk #Schupp #Schurman #Schurr #Schurz #Schutt #Schutte #Schutter #Schutz #Schwaab #Schwab #Schwabe #Schwaderlapp #Schwager #Schwalm #Schwan #Schwandt #Schwanenberg #Schwanke #Schwartzkopf #Schweiger #Schweigert #Schweigler #Schwein #Schweitzer #Schweizer #Schwenk #Schwenzer #Schwerdt #Schwerin #Schwichtenberg #Schwindt #Schwing #Schwisser #Schwitzer #Seabolt #Seagle #Searfoss #Sease #Secrest #Sechrist #Secrist #Seeber #Seefeldt #Seeger #Seel #Seelig #Seeman #Seese #Segrest #Seibel #Seiber #Seibert #Seiberth #Seibold #Seidel #Seidell #Seiden #Seidensticker #Seidl #Seifert #Seigler #Seiler #Seim #Seipel #Seist #Seiter #Seitz #Selders #Selig #Selke #Sell #Sellman #Sellner #Seltzer #Selz #Selzer #Senger #Senn #Senner #Sester #Setser #Setzer #Seuss #Severs #Severt #Sewer #Seybert #Seyler #Shadle #Shaefer #Shaeffer #Shain #Shanahorn #Shaner #Shankle #Shatzer #Sheaffer #Sheetz #Sheffer #Shellenbarger #Shellenberger #Shellhammer #Shelor #Shenk #Sherer #Shetler #Shew #Shick #Shiffer #Shilling #Shilt #Shiner #Shipe #Shirk #Shisler #Shively #Shoaf #Shock #Shockey #Shoffner #Shofner #Shoop #Shope #Showalter #Shows #Shrader #Shreffler #Shriver #Shrout #Shroyer #Shrum #Shubert #Shuck #Shull #Shults #Shumaker #Shuman #Shumpert #Shunk #Shupe #Shuster #Shy #Sick #Sickler #Sickles #Sidelinger #Sieben #Siebenbuerger #Sieber #Siebert #Sieck #Siefert #Sieg #Siegelman #Siegfried #Siegle #Siegrist #Siemantel #Siemens #Siemers #Siems #Sievers #Sievert #Siewert #Sifford #Sigel #Sigg #Sigler #Sigman #Sigmon #Sigmund #Silber #Siler #Siller #Silvernail #Silvers #Silvis #Simmank #Simmers #Simmig #Sine #Sing #Singley #Sink #Sinn #Sinner #Sipe #Sipes #Sippel #Sipple #Sistrunk #Sites #Sittler #Sitz #Sitzes #Sitzman #Six #Sizelove #Slagle #Slaugh #Slemp #Slick #Sliger #Sluder #Slusher #Sluss #Slusser #Smelser #Smeltzer #Smidt #Snapp #Snavely #Sober #Sohn #Soliday #Soller #Solt #Sommerfeld #Sommerfield #Sonnenberg #Sonntag #Sons #Sontag #Sorber #Sorg #Sorge #Souder #Souders #Sours #Spady #Spaeth #Spahn #Spahr #Spath #Spatz #Specht #Speck #Speegle #Speicher #Speidel #Speier #Spellman #Spengler #Sperber #Sperl #Sperling #Speth #Spicher #Spieken #Spier #Spiers #Spies #Spiess #Spindler #Spinner #Spitler #Spittler #Spitz #Spitzer #Spohn #Sponaugle #Sponsler #Spoon #Spradlin #Sprau #Sprecher #Sprenger #Spring #Sprinkle #Sprouse #Staab #Stabler #Stadelman #Stadler #Stadt #Staehler #Stager #Stagner #Stahlecker #Stahlman #Stahly #Stahr #Stalder #Stall #Staller #Stalling #Stallman #Stalnaker #Stalter #Stambach #Stambaugh #Stamey #Stamm #Stammel #Stamp #Stampley #Stanback #Standifer #Stang #Stange #Stanger #Stangl #Stansell #Starcher #Starck #Starke #Statler #Staub #Staubel #Stauber #Staudt #Stauffer #Steck #Stecker #Stecklein #Stedman #Steelman #Steely #Steeves #Steffan #Steffenhagen #Steffens #Steffes #Steffey #Steger #Stegman #Stegner #Stehle #Steib #Steidl #Steidle #Steiger #Steigerwald #Steil #Steimle #Steinbach #Steinbeck #Steinfeldt #Steinhauer #Steinhauser #Steinhoff #Steinke #Steinman #Steinmetz #Steitz #Steller #Stelling #Stelly #Stelter #Stelzer #Stem #Stemen #Stemer #Stemm #Stemple #Stender #Stengel #Stenger #Stephan #Steppe #Stergar #Sterner #Stetler #Stetzenbach #Steuer #Stever #Steves #Stice #Stich #Stickel #Stickl #Stickler #Stickley #Stiefel #Stieff #Stier #Stiffler #Stiller #Stiltner #Stine #Stiner #Stines #Stinger #Stitely #Stites #Stober #Stocker #Stockhausen #Stockman #Stoehr #Stoff #Stoffel #Stogner #Stoll #Stolle #Stoller #Stolp #Stolte #Stoltenberg #Stoltz #Stolz #Stonebraker #Stoneburner #Stonecipher #Stoneking #Storcher #Storck #Stork #Storm #Stormer #Storms #Storp #Stotler #Stotts #Stoudemire #Stoudt #Stouffer #Stough #Strack #Strader #Strahl #Strasser #Stratman #Straub #Straube #Strauch #Straus #Strausbaugh #Strauser #Strauss #Strawser #Strayer #Strazzer #Strecker #Streicher #Streiff #Streit #Stricker #Strickler #Striegel #Stritter #Strobel #Strobl #Strock #Strode #Stroh #Strohl #Strohm #Strohmeyer #Stroman #Stroup #Stroupe #Strouse #Strozier #Strub #Struble #Struck #Strum #Strunk #Strunz #Stuber #Stuck #Stucken #Stuckenschmidt #Stucker #Stucky #Student #Studer #Stuhmiller #Stuhr #Stull #Stults #Stultz #Stump #Stumpf #Stumpff #Stumph #Sturtz #Stutler #Stutz #Stutzman #Stuve #Suber #Suckow #Suhr #Suiter #Sulzer #Summer #Summey #Sunday #Sunderman #Super #Surber #Surface #Sussman #Swanger #Swank #Sweitzer #Swigart #Swiger #Swigert #Swin #Swindler #Swinehart #Swing #Swingle #Swink #Swint #Swisher #Swisser #Swope #Sydow #Synder #Syring #Szeyller #Taetzsch #Tallman #Tammen #Tank #Tannenbaum #Tappan #Tappen #Tarter #Taub #Taube #Tauber #Taubman #Tauler #Tauscher #Tausend #Tedrick #Teegarden #Teeple #Teeter #Teeters #Teets #Teischer #Tellenbach #Temme #Templin #Tenner #Tepper #Ternes #Terwilliger #Tesch #Teschler #Teske #Tessendorf #Teter #Tetzlaff #Textor #Thaler #Theel #Theile #Theis #Theisen #Theiss #Thelen #Theobald #Theus #Thiede #Thiel #Thiele #Thielsen #Thiem #Thieme #Thies #Thiese #Thiessen #Thigpen #Thill #Thode #Thole #Thoma #Thoman #Thome #Thoms #Thran #Threatt #Tice #Tiedeman #Tiedemann #Tiefenbacher #Tiel #Tieman #Tiemann #Tietje #Tietjen #Tiger #Tilghman #Till #Timm #Timmerman #Timms #Tippen #Tischner #Titz #Tober #Tobler #Todt #Toews #Toller #Tolzmann #Toman #Toneman #Tonn #Toothacher #Topp #Topper #Toth #Traenkner #Trammell #Traub #Traube #Trauner #Trausch #Trautman #Traxler #Treiber #Treml #Tremper #Tressler #Treuherz #Trexler #Trice #Triche #Trick #Trinkle #Trisler #Tritt #Troll #Trollinger #Troske #Trost #Troutt #Troxell #Troxler #Trueheart #Trumbauer #Trutzschler #Tschanz #Tschetter #Tschid #Tschofen #Tschorn #Tuller #Tullius #Turnbow #Turnipseed #Tusing #Tussey #Tuttwitz #Uber #Uecker #Uhl #Uhlenbruck #Uhlenhopp #Uhler #Uhlig #Uhlirz #Uhlman #Uhrhammer #Uhrich #Uhrig #Ulbrich #Ullery #Ullrich #Ulm #Ulman #Ulmer #Ulsh #Umberger #Umland #Umstead #Underkofler #Unnasch #Unrein #Unruh #Unterzuber #Unz #Urdman #Urich #Urick #Utecht #Utt #Utterback #Utz #Vahle #Varner #Vasbinder #Vater #Vath #Vatter #Vaught #Vawter #Veber #Veit #Veith #Venn #Venne #Verst #Vess #Vest #Vester #Vetter #Vice #Viechtbauer #Vierling #Vieth #Vineyard #Vinyard #Virgil #Voegele #Voelker #Vogelpohl #Vogelsang #Voges #Vogl #Vogler #Vogus #Voight #Voigt #Volk #Volker #Volkert #Volkman #Voll #Vollmer #Volz #von Appen #von Bismarck #von Blumencron #von Borch #Vonderheide #Von der Ruhren #von Dohlen #von Ehrhorn #von Hindenburg #von Lehr #von Ruden #von Saldern #von Seggern #von Seydlitz #von Weizsacker #von Weymarn #Vorburger #Vorpahl #Voss #Vossler #Voth #Wachtel #Wachter #Wachtsmuth #Wacker #Waechter #Wagaman #Wagar #Wager #Waggener #Wahlen #Waid #Walch #Walck #Waldeck #Waldman #Waldner #Waldorf #Waldschmidt #Walk #Wallach #Wallick #Wallner #Walrath #Walser #Walt #Walter #Walther #Waltman #Waltz #Walz #Wampler #Wander #Wangel #Wangler #Wank #Wankum #Wann #Wanner #Warfel #Warkentin #Warlich #Warm #Warnick #Warnke #Wasinger #Wassel #Wasser #Wattenbarger #Wax #Waybright #Waycaster #Wayman #Waymire #Weatherholt #Weatherwax #Weaver #Wechsler #Wecker #Wedding #Wedeking #Wedel #Weed #Weedman #Weesner #Wegener #Wegl #Wegman #Wehmeyer #Wehner #Wehr #Wehring #Wehrle #Weibel #Weide #Weideman #Weidler #Weidman #Weidner #Weigand #Weigel #Weigle #Weikel #Weil #Weiland #Weiler #Weimer #Weingartner #Weinheimer #Weinmann #Weinreb #Weinschrott #Weinstock #Weintraub #Weis #Weise #Weisel #Weiser #Weisgerber #Weisgraber #Weishaar #Weisinger #Weiskopf #Weisman #Weisner #Weisser #Weisman #Weissinger #Weist #Weisz #Weitz #Weitzel #Welk #Welke #Welker #Well #Weller #Welling #Welsch #Welte #Welter #Welty #Wenck #Wendel #Wendell #Wendland #Wendler #Wendling #Wendt #Wenger #Wenner #Wentz #Wentzel #Wentzer #Wenz #Wenzel #Wenzl #Werdman #Wert #Werth #Werts #Wertz #Wesner #Wess #Wessel #Wessels #Westendorf #Wester #Westerman #Westfall #Westhoff #Westmeyer #Westphal #Westrick #Wetter #Wetzler #Wexler #Weyand #Weyandt #Weyant #Weyer #Whetstone #Whetzel #Whipkey #Whisenant #Whisenhunt #Whisler #Whisnant #Whitehair #Whitener #Whitesell #Whitner #Whittenburg #Wible #Wickline #Wickman #Wideman #Widener #Widman #Widmer #Widner #Wiebe #Wiechmann #Wiedeman #Wiedemann #Wieder #Wiegand #Wieland #Wiemer #Wien #Wiener #Wiens #Wiers #Wiese #Wiesen #Wiesner #Wiest #Wigger #Wilderman #Wildermuth #Wilfong #Wilhite #Wilhoit #Wilhoite #Wilken #Wilker #Will #Willer #Willhite #Willibrand #Willman #Willms #Willner #Wilmes #Wilner #Wilt #Wiltz #Wimer #Wimmer #Wine #Winebrenner #Winegar #Winer #Wingard #Winger #Wingert #Wingerter #Wingler #Wininger #Wink #Winkel #Winkelhock #Winkelman #Winkleman #Winland #Winterhalter #Wiplinger #Wireman #Wirt #Wirth #Wirtz #Wischner #Wiser #Wisner #Wissing #Witman #Witmer #Witmeyer #Witt #Wittenberg #Witter #Witters #Wittig #Wittman #Wittmer #Wittrock #Witzel #Woebcken #Woerner #Woetzel #Wohl #Wohlers #Wohlgemut #Wohlgemuth #Wohlrab #Wohlwendi #Wolbert #Wolfenbarger #Wolfer #Wolfgang #Wolfgram #Wolfgramm (popular in Tonga) #Wolfinger #Wolfram #Wolfson #Wolken #Woll #Wollenberg #Wolpert #Wolter #Wolters #Wonderly #Woolf #Worm #Wortman #Wotring #Wottreng #Wrede #Wuerz #Wuest #Wuhl #Wulf #Wulff #Wulscher #Wunder #Wunderlich #Wunsch #Wurm #Wurst #Wurster #Wurth #Wurtz #Wust #Wyrick #Wysong #Wyss #Yaeger #Yager #Yahn #Yantis #Yawn #Yeagley #Yerger #Yerkes #Yetter #Yingling #Yingst #Yoachum #Yoakum #Yockey #Yocom #Yocum #Yohe #Yoho #Youngblood #Yount #Younts #Yunker #Zabel #Zacharias #Zack #Zager #Zahl #Zahler #Zahm #Zahn #Zamzow #Zander #Zanders #Zang #Zank #Zanzendorf #Zartman #Zastrow #Zaugg #Zech #Zeches #Zeck #Zeh #Zehb #Zehelein #Zehnder #Zehner #Zehnpfennig #Zehr #Zeiger #Zeiler #Zeisler #Zeiss #Zeitler #Zeitz #Zell #Zeller #Zellers #Zellmer #Zellner #Zemke #Zender #Zenner #Zent #Zenz #Zepp #Zerbe #Zerby #Zerr #Zettel #Ziebarth #Ziege #Ziehm #Zielke #Zieman #Ziemann #Ziemer #Ziger #Zigler #Zilliox #Zimmer #Zimmerer #Zimmermann #Zimmerwald #Zinck #Zingler #Zink #Zinke #Zinn #Zins #Zinsbauer #Zinsmeister #Zipp #Zirkle #Zobel #Zoebisch #Zoeller #Zoellner #Zoerb #Zogg #Zoglmann #Zoll #Zoller #Zollicoffer #Zollinger #Zollner #Zook #Zorn #Zornes #Zuber #Zuberbuhler #Zucker #Zuehlke #Zuercher #Zufelt #Zulauf #Zumwalt #Zurcher #Zweifel #Zweig #Zwick #Zwicker #Zwickl #Zwilling #Zwirner {{BookCat}} dy9b0qm9akdoigyo0bpyxu62cstnjfo 4096996 4096995 2022-08-29T02:06:28Z Tropicalkitty 2381585 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/195.189.234.81|195.189.234.81]] ([[User talk:195.189.234.81|talk]]) to last version by Xania wikitext text/x-wiki ==Usage note== German names are useful for people from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein. The following names are dinosaurs and to be avoided if you have a teenage character from these places today: Gerda, Gertrud, Hannelore, Hedwig, Elke, and Ilse; and Wilhelm, Heinz, Egon, Erwin, Franz, Adolf, Dietrich, Manfred, and Kurt. Note that a lot of the names listed below are also very old-fashioned. ==Girls' names== #Ada #Ada-Sylvia #Adele #Adelgund #Adelheid (Alheid) #Agathe #Agna #Alexa #Alexandra #Alexandra-Sophia #Aloisa #Alwine #Amalia #Ammelie #Andrea #Anett/Anette #Angela #Angelika #Anita #Anja #Anna (Anke, Annika, Annike, Anni) #Anna-Bärbel #Anna-Lise #Anna-Lotte #Anne (Anke, Annika, Annike, Anni) #Anne-Birgit #Annegret #Annelies/Anneliese #Annemarie #Anselma #Antje #Appolonia (Ploni) #Ariane #Armgard #Astrid #Barbara (Bärbel, Barbi) #Bärbel #Baronika #Beate #Berta #Bertita #Bettina #Bianka/Bianca #Birgit #Birgitte #Birthe #Brigitta/Brigitte #Britta #Brunhilde/Brunhilda #Cäcilie (Cilia, Zilli) #Cekine #Charlotte #Christa #Christa-Marina #Christi #Christiane #Christina/Christine #Christl/Christel #Cordula #Corinna #Dagmar #Dagmar-Anette #Daniela (Dani) #Denise #Diana #Diotima #Dora (Dorchen) #Doris (Dorchen) #Dorothea/Dorothee (Thea, Dorit, Dorchen) #Eberharde #Edda #Edelgard #Edeltraud/Edeltraut #Edeltrud #Edith #Effi #Eike #Elena #Eleonore #Elfreida (Elfi) #Elfriede #Elisabeth #Elise #Elka/Elke #Ella (Elli, Elly) #Ellen (Elli, Elly) #Elsbeth #Else/Elsa #Elvira #Emelie/Emilie (Emmi) #Erdmute #Erika #Erna #Eva #Eva-Maria #Franziska (Fränzel, Fanni) #Frauke #Freya #Frieda/Frida #Friedegard #Friedericke (Fritzi) #Gabriela/Gabriele (Gabi) #Garnet-Andrea #Garde #Gebharde #Gerda #Gerlinda/Gerlinde #Gerta #Gertraud #Gertraude #Gertrud (Trudi, Gert, Trud, Trude) #Gesa #Gisa #Gisela #Gitta/Gitte #Greta/Gretchen #Grethe #Gudrun #Gunda #Gundula #Hanna/Hanne #Hannelore (Hanni) #Hauke #Hedwig #Heide #Heide-Karin #Heidemarie #Heidi #Heidrun #Heike #Helena/Helene (Leni) #Helga #Hella #Helma #Henriette #Hermine (Mina, Minchen) #Herta/Hertha #Hilda/Hilde #Hildegard #Hilma #Hulda #Ida #Ilona #Ilka #Ilse #Imma #Ina #Inge #Ingeborg/Ingeburg #Ingrid #Insa #Irene #Iris #Irma #Irmengard #Irmgard #Isa #Isabella #Jana #Janine #Jasmin #Jettchen #Johanna (Hanna, Hannele) #Jolante #Josefa/Josepha #Josephine (Phinchen) #Juli #Julia (Julchen) #Juliane (Julchen) #Juni #Jutta #Kaethe #Karin #Karina/Carina #Karin-Astrid #Karla #Karlin #Karlotta/Karlotte #Karola/Carola #Karolina/Karoline #Katerina #Katharina (Katchen) #Käthe/Käte #Katja #Katrin/Kathrin #Kerstin #Kirsten #Klara #Klarissa #Klaudia #Konstanze/Constanze/Constanza (Stanzi) #Kornelia/Cornelia #Kreszentia (Zenzi) #Krista #Kristina #Lätitia #Laura #Lena/Lene (Leni) #Leonie #Leonore (Lorchen) #Lexi #Liane #Lies #Liesbeth/Lisbeth #Liese/Lise #Lieselotte/Liselotte #Liesl/Lisl #Lili/Lilli #Lina #Lisa #Lissi #Loni #Lore #Lorelei #Lotte #Ludwige/Ludwiga #Luise #Lukretia #Lutgard #Luzie/Luzi [Lucie] #Lydia #Madlen (Mady) #Magdalena/Magdalene (Magda, Lena, Lenchen) #Maja #Malwine #Mana #Manuela #Maren #Margareta/Margaretha (Gretchen, Gretel, Marga) #Margarete/Margrete (Gretchen, Gretel, Marga) #Margit/Margot #Margitta #Margot #Margrit (Grit) #Maria #Mari-Angela #Marianne #Marike #Marina #Marion #Marit #Marita #Marjeta #Marlene #Marlies/Marlis/Marliese #Marthe (Marti) #Martina (Marti) #Mathilde #Mechthild #Meike #Melanie #Melina-Marie #Merle #Meta #Michaela #Mieke #Minna #Mirjam #Mitzi/Mizzi #Monika #Nadine #Nadja #Nanni #Natalie #Natascha #Nella #Nena #Nicole #Nida #Nikola (Nikki) #Nina #Notburga #Olga #Olympie #Ortun #Ortrud #Ossi #Ottilie #Patrizia #Paula #Pauline #Petra #Phöbe #Porsche #Rahel #Ramona #Rebekka #Regina/Regine #Regula #Reintraud #Renate #Resi #Ria #Rita #Romi #Ronja #Rosa (Röschen) #Rosalinde #Rosamunde/Rosemunde #Rosemarie #Roswitha (Rosi) #Ruth #Sabine (Sabinchen) #Sabrina #Sandra #Sara #Selina #Senta #Sibylle/Sybille #Sieglinde #Sigrid #Silja #Silke #Simone #Sina #Sinikka #Sonja #Sophia/Sophie/Sofia (Pepi) #Stefanie (Steffi) #Stella #Susanne (Susi, Suschen) #Swenja #Sylvia #Tabea #Tamara #Tanja #Tatiana #Tereza #Thekla #Theresa #Thilde #Tonja #Traute #Trina/Trine #Trixi #Ulla (Ulli) #Ulrike (Ulli) #Ursula (Ursel) #Usel (Uschi) #Uta/Ute #Vanessa #Vera #Verena #Veronika/Veronike (Vroni) #Viktoria (Viki) #Vinzentia (Zenzi) #Viola #Virginie #Waltraud/Waltraut #Weike #Wendelgard #Wiebke #Wilhelmina/Wilhelmine (Mina, Minchen) #Zölestine ==Boys' names== #Achim #Adalmund #Adelbert/Adalbert #Adelmute (Almut, Almuth) #Adrian #Albert #Albrecht #Alexander (Alex, Sander) #Alfons #Alfred (Freddi) #Alois #Alwin #Anatol #Anders #Andreas #Äneas #Anselm #Anton (Toni) #Aribert #Arius #Armin #Arndt #Arne #Arnim #Arno #Arnold #Arnulf #Artur #August #Axel #Balthasar #Barnabas #Bartholomäus #Bastian #Benedikt #Benjamin #Bernd/Berndt #Bernhard (Benno) #Bernward (Benno) #Bertold/Berthold (Berto, Bert) #Bertram (Bert) #Bodo #Brandt #Bruno #Bruns #Burkhard #Cäcile #Cäsar #Christian #Christoph (Toffel) #Clemens #Conrad #Daniel #David #Degenhard #Denis #Detlef #Diesel #Dietbold #Dieter #Dietleib #Dietmar/Ditmar #Dietrich (Dirk, Dierk) #Dominik #Eber #Eberhard #Eckart/Eckert #Eckbrecht #Eckhard #Edgar #Edmund #Edsel #Eduard #Egbert #Egon #Ehregott #Ekkehard #Elias #Elmar #Emanuel #Emil #Engelbert #Enrich #Erhard #Erich #Erik #Ernst #Erwin #Esra #Eugen #Ewald #Ezechiel #Faber #Fabian #Falk #Felix #Ferdinand #Florian (Flori) #Florian-Adrian #Frank (Franki) #Franko #Franz (Fränzchen) #Franz-Dieter #Franziskus/Franciskus #Franz-Josef #Fridolin/Friedolin #Friedbert #Friedhelm #Friedrich (Fritz) #Friedrich-Paul #Fritz #Fürchtegott #Gabriel #Gebhard #Georg #Gerald #Gerd #Gerhard/Gerhardt #Gerold #Gerrit #Gottfried (Friedel) #Gotthard (Götz) #Gotthold (Götz) #Gottleib/Gottlieb #Gottschalk (Götz) #Gregor #Gunnar #Gunter #Günther #Gustav #Hagen #Hanno #Hans (Hansel) #Hans-Georg #Hans-Joachim #Hans-Peter #Harald (Harri) #Harro #Hartmut #Hasso #Heiko #Heiner #Heinrich #Heinz #Heinz-Dieter #Hektor #Helmar #Helmut/Helmuth (Heli) #Hendrik #Henning #Henrik/Henryk #Herbert #Hermann #Hilmar #Holger #Horaz #Horst #Hubert #Hubertus #Ignaz #Imer #Ingert (Ingo) #Ingolf (Ingo) #Ingomar (Ingo) #Isaak #Isidor #Jakob #Jan #Jansen #Jens #Jeremias #Joachim #Jochen #Jodokus #Johann #Johannes (Hannes) #Jörgen (Jörg) #Jörn #Josef (Sepp, Seppi) #Josias #Jost #Julian #Jürgen #Justin #Justus #Kai #Karl/Carl #Karl-Heinz/Karlheinz #Karl-Ludwig #Karlmann #Karol #Karsten/Carsten #Kaspar/Caspaar #Klaudius #Klaus/Claus #Klaus-Dieter #Klaus-Karl #Klaus-Peter #Klemens #Knut #Konrad #Konrad-Wilhelm #Konstantin #Korbinian #Kunz #Kurt #Kurt-Adolf #Kurt-Christian #Leonhard #Leonik #Leopold (Leo) #Lorenz #Lothar #Ludo #Ludolf #Ludwig #Lukas #Lutz #Maik #Manfred #Manuel #Marcel #Marek #Marian #Marius #Marko #Markus (Mark) #Martin #Matthäus [Matthaeus] #Matthias #Max #Maximilian (Max) #Meinhard #Meinrad #Melchior #Michael #Mirko #Moritz #Narziss #Neidhard #Niklas #Nikodemus #Nikolaus (Niko, Nico) #Norbert #Norman #Oliver #Ortwin #Oskar #Otmar/Ottmar #Otto #Ottokar #Patrick #Paul #Paul-Dieter #Peter #Philipp/Filipp #Raimar/Reimar #Raimund/Reimund #Rainer/Riner #Rainier #Ralf #Randolf #Reichold #Reinhard #Reinhold #Reinmar #Rene #Rheinhardt #Rickhard/Richard #Robert #Roderich #Roland #Rolf #Roman #Ruben #Ruddiger/Rüdiger #Rudolf (Rudi) #Rupert #Rupertus #Ruprecht #Rutger #Sander #Sascha #Schorsch #Sebastian #Siegfried #Sieghard #Siegmund/Seigmund/Sigmund #Sigurd #Simon #Sonke #Stadler #Stefan #Stefan-Paul #Steffen #Steinmar #Sven #Terenz #Thaddäus #Theobold #Theodor (Theo) #Thile #Thomas #Thorsten #Till-Alexander #Tilmann #Timothee (Tim, Timm, Timo) #Tobias #Tornsten #Traugott #Udo #Ulf #Ullrich/Ulrich #Uter #Utz #Uwe #Veit #Viktor #Vinzenz #Volker #Volkmar #Waldemar (Walli, Wally) #Waldo (Walli, Wally) #Walter/Walther #Wenzel #Werner #Werther #Wilfried (Willi) #Wilhelm (Willi) #Willibald (Willi) #Winfried #Wolfgang (Wolf, Wulf) #Wolfram (Wolf, Wulf) ==Surnames== ===Top 20=== #Schmidt #Meyer #Hoffman #Beck #Schultz #Keller #Weber #Schneider #Becker #Gross #Zimmerman #Wolf #Kramer #Shaffer #Fischer #Meyers #Schroeder #Hartman #Mueller #Bauer ===21-200=== #Acker #Ackerman #Albrecht #Altman #Arnold #Baer #Barger #Barnhart #Bauman #Beckman #Bender #Berg #Berger #Beyer #Block #Brandt #Braun #Brenner #Brucker #Bruner #Brunner #Buckner #Burger #Burkhart #Busch #Butts #Cagle #Cline #Coffman #Coon #Conrad #Cramer #Decker #Dick #Diehl #Dietrich #Dietz #Doss #Eckert #Eller #Engel #Engle #Epps #Ernst #Faust #Fink #Foss #Frank #Franks #Frederick #Frey #Fritz #Funk #Gee #Geiger #Gerber #German #Glass #Goetz #Golden #Goss #Grimm #Grossman #Gunter #Haas #Hagen #Hahn #Hamm #Hammer #Hanks #Harms #Hawley #Hebert #Heck #Hedrick #Heller #Hendricks #Hendrix #Herring #Hess #Hester #Hiedrick #Hinkle #Hoff #Hoover #Huber #Huff #Hummel #Jacob #Kaiser #Kauffman #Kaufman #Kessler #Klein #Kline #Koch #Koehler #Koenig #Kohler #Kraft #Krause #Krueger #Kruse #Kuhn #Kurtz #Ladner #Lang #Lehman #Lenitz #Linder #Lorenz #Lowe #Ludwig #Lutz #Mann #Mathis #Maurer #Mayer #Meier #Metz #Metzger #Mock #Mohr #Moser #Mosher #Moss #Muller #Myers #Neff #Otto #Rader #Richter #Ritter #Rosen #Rucker #Rushing #Ruth #Sapp #Schaefer #Schaeffer #Schafer #Schaffer #Schell #Schmitt #Schmitz #Schreiber #Schulz #Schumacher #Schuster #Shafer #Shaver #Sherman #Shultz #Siegel #Spangler #Spann #Springer #Stover #Swartz #Switzer #Ulrich #Unger #Varner #Vogel #Vogt #Wagner #Weiner #Weiss #Werner #Wetzel #Wilhelm #Winkler #Winter #Witt #Wolff #Yeager #Yoder #Zeigler #Ziegler #Zimmer ===Others=== #Ablanalp #Ables #Abplanalp #Abt #Achenbach #Ackermann #Ackman #Acord #Acuff #Adelman #Adelung #Aden #Adenauer #Aderholt #Admire #Adolph #Aegerter #Aehrenthal #Aeschliman #Ager #Ahlers #Ahner #Aichele #Ake #Albaugh #Alber #Alberts #Albin #Albrechtskirchinger #Albus #Aldinger #Aleshire #Alkire #All #Allbach #Alleman #Alles #Allman #Alt #Altaner #Alter #Althaus #Althoff #Altizer #Amaker #Aman #Amann #Amburgey #Amen #Amend #Ament #Amer #Amey #Amick #Ammann #Ammon #Amon #Amrhein #Amsler #Amy #Anderegg #Anderman #Anders #Andes #Anding #Andreae #Andreas #Anger #Angerhausen #Angle #Angst #Angstadt #Angstman #Anhauser #Ankney #Anschitz #Anschutz #Anspach #Anstett #Antes #Anton #Apel #Apgar #Appel #Appell #Apple #Apt #Arbeiter #Arbogast #Arend #Arends #Arendt #Arlt #Armbrust #Armbruster #Armentrout #Arndt #Arner #Arney #Arno #Arnon #Arp #Artman #Artz #Arvin #Ary #Ascher #Ashbaugh #Aslinger #Asmus #Asperger #Astor #Ater #Auer #Aufhauser #Augustin #Ault #Aultman #Auman #Aumiller #Auslander #Aust #Baade #Babbel #Babst #Bachelder #Bacher #Bachman #Bachmann #Bachmeyer #Bachner #Bachus #Backer #Backes #Backhaus #Bade #Baden #Badeni #Bader #Baehr #Bahe #Bahl #Baier #Bair #Balk #Balke #Ballenger #Ballinger #Ballweg #Balmer #Baltes #Baltz #Baltzell #Balzer #Bamberger #Band #Bane #Baney #Bangert #Banker #Bare #Barga #Barge #Barhorst #Barkman #Barks #Barner #Barnhardt #Barrick #Barringer #Bart #Bartel #Bartelt #Barth #Barthel #Bartling #Bartman #Bartow #Bartsch #Bartz #Basch #Basel #Bash #Basil #Basinger #Basler #Bassler #Bast #Bastian #Batdorf #Batz #Batzer #Bauch #Bauder #Baugher #Baumann #Baumbach #Baumeister #Baumer #Baumert #Baumgardner #Baumgart #Baumgarten #Baumgartner #Baur #Bayer #Bayerl #Baylor #Baysinger #Beagle #Beahm #Beanblossom #Becher #Bechtel #Bechtol #Bechtold #Beckel #Beckert #Beckmann #Beckner #Beckstead #Beehler #Beeler #Beem #Beer #Beersticker #Beery #Behler #Behling #Behm #Behn #Behne #Behner #Behnke #Behr #Behrends #Behrendt #Behrens #Behringer #Beier #Beil #Beiler #Belch #Beller #Bellinger #Bellman #Belser #Beltz #Belz #Benckensdorf #Bendel #Benninger #Benscheidt #Bensinger #Bentz #Benz #Benzing #Berends #Berens #Bergen #Berghahn #Bergmann #Beringer #Berlin #Berliner #Berndt #Berneker #Berner #Bernhard #Bernhardt #Berning #Berns #Bertha #Berthold #Bertsch #Besecker #Besser #Bessler #Bester #Bethke #Betsch #Bettcher #Bettendorf #Bettinger #Bettis #Betz #Bevers #Bey #Beyers #Beyersdorf #Bice #Bickel #Bickley #Bieber #Biehl #Biehle #Bieker #Biel #Bien #Bier #Bierbaum #Bierman #Biermann #Bigler #Bilderback #Bilger #Billman #Binder #Bindergarten #Bing #Bingaman #Bingman #Birk #Birkenstock #Birkholz #Bischoff #Bischoffshausen #Bish #Bitner #Bittenbinder #Bitter #Bitting #Bittinger #Bittner #Bixler #Blackwelder #Blankenbeckler #Blaser #Blass #Blatt #Blattner #Blauser #Blazer #Bleeker #Blehm #Bleich #Blenker #Blickensdorf #Blind #Blitz #Blitzer #Bloch #Blocher #Blocker #Bloeckner #Blohm #Blose #Blosser #Blough #Blubaugh #Bluhm #Blume #Blumer #Boatner #Bobb #Bock #Bockelman #Bockman #Bode #Boden #Bodenhamer #Bodenheimer #Bodin #Boeck #Boeding #Boehm #Boehme #Boehmer #Boelter #Boerger #Boerner #Boes #Boese #Boettcher #Bogen #Boger #Bogner #Bohl #Bohland #Bohlen #Bohler #Bohling #Bohlman #Bohm #Bohman #Bohn #Bohnenblust #Bohner #Bohnert #Bohnsack #Bohr #Bohrer #Bolander #Boldt #Bolenbaugh #Boler #Boley #Bolick #Bolinger #Boll #Boller #Bolling #Bollinger #Bollman #Bolt #Bolte #Bolten #Boltz #Bolz #Bomar #Bomberger #Bomgardner #Boner #Bonk #Bonn #Bonner #Booe #Booher #Book #Bookman #Boomershine #Boos #Boose #Booze #Boozer #Bopp #Borchardt #Borchers #Borchert #Border #Bordner #Borger #Borgman #Borgmann #Borgmeyer #Bork #Borman #Bormann #Born #Borror #Borst #Bortz #Bosch #Bose #Bosen #Boser #Bosler #Bosse #Bost #Bott #Bottorff #Bouck #Bouknight #Bowersox #Boysen #Braatz #Brack #Braker #Bram #Braman #Brand #Brandel #Brandenburg #Brandes #Brandis #Brandl #Brank #Branstetter #Brantner #Brasch #Brase #Bratcher #Brauer #Braunschweig #Braunsdorf #Brautigam #Brawner #Brecht #Brede #Brehm #Brehmer #Breit #Breitegger #Breitenbach #Breitenstein #Bremer #Bremmer #Brendel #Brenden #Breneman #Brenneman #Brennenstuhl #Bressler #Bretz #Breuer #Breunig #Brey #Breyer #Bricker #Brickey #Brickman #Brickner #Brier #Briese #Brimmer #Brink #Brinker #Brinkman #Brinkmann #Brobst #Brocious #Brodbeck #Brode #Brodt #Broker #Brom #Brombach #Brombacher #Brong #Bronner #Brookover #Brose #Brosius #Bross #Brott #Brotzman #Broyles #Brubaker #Bruch #Bruck #Brucker #Bruckner #Bruder #Bruegel #Brueggeman #Bruening #Bruggeman #Brugger #Bruhl #Bruhn #Bruhs #Bruise #Brumbach #Brumbaugh #Brummer #Brummett #Brune #Brungardt #Bruning #Brunjes #Brunk #Brunn #Bruns #Brunswick #Bruss #Brust #Bubb #Bublitz #Buch #Bucher #Buchheit #Buchholtz #Buchholz #Buchleiter #Buchman #Buchner #Bucholtz #Buchwald #Buckman #Buckwalter #Budde #Buddensieg #Buder #Bueche #Buechler #Buechner #Buehler #Buehring #Buelow #Buerger #Buettner #Buff #Bugge #Buhl #Buhler #Buhr #Buker #Buller #Bulow #Bumgardner #Bumgarner #Bunge #Bunger #Bunning #Bunts #Burbach #Burchard #Burcholz #Burg #Burgan #Burgett #Burggraf #Burgher #Burkart #Burkey #Burkhard #Burkhardt #Burmeister #Burner #Burtch #Buscheck #Buscher #Buschman #Buschmann #Buse #Buser #Bushman #Bushong #Busick #Buske #Buss #Bussard #Busse #Buster #Buterbaugh #Buth #Butner #Butt #Butz #Buzzard #Byer #Byerly #Byler #Cale #Camper #Canipe #Cansler #Capehart #Caplinger #Carle #Carlock #Carls #Carner #Carolina #Carper #Carstens #Casper #Cassel #Castleman #Castor #Caylor #Chrisman #Christ #Christen #Christina #Christman #Christner #Chronister #Claar #Clapper #Classen #Claus #Claycomb #Cleek #Clemmer #Clever #Click #Clinard #Clinger #Clodfelter #Cloninger #Clontz #Clouse #Clouser #Clover #Clower #Clowers #Cluck #Clutter #Clymer #Cobble #Coffelt #Cogar #Cohrs #Colclasure #Conatser #Conkle #Constantine #Cooler #Coonrod #Coons #Coopersmith #Copenhaver #Coppinger #Copple #Cordes #Core #Corn #Cornman #Correll #Cosner #Coss #Costner #Cotner #Cover #Cowger #Crass #Craver #Creager #Creasy #Crecelius #Creek #Cresp #Cress #Crider #Crigger #Crim #Criner #Cripe #Crisler #Criss #Crissman #Crist #Crites #Cron #Crone #Cronkite #Crose #Crossman #Crowl #Croyle #Crumb #Crumrine #Cuhni #Culler #Cullmann #Culp #Curl #Curtsinger #Cybart #Cypert #Dagen #Dahlke #Dahm #Dahmen #Dahmer #Dahms #Dahn #Dahr #Dake #Damm #Dammann #Damrosch #Dankers #Dankert #Dannenberg #Danner #Dantzler #Danz #Dapper #Darr #Darst #Dasher #Dashner #Daub #Daubenspeck #Dauber #Daubert #Dauer #Daum #Deardorff #Dechant #Deckard #Deckert #Deckman #Dedrick #Deel #Deem #Deemer #Deeter #Defibaugh #Degen #Degenhardt #DeGraffenreid #Dehler #Dehmel #Dehmer #Dehn #Dehner #Deines #Deitz #Dellinger #Delp #Demmer #Demut #Demuth #Dengler #Denk #Denker #Denzer #Depp #Deppen #Derr #Derringer #Desch #Detrich #Dettman #Detweiler #Detwiler #Deutsch #Deutscher #DeVilbiss #DeWald #DeWalt #Dice #Dickerman #Dickert #Diebold #Diederich #Diedrich #Diefenderfer #Dieffenbach #Diehm #Dieing #Diemer #Diener #Dierking #Dierks #Diesel #Diesler #Diestler #Dieter #Dietrick #Diez #Diffenderffer #Dillenbeck #Dillinger #Dillman #Dillow #Dills #Dinger #Dinges #Dingess #Dingle #Dingler #Dingus #Dinkel #Dirks #Dirksen #Discher #Dishman #Disque #Dittberner #Dittman #Dittmar #Dittmer #Dittrich #Ditzler #Dockstader #Dodt #Doering #Doerr #Doescher #Dohl #Dohm #Dohme #Dohrmann #Dolder #Dollinger #Domer #Dominick #Dominique #Dominy #Doner #Donis #Donmoyer #Donner #Dopp #Dorfman #Dorn #Dornacher #Dorner #Dorr #Dorsch #Dorst #Dosch #Dost #Doster #Dot #Draeger #Draheim #Drasche #Dreher #Dreibelbis #Dreiling #Dreschler #Dressel #Dresser #Dressler #Drewes #Drews #Drexler #Drey #Dreyer #Drinkard #Drost #Drueck #Drum #Drumheller #Drummer #Duckert #Duden #Duerr #Dugger #Duhr #Dull #Dummer #Dummermuth #Dunkel #Dunkelberger #Dunker #Dunkle #Dunmire #Dunneback #Dunst #Duppstadt (US only) #Duren #Durkheim #Durr #Durst #Dyess #Eaker #Earhart #Earnest #Earnhardt #Easterday #Easterly #Ebbert #Ebel #Ebeling #Eberhard #Eberhardt #Eberhart #Eberharter #Eberle #Eberly #Ebersole #Ebert #Ebinger #Ebling #Ebner #Eby #Echols #Eck #Eckard #Eckart #Eckel #Eckenrode #Ecker #Eckhardt #Eckhart #Eckhoff #Eckler #Eckman #Edelman #Eden #Eder #Edick #Edinger #Edler #Effinger #Egbert #Eger #Egger #Eggert #Ehleiter #Ehlers #Ehlert #Ehmann #Ehrenberg #Ehret #Ehrhardt #Ehrhart #Ehrhorn #Ehrl #Ehrlich #Ehrman #Eich #Eichelberger #Eicher #Eichhorn #Eichler #Eichner #Eichorn #Eickoff #Eifert #Eigner #Eiland #Eiler #Eilerman #Eilers #Einwaechter #Eis #Eisele #Eisenbarth #Eisenhart #Eisenhauer #Eisenhower #Eisenman #Eisenreich #Eisman #Eisner #Elbert #Ell #Ellenberger #Ellenburg #Ellerman #Ellinger #Elsass #Elser #Elsner #Emch #Emerick #Emert #Emig #Emigh #Emmer #Emmerich #Emmert #Emrich #Emrick #Ender #Enderle #Enders #Endres #Engelbrecht #Engelhardt #Engelke #Engelking #Engelman #Engelmann #Engels #Englehardt #Englehart #Engleman #Engler #Englert #Enoch #Enochs #Ensminger #Enterline #Enzweiler #Eoff #Epling #Epp #Epperly #Epperson #Epping #Eppler #Epting #Erb #Erbe #Erdman #Erdmann #Erhardt #Erhart #Erick #Erion #Erk #Erlang #Erler #Erndt #Ernest #Ernsberger #Erpelding #Erspamer #Erstweiler #Ertel #Ertl #Erxleben #Esch #Eschenbach #Eschenbacher #Eshelman #Eslick #Eslinger #Esper #Esser #Esslinger #Ester #Esterbauer #Etter #Ettinger #Etzel #Euler #Eurich #Eveland #Even #Everhart #Everly #Everman #Eversole #Evert #Ewald #Ewalt #Ewers #Ewert #Exline #Exner #Eyler #Eyman #Faber #Fackler #Factor #Fader #Fager #Fahrenwald #Failing #Falk #Faller #Fankhauser #Fann #Farner #Fasching #Fass #Fassbinder #Fast #Faught #Faulfaber #Fazenbaker #Feaster #Feather #Feder #Fedler #Fehr #Fehrenbach #Feist #Feit #Feiter #Feldt #Felker #Feller #Fellers #Fellman #Fels #Felt #Felten #Felter #Feltman #Feltner #Feltz #Fender #Fendler #Fenner #Fenske #Fenster #Fenstermacher #Fenstermaker #Ferber #Ferdinand #Fersten #Ferster #Fessler #Fetscher #Fett #Fetter #Fetterman #Fetters #Fettig #Fetzer #Feucht #Feuerstein #Fey #Feyman #Fichter #Fick #Fickes #Fiecke #Fiedler #Fike #Filler #Finck #Finkbeiner #Finke #Finkle #Finster #Finzer #Fisch #Fischhof #Fischler #Fiscus #Fishback #Fishburn #Fishel #Fitting #Fix #Fixx #Fizer #Flach #Flagler #Flake #Flamm #Flaugher #Fleck #Fleckenstein #Fleeman #Fleenor #Fleischer #Fleischman #Fleischmann #Fleisher #Fleishman #Flemister #Flesher #Fleshman #Flick #Flickinger #Fliehman #Flock #Flohr #Florian #Flory #Fluker #Flury #Focht #Foermer #Foerster #Fogle #Fogleman #Folk #Folmar #Foltz #Foor #Foos #Forney #Forst #Fortenberry #Fortman #Fortner #Fortney #Foulk #Foust #Fouts #Foutz #Frada #Frady #Frahm #Frailey #Fraley #Fralick #Franck #Franke #Frankfurt #Frankfurter #Frantz #Franz #Franzen #Frase #Frautschi #Freda #Fredrick #Fredricks #Freese #Freeze #Frei #Freitag #Frenzel #Frerichs #Frese #Freshour #Freudenburg #Freudenthal #Freund #Frick #Fricke #Fricks #Fridley #Fried #Friedeck #Friedel #Friedrich #Fries #Friese #Frietsch #Frink #Frisch #Frischkorn #Fritch #Fritsch #Fritsche #Fritts #Fritze #Fritzler #Frix #Froehlich #Froelich #Froman #Fromm #Fromme #Fryman #Fuchs #Fudge #Fuehrer #Fuhr #Fuhrman #Fulk #Fulks #Fullbright #Fullenback #Fullmer #Fults #Fultz #Funck #Funderburg #Funderburk #Funke #Funkhouser #Furman #Furst #Futch #Fye #Gabbard #Gabbert #Gabel #Gabler #Gaertner #Gaier #Gaiser #Galentine #Gallman #Gans #Gant #Gantz #Ganz #Gardenhire #Garff #Garlock #Garman #Garr #Garren #Garst #Garten #Gartman #Gartner #Garver #Gasch #Gaskamp #Gass #Gasser #Gassinger #Gast #Gauer #Gauger #Gaul #Gaulke #Gaumer #Gause #Gauss #Gearhart #Gebhard #Gebhardt #Gebhart #Gehl #Gehlert #Gehr #Gehrig #Gehring #Gehrke #Geib #Geibel #Geier #Geigel #Geil #Geis #Geise #Geisel #Geiser #Geisler #Geiss #Geissler #Geist #Geitz #Gelman #Gengler #Gensler #Genthner #Gentner #Gentz #Gephart #Gerdes #Geren #Gerg #Gerhard #Gerhardt #Gerhart #Gering #Gerke #Gerken #Gerlach #Gerling #Gerlt #Germann #Gerner #Gerst #Gersten #Gerstner #Gerth #Gerz #Gess #Gessel #Gessner #Geswein #Geter #Getman #Gette #Getter #Gettinger #Getz #Geyer #Giel #Giendl #Gies #Giese #Gieseke #Giesen #Gift #Gilsdorf #Gimbel #Ginder #Gingrich #Ginter #Ginther #Gipe #Gish #Gisi #Gittler #Glaber #Glantz #Glanz #Glasser #Glassman #Glatt #Glatz #Gleissner #Gleitsch #Glessner #Glick #Gloss #Glotfelty #Glotz #Gluck #Glueck #Glymph #Gobel #Gober #Gobert #Goble #Gochenour #Goebel #Goehler #Goehring #Goering #Goertz #Goetsch #Goettl #Goettsch #Goetzer #Goetzinger #Goldner #Goldschmidt #Goll #Golla #Golladay #Golliday #Gonser #Goodermote #Goodner #Goodnite #Goodsell #Gorney #Gorz #Gose #Goshorn #Gosser #Gossman #Gott #Gottfried #Gotto #Gottschalk #Graber #Grable #Graeber #Graebner #Graf #Graff #Gragg #Grahm #Gram #Grammer #Grams #Grandstaff #Grass #Grasser #Grau #Gravel #Graver #Graybeal #Graybill #Grebitus #Greenawalt #Greenwald #Greenwalt #Gregor #Greiner #Greiser #Grell #Grenz #Gress #Grider #Gries #Grill #Grindle #Grindstaff #Griner #Groess #Groff #Groh #Groll #Groner #Groover #Grossnickel #Grote #Groth #Grothe #Grounds #Grube #Gruber #Gruhlke #Grund #Grundmann #Gruner #Grunewald #Grunwald #Grussendorf #Gruver #Gschwind #Gstohl #Guderian #Guebert #Guendler #Guenther #Guggemos #Guice #Gulp #Gunder #Gunderman #Gundlach #Gunkel #Gunther #Guntrum #Gurganus #Gurr #Guse #Gusman #Guss #Gust #Guster #Guth #Guthmiller #Gutknecht #Gutshall #Guyer #Haack #Haar #Habe #Haber #Haberkorn #Haberman #Habsburg #Hack #Hackbarth #Hacker #Hackler #Hackman #Haecker #Haefner #Hafer #Haffner #Hafner #Haga #Hagar #Hagedorn #Hagel #Hageman #Hagemann #Hagemeier #Hager #Hagerman #Hagler #Hagy #Hahne #Haider #Haigler #Hain #Hake #Halder #Halderman #Hall #Haller #Hallman #Halper #Halter #Halterman #Haman #Hamann #Hambrick #Hamburg #Hamburger #Hamler #Hamman #Hammel #Hammers #Hammes #Hamper #Hamrick #Handel #Hanel #Hanelt #Haner #Hanger #Hank #Hanke #Hankey #Hanl #Hann #Hanneman #Hanner #Hannibal #Hans #Hansel #Hanselman #Happel #Harbaugh #Hardt #Hargelt #Harger #Haris #Harkey #Harkleroad #Harless #Harnet #Harnish #Harpole #Harpster #Harsh #Harshbarger #Harshman #Hart #Harter #Hartfield #Hartig #Harting #Hartinger #Hartl #Hartle #Hartline #Hartmann #Hartmeyer #Hartpence #Hartranft #Hartsell #Hartsock #Hartsoe #Hartung #Hartwick #Hartwig #Hartz #Hartzell #Hartzler #Haschke #Haskell #Hasler #Hass #Hasse #Hassel #Hassell #Hassinger #Hassler #Hatmaker #Hatt #Haubert #Haubrich #Hauch #Hauck #Hauer #Hauff #Haug #Haugen #Hauger #Haught #Hauk #Haun #Haupt #Hauptman #Hauschildt #Hause #Hauser #Hausermann #Haushalter #Hausman #Hausmann #Haverstock #Hayner #Heavner #Heber #Heberling #Hecht #Heckel #Hecker #Heckler #Heckman #Heer #Heffner #Hefley #Heflin #Hefner #Heft #Hegel #Heger #Hehn #Heid #Heide #Heidel #Heidelberg #Heideman #Heiden #Heidenreich #Heider #Heidler #Heidrick #Heidt #Heier #Heil #Heilig #Heilman #Heim #Heiman #Heimann #Heimbach #Heimlich #Hein #Heine #Heinecke #Heineken #Heineman #Heinemann #Heinen #Heiner #Heinkel #Heinlein #Heinrich #Heins #Heintz #Heintzelman #Heinz #Heinze #Heis #Heise #Heisenberg #Heiser #Heisler #Heiss #Heist #Heit #Heitkamp #Heitman #Heitmann #Heitz #Heitzman #Held #Helder #Heldman #Heldt #Helfrich #Helling #Hellmann #Hellwig #Helman #Helmer #Helmick #Helmuth #Helsel #Helt #Helwig #Helzer #Hemmer #Hemminger #Hempel #Hendershot #Hendler #Henke #Henkel #Henline #Henn #Hennen #Hennig #Henning #Henninger #Hennings #Henrich #Henrichs #Henricks #Henschke #Hensel #Hensle #Hensler #Hentges #Hentz #Henze #Hepler #Hepner #Hepp #Heppner #Herb #Herbst #Herder #Herdt #Hermes #Herold #Herr #Herren #Herrman #Herrmann #Hershberger #Hershman #Hertz #Hertzler #Hertzog #Herzberg #Herzig #Hesse #Hesselbach #Hesselschwardt #Hesser #Hessler #Heth #Hetrick #Hettinger #Hetzel #Hetzler #Heu #Heuer #Heumann #Heuser #Heyden #Heyen #Heyer #Heyman #Hibbler #Hibner #Hiebert #Hieke #Hier #Hiers #Hilbert #Hild #Hildebrand #Hildebrandt #Hildebrant #Hilderbrand #Hileman #Hilger #Hille #Hillen #Hillenbrand #Hilt #Hiltz #Hiltzner #Himmler #Hinderliter #Hiner #Hinerman #Hinkel #Hinnenkamp #Hinrichs #Hintz #Hintze #Hinz #Hinze #Hipp #Hippe #Hipper #Hipple #Hipps #Hirschman #Hirt #Hirth #Hise #Hiser #Hitz #Hively #Hix #Hoch #Hochhalter #Hochstetler #Hochzeit #Hockenberry #Hockensmith #Hocker #Hocking #Hockman #Hodapp #Hoefer #Hoeft #Hoehl #Hoehn #Hoehne #Hoelscher #Hoepffer #Hoeppner #Hoern #Hoerner #Hofer #Hoffer #Hoffmeister #Hofman #Hofmann #Hofmeister #Hofstetter #Hohl #Hohler #Hohman #Hohmann #Hohn #Holderman #Holl #Hollar #Hollenbach #Hollenbeck #Holler #Hollinger #Hollman #Holscher #Holsinger #Holst #Holstein #Holt #Holthaus #Holtkamp #Holtman #Holtz #Holtzclaw #Holtzman #Holtzmann #Holz #Holzer #Holzheimer #Holzinger #Holzman #Holzwarth #Homan #Honaker #Hopfer #Hopp #Horn #Hornback #Hornberger #Horney #Hornich #Horning #Hornung #Horst #Horstman #Hoss #Host #Hostetler #Hostetter #Hott #Hottinger #Hotz #Houk #Houpt #Houseknecht #Housel #Housman #Houtz #Hower #Howser #Hoyer #Hubler #Hubner #Hubsch #Huck #Huckleberry #Huebner #Huelskamp #Huehn #Huffaker #Huffine #Hufford #Huffstetler #Huffstutler #Hufnagel #Hug #Hughart #Hugo #Huhn #Hullinger #Huls #Hummell #Hummer #Hund #Hundt #Hunger #Hunn #Hunsaker #Hunsberger #Hunsicker #Hunsinger #Hunsucker #Hunziker #Hupp #Huse #Huseman #Husman #Huss #Hust #Huth #Hutsell #Hutt #Hutter #Hutto #Hutzler #Hyder #Hymes #Hypes #Hysell #Ice #Ickes #Ihle #Imboden #Imel #Imelmann #Imhoff #Imler #Immel #Inabinet #Inge #Irick #Irion #Isenhour #Iser #Ishee #Isler #Jaeckel #Jaeger #Jager #Jahn #Jahnke #Jahns #Jakob #Janke #Jantz #Jantzen #Janzen #Jehle #Jenny #Jent #Jentzsch #Jeschke #Jeske #Jess #Jesse #Jessee #Jessen #Jesser #Jessie #Jester #Joas #Job #Jock #Johannes #Jolck #Jonas #Joshua #Jost #Judah #Judy #Juergens #Juliar #Jumper #Jung #Junge #Junghanns #Junk #Junker #Jurgens #Just #Kaelin #Kaesbeck #Kaestner #Kahl #Kahle #Kahler #Kalb #Kale #Kaler #Kallenbach #Kamerer #Kamin #Kamm #Kammer #Kammerer #Kamp #Kampa #Kampen #Kampf #Kamps #Kanagy #Kanner #Kanode #Kanter #Kantner #Kapp #Kappel #Kappler #Karbacher #Karcher #Karg #Karl #Karle #Karls #Karn #Karner #Karns #Karst #Karsten #Kasch #Kasdorf #Kasel #Kash #Kaspar #Kasper #Kass #Kast #Kasten #Kaster #Kastner #Kates #Katzer #Kaul #Kautz #Kaylor #Kayser #Keck #Keebler #Keefer #Keehn #Keehner #Keener #Keeperman #Keesee #Keeter #Kefauver #Keffer #Kegler #Kehl #Kehr #Keifer #Keil #Keim #Keiper #Keiser #Keisler #Keitel #Keitt #Kelch #Kell #Kellar #Kellerman #Kelling #Kellner #Kelm #Kelsch #Keltner #Kemmer #Kemmerer #Kempel #Kemper #Kempf #Kendig #Kennell #Kennemer #Kenner #Kensinger #Kenter #Kephart #Kepler #Kepner #Keppel #Keppler #Kerber #Kerbs #Kerl #Kerley #Kerner #Kershner #Kersten #Kerstetter #Kesner #Kessel #Kessig #Kessinger #Kestelmann #Kestner #Ketner #Ketter #Ketterer #Ketterman #Kettler #Kettner #Keyser #Khuen #Kibber #Kiefer #Kieffer #Kiel #Kies #Kiesel #Kiesl #Kiesling #Kifer #Kiger #Kiker #Kile #Kilian #Kill #Killinger #Kilmer #Kimberling #Kime #Kimes #Kimler #Kimmel #Kimmell #Kimpel #Kindel #Kindig #Kingery #Kinkel #Kinne #Kinser #Kinsler #Kintzel #Kinzel #Kinzer #Kipp #Kirch #Kircher #Kirchner #Kirchoff #Kirn #Kirsch #Kirst #Kirts #Kisner #Kissee #Kissel #Kisselbrack #Kissell #Kissinger #Kissner #Kist #Kistler #Kistner #Kittel #Kitterman #Kittinger #Kitzmiller #Kizer #Klaeber #Klah #Klahn #Klahr #Klammer #Klaphake #Klapp #Klapper #Klar #Klass #Klassen #Klatt #Klaus #Klawitter #Kleber #Kleckner #Klee #Kleeman #Kleiber #Kleiman #Kleiner #Kleinert #Kleinknecht #Kleinman #Kleinschmidt #Kleis #Kleist #Klem #Klemm #Klemp #Klepper #Klick #Kliebert #Kliegel #Klimburg #Klimmer #Klinck #Kling #Klingbeil #Klingensmith #Klinger #Klingler #Klingman #Klink #Klitsch #Klock #Kloettschen #Klohse #Klopfer #Klopp #Klos #Kloss #Kloster #Klosterman #Klostermann #Klotz #Kluender #Kluesner #Klug #Kluge #Klumpp #Kluth #Knaack #Knabe #Knapp #Knappenberger #Knaub #Knauer #Knauf #Knaus #Knauss #Knebel #Knecht #Knees #Knepp #Knepper #Knick #Knickrehm #Knipp #Knippschild #Knisely #Knisley #Knittle #Knobel #Knobloch #Knock #Knoll #Knop #Knopf #Knopp #Knorr #Knouse #Knupp #Knuth #Kobel #Kober #Kocher #Koehl #Koehn #Koeller #Koening #Koenitzer #Koepke #Koepp #Koerber #Koerner #Koester #Koger #Kohl #Kohlmeier #Kohls #Kohr #Kolander #Kolb #Kolbe #Kolf #Kollen #Koller #Kollman #Kolman #Konen #Koning #Konitzer #Konkel #Konrad #Koob #Koon #Koonce #Koontz #Koop #Kopf #Kopp #Koppen #Korb #Korman #Korn #Kornreich #Kort #Korte #Korth #Koss #Kost #Kostner #Kott #Kotter #Kotzbauer #Kowarsch #Kraatz #Krabbe #Krach #Kraeger #Kraetsch #Krafft #Krahn #Kraker #Krall #Kram #Kramp #Krankheit #Krantz #Kranz #Krapfen #Krasner #Kratz #Kratzer #Kraus #Kraushaar #Krauss #Krautheimer #Krautwurst #Krebs #Krebsbach #Krech #Kreft #Kreger #Krehbiel #Kreider #Kreiger #Kreisel #Kreitzer #Kreke #Krell #Kremer #Krenz #Kreps #Kresge #Kress #Kretschmer #Kreuger #Kreusch #Kreutzer #Kreuzer #Krick #Kriebel #Krieg #Krieger #Krier #Krill #Kriner #Kring #Kriss #Krist #Kroeger #Kroeker #Kroger #Krogman #Kroh #Krohn #Kromer #Kron #Krone #Kroner #Kropf #Kropp #Krouse #Krout #Krug #Kruger #Krull #Krum #Krumm #Krupp #Kube #Kuder #Kuebler #Kuehl #Kuehn #Kuehner #Kuester #Kugler #Kuhl #Kuhlenschmidt #Kuhlman #Kuhlmann #Kuhlmeier #Kuhnert #Kuhns #Kull #Kullman #Kulp #Kumbernuss #Kumm #Kummer #Kump #Kunde #Kunkel #Kunkle #Kunst #Kuntz #Kunz #Kunze #Kupkat #Kurland #Kurt #Kurth #Kurz #Kush #Kuss #Kuster #Kutcher #Kutz #Kyler #Kyser #Kyzer #Laatsch #Lach #Lacher #Lachermeier #Lackner #Ladwig #Lage #Lager #Lagner #Lahman #Lahr #Lail #Lair #Lambeck #Lambrecht #Lamm #Lamp #Lampe #Lamper #Lampert #Lampman #Landes #Landgraf #Landis #Landler #Landwehr #Landwehrmann #Lange #Langen #Langenfeld #Langenscheidt #Langerhausen #Langner #Lank #Lantz #Lanz #Lapp #Lasch #Lascher #Lash #Lasher #Lass #Lassen #Latshaw #Laub #Laubach #Lauber #Lauer #Laufer #Lauffer #Launer #Laus #Lautenschlager #Lauter #Lauterbach #Lauterback #Lawyer #Lazarus #Leatherman #Leathers #Lechner #Lederer #Lederman #Leedy #Leeman #Leff #Leffel #Leffler #Lefler #Legler #Lehmann #Lehmkuhl #Lehn #Lehnen #Lehner #Lehr #Lehrer #Leib #Leibenfrost #Leicht #Leider #Leiker #Leininger #Leis #Leiser #Leist #Leister #Leisure #Leiter #Leitner #Leitz #Lemke #Lemley #Lemmer #Lenhardt #Lenhart #Lenk #Lenz #Leonhardt #Leopold #Lepelmeier #Leppert #Lerch #Lerman #Lesch #Leser #Lesh #Lesher #Lessing #Lessman #Lett #Leu #Levering #Ley #Leyendecker #Libengood #Licht #Lickliter #Lieb #Lieber #Liedl #Liedtke #Liefer #Lietz #Lightner #Lightsey #Liller #Limbaugh #Linck #Lindamood #Lindauer #Linde #Lindeman #Lindemann #Linden #Lindenberg #Linderman #Lindner #Lindow #Linebarger #Lineberger #Lineberry #Lineman #Ling #Linge #Lingeman #Lingenfelter #Linger #Lingerfelt #Lingle #Lininger #Linke #Linkhart #Linkous #Linneman #Linster #Lint #Lintz #Lipe #Lipp #Lippert #Lippman #Lippold #Lipps #List #Lister #Litz #Livengood #Loar #Lobner #Locher #Lochner #Loden #Loder #Loeb #Loeffelman #Loeffler #Loehr #Loehrer #Loesch #Loeschner #Loeser #Loewen #Lohman #Lohmann #Lohmer #Lohmeyer #Lohner #Lohr #Lohrke #Lohse #Loman #Longenecker #Longmire #Longnecker #Loos #Loose #Loper #Lopp #Lopper #Lorentz #Lorenz #Lorenzen #Lotz #Loudermilk #Loughman #Loy #Lucht #Lucian #Lucius #Lucke #Ludecker #Ludwick #Luebbert #Luebke #Lueck #Lueckenbach #Luedtke #Lueschen #Luetkemeyer #Luft #Luginbuhl #Luhr #Lukas #Luken #Lung #Lust #Luster #Lutes #Luth #Luthy #Lux #Luz #Lybarger #Lyda #Lyday #Lydick #Maag #Mach #Machen #Macke #Mader #Madler #Maehl #Mager #Magers #Mahl #Mahle #Mahler #Mahn #Mahnke #Mahr #Maier #Maisch #Maize #Majerus #Malchow #Maner #Mangels #Manger #Manges #Mangold #Mangus #Manhart #Manke #Manske #Manthe #Manthey #Mantz #Manz #Manzenberger #Marburger #Markel #Markell #Marker #Markert #Markle #Markus #Marquardt #Marquart #Marte #Marten #Marti #Marty #Martz #Maser #Mask #Maske #Mass #Mast #Mater #Mathena #Matherne #Matte #Matter #Mattern #Mattes #Matteson #Matthes #Matthias #Matthies #Mattice #Mattis #Matz #Matzen #Matzenkopf #Matzke #Mau #Mauch #Mauck #Mauk #Maul #Maus #Mauser #Maust #Mautz #Max #Mayers #Mayr #McInturff #Mechling #Meckendorffer #Medel #Meece #Mefford #Mehl #Mehring #Meidinger #Meiers #Meihoffer #Meinecke #Meiners #Meinhardt #Meininger #Meinzer #Meis #Meise #Meisel #Meiser #Meisl #Meisner #Meiss #Meissner #Meister #Mekus #Melcher #Melchior #Melchor #Mellinger #Menaker #Mendel #Mengel #Menges #Menke #Mensch #Mentzer #Menz #Menzel #Merck #Merkel #Merkle #Mertens #Mertes #Mertz #Merz #Messenger #Messerschmidt #Messersmith #Messinger #Messmer #Messner #Metelman #Metterling #Mettler #Metts #Metzinger #Metzler #Meuderscheid #Meurer #Meuser #Meyerhoff #Meyerson #Michaelis #Michels #Mick #Mickel #Middendorf #Mielke #Mier #Miers #Miesner #Mikel #Mikels #Mikesell #Milbrandt #Milens #Millhouse #Milliron #Miltenberger #Minder #Mingus #Minich #Minick #Minier #Minix #Mink #Minks #Minner #Minnich #Minnick #Mintz #Misch #Mishler #Misner #Mittelberg #Mitts #Mitzel #Mize #Mizell #Mizelle #Moeller #Moesch #Mohl #Mohler #Mohn #Moldenhauer #Moler #Molitor #Moll #Molter #Monn #Montag #Montz #Moorer #Moorlach #Moos #Moose #Morelock #Moretz #Morgendorffer #Moritz #Morlock #Morman #Morning #Morningstar #Mosser #Most #Mosteller #Motsinger #Motter #Motz #Moulder #Mounts #Mouser #Movee #Mower #Moyer #Muench #Muff #Muhlbach #Mulch #Mullet #Mumaw #Mumm #Mumma #Mumme #Mummert #Mumpower #Munce #Munc #Mund #Mundt #Munk #Munsch #Munsell #Munster #Munsterman #Muntz #Munz #Murff #Murr #Musselman #Musser #Mutchler #Muth #Mutter #Myer #Naab #Naber #Nabors #Nace #Nadler #Naegel #Naegeli #Naff #Nagel #Nagle #Nail #Nalbach #Nance #Nantz #Narr #Nass #Nast #Nau #Naugle #Nauman #Naumann #Nebeker #Nebel #Nedel #Neese #Neher #Nehls #Nehring #Neidert #Neidig #Neihoff #Neiman #Nell #Nemetz #Nemitz #Nesler #Nesselman #Nester #Nestroy #Neth #Netter #Netzer #Neu #Neubauer #Neubert #Neuendorf #Neufeld #Neuhaus #Neuman #Neumann #Neumeister #Neuner #Neuss #Newhouse #Ney #Nice #Nicely #Nick #Nickel #Nicklas #Nicolai #Nicolay #Nida #Niebergall #Niebuhr #Niederhauser #Niehaus #Niehoff #Nieman #Niemeyer #Nies #Niles #Nilges #Nilles #Nims #Nimtz #Nissen #Niswander #Nitz #Nitzgen #Noack #Noah #Noell #Noffsinger #Nold #Nolte #Nolting #Norden #Noss #Nothdurft #Null #Nusbaum #Nuss #Nussbaum #Ober #Oberacker #Oberhofner #Oberlander #Oberle #Oberlechner #Oberlin #Oberman #Obermiller #Obrecht #Obst #Ochs #Oeggl #Oehler #Oehmke #Oehrlein #Oelschlaeger #Oertle #Oesterling #Oestreich #Ohl #Ohlenbusch #Ohler #Ohlinger #Ohlmacher #Oldenburg #Olinger #Oller #Oltman #Oltscher #Oman #Opitz #Opp #Oppenheimer #Opperman #Oren #Orndorff #Ort #Orth #Ortman #Ortner #Ostendorf #Oster #Oswalt #Otte #Otten #Otter #Ottinger #Ottman #Ouzts #Overfelt #Overholt #Overly #Overman #Overturf #Oyer #Pabst #Paff #Pagel #Pahl #Pahnke #Palen #Pallas #Palm #Pancake #Pang #Pankey #Pankratz #Panzer #Papenduff #Papke #Papp #Parmer #Paschal #Paschall #Paschke #Patt #Patzwahl #Pauli #Pauls #Paulus #Pauly #Pautz #Peckner #Peeler #Peiffer #Peil #Pelkey #Peller #Peltz #Pelzer #Pence #Penner #Peppers #Pergande #Perls #Persinger #Peter #Peterman #Petermann #Peters #Petri #Petry #Petz #Pfaff #Pfaller #Pfalzgraf #Pfannenstiel #Pfarr #Pfau #Pfeffer #Pfeiffauf #Pfeiffer #Pfeil #Pfeiler #Pfister #Pflug #Pflum #Pfund #Phifer #Philhower #Philipps #Pick #Pickel #Pickell #Pickl #Pickle #Pickles #Picklesimer #Piel #Pieper #Pier #Pietsch #Pifer #Pilger #Piller #Pilsner #Pinegar #Pinter #Pirkle #Pirtle #Pitner #Pitzen #Pitzer #Planck #Plank #Plaster #Plath #Plattner #Platz #Platzer #Pless #Ploss #Plotner #Plott #Plunk #Plyler #Poeppelman #Poetzsch #Poff #Poffenberger #Pohl #Pohlman #Pohlmann #Pollan #Pollman #Polster #Polzin #Pomerantz #Pontius #Poorman #Popp #Poppe #Poppmeier #Porath #Port #Portman #Posch #Poss #Postel #Postell #Postinger #Pottorff #Powley #Prager #Prahl #Prall #Prange #Preas #Prehn #Preiss #Preissler #Prellwitz #Preslar #Presler #Presser #Pressler #Preuss #Preussler #Priebe #Pries #Priester #Prill #Primus #Printz #Prinz #Prinzhorn #Probst #Prochnow #Profanter #Propp #Propst #Prost #Puff #Puhl #Puhlmann #Pullman #Puls #Pulver #Pung #Purg #Purkey #Puth #Putz #Putzier #Pylant #Pyron #Quaas #Quade #Quandt #Quant #Quast #Quattlebaum #Quenzer #Quesenberry #Quinl #Quint #Quisenberry #Raab #Raabe #Raasch #Rabe #Raber #Racker #Radabaugh #Radel #Rademacher #Radke #Radtke #Raff #Rager #Rahe #Rahm #Rahn #Railsback #Rainbolt #Rainer #Rall #Ramer #Ramm #Ramsburg #Ranck #Rand #Ranft #Range #Rantzen #Rapp #Rappold #Rasch #Raschke #Raske #Rasner #Rasnick #Rasor #Rasp #Rast #Rath #Rather #Ratzlaff #Raub #Rauch #Rauh #Rauk #Rausch #Rauscher #Rauschkolb #Raymer #Reagle #Ream #Reamer #Reber #Rech #Reck #Recker #Redeker #Redenius #Reding #Redinger #Redwine #Reeh #Reeser #Regel #Reger #Regina #Regner #Rehberg #Rehder #Rehkop #Rehm #Rehman #Reiber #Reich #Reichard #Reichel #Reichenbach #Reicher #Reichert #Reichling #Reichman #Reider #Reif #Reiff #Reimann #Reimer #Reimers #Rein #Reinbold #Reineck #Reinecke #Reineke #Reiner #Reinert #Reinhard #Reinhardt #Reinhart #Reinhold #Reinke #Reinsch #Reisenauer #Reiser #Reising #Reisinger #Reisner #Reiss #Reiter #Reithoffer #Reitz #Relyea #Remaley #Remer #Remick #Remmel #Remmers #Rempe #Remsen #Remus #Rener #Renick #Renken #Renn #Renner #Rennich #Renninger #Rentschler #Rentz #Rentzer #Renz #Repass #Repp #Reppert #Resch #Reser #Resh #Resler #Ress #Ressler #Rethman #Retter #Rettig #Retzlaff #Reuschel #Reuss #Reuter #Rex #Rexroad #Reyer #Reymann #Rheem #Rhein #Rhem #Rhine #Rhinehart #Rhode #Rhudy #Rhyne #Rhynes #Ribble #Richburg #Richert #Rick #Rickel #Rickert #Ricketson #Ricklefs #Ridder #Ridenhour #Ridenour #Ridinger #Riebe #Rieck #Ried #Riedel #Rieder #Riedl #Riedman #Rieff #Riegel #Rieger #Riehl #Riehle #Riehlman #Rieke #Riel #Riemer #Ries #Riese #Rieser #Riess #Rieth #Riffel #Riffle #Riggle #Riggleman #Rikard #Riker #Rindfleisch #Rine #Rinehart #Ringer #Ringler #Riniker #Rink #Rinker #Rippel #Ripper #Ripple #Risch #Riser #Rish #Risher #Rising #Risinger #Risner #Risser #Ristau #Ritch #Ritenour #Ritsch #Ritterhouse #Ritz #Ritzer #Ritzman #Rivenbark #Rizer #Rocker #Rode #Roden #Roder #Roebling #Roeder #Roehl #Roehling #Roehm #Roemer #Roepke #Roesch #Roeser #Roesler #Roesner #Roessler #Rogge #Rohde #Rohe #Rohlander #Rohn #Rohr #Rohrbach #Rohrbaugh #Rohrer #Rolf #Rolfes #Roling #Roll #Rolling #Romer #Romig #Romine #Rominger #Rommel #Rond #Ronk #Roof #Roop #Roos #Roose #Ropp #Rosch #Roseman #Rosenbalm #Rosenow #Roser #Rosmarin #Rosner #Rossman #Rossow #Rost #Roster #Roten #Rothe #Rother #Rothermel #Rothrock #Rottenberger #Rotter #Rottman #Rotz #Roudebush #Roush #Rubel #Ruble #Ruch #Ruchti #Ruckman #Rude #Ruder #Rudiger #Rudisill #Rudnick #Rudolf #Rudy #Rueb #Ruegg #Rueter #Ruf #Ruffner #Ruh #Ruhl #Ruhland #Ruhmann #Rule #Rumbaugh #Rumfelt #Ruml #Rummel #Rumpelmeier #Rumph #Runge #Runk #Runkle #Runner #Rupe #Rupel #Ruppe #Ruppert #Rusch #Rust #Rutsch #Rutz #Saam #Saar #Saas #Saathoff #Sacher #Sack #Sackel #Sadler #Saeger #Saenger #Sagers #Sahr #Saltsman #Saltz #Saltzman #Salzer #Salzgeber #Salzman #Salzwedel #Sam #Sammer #Samsel #Sand #Sander #Sandman #Saner #Sanger #Sanner #Sass #Sasse #Sasser #Sassmanshausen #Satter #Sattler #Sauer #Sauers #Saul #Saum #Saur #Sauter #Sautter #Sax #Saxer #Sayler #Schaaf #Schaal #Schaar #Schaber #Schacher #Schacht #Schachte #Schachter #Schade #Schaenen #Schaff #Schaffhauser #Schaffner #Schaible #Schalk #Schall #Schaller #Schaner #Schank #Schanno #Schant #Schantz #Schanz #Schanzenbach #Schaper #Scharf #Scharff #Scharnhorst #Schatz #Schaub #Schauer #Scheck #Scheel #Scheele #Scheer #Scheerer #Scheetz #Scheffel #Scheffer #Scheffler #Scheiber #Scheid #Scheidegger #Scheider #Scheidler #Scheidt #Scheller #Schelling #Schemerhorn #Schempp #Schenck #Schendel #Schenk #Schepers #Scher #Scherbarth #Scherer #Scherf #Scherr #Scherrer #Schertz #Schett #Scheu #Scheuerman #Scheuplein #Scheve #Schewe #Schick #Schieber #Schiefelbein #Schiel #Schiele #Schier #Schiff #Schiffer #Schild #Schildgen #Schildknecht #Schilke #Schill #Schiller #Schilling #Schillinger #Schima #Schimank #Schimke #Schimmel #Schimpf #Schindler #Schipper #Schirmer #Schisler #Schissler #Schist #Schister #Schlabach #Schlaefli #Schlager #Schlanger #Schlater #Schlecht #Schlegel #Schleich #Schleicher #Schleifer #Schlemmer #Schlenker #Schleusner #Schley #Schlicher #Schlichthornlein #Schlichting #Schlieffen #Schlitter #Schlome #Schloss #Schlosser #Schlotterbeck #Schlueter #Schlup #Schluter #Schmaltz #Schmalz #Schmalzreid #Schmeling #Schmeltzer #Schmelzer #Schmid #Schmidlin #Schmidtmeyer #Schmieder #Schmit #Schmoll #Schmuck #Schmucker #Schnabel #Schneck #Schnee #Schneeweiss #Schneiderman #Schnell #Schneller #Schnepf #Schnerb #Schnicke #Schnieders #Schnitzer #Schnur #Schnurr #Schober #Schobernd #Schoch #Schock #Schoen #Schoenberger #Schoenborn #Schoenmaker #Schoenrock #Schoepp #Schoesser #Schoettlekotte #Schoff #Scholkopf #Scholl #Scholz #Schopp #Schor #Schorn #Schorr #Schorsch #Schott #Schrack #Schrader #Schraeder #Schram #Schramm #Schrank #Schrantz #Schranz #Schraub #Schrauger #Schrecengost #Schreck #Schreckengost #Schreffler #Schreier #Schreiner #Schriter #Schriver #Schrock #Schroder #Schroer #Scroeter #Schroff #Schrom #Schroth #Schroyer #Schrum #Schrumpf #Schrupp #Schubert #Schuch #Schuck #Schueler #Schuelke #Schueller #Schuerenkraemer #Schuessler #Schuett #Schuette #Schuetz #Schug #Schuh #Schulberg #Schuldt #Schuler #Schulhausen #Schull #Schuller #Schulte #Schultheis #Schulze #Schumaker #Schuman #Schumann #Schumer #Schunk #Schupp #Schurman #Schurr #Schurz #Schutt #Schutte #Schutter #Schutz #Schwaab #Schwab #Schwabe #Schwaderlapp #Schwager #Schwalm #Schwan #Schwandt #Schwanenberg #Schwanke #Schwartzkopf #Schweiger #Schweigert #Schweigler #Schwein #Schweitzer #Schweizer #Schwenk #Schwenzer #Schwerdt #Schwerin #Schwichtenberg #Schwindt #Schwing #Schwisser #Schwitzer #Seabolt #Seagle #Searfoss #Sease #Secrest #Sechrist #Secrist #Seeber #Seefeldt #Seeger #Seel #Seelig #Seeman #Seese #Segrest #Seibel #Seiber #Seibert #Seiberth #Seibold #Seidel #Seidell #Seiden #Seidensticker #Seidl #Seifert #Seigler #Seiler #Seim #Seipel #Seist #Seiter #Seitz #Selders #Selig #Selke #Sell #Sellman #Sellner #Seltzer #Selz #Selzer #Senger #Senn #Senner #Sester #Setser #Setzer #Seuss #Severs #Severt #Sewer #Seybert #Seyler #Shadle #Shaefer #Shaeffer #Shain #Shanahorn #Shaner #Shankle #Shatzer #Sheaffer #Sheetz #Sheffer #Shellenbarger #Shellenberger #Shellhammer #Shelor #Shenk #Sherer #Shetler #Shew #Shick #Shiffer #Shilling #Shilt #Shiner #Shipe #Shirk #Shisler #Shively #Shoaf #Shock #Shockey #Shoffner #Shofner #Shoop #Shope #Showalter #Shows #Shrader #Shreffler #Shriver #Shrout #Shroyer #Shrum #Shubert #Shuck #Shull #Shults #Shumaker #Shuman #Shumpert #Shunk #Shupe #Shuster #Shy #Sick #Sickler #Sickles #Sidelinger #Sieben #Siebenbuerger #Sieber #Siebert #Sieck #Siefert #Sieg #Siegelman #Siegfried #Siegle #Siegrist #Siemantel #Siemens #Siemers #Siems #Sievers #Sievert #Siewert #Sifford #Sigel #Sigg #Sigler #Sigman #Sigmon #Sigmund #Silber #Siler #Siller #Silvernail #Silvers #Silvis #Simmank #Simmers #Simmig #Sine #Sing #Singley #Sink #Sinn #Sinner #Sipe #Sipes #Sippel #Sipple #Sistrunk #Sites #Sittler #Sitz #Sitzes #Sitzman #Six #Sizelove #Slagle #Slaugh #Slemp #Slick #Sliger #Sluder #Slusher #Sluss #Slusser #Smelser #Smeltzer #Smidt #Snapp #Snavely #Sober #Sohn #Soliday #Soller #Solt #Sommerfeld #Sommerfield #Sonnenberg #Sonntag #Sons #Sontag #Sorber #Sorg #Sorge #Souder #Souders #Sours #Spady #Spaeth #Spahn #Spahr #Spath #Spatz #Specht #Speck #Speegle #Speicher #Speidel #Speier #Spellman #Spengler #Sperber #Sperl #Sperling #Speth #Spicher #Spieken #Spier #Spiers #Spies #Spiess #Spindler #Spinner #Spitler #Spittler #Spitz #Spitzer #Spohn #Sponaugle #Sponsler #Spoon #Spradlin #Sprau #Sprecher #Sprenger #Spring #Sprinkle #Sprouse #Staab #Stabler #Stadelman #Stadler #Stadt #Staehler #Stager #Stagner #Stahlecker #Stahlman #Stahly #Stahr #Stalder #Stall #Staller #Stalling #Stallman #Stalnaker #Stalter #Stambach #Stambaugh #Stamey #Stamm #Stammel #Stamp #Stampley #Stanback #Standifer #Stang #Stange #Stanger #Stangl #Stansell #Starcher #Starck #Starke #Statler #Staub #Staubel #Stauber #Staudt #Stauffer #Steck #Stecker #Stecklein #Stedman #Steelman #Steely #Steeves #Steffan #Steffenhagen #Steffens #Steffes #Steffey #Steger #Stegman #Stegner #Stehle #Steib #Steidl #Steidle #Steiger #Steigerwald #Steil #Steimle #Steinbach #Steinbeck #Steinfeldt #Steinhauer #Steinhauser #Steinhoff #Steinke #Steinman #Steinmetz #Steitz #Steller #Stelling #Stelly #Stelter #Stelzer #Stem #Stemen #Stemer #Stemm #Stemple #Stender #Stengel #Stenger #Stephan #Steppe #Stergar #Sterner #Stetler #Stetzenbach #Steuer #Stever #Steves #Stice #Stich #Stickel #Stickl #Stickler #Stickley #Stiefel #Stieff #Stier #Stiffler #Stiller #Stiltner #Stine #Stiner #Stines #Stinger #Stitely #Stites #Stober #Stocker #Stockhausen #Stockman #Stoehr #Stoff #Stoffel #Stogner #Stoll #Stolle #Stoller #Stolp #Stolte #Stoltenberg #Stoltz #Stolz #Stonebraker #Stoneburner #Stonecipher #Stoneking #Storcher #Storck #Stork #Storm #Stormer #Storms #Storp #Stotler #Stotts #Stoudemire #Stoudt #Stouffer #Stough #Strack #Strader #Strahl #Strasser #Stratman #Straub #Straube #Strauch #Straus #Strausbaugh #Strauser #Strauss #Strawser #Strayer #Strazzer #Strecker #Streicher #Streiff #Streit #Stricker #Strickler #Striegel #Stritter #Strobel #Strobl #Strock #Strode #Stroh #Strohl #Strohm #Strohmeyer #Stroman #Stroup #Stroupe #Strouse #Strozier #Strub #Struble #Struck #Strum #Strunk #Strunz #Stuber #Stuck #Stucken #Stuckenschmidt #Stucker #Stucky #Student #Studer #Stuhmiller #Stuhr #Stull #Stults #Stultz #Stump #Stumpf #Stumpff #Stumph #Sturtz #Stutler #Stutz #Stutzman #Stuve #Suber #Suckow #Suhr #Suiter #Sulzer #Summer #Summey #Sunday #Sunderman #Super #Surber #Surface #Sussman #Swanger #Swank #Sweitzer #Swigart #Swiger #Swigert #Swin #Swindler #Swinehart #Swing #Swingle #Swink #Swint #Swisher #Swisser #Swope #Sydow #Synder #Syring #Szeyller #Taetzsch #Tallman #Tammen #Tank #Tannenbaum #Tappan #Tappen #Tarter #Taub #Taube #Tauber #Taubman #Tauler #Tauscher #Tausend #Tedrick #Teegarden #Teeple #Teeter #Teeters #Teets #Teischer #Tellenbach #Temme #Templin #Tenner #Tepper #Ternes #Terwilliger #Tesch #Teschler #Teske #Tessendorf #Teter #Tetzlaff #Textor #Thaler #Theel #Theile #Theis #Theisen #Theiss #Thelen #Theobald #Theus #Thiede #Thiel #Thiele #Thielsen #Thiem #Thieme #Thies #Thiese #Thiessen #Thigpen #Thill #Thode #Thole #Thoma #Thoman #Thome #Thoms #Thran #Threatt #Tice #Tiedeman #Tiedemann #Tiefenbacher #Tiel #Tieman #Tiemann #Tietje #Tietjen #Tiger #Tilghman #Till #Timm #Timmerman #Timms #Tippen #Tischner #Titz #Tober #Tobler #Todt #Toews #Toller #Tolzmann #Toman #Toneman #Tonn #Toothacher #Topp #Topper #Toth #Traenkner #Trammell #Traub #Traube #Trauner #Trausch #Trautman #Traxler #Treiber #Treml #Tremper #Tressler #Treuherz #Trexler #Trice #Triche #Trick #Trinkle #Trisler #Tritt #Troll #Trollinger #Troske #Trost #Troutt #Troxell #Troxler #Trueheart #Trumbauer #Trutzschler #Tschanz #Tschetter #Tschid #Tschofen #Tschorn #Tuller #Tullius #Turnbow #Turnipseed #Tusing #Tussey #Tuttwitz #Uber #Uecker #Uhl #Uhlenbruck #Uhlenhopp #Uhler #Uhlig #Uhlirz #Uhlman #Uhrhammer #Uhrich #Uhrig #Ulbrich #Ullery #Ullrich #Ulm #Ulman #Ulmer #Ulsh #Umberger #Umland #Umstead #Underkofler #Unnasch #Unrein #Unruh #Unterzuber #Unz #Urdman #Urich #Urick #Utecht #Utt #Utterback #Utz #Vahle #Varner #Vasbinder #Vater #Vath #Vatter #Vaught #Vawter #Veber #Veit #Veith #Venn #Venne #Verst #Vess #Vest #Vester #Vetter #Vice #Viechtbauer #Vierling #Vieth #Vineyard #Vinyard #Virgil #Voegele #Voelker #Vogelpohl #Vogelsang #Voges #Vogl #Vogler #Vogus #Voight #Voigt #Volk #Volker #Volkert #Volkman #Voll #Vollmer #Volz #von Appen #von Bismarck #von Blumencron #von Borch #Vonderheide #Von der Ruhren #von Dohlen #von Ehrhorn #von Hindenburg #von Lehr #von Ruden #von Saldern #von Seggern #von Seydlitz #von Weizsacker #von Weymarn #Vorburger #Vorpahl #Voss #Vossler #Voth #Wachtel #Wachter #Wachtsmuth #Wacker #Waechter #Wagaman #Wagar #Wager #Waggener #Wahlen #Waid #Walch #Walck #Waldeck #Waldman #Waldner #Waldorf #Waldschmidt #Walk #Wallach #Wallick #Wallner #Walrath #Walser #Walt #Walter #Walther #Waltman #Waltz #Walz #Wampler #Wander #Wangel #Wangler #Wank #Wankum #Wann #Wanner #Warfel #Warkentin #Warlich #Warm #Warnick #Warnke #Wasinger #Wassel #Wasser #Wattenbarger #Wax #Waybright #Waycaster #Wayman #Waymire #Weatherholt #Weatherwax #Weaver #Wechsler #Wecker #Wedding #Wedeking #Wedel #Weed #Weedman #Weesner #Wegener #Wegl #Wegman #Wehmeyer #Wehner #Wehr #Wehring #Wehrle #Weibel #Weide #Weideman #Weidler #Weidman #Weidner #Weigand #Weigel #Weigle #Weikel #Weil #Weiland #Weiler #Weimer #Weingartner #Weinheimer #Weinmann #Weinreb #Weinschrott #Weinstock #Weintraub #Weis #Weise #Weisel #Weiser #Weisgerber #Weisgraber #Weishaar #Weisinger #Weiskopf #Weisman #Weisner #Weisser #Weisman #Weissinger #Weist #Weisz #Weitz #Weitzel #Welk #Welke #Welker #Well #Weller #Welling #Welsch #Welte #Welter #Welty #Wenck #Wendel #Wendell #Wendland #Wendler #Wendling #Wendt #Wenger #Wenner #Wentz #Wentzel #Wentzer #Wenz #Wenzel #Wenzl #Werdman #Wert #Werth #Werts #Wertz #Wesner #Wess #Wessel #Wessels #Westendorf #Wester #Westerman #Westfall #Westhoff #Westmeyer #Westphal #Westrick #Wetter #Wetzler #Wexler #Weyand #Weyandt #Weyant #Weyer #Whetstone #Whetzel #Whipkey #Whisenant #Whisenhunt #Whisler #Whisnant #Whitehair #Whitener #Whitesell #Whitner #Whittenburg #Wible #Wickline #Wickman #Wideman #Widener #Widman #Widmer #Widner #Wiebe #Wiechmann #Wiedeman #Wiedemann #Wieder #Wiegand #Wieland #Wiemer #Wien #Wiener #Wiens #Wiers #Wiese #Wiesen #Wiesner #Wiest #Wigger #Wilderman #Wildermuth #Wilfong #Wilhite #Wilhoit #Wilhoite #Wilken #Wilker #Will #Willer #Willhite #Willibrand #Willman #Willms #Willner #Wilmes #Wilner #Wilt #Wiltz #Wimer #Wimmer #Wine #Winebrenner #Winegar #Winer #Wingard #Winger #Wingert #Wingerter #Wingler #Wininger #Wink #Winkel #Winkelhock #Winkelman #Winkleman #Winland #Winterhalter #Wiplinger #Wireman #Wirt #Wirth #Wirtz #Wischner #Wiser #Wisner #Wissing #Witman #Witmer #Witmeyer #Witt #Wittenberg #Witter #Witters #Wittig #Wittman #Wittmer #Wittrock #Witzel #Woebcken #Woerner #Woetzel #Wohl #Wohlers #Wohlgemut #Wohlgemuth #Wohlrab #Wohlwendi #Wolbert #Wolfenbarger #Wolfer #Wolfgang #Wolfgram #Wolfgramm (popular in Tonga) #Wolfinger #Wolfram #Wolfson #Wolken #Woll #Wollenberg #Wolpert #Wolter #Wolters #Wonderly #Woolf #Worm #Wortman #Wotring #Wottreng #Wrede #Wuerz #Wuest #Wuhl #Wulf #Wulff #Wulscher #Wunder #Wunderlich #Wunsch #Wurm #Wurst #Wurster #Wurth 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#Zwick #Zwicker #Zwickl #Zwilling #Zwirner {{BookCat}} folli89z4bftual0up8gduqaemo2cq5 0 182658 4096939 3956517 2022-08-28T19:50:52Z 2409:4055:489:E88C:0:0:245C:98AC wikitext text/x-wiki ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈ == ਸੂਰਾ ਨੂੰ ਪੋਨੇ == ਕੋਈ ਇੰਨੀ ਬੇਇਜਤੀ ਨਹੀ ਸਹਿਣ ਕਰ ਸਕਦਾ {{Punjabi/Dictionary}} <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> '''ਸੌ''' hundred ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਤੋਂ ~ ਰੁਪਏ ਉਧਾਰ ਲਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਿਉਂਕ''' termites ਦਰਵਾਜੇ ਨੂੰ ~ ਖਾ ਗਈ। <br> '''ਸਾਉਣਾ''' sleep ਸਮੇਂ ਸਿਰ ~ ਅਤੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਸਿਰ ਜਾਗਣਾ ਸਿਹਤ ਲਈ ਅੱਛਾ ਹੈ। ~ =ਸੌਂਣਾ<br> '''ਸੁਆਹ''' what remains after burning fuelwood etc. ਸਾਰਾ ਮਾਲ ਸੜ ਕੇ ~ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। <br>. '''ਸਿਆਹ''' black or dark ~ ਕਾਲੀ ਰਾਤ <br> '''ਸਿਆਹੀ''' ink ਨੀਲੀ ~ <br> '''ਸਿਆਣਾ''' wise; old and hence wise ਸਿਆਣੇਂ ਬੰਦੇ ਦਾ ਆਖਾ ਮੰਨਣਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਿਆਪਾ''' wailing of women on somebody's death ਇਸਤਰੀਆਂ ਨੇ ਬਜੁਰਗ ਮੌਤ ਤੇ ~ ਕੀਤਾ।<br> '''ਸਿਆਲ''' winter ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੁਕੇ ਫਲ ਖਾਉ।<br> '''ਸੱਸ''' mother-in-law ਨੂੰਹ ~ ਦਾ ਰਿਸ਼ਤਾ ਨਾਜੁਕ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।<br> '''ਸੰਸਾ''' doubt or suspicion ਉਸਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਸੰਸੇ ਸੱਚ ਸਾਬਤ ਹੋਏ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਿਸ਼ਟ''' formal or having good manners ਅੰਗਰੇਜ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਲੋਕ ਹਨ। '''n''' ਸ਼ਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ mannerism ਸ਼ਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਭੁਲਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ। <br> '''ਸਸਤਾ''' cheap ਮੈਂ ਘਰ ਕਾਫੀ ~ ਖ੍ਰੀਦਿਆ ਹੈ।<br> '''ਸੁਸਤ''' lazy ਗਰਮੀ ਕਾਰਨ ਪਛੂ ਕਾਫੀ ~ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਸਨ।<br> '''ਸ਼ਸ਼ਤਰ''' weapons ਅਰਜਨ ~ ਵਿਦਿਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਾਹਿਰ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੰਸਥਾ''' institution or organisation ਇਹ ~ ਅੰਨ੍ਹੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਲਈ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੁਸ਼ੀਲ''' mild and docile <br> '''ਸਹੁੰ''' vow; oath ਸਿਪਾਹੀ ਨੇ ~ ਚੁੱਕੀ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਅਤੰਕੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਸਫਾਇਆ ਕਰ ਕਿ ਹੀ ਸਾਹ ਲਵੇਗਾ। <br> '''ਸਿਹਾ''' hare; rabbit ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਤੇਜ ਦੌੜ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।<br> '''ਸੇਹ''' porcupine ~ ਦੇ ਸਰੀਰ ਤੇ ਤੱਕਲੇ ਇੱਸਦੇ ਬਚਾਅ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਆਉਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੂਹਾ''' bright red ਵਹੁਟੀ ਨੇ ਸੂਹੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੇ ਵਸਤਰ ਪਾਏ ਹਨ।<br> '''ਸਹਾਇਤਾ''' help ਤੁਸੀਂ ਮੇਰੀ ~ ਕਰੋ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ।<br> '''ਸੁਹਾਗ''' husband ਬਜੁਰਗ ਨੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਉਸਦੇ ~ ਦੀ ਲੰਬੀ ਉਮਰ ਦੀ ਅਸੀਸ ਦਿੱਤੀ।<br> '''ਸਹਿਜ''' natural to one's personality ~ ਹੀ ਉਸਨੇ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਦੀ ਪੇਸ਼ਕਸ਼ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੀ। <br> '''ਸਹਿਜੇ''' Slowly ~ ~ ਚਲੋ ਤਾਂ ਜੋ ਮੈਂ ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਾਂ। <br> '''ਸੋਹਣਾ''' beautiful; handsome ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇੱਕ ~ ਫੁਲ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਾਹਿਤ''' literature ~ ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ ਦਾ ਅਨਮੋਲ ਖਜਾਨਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਿਹਤ''' health ਤਪਦੇ ਮੌਸਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੀ ~ ਦਾ ਧਿਆਨ ਰੱਖਣਾ ਜਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਾਹਿਬ''' of high rank or status ਆਮ ਲੋਕ ਅਧਿਕਾਰੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ~ ਕਹਿ ਕਿ ਪੁਕਾਰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਾਹਮਣਾਂ''' confrontation or coming face to face ਸਭਿਰਾਅ ਵਿਖੇ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੱਖ ਫੌਜਾਂ ਦਾ ~ ਹੋਇਆ। see ਟਾਕਰਾ <br> '''ਸਹਿਮਣਾ''' be frightened; be terrified ਸੱਭ ਅਤੰਕੀ ਤੋਂ ਸਹਿਮੇ ਹੋਏ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੋਹਲ''' not hardy ਅੱਜ ਦੇ ~ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਜੋਗੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੱਕ''' skin of a tree ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਲੋਕ ਕਿੱਕਰ ਦੇ ~ ਦੀ ਦਾਤਣ ਕਰ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੱਕ''' suspicion or doubt ਨਿਰਅਧਾਰ ਕਿਸੇ ਤੇ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ। <br> '''ਸਾਕ''' relative ਵਿਆਹ ਸ਼ਾਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੱਭ ~ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਇਕੱਠੇ ਹੋਏ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸੇਕ''' heat ਅੱਗ ~ ਕਿ ਅਸੀਂ ਠੰਡ ਚੋਂ ਬਚਾ ਕੀਤਾ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਕਾਇਤ''' complaint ਮੈਂਨੂੰ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਤੋਂ ਕੋਈ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।<br> '''ਸੰਕਟ''' crisis ~ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੋਸਤ ਮਿੱਤਰ ਕੰਮ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੁਕਣਾ''' to dry up ਧੁੱਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਪੜੇ ਜਲਦੀ ਸੁੱਕ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ''' prey ਸ਼ੇਰ ਨੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਦਾ ~ ਕੀਤਾ। <br> '''ਸਕਰਗੰਦੀ''' sweetpotato ~ ਭੁੰਨ ਕੇ ਖਾਧੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਿੱਕੜ''' skin; peel ਜਖਮ ਤੋਂ ~ ਉਤਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। see ਸੱਕ<br> '''ਸੈਂਕੜਾ''' century ਸਚਿਨ ਨੇ ਟੈਸਟ ਮੈਚ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਬਣਾਇਆ। <br> '''ਸੰਖ''' conch ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਵਜਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੁਖ''' happiness; well being ਪਰਾਹੁਣੇ ਨੇ ~ ਸਾਂਤੀ ਪੁਛੀ ਅਤੇ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਾਖ''' reputation ਭਾਰਤ ਅਤੇ ਚੀਨ ਨੇ ਉਦਯੋਗ ਜਗਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਚੰਗੀ ~ ਪੈਦਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਾਖ''' branch ਟੋਕਰੇ ਤੂਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੌਖਾ''' easy ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਸੀ। also ਸੁਖਾਲਾ <br> '''ਸੰਖਿਆ''' number ਦੋ ਇੱਕ ਛੋਟੀ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੱਖਣਾ''' empty ਘੜਾ ~ ਸੀ। also ਖਾਲੀ <br> '''ਸੁਖਣਾ''' to take a vow to donate something at a religious place if somebody's paryer thereat is granted ਉਹਨਾਂ ਪੀਰ ਦੀ ਦਰਗਾਹ ਤੇ ਔਲਾਦ ਲਈ ~ ਸੁਖੀ।<br> '''ਸਿੱਖਣਾ''' learn ਇਹ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਕਿ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਿੱਖ ਜਾਵੋਗੇ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਿਖਰ''' top or summit ਅੱਠ ਦੇਸਾਂ ਦੀ ~ ਬੈਠਕ ਅਗਲੇ ਮਹੀਨੇ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ। <br> '''ਸਾਗ''' a dish made from mustrad plant's stems called ਗੰਦਲਾਂ; ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੱਖਣ ਪਾ ਕਿ ਖਾਉ। <br> '''ਸੰਗ''' coyness ਸੰਗੋ ਨਾ ਖੁੱਲ ਕਿ ਸਾਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਦੱਸੋ। <br> '''ਸੌਂਗੀ''' dried grapes ~ ਸਰਦੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਗੁਣਕਾਰੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਗੀਤ''' music ~ ਇੱਕ ਉਤਮ ਕਲਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁਗਾਤ''' gift ਦਿਵਾਲੀ ਦੇ ਤਿਉਹਾਰ ਤੇ ਸੱਭ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਲੋਕ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਗਾਤਾਂ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। also ਸੌਗਾਤ<br> '''ਸੰਗਮ''' confluence of rivers ਸਤਲੁਜ ਅਤੇ ਬਿਆਸ ਦਾ ਹਰੀਕੇ ਵਿਖੇ ~ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਾਗਰ''' sea; ocean ਸਿੰਧ ਦਰਿਆ ਅਰਬ ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾ ਮਿਲਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਗੜਨਾ''' shrink ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੱਪੜੇ ਧੋਂਣ ਨਾਲ ~ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੰਘ''' throat ਸ਼ੇਰ ਨੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਦਾ ~ ਘੁੱਟ ਕੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਮਾਰਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਘ''' an appendage to a male sikh's name ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ~ ਨੇ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਨਾਮ ਨਾਲ ~ ਜੋੜਨ ਲਈ ਆਖਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਘਾਸਨ''' throne ਸ਼ਾਹ ਜਹਾਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਔਰੰਗਜੇਬ ~ ਤੇ ਬੈਠਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੰਘਣਾ''' dense ਜੰਗਲ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਘਣਾ''' sniff ਖੋਜੀ ਕੁਤੇ ਨੇ ਸੁੰਘ ਕੇ ਚੋਰ ਲੱਭ ਲਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਙ''' horn ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਦੋ ~ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੱਚ''' truth ਓੜਕ ~ ਦੀ ਜਿੱਤ ਹੋਈ। <br> '''ਸੁਚਾ''' not eaten from; untouched; virgin ਉਸਨੇ ~ ਅੰਨ ਦਾਨ ਕੀਤਾ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਚਾਈ''' irrigation ਕਣਕ ਨੂੰ ਤਿੰਨ-ਚਾਰ ਵਾਰ ~ ਕਰਨੀ ਪੈਂਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੂਚਕ''' indicative ਕਾਲੇ ਬੱਦਲ ਸੰਭਾਵਤ ਮੀਂਹ ਦੇ ~ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੁਚੱਜਾ''' well mannered or well planned ਉਹ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੂਚਨਾ''' information or news ਮੈਨੂੰ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਪਾਸ ਹੋਣ ਦੀ ~ ਮਿਲ ਗਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਚਾਰ''' communication ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਦੇ ਚੰਗੇ ਸਾਧਨ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੁਚਾਰੂ adv''' good ਉਸਨੇ ਸਭਾ ਦਾ ~ ਸੁਚਾਰੂ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਕੀਤਾ। <br> '''ਸੰਚਾਲਨ''' to conduct ਉਸਨੇ ਸਭਾ ਦਾ ~ ਸੁਚਾਰੂ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਕੀਤਾ। <br> '''ਸਾਜ''' instrument especially musical instrument <br> '''ਸੇਜ''' bed ਹੀਰ ਦੀ ~ ਤੇ ਰਾਂਝਾ ਸੁੱਤਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੋਜ''' swelling ਮੇਰੇ ਗਿੱਟੇ ਤੇ ~ ਪੈ ਗਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਾਜਿਸ''' conspiracy ਦਰਬਾਰੀ ਰਾਜੇ ਦੇ ਖਿਲਾਫ ~ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸੱਜਣ''' friend ~ ਘਰ ਨਾ ਹੋਣ ਤਾਂ ਦਿਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਲਗਦਾ। see ਮਿੱਤਰ <br> '''ਸੱਜਣਾ''' to get decorated; to do make up ਦੁਲਹਨ ਸਜ ਕਿ ਪਤੀ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਆਈ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਜਣਾ''' to irrigate ਹਾਲਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਹਫਤਾ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੀ ਖੇਤ ਨੂੰ ਸਿੰਜਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੰਜਮ''' conservativity ਪਾਣੀ ਬਹੁਮੁੱਲੀ ਵਸਤੂ ਹੈ ਇਸਨੂੰ ~ ਨਾਲ ਵਰਤੋ। <br> '''ਸੱਜਰਾ''' fresh or recent ਫੌਜੀ ਦੇ ਜਖਮ ਹਾਲੇ ਸੱਜਰੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੇਜਲ''' wet ਉਹਨਾਂ ~ ਅੱਖਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਤੋਰਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੰਜੀਵਨੀ''' life giving ਹਨੂਮਾਨ ਪਹਾੜ ਤੋਂ ~ ਬੂਟੀ ਲੈ ਆਇਆ। <br> '''ਸਾਂਝਾ''' common ਸਾਰੇ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ ਦਾ ~ ਘਰ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੁਝਣਾ''' occur or strike ਮੈਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਤਰਕੀਬ ਸੁੱਝੀ। <br> '''ਸੁਝਾਅ''' hint or advice ਵਕੀਲ ਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਦਾਵਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ~ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੱਟ''' 1. effect of something struk with something ਗਰਮ ਲੋਹੇ ਤੇ ~ ਮਾਰਨਾ 2. hurt ਮੈਨੂੰ ਡਿੱਗਣ ਨਾਲ ~ ਲੱਗ ਗਈ। <br> '''ਸਿੱਟਾ''' 1. result; ਬਹਿਸ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਸਿੱਟੀ ਨਾ ਨਿਕਲਿਆ। 2. wheat ear ਕਣਕ ਦਾ ~ ਟੁੱਟ ਕਿ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਡਿੱਗਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੋਟਾ''' stick ਉਸਨੇ ਸੋਟੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੱਪ ਮਾਰਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੁਟਣਾ''' to throw ਭਿਖਾਰੀ ਨੇ ਰੁਪਏ ਦਾ ਸਿੱਕਾ ਭੁੰਜੇ ਸੁੱਟ ਦਿੱਤਾ। <br> '''ਸੇਠ''' money lender ਕਿਸਾਨ ਨੇ ~ ਕੋਲੋ ਇੱਕ ਲੱਖ ਰੁਪਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਉਧਾਰ ਲਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਾਡਾ''' our ~ ਘਰ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਡ''' elephant's trunk ਹਾਥੀ ਨੇ ~ ਨਾਲ ਗੰਨਾ ਚੁੱਕ ਕਿ ਖਾਧਾ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਡੀ''' worm or insect ਕਪਾਹ ਨੂੰ ~ ਲੱਗ ਗਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਢ''' buffalo ~ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਲ ਚਲਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੀਣਾ''' sew ਦਰਜੀ ਨੇ ਕੱਪੜੇ ਸੀਂ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਸਨ। also ਸਿਉਣਾਂ <br> '''ਸੁਣਨਾ''' hear ਮੈਂ ਪੂਰੀ ਗੱਲ ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ ਸੁਣੀ। <br> '''ਸਤ''' concentrate ਨਿੰਬੂ ਦਾ ਸਤ। <br> '''ਸੰਤ''' saint or hermit ~ ਨੇ ਬਾਣੀ ਨਾਲ ਸੱਭ ਨੂੰ ਨਿਹਾਲ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। <br> '''ਸੱਤ''' seven ~ ਬੰਦੇ ਕਿਸਮਤ ਵਾਲੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> :ਸਤਾਰਾਂ seventeen, ਸਤਾਈ twenty seven, ਸੈਂਤੀ thirty seven, ਸੰਤਾਲੀ forty seven, ਸਤਵੰਜਾ fifty seven, ਸਤਾਹਠ sixty seven, ਸਿਹੱਤਰ seventy six, ਸਤਾਸੀ eighty seven, ਸਤਾਨਵੇਂ ninty seven<br>ਸਤਾਰਵਾਂ seventeenth, ਸਤਾਈਵਾਂ twenty seventh .....<br>ਸੱਠ sixty, ਸੱਠਵਾਂ sixtieth, ਸੱਤਰ seventy, ਸੱਤਰਵਾਂ seventieth '''ਸੂਤ''' thread ~ ਤੋਂ ਕਪੜਾ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ। see ਧਾਗਾ <br> '''ਸੀਤ''' cold; winter ~ ਲਹਿਰ ਨਾਲ ਕਈ ਪਛੂ ਮਰ ਗਏ। <br> '''ਸਤਾਉਣਾ''' irritate some one ਸਤੇ ਹੋਏ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਨੇ ਮੁਗਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਦਲਾ ਲੈਂਣ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਣ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੰਤਾਨ''' sons and daughters ਚੰਗੀ ~ ਸੁਖ ਵਾਲੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। also ਔਲਾਦ <br> '''ਸਤਰ''' level ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਧਰਤੀ ਹੇਠਲੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਦਾ ~ ਨੀਵਾਂ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਤਰਾ''' orange ~ ਇੱਕ ਗੁਣਕਾਰੀ ਫਲ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਤਰੂ''' enemy ~ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ਕਮਜੋਰ ਨਾਂ ਸਮਝੋ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਤੀਰ''' wooden log ਇਮਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੱਡੇ ਵੱਡੇ ~ ਪਾਏ ਗਏ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸੂਤਰ''' 1. thread see ਸੂਤ <br> '''ਸਤਰਕ''' alert ~ ਚੌਕੀਦਾਰ ਸੱਭ ਤੇ ਨਜਰ ਰੱਖ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੁਤਰਮੁਰਗ''' ostrich ~ ਦੇ ਅੰਡੇ ਵੱਡੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੱਥ''' court where people meet ਇਹ ਸਾਰੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ~ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਬੰਧ ਰੱਖਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਾਥੀ''' companion ਇੱਕ ਅਤੰਕੀ ਮਾਰਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਪਰ ਉਸਦਾ ~ ਭੱਜਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਮਯਾਬ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਾਦੀ''' marriage ਲੜਕੇ ਅਤੇ ਲੜਕੀ ਨੇ ~ ਕਰ ਲਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੁਦਾਈ''' crazy ਇਹ ਲੜਕਾ ~ ਹੈ। '''ਸ਼ਿੱਦਤ''' intensity ਅਸੀਂ ਗਰਮੀ ~ ਨਾਲ ਮਹਿਸੂਸ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਹਾਂ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਦਰ''' beautiful; handsome ਗੁਲਾਬ ਇੱਕ ~ ਫੁਲ ਹੈ; ਸੁੰਦਰੀ a beautiful girl or woman<br> '''ਸੁਧ''' consciousness ਉਸਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਦੀ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ। see ਸੁਰਤ''' <br> '''ਸਾਧੂ''' saint ~ ਭਗਤੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੀਨ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੇਧ''' direction ਅੱਜ ਦੇ ਨੌਜਵਾਨ ਚੰਗੀ ~ ਦੀ ਅਣਹੋਂਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੇਂ ਰਸਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਭਟਕ ਗਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਿੱਧਾ''' 1. straight ਇਹ ਰਸਤਾ ~ ਮੇਰੇ ਘਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। 2. simpleton ਅੱਜ ਦੀ ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿੱਧਾ ਬੰਦਾ ਕਾਮਯਾਬ ਹੁੰਦਾ। <br> '''ਸੁਧਾਰ''' improvement ਸਜਾ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਉਸਦੇ ਵਰਤਾਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਫੀ ~ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੰਨ''' year in say christian era ਇਹ ਕਿਤਾਬ ~ 2008 ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਖੀ ਗਈ। <br> '''ਸੀਨਾ''' chest ਸਿਪਾਹੀ ~ ਤਾਣ ਕਿ ਅਤੰਕੀਆਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਖੜਾ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੈਨਾ''' army ਭਾਰਤ ਕੋਲ ਇੱਕ ਮਜਬੂਤ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁੰਨਾ''' secluded or unwached ਮੈਂ ਘਰ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਛੱਡਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੋਨਾ''' gold ਹਰ ਚਮਕਦੀ ਚੀਜ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦੀ। ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ golden ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਦਾ ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ ਮੰਦਰ ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁਨਿਆਰਾ''' goldsmith ~ ਗਹਿਣੇਂ ਤਿਆਰ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੈਨਿਕ''' soldier ~ ਆਪਣੇ ਦੇਸ ਤੋਂ ਆਪਣੀ ਜਾਨ ਵੀ ਕੁਰਬਾਨ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਤਿਆਰ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੰਨਤ''' industry ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਨਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਮੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਨਦ''' instrument(document/license) ਵਕੀਲ ਨੇ ਕਚਿਹਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਪਣੀ ~ ਦਿੱਤੀ। <br> '''ਸੱਪ''' snake ~ ਨੇ ਸਾਡੇ ਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। <br> '''ਸਿੱਪੀ''' oyster shell ~ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਸੁਚੇ ਮੋਤੀ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਿਪਾਹੀ''' policeman ~ ਨੇ ਚੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਭੱਜਣ ਨਹੀਂ ਦਿੱਤਾ। <br> '''ਸੰਪਾਦਕ''' editor ~ ਲੇਖ ਲਿਖ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੰਪੰਨ''' complete/conclude ਵਿਆਹ ਦੀ ਰਸਮ ~ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁਪਨਾ''' dream ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਦਾ ਸਾਇੰਸਦਾਨ ਬਣਨ ਦਾ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਪੇਰਾ''' snake charmer ~ ਨੇ ਬੀਨ ਵਜਾਈ। <br> '''ਸੰਪੂਰਣ''' complete ਸੱਭ ਕੰਮ ~ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਾਫ''' clean; clear ਹਮੇਸਾਂ ~ ਪਾਣੀਂ ਪੀਉ। <br> '''ਸਿਫਤ''' praise ਸੁੰਦਰੀ ਦੀ ਸੱਭ ਨੇ ~ ਕੀਤੀ। <br> '''ਸਫੈਦ''' white ਬਗਲਾ ~ ਰੰਗ ਦਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਫੈਦਾ''' poplar tree ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਉੱਚਾ ਹੋ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਿਫਰ''' zero ~ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿਚ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੇਬ''' apple ~ ਦਾ ਰੰਗ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਲਾਲ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੇਬਾ''' a thread made of jute ਬੋਰੀ ਸੇਬੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਉਂ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ। <br> '''ਸੂਬਾ''' state ਪੰਜਾਬ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਖੁਸ਼ਹਾਲ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੂਬੇਦਾਰ''' a rank in army hierarchy ~ ਨੇ ਬਹਾਦਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਪਾਹੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਅਗਵਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ। <br> '''ਸੰਬੰਧ''' relation ਹੁਣ ਭਾਰਤ ਅਤੇ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ~ ਚੰਗੇ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੱਭ''' all ~ ਸਿਪਾਹੀ ਬਹਾਦਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੜੇ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੁਭ''' auspicious ਬਿੱਲੀ ਦਾ ਰਸਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਲੰਘਣਾਂ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ। <br> '''ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ''' culture ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ~ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਕਸਤ ~ ਹੈ। '''n''' ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ civilization <br> '''ਸੰਭਾਲ''' conservation or keeping ਵਾਤਾਵਰਣ ਦੀ ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਜਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ। also ਸਾਂਭ ~<br> '''ਸੰਭਵ''' possible ਮੇਰਾ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਆਉਣਾ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। '''n''' ਸੰਭਾਵੀ probable '''ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾ''' possibility ਅੱਜ ਮੀਂਹ ਪੈਂਣ ਦੀ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਂ''' time ਸਮੇਂ ਨਾਲ ਹਰ ਜਖਮ ਭਰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਾਮ''' evening ~ ਹੁੰਦਿਆਂ ਹੀ ਸਾਰੇ ਪੰਛੀ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਲ੍ਹਣਿਆਂ ਵਲ ਚਲ ਪੈਂਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੀਮਾਂ''' limit or boundry ਰੂਸ ਦੀ ~ ਯੂਰਪ ਅਤੇ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਫੈਲੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਉਣਾਂ''' to enter into something larger, completely dissolving one's own identity <br> '''ਸਮੱਸਿਆ''' problem ਇਹ ~ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਲਝਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਠੀਕ ਤਰੀਕਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮੀਕਰਨ''' equation ਦੂਜੇ ਮਹਾਂਯੁਧ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ~ ਬਦਲ ਗਏ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸਮਕਾਲੀ''' contemporary ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਅਤੇ ਬਾਬਰ ~ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸਮੀਖਿਆ''' evaluation ਤਜਵੀਜ ਦੀ ~ ਤੋਂ ਹੀ ਇਸਦੇ ਲਾਭਾਂ ਦਾ ਠੀਕ ਪਤਾ ਲੱਗ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਗਮ''' function (where people gather) ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਧੀਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਮੱਗਰ''' solid ਭਾਰਤ ਤੇ ਰੂਸ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ ਇੱਕ ~ ਸਾਂਝ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਮੱਗਰੀ''' matter or goods or inventory ਸਾਰੀ ~ ਲੱਗ ਗਈ। i.e. was used <br> '''ਸਮੁੱਚਾ''' entire ਅੰਗਰੇਜਾਂ ਨੇ ~ ਭਾਰਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਅਧੀਨ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਜ''' society ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਬੰਧਸ਼ਾਂ ਅੰਦਰ ਰਹਿਣਾਂ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਝ''' understanding ਮੈਨੂੰ ਹਿਸਾਬ ਦੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਘੱਟ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਝੌਤਾ''' agrrement or compromise ਅੰਗਰੇਜਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਵਿੱਕਾਰ ~ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਿਮਟਣਾਂ''' to end ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਫਰੀਕਾ ਦੀ ਦੂਜੀ ਪਾਰੀ ਸੌ ਦੌੜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਸਿਮਟ ਗਈ। <br> '''ਸਿੰਮਣਾਂ''' ooze ਖਿਡਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਜਖਮ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਲਹੂ ਸਿੰਮ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੀਮਤ''' to be bound by or limited to ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮੁੰਦਰ''' sea ਧਰਤੀ ਦੀ ਤਿੰਨ ਚੌਥਾਈ ਹਿੱਸਾ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਧ''' a hindu mosaulium or tomb ਕਈ ਲੋਕ ਸਮਾਧਾਂ ਦੀ ਪੂਜਾ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਮਾਪਤ''' finish or conclude ਸਮਾਗਮ ~ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਮਰਾਟ''' king or emperor ਅਕਬਰ ਇੱਕ ਮਹਾਨ ~ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਿਮਰਣ''' remember god's name as a means to purify one's life ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾਮ ~ ਦੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਹੱਤਤਾ ਮੰਨੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਾਮਰਾਜ''' empire 19ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੂਰਜ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਡੁਬਦਾ। <br> '''ਸਾਮਵਾਦ''' imperialism 19ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਪੂਰੇ ਜੋਰਾਂ ਤੇ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਿਰ''' head ਸਿੱਖ ਆਪਣੇ ~ ਤੇ ਪੱਗ ਬੰਨਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੁਰ''' tone ਦੋਹਾਂ ਭਰਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਚੰਗੇ ~ ਮਿਲਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੂਰ''' pig ~ ਦੇ ਮੀਟ ਨੂੰ ਦੇਰ ਤੱਕ ਪਕਾਉਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ। <br> '''ਸੂਰਾ''' see ਸੂਰਮਾਂ <br> '''ਸਾਰਾ''' whole ਅਸੀਂ ~ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਤਮ ਕਰ ਲਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੇਰ''' lion ~ ਨੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਮਾਰ ਕੇ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੇਰ''' a measure of weight ਇੱਕ ~ ਖੰਡ, ਇੱਕ ਸੇਰ ਘਿਉ ਅਤੇ ਇੱਕ ~ ਸੂਜੀ ਦਾ ਕੜਾਹ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦ ਤਿਆਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਰੋਂ''' mustard ~ ਦਾ ਸਾਗ ਅਤੇ ਮੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਵਾਦ ਲੱਗਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਾਰਸ''' crane(bird) ਸਾਇਬੇਰੀਅਨ ~ ਹਰ ਸਾਲ ਭਾਰਤ ਆਉਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਰਗਣਾਂ''' head of a group (often in negative sense) ਪੁਲਿਸ ਨੇ ਚੋਰਾਂ ਦਾ ~ ਪਕੜ ਲਿਆ। <br> '''ਸਰਕਣਾਂ''' move or displace ਪੱਟੀ ਜਖਮ ਤੋਂ ਸਰਕ ਗਈ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਰਕਾਰ''' government ਭਾਰਤ ~ ਇੱਕ ਅਗਾਂਹ ਵਧੂ ~ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੁਰਖ''' red like hot iron ਸਰਦਾਰ ਦਾ ~ ਚਿਹਰਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਡਰਾਉਣਾ ਸੀ। '''n''' ਸੁਰਖੀ ladies facial makeup <br> '''ਸੁਰਾਖ''' hole ਕੰਧ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੁਝ ਦੇਖਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੁਰਾਗ''' to come to know of, a lead in investigation ਗੁਆਚੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਲੱਗਾ। <br> '''ਸੂਰਜ''' sun ~ ਤੇਜੀ ਨਾਲ ਚਮਕ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਰਤ''' condition ਹਾਲੇ ਸਮਝੌਤੇ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼ਰਤਾਂ ਤਹਿ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਹਨ। see ਸੁਧ <br> '''ਸੁਰਤ''' consciousness ਉਸਨੂੰ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਦੀ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ। i.e. was not conscious of himself <br> '''ਸੂਰਤ''' complexion or condition ਉਸਦੀ ~ ਵਿਗੜੀ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੀਰਤ''' one's natural conduct ਉਹ ਸੁਰਤ ਅਤੇ ਸੀਰਤ ਦੋਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਿਰਾਣਾ''' pillow ~ ਨਰਮ ਹੀ ਹੋਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਰਦਾਰ''' head ਸਿੱਖ ਫੌਜ ਦਾ ~ ਬਹਾਦਰ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਰਮ''' shame ਗਰੀਬੀ ਅੱਜ ਵੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਲਈ ~ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਬਣੀ ਹੋਈ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੂਰਮਾ''' brave man ਸਿੰਘ ਸੂਰਮੇ ਅੰਗਰੇਜਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਟੁੱਟ ਕੇ ਪੈ ਗਏ। also ਸੂਰਾ <br> '''ਸਰੀਰ''' body ਰੋਗੀ ਦਾ ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਗਰਮ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਮੁੱਚਾ''' all without exception ~ ਪਿੰਡ ਮੇਰੀ ਮਦਦ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ। see ਸਾਰਾ <br> '''ਸ੍ਰੀਮਾਨ ''' sir ~ ਜੀ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾ ਲਵੋ। <br> '''ਸਿਲ''' slate ~ ਉਪਰ ਦਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਮ ਲਿਕੇ ਹੋਏ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸਿਲਾ''' tombstone <br> '''ਸਿੱਲ੍ਹ''' dampness ~ ਕਾਰਨ ਘਰ ਦਾ ਬੁਰਾ ਹਾਲ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੂਲ਼''' long thorn ਜੰਮਦੀਆਂ ਸੂਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਮੂੰਹ ਤਿੱਖੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸੂਲ਼ੀ''' cross, device used to hang a person ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀਹ ਧਰਮ ਖਾਤਰ ~ ਤੇ ਚੜ੍ਹ ਗਏ। <br> '''ਸਾਲ''' year ਇੱਕ ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਜਮਾਤ ਹੀ ਪਾਸ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਾਲ''' shawl ਮੇਰੀ ~ ਗਰਮ ਹੈ। i.e. it is woolen <br> '''ਸਾਲ਼ਾ''' wife's brother ਉਹ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦਾ ~ ਸਾਂਝੀਵਾਲ ਹਨ। i.e. they run partnership business <br> '''ਸਲੀਕਾ''' good learning ਜੀਣ ਦਾ ~ ਬੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਚੀਜ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਲੋਕ''' a type mystical poem's couplet ਬਾਬਾ ਫਰੀਦ ਦੇ ~ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਰਜ ਹਨ। <br> '''ਸ਼ੁਲਕ''' tax or cess ਸਰਕਾਰ ਨੇ ਖਾਣ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਸਤੂਆਂ ਤੇ ~ ਘੱਟ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਲਾਖ''' iron bar ਕੈਦੀ ਸਲਾਖਾ ਦੀ ਪਿੱਛੇ ਪਾ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਗਏ। <br> '''ਸੁਲੱਖਣਾ''' some body or some thing that brings good fortune <br> '''ਸੁਲਗਣਾ''' ਅੱਗ ਬੁਜਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਵੀ ਸੁਲਗਦੀ ਰਹੀ। <br> '''ਸ਼ਲਾਘਾ''' acclaim or praise ਗਾਂਧੀ ਦੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਆਜਾਦੀ ਲਈ ~ ਯੋਗ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸੁਲਝਾਉਣਾ''' solve or settle (a dispute etc.) ਦੋਨਾਂ ਧਿਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਝਗੜਾ ਸੁਲਝਾ ਲਿਆ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਲਵਾਰ''' a lady's bottom wear ਕੁੜਤਾ ~ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਖਾਸ ਪਹਿਰਾਵਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸੇਵਾ''' service ਨੌਕਰ ਮਾਲਿਕ ਦੀ ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਾਜਰ ਸੀ। <br> '''ਸਵਾ''' quarter ਅਸੀਂ ~ ਦੋ ਘੰਟੇ ਬਾਅਦ ਘਰ ਨੂੰ ਚੱਲ ਪਏ। <br> '''ਸਵੇਰਾ''' morning ਹਰ ਰਾਤ ਇੱਕ ਨਵਾਂ ~ ਲੈ ਕਿ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਵਾਰ''' rider ~ ਨੇ ਘੋੜਾ ਤੇਜ ਦੁੜਾਇਆ। <br> '''ਸਵੱਰਗ''' heaven ~ ਕਿਸੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਦੇਖਿਆ। <br> '''ਸੰਵਰਨਾ''' to do make up ਸੱਜਣਾ ~ ਸੱਭ ਦੀ ਇੱਛਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਵੱਲਾ''' cheap ਇੱਥੇ ਸਾਰਾ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੀ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਮਿਲਦਾ ਹੈ। <br> '''ਸਵਾਲ''' question ਸਾਰੇ ~ ਬਹੁਤ ਆਸਾਨ ਸਨ। <br> '''ਸਵਾਲੀ''' someone wanting something from somebody ਗੁਰੂ ਦੇ ਘਰੋਂ ਕੋਈ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ।<br> '''ਸੜਕ''' road ~ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮਾ ਦੀ ਪਾਲਣਾ ਕਰੋ। <br> '''ਸੜਨਾ''' to burn ਸਾਰਾ ਕਾਰਖਾਨਾ ਸੜ ਕਿ ਸੁਆਹ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। to be jealous of ਉਹ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਸੜਦੇ ਹਨ। </div>ਮ {{Punjabi}} 4p7l4mgkjbn0h2vxzpfpco1j0e5fbg8 0 193760 4096931 3579960 2022-08-28T18:41:44Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikipedia|Constitution of Japan}} Japan is a Constitutional Monarchy. ==Preamble== :We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in the National Diet, determined that '''we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land''', and resolved that '''never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government''', do proclaim that '''sovereign power resides with the people''' and do firmly establish this Constitution. Government is a sacred trust of the people, the authority for which is derived from the people, the powers of which are exercised by the representatives of the people, and the benefits of which are enjoyed by the people. This is a universal principle of mankind upon which this Constitution is founded. We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws ordinances, and rescripts in conflict herewith. :We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want. :We believe that no nation is responsible to itself alone, but that laws of political morality are universal; and that obedience to such laws is incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations. :We, the Japanese people, pledge our national honor to accomplish these high ideals and purposes with all our resources. ===Enumerated principles=== Japanese constitutional scholars generally recognize three core principles in the current constitution, which are declared in the first sentence of its preamble: # '''Popular sovereignty''' - the notion that the people have the ultimate power to determine national policy (''sovereign power resides with the people''); # '''Respect for fundamental human rights''' (''we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land''); and # '''Pacifism''' (''never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government'') - primarily embodied in Article 9, which declares that "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation." ===Sovereignty=== The Preamble also sets forth two of the three pillars of Japanese sovereignty: '''popular sovereignty''' as described above, and '''independence from other nations''' (''laws of political morality are universal; [and] obedience to such laws is incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations''). The third key pillar of Japanese sovereignty, self-governance, is not enumerated in the Preamble. It appears in Article 41 of the Constitution (''The Diet shall be the highest organ of the state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State''), and is further supported historically by two statements of the Allied powers which occupied Japan following World War II: :The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. (''Potsdam Declaration, 1945, Article 8'') :The Allied Powers recognize the full sovereignty of the Japanese people over Japan and its territorial waters. (''Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Article 1(b)'') ===Legal status=== The Preamble is universally viewed as having the force of law; however, it is generally viewed (although still disputed) that the Preamble cannot be the legal basis of an actual claim against the government. ==Human rights== {{wikipedia|Human rights in Japan}} The Constitution makes many provisions for the protection of human rights against interference from the state. Note that protection of rights between private actors is covered by the Civil Code and other statutes, and is not covered by the Constitution. ===Fundamental rights=== "Fundamental rights" are declared to be inviolate in two articles of the constitution: :'''Article 11:''' The people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights. These fundamental human rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be conferred upon the people of this and future generations as eternal and inviolate rights. :'''Article 97:''' The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate. The term "the people" in such passages is rendered in Japanese as 国民 (''kokumin'') or 日本国民 (''nippon kokumin''), often translated as "nationals" or "nationals of Japan" respectively. The Constitution defines this term as follows: :'''Article 10:''' The conditions necessary for being a Japanese national shall be determined by law. ====The Emperor==== The Emperor is defined in Article 1 as "the symbol of the State and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power." Although the Emperor has fundamental human rights as a national of Japan, his rights are limited to the minimal extent necessary to ensure fulfillment of his functions under the Constitution and the law. The Emperor therefore has government-imposed restrictions on his ability to marry, own property, study and speak, above and beyond the restrictions permissible for ordinary citizens. ====Corporations==== Corporate bodies are also afforded fundamental human rights to the extent possible given their status as non-natural persons. Certain rights not afforded to corporations include social welfare rights, physical rights and the right to vote. Corporations may also have their fundamental rights restricted in order to protect the fundamental rights of natural persons. The Supreme Court reached this decision in a 1996 ruling involving political donations by an association of tax attorneys. The Court ruled that because membership in the association was mandatory for all licensed tax attorneys, the association would violate its members' rights by levying membership dues to engage in political advocacy. ====Aliens==== Although the plain language of the Constitution restricts fundamental rights to "nationals," the Supreme Court has held that aliens should enjoy all fundamental rights ''other than'' those which, by their very nature, should be restricted to the enjoyment of Japanese nationals. Among the latter rights are: * The right to enter or re-enter Japan * The right to engage in political advocacy * The right to vote While these rights are, in the Supreme Court's view, not guaranteed for aliens under the Constitution, the Diet is also not precluded from conferring (or repealing) any of these rights by statute. For instance, aliens are allowed to submit opinions in administrative reviews (Administrative Procedure Act, article 39). ===Restrictions on rights=== The Constitution contains two separate but inter-related restrictions on the exercise of human rights, providing that they must remain aligned with "public welfare." :'''Article 12:''' The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, '''who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare'''. :'''Article 13:''' All of the people shall be respected as individuals. Their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness shall, '''to the extent that it does not interfere with the public welfare''', be the supreme consideration in legislation and in other governmental affairs. ====Prisoners' rights==== Two key cases have described the limitations of Article 13 in the context of prisons. The first concerned the "right to smoke," which the Supreme Court deemed a protected right under Article 13, but one that is not protected in any particular place or at any particular time. (Grand Bench, Sep 16 1970) The second concerned the right to read newspapers. The Supreme Court deemed that this right may only be restricted when there is an appropriate risk of harm to the order of the facility, and only to the extent necessary and reasonable for preventing such harm. (Grand Bench, Jun 22 1983) ====Image rights==== It is a violation of Article 13 for a public official to photograph a person without their consent and without a valid reason. Photographing a person for the purpose of preserving evidence immediately following commission of a crime is protected so long as the photography does not exceed ordinarily permitted scope (Grand Bench, Dec 24 1969). Automatic speed-control photography on highways is also permitted in this context (Supreme Court, Feb 14 1986). ====Criminal records==== Publicizing criminal records has been the subject of two Supreme Court cases which held the practice unconstitutional. ====Medical decisions==== In a case where an individual refused a blood transfusion for religious reasons but was given a transfusion anyway, the decision to refuse the transfusion was upheld as a fundamental human right which must be observed under Article 13 (Supreme Court, Feb 29 2000). ====Personal information==== Article 13 also protects privacy rights regarding personal information. In a case where students attending a lecture were required to provide names, addresses and telephone numbers, and this information was disclosed to police without students' consent, the act was held unconstitutional as a violation of privacy rights (Supreme Court, Sep 12 2003). ===Equality=== :'''Article 14:''' All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.<br />2) Peers and peerage shall not be recognized.<br />3) No privilege shall accompany any award of honor, decoration or any distinction, nor shall any such award be valid beyond the lifetime of the individual who now holds or hereafter may receive it. ====Family law==== Article 14 has been raised in two attempts to overturn purportedly discriminatory provisions in the Civil Code. The first attempt concerned Article 900.4, which gave legitimate children a stronger preference in intestacy than illegitimate children. The Supreme Court held that there was a "reasonable basis" for this provision based on encouraging marriage and protecting the rights of illegitimate children, and upheld the provision as constitutional (Grand Bench, July 5 1995). The second attempt concerned Article 733, which allows men to remarry immediately following the end of their marriage but imposes a waiting period on women in the same position. For similar reasons, the Supreme Court upheld this rule, citing the reasonable basis of avoiding paternity disputes and questions over father-child relations (Dec 5 1995). Article 14 was eventually successfully used to overturn a provision in the Nationality Act concerning the illegitimate children of Japanese fathers. The Supreme Court held that the provision had a reasonable purpose, but that the provision exceeded a reasonable scope in light of that purpose, and therefore would lead to unreasonable discrimination (Grand Bench, Jun 4 2008). ====Local government==== Article 14 has also been used to challenge local legislation on grounds of regional discrimination. Because allowing local legislation implies acceptance of discrepancies in regional law, these discrepancies do not constitute violations of the general equality guarantee in Article 14 (Grand Bench, Oct 15 1958). ====Tax law==== Article 14 has also been used to challenge unequal treatment of income tax classifications (the so-called "Salaryman Tax Case"). In this case, the Supreme Court held that so long as such classifications are for a proper reason and are not clearly completely unreasonable to accomplish that reason, there is no violation of Article 14 (Grand Bench, March 27 1985). ====Private transactions==== The Civil Code contains a similar provision, Article 90, which prohibits discriminatory practices among private parties. ===Rights of thought=== ===="Thought and conscience"==== :'''Article 19''': Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated. The Supreme Court has not clearly defined the meaning of Article 19, but has issued several key precedents under this Article: *'''Constitutionality of apology advertisements'''. When a court orders the newspaper publication of an apology advertisement, this does not violate the freedom of thought and conscience so long as it is expressing the simple apology of the defendant to the victims (Grand Bench, Jul 4 1956). *'''Constitutionality of voter review of Supreme Court justices''' (Grand Bench, Feb 20 1952). *'''Constitutionality of private employment decisions based on employee beliefs'''. Article 19 only binds the government and does not directly bind private parties in private transactions. Employers are also recognized to have the freedom to contract based on beliefs of their counterparty (Grand Bench, Dec 12 1971). ====Religion==== :'''Article 20''': Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority.<br />2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious acts, celebration, rite or practice.<br />3) The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity. Key precedents under this Article include: *'''Constitutionality of forced dissolution of a religious organization''' (Aum Shinrikyo case): In this case, a court was allowed to force the dissolution of a religious organization responsible for a 1995 chemical attack on the Tokyo subway. The Supreme Court upheld this verdict as it was "necessary and unavoidable," even though it would harm the freedom of religion of Aum followers (Supreme Court, Jan 30 1996). *'''Constitutionality of government-sponsored Shinto festivals'''. In its first major analysis of Article 20.3 (Grand Bench, Jul 13 1977), the Supreme Court adopted a multi-prong test which examines the following factors: *#Location of the act *#Whether an ordinary person would view the act as religious *#Whether the motives and purpose of the act were religious *#Effects of the act on ordinary people *'''Unconstitutionality of government donations to shrines''', reached following the above analysis (Grand Bench, Apr 2 1997). ===Rights of expression=== :'''Article 21''': Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.<br />2) No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated. ====Citizen-related precedents==== *Constitutionality of bill posting restrictions in public areas *Constitutionality of note-taking restrictions in court *Constitutionality of restricting political acts by public servants *Constitutionality of restricting political acts by judges *Constitutionality of restricting door-to-door political advocacy *Constitutionality of Education Ministry review of textbooks ====Media-related precedents==== *Constitutionality of censorship to protect criminal defendants *Constitutionality of press restrictions surrounding criminal trials *No constitutional right to equal time *'''Constitutionality of censoring pornography''': This is technically not construed as "censorship" under the Constitution because "censorship" refers only to the administrative restraint of expressions of thought. *'''Limited constitutionality of court-ordered restraints on publication''': Although this is also not "censorship" because of its judicial source, it is unconstitutional in limited cases where opinions related to matters of public administration are being restrained. In the latter case, private reputational rights are superseded by public rights to information. ''However'', even court-ordered restraints on publication of such information can be constitutional if the information is clearly false, is clearly not being published for the public good, and would cause grave and irreparable harm to the subject if published (Grand Bench, Jun 11 1986). ===Economic rights=== ====Location, occupation and movement==== :Article 22: Every person shall have freedom to choose and change his residence and to choose his occupation to the extent that it does not interfere with the public welfare.<br />2) Freedom of all persons to move to a foreign country and to divest themselves of their nationality shall be inviolate. Key precedents under this article include: *Constitutionality of restricting public bathhouse locations *Unconstitutionality of restricting drugstore locations *Constitutionality of licensing retail market locations *Constitutionality of restrictions on foreign travel ====Property==== :Article 29: The right to own or to hold property is inviolable.<br />2) Property rights shall be defined by law, in conformity with the public welfare.<br />3) Private property may be taken for public use upon just compensation therefor. ===Physical rights=== :Article 18: No person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited. :Article 31: No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law. :Article 33: No person shall be apprehended except upon warrant issued by a competent judicial officer which specifies the offense with which the person is charged, unless he is apprehended, the offense being committed. :Article 34: No person shall be arrested or detained without being at once informed of the charges against him or without the immediate privilege of counsel; nor shall he be detained without adequate cause; and upon demand of any person such cause must be immediately shown in open court in his presence and the presence of his counsel. :Article 35: The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized, or except as provided by Article 33.<br />2) Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant issued by a competent judicial officer. :Article 36: The infliction of torture by any public officer and cruel punishments are absolutely forbidden. :Article 37: In all criminal cases the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial tribunal.<br />2) He shall be permitted full opportunity to examine all witnesses, and he shall have the right of compulsory process for obtaining witnesses on his behalf at public expense.<br />3) At all times the accused shall have the assistance of competent counsel who shall, if the accused is unable to secure the same by his own efforts, be assigned to his use by the State. :Article 38: No person shall be compelled to testify against himself.<br />2) Confession made under compulsion, torture or threat, or after prolonged arrest or detention shall not be admitted in evidence.<br />3) No person shall be convicted or punished in cases where the only proof against him is his own confession. :Article 39: No person shall be held criminally liable for an act which was lawful at the time it was committed, or of which he had been acquitted, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy. ===Rights to petition=== :Article 16: Every person shall have the right of peaceful petition for the redress of damage, for the removal of public officials, for the enactment, repeal or amendment of laws, ordinances or regulations and for other matters; nor shall any person be in any way discriminated against for sponsoring such a petition. :Article 17: Every person may sue for redress as provided by law from the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered damage through illegal act of any public official. :Article 32: No person shall be denied the right of access to the courts. :Article 40: Any person may, in case he is acquitted after he has been arrested or detained, sue the State for redress as provided for by law. ===Social welfare rights=== :Article 25: All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living.<br />2) In all spheres of life, the State shall use its endeavors for the promotion and extension of social welfare and security, and of public health. :Article 26: All people shall have the right to receive an equal education correspondent to their ability, as provided for by law.<br />2) All people shall be obligated to have all boys and girls under their protection receive ordinary education as provided for by law. Such compulsory education shall be free. :Article 27: All people shall have the right and the obligation to work.<br />2) Standards for wages, hours, rest and other working conditions shall be fixed by law.<br />3) Children shall not be exploited. :Article 28: The right of workers to organize and to bargain and act collectively is guaranteed. ==Amendments== :Article 96: Amendments to this Constitution shall be initiated by the Diet, through a concurring vote of two-thirds or more of all the members of each House and shall thereupon be submitted to the people for ratification, which shall require the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast thereon, at a special referendum or at such election as the Diet shall specify.<br />2) Amendments when so ratified shall immediately be promulgated by the Emperor in the name of the people, as an integral part of this Constitution. {{BookCat}} [[ja:日本国憲法]] hr30wul2lle6zuw0qpatsw16cbpflk2 10 202108 4096839 4028299 2022-08-28T13:40:49Z GTRus 528226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = #000000 | id = [[File:Kubuntu logo part rouded.svg|45px]] | id-c = #ffffff | info = This user contributes using '''[[w:Kubuntu|<span style="color: lightblue;">Kubuntu</span>]]'''. | info-c = #3383FF | info-fc = white | info-a = center | usercategory = <includeonly>Linux users</includeonly> | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Operating system user templates|Kubuntu]]</noinclude> gwyw9rpplkii04x0luqvj5jo994cp49 4096840 4096839 2022-08-28T13:41:21Z GTRus 528226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = #000000 | id = [[File:Kubuntu logo partially rounded.svg.svg|45px]] | id-c = #ffffff | info = This user contributes using '''[[w:Kubuntu|<span style="color: lightblue;">Kubuntu</span>]]'''. | info-c = #3383FF | info-fc = white | info-a = center | usercategory = <includeonly>Linux users</includeonly> | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Operating system user templates|Kubuntu]]</noinclude> douhea6i2wvulkxl8shh9px9edcavtj 4096842 4096840 2022-08-28T13:41:40Z GTRus 528226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = #000000 | id = [[File:Kubuntu_logo_partially_rounded.svg|45px]] | id-c = #ffffff | info = This user contributes using '''[[w:Kubuntu|<span style="color: lightblue;">Kubuntu</span>]]'''. | info-c = #3383FF | info-fc = white | info-a = center | usercategory = <includeonly>Linux users</includeonly> | nocat = {{{nocat|}}} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Operating system user templates|Kubuntu]]</noinclude> thhtjp43eniqlzfak63805laf1yf6mt 0 202147 4097007 4095082 2022-08-29T04:18:35Z Jeff1138 301139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]] ==Host Adapter USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI USB4 thunderbolt == Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs Please chat at [https://ae.amigalife.org/ AROS-Exec] or [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php AROS World] USB transfers can be of the type control, isochronous, interrupt, or bulk. Isochronous code is already in place in poseidon.library BUT transfers are not queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host OCHI UCHI EHCI etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers that can be used by Poseidon. One is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. Setting up the isoc transfer pipe might differ on those two and the driver code might be different as well. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth etc. and base the scheduler on that and other factors. isochronous transfer control protocol is needed for usb audio and webcams etc Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. ; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), ; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), ; Buggy Chipset - [http://www.freeopenbook.com/pc-hardware-nutshell-3/pchardnut3-chp-24-sect-2.html Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI & EHCI, ; Unsupported - XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 & gen 2, USB4 Type-A Type-B Type-C OHCI USB 1.1 USB-IF sanctioned standard and removed 2010 in hardware form {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, |- | AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) | 0x1022 | 0x740c | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, |- | CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0670 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0673 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | 0x10de | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk}} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds |- | NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x43 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP |- | NEC µPD720102 | 0x1033 | 0x00 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Opti 82C861 2-port | 0x1045 | 0xc861 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, |- | SIS 7001 OCHI | 0x1039 | 0x7001 | 0x0f | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot |- |} UHCI USB 1.1 Intel standard and since 2009, no hardware support only virtual (P55 chipset) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | Intel | 0x8086 | 0x | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|not in bios use AROS floopy dis boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 | 0x8086 | 0x7112 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|none in bios use other booting options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|Detects most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24c4 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Works-->{{Yes|}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. |- | VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x30 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work |- | VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work |- | VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, |- | VIA VT6112 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x61 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present |- | VIA VT6214L | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} EHCI USB 2.0 The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through USB3.0 standard {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24cd | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x00E0 | 0x | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}} |- | NEC 72101 GJ | 0x1033 | 0x00e0 | 0x04 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), |- | SIS ECHI | 0x1039 | 0x7002 | 0x00 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6202 | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | 0x62 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|detects}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} xHCI eXtensible USB 3.0 SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASMT1053 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM104x | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x1042 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1153E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | <!--Description-->Etron | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 | 0x1B73 | 0x1000 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No|}} | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | link power management (LPM, USB 3 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues |- | Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 | | 0x1009 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No|}} | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | Orico PFU3-2P |- | Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX | | 0x1100 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0, and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc |- | Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 | | 0x1400 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No|}} | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | |- | Fresco Logic | | 0x | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No|}} | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | |- | NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip | 0x1d6b | 0x0194 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | recognized but not supported - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, |- | NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip | | 0x114 0x0115 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | recognized but not supported |- | NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip | 0x1912 | 0x0015 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | recognized but not supported |- | [http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 | | 0x8241 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs |- | Intel xHCI | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- | Via Labs VL800 VIA VL811 | | 0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201 | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards compatibility | Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, |- | Via Labs VL811+ | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | |- | Via Labs VL812 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{No|}} | |- |- |} USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1142 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | Connector: USB Type C and USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s |- |} USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD Ryzen7 6800U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} == hid.class (Human Interface Device) == === Keyboard === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05ac | 0x0205 | 0x0122 | {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05AC | 0x020B | | {{yes|works (its two ports also)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x413C | <!--Product ID-->0x2010 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard & Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay keyboard - poor trackball}} |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|generally okay with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} |- | [http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works manufactured for |- | Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}} |- | Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description--> [http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400] | <!--Vendor ID--> 0x046D | <!--Product ID--> 0xC52B | <!--Revision--> 1201 | <!--Opinion--> {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}} |- | <!--Description-->Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04b3 | <!--Product ID-->0x3025 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works |- | Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000 | | | | {{no| recognized but not supported}} |- | Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 | | | | {{no|recognized but not supported}} |- | Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356) | 0x045e | 0x00f9 | | {{maybe|working but not mouse part}} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Lycosa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow 2013 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razr Blackwidow Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x4101 | <!--Revision-->0312 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C45 | <!--Product ID-->0x7000 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x2901 | <!--Revision-->0112 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Unicomp Model M USB 104 key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre > Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; </pre > === Mouse === if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Brand ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" | Model ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->SpacePilot Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceExplorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceMouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin | Combo mouse | | 0x05FE | 0x0011 | Low 0100 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand-->Cytec | <!--Description-->Wired Mouse Gaming | <!--Model-->R.A.T 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dell | Mouse | MO56UC | 0x413C | 0x3200 | | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama | RF Optical Mouse | AM-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->JamesDonkey | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->007 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|}} |- | LogiCAD 3D | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Logitech | Cordless Desktop Navigator | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | Logitech Inc. | First/Pilot Wheel Mouse | N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Logitech | Wireless mouse | [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Logitech | Wireless RF Mouse | MK710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->MX Master Anywhere 2S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front |- | Microsoft | Wheel Mouse optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Sidewinder Mouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wireless Optical Mouse 2000 | | 0x045E | 0x00F9 | | {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Naga | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB Optical | <!--Model-->Naga Hex V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting |- | Trust | Slimline Lasermouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SteelSeries | Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye | Eye Tracking Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). |- | <!--Brand-->The Eye Tribe Tracker | <!--Description-->Eye | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->MV3000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x192f | <!--Product ID-->0x0916 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- |} === Trackball === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech |- | <!--Description-->ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech M570 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Gamepad === Controlling the joypads works like left joystick is WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ ], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ here] ==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID-->047d | <!--Product ID-->4005 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2d only |- | Hama Black Force USB Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 psx clone look |- | <!--Description-->Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B | 0x046d | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A| }} | 2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - |- | Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B | 0x046d | 0xc20a | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untesed }} | 2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one |- | Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A | 0x046d | 0xc211 | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | 2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] * G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble * G-UF13A later | 0x046d | 0xc2 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} | 2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 |- | Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13 | 0x046d | 0xc218 | 1.00 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | 2006 light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - |- | <!--Description-->[Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless] * G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo * G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->0x0200 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|mostly}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|D mode switch}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - |- | Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 | 0x046d | 0xc219 | 3.05 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed |- | <!--Description-->Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0735 | <!--Product ID-->0x9902 | <!--Revision-->Low 0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No |}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 Poor quality |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A }} | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}} |- | Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek P2900 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested but runs on 1 AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] *PCB Ribbon Notes *? SA1Q135A for sixaxis *PP4 *V2 *V25 *VX SA1Q146A first dualshock 3 model *VX SA1Q147A CECHZC2U (USA) *VX35 SA1Q159A *VX3 SA1Q160A *VX? SA1Q188A *VX4 SA1Q189A shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C. identical to SA1Q188A *VX5 SA1Q194A not compatible with previous models, ALPS, PS button changes *VX6 SA1Q195A red case, *VX7 SA1Q222A superslims date ?. 2 separated ribbons *VX8 SA1Q224A superslims date ?. 2 separated ribbons | <!--Vendor ID-->0x054c | <!--Product ID-->0x0268 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No|}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|}} | <!--Opinion-->Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features not detected - usb lead will vary with results |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS4 *JDM JDS 001 010 011 *JDM 030 040 055 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS5 Dual Sense | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speed Link Strike 2 FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mad Catz sf2 fightstick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Venom 8 button | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ==== 2018 extension added originally called AROSx {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | 0x045e | 0x028e | 0x | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | Microsoft (R) Xbox 360 (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller | 0x045e | 0x0719 or 0x0291 | 0x0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | {{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}} |- | Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] [http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steel Series Stratus Duo XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->usb adapter needed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} <pre> #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include <exec/types.h> #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT) #define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT) struct AROSX_EventHook { struct Node eh_Node; struct MsgPort *eh_MsgPort; ULONG eh_MsgMask; }; struct AROSX_EventNote { struct Message en_Msg; ULONG en_Event; APTR en_Param1; APTR en_Param2; }; #endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */ </pre> === Joystick === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CH Products CombatStick 568 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cyborg X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Extreme 3D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] | 0x0464 | 0xC214 | 0205 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek X-52 x52 pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek aviator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Speedlink Competition Pro USB | | | | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{maybe|works but games not working "out of the box"}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator QZ 501 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator TH 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust XK 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===Gaming Racing Steering Wheels=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="40%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec CSL Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec Club Sport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt $600 £500 system |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating |- | <!--Description-->Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Average |- | <!--Description-->Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PC |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MOMO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Very good |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Driving Force GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Formula Force EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G27 PC/PS3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G920 PC XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G923 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Simagic M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> base direct drive $900 £800 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Simplicity Simwheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> direct |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Simxperience Accuforce V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> Poor |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID-->b658 | <!--Revision-->0102 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Opinion-->Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster F430 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T60 Challenge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T150 Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T300 RS GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TX Leather | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation |- | <!--Description-->Thrustermaster TS PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PC only belt wheel |- | <!--Description--> TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt system |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T-GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ===Gamepad Joypad Adapters=== * Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. * Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. * If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&worldid=&doy=21m9&faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0583 | <!--Product ID-->0x2050 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|poor}} | <!--Opinion-->Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack |- | Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. |- | [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved |- | Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX | 0x0b43 | 0x0003 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested |- | [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued 2005 |- | [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&action=display&thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued |- | Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS->USB converter Red 2005 | 0x0925 | 0x0005 | Low 0110 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&forum=2&post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} | Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. |- | Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS->USB converter Red | 0x0925 | 0x00 | Low | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | |- | [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX |- | Soyo Kiki Kiky | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Venom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable | 0x0e8f | 0x03 | 1.07 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | |- | Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0810 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Same as single cable above but with black block mid way along cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top | 0x0810 | 0x0001 | 1.06 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works }} | Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64 | 0x6666 | 0x0667 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue hack }} | Rumble Pak untested |- | [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&forum=24&post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ] | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB | 0x0e8f | 0x3013 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}} | Rumble Pack untested |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX } |- | <!--Description-->Lik Sang SmartJoy X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0285 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SmartJoy X2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0289 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x0604 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SLS Sega Saturn USB pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guitar Hero for PC/Mac | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1430 | <!--Product ID-->0x474C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cronus Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BrookX One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Gamecube to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Magic NS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> WiiU |- | <!--Description-->Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CooV Xbox One Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), * Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, * Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact], Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz *PS1 flex ribbon big source of issues with all controllers *PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H *PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A *PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Joypad ! width="5%" | HATS ! width="5%" | Button 01 ! width="5%" | Button 02 ! width="5%" | Button 03 ! width="5%" | Button 04 ! width="5%" | Button 05 ! width="5%" | Button 06 ! width="5%" | Button 07 ! width="5%" | Button 08 ! width="5%" | Button 09 ! width="5%" | Button 10 ! width="5%" | Button 11 ! width="5%" | Button 12 ! width="5%" | Button 13 ! width="5%" | Button 14 ! width="5%" | Axes 1 ! width="5%" | Axes 2 ! width="5%" | Axes 3 ! width="5%" | Axes 4 ! width="5%" | Axes 5 ! width="5%" | Axes 6 ! width="10%" | Comment |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | | A (down-green) | B (right-red) | X (left-blue) | Y (up-yellow) | LB (white) | RB (black) | Back | Start | Guide | L3 | R3 | | | | Left X | Left Y | LT | Right X | Right Y | RT | Poor 2D, Good 3D |- | <!--Description-->Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Red (Sqleft) | Yellow X (X down) | Green O (O right) | Blue (Tri up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | | | | | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Older Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Blue X (down) | Red O (right) | Pink Sq (left) | Green Tri (up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Up | Right | Down | Left | L2 | R2 | L1 | R1 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 (analogue Hack) | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> A | C Down | C Right | B | C Left | C Up | L | R | Start | <!--Button 10-->Z | Pad Up | Pad Down | Pad Left | Pad Right | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help *How to change joystick mode to analogue? By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident). Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB" and change them to "Analogue Hack". Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature. The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: * Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. * Overwrite with USB: This will kill the original data that might had come from the internal ports and overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple joypads connected, take care which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. * Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the lowlevel.library with the USB stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga ports is NOT a mouse (because then the streams are incompatible). Merging should be the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. * Disable: Turns off the port for the application. * Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting of analogue data at the port. Please note that this only works with programs that understand the analogue data, because it's an extension to the original lowlevel.library standard made by Commodore. If you want to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. * Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class supports applications and games that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to which lowlevel port the hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has been set in the actions for the joypad. *How to change joystick port assignment? The low level library supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section. Port 1 should be set as either "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB". Change this setting to "Don't touch". Change Port 0 setting to "Merge with USB". Go to "Actions" tab. In the "Reports and collection" select first entry named "Joystick". in the "Usage items" select "X axis". Go to "Performed actions" area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on "Usage items" list. *How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys? With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to "Actions" tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry "Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)". On the panel to the right change "Digital joystick" into "Raw Key". A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for "Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)" option but this time check "Send key up even instead of key down". Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. *Analogue in Trident Prefs * Open the Trident USB Prefs -> Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB * See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) * Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick *Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. *Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. ===Graphic Drawing Tablet=== There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events * Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area * Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) * Semi Pro A3 (12x9) * Pro Cintiq * 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets * 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Summagraphics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AceCad boards | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Calcomp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Tablet PC penabled | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PenPartner * PenPartner 2 * PenStation 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue) ET-0405UL (lime) (orange) (red) (purple) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0X0010 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }} |- | <!--Description--> * Grapphire 2 4x5 ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) * Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0011 and 0x0012 | <!--Revision-->0110 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire 3 * cte-430/w 4x5 pearl sapphire * cte 630 6x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0013 and 0x0014 | <!--Revision-->0314 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | Wacom Graphire 4 * cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5 * cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 and 0x0016 | <!--Revision-->403 | {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 * Intuos 6x8 GD-0608 * Intuos 9x12 GD-0912 * Intuos 12x12 GD-1212-U * Intuos 12x18 GD-1218 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U * Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc * Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U * Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U * Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 | <!--Revision-->0126 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127. HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) * Intuos 3 4x6 (PTZ-431W ) * Intuos 3 6x8 (PTZ-630 PTZ630) * Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide) * Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930) * Intuos 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->056a | <!--Product ID-->0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values. "[Wacom]" reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with "Pointer" reports cleared and save, so is locked a in "mouse" state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the "initial startup actions" item in the extra collection. No listed features work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0060 | <!--Revision-->0141 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Volito 2 * CTF-??? 2x3 * CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5 * Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0062 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PL-400 LCD * PL-500 * PL-510 * PL-550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> * PL-600 * PL-600 SX * PL-700 * PL-710 * PL-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen & Touch (CTH) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 | | 0x0018 | | {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0069 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 4 * Small PTK-440 PTK-540 * Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 5 Touch * * Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0027 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0065 | <!--Revision-->0116 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button?? }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Pen CTL 460 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x00D2 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 470K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom CTH 480/S wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x030E | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}} |- | <!--Description-->Intuos Pen & Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 10.6" Genius G-Pen M609 Genius G-Pen M609X iVista Media Tablet 10.6 Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0501 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Slim Tablet 12.1" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x172F | <!--Product ID-->0x0034 | <!--Revision-->0x1105 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9" Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged) Trust item #1535 ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet iVista Media Tablet 12 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003 Genius G-Pen M712 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0500, 0x08ca | <!--Product ID-->0x0010 | <!--Revision-->0105 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 14.1" v5.1e Genius G-Pen M714X Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 Trust item #15358 Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14 iVista Media Tablet 14.1 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004 | <!--Vendor ID-->0X172f | <!--Product ID-->0X0500 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0038 Genius G-Pen F509 Manhattan 177405 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0038 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0052 Yiynova MSP19 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0052 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Q Pad Aiptek HyperPen Mini NGS Flexi Style VisTablet PenPad iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad Bravod Q-PD65-S Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0037 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet VisTablet Muse PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700 Princeton PTB-S1BK | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0502 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1" Genius G-Pen F610 Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529) VisTablet Original 12" Adesso CyberTablet Z12 Adesso CT-Z12A PenPower Tooya Pro Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II NGS Slim Proguess iVistaTablet Slim 12.1 PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0034 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8" Genius G-Pen F350 Trust item #16485 VisTablet Mini iVistaTablet Slim 5.8 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0032 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Venus S Tablet Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0503 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b57 | <!--Product ID-->0x8030 | <!--Revision-->01111 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - Art Master | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - GraphicPal III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - GraphicPal | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - Rollick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - Wireless tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - Painting Master | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon SenTIP 1201WD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested visible TN panel 1280x800 resolution }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon - HanWang ch - Art Master III AM3 Small Medium A4 large 13x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos 3 pen compatible??}} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5014 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen M406 Genius EasyPen M406 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5005 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen M406W Genius EasyPen M406W | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5012 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen M506 Genius EasyPen M506 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:500f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen M610X Genius EasyPen M610X | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5013 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen i405X Genius EasyPen i405X | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5010 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE MousePen M508WX Genius MousePen M508WX | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5016 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE MousePen M508X Genius MousePen M508X | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5017 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE MousePen i608X v1 Genius MousePen i608X | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5011 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE MousePen i608X v2 Genius MousePen i608X | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:501a | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->KYE PenSketch M912 Genius PenSketch M912 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5015 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->XP-PEN OSU G430 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 4x3 inch for osu! Art Drawing Design Pen Tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->XP Pen g540 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }} |- | <!--Description-->nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08CA | <!--Product ID-->0x0021 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected but no responses }} |- | <!--Description-->Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt Fkt 0x5ab450c0 AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bosto's | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer |- | <!--Description-->Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540, Manhattan 8"x6", Manhattan 3"x4", Manhattan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}} |- | <!--Description-->DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-pen G-Pen 4500 Genius Wizardpen Genius Mousepen Genius Easypen i405 M610 Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-Pen F610 Genius G-Pen M610 Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U) Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius UC-LOGIC iBall Tablet PF8060 iBall Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209, NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) Pentagram QWare | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested uc-logic based}} |- | <!--Description-->Huion 540 | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion 580 Huion 580 Turcom TS-6580B | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested battery pen only }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion H420 Huion H420 osu! tablet | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested uc-logic wired tablet, AAA battery powered stylus, 2048 levels of sensitivity, }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion H58L | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion H610 Huion H610 Monoprice 10 x 6.25-inch Graphic Drawing Tablet (Product 10594) | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion H610pro | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion H690 Huion H690 | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion K26 Huion K26 Huion P608N | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion K58 Huion K58 | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion W58 Huion W58 Huion W58L | <!--Vendor ID-->256c:006e | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Huion 1060 plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested uc-logic}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kanvus Artist 127 53 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Monoprie 5.5x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Monoprice 12x9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic?? |- | <!--Description-->Monoprice Graphic Drawing Tablet WP8060-TAB08 Kanvus Artist 127 Kanvus Office 53 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->MonoPrice 8x6, MonoPrice 4x3, Monoprice / Pickle 10x6.25, Medion / Tevion MD 41217, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->NGS Cadboy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentagram | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qware | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust TB-3100 Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357 WP8060U Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size Trust 16486, Trust 16447, Sketch Design Tablet, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic DrawImage G3 Ugee G3 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:3031 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic SP1001 Ugee SP1001 Yiynova UC-Logic SP-1001 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0045 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet PF1209 Genius PenSketch 12x9 Monoprice 12x9 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet (#6815) Adesso CT-12000Aguess Iball Design Tablet PF1209guess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0042 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet TWHA60 v1 Genius EasyPen M610 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0781 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet TWHA60 v2 Monoprice MP1060-HA60 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0781 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet TWHA60 v3 Monoprice MP1060-HA60 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0781 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1062 Aiptek HyperPen 10000U Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0064 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1700U Genius EasyPen M610 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:000d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP4030U Trust item #16486 Genius WizardPen 4x3 Aquila L1 Manhattan 3"x4"guess Monoprice 4X3guess Iball Pen Tablet 4030Uguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0003 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP5540U Trust Stylus Design Tablet / Slimline Design Tablet TB-5300 (#15356) Genius WizardPen 5x4 Genius MousePen 5x4 Genius EasyPen i405 Ugee M540 Adesso CyberTablet Z7guess DigiPro WP5540guess Iball Pen Tablet 5540Uguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0004 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP8060U Genius MousePen 8x6 Genius MousePen i608 Trust Slimline Sketch Tablet (#16447) NGS Draw Master Monoprice 8X6 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet DigiPro WP8060guess Manhattan 8"x6"guess Iball Pen Tablet 8060Uguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0005 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Wireless Tablet TWHL850 Genius MousePen M508W | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0522 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=53007#forumpost53007 VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->e3works Stylo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Polostar PT-1001 Zeniq PT-1001 Leogics PT-1001 | <!--Vendor ID-->099a:2620 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UGTizer GP0610 iBall PF1064U UGTizer GT1060 | <!--Vendor ID-->2179:0053 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ugee 1000L | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0081 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ugee M708 | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0081 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova DP10U | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova MSP19U | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova MSP19U+ | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova MVP10U | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova MVP10UHD+IPS | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yiynova MVP22U+ | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:004d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}} === VR Headset === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Destek V4 VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2016 2x 1080x1200 |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays - basestation 2 90m2 area - joypad - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required - |- | <!--Description-->Occulus Rift | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2018 2x 1080 by 1200, some Linux support |- | <!--Description-->PSVR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2x 1080x960 120Hz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Gear VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve Index HMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2019 expensive, 1440 x 1600 120Hz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lot of light leak |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell Visor Mixed Reality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak |- | <!--Description-->Fujitsu | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} cheap and lots of light leak |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo Explorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Occulus Rift S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2019 PCVR 2x 1080 by 1200, some Linux support but Lenovo rebrand - rift S is PC VR only and requires a Display port and USB3 |- | <!--Description-->HP 1440p Spatial Computing | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2019 dim display |- | <!--Description-->HP Reverb G2 MR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2020 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2018 standalone |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Occulus Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2019 discontinued 2020 |- | <!--Description-->Occulus Quest | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2019 standalone with no wires, just headset and controllers, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, snapdragon 835 arm cpu, 2 to 3 hrs play time, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, |- | <!--Description-->Occulus Quest 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2021 lighter version |- | <!--Description-->Occulus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2022 wireless ay needs no lighthouses |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Pico NEO 2 EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Tysso | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 |- | <!--Description-->Unitech MS320 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic Touch 90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Intermec | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola LS2208 Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->DataMan 8000 2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Syscan GM800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} [http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode] <pre> UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 </pre> ===Digital TV Tuner=== As for TV tuners, that's quite a mess, but it mostly depends on v4l on Linux, anyway, so it should work, in theory (might need esotheric options, though). [http://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/DVB-T_USB_Devices DVB-T] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AverTV Volar | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hauppauge WinTV-NOVA-T USB Stick | | | | {{no|no driver Technotrend DEC 2000-T, 3000-S, 2540-T}} |- | KWorld TVPlus | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Leadtek WinFast DTV Dongle Gold | | | | {{no|no driver (dvb-usb-af9015.fw) v4.65.0}} |- | MSI Digivox Mini II | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Pinnacle Hybrid nanoStick 73e | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | WandTV | | | | {{no|no driver DiBcom DVB-T USB - Twinhan VisionPlus VisionDTV USB-Ter DVB-T Device - HAMA DVB-T USB device - CTS Portable (Chinese Television System) - KWorld V-Stream XPERT DTV DVB-T USB - JetWay DTV DVB-T USB - ADSTech Instant TV DVB-T USB - Ultima Electronic/Artec T1 USB TVBOX (AN2135 and AN2235) - Compro Videomate DVB-U2000 - DVB-T USB - Grandtec USB DVB-T - Avermedia AverTV DVBT USB - DiBcom USB DVB-T reference device (non-public) - Yakumo DVB-T mobile USB2.0 - DiBcom USB2.0 DVB-T reference device (non-public)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre> Vendor & Model, Added to, Kernel, Frontend, Bridge, Interface 8VSB, QAM, NTS, and Othor ATI/AMD,TV Wonder HD 600 USB,2.6.27, * XC3028L tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) AVerMedia AVerTVHD Volar (A868R) 2.6.27 [1] * MXL5003S tuner,* LG DT3303 demodulator ,Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✘ No ✘ No DViCO FusionHDTV5 USB Gold - FusionHDTV5 USB Master 2.6.16 LG Innotek TDVS-H064F * TAU6034 tuner, * TDA9887 demodulator (A), * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 - * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 DViCO - FusionHDTV7 USB 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * AuvitekAU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 (breakout dongle) Elgato EyeTV Hybrid US 2.6.26 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) EVGA inDtube n/a * XC3028L tuner, * S5H1409 (D) , Empia EM2882 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-950 2.6.26 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-950Q 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * Auvitek AU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-850 (model 72301, 2040:7240) 2.6.26 * XC5000 tuner, * Auvitek AU8522 demodulator (A/D) , Auvitek AU0828 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-850 (2040:651f) in Hg [2] * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Hauppauge WinTV-HVR-1950 2.6.26 * TDA18271 tuner, * TDA8295 demodulator (A), * S5H1411 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder OnAir/Sasem USB HDTV 2.6.26 * FCV1236D tuner, * LG DT3302 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder OnAir USB HDTV Creator 2.6.26 LG Innotek TDVS-H064F * TAU6034 tuner, * TDA9887 demodulator (A), * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Cypress FX2LP (CY7C68013A) ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs * hardware analog mpeg2 encoder Pinnacle PCTV HD Stick (801eSE) 2.6.28 * XC5000 tuner, * Samsung S5H1411 (D) , Dibcom DIB0700 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 Pinnacle PCTV HD Pro Stick (800e) 2.6.27 * XC3028 tuner, * LG DT3303 demodulator (D) , Empia EM2883 ✔ Yes ✘ No ✔ Yes * S-Video & Composite inputs (breakout dongle) Pinnacle PCTV HD Pro Stick (801e) 2.6.28 * XC5000 tuner, * Samsung S5H1411 (D) , Dibcom DIB0700 ✔ Yes ✔ Yes ✘ No1 * S-Video & Composite inputs 1 (breakout dongle) </pre> [http://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/DVB-T_USB_Devices DVB-T2] HD ready {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver }} |- | Hauppauge | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Pinnacle pctv nanoStick T2 290e | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} [http://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/DVB-T_USB_Devices ATSC-T] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | KWorld | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sabrent | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver }} |- |} [http://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/DVB-T_USB_Devices ISDB-T] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver }} |- |} === TV Remote Control === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Compro K100 K300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->GMYLE MCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft MCE Commander | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ===TouchScreens=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | eGalax Touch 4a | 0eef | 0001 | 0001 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Game Video TV Capture === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Avermedia GL310 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Avermedia C875 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} analog signals to digital - no linux support |- | Elgato Game Capture HD60 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin |- | August EZCap.tv model 116 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} poor audio recording |- | E-SDS Diamond Maplin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR | | | | {{N/A|untested}} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. |- | Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture | | | | {{N/A|untested}} can get quite warm |- | Hauppauge HD Rocket | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) | x2040 xE502 | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support | 2040:e514 e524 | | | {{No| }} can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ] * HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60. * Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i. * Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i * Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec |- | Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back | 2040:e525 | | | {{N/A|untested}} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - |- | Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 | 2040:0xe585 | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Koolertron Sunny | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | U3 HD Capture | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Magewell USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} === Micro USB to MHL HDMI Mirroring Adapter === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping=== Support for OpenStreetMaps but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 12 12XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Legend C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eMap | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format. |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 75 AVD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Tracker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->NaviLock NL-402U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GM1-86UB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition |- | <!--Description-->NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}} |- | <!--Description-->TOPGNSS ton Receiver & Antenna GM702 u-blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}} |- | <!--Description-->Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->BT760Y, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Colorado 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Geko 101 201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Edge 200 bike mount | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Montana 600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Dakota 10 20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Map76s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 450T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex 10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to "Garmin" mode, or "Mass Storage" mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 650T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSMAP 64S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSmap 276c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 2000 XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)== === MP3 Players === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Creative Zen | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sandisk Sansa c240 c250 | | | | {{no|custom lead - not detected}} |- | Sandisk Sansa e250 e260 e270 e280 | 0x0781 | 0x7421 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sandisk Fuze | 0x0781 | 0x | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sandisk Clip+ Zip | 0x0781 | 0x | |{{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung YP-U2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Digital Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | HP Photosmart M525 (6MP) | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Nikon Coolpix 5600 | | | | {{yes|Works like all the masstorage devices}} |- | Samsung PL81 | 0x1FAB | 0x001A | 0x0100 | {{yes|Works as a masstorage device}} |} === USB Card Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Installing ! width="15" |Booting ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | A-Tec Model CR-362 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&Section_Id=200406&pcount=&Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader] | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Conrad CP440 60 in 1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works on a1k forum}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1 | 0x05E3 | 0x0710 | High 0200 | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Integral Single Slot SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kingston USB 3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexar microsd adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below |- | Pretec CardDriver | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sandisk MicroMate | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Micro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Serena metal cased microsd only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | <!--Description-->Serena "Sandisk MobileMate" look-alike | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | SilverCrest 16in1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 | 0x0aec | 0x3260 | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|not detected}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Hard Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Datel MaxDrive | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE3001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch Jmicron JMS578 chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung T3 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic |- | Samsung T5 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Toshiba Canvio 1TB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}} |- | Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Western Digital USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->WD Essential | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->WD Passport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB DVD CD ROM Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === [[:w:Comparison of e-book readers|Book Readers]] === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Amazon Kindle 2 | | | | {{N/A|untested e-ink, text to speech, }} |- | Amazon Kindle DX | | | | {{N/A|untested e-ink }} |- | Amazon Kindle 3 (3G and Wifi) | | | | {{N/A|untested improved 6" E Ink Pearl screen, no SD card, supports Kindle (Azw) and non DRM Mo bi/Pdf, txt and JPEG, GIF, PNG. Text to speech. }} i.MX535 |- | <!--Description-->bq Avant 3, 6inch and 9inch MReader, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Samsung S3C2416 ARM9 533&nbsp;MHz SiPix |- | <!--Description-->bq Cervantes 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Marvell 800Mhz 6" E-Ink Pearl |- | <!--Description-->bq Cervantes Light | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} FS507 i.MX 800&nbsp;MHz infra-red touch + E-Ink Pearl |- | <!--Description-->bq Cervantes Touch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Freescale 508 i.MX 800&nbsp;MHz E-Ink Pearl |- | Barnes and Noble Simple Touch Nook | | | | {{N/A|untested}} was i.MX31L but later (2012) TI OMAP3 |- | Barnes and Noble Nook Glo | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook One (2008), Jinke Hanlin V3, Walkbook, Ez Reader, | | | | {{N/A|untested 6” 600×800 E Ink Vizplex, }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Mini, Jinke Hanlin V5, | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Club | | | | {{N/A|untested 6 inch Vizplex E-Ink screen, no touchscreen, external SD slot, supports many ebook format including: PDF, EPUB, MOBI, FB2, TXT, PDB, HTML, CHM, JPEG, BMP, PNG and TIFF. }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Neo (2010), Onyx Boox 60, | | | | {{N/A|untested 6” 600×800 E Ink Vizplex, an external SD card slot, the ability to use Wifi and load up virtually any ebook and formats include PDF, EPUB, MOBI, FB2, TXT, PDB, HTML, CHM, JPEG, BMP, PNG, TIFF and Adobe DRM’d Epub/Pdf. }} |- | Benq K61 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | CyBook Bookeen Gen3 (2007) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Cybook Orizon (2010) | | | | {{N/A|untested 167 ppi SiPix E Ink (high contrast) 16 shades, microSD/SDHC, formats supported PDF, EPUB, FB2, HTML, TXT, JPEG, GIF, PNG. }} |- | <!--Description-->Ectaco Jetbook (2008) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ectaco Jetbook Color (2011) Triton Eink | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook One (2008), Jinke Hanlin V3, Walkbook, Ez Reader, | | | | {{N/A|untested 6” 600×800 E Ink Vizplex, }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Mini, Jinke Hanlin V5, | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Club | | | | {{N/A|untested 6 inch Vizplex E-Ink screen, no touchscreen, external SD slot, supports many ebook format including: PDF, EPUB, MOBI, FB2, TXT, PDB, HTML, CHM, JPEG, BMP, PNG and TIFF. }} |- | Endless Ideas Bebook Neo (2010), Onyx Boox 60, | | | | {{N/A|untested 6” 600×800 E Ink Vizplex, an external SD card slot, the ability to use Wifi and load up virtually any ebook and formats include PDF, EPUB, MOBI, FB2, TXT, PDB, HTML, CHM, JPEG, BMP, PNG, TIFF and Adobe DRM’d Epub/Pdf. }} |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Interead Cool-er Cooler | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Irex DR800s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} 8.1 inch FreeScale i.MX31L |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story Wifi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested typical Vizplex E-Ink screen, featuring 8 levels of greyscale, an external SD card, ebook formats EPUB, PDF & TXT, displays office files like DOC, PPT & XLS and graphic formats like JPEG, BMP and GIF image. }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo eReader Touch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} neonode zForce touchscreen (N905) i.MX50 |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Glo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} freescale iMX6SoloLite |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx M92 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Pandigital Novel Personal 6" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} SiPix electrophoretic technology display |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.chinitech.com/en/2010/pmp/lecteur-ebook/mreader-s6-5w-nouveau-lecteur-ebook-6pouces-avec-technologie-e-ink/ Pixelar Million-E MReader S6-5W] Gajah's design cloned from Oaxis Pocketbook 360, Hanvon S600, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Samsung S3C2440 AL-40 00&nbsp;MHz running Wolf Linux |- | <!--Description-->Samsung E-60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Sony PRS300BC PRS505 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested 8shades e-ink electrophoretic technology 5 inch screen, no SD card, }} |- | Sony PRS350 PRS600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested 16shades e-ink 5 inch screen, no SD card, supports BBeB (LRF/LRX), PDF, EPUB, TXT, RTF, JPEG, BMP, GIF and PNG. No Wifi or 3G connectivity. }} |- | Sony PRS650 PRS950 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested 16shades e-ink 6 inch screen, no SD card, BBeB (LRF/LRX), PDF, EPUB, TXT, RTF, JPG, BMP, GIF, PNG, MP3, AAC supported. }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS-T1 PRS-T2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === External Floppy === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | [http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project] | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | [http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4] | 0xE159 | 0x0001 | 0x00 | {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage works]}} |- | [http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator] | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | [http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux] | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} === Mobile Phone === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Motorola L9 | | | | {{yes|detected and works}} |- | Samsung SGH-D600 | | | | {{maybe|recognised as mass storage}} |- | Sony Ericsson K800i | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Nokia E50 | 0x0421 | 0x04ca | 0100 | {{yes|works}} |} ==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)== === Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Canon SX100 SX110 SX200 SX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 100D 10D 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 18MP down to 10MP |- | Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Canon PowerShot A430 A560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Canon PowerShot S90 S95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 720p video - 10Mpixel |- | Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L |- | Canon PowerShot N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L |- | Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} blogging camera 2012 |- | Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120 G7 X G7X-II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - |- | Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080 18MP Lithium LP-E8 |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7x G5X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} - G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - |- | Canon EOS M3 M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} flip out - same batteries - |- | Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Canon 6D 7D 8D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Fuji FinePix A850 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FujiFilm Finepix F100fd | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Fuji FinePix F810 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Fuji xf1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} pocketable exr cmos 12mp |- | Fuji xt1 x-t1 x10 x-t10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p |- | Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Fuji xPro1 xPro2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 4K video |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D40/D40x, D100, D70, D80, D90, D300, D700, D2Xs/D2Hs, D3 D4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized |- | Nikon L810 L820 L830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 720p video |- | Nikon D5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 720p video unlike D3000 |- | Nikon D6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D D3100 D3200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p video 14.2 to 24MPixel |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7000 D7100 D7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p video |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D800 D810 D600 D610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 1080p video sd card storage |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5200 D5300 D5500 D5600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2013 24.1MP 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 4K UHD video |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D900 D850 D820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 4k 46MP |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus C-370 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested - camera worked fine before }} |- | Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K10D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K30 K-5 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Pentax K-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 720p video |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ1 TZ5 TZ9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Four Thirds (GH2) MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording |- | Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Panasonic TZ60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GF7 GX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic G80 G85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} micro 4/3 |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung ES Series Es9 ES70 Es71 (2012) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 480p video |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 16MP |- | Samsung NX11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo Xacti CG65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A71 A71S a71r | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sony A77 A99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V HX50V HX60V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2011 18 to 20.2MP 1080p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty - |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} - often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' - |- | Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α5000 a5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Sony Sony α99 II Sony α58 Sony Sony α68 α77 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A7S a7r ii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} mirror less - more compact |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6500 a6500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk IV V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RX0 RX zero | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A7S a7 riii r3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} mirror less - more compact |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} <pre > Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount </pre > <pre > Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds </pre > === mp3 players === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Archos newer devices | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BlackBerry 9500 series | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Barnes and Noble BN Nook Tablet HD | 0x2080 | 0x0006 | 0216 | {{No|MTP detected 0/0 but does not bind to ptp and cannot force}} |- | Barnes and Noble Nook HD+ (Android) | 0x2080 | 0x0005 | 0216 | {{No|MTP not shown and does not bind to ptp and cannot force}} |- | Creative Technology Zen line — some devices only | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Cowon newer devices, e.g., iAudio (Cowon) D2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Intel portable media center | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | iriver H10 and other newer devices | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | JVC media players | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Meizu M series | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft Zune modified to "MTPZ" | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola mobile phones | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia mobile devices | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Palm mobile phones (PocketTunes media player supports MTP file transfers) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Philips GoGear line | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung Electronics Yepp line and Juke cellular phone/music player | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SanDisk Sansa devices | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sony Ericsson mobile phones | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some of Sony's MP3-Player, i.e., NWZ-A8xx, NWZ-E436F series | | | | {{N/A|untested - A816 with wm-port charging and data transfer cable}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony S6xx series NWZ-S639F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested wm port}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony E350 series E354 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waiting on Linux Rockbox }} |- | Latest Sony Drag&Drop Music Players E360 E370 E380 series NZ NWZ-E384 | | | | {{N/A|untested Rockbox'ed min usb port }} |- | Toshiba Gigabeat line | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TrekStor vibez | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Harman Kardon GPS810 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ==printer.class - PostScript 3 and internal ghostscript drivers== As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes and since the general Joe Public finds postcript capable printer very expensive, postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed aas a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript (HP PCL?) printers. Set up Printer Prefs for Postscript and set the print to file option. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here] <pre> bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono </pre> === Internal Ghostscript support === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Postscript Support ! width="10%" |GutenPrint Support ! width="20%" |Hardware Issues ! width="10%" |Running Costs ! width="20%" |Opinion |- | Canon BJ10e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested with Ghostscript drivers }} |- | Canon BJ200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested with Ghostscript drivers }} |- | Epson Stylus Color 600 parport inkjet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{yes|works - internal ghostscript support}} |- | <!--Description-->HP Deskjet 500 Parallel Port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Postscript Support | GutenPrint Support | Hardware Issues | Running Costs | Opinion |- | HP1220C/PS USB Inkjet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{yes|works - PS3 emulation only}} |- | HP 1700PS USB Inkjet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{yes|works - PS3 emulation only}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Postscript Support | GutenPrint Support | Hardware Issues | Running Costs | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->LJ-III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested HP PostScript Cartridge Plus (C2089A) a.. Press <ON LINE> (and take machine off line) b.. Press <Plus & Minus>, and while holding, press <ALT> and <RESET> together and watch the LCD and let go when the desired mode is displayed.}} |- | <!--Description-->HP Laserjet 4 4M 4MP (1992) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested PS2 emulation HP 4 with optional ps cartridge - HP 4M and 4M+ built in}} |- | <!--Description-->HP Laserjet 4L Parport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{no|PCL5 HP 4L only - no postscript}} |- | <!--Description-->HP Laserjet 5M (1995) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->PS2 emulation | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested you can try the ljet4 for the various lj5 drivers which produce various flavours of PCL. The 4, 4+ and 5 only really had one issue that plagued them, and it's hardly an issue at all. You would get accordian jams at the exit. A lot of people worked through this by pulling the sheet out before it got caught. Easily fixed by opening back door and scrubbing grime off of rubber rollers. }} |- | HP Laserjet 5L Parport (1997) (C3906A bk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->{{N/A}} | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{no|PCL5 support only.}} |- | HP Laserjet 5P 6P (1995) (C3906A bk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested HP 5p, 6p - Less tiny, slightly less slow. They are pretty bullet proof for low volume best to get postscript module though }} |- | HP Laserjet 2100 2100N 2100TN (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested PS2 emulation }} |- | HP Laserjet 4000 Series Parport (1998) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|PS3 emulation only (4200 and 4600 have issues)}} |- | HP Laserjet 4050 Parport (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->PS3 emulation only | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{maybe|works }} |- | HP Laserjet 5000 Parallel Port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->PS3 emulation only | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|}} |- | HP LaserJet 6M, 1200, 1300, 2100, 2200, P2050 (and P2055) P3005, M3025, M3027, 3050, 3300, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4200, 4300, M4345, P3005, P3015, P4010, P4410, M5025, M5035, 5100, 5200, 8000, 8100, or 9000 series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->PS3 emulation optional only | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Color LaserJet 2550, 3700, 4650, 8500 and 8550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark Optra C, T, and W series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Xerox Phaser 850, 860 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Monochrome === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Postscript Support ! width="10%" |GutenPrint Support ! width="20%" |Hardware Issues ! width="10%" |Running Costs ! width="20%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Postscript Support | GutenPrint Support | Hardware Issues | Running Costs | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Brother HL-1270N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BRScript | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother HL-3070CW Printer USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|BR-Script3 (PS3) untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Brother HL5240 HL5240L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BRScript (PostScript Level 2) | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother HL-7050N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BR3 | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother MFC-7860DW Monochrome B/W BW | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BR-Script BRScript (PostScript Level 3) | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother HL4570CDWT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Epson EPL-6200 Laser Printer USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|cheap to buy but untested - running cost unknown}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kyocera FS-1370DN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | HP LaserJet CP1515n USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|cheap to buy but untested - running cost unknown}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark Optra E312 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->built in? | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Color === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Postscript Support ! width="10%" |GutenPrint Support ! width="20%" |Hardware Issues ! width="10%" |Running Costs ! width="20%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother hl-3075cw | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BR-Script 3 | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Brother MFC-9120CN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->BRS3 | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Color LaserJet 2500L (2003) USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{maybe|slow printing}} |- | HP Color LaserJet 2550L 2550Ln (2004) USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{maybe|slow printing}} |- | HP Color LaserJet CP1218, 2605, 3700, 4500, 4600, or 4650 series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{maybe|slow printing}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Konica Minolta Magicolour 4650EN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Kyocera FS-1010 FS-1010N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Kyocera FS-C5200DN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Kyocera Mita FS-1030D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kyocera FS-C5150DN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Lexmark C540n | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark [http://www1.lexmark.com/products/view/Printers/Lexmark%20C780n/catId=cat10006-category&prodId=3907-product C780n] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->{{yes|works PS3 emulation only}} | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | OKI C3600 Color Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung CLP-315 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support-->untested | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Xerox 618x Color Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Postscript Support--> | <!--GutenPrint Support--> | <!--Hardware Issues --> | <!--Running Costs --> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4407&viewmode=flat&order=ASC Emumiga]. OS3.x support via [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter] and [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/printer OS4 drivers] and [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=33955&forum=27#622365 experiences]. usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). Sticking to the same units is generally a good idea I think (and therefore this mechanism is also used with all other classes creating exec.devices). You may not send a short packet (packet less than maxpktsize == 64) nor zero byte packets until the very last byte of your printout. Otherwise the printer will silently ignore the data you sent. Some printer drivers print very short sequences that never fill the endpoint buffer, so printer ignore them. Bufferize all printer driver writes in the ieee1284.device and send them by epsize packets. So my hppsc2210 works fine with a classic HP560C driver, on a classic A2000 subwayized :) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}} |- | IOGear GUC1284B | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested but more expensive }} |- | NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TRENDnet ware TU-P1284 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 2.00 | {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Transparent See Through Blue | | | | {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }} |- | Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FDL USB to 25pin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.dealextreme.com/p/compact-usb-to-bf-25f-port-adapter-cable-1-5-meter-10118 QinHeng Electronics] (CH340S chipset) | 0x1a86 | 0x7584 | | {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }} |- | StarTech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba SD-USB-DB25 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} ;Paper <pre> 4CC () 5 Star (Spicers) Berga Speed (Stora Enso) Canon Clairefontaine Color Copy () Conqueror (Antalis) Data Copy Logic 300 (M-Real Corporation) Discovery () Double A () Elite Image () EP4 () Evolve () Hammermill () HP Image Business, Impact and Volume () Initiative (Integra) Motif (Robert Horne) Navigator (Navigator Office Paper Solutions) Paperone () Sparco () Xerox (Xerox) </pre> ==rawwrap.class - some scanners supported== [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/index.php?id=6 Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan] [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html ] and AROS-Exec [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=3662&viewmode=flat&order=ASC thread]. [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] with Betascan {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL | 0x04b8 | 0x0107 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0104 | | {{N/A|recognised but untested }} |- | Perfection 1240U | 0x04b8 | 0x010b | | {{N/A|untested In Trident, click on "Classes", then on "rawwrap.class", then on "Configure". There, under "Global", activate the Option "Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces". Now go to the second tab "Default Interface" and select/enter these values: Default usbraw.device Unit: 0 Exclusive access: Yes Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms In NAK Timeout: 20000ms In Buffer Mode: No buffering Buffer Size: 36 KB Short Reads Terminate: Yes Now click on "Use as Default" and select "Devices" on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on "Class Scan". Now close Trident by clicking on "Save". }} |- | Perfection 1640SU Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x010a | 0x0104 | {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}} |- | Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011c | | {{N/A|recognised but untested}} |- | Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011b | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0128 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Perfection V700 V750 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x012c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900 Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900 | 0x04b8 | 0x0802 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Stylus Office BX300F USB | 0x04b8 | 0x0848 | | {{yes|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51637#forumpost51637 works with good scan quality]}} |- |} [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] - SCANdal with Betascan {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Artec Ultima 2000 | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | | {{N/A|untested - (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb)}} |- | Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x | 0x0458 | 0x2011 to 0x201f | | {{N/A|untested - (ccd548.fw)}} |- | BearPaw 2448 CS TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x021a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS | 0x055f | 0x021e | | {{N/A|untested - ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus (plus only!!) | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | | {{N/A|untested - ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB | 0x055f | 0x021f | | {{N/A|untested - ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus | 0x055f | 0x021c or 0x021b | 0x0 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA (Goodmans GSC 12/24) | 0x055f | 0x0218 | | {{N/A|untested (Transparency adapter untested) }} |- | BearPaw 2400 CS TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x0219 | | {{N/A|untested (Transparency adapter) }} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus (BearPaw 2400 CU Plus) | 0x055f | 0x021d | 1.00 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Plustek OpticPro 1248U | 0x07B3 | 0x0400/0x0401 | | {{N/A|untested - (ccd548.fw)}} |- | Plustek OpticSlim 2400 | 0x07b3 | 0x0422 | | {{N/A|untested - (cis3R5B1.fw)}} |- | Visioneer OneTouch 7300 | 0x04a7 | 0x0444 | | {{N/A|untested - (Cis3r5b1.fw)}} |- | Lexmark All-in-One X70 X73 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} Lexmark - needs testing {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Lexmark X1110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1140 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1150 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1170 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1180 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1185 | 0x043d | 0x007c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X12xx | | | | {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | | | | | |- | Dell A920 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} HP - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | HP ScanJet 4100C | 0x03f0 | 0x0101 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 5200C | 0x03f0 | 0x0401 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 62X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0201 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 63X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0601 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24 | 0x07B3 | 0x0010 to 0x0017 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X | 0x0458 | 0x2008 to 0x2016 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C | 0x03F0 | 0x0505 and 0x0605 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 | 0x0400 | 0x1000 and 0x1001 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 | 0x1606 | 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260 | 0x04B8 | 0x010f and 0x011d | | {{no|no driver}} |- | CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30 | 0x04A9 | 0x2206 to 0x2220 | | {{no|no driver}} |} [http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U | 0x4a5 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT | 0x4a5 | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300 | 0x4a5 | 0x020 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52 | 0x06bd | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 660 | 0x04b8 | 0x0114 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1270 1670 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 2480 2580 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 3490 3590 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mitsubishi | 0x0 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Belkin 4 Port | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Conrad | | | | {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }} |- | DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | High 0200 | {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}} |- | [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&baseid=178&artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&artid=760&artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH] | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | 0901 | {{yes|works Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}} |- | Skymaster | 0x05e3 | 0x0605 | 060B | {{yes|works}} |- | No Name active 4-port | 0x1a40 | 0x0101 | 0111 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17e9 | <!--Product ID-->0x4302 | <!--Revision-->0014 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==USB &rarr; ethernet lan adaptor== *2002 playstation 2 usb lan era - best support *2006 wii asix era - some support but very much miss than hit *2009 little or no support * USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 best supported time * USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88172, AX88772, AX88178 a little but not much * USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - AX88179 no support ADMtek ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Com 3c460b | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet | 0x083a | 0x0320 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ATEN UC-110T | 0x0557 | 0x4000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 | | | | {{yes|works from old amiga.org post, now removed}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101 | | | | {{no|does not works}} |- | Belkin F5U122-PC | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Compex LinkPort/UE202A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | D-Link DSB-H3ETX | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA | 0x2001 | 0x4000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100 | 0x2001 | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter | 0x05cc | 0x3000 | 1.01 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GetNet | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hawking UF100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Linksys USB10T / TA / TX | 0x066b | 0x2202 | | {{N/A|untested - possible peg1/peg2}} |- | Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1 | | | | {{N/A|untested but TiVo compatible }} |- | Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine? | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | 1.01 | {{yes|works with DHCP router option }} |- | Netgear FA101 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Philips CPWUE01/00 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Planet UE-9500 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens SpeedStream USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SOHOware NUB100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH | 0x0707 | 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201 | | {{N/A|untested but should work very well }} |- | Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-ET100C | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested but works well, very stable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A | 0x07a6 | 0x8513 | 1.01 | {{N/A|untested but new chipset - be aware }} |- | Digitus lanusb ADM8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{N/A|untested but new chipset - be aware }} |- | VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{no|not working but new chipset - be aware }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Davicom USB-100 see clone below | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&nbsp;cm long. | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested but success can be sporadic with these. They are technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }} |- | Corega FEther USB-TXC | 0x07aa | 0x9601 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hirose USB-100 | 0x0a47 | 0x9601 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KY-RS9600 | | | | {{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&postcount=12 works] }} |- | ShanTou ST268 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x0268 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZT6688 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x6688 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FE6 | <!--Product ID-->0x9700 | <!--Revision-->0101 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|only USB 1.1 10M ethernet support but will plug into an usb 2.0 port}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Digitus DN-10050 | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206] | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | STLabs | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S] | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250] | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MCS 7832 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Asix Eth 88172 88772(wii) 88772A 88178 (USB2 and up to 60meg broadband) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AirLink101 AGIGAUSB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ATEN UC210T | 0x0557 | 0x2009 | 0x | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Billionton Systems USB2AR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08dd | <!--Product ID-->0x90ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x003d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->corega FEther USB2-TX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07aa | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4 | 0x2001 | 0x1a00 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->goodway corp USB gwusb2e | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1631 | <!--Product ID-->0x6200 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Hawking UF200 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [Linksys USB200M] | 0x077b | 0x2226 | | {{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&postcount=20 works] }} |- | Netgear FA120 | 0x0846 | 0x1040 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Intellinet | 0x0b95 | 0x1720 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04f1 | <!--Product ID-->0x3008 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ST Lab USB Ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sitecom LN-029 "USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x6189 | <!--Product ID-->0x182d | <!--Revision-->0 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Surecom EP-1427X-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1189 | <!--Product ID-->0x0893 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | | {{Maybe|version 2}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AirLive EtherWe-1000U | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A | 0x05ac | 0x1402 | | {{No|2008 }} |- | ASIX 88772 | 0x0b95 | 0x7720 | 0x0 | {{Maybe|[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=633744#post633744 works on Deneb] }} |- | Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 | | | | {{No| }} |- | Dealextreme SKU.5926 SKU.13972 | | | | {{No| }} |- | D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards | 0x07d1 or 0x2001 | 0x3c05 | | {{Maybe|works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }} |- | EdiMax EU-4207 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Intec LAN G5626 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LevelOne USB-0202 | 0x0b95 | 0x07720 | 0x | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LevelOne USB-0301 | 0x0b95 | 0x07720 | 0x | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB200M Rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13b1 | <!--Product ID-->0x0018 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope | 0x0b95 | 0x7720 | 0x0 | {{No|not working }} |- | Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A | 0x0b95 | 0x7720 | 0x0 | {{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 sometimes works}} |- | NEWLink N14050 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones | 0x0b95 | 0x07720 | 0x | {{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} |- | Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024 | | | | {{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&postcount=22 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->0Q0 cable ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1557 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | Sabrent KINAMAX | | | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY | | | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3 | | | | {{No|detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 USB 2.0 Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}} |- | APPLE AX88772A Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A | 0x05ac | 0x1402 | | {{No|2010 model - auto negotiates but does not work with owb}} |- | Digitus DN-10050-1 | 0x0b95 | 0x772a | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Edimax EU-4230 | 0x0b95 | 0x772a | | {{no| no driver}} |- | Linksys USB300M | | | | {{no| no driver}} |- | Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing | 0x0b95 | 0x7720 | 0x0 | {{Maybe|Poseidon recognises it as 88x772A ?? using usbasixeth.device sometimes works}} |- | Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A | | | | {{no| no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88772B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | EdiMax EU-4208 | 0x0b95 | 0x772b | 0x | {{No|Detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | ArkView USB-G1000 AX88178 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5D5055ea | 0x050d | 0x5055 | | {{Maybe| }} |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-GT 10/100/1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x006e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| no driver}} |- | Digitus DN-3022 AX88178 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->IO-DATA ETG-US2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04bb | <!--Product ID-->0x0930 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe| }} |- | Linksys USB1000EU | 0x1737 | 0x0039 | | {{Maybe| driver}} |- | PLANEX 1000BASE-T Gigabit | | | | {{no| no driver}} |- | Plugable USB2-E1000 + 8211CL PHY | 0x0b95 | 0x1780 | | {{N/A|PHY bit could be a problem }} |- | Sitecom LN 028 | | | | {{no| no driver}} |- | TrendNet TU2-ET100 v4 r4 v6 r6 | 0x07b8 | | | {{No|no support }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tecknet UL699G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->AX88179 178A |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 | 0x07b8 | | | {{No|no support }} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} ==USB &rarr; SerialPort Converter== * 2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 * 2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | ATEN UC-232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0300 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOGear GUC232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0110 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Alcatel | 0x11f7 | 0x02df | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO BF-810 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U103 | 0x | 0x | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Davibe SP611 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dcu10 | 0x0731 | 0x0528 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elcom | 0x056e | 0x5003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOData | 0x04bb | 0x0a03 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Itegno | 0x0eba | 0x1080 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia CA42 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Radioshack | 0x1453 | 0x4026 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ratoc | 0x0584 | 0xb000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | 0x04e8 | 0x8001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens DCA-510 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN104 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN116 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some Cut Ma620 | 0x0df7 | 0x0620 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syntech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tripp | 0x2478 | 0x2008 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Airlink101 AC-USBS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Belkin F5U103v | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dynamode U232-P9 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 3.00 | {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }} |- | Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 | 0x067b | 0x2303 | 4.00 | {{no|no driver }} |- | MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | Sabrent SBT-USC1M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-59 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} [http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html FTDI]-FT232RL.class {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | Sabrent CB-FTDI | | | | {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }} |- | <!--Description-->Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention (small black box) ICUSB2321F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |} ==simplemidi.class and CAMD== Currently support includes * simplemidi.class for Tracker keymapping emulation which should work without modification * camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the 68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant for * interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi * controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, etc SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate musical keyboard. All you need is a fully class-compliant USB MIDI control keyboard (controller). Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. You'll then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (referred to as a "cluster" in the CAMD terminology) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output USB enabled controllers do not require hardware interfaces to be used by AROS and its' apps but AROS still needs implementing the code for a camd.library USB driver. The camdusbmidi.class may need to be modified to the [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd AROS CAMD MIDI system] or [http://wayback.archive.org/web/*/http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~ksvalast/nsm/bin/* src] The response to the MIDI implementation in Poseidon has been very low. Only a few users have ever had the hardware to try it. There was only one MIDI Keyboard, without tone generator, used to develop the classes. If you want to connect external 5pin MIDI devices like keyboards to USB port(s), you'll need a hardware MIDI interface.... Cheapest MIDI controllers are less than 50 euros nowadays, but often lack legacy 5pin MIDI port (and only have USB). Sadly the same can not be said for 5 pin DIN midi USB2.0 interfaces. There was no audio 'class' for USB2 for quite some time, and as a result most of those interfaces need their own drivers, drivers which often don't exist in Linux. Some interfaces are USB2, but support USB1.1 Class Compliant operation at a lower feature set (16/48 for example). Checked hd-rec under my aros68k compile in uae and it seems to be working properly. Loaded some project, didn't even play as there is no ahi units set up yet, but it seems to accept the genuine amiga 68k camd.library. There is 2 different versions of camd.library on aminet for the original m68k. camd.lha (2.0) works but camd40.lha was unstable as it crashes when pressing stop after some play of midi data. Recording of audio works in hd-rec under winuae amiga os3.9. The aros68k version of camd didn't seem currently to initialize properly, maybe some overseen endian bug. On AROS Hosted/Linux the hostmidi driver (uses "/dev/midi")) did work at least somewhat with Bars & Pipes Professional. BnP also some trouble with song loading/saving and endianness, because of this external tools which can add additional "data" but the app has no idea of the layout of that data and therefore cannot safely do necessary endianness conversions. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |SimpleMidi ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCF2000 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCD3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X Touch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} psu needed |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Compact | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}}1998 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Edirol Roland UM-2 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--SimpleMidi-->Not binding | <!--CAMD-->Not binding | {{No|1999 not bound to any midi class - tested Aros One 1.5}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}}1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2000 under poseidon but works under [http://www.intuitionbase.com/static.php?section=en_home-studio OS4 Sirius stack] |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM-1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2000 |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM-2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2000 |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UA20 UA-20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{No|detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2001 |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM-1X midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2003 |- | <!--Description-->Edirol UM-1SX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0052 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}}2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM 1G 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Edirol Roland UM-2EX 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk aka Edirol or UM 3G - 3x3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x00d0 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0x010 0x0103 | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Evolution U-Control UC-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=30882#forumpost30882 detected but untested]}} |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-249C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO old version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update] |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 ordinary | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required], |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio UC-33 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} |- | <!--Description-->Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU micro lite 5x5 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{No| }} poor support and not class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{No| }} poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS." |- | <!--Description-->Qcon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus G2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg CMC Series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Swisssonic MIDI1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested on Aros but on AmigaOS There is no output at midichannel one and two. Hd-Rec is the only program with a minimal chance to work, but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes}} |- | <!--Description-->SSL Nucleus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 2000 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1604 | <!--Product ID-->0x8004 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--SimpleMidi-->{{No| }} | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2002 does not bind to any class}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-1x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x8021 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--SimpleMidi-->not binding | <!--CAMD-->not bound | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones}} |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|no driver}} 2010 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|no driver}} 2010 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|no driver}} 2010 6in / 4 out, 4 xlr inputs, |- | <!--Description-->teac tascam US-1800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|no driver}} 2010 |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-16x08 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UX-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | SimpleMidi | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|driver}} dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis I/O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO4 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-22 AL22c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} ethernet no support |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) but |- | <!--Description-->ART Usb Mix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2006 |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2008 |- | <!--Description-->Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2008 |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB powered |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox II Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB powered |- | <!--Description-->Engl z-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Elektron TM-1 1in 1out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }}supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }} ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }} no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate II 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ESI ROM I/O | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} 2005 romio version |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate eX midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}}2010 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}}2010 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8U XL 8in 8out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested }}2010 |- | <!--Description-->iCON CubeMi 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} class compliant? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity mio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages or cases were people reported MIDI signals getting cut off |- | <!--Description--> iConnectMidi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->iCM2 iCM4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} class compliant but may not work well with other interfaces |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} class compliant |- | <!--Description-->iRig Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Electronics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | {{N/A|untested}} rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - issues with its firmware but this was only a small number of people. Some also would have liked it to have configurable routing |- | <!--Description-->Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Peavey Xport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} guitars only |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-ONE mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 driver}} USB class compliant - switch to TAB setting |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded cable | 0x552d | 0x4348 | F110 | <!--SimpleMidi-->{{No|does not bind}} | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|detected but not working}} the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI "cable" interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) |- | <!--Description--> gm5 USB midi chip DIY option only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | SimpleMidi | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Akai APK midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09e8 | <!--Product ID-->0x007c | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--SimpleMidi-->{{No|does not bind}} | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|detected but not working}} 25 mini key powered by mini USB lead |- | <!--Description-->Akai LPK | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak USB port |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB midi connection only - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} full keys semi-weighted - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional Advance 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Professional APC Key 25 Compact 40 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Max25 control keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} not usb compliant |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VX49 VX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 32 mini keys usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX 610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX490 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Cheetah MS6 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU Xboard 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->CME Xkey | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Edirol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC 160A 180A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 6v psu - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-50 PC-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 32 key |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-200 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} some had fatar keys |- | <!--Description-->80s kx73 or kx88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 25xt 49xt 61xt 88xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID-->0x2702 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--SimpleMidi-->{{No}} | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|detected but not working}} 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy metal base - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Mobile keys 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Kawai VPC 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} weighted keys - heavy build - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but not really suited for piano playing |- | <!--Description-->Komplete Kontrol S88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=30819#forumpost30819 detected but untested]}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Korg Prophecy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design |- | <!--Description-->Korg Taktile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 A8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Keyrig 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Ozone 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Axiom AIR 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 8 25, 49 Mk4, 61 mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} full size velocity sensitive |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e 61e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio ProKeys 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 49 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB port and class compliant |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MIDI keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik iBoard 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact LX49+ SE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact GX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB port - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P4 P6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB & USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Nord 3 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} sysex |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Novation | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Novation SL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMOTE LE | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--SimpleMidi-->{{No}} | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|detected but not working}} 2006 USB powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously. |- | <!--Description-->Novation SL MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation MiniNova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation Impulse 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB, 5-pin MIDI out, but may not be class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Novation | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Novation Nocturn 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Oberheim MC 2000 EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB port - weighted keys - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Graphite 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Carbon 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL990XP midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL880 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL88 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numa Organ 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P-115 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} weighted keys - USB midi port |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha KX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Worlde Panda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | SimpleMidi | CAMD | Opinion |- |} The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change) There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. ==usbaudio.class (req. rt iso transfer)== USB audio streaming over AHI requires [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=30273#forumpost30273 iso] and [http://www.thewelltemperedcomputer.com/KB/USB.html realtime isochronous transfer], still no support in pciusb.device. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread], *DACs with standard (adaptive) USB - where the computer controls the data timing. *DACs plus an asynchronous USB converter module outputting S/PDIF—where the DAC controls the data timing. *DACs with inbuilt async USB capability and an I2S internal feed to the DAC USB AUDIO CARDS - USB2 UCA Compliant {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" |Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Playback ! width="10%" |Records ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation [http://www.dealextreme.com/p/21812 sku 21812] I2S in and out | 0x1926 | 0x0003 | 0x0100 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver and [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=6165&forum=1&post_id=57803#forumpost57803 does not work] }} |- | [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID-->0003:1130:F211.0002 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver but cheap construction }} |- | Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media ) | 0x0d8c | 0x000c 0x000e | 1.00 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no [http://www.meroncourt.co.uk/dynamode/dynamode-usb-virtual-71-channel-sound-adapter-usbsound7-1823.htm driver] }} |- | <!--Description-->Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia ) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID--> 0c000e | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->| <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM1197.1ch [http://www.dealextreme.com/p/8978 sku 8978] I2C MCU port Penguin | 0x0D8C | 0x0000 | 0x010 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x0102 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->50/50 if the item is detected but does not work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Creative X-Fi Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver }} |- | Creative X-Fi 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver but working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] }} |- | Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | Asus Xonar U3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Griffin iMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | M-Audio Transit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) | 0x0C76 0x1130 | 0x1605 0x1607 0xf211 | 0x | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver but reports on other OS not good }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Plantronics "DSP Adapter-01" (or "USB Adapter-02") | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Rocksmith Real Tone Cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RSA Intruder Predator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x000c | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Stoner Acoustics UD100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac UDH01-B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB | 0x0ccd | 0x0077 | | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Terratec Phase26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|[http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=30887#forumpost30887 no driver] }} |- | Trust 510 EX 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0 to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 | <!--Vendor ID-->0003:046D:0A0B.0001 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card & Headset Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x10F5 | <!--Product ID-->0x0211 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|detected as usbaudio but no audio out}} |- | <!--Description-->Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->behringer uca202 PCM2902? | <!--Vendor ID-->0x8bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2902 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2704 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2900 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Alpha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Omega | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> 2x2 Recording Interface with Onyx Preamps |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->1999 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description--> UA-1000 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 usb2 |- | <!--Description-->[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] 4i4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22 <kII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Edirol ua-25, UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Konnekt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe Studio 22 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam iU2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}}poor linux drivers |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} good support in Linux needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122L | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x800e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} good support in Linux but obsolete needing different chipset firmware |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} poor linux drivers |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US122 Mk2 and Tascam US144 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--SimpleMidi--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioquest Dragonfly | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cakewalk UA-1G, Edirol UA-1EX, Roland Duo Capture UA-11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} Headphone out has a lot of hiss |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E07K Andes | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E17 Alpen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Magnum | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Martini-U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Vulcan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->HRT Steamer II USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> iBasso D12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Leckerton UHA-6S MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MyST 1866 PortaDAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Objective DAC ODAC+O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Henry Audio mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai |- | <!--Description-->DevilSound USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} USB Microphones {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Sennheiser CC510 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball iCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} cardioid only |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used |- | <!--Description-->Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1415 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} mono microphones |- | <!--Description-->Neumann | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Rockband USB Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode Podcaster USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A NT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} NT2 better |- | <!--Description-->Samson C01U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} cardoid only |- | <!--Description-->Samson C03U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket |- | <!--Description-->Shure | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1 H1n | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2 H2n | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom APH1 H1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} xlr and inputs |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} USB Speakers {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Focal XS 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} USB Headset Wired/Wireless {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3) | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech G330 | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350 | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Plantronics DSP-300 | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Plantronics GameCom 777 | | | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech G-930 Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | Sennheiser Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ==Webcam tools== A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There is no support for video interfaces, because neither AROS, AmigaOS nor MorphOS define a standard for this. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility] Pencam STV680 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AIPTEK stv680 | 0x0553 | 0x0202 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Konica e-mini | 0x04c8 | 0x0722 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | DigitalDream l'espion XS | 0x1183 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] | 0x041e | 0x4007 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) '''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!''' {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Macally IceCam II | 0x0c45 | 0x05d8 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sweex MiniCam 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6005 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}} |- | Macally IceCam Portable | 0x0c45 | 0x6007 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}} |- | Sweex 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6009 | 0x0101 | {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}} |- | [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] | 0x0c45 | 0x600d | | {{no|no}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x601e | | {{no|no}} |- | USB PC Camera (SN9C102) | 0x0c45 | 0x6028 | | {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}} |- | Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150 | 0x0c45 | 0x6029 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}} |- | HiRes Webcam Live | 0x0c45 | 0x602c | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K] | 0x0c45 | 0x608f | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K | 0x0c45 | 0x613c | 0x0101 | {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}} |- | WB-3250P | 0x0c45 | 0x613e | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x6207 | | {{no|no}} |} pac.class - no driver for Pac207-BCA Pac7311 Pac7312 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | [http://www.ascendtech.us/itemdesc.asp?ic=CAMWEBPCUSBXEYE&eq=&Tp= X-Eye] | 0x093a | 0x2468 | | {{no|no - PAC207}} |} ov51x.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) | 0x05a9 | 0x8519 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 | 0x054c | 0x0154 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030 | 0x054c | 0x0155 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} pwc.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Philips PCVC740K | 0x0471 | 0x0311 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ZC030X based cameras {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Dexxa Webcam | 0x46d | 0x840 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech QuickCam Express (old model) | 0x46d | 0x850 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech QuickCam Web | 0x46d | 0x870 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Logitech QuickCam Messenger | 0x46d | 0x08da | | {{no|no driver}} |} UVC.class - [http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/ USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class] [http://cowboyfrank.net/webcams/index.htm#revews Good review] but AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers, then a uvc.class usbvideo and then a video ahi type substructure to be written v4l2-ctl—list-formats-ext or fswebcam—verbose to get output modes in linux * standalone with sd card - wansview, amcrest, tenvis, keekoon, foscam, * needing a dvr or nvr - dlink, hikvision, foscam, trendnet, sony, axis, $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 vlc rtsp://user:password@ip/play1.sdp—sout=file/ogg:mystream.ogv vlc rtsp://192.168.0.21:554/mpeg4—sout=file/ts:mystream.mpg rtsp_session: unsupported RTSP server. Server type is 'DSS/5.5.4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 2008 Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M | | | | {{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ 2008 Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M | | | | {{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/logitech-quickcam-pro-9000-review-49293990/ 2008 Logitech Webcam Pro 9000] 2.0M | | | | {{no|}} |- | [2010 Logitech Webcam C600] 2.0M | | | | {{no|}} |- | [2010 Logitech Webcam C170] 2.0M | | | | {{no|}} Output mjpeg, |- | Logitech HD Webcam C270 | 0x046d | 0x0825 | 0.10 | {{no|}} Output mjpeg, |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C910 C920 c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} Output mjpg, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Brio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 1080p 2160p |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID--> 0x0779 | <!--Revision-->1.06 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Cinema | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Studio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->razer kiyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0AC8 | <!--Product ID--> 0x3420 | <!--Revision-->0x01FA | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 ) |- | <!--Description-->Axis all modern ones | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP |- | <!--Description-->Dlink DCS900 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Dahua 3Megapixel 1080P 2.8mm Vandal-Proof Mini Dome | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Foscam IP camera FI8904W FI8910W FFI9820W FI9821W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP protocol, any webcam can be viewed via VLC - [http://foscamuk.co.uk/downloads/ firmware] can be a problem for niche os from time to time |- | <!--Description-->Foscam FI9805E Outdoor POE (power over ethernet) camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} get the IP assignment via DHCP, user is ‘admin’ with no (empty) password, [http://IP.ADDRESS.OF.CAM:PORT/cgi-bin/CGIProxy.fcgi?cmd=snapPicture&usr=username&pwd=password take pics], |- | <!--Description-->Foscam IP camera R2 C1 FI9826P stand alone FI8918W replaces FI8908W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP protocol, any webcam can be viewed via VLC etc |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co.,Ltd 2032 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} usually stand alone camera with analog / digital dvr needed |- | <!--Description-->Hangzhou Hikvision | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Hangzhou Hikvision | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Hangzhou Hikvision | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuzhou Keekoon Electronics Co., Ltd. KK001 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} rtsp not supported |- | <!--Description-->[http://tinycammonitor.com/support.html Keekoon KK002] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} rtsp not supported |- | <!--Description-->Lorex LNB2151 camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Tenvis 720p 1080p Omnivision 9712/100W 80deg view 10m range | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} Most are IP cameras, so you just be using the feed via ssh or wireless. Some IP camera should work since the camera itself doesn't need to interact with the OS at all - depends on the firmware included in the product. |- | <!--Description-->Tenvis IPROBOT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://apps.tenvis.com Tenvis] IPROBOT3 [http://www.openipcam.com/forum/index.php%3Ftopic%3D565.0 ARM9 GM8126] [https://github.com/rastabaddon/iprobot3 2014] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} rtsp://guest:guestpassword@192.168.200.100/12 - the IProbot3 (2014) the last 2 digits at the end of the URL selects the image size ie. 11 = 1280x720, 12 = 640x352, 13 = 320x176. Note could not use the 2 digit image size in some programs had to use the last digit only 1, 2 or 3. It has dependency on Microsoft IE for all the features, however, it will work with other browsers with limitations. There is a TIFF SD slot that is only visible when using IE. The recording alarm feature will continue to record to the SD when not connected to a browser. When connected to IE, it offloads the SD stored content to your local hard drive. |- | <!--Description-->Tenvis IPROBOT3 HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNET TV IP310PI, IP311PI has similarities with Hikvision DS-2CD2032-I | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} no sd card save option |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - |- | <!--Description-->Wansview NCB541W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Y-Cam (Most) Bullet HD Cube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} rtsp |- | <!--Description-->Zavio F3210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} jpeg only? |- | <!--Description-->Zavio F210A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} rtsp |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- |} ==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link "Cable Bridge" for data transfer== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Advance USBNET (eTEK design) | 0x0525 | 0x9901 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ALi Uli M5632 (chip) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201 | 0x0402 | 0x5632 | | {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}} |- | Belkin (eTek design see below) | 0x050d | 0x0004 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | EPSON USB client | 0x0525 | 0x2888 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | eTEK | 0x056c | 0x8100 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KC-190 | 0x050f | 0x0190 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB | | | | {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB-A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) | 0x067b | 0x0000 and 0x0001 | 0x0004 | {{maybe|detected but untested}} |- | Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720) | 0x0547 | 0x2727 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==cdcacm.class - USB modem== The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Alcatel OT-I650 | 0x1bbb | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite | 0x06b9 | 0xa5a5 | | {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }} |- | AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10 | 0x16d5 | 0x6501 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-310 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A | 0x16d5 | 0x6502 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT On-Air USB MODEM | 0x079b | 0x000f | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 | 0x0572 | 0x1321 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 | 0x0572 | 0x1324 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant Chipset | 0x06ea | 0x0002 | | {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }} |- | [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner] | 0x0586 | 0x330a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670 | 0x1690 | 0x0101 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc | 0x0e8d | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Huawei E122 | 0x12d1 | 0x1446 | | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126] |- | Huawei E160, E160E, E160G | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246) |- | Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&forum=4&post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200) |- | Huawei E220 "Vodafone EasyBox II" "T-Mobile wnw Box Micro" also known as Huawei K3565 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}} |- | Huawei E1750 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}} |- | Huawei E170, E172, E176 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | Huawei E180 | 0x12d1 | 0x1406 | | {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | KYOCERA AH-K3001V | 0x0482 | 0x0203 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LG CU515 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | MediaTek Inc GPS | 0x0e8d | 0x3329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Metricom GS Modem | 0x0870 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola MOTOMAGX phones | 0x22b8 | 0x6425 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola Q Phone | 0x22b8 | 0x7000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) | 0x0572 | 0x1329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA | | | | {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4415&viewmode=flat&order=ASC here]}} |- | OGO | 0x045E | 0x0079 | 0090 | {{no|no driver}} |- | Olitec ADSL Modem V2 | 0x08e3 | 0x0100 / 0x0102 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Onda PT502HS | <!--Vendor ID-->0x19D2 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Radicom V92HU-E2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone | 0x04e8 | 0x6651 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230) | 0x04e8 | 0x6795 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 | 0x0572 | 0x1328 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1602 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1608 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version | 0x0ace | 0x1611 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM | 0x0803 | 0x3095 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ugobe Pleo | 0x6962 | 0x0100 | 0x0100 | {{Yes|Works}} |} ==rndis.class== The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Huawei U8800 | 0x12d1 | 0x1039 | | {{yes|works (deactivated)}} |- | HTC (Android phone) | 0x0bb4 | 0x0ffe | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Actiontec DSL modem | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://cateee.net/lkddb/web-lkddb/USB_NET_RNDIS_WLAN.html Asus WL169gE] Wireless | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Buffalo WLI-U2-KG125S | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BUFFALO WLI-USB-G54 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5D7051 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT Voyager 1055 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Eminent EM4045 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Linksys WUSB54GSv2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Linksys WUSB54GSC | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Linksys WUSB54GSv1 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | U.S. Robotics USR5420 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | U.S. Robotics USR5421 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} ==Misc== palmpda.class - no pdalink.library and tools Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm IIIc (OS3.5) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm V | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m100 | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m500 (OS4) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu | 0x | 0x | 0x | {{no|no }} |- | Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based | | | | {{no|no }} |- | [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Treo 700w | | | | {{no|no }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth stack to work (not included) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | cyberJack RFID basis | 0x0C4B | 0x9102 | 0001 | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | iPhone | 0x05ac | 0x1290 0x1292 0x1294 | | {{N/A|untested use with caution could cause damage}} |- | M-Audio/Midiman USB audio | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser) | 0x1130 | 0x0202 | | {{yes|works }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon | 0x1941 | 0x8021 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher | 0x1941 | | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Rocket Baby | 0x0a81 | 0x0701 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link DSB-R100 USB | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | 0x0410 | {{yes|works }} |- | [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21] | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player | 0x04e8 | various | | {{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===== [[:w:List of palettes#12-bit RGB|Palettes]] ===== *016 colors - rebel's and cammy's *032 colors - deluxe paint OCS palette or [http://archives.aros-exec.org/share/utility/workbench/ pal32] *064 colors - *256 colors - If you want to improve the vga mode palette color on Wanderer, Scalos, etc you can use rtpalette, which is in the demo drawer. rtpalette does not load or save any changes. It just changes colors on the fly. [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=68146#forumpost68146 SetPenColor] does a similar thing. <pre> ;****************************************************************************** ; 16 color palette ;* Please note: when using HEX values you need to provide colors in BGR order ;* (meaning: Blue-Green-Red) _not_ RGB (endianness heritage from 68K code?) ;****************************************************************************** ;PEN 0 - RGB 153-153-153 (DEC) | BGR 99-99-99 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=0 COLOR=$999999 >NIL: ;PEN 1 - RGB 17-17-17 (DEC) | BGR 11-11-11 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=1 COLOR=$111111 >NIL: ;PEN 2 - RGB 238-238-238 (DEC) | BGR EE-EE-EE (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=2 COLOR=$EEEEEE >NIL: ;PEN 3 - RGB 68-68-204 (DEC) | BGR 44-44-CC (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=3 COLOR=$CC4444 >NIL: ;PEN 4 - RGB 119-119-199 (DEC) | BGR 77-77-77 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=4 COLOR=$777777 >NIL: ;PEN 5 - RGB 187-187-187 (DEC) | BGR BB-BB-BB (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=5 COLOR=$BBBBBB >NIL: ;PEN 6 - RGB 204-170-119 (DEC) | BGR CC-AA-77 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=6 COLOR=$77AACC >NIL: ;PEN 7 - RGB 221-102-153 (DEC) | BGR DD-66-99 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=7 COLOR=$9966DD >NIL: ;PEN 8 - RGB 34-119-51 (DEC) | BGR 22-77-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=8 COLOR=$337722 >NIL: ;PEN 9 - RGB 119-68-17 (DEC) | BGR 77-44-11 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=9 COLOR=$114477 >NIL: ;PEN 10 - RGB 238-204-34 (DEC) | BGR EE-CC-22 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=10 COLOR=$22CCEE >NIL: ;PEN 11 - RGB 68-68-68 (DEC) | BGR 44-44-44 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=11 COLOR=$444444 >NIL: ;PEN 12 - RGB 187-34-51 (DEC) | BGR BB-22-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=12 COLOR=$3322BB >NIL: ;PEN 13 - RGB 51-170-68 (DEC) | BGR 33-AA-44 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=13 COLOR=$44AA33 >NIL: ;PEN 14 - RGB 68-119-238 (DEC) | BGR 44-77-EE (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=14 COLOR=$EE7744 >NIL: ;PEN 15 - RGB 204-119-51 (DEC) | BGR CC-77-33 (HEX) c:setpencolor SCREEN="Workbench" PEN=15 COLOR=$3377CC >NIL: </pre> {{BookCat}} 1mtw8xvylphazzd9b0mlbfzlciaoae2 0 241485 4096924 4080606 2022-08-28T17:54:39Z Neojacob 363908 /* Sean O'Casey */ darin, 1976 wikitext text/x-wiki =Sean O'Casey= [[File:Sean_O%27Casey_by_Reginald_Gray.jpg|thumb|Sean O'Casey used fantasy to expose abuses of religion. Drawing of the author by Reginald Gray (1930-2013) for the New York Times, 1964]] The post-World War II British period began with yet another major work by Sean O'Casey (1880–1964), "Cock-a-doodle dandy" (1949). "Cock-a-doodle dandy" "seems to me an incomparably vivid and powerful play, a really tremendous hymn to the joy of life and the perdition of its enemies" (Allen, 1957 p 164). "The satire in this play is thus directed against the dictatorial ways of parish priests, the pernicious superstitions of some of their flock, and the avarice of moneyed men in rural Ireland. These influences try to kill joy and they force such characters as Lorna, Loreleen, and the Messenger to emigrate to England, which is twice described as a place where life resembles life more than it does here. To emphasise the failure of the forces of reaction and repression, O'Casey again makes vivid use of symbolism. The life-force in the play, with its endorsement of dancing, imaginative literature, and the freedom of the sexes, is symbolised by the Cock, with its brilliant crimson crest, green wings, yellow ankles and feet. Significantly, the Cock survives all attempts to hunt it down and shoot it, and its enemies only make themselves ridiculous when they try to do so" (Armstrong, 1963 p 90). O'Casey "created, if not the sturdiest, surely the most entrancing and incisive of his non-realistic plays. This folk comedy, enlivened with breezy fantasy, pokes glorious fun at provincial philistinism and constitutes a high-hearted, if also rueful, affirmation of love of life and freedom of spirit. The wholesome young exponents of a full life wage war in Cock-a-Doodle Dandy against calculating and superstition-ridden middle-aged proponents of village puritanism. The latter, forming a vigilante group under Father Domineer to oppose 'the onward rush of paganism', finally score a victory by driving out a spirited girl, Loreleen. She is joined by Lorna, the young, life-loving wife of one of the girl’s persecutors, and together they go away 'to a place where life resembles life more than it does here'. One by one, the representatives of life depart the village, leaving it to desiccated provincials, among whom are a pair of dimwitted and blustering codgers worthy of O’Casey’s earlier imperishable booze-companions 'Captain' Boyle and Joxer" (Gassner, 1954a p 728). “The cock- with his look of a cynical jester- is also a symbol of the sexual instinct, which has been thwarted by the puritanism of priest and politician...The ferocious puritanism of Father Domineer has not so much killed the sexual instinct in the villagers as frustrated and misdirected it. His parishioners can never react naturally and joyously to sex. The rough fellows lust after Loreleen and see her as transformed into the cock, for them the embodiment of the devil. Shanaar also has sex on the brain in an evil and stupid way with his tales of nude women seducing holy brothers who end up on the gibbet. Even Mahan, the most sympathetic of the older men, tries to use money badly needed by Loreleen to coerce her into intimacy. The consequence of Father Domineer’s attitude is that he, albeit unintentionally, kills a worker who refuses to give up a woman with whom he is living in sin” (daRin, 1976 pp 139-140). “The cock, the central symbol of the play, broadly signifies vitality, the life force, fertility. The play itself chiefly seems to be a conflict between a morality which is symbolized by the cock and a view of life which is promulgated by Father Domineer and acceded to by most of the men in the play. Father Domineer's view principally concerns itself with keeping women dowdy, drab, subservient, sexless. The cock, Robin Adair, Jack the lorry driver, and the three women of the play- Lorna, Michael Marthraun's young second wife, Loreleen, his daughter by his first wife, and Marion, a maid- have, on the other hand, a lusty and vital O'Caseyan world-view...There is conflict throughout between earth life and religious life. Instead of miracles appearing on behalf of the church, miracles appear against it" (Hogan, 1960 p 118). "When the play is read as a loose reversal of the Fortunate Fall...Michael Marthraun becomes an ingenious character creation in his ironic contrast to Archangel Michael in 'Paradise lost'. For whereas in Milton's explanation of Adam's future, how man's fate is decided and the prophecy of the Second Coming so overwhelm Adam that he explains the essence of the Fortunate Fall, O'Casey's Michael causes the Lovers of Joy to be banished from a false Paradise, leaving himself, not them, to ponder the paradox. He learns from those whom he banishes what it means to live; and he realizes that he, alone, is left in his 'priest-ridden domain', fully aware that the undefined Green World to which his adversaries are going will bring them more happiness than he can ever find in his False Paradise" (Daniel, 1969 p 138). =="Cock-a-doodle dandy"== [[File:Rooster walking (216801942).jpg|thumb|A rooster mysteriously shows up every time men abuse others on behalf of religion]] Time: 1940s. Place: Nyadnanave, Ireland. Text at at ? Michael Martbraun, a farmer, argues over the cost of moving turf with Sailor Mahan, owner of a fleet of lorries. Michael is equally frustrated about the light ways of Loreleen, daughter of his first wife. When Sailor's lorry drivers arrive to find out whether a deal has been struck between the two men, they are frightened away on seeing Loreleen transformed into a cock before their very eyes. Michael is all the more perturbed when his servant, Marion, comes running out of his house in a panic over the disturbance caused by the cock on a rampage inside. When it appears at the window, Michael and Sailor lay flat on the ground in fear. It is eventually lassoed by a messenger who leads him off. As the cock crows, thunder strikes. More relaxed with the cock away, Michael and Sailor flirt with Marion until they see her headgear rise in the form of a devil's horn. Michael is even more alarmed after hearing her say that she is ready to offer the cock a wreath of roses. Michael and Sailor turn to the comforts of whiskey, but the liquid stays in the bottle. "You'd think good whiskey would be exempt from injury even be th'lowest of th'low," a bemused Michael comments. He buys a new hat to replace the one destroyed during the cock's rampage inside his house, but a porter informs him that it was shot through by the civic guards aiming at the evil spirit in the shape of the cock. When a sergeant shows up to hunt it down, there is a flash of lightning and the hat is transformed into the cock. Even worse, the whiskey bottle turns hot in the sergeant's hand so that he is unable to drink. When Michael's wife, Lorna, tells him his new hat arrived an hour ago, he wants no part of it. Along with Loreleen and Marion, Lorna drinks to the cock and entices the men to join them until Father Domineer interrupts the party to insist that Sailor dismiss from work a lorry driver living with a woman outside the bonds of marriage, but Sailor refuses. The incensed priest strikes the lorry driver, but is then stunned on discovering him dead. Before leaving the village as the result of the murder, the priest conducts an exorcism of Michael's house and is confident of its success. He next attempts to shame Loreleen into leading a more virtuous life after she had been pelted with stones by a crowd angry at her wayward life and had her money stolen, borrowed from Sailor when she attempted to leave the village forever. On her way out of town conducted by the hostile crowd, she is joined by Lorna and Marion. While Michael glumly murmurs over the loss of his wife, her sister returns on a stretcher from Lourdes, still suffering from the same chronic illness. =Robert Bolt= Another work of importance is the history play, "A man for all seasons" (1960), by Robert Bolt (1924-1995), based on the life of Thomas More (1478–1535). ”The style of the play is determined by the author’s confidence in his hero’s ability to win our admiration without rhetoric...It is epic in the narrow sense of being a chronicle unified by an idea- here, the idea of a humane man trying to retain his integrity in a world of opportunists and hyenas” (Gassner, 1968 pp 508–209). “Bolt interprets him...as a melancholy intellectual aristocrat, desperately trying to preserve some corner of private conscience while preserving his at the same time. Unlike some rasher spirits who surround him, More is prudent and discreet, [saying] ‘our natural business lies in escaping’, and inclined to protect himself behind legalistic subterfuges” (Brustein, 1965 p 185). “More, employing every resource of his canny legal brain, patiently reminds his inquisitors that silence is not to be equated with treason, and that no court can compel him to reveal or defend his private convictions...Our attention is focused on the legal stratagems whereby More postponed his martyrdom, and distracted from the validity of the ideas that got him into trouble to begin with. The play contains some muscular period writing, especially in the scene where More deliberately insults his old crony, the conformist duke of Norfolk in order to absolve him from the responsibility of breaking off their friendship” (Tynan, 1975 p 285). The play is "a study in a stand of conscience against political expediency. The intellectual as distinct from the emotional appeal of the play lies in the astute fencing with which More defends himself, as his enemies try this way and that to catch him out in a legally treasonable admission. As he is pressed harder and harder he falls back on the refusal to commit himself on the one question where an honest answer would destroy him, until finally he is undone by the deliberate perjury of the venal Richard Rich and, all being lost, can speak his mind at last" (Stout, 1962 p 120). Bolt “dramatizes the heroism of the man who refuses to yield to the dictates of expediency, and he exposes the common man (most of us) who fails to fight in defense of such a person as More...What emerges from all this, artistically speaking, is a certain probity- spare, sober, honorable” (Clurman, 1966 pp 49–50). “Despite the religious vocabulary and tone of discourse...Bolt is not concerned with the historical issue of belief...he is concerned with ‘morally accountable individuals, trying to hold true to their [humanistic] beliefs against the mindless violence of ideological genocide or religious fanaticism’. So...the demands of church and state are not the opposite their functionaries proclaim, but equal threats to the protagonist's integrity” (Innes, 2002 pp 116–117). More “is a canny and reluctant saint who chooses to hide from the eyes of God and kings in the ‘thickets of the law’ where he knows his agile mind can serve him best. He is a lover of the good things of the world without being worldly, he is a man of inflexible conscience who would go to almost any length to prevent his conscience being called to the test. The real excitement of the play derives not from the conflict between More and the king or More and Cromwell but from the noble manner in which More takes his stand upon conscience. His words in the last scenes have a ringing authority that seem to echo far beyond the confines of the play...[But by borrowing the words of the historical More, Bolt admits inconsistency into his language” (Lumley, 1967 pp 299–300). “The play has considerable stature beyond the nobility of More’s character. It is written with remarkable virtuosity. The literary style is formal; the characters address one another in plain sentences that express social stratifications rather than individual personalities” (Atkinson and Hirschfeld, 1973 p 275). =="A man for all seasons"== [[File:Hans Holbein d. J. 065.jpg|thumb|Thomas More is in conflict with King Henry VIII's view of separating the church from the papacy. Portrait of More by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)]] Time: 1530s and 1540s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.502950 http://veng6a.pbworks.com/w/page/8219356/The%20Complete%20Script%3A%20A%20Man%20For%20All%20Seasons To obtain a male heir to the English throne, Cardinal Wolsey requests Sir Thomas More's support in King Henry VIII's repudiation of Catherine of Aragon in favor of Anne Boleyn. More disagrees, specifying that when statesmen act against their conscience "they lead their country by a short route to chaos". Yet it is done. After Cardinal Wolsey's death, his secretary, Thomas Cromwell, rises in power. Against his wishes, More is named chancellor of England. King Henry specifies he will tolerate no obstruction in the succession. More will be silent in the matter. Although he does not support the king, he reveals to his family his confidence. "I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself," he says. He will not write against the Act of Supremacy, as this may be got around by its wording and refuses any dealing with Spain, yet the severing with Rome prompts his resignation as chancellor. Cromwell seeks to trap him with charges of bribery, but More refuses to receive money from some bishops, because charity is sometimes interpreted as payment. Although Cromwell is unable to trap More legally, he reveals that the king is displeased with him. Now fearing for his friends, More requests the duke of Norfolk to visit him no more. Norfolk is named on the commission to inquire about More's opinions along with Cromwell and Thomas Cramner, archbishop of Canterbury. More refuses to sign his agreement with the Act of Succession without divulging why. It is an insufficient compliance, so that he is imprisoned for over a year in a pitiful cell. Although the commission can never force him to say why he is against the act, he is illegally condemned to death. On his way to the gallows, a woman reminds him of a false judgment he once pronounced against her. "Woman, you see how I am occupied," he laconically answers. =Terence Rattigan= [[File:Terence Rattigan colour.jpg|thumb|Terence Rattigan showed that people eating at separate tables sometimes join together for a cause, 1974]] Some plays in the domestic tradition remained quite similar to those of the pre-war period, notably Terence Rattigan (1911–1977) with "Separate tables" (1954). In “Separate tables”, "the first story brings us an alcoholic former politician who is presently a journalist. Part of his problem was an unhappy marriage that pursues him as his former wife appears at the hotel as another guest. They meet and reminisce coolly, but underneath the casual, tightly-controlled conversation the tremendous tensions of their intimacy are bared. We have brief glimpses of their former brilliance, beauty, hate, love, and despair. Both realize that they destroy each other just as they need each other, but hope that the past years of separation have made them wiser and able to love without destruction. [The second story] brings us the same crowd at the hotel; their main occupation is gossip. In this instance they have a prime subject for ridicule, a very boring retired major. In transpires that he is an imposter, and that he has pled guilty to molesting women in a cinema. However, he has been briefly befriended by an under-assertive daughter of another resident, and this young lady now decides to champion him before the others. She is then able to become more a person herself and to help the major in his crisis with the overwhelming snobs in the hotel. The terrible loneliness of his life is brought into full relief with the full potential loneliness of the girl's life had she not finally asserted herself. By a gentle, intuitive compact they make their place and their peace with their fellows" (Carpenter, 1957 pp 7–8). "The picture of the bogus major, nervously facing the discovery of his police court appearance on a charge of indecent behaviour in a cinema, is truthfully and sensitively drawn. So, too, are the man's shamed awareness of his painful shyness and incurable tendencies, and the strange yet (and here Rattigan shows boldness and some psychological penetration) understandable bond which is created between him and the sexually repressed, equally shy, mother-dominated girl who has been drawn to him in the hotel" (Williamson, 1956 p 43). “The image contained in the title suggests the difficulty humans have in making authentic or lasting connections with one another. We pass through life like residents of a hotel, transients, each of us at our own separate tables unable to join with one another except for brief times and on limited terms...Anne terrifies herself with the specters of decay and death, and to her the idea of growing old means losing the power her looks provide to make men protect her...Such urgency as exists in the scene comes only from John, as when he asserts...a more confident prediction of failure...Rattigan then conveys the fragility of their reunion...Rattigan is often complimented in a backhand way with praise for his depiction of the English as a race that suppresses its emotions...In Rattigan’s world, every necessary condition of human existence, the inevitable process of physical decay especially, divides us from the other...Normally, old people take delight in the society of younger and youthfully more vital people, but we perceive at first Miss Meacham’s dislike...as mere characteristic orneriness...Yet the entire speech has built to the reversal of the last sentence: ’I don’t want to remind them of what they’ve got to become.’ Rattigan...conveys the alienating operation time performs on her, on us all...In an exchange between the major and the retired master, Fowler, the major...makes two errors while referring to the quotation, errors that Fowler notices and is shocked by and that makes him suspect the major as being a fraud...After Sybil informs the major that his secret has been found out, Rattigan works his art of restraint and understatement to the maximum...The utter commonness and minimalism of his expressions do more than any rhetorical exposition of his sense of despair and doom could. He then attempts to explain...in a wholly new style...where we see the birth of a new human being...He finally becomes ‘I’ through his confession...When the major sees Sybil's dining room heroism, he feels he is not completely isolated, and he decides to say at the hotel” (Bertolini, 2016 pp 144–153). Anne and John's “illusions and lies are brought into the open and confronted in discussions lacking in previous plays. Furthermore, their ability to articulate their feelings and attitudes enjoys an equality not there in earlier characters...Unequal as the basis for the relationship may be, need in one case and passion in the other, both have a rational, verbalized understanding of their emotions. The human is extended into the humanistic. Both are equal victims of themselves...In their shaky reconciliation, they do have each other and they become, curiously, like the other residents of the Beauregard, reconciled to the human community of the hotel. John Malcolm had already made his peace with himself in his pseudonity before Anne’s arrival. His belonging is rooted in the strong friendship with Miss Cooper and in a perverse rapport with the conservative residents with whom he argues his liberal politics...It is Miss Cooper who functions as Rattigan’s raisonneur in the drama...In her quiet manner, she makes him feel welcome to stay on at the hotel even before she says so...In Separate Tables, Rattigan has finely spun the stories of four lonely people damaged by life, lost, and then redeemed by the same forces” (Rusinko, 1983 pp 89–93). The human impact of the final scene as the beneficial effect of social tolerance is denied by Innes (2002) as being “almost anticlimactic” when judging David and Sybil to be “two sexually repressed emotional cripples”, the former being in addition “a fearful nonentity whose boasts of sexual prowess and upper-class extrovert appearance are fake” (pp 78–79). =="Separate tables"== Time: 1950s. Place: Near Bournemouth, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/separatetables00ratt John, a journalist, unexpectedly encounters his ex-wife, Anne, in a hotel. She has since divorced a second time, obtaining little in the way of alimony, she says. Because John had hit her head and sent her to a hospital, the divorce had destroyed his political career. Since then, he has entertained amorous relations with Patricia, the proprietess of the hotel. Anne is lonely and with advancing age this state is likely to worsen. "I can just see myself in a few years' time at one of those separate tables," she says, pointing at the dining-room. She invites her ex-husband in her room, and, after some hesitation, he accepts, but on his way there he is intercepted by Patricia, who reveals that Anne is on the telephone with his editor. When John confronts Anne, he learns she has lied about their apparently chance meeting, for she knew in advance where he would be. She also lied about the amount of the alimony, being twice the one mentioned. In spite of these lies, John is still subjugated to her, and accepts continuing their sexual relation. "You realise, don't you, that we haven't much hope together?" he queries, to which she answers: "Have we all that much apart?" Meanwhile, a man known as Major David Pollock is looking feverishly for a copy of the local paper belonging to Mrs Railton-Bell. Before he can take off with it, she enters with her daughter, Sibyl. He asks to borrow it and she accepts, until discovering the very same paper on the floor, which the major inadvertently dropped. The major is forced to give the paper back, in which she learns that the man has been held over for sexual harassment towards a woman in the darkness of a cinema-house. Moreover, the major is no major but a lieutenant. The indignant Mrs Railton-Bell consults with the other regulars at the hotel about what to do, she being in favor of chucking the so-called major out. Three other people agree, only a medical student, Charles, being against it. Sibyl is the one most distressed by these news, as a particular friend of the false major. "It makes me sick," she repeatedly says in rising tones of hysteria. Though voting against the abuser, Mr Fowler, a former housemaster, admits he now regrets his vote. "The trouble about being on the side of right, as one sees it, is that one sometimes finds oneself in the company of such questionable allies," he ruefully comments. David reappears with an air of pathetic jauntiness until confronted by the despairing Sybil, who asks him pointedly why he committed such a despicable act. He answers that he has always been shy towards the opposite sex. "It has to be in the dark, you see, and a stranger, because-" he tries to explain, but Sybil puts her hands over her ears and asks why he lied about his position. "I don't like myself as I am, I suppose," he answers, "so I've had to invent another person." Despite Patricia's mild protests, he announces his intention to leave the hotel. At dinner in the common room, each at their separate tables, everyone is silent as David enters. Charles defies the others by greeting him, as does a woman indifferent to these proceedings. Then Fowler imitates them, followed by Gladys, Mrs Railton-Bell's close friend, and finally Sybil, in defiance of her mother. Suddenly, the occupants of the separate tables are not so separate anymore. =Harold Pinter= [[File:Harold Pinter in 1962.jpg|thumb|Harold Pinter was the dominant playwright of late 20th century British drama, writing plays containing a mixture of both realistic and absurdist elements, 1962]] With Pinter and others, the Kitchen Sink School of playwriting took over, which refers to Wilson Knight's 1963 comments on Harold Pinter, John Osborne, and Arnold Wesker: “it is remarkable how many of these plays contain a kitchen sink and there are continual reminders of food”. The influential plays of Harold Pinter (1930–2008) include "The homecoming" (1965), "Old times" (1971), and "No man's land" (1975). In his first plays such as "The caretaker" (1960), Pinter described a Kafka-like atmosphere causing paranoid behavior. Pinter's predecessors in inane repetitions occurring in dialogues include Elio Vittorini's novel, "Conversation in Sicily" (1941). Another term often used to describe more specifically Pinter plays is “comedies of menace”, first coined by David Campton in 1957 on his own plays and then used by critics (Dukore, 1982 p 23) in which the reader feels two seemingly incompatible emotions, fear and laughter, in response to the same dramatic situation. A fearful situation has comic elements, a funny situation has fearful elements, as when McCann and Goldberg interrogate Stanley in Pinter's “The birthday party” (1958). "The homecoming" “is ruthless and penetrating. It conveys a hateful view ably. Nothing that it says is notable, but the composite portrait it presents of evil, egoism, degeneracy, greed and ferocity is overwhelming….Their impulses remain below the level of civilized behavior. Leading lives of complete equivocation, they puzzle not only the playgoer but themselves…Although the tone of The Homecoming is indolent, the events it chronicles are astonishing” (Atkinson and Hirschfeld, 1973 pp 283-285). “When she first appears, Ruth seems to be diffident and unsure of herself but is actually extending her strongest pole, the feminine mother-whore, which attracts the infantile males who think they are seducing her...Ruth’s desertion leaves Teddy, who has displayed the gloss of masterful maleness all through the play, free to swing to the female pole of his nature as he returns to America to mother his three children” (Wellwarth, 1971 p 240). Ruth is the "most ambiguous and difficult character in the play...Ruth enters a situation in which the normal family relationships have failed. It is a parody of a family. Father and son, brother and brother, are set snarling against each other...Ruth's first appearance conveys the impression of stillness and quiet. Her inactivity is set in contrast to Teddy's agitated excitement...The dialogue suggests that her stillness comes from her withdrawal from the family symbolized by the room in which she finds herself...Is she shy? frightened? bored? Then, suddenly, in the business over the water glass, our impression is undercut by a new and contradictory element. She unexpectedly shifts from passivity to aggressiveness...We judge her to be an unhappy woman whose alternating stillness and aggression come from her imperfect adjustment to her circumstances...We may at first try to reconcile them with our sympathy: her dance and her kiss with Lenny may be the natural actions of a frustrated woman whose husband is weak. But her treatment of Joey is less excusable. Not only does she turn promiscuously to the third brother, but she turns out to be 'a tease'. The final destruction of our sympathy comes with the cold-blooded way in which she accepts their proposition that she become the family prostitute...At the end of the play, she is in command, the situation turned to her advantage" (Free, 1969 pp 2–4). “Lenny’s proposition to Ruth and her husband’s placid acceptance of her as a whore...are the only elements in the play which appear impossible in a realistic setting...But...Ruth...may well have been a prostitute, or very nearly one, before Teddy met and married her. If she was unable to adjust herself to a life of respectability in America (being a nymphomaniac, as she is clearly shown to be), she must have caused poor Teddy a lot of embarrassment on the campus” (Esslin, 1974 pp 251–252). “The kind of Alaska Ruth has previously inhabited is clearly illustrated by her and Teddy’s description of her American existence. While Teddy praises her as a dutiful wife and mother, Ruth condemns her existence and the country as a wasteland, ‘all rock and sand’...So Teddy concludes...that there is something wrong with her” (Hall, 1993 p 67). "By the time Sam, the outraged representative of traditional morality, exclaims against the family's proposal to keep Ruth, 'But she's his wife', the label 'wife' has become meaningless, and the marriage dramatically devalued by the family's attack on it...Ruth's freedom, more accurately a stoic freedom, derives from having nothing more to lose. Teddy's inability to defend his marriage against the family and claim his wife ends in his betraying her...Teddy's concern is almost exclusively with his own wants...Only after Ruth has been wholly betrayed by her husband does she turn against him to gain dominance over the family by attaching to their proposal a series of conditional demands for clothing, a personal maid" (Prentice, 1980 pp 463–465). “There is a pattern of repetition...since Max has three sons and his first son, Teddy has three sons. Max’ brother, Sam, has been childless, as have the two brothers of Teddy. Max repeatedly refers to his wife, Jesse, as a whore, and Teddy's wife, Ruth, has become a whore by the end of the play...Does [Teddy] mind? Is his return perhaps really his attempt to rid himself of a whorish wife? Does he want to torture his father and brothers with the fact that he has a sexual partner and they do not- and do they respond by stealing his wife?....Or is he a masochist who knows full well how they behave and brings his wife home to be tortured?” (DiGaetani, 2008 pp 98-99). "Max, Lenny, and Joey accept Ruth in the family, but they move to control her, to prostitute her for their benefit. She, however, is more cunning than they and hence soon dominates the family scene in a manner advantageous to herself...She reigns supreme over a household of abject men" (Wertheim, 1985 p 157). Although "a degenerate patriarch, Max nevertheless continues to command a grudging respect from his family because of the strength of his affirmation of the passional life over economic or rational values...In contrast with Lenny's freewheeling pursuit of philosophic inquiry, Teddy, the professional philosopher, can only stiffly reply that such questions don't fall within his province. Pinter satirizes the academic philosopher whose profession has become so specialized that he can no longer respond to basic questions about the nature of man's existence" (Warner, 1970 pp 345–348). "Joey...an amateur boxer is dull, brutish, functioning almost entirely in terms of the physical...Throughout the play Sam...is at odds with his brother. When, for example, Max greets the newly arrived Teddy with a barely disguised challenge to physical combat, Sam extends to him the only sign of genuine affection in the play, telling him that he had been his mother's favorite and offering him companionship if he will stay in England" (Ganz, 1969 pp 181–184). “Beside having been deprived of the attention he desires, Max is beginning to show the insecurity of old age and fears he may be too old for anyone to be interested in him...By introducing his shocking information, [Sam] hopes to keep the family from replacing Jessie with Ruth...Joey is a picture of impotence...does not seem overly upset by his lack of success. He just does not want anyone else to get the credit...Lenny has been shown incapable of satisfactorily coping with situations in which women are involved...Teddy, by his own admission, has withdrawn (because of his failures- the only real threat he poses is to cheese-rolls)...he is the furthest removed from the human sphere and cannot even take part in the game any more...Ruth has not been satisfied by her husband or children and seeks attention from her husband’s family” (Gale, 1977 pp 150–151). Esslin (2000) speculated that in the far past “Sam might have been the driver of prostitutes run by Max and Macgregor...Jessie herself might have been one of the prostitutes involved”. This explains why Lenny's proposal to Ruth's future job is accepted so casually by the family. Before being married to Teddy, Ruth might also have been a prostitute, at least, as she admits, a nude photographic model. For Ruth sees herself- has resigned herself to be seen- as a passive object of desire. Having failed in her marriage, Ruth is in a state of existential despair...She has tried to fight her own nature and she has been defeated by it” (pp 139–145). Coe (1975) singled out "three types of communication...The first is communication...that information is transmitted...the second...is the successful, conscious transmission of trivial information...The third and most important type of communication occurs on the level relationship...[For example]...Ruth knows that if she allows Lenny to take her glass she will have allowed him to assert dominance. She is concerned not with the use-value of the glass, but with its exchange-value as a signifier of power" (pp 488–489). In "Old times", "the theme can be seen as the power of the female- to create a realm in which the male is trapped, a kind of golden moist web woven by women laterally through time, within which men can strut for a bit but are finally subordinated. In short, the world as the realm of Astarte-Lilith-Erda, with men allowed to delude themselves about mastery" (Kauffmann, 2022 p 45). The “action develops into a duel of wits between Deeley and Anna; each sees to be using his memories and reminiscences to put the other at a disadvantage...Kate’s bath and the way Deeley and Anna discuss it stands at the very centre of the action. Kate found Anna dead when she found her dirty- i.e. sexually polluted. She dirtied Deeley’s face when he wanted her to be sexually compliant. Kate thus has the superiority of the frigid wife for whom sensuality has no meaning” (Esslin, 2000 pp 172–177). “Anna requires confirmation of past and therefore self, and her long opening speech is sprinkled with questions appended with assertions...By contrast, the independent Kate requires no confirmation by another person” (Dukore, 1982 p 93). "[In the bath-scene, Anna] and Deeley go into descriptions of Kate's washing and soaping so that her nakedness, unseen, becomes a voluptuous presence. They discuss the drying of Kate, an experience they have both had; then in a small quiet frenzy Deeley says that he'll do the drying, he's the husband. He adds ironically that Anna can supervise and give him some 'hot tips'. He pauses, then mumbles bitterly 'Christ!' Some counterattack against Anna, some territorial defense, seems urgent. He looks at her slowly, and comments about her advancing age" (Kauffmann, 1974 p 40). "In Old Times...the past is no longer fixed; it is no longer a certitude but a fabrication, a fiction which is more mutable than the present...By constructing a past, by 'remembering' old times, the characters manipulate each other, create the play's action (its present) and play out the dynamics of triangular desire...The opening sequence of the first act, a kind of prologue which precedes Anna's entry into the action, immediately establishes one of the two triangles (the second becomes apparent once Anna enters the action). Right from the beginning of the play, we witness the struggle between two rivals for the possession of Kate. This rivalry is the consequence of the operation of the two imitative triangles: both Deeley and Anna desire Kate, but this desire for her is subordinate (as the second act clearly reveals) to another desire to possess, to conquer the rival or mediator who stands between the subject (Deeley/Anna) and the object (Kate), and whose desire serves as a model for that of the other subject. Deeley and Anna are both desiring subjects and each is also the other's mediator, or rival, who copies the other's desire. Thus we discern the two superimposed triangles in which the other (both model and rival) bestows worth on the object: Kate is valued because the other desires her. This can be seen from the very beginning of the play when Deeley's relationship to Kate becomes visible only as Anna is revealed as a rival, as someone who has been close to Kate in the past" (Savran, 1982 pp 43–44). “Are the four characters in ‘No man’s land’ poets, servants, or cricket players? Who serves whom; who is trapped by whom? Who had whose wife? Is this a reunion of old Oxford chums or a chance meeting on Hampstead Heath? What Pinter appears to do in ‘No man’s land’ is to resist at every opportunity the narrative coherence of agent and act” (Rayner, 1993 p 93). “Hirst invites Spooner home and then can’t remember who he is; Foster appears without introduction and produces a dizzying variety of unconnected information; Briggs supplies an elaborate version of his first encounter with Foster prefaced by the acknowledgment that Foster will deny it; Hirst recalls different pasts at different times and addresses the other characters by different names...For much of the play the characters adopt a strategic stance of disengagement that registers their evident uncertainty about the nature and implications of the reported past and about the consequences of the present for the emerging future” (Quigley, 1990 pp 35–36). What seems to be happening...is a kind of cricket match between Hirst and Spooner in which each has innings, each his chance to win the game. Spooner's problem is that he overplays his power game in each of his innings and frightens his opponent out of the match” (Abbott, 1989 p 197). Hirst “attempts to construct an alternative life-style...and Spooner...common ground with a man to whose friendship he aspires. It is when...Spooner is carried away into asserting his superiority over Hirst that Hirst realizes that Spooner, if taken into the household, would be as domineering as Briggs and Foster; and that is why he rejects him. Hirst, as he says in the first scene, is in the last lap of a race he has long forgotten to run. His impulse to ask Spooner to come to his house is a last attempt at breaking out...In that last race he loses...Hirst was dreaming about a drowned man whom perhaps he might have rescued. Spooner felt that he might have been that drowned man. But in the end he too acknowledges that there was no one there“ (Esslin, 2000 pp 187–188). Pinter's language exhibits frequent use of repetitions and tautologies (Esslin, 2000 p 235). The same words are needlessly repeated, which creates a deliberate numbing effect on the mind. For example, at breakfast time, Meg asks Petey in “The birthday party” (1958) about his cornflakes: Meg. Are they nice? Petey. Very nice. Meg. I thought they’d be nice. In “The caretaker” (1960), Davies redundantly changes his choice expression without adding any new information: ‘The pan for vegetables it was, the vegetable pan’. Such a linguistic vice is justified whenever serving a dramatic purpose, as a window into the speaker's mind, but is often misused by lesser authors for cheap laughter or merely to exhibit an ear attuned for the real way real people really talk. There is also in such dialogue "the delayed action effect resulting from differences in the speed of thinking between people...the misunderstandings arising from inability to listen, incomprehension of polysyllabic words...mishearings, and false anticipations" (Esslin, 1974 p 240). =="The homecoming"== Time: 1960s. Place: London, England. Text at ? After a six-year absence in the US, Teddy returns for a short holiday with his wife, Ruth, to the house of his father, Max. A retired butcher, Max cooks for his brother, Sam, along with two other sons, Lenny and Joey. Without warning anybody of his arrival, Teddy enters at night with a key he still held on to. No family member is aware he is married with three children. Teddy having retired to sleep, Lenny finds Ruth alone. Although he tells her threatening stories of how he handles women, Ruth is unafraid. As he is about to take away her glass of water despite her objections, Ruth says: "If you take the glass, I'll take you." Lenny wonders whether that is "some kind of proposal". The next morning, Max immediately assumes that Ruth is Teddie's whore and wants to chuck both out. "You're an old man," Joey comments, which so infuriates his father that he hits him hard in the stomach and then strikes Sam's head with a stick for objecting. That afternoon, Max becomes suddenly reconciled to the couple's existence. "I want you both to know you have my blessing," he declares. Lenny mocks Teddy's knowledge as a university professor in the philosophy department. Altogether, Teddy feels threatened, suggesting to his wife that they should leave at once, but she refuses. Teddy's bad feelings on his homecoming increase after seeing Lenny dance with Ruth and then kiss her. He defends himself only by boasting of his knowledge in philosophy. That evening, Lenny is upset after discovering that Teddy stole a cheese-roll he prepared for himself, the latter adding he did it deliberately. They are interrupted by Joey, who has been with Ruth for two hours, though admitting he did not go all the way. "Perhaps he hasn't got the right touch," Teddy sarcastically comments. But Lenny denies this, having once accompanied his brother in the company of women. When Lenny comments that Teddy "gets the gravy" from his wife and Sam finds that normal, Joey denies it. "Perhaps it's not a bad idea to have a woman in the house," Max concludes. Lenny has the idea of having Ruth pay for her upkeep by handing over an apartment where she can whore for them, to which Joey objects, but the father considers this a good idea. Intimidated, Teddy says little to this plan. Teddy is about to lose his wife to his family and reacts by boasting that no one in the family could understand his philosophical works. When Ruth hears of the plan, she negotiates in terms of number of rooms allowed and new clothes. Feeling sickly on witnessing these events, Sam cries out that long ago Max' wife committed adultery in his taxi cab, then has a stroke. No one in the family helps his plight. As Teddy prepares to return to his post in the US, Ruth calls out to him. "Eddie! Don't become a stranger," she pleads. Although his two remaining sons seem fairly content, Max weeps, likely because he is unable to participate directly in the action. =="Old times"== Time: 1970s. Place: England. Text at https://archive.org/details/OldTimesByHaroldPinter_201711 Deeley and Kate are visited by the latter's girlhood friend, Anna. Deeley asks Anna questions about the young Kate and is surprised to learn that she sometimes would not know the day of the week, having the false impression of sleeping through entire days. They revive old times by singing songs. Deeley first met Kate in a cinema-house watching "Odd man out". He admits he was "off center and has remained so". Reviving the past, Anna comments: "There are things I remember which may never have happened but as I recall them so they take place," notably about a man crying in the room she and Kate once lived in. This anecdote puzzles Deeley. When Anna's voice appears to caress Kate, Deeley warns her to stop. Undeterred and to mark a claim on her, Anna specifies she once saw a film with her called "Odd man out", at which Deely quickly changes the subject. As Anna and Kate converse, Deeley tries to break up the conversation with absurd comments, but the two women ignore him and continue as if they had gone back to living together again in the past, while he helplessly looks on. As Kate takes a bath, Deeley reminds Anna that they once met at a tavern when he, short of seducing her, spent a good amount of time looking up her skirt. The two feel each other out concerning Kate's bath-habits. "She floats from the bath like a dream," Anna says, "unaware of anyone standing with her towel, waiting for her, waiting to wrap it round her. Quite absorbed." Wishing to know more, Deeley comments: "Of course she’s so totally incompetent at drying herself properly. Did you find that?" "Why don’t you dry her yourself?" Anna asks."Why don’t you dry her in her bath towel?" Deeley retorts. "I mean, you’re a woman: you know how and where and in what density moisture collects on women’s bodies." What sounds alike playful banter ends in a counter-attack about her age. "You must be about forty by now," he says. When Kate comes out fresh from her bath, he suggests that Anna might dry her or at least supervise his drying her. Deeley and Anna take turns singing again, but this time repeating the same song, resembling a serenade to Kate. In a short while, Anna and Kate are at it again, acting as if they are still living together in the past. Anna reminds her- did it happen?- that she once borrowed Kate's underwear and that a man spent an evening looking up her skirt. A desperate Deeley starts to worry about the state of Anna's husband: should she not go to him? Kate cuts him short. "If you don't like it, go," she tells him. Turning to Anna, she bluntly says: "I remember you dead," thus seeming to reject both. Deeley sobs, as perhaps he did in their room many years ago. =="No man's land"== Time: 1970s. Place: England. Text at ? After meeting each other for the first time at a pub, Hirst invites Spooner to his house to drink some more. A poet of limited financial means, Spooner is careful not to appear as a sycophant to his potential patron. "My only security, you see, my true comfort and solace, rests in the confirmation that I elicit from people of all kinds a common and constant level of indifference," he points out. Hirst switches from vodka to what Spooner is drinking, whiskey, but this change weakens his mental faculties. "I have never been loved. From this I derive my strength," Spooner continues. He questions Hirst about his wife. Angered, Hirst ineffectually throws his glass at him. "Tonight, my friend," Hirst declares, "you find me in the last lap of a race I had long forgotten to run," to which Spooner ironically comments: "A metaphor! Things are looking up." Unable to retort, Hirst drops to the floor and crawls out of the room. A short time later, Hirst's friends and associates, Foster and Briggs, notice Spooner's presence and wonder who this stranger is and what is he doing in their home. Briggs recognizes him. "You collect the beer mugs in a pub in Chalk Farm," he affirms. Spooner explains away that matter by saying that he is the proprietor's friend and only wished to help him out temporarily, but Foster knows the owner and has never heard of a man called Spooner. When Hirst returns, he does not remember who Spooner is. Hirst recalls a dream of his about a man in the water. "It was I drowning in your dream," Spooner enthusiastically explains. After the other two men leave, Foster turns out the room-lights on Spooner. The next morning, a prudent Briggs serves Spooner toast and champagne for breakfast. Briggs is intrigued about Spooner's mention of an aristocratic acquaintance, thinking perhaps to make use of him. Spooner declares he must be off at a board meeting of a poetry magazine at Chalk Farm; he is interrupted by the arrival of a cheerful Hirst, who suddenly remembers Spooner, in particular how long ago he often seduced Spooner's wife. "I see a fellow reduced. I feel sorry for you. Where is the moral ardor that sustained you once? Down the hatch," Hirst reflects. To Foster and Briggs' disapproval, both eager to defend their territory, Spooner attempts to obtain a position as Hirst's personal secretary, but the latter's comments about that suggestion are discouraging. In a final attempt to interest him, Spooner announces he is organizing poetry readings at a public house, the landlord being a friend of his, and invites Hirst there to read from his works, but the latter affirms that he will change the subject one last time, then wonders about what he just said. Although Foster attempts to refresh his memory, Hirst is still unable to discover the meaning of what he just said. He hears sounds, sees himself walking by a lake, a man perhaps drowning, but there is no one. Bitterly disappointed, Spooner comments on Hirst's state of mind. "You are in no man's land, which never moves, which never changes, which never grows older, but which remains forever icy and silent," he says. "I'll drink to that," Hirst responds. =John Osborne= [[File:John Osborne by Reginald Gray.jpg|thumb|John Osborne described the disillusionments of the young in post-World War II Britain. Drawing by Reginald Gray (1930-?)]] Also of great impact in post-WWII British drama, "Look back in anger" (1956) was written by John Osborne (1929–1994), whose protagonist, Jimmy Porter, "the angry young men of the '50s belonged to a generation seemingly devoid of political interests, and the moment of their rise coincided with the deepest trough of political and spiritual apathy Britain has passed through since the end of the war" (Paul, 1965 p 344). "Osborne's bitter, invective-ridden, superbly witty and stinging play is something in the nature of a virtuoso performance. The invective flows from the mouth of a young intellectual, Jimmy Porter, whose only panacea for frustration in a squalid attic is a monologue of abuse and self-pity largely directed at his worn, silent young wife. The corrosive that binds these two, love on the razor-edge of resentment and hate, is caustically indicated: an unusually frank penetration into the nature of certain marital relationships, unbreakable yet exhausting. It is a picture of contemporary youth at its most disorganised, egoistic, cruel and dissatisfied, without causes to fight or beliefs with which to fertilise its barren psychological soil; unlikeable, unhappy, with enormous capacities of intelligence running to waste, and a psychopathic background the dramatist does not plausibly or deeply enough develop" (Williamson, 1956 p 184). “Osborne’s dialogue, a non-stop outburst of frustrated verbiage delivered with the brutality of the blackboard-jungle school, has a magnetism about it” (Lumley, 1967 p 224). “His contempt for complacency and class superiority, his sense of not belonging...because he has been educated beyond his social roots struck a chord” (Hodgson, 1992 p 151). "New York critics were pleased to discover that England could still produce a work of passion and protest instead of its customary drawing-room amenities and acerbities. But some of us thought of this drama as the conclusion rather than the beginning of an era of playwriting, as a blind alley rather than as a vision of promise and advance...’Look back in anger’ is limited by the nihilism of its author and the crackle and sputter of fireworks in a mist. For a play characterized by admirably sustained dialogue and taut, fragmentary conflicts, ’Look back in anger’ was curiously unsatisfying...The realism of seedy settings...the sordid story, and the pungent dialogue [were] altogether appropriate here. But in the context of the play, the realistic refinements are only arid achievements” (Gassner, 1960 p 174). “Where Osborne’s play departs from previous expressive realism is in its handling of that crucial setting. It seems to be almost absorbed into the lives of the characters. The repeated routine of reading Sunday newspapers delineates postures, gestures, images of bodily potential or lack of it…The ironing board constrains Alison’s range of activity, and the iron does the damage to her body from which Jimmy refrains” (Shepherd, 2009 p 146). “What distinguished [the play] as a decisive break with Rattigan and the older drama was not so much its form as its content: the characters who took part in the drama and the language in which they expressed themselves...[In Jimmy Porter, we have] the self-flagellating solitary in self-inflicted exile from the world, drawing strength from his own weakness and joy from his own misery...Everything in his life dissatisfies him, and the tone of his conversation (which is mainly monologue anyway) is consistently one of railing and complaint. The principal sufferer from all this is his wife Alison, whom he cannot forgive for her upper-middle-class background and whom he constantly torments in order to extract some reaction from her, to bring her to her knees, while she, having discovered that her only defence is imperturbability, refuses as long as she can to react...[A characteristic expostulation of Jimmy is as follows]: 'I suppose people of our generation aren't able to die for good causes any longer. We had all that done for us, in the thirties and forties, when we were still kids. There aren't any good, brave causes left.' At least in their heyday Alison's father's generation knew where they were, what standards their lives were ruled by and where their duty lay (or so, at least, it now seems); they had causes to die for and even if they were wrong they had a certain dignity. Their security in an apparently secure world is eminently to be envied by someone like Jimmy, who finds no certainty anywhere, outside himself or within” (Taylor, 1962 p 40). “The under 30s responded to many qualities in Jimmy Porter; his impulsive, unguarded leftishness, his anarchic sense of humour, and his suspicion that all the brave causes have been either won or discredited. For too long British culture had languished in a freezing-unit of understatement and ‘good taste’. In these chill latitudes, Jimmy Porter flamed like a blowtorch” (Tynan, 1961 p 193). “The older generation has made a thorough mess of things and there was nothing the new generation could do except withdraw...and indulge in the perverse and vicarious pleasure of nursing its resentment...Jimmy...feels that he has no chance...Jimmy is the sort of man who needs, but is too proud to demand, absolute devotion. He needs it all the more from Alison because she comes from the sort of upper-class family which he, as a good socialist, despises as useless and effete and which at the same time he envies and resents because he knows it looks down on him. In order to possess her, he had to marry her and submit to the conventionality that he hates. His dilemma is perfectly presented in Alison’s description of his reaction to her virginity...By being a virgin, she is pulling him away into the vortex of social convention” (Wellwarth, 1971 pp 255–258). “The movement of the play is one of progressive isolation, with the protagonist driving each of his companions away. Denied political opportunities for changing the world around him, the consciously proletarian Jimmy Porter is reduced to verbal assaults on his pregnant wife, whose Establishment background makes her a surrogate for the class system. Having idealized Alison, Jimmy is incapable of appreciating her real qualities. His violence drives her to return to her family, as well as implicitly causing her miscarriage. This love/hate dependency is replayed with a substitute from Alison’s circle, driving out the working-class friend who shares the flat and is alienated by the lack of emotional integrity in the new relationship. She too leaves when Alison returns, in pain and unable to conceive any more children, trapping Jimmy in a sterile and regressive childhood fantasy...His passion is undercut by...the inability to understand that her father’s Edwardian values are comparable to his own. His political aims are made questionable by his failure to see that her friend Helena is in fact the depersonalized product of an Establishment upbringing that he had mistakenly accused Alison of being. Self-pity is deliberately substituted for commitment and the ending can hardly be classified as wish-fulfillment- even if it corresponds exactly with his earlier hope that Alison ‘could have a child and it would die’...That it is always Sunday not only implies the missing spiritual centre in these characters’ existence, but provides an image of statis and displacement. In this context all actions are repetitive, ritualized and pointless” (Innes, 2002 pp 86–89). Indeed, Jimmy Porter is “an articulate, angry, young man...(Carter, 1969, p 52). He has much to complain about, starting with social class barriers, as when newspaper reviews of novels include French citations few in Britain could read (p 23), criticizing society in the way it affects common people (p 54). He battles inertia, particularly Alison’s ('she’s a great one at getting used to things,' Porter says), without practical answers to offer. Criticism is the first step to change, but Jimmy is looking back in anger at what got Britain here, not looking ahead with any program to promote. He wants things to change but, in view of the too general morass, cannot see how, because there are no more 'good, brave causes left'. His own such causes are grounded in the past. Alison tries to help their relation by withdrawing, the worst tactic of all when he seeks commitment" (Gilleman, 1997, pp 78–79). "Alison describes Jimmy's invasion of her upper-class world as part of the class war he is still waging, with his wife as a hostage. His irritation over the absurdities of the English caste system does of course colour his whole view of life and enters into the frustrations of his marriage. But what he feels himself to be up against is not simply a class system but something less assailable and more frightening, a kind of intellectual inertia which cuts right across class distinctions, affecting the common Cliff as much as the well-bred Alison" (Worth, 1963 p 151). Although Alison discovers Helena, a friend who advised her to leave her husband, now living with him in their apartment, she treats the matter coolly, only wanting him back after losing her baby. Quigley (1997) complained that “the death of their baby seems conventionally contrived and a fortuitous rather than an organic means of reconciling the estranged couple” (p 36). But one can counter-argue that life or human psychology is fortuitous. Besides, the door was always half open by her farewell letter in which she states: "I shall always have a deep loving need of you." The return to the stuffed bear and squirrel indicates for Alison “a sort of unholy priest-hole of being animals to one other...little furry creatures...full of dumb, uncomplicated affection for each other, playful, careless creatures in their cosy zoo for two.” “At the point where Alison leaves Jimmy, her friend Helena arrives, and in spite of the fact that to do so goes all against her traditional Anglican upbringing, Helena readily lives in sin with Jimmy until she gets tired of it. While her physical passion for Jimmy lasts, no principles deter her. And indeed she learns something from her experience. But she represents, as Alison in her way at first represents, a desire to keep herself unspotted from the world, which, in Osborne’s view, is the sin of sins, because it is the self-preserving instinct, the negation of human participation in life’s wholeness. Helena withdraws from the situation because in it she can’t be happy” (Baxter, 1965 p 80). =="Look back in anger"== [[File:John Osborne, Ozri se v gnevu!, Drama SNG v Ljubljani.jpg|thumb|Played by Edvard Gregorin (1897-1960) and Majda Potokar (1930-2001) in a 1958 Slovak production, Colonel Redfern arrives to take his daughter away from her husband, but Alison decides to stay]] Time: 1950s. Place: English Midlands. Text at https://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/15562 In an attic room rented with income derived from a stall in the market-place, Jimmy and his friend, Cliff, read newspapers while Alison, irons shirts. Jimmy belittles his girlfriend at every turn, mainly for being pusillanimous, and initiates mock-fighting till the ironing board overturns and she burns her arm. When Jimmy goes out to play the trumpet, Alison tells Cliff she is pregnant. He urges her to tell Jimmy. Instead, she tells Jimmy her friend Helena is coming to stay awhile with them, a woman he hates. One week later, Alison reveals to Helena the nature of her relation to Jimmy, initially a defiant gesture against her upper-class family in accepting a lower-class man and his own defiant attitude to modern life. Helena suggests that she should defend herself against him in a better way than she has so far. Jimmy enters to complain and rant again about Alison, even more bitterly against Helena. When the women prepare for church, he feels betrayed and leaves before they do. Helena tells Alison she has called her parents to take her away from him, to which she agrees. As her father, Colonel Redfern, prepares to leave the room with Alison, Helena decides to stay with Jimmy, a surprising choice in Alison's view. Helena is still there when Jimmy reads Alison's farewell note. Helena informs him that his departed wife is pregnant. Jimmy and Helena argue as usual and even hit each other, but then kiss and fall on the bed. Several months later, Helena is ironing and laughing with Jimmy and Cliff. The latter decides to leave for a place of his own. As Jimmy opens the door for a final night out, he finds Alison there, looking unwell, but leaves without speaking to her. Alison reveals to Helena she had a miscarriage. Saddened by Alison's unhappy state and her own, Helena decides to leave Jimmy, to which he sarcastically agrees. Jimmy and Alison decide to renew married life, reviving their old game of bears and squirrels. =Arnold Wesker= [[File:Arnold Wesker.jpg|thumb|Arnold Wesker depicted the changing attitudes of people with left-wing sympathies over the course of two decades]] Also of importance in the period is Arnold Wesker (1932–2016), notably for "Chicken soup with barley" (1958). “’Chicken soup with barley’ is clearly structured by the historic milestones of the local and international contest with Fascism in 1936 (in London against Oswald Mosley's British black-shirts and in Spain against Franco) and the traumatic effect on western communists of the suppression of the popular rising in Hungary by Russian tanks in 1956. Halfway between these events, which dominate acts 1 and 3, the two scenes of the middle act specify the immediately postwar years of 1946 and 1947” (Wilcher, 1991 p 32). “The whole first act...is very cleverly constructed but it is a big disadvantage that the main action (the battle against the Fascist marchers) occurs off stage” (Hayman, 1970 p 24). “Against Sarah’s sustained line of principle, the fallings-away of the other characters make a graph of downward curves. The once enthusiastic comrade, Monty Blatt, becomes a middle-aged materialist...as is foreshadowed in the decline of the weakest comrade of them all, Harry, who rushes to the comfort of home and mother while the others are struggling on the barricades” (Leeming, 1983 p 37). “When we first meet the Kahns, Sarah is already the dominant figure in the household; she is politically active, for ever helping to organize demonstrations and arranging the lives of those around her according to Marxist-Leninist principles. Harry, her husband, is weak-willed and totally unconcerned in politics; all he wants is a quiet life without worries, but he is constantly having banners thrust into his hand by Sarah and being ordered to demonstrate. He generally runs away and hides till it's all over. Or just sleeps. Throughout the three acts, Sarah remains firm in her convictions and her determination to do something, but gradually the children begin to follow, so it seems, in their father's footsteps. First Ada, the young firebrand, becomes disillusioned with politics and goes off to start a new life in the country with her equally disillusioned husband, Dave, and then Ronnie, himself eager enough in the second act, becomes by 1956 equally disillusioned. 'I've lost my faith and I've lost my ambition...I don't see things in black and white any more. My thoughts keep going pop, like bubbles. That's my life now- you know ?- a lot of little bubbles going pop.' He understands Harry now, and at the end of the play he seems all set to become another Harry, with no sense of purpose to keep him going...Personally, the play seems to be about recurrent patterns of behaviour from generation to generation: socially, it is about the working classes' loss of sense of purpose with the arrival of a socialist government and the Welfare State, the disappearance of all the big, clear-cut issues of the inter-war years” (Taylor, 1962 p 145). “Ronnie...has to have things in black and white. Ironically, Monti accuses Sarah of wanting things in black and white but she sees that most things are grey and thus her response to the dilemma, although apparently simple, is in fact complex...[Ronnie’s] character is clearly weak, like his father’s, and yet we have to concede the truth of his attack on Sarah. Her family and her ideal have collapsed, and complex as her response may be in political terms, in dramatic terms it comes down to a warning against apathy which at best can only be a personal response” (Hinchliffe, 1974 pp 92-93). “Mr Wesker’s socialism is more emotional than intellectual; he is less concerned with economic analysis than with moral imperatives. His rhetoric sometimes rings hollow, and what distinguishes his style is not so much his subtlety as its sturdiness. All the same, nobody else has ever attempted to put a real, live English communist family on stage and the important thing about Mr Wesker’s attempt is that they are real and they do live” (Tynan, 1975 p 291). Leeming and Trussler (1971) pointed out resemblances between “Chicken soup with barley” and Ibsen's “Ghosts” (1882) in that “both sons return in stricken resentment to their homes, and both mothers hear those sons reject the ideals they have taught them” (p 44). “Ronnie does not have the energy to embrace the suffering that her form of loyalty would require of him...His resignation infuriates Sarah...Despite being disillusioned with how socialism turned out through the years, she clings to its ideal as one would any necessity. 'If the electrician who comes to mend my fuse blows it instead, so should I stop having electricity?' she asks rhetorically, feeling it is the chicken soup that saves her life. In contrast, Monty’s view eschews social idealism: 'There’s nothing more to life than a house, some friends, and family- take my word' (Dornan, 1994 pp 30-49). Monty accepts the flower in the jungle, whereas Ada rejects both. Unlike steadfast Leo in Odets’ “Paradise lost” (1935), Harry weakens mentally and physically before the challenge. An example of "the seriocomedy in Wesker's ethnic portraits is the instances in which Sarah runs to make tea or prepare food, no matter what the event...[When] Ronnie returns home in a state of desperation, Sarah's immediate concern is to feed him...Wesker not only uses the flavor of language to illustrate seriocomic resonances, but also works with the momentum of language. When a character experiences a height of feeling, his language attains a momentum which corresponds to this height. Wesker then dramatically breaks the momentum, suddenly inflicting an opposite emotion. The momentum Wesker first sets up is a galloping exuberance. A specific incident then occurs which suddenly changes the joyous emotion to the opposite intensity showing that the exuberance was a thin veil designed to cover underlying tragic possibilities- and that seemingly insignificant actions can break this veil...After Harry has suffered his first stroke, he gets a letter from the hospital with instructions not to open it. But he wants to open it. Contrasting with this situation is the momentum of Ronnie's boyish irrepressibility. Harry makes several attempts to open the letter. Ronnie stops him with words characteristic of his mood: 'I- now then, Harry- (as though playfully scolding a child) you know you must not read the letter, remember what mummykins said.' Finally Ronnie snatches the letter out of Harry's hands. This action breaks the joyous movement shockingly" (Kleinberg, 1965 pp 37–38). =="Chicken soup with barley"== Time: 1930s-1950s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/weskertrilogy00wesk https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126756 In 1936, members of the socialist party and other groups seek to prevent a meeting among fascist members and are successful despite arrests and violence erupting. In 1946, Ronnie, only a child ten years before, carries on the family tradition by distributing leaflets announcing May Day demonstrations. But his older sister, Ada, is no longer interested in such activity. "The only rotten society is an industrial society," she states, and so she plans with her husband, Dave, in Spain to combat fascists, to move into a country-life. Their mother, Sarah, complains of the apathy she sees in her husband, Harry. "When did you last change your shirt?" she asks Harry. She remonstrates and nags until he suffers a stroke. In 1947, Harry's condition deteriorates; he cannot keep any job long and merely shuffles about the house. While Sarah is stuck with her apathetic husband, Ronnie finds a job as a bookshop assistant and plans to write poems and novels. "He sits and sits and sits and all his life goes away from him," she complains even worse than before. When Harry holds a letter written to the hospital about his health status, not meant to be read by him, Ronnie tries to prevent his reading it, but then is frightened off on hearing him shout. After two strokes, Harry's condition is even worse off in 1955, being half-paralyzed, incontinent, and demented. Ronnie has gone off as a cook in Paris. When Sarah receives the visit of an old friend, Monty, a greengrocer, she learns he has abandoned the socialist party. "It's all broken up, then?" he asks. "What's broken up about it?" she resolutely answers. "The fight still goes on." In the midst of their conversation, Harry whines that he must go out, but is dragged back by Sarah to prevent an incontinence attack. In 1956, while playing cards, Sarah complains her glasses fall in her mouth but was told she could not exchange them since they are National Health ones. Nevertheless, she intends to fight medical officials as she has always done. Ronnie returns from France, but admits he wrote all that time misleadingly cheerful letters. "I hated the kitchen," he bluntly says. "What has happened to all the comrades, Sarah?" he wonders, admitting to have lost his faith and ambition. Sarah complains that most of them are satisfied with "a few shillings at the bank" and a television set. Her faith in the future rests on help once received from a friend when Ada was sick with diphtheria. The woman offered chicken soup and barley at a time when Harry refused to take Ada to the hospital. Seeing her Ronnie beginning to show similar signs of apathy, she cries out in fear. "Ronnie, if you don't care, you'll die," she warns. =Edward Bond= [[File:Edward Bond at the Théâtre National de la Colline, Paris, January 2001.jpg|thumb|Edward Bond depicted the troubles of the young adjusting to adult life, 2001]] Edward Bond (1934-?) contributed a large series of plays, notably "Saved" (1965). In “Saved”, the intent to attack is sometimes “hidden, perhaps even [from the mind of] the attacker. For example, Pam’s wish for Len to leave the flat before Fred is released from prison is expressed in an incessant quibbling over the location of her copy of The Radio Times...The violence of ‘Saved’ is impersonal and unmotivated...The stoning of the baby is in on one level the explosive release of the aggressions created by the dehumanizing restrictions of an industrialized society” (Scharine, 1976 pp 60–67). “The stoning is conducted with the same flattened language and lack of explicit sensationalism that govern the play” (Shepherd, 2009 pp 166-167). “They gradually work up to greater and greater brutality simply to make the mysteriously reactionless, drugged child show a sign of life. There could not be a more graphic illustration of the way in which lack of responsibility and lack of understanding, lack of intellectual and moral intelligence, lie at the root of the brutality of our age…Why…is the play called Saved?...The only direct evidence...is in the scene when Pam is trying to win Fred, the murderer and perhaps the father of her child, back to her after his release from prison...When Fred rejects her with contempt, Pam wants to believe that he is doing this because of Lens, a rival’s, presence. She cries out: ‘somebody’s got to a save me from ‘im’...Eventually, she has not been saved” (Esslin, 1970 pp 175–176). The scene's “power comes from a pattern which arises out of ordinary, even innocent, exchanges between the boys. They tell themselves that their actions are, effectively, victimless. Colin encourages Pete to punch the child and then, extraordinarily shows ‘concern’ that Pete should not hurt it in the process. The baby, the lads explain to reach other, cannot feel- it is not fully human...Fred...reluctantly joins in- making the scene more horrific, since he is probably the child's father...Len...is good-natured...but...watched the killing of the child and did nothing to prevent it” (Mangan, 1985 pp 13–15). “The boys becomes themselves enraged and vengeful babies, jealous of all other little babies...enacting the murder of their own infancies and childhood by a world that was unable to receive or nurture them with love or tenderness” (Donahue, 1979 pp 31–32). “Most of them at some point attempt to restrain one another. Yet all are driven publicly to appear unconcerned...Pete’s status is enviable to...Barry, five years his junior, and Barry is frequently the object of derision from the others...Barry tries to assert his status by arguing his familiarity with killing while doing National Service, but the group never takes him seriously...It is he who...instigates the terrible action” (Hay and Roberts, 1980 pp 45–46). “When we recognize that public violence is the result of political aggression and social inequality we can stop making glib moralistic pronouncements on such conduct”...[In 1967, Pamela Johnson] published ‘On iniquity’, an examination of motives...of murderers...She expresses a desire to put an end to what she terms liberal thinking which seeks to explain crime by reference to environment; rather she holds the belief that people are born good or bad, or at least their conduct is entirely their own responsibility...a recognizable attitude...at variance with Bond's” (Hirst, 1985 pp 57–58). “The characters are all unemployed teenagers or their working-class parents, brutalized by poverty and the brick desert of their London environment. The baby is an unwanted encumbrance to its promiscuous unmarried mother, who ignores its screaming and abandons it to the unwilling father’s care in the local park. Its murder is completely gratuitous: a game of ‘rock-a-bye baby’ turns into a competitive test of manhood between its adolescent father and his street gang...By contrast with the other youths, Len consistently avoids action. He remains passive when the girl's slatternly mother attempts to seduce him. And when her decrepit husband invades his bedroom with a knife at night- having been hit over the head when he interrupted the seduction- Len disarms him, but he does not take the anticipated revenge...Len's lack of response finally exhausts the family's resentment of his presence, and the final image is of him awkwardly mending a chair surrounded by silence- the achievement of a community at its most minimal level” (Innes, 2002 pp 160–161). “Although Mary in scene four had rebuked Pam for wandering about in her slip, she deliberately enters in a slip herself at the opening of the scene” [where she attempts to seduce her daughter's old lover] (Hay and Roberts, 1980 p 53). “Harry, who has not spoken to his wife as long as Pam can remember, is goaded into response by Mary’s advances to Len and she returns his verbal abuse with physical assault...[The scene] precisely defines an all too familiar working class situation where incompatibility develops into hatred” (Hirst, 1985 p 53). =="Saved"== Time: 1960s. Place: London, England. Text at ? Although their baby is crying, Pam and Len are too lazy to get up and do anything about it. Pam wants Len out, but because he is reliable in his payments as a lodger at the house of her parents, Harry and Mary, they decline to let him leave. When Pam suggests that Len go away with the baby, he refuses. Miffed at this attempt, she takes up with Fred as a lover, but he quickly loses interest in her. In an effort to make him stay with her, she states her baby is his, Len's, but Fred is not influenced. Angrily, she leaves the pram behind in the street for him to take care of along with his friend, Mike. Three other toughs (Colin, Barry, and Pete) arrive and look curiously at the baby inside the pram. Annoyed by Colin, Barry angrily projects the pram towards him but hits Pete instead, who violently pushes it back. Out of curiosity, Pete then pulls at the baby's hair. For fun, Barry pinches it, removes the diaper, and throws it in the air. Thinking that babies feel nothing, he punches it. Barry and Colin do the same. Then they all throw stones at it except Len, who watches at a distance all this while and does nothing. Mike then throws flaming matches inside the pram. Pam eventually returns without bothering to look inside the pram. "Lucky yer got someone t'look after yer," she murmurs to the baby. The baby dies from its injuries. The truth is partially discovered, only Fred receiving a jail-sentence for the baby's death. After being released from prison, he wants no more of Pam, who moves in with Len again, but eventually nags at him to go away. He ignores her. On her way out one evening, Mary notices a run in her stockings. Helpful Len mends it with his needle directly on her leg. Harry enters and watches the equivocal scene. "Go easy," he recommends to Len. Later, a quarrel erupts between Harry and Mary, during which she throws a tea pot filled with boiling water at him. Len has had enough of this atmosphere. He decides to pack his bags and live elsewhere, but is dissuaded from that purpose by a sympathetic Harry who once again prefers to have him stay. =Shelagh Delaney= Shelagh Delaney (1939–2011) is also of importance in this period with a play on mother-daughter conflicts in "A taste of honey" (1958). "A taste of honey" “is a little play made big as life by the sensitiveness of the writing, a sensitiveness without the slightest evasion of reality and with hardly any concession to sentimentality...A tale of woe that could easily have resembled old-fashioned laments for the seduced daughters of the lower orders acquires vitality and freshness, because instead of prating about sin, guilt, and forgiveness, the author relied on detached observation” (Gassner, 1968 pp 499–500). “There is more than first meets the eye in Jo’s assertion that she is contemporary- 'I really do live at the same time as myself, don't I?' She accepts life as it is without looking for a loophole in time or place: even when she takes an exotic lover it is for here and now, not as a way out (and anyway he proves to come from Cardiff); she makes no attempt to move away from the squalid flat in its squalid area when her mother has gone, and does not even want to go to hospital to have her baby. Her only moments of rebellion, when she announces that she does not want to be a woman, or have the child, are over almost before they have begun. Helen, too, is in her way a realist, she will try various means of escape, but never with any great conviction that they will work, and when things go wrong, as with her marriage, she is not really surprised” (Taylor, 1962 p 111). “The originality of her portrait of poor people in Manchester and her obsession with honesty outweigh the advantages that more versatile craftsmanship might have provided. Her characters are imprisoned in poverty. They are hard and bitter, but they are also self-contained. They do not blame their misfortune on outside forces: the state or the economy. Although they accept their fate with rancor and virulence, they do not expect to evade it...Jo blames her mother for everything...The first act consists of the pitiless statement of the starved sordid lives of two defenseless women...But the natural warmth of a compassionate young woman tempers her objectively in the last act and makes art out of reporting” (Atkinson and Hirschfeld, 1973 pp 267-268). “Nothing could be less wholesome in summary and more delightful in the treatment given...English drama receives at one blow the precious gift of four characters realized on stage with a tolerant compassion, in my opinion, beyond anything Tennessee Williams has yet to attain. In a situation bristling with opportunities for resentment and facile sensationalism, none of them, not even the mother, is denied a gay acceptance” (Kitchin, 1960 pp 110-111). “The brassy mother and her vulgar husband are stock characters and the squabbles between mother and daughter are part of a stock situation, but the freshness of the writing makes this unimportant. The dialogue seems adrift in any direction...but underneath it a firm pattern of relationships is developed” (Gascoigne, 1970 p 201). "Helen and Jo, mother and daughter and the two central characters, are instinctively theatrical. Expert at taking up a line and twisting a word or phrase, they enjoy the routines or performances into which they lapse. Behind their words we hear speech that attempts to evade, depersonalize, and disguise feelings and genuine concern for one another. When Helen and her daughter joke and indulge in a 'steady patter of insult jokes' in the music-hall style, decorum is satisfied; Helen once played and sang in a little pub, and Jo, at several points in the play, aspires to a similar job...Detachment, evident in the third person address and in the routines of the characters in A Taste of Honey, evidences serious disparities that the music-hall humor never adequately heals or hides...Words and phrases penetrate the brash music-hall patter to indicate painful relationships and an overwhelmingly sober play" (Oberg, 1966 pp 161–163). =="A taste of honey"== [[File:Angela Lansbury Joan Plowright A Taste of Honey Broadway.jpg|thumb|Helen and her daughter, Jo (played respectively by Angela Lansbury and Joan Plowright), look over their new apartment, Lyceum Theatre, New York, 1960]] Time: 1950s. Place: Manchester, England. Text at http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_3955.pdf Helen, a "semi-whore", enters a new apartment with her daughter, Jo. Helen is in an ill temper because of a cold and Jo is no help, content to criticize the shabby state of their apartment. They receive a surprise visit from Peter, a brash car salesman, who seduces Helen in front of her own daughter. Later, Jo is wooed by Jimmy, a black sailor, who asks her to marry him. Jo speaks favorably of him to her mother. She then learns that her mother and Peter intend to marry. She meets her sailor-boy a second time, who cuddles up to her more comfortably. But when Jimmy tries to embrace her more boldly, Jo warns him not to do so. "Why not?" he asks. "I like it," she responds. Later, Helen confronts her daughter about the ring she is wearing, the boy's wedding present. On discovering the real state of her daughter's relations with the boy, Helen is outraged, advising her not to repeat the mistakes of her own youth. Several months later, the sailor is commanded to sail away and Jo is left by herself and pregnant. While Helen is away with Peter, Jo meets a new friend, Geoff, a homosexual who takes care of her during the pregnancy. He even asks her to marry him, but she refuses. "I hate love," she specifies. Nevertheless, she is glad to have him as "a big sister". As Jo nears the moment of birth, a nervous Geoff requests Helen to help care for her daughter. Helen accepts but at the same time tries to get rid of him, an attitude aggressively supported by Peter, who "can't stand 'em at any price". Later, Helen decides to leave Peter, move in with her daughter as before, and send Geoff on his way indefinitely. Geoff declines to resist her wishes, so that, despite their mutual dislike, mother and daughter become reunited. =Brendan Behan= [[File:Brendan Behan w.jpg|thumb|Brendan Behan described the consequences arising from the arrest of a British soldier on Irish patriots, 1960]] Brendan Behan (1923–1964) contributed to the period with a political black comedy, "The hostage" (1958). In "The hostage", Behan represents the members of the IRA as the dupes of outdated and reactionary ideals, and sets in opposition to them characters symbolic of youth, charity and common sense. Monsewer, the crazy IRA zealot who owns the Dublin lodging-house in which the action takes place, regards the execution of the hostage as a sacred duty. The IRA officer who brings the hostage to the house is a more sinister figure; he is a puritanical Catholic and a fanatical believer in the code of reprisal. Against these doctrinaire diehards Behan exalts the intelligence and instinctive goodness of the hostage and Teresa, a young servant-girl. Teresa rightly describes Monsewer as an old idiot; her sympathies go out to the young man in Belfast who hasn't lived yet and also to the hostage, with whom she falls in love. The hostage is equally practical and realistic in his judgements. His captors are barmy, he says, if they think that arresting him will upset the British government: 'Yeah, I can just see it,' he says, 'the old secretary of state for war waking his missus up in the night. 'Oh, Isabel Cynthia,' he'll cry, 'I can't get a wink of sleep wondering what is happening to that poor bleeder Williams''. During the course of the play most of the other characters sympathise with the hostage who is eventually shot by accident during a raid on the house by the police" (Armstrong. 1963 pp 97–98). “The hostage” “consists mainly of quips, songs, and dances, often addressed to the audience directly...The life of the work emanates from the characters and cartoons...and from the author’s buoyancy as manifested in dialogue, song, and his blithe scorn of self-inflationary idealism...If The Hostage is an anti-play it is fortunately also anti-cant” (Gassner, 1968 pp 496–497). “The hostage” “is an improvisation in beat time. Some may see in it a comedy in a semi-Brechtian manner: songs interrupt the dramatic action, actors address the audience and comment on the proceedings. It has already been called a vaudeville, as jig, a romp and a Rabelaisian prank” (Clurman, 1966 p 43). "Everyone in the play, with possible exception of the old Anglo-Irish patriot, Monsewer, seems aware that he is on a stage as well as in the Dublin 'brockel'. The gaiety, irreverence, riot counterpoint the dead seriousness of the crisis that engulfs them. As they all await news from Belfast that the IRA boy has been executed, as they await whatever fate hangs over Leslie, they move from dramatic unit to unit employing theatrical techniques, punctuating their agony with song, dance, jokes, narratives, and improvisations. They move in and out of character and play their roles in fantastic guises. The debt to traditional music-hall entertainment and vaudeville is unmistakable...All the habitués of the "knocking shop" adopt familial relationships to Leslie and make him the object of their fantasy-life...Pat and Meg see their responsibility as surrogate parents to the orphan-exile but are incapable of rising to that responsibility. The whores, as sisters want to seduce and mother him, but the efforts are only tentative and ultimately fail. Mr Mulleady and the queers want Leslie for their own as a brother. It is they who turn informers and bring down the final absurdity on the life of the boy they try to save. Teresa, the sweetheart-'wife', wants her man alive and free to take her away as they planned together, but in the end, like Lohengrin's Elsa, she cannot order her resolve to accomplish her dreams. Three Irelands struggle for dominance and recognition in the play. The Ireland of contemporary, illegal Republican fanaticism, dedicated to the final destruction of all things English in all of Ireland, is represented by the cowardly IRA officers in charge of Leslie. Pat and Monsewer stand for the Ireland of glorious memory of the Troubles and Easter Week, needing no justification beyond the private experience of valor and sacrifice that they claim to remember. Then there is the Ireland that actually exists. In The Hostage, this nation belongs to the police, their sirens, rifle-fire, and terror. This Ireland seems to be good for informers to run to, nothing more...The business of this play is to salvage exhausted heroism, to revive the hero after destroying him, in order to prove that the structure out of which he has emerged can itself be renewed and authenticated" (Wickstrom, 1970 pp 407–409). Taylor (1962) criticized the involvement of the secondary characters: “there are other elements, such as those involving the 'girls' and their farcical encounters, the homosexuals Princess Grace and Rio Rita, and the slightly crazed old ‘sociable worker' Miss Gilchrist, with her drink and her malapropisms, which seem, once the first entertainment at their antics has passed, to be merely indulgences in raffish and extravagant local colour calculated to “épater les bourgeois”, which tend in the long run to weaken the play by diluting its effects with too many irrelevances” (p 107). Nevertheless, the two homosexuals collaborate with Mulleady at the end. "To my knowledge, no commentators on the play discuss the alliance of Mulleady, Princess Grace, and Rio Rita and their ultimate revelation of themselves as secret policemen. Presumably, this is because critics see such a disclosure as a cheap device to end the drama- cheap in the sense that it suddenly negates the homosexual relationship between Grace and Rita, out of which the playwright Behan has got much theatrical mileage; and cheap in the literal sense that it removes the need to hire extra actors to portray the police. First, the alliance of these three men should come as no great surprise, since their very names suggest that they are in league. Grace and Rita are obviously women’s names, and Mulleady, when pronounced correctly, sounds like the Anglo-Irish version of 'my lady'. Second, the fact that the three are secret policemen is aligned with the rest of the secrecy being practiced throughout The Hostage: the IRA itself is commonly known as the secret army, and it has its headquarters in the play in a brothel, where secretive sex is transacted. Secret police methods are used, in other words, to combat illegal military action and illicit sexual acts. Finally, Mulleady, Princess Grace, and Rio Rita say in song that all three are 'queer', even though only the latter two behave like homosexuals. The song is sung in response to Meg’s question 'What are they [the three men] up to?' and to Pat’s statement 'I wouldn’t trust them as far as I could fling them'. Further, it contains the refrain 'We’re here because we’re queer/Because we’re queer because we’re here'. They are in a brothel, in other words, not because of any homosexual tendencies, but because they are 'queer'— that is, they [differ] in some odd way from what is usual or normal, and for this reason are questionable, suspicious” (Cardullo, 2016 pp 35–36). =="The hostage"== [[File:Brendan Behan, Talec, Drama SNG v Ljubljani (2).jpg|thumb|Rio Rita, played by Janez Hočevar (1940-?) and Princess Grace, played by Tone Homar (1926-?), have reasons to rejoice but briefly since shortly afterwards the prisoner is shot. 1963 Slovenian production]] Time: 1950s. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at ? Pat and Meg, an unmarried couple, keep a brothel-house for Monseuwer, Pat's old comrade-at-arms, now the mad owner who mistakenly believes himself to be still in charge of a military campaign. A whore, Colette, drags in a sailor. Unbeknown to her, he is a Russian, surnamed Princess Grace, so that she chases him out of her room. "He's a communist," Mulleady, a decaying civil servant affirms. "It's against my religion to have anything to do with the likes of him," she explains. But the sailor has money and, when he throws a batch of notes in the air, they all scramble for them. "Sure, pound notes is the best religion in the world," Meg declares. "And the best politics, too," Pat adds. Colette takes him back up to her room. To Meg's disapproval, one of the tenants, Mulleady, has invited a Miss Gilchrist inside his room. When called to come down, Miss Gilchrist says she must first complete her novena. She eventually descends under Meg's crude insults. "I take insults in the name of our blessed Saviour," Miss Gilchrist assures everyone, but, to Mulleady's dismay, decides to run out. Meanwhile, Pat harasses the homosexual, Rio Rita, for rent-money. A part-time officer of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and a volunteer arrive to check out the house for their political purposes, because an IRA member has been captured by British troops and condemned to die the next day in a Belfast jail. In reprisal, the IRA have captured a British soldier, Leslie, to be kept as a hostage in the brothel-house. The British hostage is befriended by nearly every Irish tenant. When the officer leave his guard of the prisoner to the volunteer, many approach him. "Five minutes- upstairs- I won't charge you," Colette offers until the volunteer orders them away. Teresa, a skivvy (servant), goes out to get him cigarettes, but the officer takes them away from her. When Pat asks the IRA officer for rent-money, he grandiosely answers: "The hearts of all true Irishman are beating for us, fighting as we are for the Belfast martyr, and all you can think about is money." Miss Gilchrist offers the prisoner an article from The "Daily express" newspaper about the queen, but he declines to read it. Instead, she and Mulleady sing for him until ordered out by Pat. Teresa returns to talk with Leslie until they are interrupted by Monsewer's troop inspection while playing his bagpipes, everyone except the officer and Meg colluding with his delusion. The officer orders everyone away from the prisoner, but Teresa sneaks back in. Leslie asks for her picture, but she has none, giving himself a medal of the Virgin Mary. He leads her to bed. The two IRA guards prevent Meg from entering the room, unaware that Teresa is in there with their prisoner. Later, Pat hands over to Leslie a newspaper with his name printed on it. The officer takes away the paper and reads aloud the IRA's declaration that should the Belfast prisoner be hanged, the British prisoner will be shot as a reprisal. During the night, Miss Gilchrist the pretending teetotaler offers Leslie a drink but is prevented by the volunteer. Pat and the volunteer believe that the Belfast prisoner might be spared since a British prisoner might be killed, but Leslie doubts it. “I suppose you think they’re all sitting around in their west end clubs with handkerchiefs over their eyes, dropping tears into their double whiskies,’ he sarcastically comments. Pat tries to let the prisoner escape, but he is seized in time by the volunteer. So interested has Miss Gilchrist been in the prisoner that Mulleady, in reprisal, begins to fool around with Rio Rita and his homosexual friend, Princess Grace. Pat takes away the volunteer to leave Leslie alone with Teresa. “You’d better hurry up, Leslie warns. "I mightn’t be able to talk so well with a hole right through me head.” She brings him no comfort, but yet they cling in each other's arms while promising to meet in Armagh, North Ireland, should he survive. Mulleady, revealed as a policeman, informs the force of Leslie's whereabouts and together with Rio Rita and the Russian, a spy all along, they guide policemen inside to free him, but in the confusion Leslie is shot, who, all alone, nevertheless rises after his apparent death and sings a version of Paul's epistles (1 Corinthians 15:55): "The bells of hell/Go ting-a-ling-a-ling/For you but not for me. Oh death where is thy Sting-aling-a-ling/Or grave thy victory?" =Joe Orton= Also in the domain of black comedy is Joe Orton (1933–1967) with "Loot" (1966). "Loot" echoes Ben Travers’ “Plunder” (1928) in that “a nurse who cuts the family out of her patient’s will, a double robbery that brings police investigation, the threat of arrest for murder, and the use of blackmail to provide a resolution...Where Travers satirically presented this frenetic criminal activity as normal, Orton exaggerated it to the point of absurdity: the nurse is not just guilty of bigamy, but wholesale massacre- which is treated by the representative of the law and order as a minor aberration: ‘seven husbands in less than a decade! There’s something seriously wrong with your approach to marriage’. Similarly the blackmail and bribery in Orton's play involve not just one, but all the characters, including the bereaved husband and the police inspector...Orton's approach is his way of treating conventionally tragic or disgusting situations as source of comedy...Dumped out of her coffin to make place for stolen money, a murdered woman's body is exposed to every indignity in a running gag. Stripped naked, deprived of false teeth and glass eyes, shoved upside down in a cupboard, swathed in a mattress-cover and paraded as a dress-maker's dummy, the corpse becomes the prize in a game of hide-and-seek between her son and his undertaker-accomplice, the nurse who has murdered her and is wearing her dress, her husband whom the nurse promises to marry, and a corrupt police-inspector in disguise” (Innes, 2002 pp 294–296). There is also some resemblance with Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) between Nurse Fay's questioning of Hal's suitability in marriage and Lady Bracknell's questioning of Jack's suitability in marriage in “The importance of being earnest (Rusinko, 1995 pp 94-95). “Orton’s balancing act does not shrink from physically repulsive dimensions, as in the attempts to hide or insert [Hal’s] mother's false teeth and the false eye that rolls on the floor during the frenzied attempts to hide the loot...[Fay’s] audacious pretense of innocence and of care for McLeavey’s welfare has the same ring of authority as does Truscott’s legal criminality...[Orton’s world is similar to Thomas Middleton’s (1580-1627)] “in which anarchy is matched by the appearance of order, unreason with the appearance of logic, detachment with the appearance of sentiment, corruption and hypocrisy with the appearance of religion, criminality with the appearance of law enforcement, and, most important, lies (except for Hal) with the appearance of truth” (Rusinko, 1995 pp 84–90). The police kicking scene “gives a special edge to Orton’s farce, since the physical cruelty denies one of the premises of traditional farce: that the blows do not hurt and the characters are, by convention, insulated from pain and punishment...[In the end], the only victim is the priggish, smug and complacent Mr McLeavey, the only innocent in the play...an insufferable apologist for the status quo, a man totally lacking in imagination and generosity...the archetypal law-abiding citizen who is really a fascist at heart” (Charney, 1984 pp 82–94). "While Fay insists upon keeping up appearances, she is in no way suggesting that Hal and Dennis curtail their relationship. Fay, Hal, and Dennis set up as a subversive community. They simulate respectability and by so doing undermine the notion of respectability: Fay and Dennis' marriage will facilitate rather than terminate Dennis's relationship with Hal, which will now have the added spice of being adulterous as well as homosexual" (Nakayama, 1994 p 191). "Orton's Loot...may satirize institutions such as the police and the Catholic church, but what is important is that the vehicles of this satire themselves remain unaffected by it. Indeed, the play could be said to dramatize the triumph of evil: of greed, corruption, brutality, immorality or amorality, and sacrilege. Inspector Truscott and Hal, for instance, get no comeuppance in the end, which is what makes Loot so unsettling. Orton fiendishly satirizes authority through Truscott, yet Truscott- at once the object and vehicle of the playwright's scorn- gets away easily with beating suspects, taking bribes, and in general abusing his power. He may be stupid in some ways, but his stupidity never gets him into any real trouble. And I think that this is Orton's point: the Truscotts of this world need to be satirized, yet it must also simultaneously be pointed out that the Truscotts of this world often go completely unpunished for their crimes. Orton thus makes us laugh at Truscott at the same time as he makes us realize that a Truscott is oblivious to our laughter, and will continue in his corrupt ways well beyond the confines of the drama. This British dramatist has gone beyond farce in Loot in the sense that he has exploited the attractiveness of evil for audiences- paradoxically, the same bourgeois audiences at whom he is striking back. Orton proves to us in this play that we can be amused by behavior we would normally deplore, and that we can even attend raptly as evil goes unpunished. There are dire consequences in Loot, as there are not in traditional farce- Hal gets a severe beating, Mr McLeavy will probably die (of old age) in prison for a crime he did not commit- and Orton's art, or dramatic sleight of hand, is to make us not care while we are watching. We think about what we have witnessed only later, after we have been 'taken'- like Hal, Fay, and Dennis at the conclusion of the play. Truscott leaves with the money, and these characters are left to wonder if they will ever see any of it again, or how he managed to walk off with it all in the first place" (Cardullo, 2016 pp 238–239). =="Loot"== Time: 1960s. Place: England. Text at ? Hall and Dennis have just robbed a bank next door to where the latter works as an undertaker. On the day of his mother's funeral, Hall takes out the corpse with Dennis' help and puts the money inside the coffin and the body in a wardrobe. A man named Truscott identifies himself as a member of the water board and starts to investigate the suspicious-looking case as a police investigator. The dead woman's nurse, Fay, announces to the widowed husband, McCleavy, that his wife changed her will in her favor, then proposes marriage to him, to Dennis' disappointment, as he himself felt love for her. By asking Hall a few questions, Fay quickly discovers his part in the bank robbery and where the money is, promising to keep quiet in exchange for one third of the loot. She takes out the corpse and wraps it in bandages, to be disposed of later. The suspicious Truscott orders the wardrobe to be opened, but finds it empty. After discovering the disguised corpse, he does not understand what he is seeing and asks her what is. "It's not a mummy, it's a dummy," Fay answers, which she purports to use for sewing purposes. Truscott interrogates Hall in depth, and, dissatisfied with his answers, hits him on the neck and kicks him when he is down on the floor. On the way to the cemetery, Hall and Dennis have a road-side accident and are forced to return. Meanwhile, Truscott finds a glass eye on the floor of the room, which he assumes dropped from the dummy. He interrogates Fay further and concludes that she murdered Mrs McCleavy. However, he is unable to prove it, because, during the road-site accident, the contents of the casket containing the remains were destroyed. When told about the glass eye, McCleavy assumes it dropped from the corpse. After unscrewing the coffin lid, he staggers in disbelief on what he finds inside, a huge amount of money. With Truscott and McCleavy temporarily away from the premises, the robbers agree to put the money in the casket and the corpse in the coffin, but their plot is foiled when Truscott asks for the casket to certify it as being empty. Although he discovers the money, Hall succeeds in bribing him. For their own safety, Hall suggests he may arrest his father on a trumped-up charge, to which Truscott agrees. =Peter Nichols= [[File:Peter_Richard_Nichols_2_(1).jpg|thumb|Nichols noted the darkly comic aspect of taking care of a spastic child, 2017]] Also of note in the domains of black comedy is Peter Nichols (1927–2019) with "A day in the death of Joe Egg" (1967). In "A day in the death of Joe Egg", "Bri and Sheila, the parents, live in an English provincial town. Sheila lives in hope that the child will improve some time, busies her self with amateur dramatics and Oxfam drives on the one hand; plants, tropical fish, a cat and other objects of nature on the other. Bri tells us that Sheila embraces all life. He is a schoolteacher, out of love with his job, savagely discontented, he has no hope for Joe and appears to take a fiendish delight in making appalling jokes about her. In the first half, when Bri and Sheila are alone on the stage, acting out in charade form the child's case history, the play rises to its best moments. But in the second half, there's a trumped up sequence in which Bri tries to murder Joe. The child survives, but Bri leaves Sheila. I suppose that is some kind of development, but it solves nothing and makes nonsense of the whole problem of the play, namely that Joe will never get any better. The situation will never really change till she dies" (Curran, 1969 p 97). “Sheila, a woman of keen intuition, sees that a tirade may in effect be a tantrum. Bri throws a tantrum to make her act as he wishes…Through her analysis of Bri, we perceive that a tirade often aspires to a magic compulsion of others, a threatened curse or excommunication, a strategy of an ego giving a moral front to a power play” (Heilman, 1978b p 74). "The point of 'A Day in the death of Joe Egg' by Peter Nichols is the diversity of adjustments to a child's incurable illness; the author lets us judge the modes of response if we will, but his objective is variety rather than judgment. If variety be comes absolute and no judgment is even possible, the end result is a Pirandellian relativism" (Heilman, 1978a p 48). “Nichols takes music hall technique...with sketches on which Bri impersonnates a hearty doctor who only paid half-attention to Joe’s problem, a heavily German-accented psychiatrist who tells them ‘your daughter vos a wegetable’, and a vicar who offers ‘laying on hands’. Even when they are re-enacting these scenes, Bri and Sheila improvise new jokes and are amused by each other's ingenuity...She still has faith Joe will improve, Joe has none...They are visited by another couple...and by Bri's mother...They think that the child should be placed in an institution but are horrified by Bri's support of euthanasia...For all the laughs, it is a hopeless situation” (Kerensky, 1977 pp 63–64). =="A day in the death of Joe Egg"== Time: 1960s. Place: England. Text at ? On returning home from work, Brian wishes to make love to his wife, Sheila, but she has no time, all the more so since their 10-year-old daughter, Josephine, a blind spastic quadriplegic susceptible to epileptic seizures, must be fed, bathed, exercised, and put to bed. Sheila notices she is wet below and wonders how in the special daycare center they could have left her daughter "sit like Joe Egg in the damp all day". The couple remind themselves of her slow birth. "Though not a religious man- for everyday purposes the usual genuflections to Esso Petroleum and MGM- I don't mind admitting it, I prayed," Brian admits. In his anguish, preferring his child to die rather than his wife, he imagined God saying: "I'll fix that bastard." "And he did," Brian notes. He play-acts their German doctor. "Do you know vot I mean ven I say your daughter vos a wegetable?- Still is, still is. I have trouble with vis Englisch werbs," Brian mimics. Then he play-acts the vicar, who proposed the "laying on the hands bit", which he declined. The couple's friend, Freddie, proposes that they should send Josephine to an institution, but Sheila refuses. During the rehearsal of an amateur theatrical production, Sheila breaks down because of Brian's jealousy over the innocent Freddie. One day, Brian suddenly announces that after Josephine's latest seizure, he has smothered her to death with a cushion, but this turns out to be false. However, Sheila notices that the anticonvulsant is suspiciously unavailable. When Brian proposes to get some more, Freddie discovers him sitting in his car doing nothing. While Freddie's wife leaves for the medication, Freddie calls an ambulance after seeing Josephine unconscious and unresponsive. While no one is looking, Brian lifts the child up and goes away. On her return, Sheila frantically searches for them, finally discovering him outside in wintertime "running about": When Brian returns, he stoically announces: "Its all over." But it is not. They reach the hospital in time. When they return home, Brian decides to leave, but when Sheila tempts him back with sex and proposes occasional respites for up to a month per year, believing she has asked too much of her husband, Brian yields. "Aren't we lucky?" Sheila asks. =Peter Barnes= Peter Barnes (1931–2004) achieved prominence with "The ruling class" (1968). In "The ruling class", “the existence of a privileged class depends upon the existence of underprivileged ruled classes...The extent to which the ruling class has intimidated members of the lower classes to serve it, [is indicated by the fact that] the butler, Tucker, despite his having inherited 20,000 pounds from the13th earl, remains to serve the 14th…His rebellion consists solely of verbal sarcasm…Although Jack is mad, he is not essentially different from the other peers…The first act climaxes with the arrival of a newly born boy, the second with another type of birth, the arrival in society of that child’s father” (Dukore, 1981 pp 13–20). The play "walked the tightrope between high comedy and despair- two areas never seen as sharing so many similarities before, familiar remnants of a Wildean world united with Dada and grew to sinister dimensions. The first scene in the manor house, for example, presented us with the bishop, deaf, tradition-bound, and...a cadaverous Christmas Past; the stuffy, protocoled keeper of the kingdom, Sir Charles Gurney...who starved his wife for love and kept a lower-class mistress, Lady Clare Gurney...with porcelain exterior and an explosive physical force beneath" (Tribby, 1971 p 210). =="The ruling class"== [[File:Christ, a gardener.jpg|thumb|The mad 14th earl of Gurney thinks he is Jesus-Christ. Painting of Jesus by Titian (1490-1576)]] Time: 1960s. Place: England. Text at ? The 13th earl of Gurney commits suicide. According to his will, there is no provision of any guardian appointed for the 14th earl of Gurney, although his family knows Jack is insane, considering himself "the one true God, the God of love, the Naz," sometimes seen suspended by ropes on a cross. Claire, wife to his half-brother Charles, nervously watches him greet two society ladies and then eat the artificial fruit on one of their hats. Jack may be got rid of provided he produce an heir, which to Claire's disgust, Grace, Charles' mistress, agrees to try to provide, as did Marguerite, lady of the camellias, so that Jack and Grace wed. Dr Herder, a medical research worker on schizophrenia, confers with Claire on the possibility of curing Jack. The doctor confronts Jack with another madman thinking he is God, so that at the moment a baby boy is born, Jack suddenly regains his senses. While receiving another visit from the two society ladies, it is obvious that Jack has switched from being the God of love into a very conservative aristocrat. In the hope of manipulating Jack, Claire attempts to play the role of a seductress, but he murders her. Thanks to a misleading detail given to the investigator, the butler is blamed for the murder and arrested. Unaware of her husband's guilt, Grace attempts to play the same role as Claire. While cuddling up to him, she becomes his second victim. =Barry England= Another 60s-style anti-establishment strike, this time in a military context, concerns “Conduct unbecoming” (1969) by Barry England (1932–2009). “The colonel of the regiment has been kept partly in the dark about what has been going on...At the same time, we are made to see that it is partly his own fault that he has been kept in the Drake. His whole life has conditioned him to trust his brother officers unquestioningly...Like the adjuvant, who finally gives Drake his full support, the colonel never actively tries to suppress the truth...When Drake proves his case, the colonel is anxious not to lose him from the regime...The subaltern who was so eager to be accepted by it is himself unable to accept it, whereas Millington, who wanted to get out, ends up wanting to stay. And the colonel, who seemed so self-satisfied and secure, surrounded by his admiring officers, ends up looking forward to his retirement” (Hayman, 1971 pp 12–13). ==“Conduct unbecoming”== [[File:Victoria Cross Winners of the Indian Mutiny 1857 - 1858 Q80493.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant Millington is suspected of attacking a woman until the suspect is discovered wearing a uniform dating from the past. British soldier during the Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858]] Time: 1880s. Place: India. Text at ? Lieutenants Drake and Millington are on a 3-month probation period before entering a regiment. Drake wishes to remain, while Millington does not. Drake admires the military honors shown in an anteroom; Millington is unimpressed even with the name of his own father displayed on a plaque, a past colonel of the regiment, later a general, whom he disliked. The two soldiers are met by the junior subaltern, Fothergill, angered by Millington's disrespectful mention of Captain Scarlett's dummy displayed among the military trophies after his death. Fothergill advises them about various forms of etiquette. Breaching one of them, Millington addresses himself to Colonel Strang passing by, which results in Fothergill being admonished by the adjuvant, Captain Harper, and in turn admonishing Millington a second time. In the mess-hall at night, inebriated soldiers play at sticking their swords on the hindquarters of a stuffed boar on wheels. The colonel wishes to be entertained by the new officers, so that Millington is called forth by Major Wimbourne. A drunk Millington is able to complete a song, but, to the disgust of everyone, falls on his face afterwards. During the early morning of a ball, officers hear Mrs Hasseltine, widow of Major Hasseltine, cry out after being attacked. She accuses Millington, who is arrested. Harper names himself as the president of the court or presiding judge, Fothergill as prosecuting officer and Drake as defending officer in a subaltern court-martial, a non-official one to prevent the regiment's honor to be besmirched from outside. Millington tells Drake that he only grabbed hold of Mrs Hasseltine twice. Yet she emerged from the shrubbery disheveled and with her dress torn. Thinking that the worst that can be happen to him is to be dismissed from the regiment, Millington speaks sarcastically during trial proceedings and is ordered out by the president of the court. He is dismayed on hearing that, should he be found guilty, he is liable to be kept in the regiment to perform unpleasant tasks for as long as ten years. Drake calls to the witness stand Major Roach second-in-command, who declares that he heard Mrs Hasseltine speak angrily to Millington in the shrubbery, but yet at no time did she appear frightened. Mrs Hasseltine states that, being right-handed, she struck Millington with her right arm while facing him, but yet his gash appears behind his right ear. Drake learns that a woman, Mrs Bandanai, was forced to crawl while being stuck on her buttocks with a sword by Captain Scarlett. During the trial, he presses the doctor to admit that Mrs Bandanai's injuries are consistent with the regimental game of sticking-the-boar. He also shows him Mrs Hasseltine's dress, cut in the area of the buttocks consistent with being a victim of the identical game. He calls Roach to the stand a second time, but the major is unable to name anyone that might have run away from Mrs Hasseltine in the shrubbery. The colonel enters to cut short the trial, but is convinced by Drake and Harper to allow it for one more day. Called back to the stand and shown Captain Scarlett's tunic, Mrs Hasseltine admits to having been attacked by a man wearing that uniform and having falsely accused Millington when encouraged by him for the purpose of being dismissed from the regiment. She withdraws the charge against Millington but is unable to name her attacker. When called to the stand, Major Wimbourne, Scarlett's friend who had discovered his flayed body during the 1857-58 Indian mutiny, admits to taking Mrs Bandanai to the hospital but has an alibi regarding the attack on Mrs Hasseltine. When called again to the stand, Roach, another of Scarlett's friends who had discovered Scarlett's body, is still unable to remember anyone who could have been present in the shrubbery. Defeated, Drake confirms to the colonel that he wants to resign from the regiment. But later that night, Wimbourne shows Drake a man wearing a tunic resembling Scarlett's. He speaks to him as a friend and then shoots Scarlett's dummy in the case where it is kept, which jars Roach into recognizing that he has been attacking women in Scarlett's garb. As a result, he shoots himself to death. =Simon Gray= Simon Gray (1936–2008) wrote a large series of plays, none more appealing than "Butley" (1971). “Ben Butley is a lazy, cynical London university teacher, a master of the arts of getting out of his duties and of being wittily unpleasant to his friends and colleagues...He keeps Joey on tenterhooks about his promotion and he is merciless in prying about his private life...He not only loses Joey but also his wife, and is under increasing suspicion from his colleagues for his laziness and malicious tongue. The play ends with a new student, whom Ben had ‘poached’ from one of the other teachers, coming to read poetry to him. It looks as if Ben is about to embark on a new relationship like the one with Joey. But he suddenly thinks better of it” (Kerensky, 1977 pp 136–137). “Ben Butley is indeed a diminished thing: unhappy, drunk, vicious to the people around him, disdainful of his profession as scholar and teacher. The most accurate measure of that diminution is the dwindling of his relationship with Joey Keyston, who was some years before Ben’s prize student, then roommate, then colleague and office mate, then, after Ben’s separation from his wife, roommate again. As his name suggests, Joey has been the keystone of Ben’s life historically, intellectually, and emotionally. When Ben reminds Joey that Ben is responsible for his academic success, Joey responds: 'I know. But those were in the days when you still taught. Now you spread futility.' Clearly, Ben’s happiest relationship was with Joey before Ben’s brief, unhappy marriage, but Ben has nothing positive to offer Joey now...and he never could bring himself to offer Joey a sexual relationship. Ben Butley is caught in a muddle: unhappy with a compromised relationships, but unable to conceive of happiness with another man, even one he wants to live with (asexually, of course)...Despite Ben's devotion to his relationship with Joey, he sees himself outside the realm of homosexuality, which he views with condescension and amusement” (Clum, 1992 pp 75–76). “Still dealing with the threat of decentralization posed by his estranged wife, Butley finds his centrality again threatened, this time by a man playing a woman’s role: Reg, whose name, although evidently short for Reginald, also suggests Regina (queen- female power). Reginald is even constructed as a woman: he cooks, wears suede shoes, competes for the affection of a man, and is a ‘born romantic’” (White, 1992 p 49). "Butley is engaged in an intense, private psychic conflict, a psychomachia which drives him to revile his wife, his students, his colleagues, the profession of English and the world at large in a desperate effort to exorcise a wholly personal demon...Butley is a repressed homosexual...[his] self-destructive verbal aggression, his most conspicuous trait...as the classic defense mechanism of a man unable to accept consciously the strongest urgings of his libido...The first thing we learn about Butley is that he is messy, and not just absent-mindedly so, after the familiar manner of many intellectuals, but insistently, ostentatiously, indeed, obsessively so...But it is Anne with whom he has chiefly to deal and it is therefore she to whom he most emphatically attributes male behavior. He maligns her cooking, calls her 'tough, versatile and brutal', and tells her that if she marries Tom 'after six weeks you'll be the two most boring men in London'...Another feature of Butley's behavior pointing toward repressed homosexuality is his tendency to paranoia...On another issue of department politics, a change in the curriculum, he contrives to make Joey out as a 'traitor', despite the fact that Joey has taken precisely the position which Butley himself advocated...two other aspects of Butley's personality...are...almost total alienation from his work as a teacher of literature and his great love for and absorption in the nursery rhymes of Beatrix Potter...He uses them as a vehicle for a return to an Edenic existence free of the pain of sexual object-choice" (Mills, 1988 pp 411–424). When the student reads her essay to Butley, he "reduces her literary analysis to sardonic and amusing ridicule...Gray's use of Shakespeare...brings into focus the incidental and scattered satire on literary criticism; and, more important, it underscores the ironic gap between Butley and Shakespearean characters and the resolutions of their action, particularly in Shakespeare's romances. According to my reading of the play and my calculation, there are at least twenty-five writers and literary figures either named or works alluded to...more often than others: TS Eliot and Shakespeare...Butley resides in a psychological 'wasteland' of sorts...We first notice in the analysis of The Winter's Tale that Gray has the title wrong: he consistently refers to the play as 'A winter's tale'...neither the intense student writing about the play nor the learned tutor takes note of the error...Satire points to...the poor student who has written a conventional, if uninspiring, essay, but also to Butley who has nothing constructive to offer...He alludes to three major tragic figures: Hamlet, Macbeth, and Antony...In the midst of a quotation from Eliot's poem 'Marina', Butley digresses to say: 'we were already fallen into the sere, the yellow leaf'...an echo of Macbeth...In answer to his own question, "Why the hell did we call her Marina?", Butley begins to quote from the...poem by Eliot about Marina. Behind Eliot's poem lies Shakespeare's Pericles...What does such joy have to do with Butley? Not much, except for the ironic contrast, for Butley endures two divorces in one day...Butley's attempt to destroy the homosexual relationship of Joey and Reg...echoes...Leontes [who orders Camillo] to poison Polixenes...Butley has trouble remembering his daughter's name...demonstrates no particular affection for her and apparently indulges in only the most cursory visits to see her...Leontes in Shakespeare's play cannot accept his daughter as his own...Butley knows much of hate but little of redemption. What 'redeems' him for us as readers and spectators is his trenchant wit and his verbal facility...Gray's references to Shakespeare reinforce the notion that Butley is a person of little depth with little to admire in him, ironically distanced from the Shakespearean figures...Butley may be one tale, but it is not 'The winter's tale'" (Bergeron, 1984 pp 179-187). "Butley's dismissal of Miss Heasman's glib remarks on spiritual rejuvenation as sap...are followed by an even greater condemnation of her as a future teacher of sixth formers in an educational system that deadens...Ben may wish to avoid all conventional teaching at this point in his career, but in his own cruel way he is also playing the fool as teacher; like Lear's Fool, he would teach us the nature of our own foolishness...Trembling and alone after driving Anne to exit at the end of act 1, Butley manages life so that he is left totally alone at the end of the play. Unable to draw enough blood from those he despises but cares for (Joey and Anne), or from those he only despises (Reg and Edna), the logic of his own fool's teaching carries him inevitably to reject the spoils of his victory over Edna, Gardner. How can he possibly take on Gardner, a leftover from the sixties in his feathered hat, bare feet, and impatience with Edna's teaching, for a seminar on Eliot when Joey, despite Butley's attentions in the sixties, has himself so clearly become a budding Edna. 'I don't find you interesting, anymore. You're not what I mean at all, not what I mean at all. I'm too old to play with the likes of you,' Butley informs Gardner. In Prufrock/fool style, then, Butley comes to the end of all conventional teaching and to an acceptance of his role as scapegoat" (Burkman, 1981 pp 165–167). "Ben Butley is clearly misanthropic and destructive. The central character’s total control of the action paradoxically functions as a distancing device. His behavior is so unrelentingly malicious that it provokes a question as to whether his dissatisfaction with the banality of modern life, possibly a consequence of the average person’s mean-spirited pragmatism, is merely a neurotic inability to accept the way things are or whether it represents a genuine idealism with respect to the possibility of leading a civilized life. This ironic presentation of character suggests that ‘Butley’ is conceived as a comedy of bad manners...The play reveals Gray's sensitivity to currents of contemporary social concern: his open and sophisticated presentation of Butley's bisexuality can be seen to reflect the new ethos created by the sexual liberation movements of the late sixties and early seventies. In the commercial theatre of 1971, ‘Butley’ was both daring and topical. Gray's refusal to portray Butley as either a tragic or comic homosexual stage type represents a marked advance in the presentation of sexuality on the West End stage. The play forces audiences to take seriously an existential rebel who, while thoroughly unconventional, nevertheless refuses to be marginalized” (Gordon, 1992 pp 5-6). =="Butley"== Time: 1970s. Place: London, England. Text at ? A student asks Ben Butley, university teacher of English literature, about tutorials on Wordsworth. He sends her off for the following week, shuddering at the thought. Ben's roommate and colleague, Joey, returns from a visit with his homosexual friend, Reg. Ben asks to be invited to their dinner party, but Joey tries to discourage him by saying that Reg dislikes him. Looking at the essays he must read and mark, Ben lets them drop one by one on the floor. He learns from Anne, his estranged wife, that she intends to remarry with Tom. He reminds her she had once named that man: "the dullest man you'd ever spent an evening with". She responds he is now "the dullest man I've ever spent the night with". Ben intends to make difficulties for her about this matter. In his office, a student, Carol, corners him to read aloud her essay on Shakespeare's "The Winter's tale". As she goes, her essay in hand, he pinches his nostrils and gags, which she, returning, notices and runs off in tears. To make trouble, Ben calls up the headmaster of the institution where Tom works, informing him of who he is and his situation with Anne, specifying that she intends to work as teacher there. He seethes in anger concerning Joey's failure at informing him about his relation with Tom. A colleague of theirs, Edna, is equally angry at Ben for allowing a "feathered youth" to believe he could leave her seminars for his. She is also angry at Joey for supporting him, which he denies, because he needs her support for a promotion. "Toadying is the sincerest form of contempt," Ben comments. When Reg informs Ben that Joey is leaving him for himself, Ben heaps insults and abuse on Reg's parents and background, to which Joey sputters while stifling laughter. However, they do not achieve their aim because of Joey's lies about his friend's background. Reg hits Ben as he goes away. Ben receives the feathered youth, asks him to read aloud TS Eliot's poetry, and without a word sends him away. =Stephen Poliakoff= [[File:Stephen Poliakoff.jpg|thumb|Stephen Poliakoff described the ravages caused by a female delinquent under the ineffective influence of a phobic mother]] Stephen Poliakoff (1952-?) has written a large series of plays, notably “Shout across the river” (1978). "Like Brecht, Poliakoff has been interested in the functioning of individual characters as they interact with their physical and cultural environment. His is not primarily a social drama. Social relations in his work are consistently predicated by the physical, technological, and cultural realities that sur- round them. What Poliakoff produces after examining this interaction, unlike Brecht, is not epic theatre intended to motivate people of the scientific age to change their world. Rather, his plays inform us that the spirit of the scientific age has passed, and that we live among that age's decayed ruins, in the urban canyon" (Martin, 1993 p 197). =="Shout across the river"== Time: 1970s. Place: England. Text at ? Lawson, a school administrator, announces to a surprised Marian Forsythe that her 14-year-old daughter, Christine, has been suspended for the rest of the term for many misbehaviors. In an advanced state of agoraphobia for being out so long, Marian mostly longs to hurry back home. She locks the apartment door while confronting her daughter over this business. An irate Christine walks about the room and smears a wall and sideboard with glue. At length, she convinces her mother to release her after proposing to wash a bundle of dirty clothes at the launderette, where her mother follows her. Noticing a glossy magazine underneath a pile of clean clothes temporarily left by a stranger, Christine takes out a woman's photo and glues it on the man's sweater. Although Marian is able to detach the photo, she weeps under the effects of another phobic attack and cannot use her handkerchief because it is glued to the table. Christine offers to shop for her on the next day provided she hands over the apartment keys, to which Marian reluctantly agrees. After returning with the shopping basket, Christine rummages with looks of disgust amid her mother's possessions and requests her to remove her dress. Marian shyly submits. She is abashed on discovering that her daughter has stolen household items and embarrassed while standing in her underclothes as her son, Mike, enters, who expects her to wash his rugby garments and prepare his tea. Christine gives her mother another dress to wear, who, though in distate, dons it nevertheless. When the phone rings, she nervously covers up for her daughter by saying she is away. When all three sit at an ice-cream parlor, Christine's schoolmate, Martin, comes over their table. Marian is stunned when Christine introduces her as her sister after having supposedly attended their mother's funeral. Christine lifts the top from an urn she is carrying, pretending to show Martin her mother's cremated ashes. Although embarrassed, Martin offers to pay Christine for sexual favors. “My price has gone up since I’ve been suspended,” she informs him. Marian is speechless in yet another fit of agoraphobia. When the two return to the apartment, a worried Marian tries to force her thin daughter to eat more, but the latter wrestles her down and sits astride her. As a result, Marian wets herself. One week later, Mike is mugged by robbers so that Marian accompanies him to a hospital. After assuring herself of his stable condition, she joins Christine and Martin at an entertainment pub, both women then striding over to Lawson's table, where Christine, to her mother's dismay, shows them a large supply of stolen sunglasses. When Martin enters and Christine wanders off, an aroused Marian kisses him on the lips. But when Christine comes back, he is dismayed at discovering she is her daughter and leaves both women. One of the go-go dancers misses her call and so Christine replaces her. Marian drags her offstage. “I will never have sex with you again,” an irate Christine announces. The outraged mother hits her face. Christine brandishes a pair of scissors and they struggle until it drops between them. Instead of getting her mother the drink she promised, Christine visits her brother at the hospital. She jolts the bed to wake him up, lies next to him, then kicks it so that he cries out in pain. Undeterred, she reads too fast from one of his books and when he lunges for it, he hurts himself even worse. She returns to the apartment where her mother awaits. “There’s nothing for me,” Christine declares. Still irritated at her mother, she tries to lift a chair to throw at her but then collapses. Christine warns that her she may never see her again. “I expect I will,” her mother retorts. =David Hare= [[File:David-Hare-edinburgh-film-festival-2018.jpg|thumb|David Hare showed family conflicts arising from a stepmother's egotism]] Also with a large series of plays to his credit is David Hare (1947-?), notably "The secret rapture" (1988). "David Hare's The Secret Rapture yearns for salvation from the rapacious selfishness of Margaret Thatcher's England, but in the end the stuff of romance must be imposed on the play to project its hopeful vision. In a program interview, Hare announces the meaning of the title: 'It's that moment at which a nun expects to be united with Christ. In other words it's death" (King, 1990 p 274). "Hare is a British writer whose plays...are in the sociopolitical tradition of Brecht and Shaw. Hare's latest, The Secret Rapture, is literally about a politician. One of the principal characters, Marion French, is a junior minister in Britain's Tory government. Married to a born-again Christian, she is the perfect Thatcherite, self-satisfied, ambitious, a free-enterprise zealot, and uncompassionate. 'God, I hate all this human stuff,' is one of her typical remarks...A root problem with the play is that Isobel is such a passive character, forever having things done to her rather than taking action" (Hornby, 1990 pp 121–122). "The Secret Rapture might best be described as a play of contradictions, of opposing forces and clashing beliefs. It is not a morality play as some have said, pitting good against evil. Rather, it is a play that heightens reality to a level at which the audience can see the contradictions in life. In all of his previous work Hare inveighs against society's complacencies. In The Secret Rapture complacency gives way to rage with no compunction...The private is at once political. Those in control force others to be out of control. The prognosis, Hare implies, is an aloof, dead society, living as Tom says, 'a perfect imitation of life'" (Oliva, 1991 p 536). =="The secret rapture"== [[File:Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria_-_6.jpg|thumb|As a result of family conflicts,Isobel yearns for happiness only to wind up dead. The Ecstasy of St Theresa (1652 by Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) at left transept of Santa Maria della Vittoria (17th century) in Rome]] Time: 1980s. Place: England. Text at ? Marion and Isobel's father has just died. To prevent her stepmother, Katherine, from taking a valuable ring, a gift to her father, Marion removed it from his finger. She resents her sister's silent disapproval of the deed. Frightened and lonely, Katherine asks Isobel for a position at her small firm specializing in book designs. Despite her qualms about Katherine's usefulness, she agrees, approved by Marion, but her qualms become all too justified on discovering her incompetence and bad judgment. Isobel agrees with Irwin, her lover and co-owner of the firm, that she should sack Katherine, but while speaking to her, she hesitates, at which Irwin forcibly expresses their decision, but then Isobel changes her mind, keeping Katherine after all. Marion's husband, Tom, reveals to Isobel that the company he works for has the means to invest in her company, but Isobel hesitates, since this implies that the real owner will be his company. Marion is hurt and infuriated at her sister's indecision, a sign of a lack of trust in her husband. When Isobel turns to Irwin for advice, she discovers that he is offered twice his salary if the deal is accepted, and so the matter is done. One day, in her effort to gain a new client who seems uninterested in her proposal, the unstable Katherine lunges towards him with a knife and in a highly nervous state is taken to the hospital. Keeping Katherine causes turmoil in the relation between Isobel and Irwin. She says she no longer loves him. He counters that this is mainly because he sided with Katherine, insinuating that she loved him only while he was subservient. "You saw me as poor and under your spell," he specifies. Because Irwin cannot accept her rejection of him, Isobel is now rarely present at work. Meanwhile, Tom's company receives an advantageous offer to sell Isobel's workplace. He offers her a new place rent-free, but since it appears dilapidated, she refuses, which angers Marion, who blames her for messing up the expansion. "You spoil everything you touch," Marion accuses her sister. Isobel blocks the selling of her father's house, wishing to live in it herself, but has no money to buy it. One night, Irwin returns to make up. She rejects him again. He becomes aggressive. When she heads outside to call for help, he shoots her dead. In the aftermath, Marion feels more disoriented than ever. "I can't interpret what people feel," she moans. =William Nicholson= The outcome of a divorce is the theme of William Nicholson (1948-?) in "The retreat from Moscow" (1999) in which the title refers to Napoleon's forced retreat from Russia in 1812 after the deliberate burning of Moscow by Russian troops, preventing French troops from easy access to food and lodging in the winter season. In Alice's view, divorce means an equivalent lack of personal resources for any viable future life. =="The retreat from Moscow"== [[File:Napoleons retreat from moscow.jpg|thumb|In Alice's mind, losing Edward is like Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, depicted by Adolph Northen (1828–1876)]] Time: 1990s. Place: England. Text at ? Both dissatisfied after 33 years of marriage, Alice pushes Edward to express himself more openly about their troubles, but he is unable to and says at last it is her problem. She slaps his face. Edward turns to his son, Jamie, and reveals he is in love with another woman. When Edward finally starts to talk about their marriage problems, Alice is relieved but then aghast at learning he intends to leave her. She accuses him of sneaking out without making the least effort to improve the marriage. "You'll kill me," she warns. Then she begs to do anything he wishes, but Edward says if he comes back it would not be in the form of his own person but another man. He must change his phone number because she calls him up without saying a word. As with Napoleon's army, Alice says to Jamie it is her husband's retreat from Moscow. "It's his rotten stinking cowardly way of making out it's alright to dump me in the snow," she declares. When she notices her son's non-committed attitude, she bitterly accuses him of taking his father's side. Looking back though many years, Edward can only say he got on the wrong train. She sends scathing letters to his place of work with no name on the envelope so that the secretary can read what she says, in his view a "power play" on her part, she being used to having her own way with him almost every time. Alice next buys a puppy called "Eddie", and teaches him to lie dead in the yard. She also develops a habit of going out in her pyjamas, looking like a "clown", in Jamie's view. Edward provides for a handsome settlement for her, including the house. "How can you sit there and say I get the entire value of the family home, when the entire value of the family home is precisely what you've taken from me?" she responds. In her view, she would have been better off as a widow in every way, for he has poisoned all her memories. "I'm sunk, I'm done for. I want to get out," she despondently confesses to her son. He begs her to stay firm. "I'll know that, however bad it gets, I can last it out, because you did, before me," he says. Though understanding his viewpoint, Jamie is disappointed about his father's manner throughout the marriage, especially his pretenses. As Edward prepares to move away to Scotland, Alice offers him an anthology of love-poems she collected. While he examines the collection, she takes a knife from it, then puts it down: "But I suppose I'll go on," she concludes. The question of another man for her never comes up. =Mark Ravenhill= [[File:MarkRavenhill.JPG|thumb|Mark Ravenhill describes the turmoil among 1990s British youth]] Mark Ravenhill (1956-?) is another noted contributor with the social play about the drug culture, "Shopping and fucking" (1996). In "Shopping and fucking", "we learn the characters' past experiences by way of long narrative texts that remind us of short stories and that digress the flow of the dramatic action, an essential trait of postdramatic theatre...The shopping story, which Lulu and Robbie beg Mark to tell, is one of the accounts that puts the real on equal grounds with the fictive. Mark narrates how he has bought Lulu and Robbie from a fat guy in a supermarket...Thus, Mark "buys" Lulu and Robbie for twenty pounds, by way of transaction. From that time on, Mark has been keeping a room for them...After Mark's farewell scene, the setting shifts to an interview room with a man named Brian showing an illustrated plastic plate to Lulu. While he is showing the plate, he makes a speech about the Disney film The Lion King...and relates how the protagonist, the Lion King, was crushed by wild cows intentionally and how it was arranged by the uncle. Brian obviously wants Lulu to internalize this story...by drawing from a cultural reservoir of which Brian seems completely ignorant. The inclusion of such intertextual materials...challenges the fundamental differences between reality and art...Brian seems to be the one who is one of the "experts" of capitalism and his relationship with Lulu is of a "master-slave" type...Ravenhill has a traditional style though with fragmentary narrations. The play has a climax towards the very end (the scene when Gary is blindfolded) and each scene, though disconnected, has their own climax, which are brought together and resolved at the end...Shopping and Fucking has a well-structured plot, definable characters, structured time and space as well as understandable dialogues and monologues, all of which characterize dramatic theatre...However, the play certainly prob lematizes such major points as its potential to render mimesis possible" (Izmir, 2017 pp 90–97). "The characters are scatterbrained Lumpenproletariat; themes include homosexuality, anal intercourse, drugs, sado-masochism, and mutilation...And yet there is a strange innocence about the whole thing; the characters have a loopy charm" (Hornby, 1998 p 404). =="Shopping and fucking"== Time: 1990s. Place: England. Text at ? Lulu and Robbie try to make their friend, Mark eat, but he vomits. Knowing that his health is deteriorating because of a drug addiction, Mark seeks medical treatment. Short on funds, Lulu applies for a position as a television announcer for a commercial product, but Brian, the man who is interviewing her, reveals himself as a drug dealer instead. She agrees to sell 300 tablets of a stimulant, "Ecstasy". Mark returns from rehabilitation sooner than expected. When Robbie kisses him, he turns away, intent on working through his addiction alone. He meets Gary, to whom he offers money for sexual favors, desiring to avoid emotional attachment. Gary accepts, but Mark stops licking his buttocks when he notices blood on them, the result of sexual abuse on the part of Gary's stepfather. When Lulu returns from shopping at a corner store, Robbie notices blood on her face, the result of a violent encounter when a customer stabbed an employee. She feels guilty on having done nothing to interfere during the conflict, even going away with a stolen bar of chocolate. When Mark encounters Gary again, he admits to placing excessive demands on his lover. "I attach myself to others as a means of avoidance - of avoidance knowing the self," Mark affirms. In contrast, Gary's needs stem from losing a father at an early age and wanting his lover to compensate for it. "I want a dad. I want to be watched," Gary says. To help Lulu, Robbie goes to a dancing place to sell her drugs. Feeling sorry for a customer without money, he gives him some tablets and asks to be paid later. Soon, several people come over for free drugs. "And I felt good," Robbie later explains to Lulu. "I felt amazing from just giving, you see?" When only two remained, an irate stranger told Robbie that two were not enough and hit him till he found himself in the emergency room of a hospital. When Robbie and Lulu explain the matter to Brian, he shows them a video of a man tied up to a chair with a drill advancing towards his face and gives them one week to make up for the money. They make money by means of pornographic telephone conversations. Although Gary gives Mark expensive gifts, he realizes his love leaves him cold. "You're not what I'm after," he says. When they visit Robbie and Lulu, a jealous Robbie insults and tries to strangle Gary until Mark intervenes. Eager to take Gary's money, Robbie and Lulu blindfold him and act out his sexual fantasies. Robbie penetrates him anally and invites Mark over to do the same, which he does. But when Gary wants to follow this up by being penetrated with a knife, they back away. Over the course of the week, Robbie and Lulu succeed in coming up with the money they owed. Brian is so pleased about their efforts and about the way that the couple have learned their lesson that he lets them keep it. =Brian Friel= [[File:Brian Friel.jpg|thumb|According to Brian Friel's character, Tom, uncertainty is necessary]] Another Irish playwright of note is Brian Friel (1929–2015), who wrote “Give me your answer, do!” (1997). Friel also wrote “Aristocrats” (1979) and “Wonderful Tennessee” (1993). In “Aristocrats”, a wealthy Catholic family goes to seed. In “Wonderful Tennessee”, a band of young musicians head toward an island for a vacation but get stuck on the pier without a boat to carry them over. In “Give me your answer, do!”, in an “Albee-esque disintegration...each couple enacts their marriage for public consumption and all are maimed by the diminished reality of marital compromise. Jack Donovan, once the ‘laughing boy who flooded Maggie’s head with song’ is now only ‘that shabby little swindler’, a kleptomaniac who conveniently forgets his misdemeanors as soon as they occur. His wife, Maggie, faces ‘a different set of disappointments’ as her life as a retired doctor is increasingly constrained by her husband's behavior and the debilitation of arthritis. Grainne and Garret Fitzmaurice, exhausted by their own relentless and bitter ‘bonhomie’, recognize that only ‘audiences impose limits on how we can go’. Grainne suspects that Garret might be a better writer if she weren't around but continues to probe his Faustian pact with the devil of ‘popularity’ with malicious accuracy...Finally, Daisy and Tom are bound and broken by the silent existence of their autistic daughter, a figure who haunts the play and the players with her resistance to meaning. All the women in the play have been stunted by marriage- Maggie by Jack's vanity and petty thieving, Grainne by Garret's success, and Daisy by Tom's narcissistic drama of the blocked writer...Tom's devotion to his daughter [may be] an expression and/or denial of incestuous desire for her...Her mental condition [may be] the result of sexual abuse, but Tom's tenderness towards his incarcerated daughter is perhaps better understood as the artist's identification with her self-enclosed world” (Higgins, 2010 pp 102–105). “At the very end of the play...as Tom enters into a rhapsodic love scene with his daughter...Daisy realizes that from her recently rediscovered position of strength and helpmeet she has once more retreated to that of handmaiden...Daisy’s gesture of despair as she witnesses the next betrayal is the most frightening and disturbing moment in a play so bleak that one wonders in trepidation where Friel might ask us to accompany him after this” (Pine, 1999 p 315). "Tom is aggravated by David’s lack of culture, leading him to consider the American as a “charlatan”. Even so, the criticism is irrelevant in a sale of pornographic novels, but reflects how “Irish culture may assimilate American values...though not necessarily a sign of decline...Spirituality and materialism need not be engaged in a mutually exclusive relationship. Depicted as antithetic, Tom and David both want to keep the cultural other and a distance...All things considered, the American seems to be more prone than the Irish to lose his identity” (Germanou, 2004 pp 271–274). In regard to David Knight's eventual judgment, “Tom wants and fears the outcome...His friend, Garrett Fitzmaurice, works as a blatant warning...Three married couples take the stage...rocky [but they] survive. Daisy’s parents, Jack and Maggie...are trapped in a misalliance...The Garrett and Grainne relationship...is framed in theatricality...witty, histrionic and negative...[Tom and Daisy’s marriage is] under severe strain. [Daisy is an alcoholic and their daughter whom she never visits lives in a psychiatric institution]...Bridget’s mental trouble is somehow linked to Tom’s writing problem: it was after her sudden illness that he wrote the two pornographic novels...Daisy...says what [Tom] needs to hear, that the ‘necessary uncertainty’ induced by the artist's unwillingness to produce merely money-making work is at once his lot and the best human option...In the final scene...Tom tells Bridget that he feels he can write again, and if he were to succeed with his abandoned novel, he would come back to her and they would escape together...Daisy jumps to her feet...confused and anxious with incipient grief. [Would he leave Daisy?]” (Murray, 2014 pp 171-175). Tom’s writing of pornographic novels coincides with Bridget’s institutionalization, suggesting a link between the two (Boltwood, 2007 p 195). "Every character from David, the manuscript buyer, who worries that if he does not close this deal he may lose his job, through Daisy's family, to her and Tom's friends, all eventually reveal their failed expectations, their disappointments. Only Daisy herself appears immune from disappointment or perhaps her serenity is only a gin-sodden veneer with which she faces a hostile world. The considerable pile of bills is often for her but a momentary annoyance...There is no evidence, however, that living on the edge leads Tom to create since he must expend almost all his energy on the journalism that brings the quick cash needed to pay that mountain of bills. Within this most Chekhovian play, we are told what Tom decides- he does not sell the archive- but neither the audience nor he can know if it is the best or the right decision. The audience is left with an ambiguous tableau of Tom and Daisy on either side of the record player with his question about the decision hanging in the air 'on wings of song' between them...Tom reflects his vocation as an artist, but, clearly, all he does is done in desperation. He does not have any illusion about the present or the future or about his own talent, nor does he cherish any nostalgia about the past. Instead, he escapes into fantasies and the fantastic to bring color and light into the life of his daughter who does not seem to have any light around her" (Bertha and Morse, 1999 pp 135–138). ==“Give me your answer, do!”== [[File:UT_Tower.jpg|thumb|Tom is tempted by a representative of the University of Texas to publish a pornographic novel in view of his financial troubles. The Bell tower of the University of Texas at Austin]] Time: 1990s. Place: Ballybeg (Fictional name meaning “Little Town”), County Donegal, Ireland. Text at ? Tom Connolly, a novelist, visits his daughter, Bridget, interned in a psychiatric institute, but she sits mute to his talk. The depth of her depression forces him to agree to electroshock treatment. Feeling the pinch of financial troubles as a result of failing to publish anything in seven years, he and his wife, Daisy, await the outcome of David Knight's evaluation of the value of his original manuscripts as a representative of the University of Texas. Tom and Daisy receive the visit of her mother, Maggie, a retired physician, along with her father, Jack, an occasional cocktail pianist. Maggie dreads that her husband's habit of ineptly pilfering small items may once day escalate to something more serious. Also invited are the friends of the Connollys, Garret and Grainne Fitzmaurice. Also a novelist but a more popular one, belittled by his wife for being so, Garret received a generous sum of money six weeks ago for his own manuscripts from David's employers. To increase the worth of his papers, Tom hands over to David two unpublished erotic novels. After reading them for three hours, David is enthused. “Everything has suddenly fallen into place,” he declares. “Everything is of a piece- I can see that now - a complete archive, a wonderful archive.” Tom is bewildered at this opinion as Garret suddenly notices he has lost his wallet. The company spreads out to look for it. At last, Garret notices them beneath Jack's shoes, one more clumsy attempt at stealing. “Look at that shabby little swindler,” Maggie says of her husband in disgust. He crumples and cries, but after having settled awhile, he returns cheerfully to the party as if nothing had happened. David is prepared to offer for the papers at least as much as Garret received. Sensing Tom's apathy, David specifies that his employers expect him to obtain material of every Irish writer on their list. Otherwise, he is liable to lose his job. In a further attempt to plead, he turns towards Tom's wife. “I must have your support, Daisy,” he says. “Help me, please.” But instead she turns to play a compact music disk. When Tom, Daisy, and her parents confer together, Daisy opines that her husband must not sell the book. In her view, Bridget is beyond knowing better conditions, their own discomfort is unimportant. “But to sell for an affirmation, for an answer, to be free of that grinding uncertainty, that would be so wrong for him and so wrong for his work,” she states. "I hope it's the right decision. Give me your answer, do, Daisy," Tom asks. "I don't know. Who's to say?" she replies. =Gary Mitchell= Another Irish dramatist, Gary Mitchell (1965-?), attracted attention with "As the beast sleeps" (1998), violence in the cause of religion being kept at bay until opportunity strikes. =="As the beast sleeps"== [[File:Vlajka_Ulster_Defence_Association.png|thumb|Trouble starts when Protestants want to keep the Ulster Defence Association going by attacking Catholics but instead attack each other]]‎ Time: 1990s. Place: Ulster, Northern Ireland. Text at ? Kyle and Freddie resent the decision whereby two of their friends, Dougie and Mac, are prevented from entering a bar run by Larry due to belligerent behaviors. Despite Kyle's attempts to call him down, Freddie taunts Norman, the man in charge of security at the bar, so that a general fight breaks out, causing damage to bar properties. As a result, Norman's arm gets broken and neither he nor Freddie is permitted to enter the bar. Kyle confronts Larry by saying that in the old days, when Protestants robbed Catholic businesses of beer and cigarettes, no one prevented his friends from entering. Larry offers to allow Dougie and Mac back in the bar along with Freddie, provided Kyle accompanies the latter. They also get a separate corner of their own. In exchange, Larry wants Kyle to force some renegades to return to the Ulster Defence Association. At first, Kyle refuses outright to do the job, but then says he will think about it. He informs Freddie that the ban is lifted, but the latter grumbles that the others failed to come over and ask him to come back. Kyle next informs Sandra, his wife, about bringing back the renegades to the fold. He feels he should do the job, to ensure it is done with the least amount of violence. Like Freddie, she resents what has become of the club. The next day, two masked robbers steal 35,000 pounds from the bar, a sum Larry meant to give to Alec as a donation for political activities. Despite wearing of a mask, the bar's administrator, Jack, recognized Freddie as one of the robbers and informs Kyle of this, who, along with Larry, asks Freddie about the matter. Freddie declares he can get the money back. Larry wants the money and two names, but Freddie refuses to name anyone. When Larry backs down, asking only for his money, Freddie declares that he wants guns to harass Catholics. "The war's over, Freddie," Larry says. "No, it's not," Freddie retorts, indicating that the beast is only sleeping. Soon after, Larry, Kyle, Jack, and Norman tie Freddie up to a chair. When Freddie declines to name anyone, Kyle punches him in the back. Freddie offers to yield the money but no name. All they need do is release him. They refuse. Norman advances with a cricket bat, but Kyle beats it out of his hand. However, after pleading with Freddie with no result, he hands the bat over to Norman, who beats Freddie to unconsciousness. A frustrated Larry informs Norman that should Freddie die, he will need to obtain 35,000 pounds. After Kyle carries Freddie to the hospital, he returns home, only to find out that Sandra was the accomplice. He starts to dial his friends, breaks the telephone, and laughs in despair. =Martin McDonagh= [[File:Martin McDonagh 2012.jpg|thumb|Martin McDonagh showed how a cripple in a remote area can still be of interest to Hollywood producers, 2012]] Among second-generation Irish playwrights of the late 20th century is Martin McDonagh (1970-?), specially for "The cripple of Inishmaan" (1996). "Being tricked is at the heart of the McDonagh play. Its premise is that the citizens of Inishmaan are all gripped by Hollywood fever, anxious to become part of the filming of Robert Flaherty's Man of Aran on the nearby island of Inishmore. Its method is to employ joke and counter-joke, cruelty and counter cruelty- the cruelties often being the same as the jokes- and, above all, reversal and counter-reversal. In its setting (a small island off the west coast of Ireland), its period (early in the twentieth century), and its mood (dourly, sardonically humorous about Irish self-loathing and Irish self-congratulation), The Cripple of Inishmaan comes straight out of the plays of John Millington Synge, and particularly out of The Playboy of the Western World. As in Playboy, the disdained character at the center of the play tells a lie about his condition that turns out to be a kind of truth; and like the playboy, Billy is both a disturbingly pathetic figure and the most appealing person in the play. But in order to up the ante (which appears to be this playwright's specialty, if not his fatal flaw), McDonagh has given his hero an extreme physical deformity" (Lesser, 2009 p 25). "McDonagh has created a range of richly defined characters, all of whom are recognizable relatives of the Irish types that Synge helped reinvent in The Playboy of the Western World and that Patrick Kavanagh satirized in Tarry Flynn. The two maiden aunts, Kate and Eileen Osbourne, raise Billy Claven as their own son, smothering him with their good intentions and their worries for his health; under stress, Kate begins speaking to stones, and Eileen, to cope with her Irish fatalism, sneaks sweets from behind the counter of her shop. Johnny, the local bachelor busybody, trades gossip for eggs, and still tends to his ninety-year-old mother, who has a habit of drinking so much she cannot climb the stairs to bed and taunts her son by calling him 'the most boring oul' fecker in Ireland'. Bartley, Billy's dim-witted friend, expresses his need for adventure by begging for a telescope to look at the cows and rocks...Allusions to both Synge and Man of Aran are embodied in other characters, giving them added texture. Gary Lydon's stoic sailor, Babbybobby, whom Billy tricks into transporting him off the island, provides a sharp contrast to the noble fisherman of Flaherty's Man of Aran when he erupts in anger at Billy, beating the crippled boy in the head with a lead pipe- the violence a reversal of Synge's Christy Manon lifting a loy against his father. Helen, delivering eggs in a droll symbolic comment on her fecundity, has the sexual energy of Synge's Pegeen-Mike, flirting with the local curates and finally planting a big kiss on the surprised face of Billy Claven. Helen, too, loses her only playboy of the western world, for at the play's end Bily coughs up the ominous blood of consumption" (O'Neill, 1998 p 258). "In its witty intertextual dialogue with Robert Flaherty’s 1934 classic film documentary The Man of Aran, The Cripple of Inishmaan came across as a comically sophisticated inquiry into the validity of any representation of the Irish, and particularly of the Irish West. Indeed, in scene 8 of the play, the characters stage a mini-version of an Abbey-style riot, directed against the film’s misrepresentation of the West. But McDonagh also makes comic hay of the desire of the Irish to see themselves represented in the eyes of others, that is by tourists both artistic and recreational. The show’s running gag is a series of variations on the line 'Ireland must not be such a bad place if [fill in the blanks] want to come to Ireland'...The Cripple of Inishmaan is clearly not an attempt to replicate how life was circa 1934 on one of John Millington Synge’s beloved islands. The dialogue is inflected by contemporary Irish usage- 'feckin eej', for example- and by topics more familiar to mid-1990s than mid-1930s Ireland, including sexual abuse by the clergy, media culture, and the rights of the differently abled" (Cadden, 2007 pp 671–672). =="The cripple of Inishmaan"== [[File:Inishmaan_Harbour_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Billy wants to leave Inishmaan to become a famous actor. View of Inishmaan harbor]] Time: 1934. Place: Island of Inishmaan, Ireland and Hollywood, USA. Text at https://pdfcookie.com/documents/the-cripple-of-inishmaan-429j9wnrrrln Billy, a man crippled at the arm and leg, learns that a crew from Hollywood has arrived for filming at Inishmore, Robert Flaherty's "Man of Aran" (1934). He asks Bobby to ferry him over from the Island of Inishmaan where he lives. Bobby at first refuses, considering it bad luck to carry a cripple, but changes his mind after reading a letter from Billy's doctor, stating that the man may die of tuberculosis within three months. Johnny, the news-carrier, insists on seeing this letter, but is quickly discouraged when Bobby throws a rock at his head. Johnny next brings over Dr McSharry to his house for a specious reason, but without any luck of learning more about it. The doctor angrily accuses Johnny of harming his patient, who left for Inishmore early on a cold morning. Bobby returns with the news that Billy has been taken to Hollywood for a screen test in a film with a cripple in a minor role. In a squalid Hollywood hotel room, Billy deliriously talks to his dead mother about his miserable state. "I do wonder would they let cripple boys into heaven at all. Sure, wouldn't we only go uglifying the place?" he wheezes out. Hearing no news of the cripple, Billy's two aunts think he died as they view the completed film. However, at the end of the viewing, Billy walks out towards them. He forged the doctor's letter but refused Hollywood's offer as a consequence of home-sickness, not so difficult a choice, he says, considering "the arse-faced lines they had me reading for them." One of his friends, Bartley, informs him that his Aunt Kate has been talking to stones in his absence to the amusement of almost the entire island, including himself, at which Billy reproves. "You shouldn't laugh at other people's misfortunes, Bartley," he declares. "Why?" asks a confused Bartley. Though relieved to see him, Aunt Eileen strikes him on the head for not writing. Billy then admits to Bobby that he lied to his aunts about his experience in Hollywood, having been rejected as an actor in favor of a blond-haired American. Because Bobby was also taken in by Billy, the former strikes his friend several times with a lead pipe. While being examined by the doctor as a result of the beating, it turns out that Billy has tuberculosis after all. He asks a woman he is fond of, Helen, whether she would be interested in walking with him one evening. Helen sniggers and walks out, but then comes back to say she would. On her way out again, his coughing becomes worse and there is blood on his hand. =Roy Williams= Roy Williams (1968-?) wrote "Starstruck" (1998), a play that resembles Martin McDonagh's "The cripple of Inishmaan" (1996), because, in both plays, islanders hope to escape poverty by being hired as Hollywood actors. =="Starstruck"== [[File:Duhaney_Park,_Kingston.jpg|thumb|Starstruck Dennis wants to leave Jamaica to become a film actor. A row of houses in Kingston, Jamaica]] Time: 1970s. Place: Kingston, Jamaica. Text at ? Dennis picks up Adrian at the bus station, stipulating that the latter's cousin had already paid his taxi fare. Instead, Dennis’ cousin, Wally, shows up to take Adrian's bags while Dennis holds his coat and tie and shows him how young men strut about town. As Adrian practices his strut, Dennis dashes off with his belongings. When Dennis' girlfriend, Pammy, informs him that film people have arrived in town, he is excited to think how this may be his chance to become an actor. Dennis’ father, Gravel, has bought a used car. Although it does not start, he is confident he can repair it and quit his banana-packing job to start a cab business. But his wife, Hope, does not think he can. Dennis climbs over the fence and hides in their chicken shed from a police officer, Lester, who has heard about the bus station robbery. But he abandons the chase after Gravel offers him a bottle of rum as hush money. When Dennis informs his mother of the film people with leading actor, Stewart Granger, she excitedly climbs atop the car hood to look them over with binoculars. Dennis runs off to get hired for the film. Seeing his aunt on top of the car, Wally lovingly rubs her leg while laughing at Gravel's foolish purchase, but she requests him to ask his friend, Ned, to take the car back. Unless he does, she says she will reveal to his wife that they have slept together. Unable to contain himself, Wally lets her feel his erection as Gravel arrives to watch the guilty couple disappear behind the yard fence. Meanwhile, Dennis tries to convince Pammy to sleep with him, but she wants a ring on her finger first. Their relation is disapproved of by Hope, who does not want her son to marry the daughter of a prostitute. For his part, Gravel wants his son to declare his intentions, but the boy does not know what to do except knowing he cannot marry without money. Because of an actor's injury during filming, he succeeds in obtaining a part in a bar-fighting scene and buys rich clothes to show them off. He wants to follow the movie people back to London, where Gravel and his brother, Neville, once worked at a homosexual bar until the police raided it. “Shoulda tumped dem on de head and run,” Dennis declares to his father. “It wat me woulda done.” An irate Gravel challenges his son to a fight and strikes his face till he runs off. He next challenges his wife for her adulteries, claiming she should find Neville in England. But he cannot comment further, holding his chest in pain from heart trouble. To reconcile himself with his father, Dennis repairs the car. At last he convinces Pammy to make love with him, but when she becomes pregnant, he wants to abandon her and follow the movie people. Hope approves of this idea while Gravel defends Pammy. After Gravel dies from a heart attack, Dennis abandons his celluloid dream, paints a sign over the car saying “Gravel & son”, and drops his head. {{BookCat}} svkbq6vatosuvjhoorlu13988dm1omr 0 241497 4096911 4081743 2022-08-28T16:58:25Z Neojacob 363908 /* Sean O'Casey */ daRin, 1976 wikitext text/x-wiki The Edwardian drama refers to the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910). The realistic mode prevalent at the end of the past century prevailed at the start of the 20th. "The tendency of modern dramatic art is now to make the characters and the emotional and moral significance of the situations the most important elements, and to reduce the plot to a minimum. The characters in consequence are not merely presented during the early scenes, but go on developing till the end of the play, so that the spectator may have to alter his first impressions. In consequence, the faculty upon which the modern play tends to rely more and more in the spectator is no longer the power of following the indications of a complex story, but of seizing and remembering shades of character and emotion; and the spectator's pleasure depends now not so much on being unable to guess what is going to happen next as in being able to recognize that what does happen next is true and interesting" (MacCarthy, 1907 p 18-19). “The drama of today, through the influences of modern science, of contemporary democracy, of shifting moral values, of the critical rather than the worshipful attitude toward life, of an irresistible thrust toward increased naturalism and greater veracity, has become bourgeois, dealing with the world of every day; comic, verging upon the tearful, or serious, trenching upon the tragic; unheroic, suburban, and almost prosaic, yet intensely interesting by reason of its sincerity and its humanity; essentially critical in tone, proving all things, holding fast that which is good” (Henderson, 1914 p 309). “The English, as their drama represents them, are a nation endlessly communicative about love without ever enjoying it. Full-blooded physical relationships engaged in mutual delight are theatrically tabu. Thwarted love is preferred...At the end of a play on some quite different subject- religion, perhaps, or politics- it is customary for the two to say, as he does in [St John Ervine's Robert’s Wife (1938)]: ‘I was deeply in love with a fine woman’ and for the wife to reply: ‘My dear, dear husband!’ but there should be no hint elsewhere in the text that they have as much as brushed lips. In comedies, marriage is presented as the high road to divorce. Husband and wife begin the play at daggers drawn at their country house, and the whole point of the ensuing exercise is to lure them back into each other’s arms. The reconciliation takes place in the last act. Left alone on stage, the two lovers exchange coy salutations…Among younger people, the technique of courtship is even more rigorously codified...He is always bashful and ashamed in the presence of women to whom he is not closely related. The plays of the twenties were full of scenes in which the hero, contorted with grief, confessed to his mother that he had transferred his affections to another woman. A firmly established tenet of the English drama is that love which is only physical will not last, and is probably ghastly anyway...The idea that a man and a woman should...sexually exult in their discovery is deeply offensive to English taste. Someone should suffer for it, and our playwrights see that it sometimes does, harshly and irrevocably. Proposals are regarded with more tolerance, though the approach to them is often extremely oblique...English romantic drama is built around interrupted and frustrated embraces. Uninterrupted embraces only take place years before the curtain rises…Actresses, by an unjust dispensation, have far fewer chances. Prejudice forbids them any form of self-indulgence. Until she reaches the age of thirty, the English actress is allowed only to play ingenues, girls too young for love and scared of it” (Tynan, 1961 pp 61-64). "Until the modern period, great drama has possessed not only those deeper and subtler qualities which reveal themselves to the careful analyst and which constitute its greatness, it has also possessed more generally available qualities. It has appealed on different levels. It has appealed to the connoisseur and the amateur, the critic and the public. It has functioned as mere entertainment for some and as the highest art for others. A great deal of modern art, however, including drama, does not possess this double appeal. It appeals only to those who can discern high art, just as modern entertainment frequently appeals only to those who are satisfied with mere entertainment. Scandalized, our spiritual doctors call on the entertainers to be artistic or on the artists to be entertaining. The one class is censured as low-brow, the other as high-brow. Whatever the proposed solution, wherever the blame is to be placed, the facts themselves are inexorable. A peculiar, problematic, and perhaps revolutionary situation exists. Art and commodity have become direct antagonists" (Bentley, 1955 p xv). =George Bernard Shaw= [[File:George Bernard Shaw.jpg|thumb|George Bernard Shaw is the dominant English-speaking playwright of the early 20th century by presenting serious themes in comic tones, 1909]] The Irish-born playwright, George Bernard Shaw (1854-1950), continued work from the previous century by becoming one of the major dramatists prior to World War II (1939-1945), whose best-loved plays include "Mrs Warren's profession" (1902, first written in 1893), "Man and superman" (1903), "Major Barbara" (1905), "Pygmalion" (1912), and "Heartbreak House" (1919). Early critics were offended by the theme of “Mrs Warren’s profession”. Chesterton (1914) explained that the play "is concerned with a coarse mother and a cold daughter; the mother drives the ordinary and dirty trade of harlotry; the daughter does not know until the end the atrocious origin of all her own comfort and refinement. The daughter, when the discovery is made, freezes up into an iceberg of contempt; which is indeed a very womanly thing to do. The mother explodes into pulverising cynicism and practicality; which is also very womanly. The dialogue is drastic and sweeping; the daughter says the trade is loathsome, the mother answers that she loathes it herself; that every healthy person does loathe the trade by which she lives. And beyond question the general effect of the play is that the trade is loathsome; supposing anyone to be so insensible as to require to be told of the fact. Undoubtedly the upshot is that a brothel is a miserable business, and a brothel-keeper a miserable woman. The whole dramatic art of Shaw is in the literal sense of the word, tragi-comic; I mean that the comic part comes after the tragedy" (pp 137-138). For his part, Grein (1902) refused to allow the subject of prostitution in a rational discussion. “The case of Mrs Warren has been invented with such ingenuity and surrounded by such impossibilities that it produces revolt instead of reasoning. For Mr Shaw has made the great mistake of tainting all the male characters with a streak of a demoralized tar brush; he has created a coldblooded, almost sexless daughter as the sympathetic element and he has built the unspeakable Mrs Warren of such motley material that in our own mind pity and disgust for the woman are constantly at loggerheads. If the theme was worth treating at all the human conflict was the tragedy of the daughter through the infamy of the mother. Instead of that we get long arguments- spiced with platform oratory and invective- between a mother really utterly degraded, but here and there whitewashed with sentimental effusions, and a daughter so un-English in her knowledge of the world, so cold of heart, and 'beyond human power' in reasoning that we end by hating both; the one who deserves it, as well as the other who is a victim of circumstances. Thus there are false notes all the time, and apart from a passing interest in a few scenes, saved by the author's cleverness, the play causes only pain and bewilderment, while it should have shaken our soul to its innermost chords” (pp 294-295). "“Here, not only a stock subject of philanthropic reformers, but the whole of Nordic middle-class mentality with regard to the phenomenon of prostitution is taken by the horns. Shaw argues that it is either a social necessity, and then there is no reason for keeping poor Mrs Warren and her former lodgers in a state of inferiority (this state of inferiority, on the contrary, in its turn causes the evil to grow worse); or else it is an evil that can be corrected, in which case society should correct it by eliminating its causes, and not by reviling those who are the first and principal victims of such causes. This is a very good argument, but, as usual, one-sided, because it leaves out altogether the psychological and moral aspect of the problem, which is perhaps better and more generally understood in the Latin countries than among the puritan Anglo-Saxons. There remains the drama of Mrs Warren, who after all is an excellent woman, in relation to her daughter, who is also a striking figure, a girl who has been made hard and inhuman through a badly conceived system of education” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 83-84). Henderson (1914) complained that “driven by his ineradicable sense of the ridiculous, Shaw has greatly weakened the play's effect by shattering unity of impression through the gruesome, cynical levity of Frank” (p 81). In contrast, Duffin (1939) appreciated Frank. "Regarded from a distance, the play appears as a setting for the three scenes: between Frank and Vivie: the babes in the wood, in the middle of Act III; the disclosure of the relationship, at the end of Act III; and Vivie’s renunciation in Act IV- with the scenes between Vivie and Mrs Warren as lower lights. As a reason for Vivie’s repudiation of her mother’s money, any other disgraceful way of getting rich would have served; but the fact that Mrs Warren is a leader in this special business makes possible also the most interesting psycho- logical problem of the play- the brother-and-sister-lover relationship. The situation is handled with such skill and sympathy by Shaw- mainly through the exquisite creation of Frank Gardner, who is among the most wonderful of Shaw’s young men- that it not only escapes all taint of unpleasantness, but actually becomes one of those gracious loves that are uncharacteristic of Shaw. Frank is not affected by the conventional idea of a necessary repulsion- he feels nothing of the sort, and does not trouble about what he ought to feel. His attempt to throw doubt on the facts of their relationship, as stated by Crofts, is undertaken merely for Vivie’s sake. She, too, declares she is unaffected by the revelation, though her denial is inconsistent with the despair and disgust she evinces when it is made, in contrast to Frank’s magnificent acceptance, which is, however, I suppose, only a romantic gesture in face of Vivie’s realistic grasp of the situation. The idyll flickers out abruptly, but its three brief scenes leave much that is beautiful upon the memory” (p 67). “Vivie is...offered 4 choices: Frank (romantic love), Praed (escape from reality into art through aestheticism), Mrs Warren (sentimental attachment to mother no matter what the mother does), and Sir George Crofts (co-opting within an evil system for the sake of money)...Vivie’s decision to join the law-firm of Honoria Fraser is neither cynical nor misanthropic. She simply makes the wisest and most mature choice available to her, a choice clearly superior to the other four” (Abbott, 1989 p 47). “Vivie, who began by reproaching her mother for her way of life, becomes gradually impressed by her energy and ability, and touched by the sacrifices she has made for her. But when she learns that her mother is still continuing to follow the same profession, her mood changes and in the final scene they face each other as enemies...Vivie...tells her that at heart she is a conventional woman, and that is why she is leaving her...What spoils this powerful drama is above all its tone, which is too light for the subject with which it is dealing” (Lamm, 1952 pp 260-261). Gassner (1954a) admitted that "Mrs Warren's Profession releases a powerful barrage, its larger purpose being defined by Shaw in his 1898 Preface with customary precision: "I believe that any society which desires to found itself on a high standard of integrity of character in its units should organize itself in such a fashion as to make it possible for all men and all women to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort by their industry without selling their affections and their convictions'" but yet the critic moaned about the "dubious artistry of the piece; once Mrs Warren has made her forceful confession to her daughter, the action is whipped up into hopelessly thin lather concerning Vivie Warren's decisions respecting her own life, and despite affirmations of feminine independence (the New Woman!) she becomes a tiresome and chilly subject" (p 602). Likewise, Agate (1926) wrote that "there is one great flaw in the piece, which time has not altered, and that is the nature of Mrs Warren’s crime. To sin in one’s own person is one thing, to traffic in sin is another The woman’s case is too thin here, and the statement that her creatures were happier than the average barmaid or the average wife of a Deptford labourer is simply not true. Mrs Warren herself is drawn in the round, the rest of the characters are mere intellectual abstractions. Vivie, in so far as she is alive at all, is a prig, Crofts is a sawdust monster, Frank is very little removed from a scatter-brain, and the clergyman and the artist are just not anything at all" (p 233). In contrast to those critics, Mair and Ward (1939) felt that the play "made a brave and plain-spoken attempt to drag the public face to face with the nauseous realities of prostitution" (p 205). Archer (1899) felt that "the character of Mrs Warren is superb, the indictment of the economic conditions which beget Mrs Warren's and their bondwomen is thrilling and crushing, and the technique is throughout admirable, especially in the natural yet intensely dramatic manipulation of the great scenes. There are speeches whose irony takes you by the throat, both in the scene in which Mrs Warren expounds to her Girton-bred daughter the nature of her profession, and that in which Sir George Crofts, Mrs Warren's partner, in the private hotels which she manages, amplifies the mother's revelations. The former scene, to be sure, would be far more poignant if Vivie were a human girl instead of Mr Shaw's patent, imperturbable Girtonian paragon; but in that case it would be too painful for endurance. The scene with Crofts, on the other hand, gets its point from Vivie's intellectual competence...Much as I dislike and shrink from certain passages between Frank and Vivie, I have no hesitation in saying that Mrs Warren's Profession is not only intellectually but dramatically one of the very ablest plays of our time" (pp 9-10). “The characters in Mrs Warren's Profession are wonderfully well drawn, especially Mrs Warren, who is, as the author describes her, a disreputable old blackguard of a woman, but all the same she is alive and intensely interesting. But disreputable folk sometimes make better parents than the most respectable, when they make up their minds to it. They know their faults so well that they can keep them in the background. Both Frank and Vivian...are instances of their parents’ success in this respect. Mrs Warren's men friends are of the kind one might expect; at the same time they are the pick of her basket. Some may regard it as questionable taste on the author's part to have made the father of Frank a clergyman, but nature is no respecter of persons or parsons, and the author of such a play as Mrs Warren's Profession is scarcely the man to pander to superstition” (Armstrong, 1913 p 254). "There is a conflict between Mrs Warren, the well-balanced woman of business, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but a sentimentalist who has lived one kind of life while dreaming of another and Vivie, the true daughter of the mother, likewise well-balanced, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but stronger willed, positive, and realist, wishing to live a real life. There is a conflict between Vivie and Crofts, an elderly sensualist, still robust, maintaining the veneer of respectability, attracted by Vivie's youth and vigorous beauty. There is the conflict between Vivie and Frank, positive-minded but an idler, who wants a practical, sensible, and well-to-do woman for his wife, to enable him to continue his enjoyments as a gamester and a sportsman. There is the conflict between Frank and his father, the Rev Samuel, who is authoritative, irritable, and weak-willed—in fine, somewhat ridiculous, and really under his son's influence...All these conflicts taken together manifest to us also a general conflict, that between capitalist society and a moral ideal altogether different from traditional morality, one which finds no overt expression, but which is felt to exist all through the play, to which it gives a high moralizing value"(Hamon, 1916 pp 169-170). The play's "strength proceeds from the depth displayed in the consideration of the motives which prompt to action, the intellectual and emotional crises eventuating from the fierce clash of personalities and the sardonically unconscious self-scourging of the characters themselves...The tremendous dramatic power of the specious logic with which Mrs Warren defends her course; the sardonic irony of the parting between mother and daughter!...Devastating in its consummate irony is the passage in which Mrs Warren, conventional to her heart's core, lauds her own respectability; and that in which Crofts propounds his own code of honour...Mrs Warren's Profession is not only what Brunetière would call a work of combat: it is an act of declared hostility against capitalistic society, the inertia of public opinion, the lethargy of the public conscience, and the criminality of a social order which begets such appalling social conditions. Into this play Shaw has poured all his socialistic passion for a more just and humane social order" (Henderson, 1911 pp 306-307). "Mrs Warren’s Profession reads blazingly well today, mainly through its excellent construction (it is, in its revelations, closer than many plays Shaw wrote to the well-made play) and its character-drawing. Vivie, the matter-of-fact, scholastic, “new woman” daughter, is a genuine study (Shaw admitted her smoking was based on that of the real life person on whom she was modeled) and her difference from her mother, in natural temperament, education and outlook, provides the living human conflict of the play and keeps it strongly alive. Mrs Warren herself is depicted as coarse yet full of the feeling Vivie lacks. It is the kind of feeling, fairly shallow, by which Shaw does not set great store, but nevertheless portrays with compassion and skill. It is a clever and believable study and every scene in which Mrs Warren appears has a flesh-and-blood reality" (Williamson, 1916 p 112). Goldman (1914) also appreciated the mother-daughter conflict and also the irony in comparing Mrs Warren's fate with her sister's: "no, it is not respectable to talk about these things, because respectability cannot face the truth. Yet everybody knows that the majority of women, 'if they wish to provide for themselves decently, must be good to some man that can afford to be good to them.' The only difference then between Sister Liz, the respectable girl, and Mrs Warren, is hypocrisy and legal sanction. Sister Liz uses her money to buy back her reputation from the church and society. The respectable girl uses the sanction of the church to buy a decent income legitimately, and Mrs Warren plays her game without the sanction of either. Hence she is the greatest criminal in the eyes of the world. Yet Mrs Warren is no less human than most other women. In fact, as far as her love for her daughter Vivian is concerned, she is a superior sort of mother. That her daughter may not have to face the same alternative as she,- slave in a scullery for four shillings a week- Mrs Warren surrounds the girl with comfort and ease, gives her an education, and thereby establishes between her child and herself an abyss which nothing can bridge. Few respectable mothers would do as much for their daughters. However, Mrs Warren remains the outcast, while all those who benefit by her profession, including even her daughter Vivian, move in the best circles" (pp 182-183). “Vivie Warren begins and closes the play, and Shaw reverses expectation and conventional pattern by placing the reconciliation and understanding between mother and daughter in act 2 and concluding with the child’s rejection of her parent…Vivie at the same time refuses the traditional alternative of love’s young dream in the shape of Frank Gardner” (Raby, 2004 p 200). In Mrs Warren’s profession, Shaw declared himself just such a master-hand by writing a play that deliberately reversed every convention of the fallen-woman drama. His fallen woman is not a glamorous courtesan who wears silks and jewels for three acts and then dies of consumption but a vulgar matron who wears gay blouses and brilliant hats and ends the play in robust good health. When her daughter, Vivie, a self-sufficient Cambridge graduate, learns that her mother made her living through prostitution, Mrs Warren responds not with shame and repentance but with vigorous self-justification” (Eltis, 2004 p 229). "Man and Superman" "retains its popularity as a comedy embodying humanity’s favorite theme for entertainment, the making of marriages by female will against the natural masculine instinct to escape the chains of a single, responsible relationship...Ann, for all the charm any actress can give her, is not an attractive creation, and close to satire in Shaw’s use of her uncomprisingly as a symbol of Victorian hypocrisy and a representative of feminine ruthlessness in sexual pursuit. If she showed the slightest interest in Tanner mentally, or appreciation of his work and its cost to him (for all work of his kind is costly in energy and mental peace), we might warm to her more; but actually Shaw is psychologically not unshrewd here, for frequently enough this is the kind of woman men of intelligence are basically attracted by, yield to, marry, and in a remarkable number of cases remain faithful to, even though they may sometimes secretly regret some deeper lack in the relationship. It is, of course, sex triumphant, a fact of life Shaw, despite his instinctive revulsion, was honest enough to recognize as overriding in action" (Williamson, 1916 pp 132-133). “The artistic effect of 'Man and Superman' is like that of Voltaire’s ‘Candide’, where a fundamentally serious point of view is expressed in a playful and improbable tale...Tanner is an extravert, a man entirely absorbed in his activities...an intellectual...and that is why in the end he becomes the helpless prey of Ann in her lust for marriage...He throws out bold truths, but with an undertone of skepticism” (Lamm, 1952 pp 272-273). “The joke on Tanner...is that all the time he is theorizing about the life force, he is being ensnared by it” (Brustein, 1964 p 219). "Tanner’s love of Ann is a sideline to his surrendering liberty as any philosopher should, for the purpose of perhaps breeding the first Nietzschean superman. Male critics often resent Ann Whitefield as an instance of the calculating woman, sometimes as a cold-blooded liar and hypocrite (Hobson, 1953, p 149). In Man and Superman Shaw has also stated clearly and illustrated his peculiar attitude to the relation between the sexes. The main part of the story tells how Ann driven by the Life Force, tricks Jack Tanner, the revolutionary free-thinker, into marriage. Tatnner knows perfectly veil what she is about, although the poetic Octavius would still regard woman as an angel sent on from high. Poor littlo ‘Ricky-ticky-tavy’ gets the worst of it. Ann, although se may play with him as a cat plays with a mouse, wants Tanner himself and even a modern automobile with the good services of the rash driver, like Enry Straker, cannot save him. Tanner and Octavius are set m close opposition The one is the clear-eyed modern, the other the romantic poet” (Mullik, 1956 p 49). “The real artist-creator, according to Shaw, is a match for any woman bent on creating in her own more physical way...because, like her, he has a purpose. John Tanner is a talker rather than a creator, and is, therefore, quite properly captured by Ann” (Gassner, 1954b p 158). According to MacCarthy (1907), Shaw "set out purposely to write a play in which sexual attraction should be the main interest; but in his other plays also he has always made the nature of the attraction between his characters quite clear. What is remarkable about the scenes in which this is done, is the extent to which sexual passion is isolated from all other sentiments and emotions. His lovers, instead of using the language of admiration and affection, in which this passion is so often cloaked, simply convey by their words the kind of mental tumult they are in. Sexual attraction is stripped bare of all the accessories of poetry and sympathy" (p 57). "Shaw adheres first to the principle that comedy must have a fixed vantage-point, though he transforms it to suit his own purpose. He retains, too, the prerogatives and tricks of comedy, without, however, the necessity of being chained to them. He also keeps to stock types for comic purposes, but his new social philosophy gives him a new set of types. Even in incidentals he can follow well-worn grooves of the art; the Straker-Tanner relationship in 'Man and Superman' rests on the conventional master-valet set-up, given completely new vitality from the new social background" (Peacock, 1946 p 77). “Shaw’s writing was not hobbled, as Galsworthy’s was, by the self-imposed naturalistic requirement of copying the speech of floundering characters” (Gassner, 1956 p 43). In the play, "we have Violet, a practical-minded young woman, secretly married to Hector Malone, American, whose father, a multi-millionaire, is, like all the fathers in Shaw's plays, dictatorial, testy, and in the end submissive. We have Roebuck Ramsden, Ann's guardian, an elderly Radical, rather absurd with his superannuated and romantic notions, cutting a melancholy figure beside the triumphant young people of advanced ideas, represented by Ann, Tanner, Violet, and Hector. We have Miss Ramsden, Roebuck Ramsden's sister, also testy arid full of conventions. Finally, we have Octavius, poet arid lover, scorned and made a mock of by Ann, who loves Tanner, desires him, and takes him; but this defeat of Octavius the lover is the triumph of Octavius the poet, just as the defeat of Eugene the lover in 'Candida' (1898) is the triumph of Eugene the poet" (Hamon, 1916 p 181). "Major Barbara" "revealed the master of social comedy, even if it marked no advance in content over 'Widower’s houses' (1893) with its point that tainted money is so widespread that it cannot be escaped anywhere. In a corrupted social order, everything is defiled by the same pitch, and there is no chance for individual salvation except in the cleansing of society. Cheap and easy philanthropy is as effective as painting cancer with mercurochrome. Major Barbara of the Salvation Army approaches this conclusion when she discovers that her benevolent organization receives money from distillers and munitions-makers like her father— in other words, from the very industries that produce more evil than a thousand Salvation Armies can ever cancel. Sufficiently honest to recognize a truth when she meets it, unhappy Barbara Undershaft cries out: 'My God, why hast Thou forsaken me?' and takes off her uniform. If the play marks an improvement over Shaw’s first drama, this is because Barbara is an affecting person and because the munitions-maker Andrew Undershaft is a superb character" (Gassner, 1954a pp 607-608). Shaw “can indict British capitalism and yet make the hero of his indictment an arch-capitalist like Undershaft. This is the secret of comic genius, and, at the heart of it, is common sense so resolutely pursued that it becomes startlingly uncommon sense” (Gassner, 1954b p 141). Shaw’s “first act is one of the masterpieces of drawing-room comedy. Lady Britomart (whose name from an obscure Greek divinity naturalized into English by Edmund Spenser) so trenchantly combines Britannia with a martinet, is, though an estranged, a strongly compatible wife for Undershaft. And indeed, Shaw, his evolutionist’s eye on heredity, points out that Barbara is her mother’s daughter and Sarah her father’s, though in both cases against the obvious grain. It was, however, pointedly in honour of her father’s trade that Shaw chose to call Barbara Barbara. St Barbara is the patron saint of gunners. The Undershaft marriage is the uneasy but effective alliance of capitalism and the Whig aristocracy that governed the British empire” (Brophy, 1987 p 95). “Undershaft, the arms dealer, built up as a stock sinister capitalist before his entrance, proves mild, sensitive, willing to listen to everyone...Barbara’s ‘My God, my God, why has Thou forsaken me?’ is convincingly in character...[since a] Christian...facing a spiritual crisis should echo the words most familiar to her” (Chothia, 1996 pp 161-163). "Barbara’s own realization that the helping of the poor through religious channels only scrapes the surface of the problem, and there is better work for her here in her father’s factory community, in which there is every material consideration and no spiritual fulfillment. But the decision is not arrived at without bitterness, any more than Barbara’s decision to leave the Salvation Army rather than to join them in accepting the bribe of the manufacturer of the whiskey which destroys their battle to revive human dignity....What matters theatrically is that this third act of Major Barbara- like that other long discussion scene between Warwick, Cauchon and de Stogumber in Saint Joan- has such argumentative force and wit that it habitually holds its audience’s rapt attention and therefore entertains it, in the best sense of the word, no less completely than if the dramatist were indulging in popular melodramatics. This, perhaps, has been Shaw’s greatest gift to the theatre of our time. To make an audience listen, think, and actually enjoy listening and thinking, was no mean feat after four hundred years of stage concentration on conventions far removed from thought or the real business of daily life. The gap between the literary worlds of the novel and the theatre has never been so wide since" (Williamson, 1916 pp 141-142). "Barbara Undershaft finds that the authorities of the Salvation Army are content to accept contributions from a distiller whose trade is one of the most powerful influences which they have to combat. This realization brings her world crashing about her ears; she at first feels that there is nothing left to live for. But this is only the peripeteia; as usual it is to provide a solution. Not only does this overthrow or recoil give the logical victory to her father's opposing point of view far more than that, as soon as she grows calm she discovers that her real life-work, which she had supposed inextricable from her allegiance to the Salvation Army- the work, that is, of organizing social sanity and happiness—is not in fact dependent upon that allegiance, but can survive it she goes on to perform the same task amid new surroundings" (Norwood, 1921 p 179). For Goldman (1914), the play "points to the fact that while charity and religion are supposed to minister to the poor, both institutions derive their main revenue from the poor by the perpetuation of the evils both pretend to fight. It is inevitable that the Salvation Army, like all other religious and charitable institutions, should by its very character foster cowardice and hypocrisy as a premium securing entry into heaven" (pp 186-188). In writing "Major Barbara", Shaw "is stimulating in his criticism of certain tendencies in modern philanthropy, and consistent with his own individualistic philosophy in declaiming against all who make a virtue of poverty, starvation, and humility. He announces his preference for the avowed egoism of Undershaft as opposed to the masked egoism of the converters and the converted. Yet, while proposing Undershaft as a fair example of the philanthropic captain of industry, Shaw jibes at those who would accept his benefactions and condemn, in secret, his morality" (Chandler, 1914, p 348). When Snobby Price declares: 'I'm fly enough to know wots inside the law and wots outside it; and inside it I do as the capitalists do: pinch wot I can lay me ands on. In a proper state of society I am sober, industrious and honest: in Rome, so to speak, I do as the Romans do,' Jones (1962) agreed that ”only when men are safe enough from poverty and insecurity can they afford to consider questions of morality at all” (p 67). Although Williams (1965) stated that "the emotional inadequacy of [Shaw's] plays denies him major status" (p 152), this notion is disputed. For example, in the Salvation Army scene, “the conflict of soul between Barbara and Bill is described with such sincerity that even deeply religious people have been carried away” (Lamm, 1952 p 276-277). “The appearance of the drum marks the high point of Barbara’s power as a salvanionist. The drum...catches the comedy and the seriousness of Adolphus Cusins’ devotion to Barbara and to the vital force he honors in her and in all the religions he collects. He and Barbara kiss over the drum” (Goldman, 1986 p 107), a sympathetically funny moment of discovery, at least for a 1905 audience, because the gesture can only be done with their having kissed several times before. “There is a brilliant parody of a ‘cognitio’ at the end of ‘Major Barbara’ (the fact that the hero of this play is a professor of Greek perhaps indicates an unusual affinity to the con­ventions of Euripides and Menander), where Undershaft is en­abled to break the rule that he cannot appoint his son-in-law as successor by the fact that the son-in-law's own father married his deceased wife's sister in Australia, so that the son-in-law is his own first cousin as well as himself. It sounds complicated, but the plots of comedy often are complicated because there is something inherently absurd about complications. As the main character interest in comedy is so often focussed on the defeated characters, comedy regularly illustrates a victory of arbitrary plot over consistency of character” (Frye, 1957 p 170). "Shaw, unlike Tolstoy, is both destructive and constructive. Even by the aid of the Mammon of Unrighteousness in the person of Undershaft, his mind is vigilant and alert to point the way to better things. For when Barbara visits her father’s munition works, expecting to see a group of noisome and pestilential factories surrounded by workmen’s and labourers’ hovels and slum buildings, she finds instead clean, spick-and-span, well-lighted buildings, to which is attached a garden city with all the amenities of civilization- public library, an art gallery, a concert hall, a theatre, public and private gardens, playgrounds, baths, clubs, co-operative associations, and all that helps to make life healthy, decent, and liveable" (Balmforth, 1928 p 37). "Shaw summarizes his constructive remedies for the situation at the end of the preface to Major Barbara. They are: a just distribution of property, a humane treatment of criminals, and the return of religious creeds to intellectual honesty. These three ideals may perhaps be realized when men in an influential position adopt a platform as broad and firm as Andrew Undershaft’s true faith of an armorer. Society cannot be saved until, as Undershaft paraphrases Plato, 'the Professors of Greek take to making gunpowder or else the makers of gunpowder become professors of Greek,' and until the Major Barbaras who yearn vaguely after righteousness make up their minds to die with the colors of a faith securely founded on scientific accuracy. The power obtained through fighting may become a cult and sweep away with it the petty insecurity of halfway measures, taking with it all sense of safety and security for the average well-meaning but timid citizen of the upper middle class" (Perry, 1939 p 384). In this modernizing of ancient themes of ["Pygmalion'] and in treating ancient characters with the familiarity and lack of prejudice that one uses with contemporaries, Shaw has influenced the whole of modern literary taste and culture, and he may be considered as one of the forerunners of 'novelized' history" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 87). “In the original romance, so lyrically revived by Shaw's friend William Morris, Pygmalion marries Galatea. Might not something of the kind be possible for Shaw, since Pygmalion is a life-giver, a symbol of vitality, since in Eliza the crime of poverty has been overcome, the sin of ignorance cancelled? Or might not Higgins and Eliza be the 'artist man' and 'mother woman' discussed in 'Man and superman'? They might if Shaw actually went to work so allegorically, so abstractly, so idealistically. Actually Pygmalion: a romance stands related to romance precisely as "The devil’s disciple' stands to melodrama or 'Candida' to domestic drama. It is a serious parody, a translation into the language of 'natural history'. The primary inversion is that of Pygmalion's character. The Pygmalion of romance turns a statue into a human being. The Pygmalion of 'natural history' tries to turn a human being into a statue, tries to make of Eliza Doolittle a mechanical doll in the role of a duchess. Or rather he tries to make from one kind of doll a flower girl who cannot afford the luxury of being human another kind of doll, a duchess to whom manners are an adequate substitute for morals...If the first stage of Higgins' experiment was reached when Eliza made her faux pas before Mrs Higgins' friends, and the second when she appeared in triumph at the ball, Shaw, who does not believe in endings, sees her through two more stages in the final acts of his play, leaving her still very much in flux at the end. The third stage is rebellion. Eliza's feelings are wounded because, after the reception, Higgins does not treat her kindly, but talks of her as a guinea pig. Eliza has acquired finer feelings...The play ends with Higgins' knowingly declaring that Eliza is about to do his shopping for him despite her protestations to the contrary: a statement which actors and critics often take to mean that the pair are a Benedick and Beatrice who will marry in the end. One need not quote Shaw's own sequel to prove the contrary. The whole point of the great culminating scene is that Eliza has now become not only a person but an independent person” (pp 120-123). “It is [Higgins] who would need the intercession of a deity to be turned from marble to man” (Freedman, 1967 p 49). “England in the early decades of the 20th century was obsessed by the matter of class status, by the gradations of the rigid social structure...Shaw observes in ‘Pygmalion’ that the right accent together with the right clothes could carry the day...that class distinctions lose their force when a decent education can transform a street vendor into a ‘duchess’, that education made available to all those with the intellectual means of profiting from it would eliminate the outworn concepts of caste and class” (Goldstone, 1969 p 17). "'Pygmalion' is a study in the transference of an individual from one social class to another. Shaw argues that, since the capacity of speech is one of the most divine of human attributes, a person who can change the sounds made by another’s voice alters at the same time the soul to which the voice gives expression; also that a person who changes the economic status of another individual is responsible for changing his mentality. Shaw makes the latter point by introducing into Pygmalion the picturesque subsidiary character of Eliza’s father, one of the 'undeserving poor'. In his unregenerate state, he prefers not to have too much money, for fear he might acquire the damning virtue of prudence. Later, when Higgins has been accidentally instrumental in procuring £3000 a year for him, Doolittle has to adopt middle-class morality and marry the 'missus', who would not tie herself up to him for life when he was poor. Doolittle appears only twice in the play, once in each of his economic incarnations" (Perry, 1939 p 389). "Shaw chuckled over the success of his play, writing that 'it is so intensely and deliberately didactic, and its subject so dry, that I delight in throwing it at the heads of the wiseacres who repeat the parrot cry that art should never be didactic. It goes to prove my contention that art should never be anything else.' He might have noted, however, that the didacticism was largely imbedded in the Dickensian characterization of that proletarian philosopher Doolittle and in his daughter Eliza herself when she emerges in her Pygmalion's studio not only as a pseudo-duchess but as a living woman. In fact, this Galatea becomes so completely alive that she disturbs the scientific equanimity of her sculptor, who is himself a vivid personality despite the mother-fixation that deprives Higgins of the conventional qualification of sexual passion" (Gassner, 1954 p 609). In the myth, Pygmalion gives Galatea life without mating; so Henry. In some respect, he has given life to her, but Eliza’s complaint is that such a life is useless to her. Lewisohn (1922) described "Heartbreak house" as "softer in tone than many of Shaw's plays; it is, for him, extraordinarily symbolistic in fable and structure...He saw a society divided between 'barbarism and Capua' in which 'power and culture were in separate compartments'. 'Are we,' asks the half-mythical Captain Shotover, 'are we to be kept forever in the mud by these hogs to whom the universe is nothing but a machine for greasing their bristles and filling their snouts?' His children and their friends played at love and art and even at theories of social reconstruction. Meanwhile the ship of state drifted. 'The captain is in his bunk,' Shotover declares further on, 'drinking bottled ditch-water, and the crew is gambling in the forecastle'...In the result of the symbolical air-raid he sounds a note of fine and lasting hope. The two burglars, the two practical men of business are blown to atoms. So is the parsonage. 'The poor clergyman will have to get a new house'. There is left the patient idealist who pities the poor fellows in the Zeppelin because they are driven toward death by the same evil forces; there are left those among the loiterers in Heartbreak House who are capable of a purging experience and a revolution of the soul" (pp 160-161). "The immediate result of the air raid is the death of two practical men, a burglar who acts like a man of affairs and a man of affairs who acts like a burglar. These two men have interchanged functions and between them exhibit all the characteristics of predatory capitalistic finance. The relations between Boss Mangan, the employer, and Mazzini Dunn, his employee, an earnest, incompetent 'soldier of freedom', are like those existing between organized industry and the spirit of noble optimism, which had at first hoped to be the master, not the slave, in its partnership with big business. This analogy is further carried out by Mangan's desire to marry Dunn’s daughter, Ellie, brought up by her father in financial poverty, but endowed with rich spiritual possessions in the knowledge of Shakespeare"(Perry, 1939 pp 391-392). "The greatness of this play, for all its incidental coldnesses and cruelties and comic intrusions, is its oldest inhabitant, Captain Shotover, a figure rough-hewn out of his own poop like a figurehead on the prow of a ship, a King Lear without the tragedy (though certainly with hints of pathos) and still in spite of his calculated senile absent-mindedness in full command of his kingdom and his daughters. He is a prophet thundering in navigational terms of Britain’s danger, but much more than that a prophet of war through the ages, now coming like a messenger of death, on wing, to destroy mankind...At the heart is human disillusion- the disillusion of love which finds its hardness in rebuilding a life without it, and its wisdom and resignation from the aged who have experienced all things, as Ellie does from Shotover. But there is valiancy, too, in the face of the bombs that suggests at the last the human will to survive, the life force still not spent. And in this the old Shaw thunders beneath the iridescent lightning of the future. It is his work of purest imagination, in character and vision and therefore his nearest to poetry, the highest expression of genius. By it he lives on, dispelling wisdom and warning into the future. For this is a lion of a play, with a roar to waken the sleeping conscience of every generation" (Williamson, 1916 pp 172-173). It is "a magnificent comedy of humors and a powerful symbol wrapped in whimsy. Captain Shotover’s house is a Noah’s ark where the characters gather before the flood. They and the classes they represent have been making a hopeless muddle of both society and themselves. The only half-rational Hector Hushabye and his wife display the futility of the upper classes; a British aristocrat exemplifies the bankruptcy of Britain’s rulers; the capitalist Mangan represents the predatory force of Mammon. All are equally blind to the wrath of God and to the storm they have been raising unknowingly. The innocents are helpless or they must compromise like the hard-headed poor girl who is willing to marry the capitalist for his money, and the one knowing person among them, Captain Shotover, has taken refuge in eccentricity. Then the storm breaks loose and death comes raining from the skies in an air raid. The despair in the play is manifest, for Shaw’s pity and moral earnestness did not decrease with age; the harlequinade of Heartbreak House is a Dance of Death. Still, Shaw the Fabian and one-time agitator was loath to renounce all expectation of salvation through a new order. Hope was implicit in the death of the thieves of the play who are blown to pieces by the bombardment; did not many socialists believe that predatory capitalism was finished by the war just as the capitalist Mangan was finished by a bomb! Amid the wreckage Shaw’s remaining characters try to pull themselves together. The call for courage is sounded resonantly with Shaw’s customary eloquence, as is the call for action when the antagonists of society’s malefactors declare 'we must win powers of life and death over them...They believe in themselves. When we believe in ourselves, we shall kill them'" (Gassner, 1954s p 611). Bentley (1947) pointed out that “we never learn what happens to the disillusioned antagonists of such plays as 'Candida' in which Morell is at the end crushed and speechless. In 'Heartbreak house', however, we are not allowed to remain in doubt. Ellie's peace of mind is not lasting, for she finds that ‘there seems to be nothing real in the world except my father and Shakespeare. Marcus's tigers are false; Mr Mangan's millions are false; there is nothing really strong and true about Hesione but her beautiful black hair; and Lady Utterword's is too pretty to be real. The one thing that was left to me was the Captain's seventh degree of concentration; and that turns out to be’: 'Rum,' says the captain, while Hesione confesses that her hair is dyed. The play ends with an air raid that is fatal to two members of the group. Hesione expresses the wish that the bombers will come again and Ellie, 'radiant at the prospect', cries 'Oh, I hope so!' She has been thrice disillusioned once in each act, by Hector, by Mangan, by Shotover and is, in a sense, back at the beginning again, in love with romance. Only the romance which now brings color into her life is that of a kind of warfare that threatens civilization...Ellie stumbles in disenchantment from romantic love, to 'marriage of convenience', to 'spiritual marriage', the latter gained by spirits (rum bottle) not the spirit...The story of Ellie Dunn, neatly arranged in three acts, could easily have made a personal play. But if in 'Heartbreak house' her story is the center of the action it is a center not very much more important than anything on the periphery. In the theme of the play it is the group that matters. Although the method is Chekhovian, Shaw's characters are not. Chekhov's people are felt, so to say, from the inside; they are creatures of feeling, never very far from the pathetic. Shaw's are closer to traditional puppets of comedy. They are more crudely representative of classes of men, more deliberately allegorical, than Chekhov's. Later, in 'The simpleton of the unexpected isles', Shaw would frankly state that four of his people simply represent Love, Pride, Heroism, and Empire. And it has been pointed out that the Shotover daughters and their men represent the same four forces: Hesione is Love, Ariadne is Empire, Randall Utterword is Pride, and Hector is Heroism. One might add that all the other characters 'stand for things', Mangan for business and realism, Shotover for aged intellect and that, in general, one of Shaw's worst tendencies is to create characters who have no function except to illustrate a point. The burglar episode, for instance, makes a point that is repeated in Shaw's great pamphlet imprisonment...'Heartbreak House' might be called The Nightmare of a Fabian. All Shaw's themes are in it. You might learn from it his teachings on love, religion, education, politics. But you are unlikely to do so, not only because the treatment is so brief and allusive but because the play is not an argument in their favor. It is a demonstration that they are all being disregarded or defeated. It is a picture of failure. The world belongs to the Mangans, the Utterwords, and the Hushabyes. In the world where these men wield the power stands the lonely figure of old Captain Shotover, the man of mind. What he is seeking is what Shaw has always been seeking, like Plato before him: a way of uniting wisdom and power. The Fabians had tried by 'permeation' to make the men of power wise. But the men of power preferred a world war to the world's wisdom. Shotover has given them up as hopeless. He is trying to attain power by means of mind. When he attains the 'seventh degree of concentration' he will be able to explode dynamite by mere thinking. 'A mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me' will implement thought with power" (pp 137-140). Shaw “has widened the field and scope of the drama immensely. No other living writer has covered such an enormous area, or peopled it with such a wide variety of characters. To my sense, Mr. Shaw excels in that department more than any other present-day writer, and it is largely owing to his skill in this respect that he is able to be so extraordinarily interesting and fiercely entertaining. The way in which he says a thing is always excellent, even if the thing itself is not always sound. It always sounds sound, I admit” (Armstrong, 1913 p 320). Shaw "carries out the theory of the drama of ideas by making his play an attack upon some accepted opinion and carrying a dramatic opposition into the minds of his audience" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 pp 480-481). "Shaw’s greatest foes are sham idealism and sentimentality" (Wilson, 1937 p 242). “The seeds of Shaw's structural innovation, the discussion play, may be observed in nearly all the early works. The method of the well-made playwrights may be simply described as exposition-complication-denouement; one event leads to another until the original force has spent itself. But in the Shavian play, events exist only for the discussion they may provoke. The intellectual rather than the physical complication is the dramatist's main concern, and it is Shaw's distinction that he has made the conflict of ideas as exciting as any of Boucicault's last-minute rescues. The secret may lie in the fact that Shaw is no abstract philosopher, but one who sees ideas always as a part of human problems. The essence of Bernard Shaw is his wit, the quintessence is his humanity” (Downer, 1950 p 306). Different views have appeared regarding Shaw's dialogues. Despite possessing "an ability to make people think by making them laugh", "a kind of dramatic encyclopedism, to ridicule “persons and institutions on the principle of topsy-turvy", "a penetrating knowledge of theatrical effect", and "an Olympian indifference to conventional dramatic construction", some critics resent the author's voice in the plays, resembling "a marionette show where the master of the puppets talks all the time" (Reynolds, 1949, pp 131-132). "His amazing brilliance and fecundity of dialogue ought to have given him an immediate and lasting grip of the stage. There has probably never been a dramatist who could invest conversation with the same vivacity and point, the same combination of surprise and inevitableness that distinguishes his best work" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 206). “To come no later down in his career, Caesar and Bluntschli and Brassbound and John Tanner are pure figures of romance. No doubt the figures of an earlier romance exhibited their prowess in a different way. That remarkable survival, Cyrano de Bergerac, pinked his enemy to the tune of extremely acrobatic versifying. Mr Shaw’s heroes pink their opponents intellectually amid a shower of dazzling debating points. They are heroes of the intellect, perhaps, but they are romantic heroes nonetheless. They are neither conceived nor executed in a realistic attitude of mind. Mr Shaw, it should be noted, is not, like Ibsen, an innovating genius in technique; and technique being so obvious and important, this helps to conceal the magnitude of the revolution he has effected. Ibsen’s novelties were of the simple kind of which only a great revolutionary is capable. Mr Shaw is simply one of the greatest writers for the stage that ever lived. Liszt invented no new method of using the piano; but he under- stood better than any other composer how to make the technical resources of the piano effective. There is no definite method of using the stage to be set to Mr Shaw’s credit; but no dramatist has ever used the scene and the actors with greater effect. He has made such dazzling use of Ibsen’s reformed technique as almost to conceal the fact that he is moving in a quite contrary direction” (Shanks, 1923 p 201). "No other man of letters in England since the death of Shelley was so completely devoid of a sense of guilt” (Gassner, 1954b p 148). Shaw’s “treatment of human relations, particularly between the sexes, strikes the audiences today as arch and intellectualized...By the time he was forty, he had managed to fabricate for himself a philosophy that seemed to synthesize a majority of the major ideas of the 19th century and tie them together so that everything came out right in the end...He persuaded himself that the world was being nudged forward by a Bergsonian ‘élan vital’, or life force, toward a higher consciousness and a more just society. Our job as responsible Shavians was to plug into this force and translate it into action...Possibly, then, it is this fundamentally jaunty belief in human progress that has lately caused students and audiences to shrug him off...Yet maybe, like Dickens, Shaw is to be considered one of those writers who transcend their own limitations. Certainly we can find elements in many of his plays that seem to go against the grain and give him a surprising thickness and ambiguity” (Gurney, 2004 pp 196-197). "Shaw’s plays will last; that in a century from now, they will appear on the stage more frequently than they do to-day; but if not, it will be because of their modernity. The very reason for their interest and applicability may be the reason for their remaining on the shelves...But if they cease to attract audiences, it is incredible that they should cease to attract readers" (Phelps, 1921 p 98). "What first strikes us in the Shavian theatre is, perhaps, the frequency of excited scenes, of explosive arguments, violent protestations, gesticulations and agitations. Apart from the frequency of abstract discussions and the vigour of the dialogue there would be nothing very strange in this excitement, were not the passions and emotions, so violently displayed, represented as being also startlingly brief. This emphasis upon brevity of emotions is very characteristic, and one cause of the charge of cynicism which is so often brought against him. The typical scene is one in which the characters are represented in violent states of moral indignation, rage, perplexity, mortification, infatuation, despair, which subside as suddenly as they rise. The Shavian hero is a man who does not take all this hubble-bubble for more than it is worth. He preserves an exasperating good humour through it, however energetic his retorts may be, because he reckons on human nature being moved, in the long run, only by a few fundamental considerations and instincts. The hostility which he excites does not therefore trouble him the least. He counts upon the phenomenon, ultimately working in his favor, that puzzles Tanner in himself when confronted with Ann; that is, upon the contradiction between moral judgments and instinctive likings and respect. Valentine is not dismayed by Gloria's disapproval, nor Bluntschli by Raina's contempt for his lack of conventionally soldier-like qualities; both are confident that the ultimate decisions of these ladies will depend on other things. Even Tanner soon finds himself on excellent terms with Roebuck Ramsden, who began by abusing him as an infamous fellow. But it is not only the fact that the confidence of the 'realists' is always justified in the plays, which emphasizes the instability of human emotions and judgments; it is one of the fundamental assumptions with regard to human nature which lie at the back of the plays themselves. It is one of the chief causes, too, why they are regarded as fantastic; for the normal instability of emotion has hitherto found very little reflection in literature or on the stage; vacillations, flaggings, changes of mind and inconsequences of thought having been generally confined to characters intended to be obviously weak. But Mr Shaw represents, quite truly, characters of considerable firmness in many respects as subject to them" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 53-54). =="Mrs Warren's profession"== [[File:EN BESKYTTERINDE AF INDUSTRIEN.gif|thumb|Engraving of a 19th century prostitute]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren's_Profession Vivie Warren, fresh from attending mathematic studies at Cambridge University, receives the visit of Praed, her mother's friend, followed by her mother along with her business-partner, Crofts, and then Vivie's friend, Frank, with his father, a rector at the local church. After being scolded for his spendthrift life by his father, Frank reminds him of his own youthful follies, including those of a sexual nature. The father is dismayed and embarrassed after finding out that Mrs Warren is Miss Vavasar, an old flame of his. Crofts has his eye on Vivie for no less than marriage, but so does Frank. Mrs Warren is compelled to explain to her daughter about her career, rising from a hotel servant to the manager of a brothel. Thinking that this refers to events of the faraway past, Vivie considers her mother "stronger than England" and shows pride at her accomplishments. The next morning, Vivie receives a marriage proposal from Crofts. Knowing the nature of his business affairs with her mother from the past and his type personnality, she unhesitatingly refuses. She then learns that the business relation between Crofts and her mother is ongoing. Angry at the refusal and smarting with jealousy towards the more favoured Frank, Crofts reveals to both that they are half-brother-and-sister. Sick of this atmosphere, Vivie suddenly leaves her mother's house to attempt earning a living on her own as an accountant. At her office, she receives the visit of Praed, intent on experiencing art in Italy, and also Frank, followed by Mrs Warren. Despite her mother's pleadings, Vivie wants nothing more to do with her and despite her friendly feelings towards Frank, she tears up the note of his declaration of love, reaching out instead for a new life dedicated to work. =="Man and superman"== [[File:Man_and_Superman_Royal_Court_Theatre_1906.jpg|thumb|John Tanner seeks to prepare the way of the superman but is foiled by Ann Whitefield, whose main intention is to perpetuate the species, played respectively by Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) and Lillah McCarthy (1875-1960), Royal Court Theatre, London, 1905, photographed by Alfred Ellis]] [[File:Nietzsche1882.jpg|thumb|Friedreich Nietzsche (1844-1900) evoked the idea that man can evolve into a superman]] Time: 1900s. Place: England, Spain. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/157/ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Man_and_Superman As a result of her father's death, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner are appointed as Ann Whitefield's guardians, neither of whom wanting the job, though yielding to the apparently submissive Ann. John's friend, Octavius, would like to take her off their hands by marrying her. "If it were only the first half hour’s happiness, Tavy, I would buy it for you with my last penny," John tells him. "But a lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth." "It is the self-sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose." Since Octavius intends to become a writer, a struggle may be expected. "Of all human struggles there is none so treacherous and remorseless as the struggle between the artist man and the mother woman," John continues. The two are interrupted by news of the elopement of Octavius' sister, Violet. They assume that the wedding ring she was seen to wear is false. Roebuck and Octavius agree that she should leave London, but Ann does not. "Violet is going to do the state a service; consequently she must be packed abroad like a criminal until it’s over," John wrily comments. When Violet arrives, she assures them that the ring is genuine, though she refuses to name the husband. Following a slight roadside accident in his motor car, John explains to Octavius that his chauffeur represents the new man in evolution: the polytechnic man. Octavius narrates the outcome of his marriage proposal to Ann: she wept, a dangerous sign according to John, who offers to take Ann in his car and, for the sake of social conventions, her younger sister, Rhoda, along with them. Ann objects to their submitting to social conventions. "Come with me to Marseilles and across to Algiers and to Biskra, at sixty miles an hour," John offers rhetorically. He is aghast when she accepts. An American guest of theirs, Hector, proposes to join them. John, Roebuck, and Octavius are embarrassed while explaining that such a suggestion is impossible to effect in England, since Violet is married and he is not part of the family. Hector receives this bit of news stiffly, causing further embarrassessment. When everyone leaves except Hector and Violet, she walks over to kiss him. Hector argues that they should forget about his father's objection to his marrying a middle-class English woman. "We cant afford it. You can be as romantic as you please about love, Hector; but you mustnt be romantic about money," she retorts. Meanwhile, John learns from his chauffeur that Ann's ultimate design is to marry him, not Octavius. In a garden of a villa in Granada, Spain, Hector's father, old Malone, receives by mistake an intimate note left by Violet for her husbqnd. When Malone confronts her with the meaning of the note, she deviously says that she and Hector only intend to marry. "If he marries you, he shall not have a rap from me," the irate father blares out. But Hector has enough of pretending. He informs his father of his marriage and his intention to work for a living. Malone sneers at this proposal, but when John and Octavius offer monetary help, he changes his mind. Nevertheless, Hector refuses everybody's money. Alone with Ann, Octavius declares once again he loves her. "You know that my mother is determined that I shall marry Jack," she misleadingly answers. Though seeing his depressed condition, she consoles him by saying: "A broken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in London if he has a comfortable income." When Anne's mother learns of Ann's comment on her wishes, she is astonished, having never formed such an idea. "But she would not say it unless she believed it. Surely you dont suspect Ann of- of deceit!" Octavius naively exclaims. But Ann believes in hypocrisy, as she tells John, who, though he loves her, too, is yet intent on resisting marriage. At the end of her resources, Ann pretends to feel faint and as the others arrive is only able to pant out: "I have promised to marry Jack." The comedy succeeds, as John would not dare humiliate her by contradicting. "What we have both done this afternoon is to renounce happiness, renounce freedom, renounce tranquility, above all, renounce the romantic possibilities of an unknown future, for the cares of a household and a family," he concludes. =="Major Barbara"== [[File:Maud Ballington Booth.jpg|thumb|A Salvation Army officer, 1902]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.fullbooks.com/MAJOR-BARBARA.html https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Major_Barbara Now that her daughters, Sarah is married to Charles and Barbara engaged to Adolphus Cusins, Lady Britomart intends to establish them on a better financial footing. She thereby invites her long-estranged husband, Andrew Undershaft, a wealthy arms dealer, to the house. Before meeting him, she explains to her son, Stephen, his family background, never spoken of before: "The Undershafts are descended from a foundling in the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the city. That was long ago, in the reign of James the First. Well, this foundling was adopted by an armorer and gun-maker. In the course of time the foundling succeeded to the business; and from some notion of gratitude, or some vow or something, he adopted another foundling, and left the business to him. And that foundling did the same. Ever since then, the cannon business has always been left to an adopted foundling named Andrew Undershaft." Barbara works as a major in a Salvation Army shelter, where an angry Bill Walker threatens Jenny Hill for stealing his girl-friend to work for that institution. A client, Rummy Mitchens, interferes. Bill strikes his and Jenny's face, but stops of doing so to Major Barbara as an earl's grand-daughter. On learning of his daughter's benevolent endeavors, Andrew Undershaft becomes convinced that it is not her rightful place. "Barbara must belong to us, not to the Salvation Army," he declares. "Do I understand you to imply that you can buy Barbara?" Adolphus inquires. "No," he answers, "but I can buy the Salvation Army." There is much pretense surrounding that institution. One of if its members, Snobby Price, only pretends to be saved after beating his mother, and thereby attracts money from all sorts of charitable people. Mrs Barnes, a commissioner in the Salvation Army, arrives with exciting news. "Lord Saxmundham has promised us five thousand pounds...if five other gentlemen will give a thousand each to make it up to ten thousand," she reports. But since that lord is a distiller, Barbara has scruples about accepting his money. Andrew gives them the entire five. "Every convert you make is a vote against war. Yet I give you this money to help you to hasten my own commercial ruin," he announces. The gift makes Major Barbara realize her work at the Salvation Army is a sham and so she quits. On meeting her estranged husband, Lady Britomart comes down to business: "Sarah must have 800 pounds a year until Charles Lomax comes into his property. Barbara will need more, and need it permanently, because Adolphus hasn't any property." He agrees, but with respect to Stephen, tradition prevents him from making him his heir. "He knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a political career," he remarks. The entire family is curious to visit his arms plant, Adolphus judging the place to be: "horribly, frightfully, immorally, unanswerably perfect." Indeed, he is impressed to the extent of admitting the foundling difficulty may be got over when the following is considered: "My mother is my father's deceased wife's sister," he reflects, and so consequently legal in Australia but not in England. Andrew agrees that in such a case Adolphus may indeed be considered a foundling and so liable to take his place after his death, provided he stick to his creed: "to give arms to all men who offer an honest price for them, without respect of persons or principles-" For Barbara he has this advice: "If your old religion broke down yesterday, get a newer and a better one for tomorrow." Nevertheless, Adolphus mulls over the moral dilemma of selling arms. "It is not the sale of my soul that troubles me: I have sold it too often to care about that," he says, "I have sold it for a professorship. I have sold it for an income. I have sold it to escape being imprisoned for refusing to pay taxes for hangmen's ropes and unjust wars and things that I abhor. What is all human conduct but the daily and hourly sale of our souls for trifles? What I am now selling it for is neither money nor position nor comfort, but for reality and for power." Barbara is also tempted by the job. "I have got rid of the bribe of bread. I have got rid of the bribe of heaven," she admits. Husband and wife agree with Andrew to make war on war and war on poverty. "For Major Barbara will die with the colours," she affirms. =="Pygmalion"== [[File:Gerome pygmalion-galatee.jpg|thumb|Like Pygmalion's statue, Galatea, depicted by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904), Eliza Doolittle comes to life]] [[File:Pygmalion-1914.jpg|thumb|Professor Higgins (played by Philip Merivale) beams in satisfaction after creating the illusion that Eliza (played by Mrs Patrick Campbell), a mere flower girl, is successfully introduced as a duchess. Broadway, New York, 1914]] Time: 1910s. Place: London, England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pygmalion http://www.bartleby.com/138/ After a musical performance, the Eynsford-Hills shelter from the rain under a portico. Unable to find a cab for his mother and sister, Freddy bumps into a flower-girl, Eliza Doolittle. While she attempts to sell her flowers, Colonel Pickering enters. A bystander informs both that a suspicious-looking man is writing down everything they say. The crowd begins to grow hostile or afraid, when Pickering and Henry Higgins discover they know each other from their common interest in phonetics. Henry boasts that his teaching ability is such as to pass off the flower-girl as a duchess, creating her anew, akin to what the sculptor in antiquity did with his statue, Pygmalion. The next day, Eliza turns up to pay for speaking lessons at Professor Higgins' house, since she has ambitions to work at a flower shop, which he agrees to help her with, confident to make a duchess of "this draggle-tailed guttersnipe". He and Pickering bet on the outcome with Eliza staying at Henry's household all the while. The lesson is interrupted by the arrival of Eliza's father, Alfred, a part-time dustman and full-time drunkard, pretending to be outraged at their supposed designs on his daughter. Higgins calms him down with only a 5-pound note. Henry and Pickering make a first trial of her at the at-home day of Henry' mother, when the Eynsford-Hills are invited. Despite some awkwardness in subject and choice of expression, as when she speaks of gin as "mother's milk", Eliza, to Henry's delight, is far from the flower-girl she once was. She particularly impresses the shy Freddy. After many further sessions, Eliza is ready for the embassy ball. A Hungarian guest, Nepommuck, Higgins' first student he no longer remembers, informs the guests he has detected Eliza as a fraud, only to reveal that she is surely a Hungarian of royal blood. For this and other feats, Pickering admits that Henry has won his bet "ten times over". At Higgins' house after the ball, Pickering congratulates Henry, at which the latter scoffs, declaring the entire project a bore. As they begin to retire for the night, Eliza throws Henry's slippers at his face, for her entire life has changed, no one takes any notice of her, and now what is she to do? Without much interest, Henry suggests a few things, but seeing Eliza still sorrowful and angry, declares her to be a "heartless guttersnipe". The next morning, the two worried friends discover Eliza lodged at Mrs Higgins' house, where Alfred enters, dressed for his wedding, miserable at no longer being part of the "undeserving poor", furious at Henry for having recommended him as the "most original moralist in England", now with 3-thousand-a-year and intimidated into "middle-class morality". Eliza arrives as her frustrated father leaves with Pickering. Henry and Eliza cannot agree on continuing as they did in the past, whereupon she mentions she may accept Freddy as her husband, at which Henry laughs. =="Heartbreak house"== [[File:Heartbreak_House,_act_2_(Shotover_%26_Ellie).jpg|thumb|Leaning on Captain Shotover, Ellie becomes disillusioned about love and the occupants of Heartbreak House agree with her. Played by Albert Perry (1869-1933) and Elisabeth Risdon (1887-1958) at the Garrick Theatre, New York, 1920]] Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heartbreak_House Hesione Hushabye invites her friend, Ellie Dunn, at her house. No one in there household notices Ellie until Nurse Guinness eventually shows up along with Hesione's father, Captain Shotover, a captain no more, rather an eccentric inventor seeking to achieve "the seventh degree of concentration", who comes and goes unpredictably inside his own house as if in passing. Ellie confides to Hesione that she loves a man named Marcus, but out of duty to her father, Mazzini, intends to marry his boss, Mangan. Heart-broken Ellie discovers her "white Othello" to be none other than Hesione's husband, Hector, kept as a "household pet" by his wife. Ellie and Hesione are surprised by the visit of the latter's estranged sister, Lady Ariadne Utterword, aggrieved and shocked at not being recognized by either of them or by her father. The party is completed by the arrival of Boss Mangan, Mazzini, and Randall Utterword, Ariadne's brother-in-law. Alone with her in the garden, Hector flirts with Ariadne until his wife arrives, ar which point husband and wife discuss their humdrum marriage, both too cynical to be heart-broken. When speaking of her father, intent on discoveries of an undefined nature, Hesione casually mentions he keeps "dynamite and things like that" in a gravel pit. Shotover enters to discuss world affairs with Hector. The captain opines that one should kill such men as Boss Mangan and reveals his intention of discovering an engine fit to destroy all the world's armaments. Hesione flirts with Mangan, flattered by such attention, which leads him to admit to Ellie he has manipulated her father's financial affairs to obtain money from failed businesses. To his surprise, the apathetic Ellie wishes to marry him in any case. Shocked by such cynicism, he has a fit, but she hypnotizes him into sleep. When left alone in the dark, Nurse Guinness falls over him, and, when he fails to respond, thinks she has killed him. Alerted by her cries, Hesione and Ellie enter hurriedly, and, before Mangan's sleeping face, express their true opinion of the apprently heartless businessman. He starts up to reveal he had only been pretending sleep. Heart-broken, he confronts Hesione about her cruel words, at which she admits her "very bones blushed red". Suddenly, a pistol shot is heard, a burglar having been discovered upstairs. The captain blows his whistle: "All hands aloft!", he cries out, where the entire company discover the burglar to be Billy Dunn, Shotover's old acquaintance, deliberately confused by him with Mazzini Dunn, and also Nurse Guinness' estranged husband. Unheeding his pleas to get what he deserves, they refuse to hand him over to the police, but keep him in the house. Shotover agrees with Hesione that Ellie should not marry Mangan, but she, being poor, believes that to keep one's soul one must possess a considerable amount of money. Meanwhile, Randall has observed Hector's designs on Ariade and, in love with her himself, warns him to take care. When Ariadne scolds Randall for one thing or another, he breaks down weeping, broken-hearted on realizing she can never love him. In the garden at night-time, Hesione hears a "splendid drumming in the sky", an unidentified impending danger hovering over the house. The party being unconcerned by this, Ariadne and the others discuss English society. She defines two classes: "the equestrian class and the neurotic class", her tyrannical husband being the only one who can save it. The discussion becomes so personal and shameless, in Boss Mangan's view, that he starts to take his clothes off, but is prevented from going farther. When the conversation returns to Ellie's marriage prospects, she says she cannot commit bigamy, to the shock of all the company, only to say she wishes to become the captain's "white wife", considering him as her "soul's captain". The drumming in the sky gets louder. "Batten down the hatches!" the captain orders. Mangan and the robber run to hide in the gravel pit, where Shotover keeps his dynamite, into which a bomb falls, so that both are killed. "Thirty pounds of good dynamite wasted!" the captain exclaims. The nonchalant or indifferent survive the attack from above. Nevertheless, the company expect to be killed next, Hector turning on all the lights and tearing down the curtains to facilitate their end until the drumming stops, to the disappointment of Hesione, Ellie, and Hector, each hoping that the mysterious sound spelling their doom will return the following day. =Sean O'Casey= [[File:Sean ocasey 1924.jpg|thumb|Sean O'Casey exposed the underlying causes and futility of some forms of heroism, 1924]] Another Irish playwright of major interest is Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), author of "The shadow of a gunman" (1923), "Juno and the paycock" (1924), and "The plough and the stars" (1926). "The shadow of a gunman""takes place during the violent period of the so-called Anglo-Irish war, when the Irish Republican Army was engaged in guerrilla warfare with the English Black and Tans. One of the tactics used by the Irish was to strike the enemy and run; they were often hidden by sympathetic citizens, who referred to them as gunmen on the run” (daRin, 1976 p 24). "The theme of the play concerns the difference between true and false bravery. The characters who are truly brave— Maguire, Minnie, Mrs Henderson- are not talkers, but doers. Maguire has only three speeches, Minnie in the crucial second act has only four. The characters who are falsely brave- [Donal] Davoren, Seumas, Grigson, Tommy— are all voluble braggarts" (Hogan, 1960 p ?). "Religion offers people like Seumas and Grigson a convenient way of sugar-coating their hostility and aggression. So Seumas can unashamedly delight in picturing Shelley 'doing a jazz dance below'. And Grigson happily justifies the exploitation of his wife in terms of Holy Writ...The English government in the form of the Black and Tans appears as an amoral force and is rightly resented. But the Irish patriots offer the characters little hope of political redemption...Like Mrs Grigson, Mr Gallogher is a victim of exploitation. His letter, comic as it is, describes intolerable conditions...The life of the tenement is contagiously and effortlessly destructive. Through some fatal mixture of personality and environment, decent characters like Mrs Henderson and egotists like Tommy Owens turn into unpleasant bullies...In one sense, Minnie offers herself of her own free will...In another, Minnie is set up as sacrificial victim...Minnie's action in this light is not so much a matter of rational decision as of impulsive gesture based on several seemingly trivial and harmless, yet mistaken, beliefs. Firstly, Minnie believes she loves Donal. Secondly, she believes that Donal is a gunman on the run. These two beliefs are intimately related. The Donal of Minnie's heart is a poet and a patriot. But her Donal is a fiction which the real Donal does not contradict because it feeds his growing vanity. Thirdly, Minnie assumes the bombs belong to Donal. Since Minnie thinks Donal is a gunman, her assumption, particularly under the pressure of a Black and Tan raid, is understandable even if it is wrong. Finally, Minnie accepts that it is heroic to die for Ireland, an idea put abroad by real gunmen and paid lip-service to by the rest of the population. Minnie's beliefs are thus a complicated and dangerous amalgam of passion, patriotism, propaganda and romantic fantasy...The sacrifice of Minnie, the exploitive relationships in the tenements, the economic political strife, the religious hypocrisy and the vacuum in the sky convey a sense of chaotic conditions and man's inadequate responses...For Maguire, language is a diversionary tactic. For Gallogher, Owens, Grigson, Shields, and Davoren, talk is a form of escape from the slums, from the 'troubles', and from a nagging sense of their own impotence...The most vital characters like Minnie are destroyed and weaker characters like Donal understand yet cannot alter the fact that their energies are being dissipated and perverted. No character escapes the general demoralization because the world O'Casey creates...is in all its aspects hostile to life" (Schrank, 1977 pp 55-60). Landlord Mulligan, who owns the tenement, is a pretentious man who tries to amass wealth at the expense of his impoverished tenants, yet he considers himself a good Irishman. Tommy Owens reveals himself as a clown who sheds tears for Ireland but has never held a gun in his hand or a sober thought in his head; he is so eager to be associated with the gunmen that he jeopardizes Davoren’s life by talking about his presumed rebel activities in a bar” (daRin, 1976 p 33). In “Juno and the paycock”, “the time of the play is 1922 when the Irish civil war was being fought over the peace treaty that ended the Anglo-Irish war and, with other parliamentary acts, provided for the division of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which remained within the United Kingdom. So-called Free Staters and Republicans, formerly comrades in the Anglo-Irish war, were now bent upon destruction of one another” (daRin, 1976 p 38). “It might well be argued that the characters are defeated because they pursue their own personal ends rather than considering the hopes of the others“ (Hogan, 1960, p 39). "Joxer...is always ready with a made-to-measure, custom-worn quotation to fit any occasion, whether it be a celebration of military bravery (Boyle's imaginary deeds in Easter week) or of martial valour, or of life at sea...there is the credibility gap between what is said and the speaker...the frequent inappropriateness between what is said and the situation and...what is resolved..and what [he does]" (Ayling, 1972 p 496). In "O'Casey's dialectical approach...the characters appear in a surprisingly regular series of balancing pairs: Mary and Johnny; Bentham and Devine; Mrs Madigan and Mr Nugent; Mrs Tancred and Mrs Boyle; Juno and the Paycock; Boyle and Joxer...every action in the play has its opposing reaction: the tea party intersects the Tancred funeral procession; Mary's pregnancy sets off Johnny's death; Boyle's drunken entrance in the last act qualifies Juno's exit. Clearly nothing in the play exists by itself; thesis balances antithesis...Whereas Boyle embraces a deterministic world view, Juno evolves a doctrine of free will...Boyle without money is emasculated and cannot make his family take him seriously. Group status, like family status, is determined by money. Mrs Madigan willingly loans Boyle money when she thinks he has an inheritance, and just as willingly confiscates his gramophone when she thinks he does not...A series of animal allusions emphasizes this predatoriness, the most frequent, [being] the reference to Boyle as peacock...The peacock image has the obvious connotations of pride and useless display; but more important is its association with unearned money. Juno and Maisie's outrage originates in the simple fact that Boyle's display depends on other people's work...Only in the second act, when the Boyles think they have money, do animal references become benign...[such as] Maisie Madigan's 'I remember the time when Madigan could sing like a nightingale at matin' time'...The play's title in juxtaposing 'Juno' and 'paycock', that is godliness and animality, comments not only on its two main characters, but on human nature...In attempting to insulate the family from history, Juno only contributes to Johnny's death. All the symptoms of guilt, panic, and hysteria glossed over with a cup of tea...Boyle, by making history function as a self-serving rhetorical ornament with only accidental relevance to the real world, debases it. Because the past, for Boyle, does not illuminate the present, the possibility of meaningful action is destroyed...What Johnny's death demonstrates is the interpenetration of the past and present, the public and the private through causality. Past actions continue to have consequences in the present and the future. The Civil War, the historical moment, creates Johnny's objective and subjective realities and ultimately leads to his death. Neither Boyle who debases history nor Juno who denies its scope can fully understand what happens to them or to Johnny...In terms of O'Casey's dialectical vision, the conclusion of Juno and the Paycock dramatizes the destruction of the Boyle home, but it also indicates the potential for synthesis...Mary and Juno going off together form a continuity chronologically and philosophically: they unite the past and the future with the present; and they prove that, out of betrayal and death, rebirth and progress are possible" (Schrank, 1977 pp 438-448). “Boyle is the center of his own universe, a blusterer whose pride far surpasses his merit. While his family sinks slowly into tragedy, the paycock with his consequential strut evades the opportunity to work by pretending illness, fabricates stories of heroism about himself, and storms out when confronted with his own lies. He mocks his daughter for her attempts at self-improvement, denounces his wife for wanting him to get a job, and dismisses his son, who is in a constant state of terror. Now pompous, now querulous, Boyle is always wise in his own conceit, and his family pays dearly for his vanity”(daRin, 1976 p 49). "In the dialogues between Boyle and Joxer, even the undefined is comic, as in the following: 'Boyle. She has her rights- there’s no one denyin’ it, but haven’t I me rights too? Joxer. Of course you have, the sacred rights of man!' What can those sacred rights of man be? Not even Joxer knows. Boyle’s comic vanity...has their vicious extension in his daughter's pregnancy, his role-playing in his self-centered assumption of the part of offended patriarch, and his sloth in the eventual exhaustion of affection and collapse of the family” (Chothia, 1996 pp 95-96). The concluding scene “is funny as the same time that it is bitter, hopeless, and terrible. It would, in fact, be difficult to find anywhere in dramatic literature so extraordinary a combination of farce with loathing and bleak despair” (Krutch, 1953 p 99). After the Easter uprising of 1916 where The plough and the stars emblem of the Irish Citizen Army against British rule was waved aloft, the 1922 civil war was waged between the Irish Free State, accepting the treaty of partition, and the Republican Army which rejected it. The Easter rising presented as the “betrayal of the Dublin working class...absurd and inhumane” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). “The central figure is really neither Jack Clitheroe, who commands a battalion of rebels and is left dead in a burning hotel, nor his wife Nora, who becomes insane on account of it; these two characters, who are superior in soul and intellect to their plebeian surroundings, only give a relief to the real protagonist of the drama, which is the crowd, with its multiform, mean, passionate, incoherent soul. Comedy and tragedy are interwoven in the same scenes, sometimes in the same moment; and the Dublin populace, whom O’Casey, first among all the writers mentioned here, brought thronging to the pit of the Abbey Theatre, to-day still feel him to be above all a comic, and almost a farcical writer. The intellectuals, on the other hand, try to classify him according to their old mentality; they elaborate his ‘philosophy’, and try to formulate a moral for his story, as, for example, that men live and talk, kill and die for dreams, while women suffer and die for realities. These attempts only show the narrow, patchy mentality of these gentlemen, a Protestant, Puritan mentality, seeking for possible alternatives, as compared to the disordered, patchy genius of O’Casey, who comes of an old and Catholic race, and is really of the people, with all the good and bad points, and all the genuine variety of instincts which his own nature brings with it” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 238-239). “There are eight main actions in the The Plough and the Stars: that of Nora, of Jack, Bessie, Fluther, Peter, the Covey, Mrs Gogan, and Mollser. These characters find themselves set in circumstances which render them powerless, and all attempt in various ways to adapt themselves to the circumstances, to ignore them, to accept them, or to change them” (Hogan, p 43). The characters "are the rag, tag and bobtail of the Dublin slums, shiftless of character and romantic of temperament, great phrase-makers and soil for the most grandiose flowers of speech. Yet what a lot they are if we stop to consider them dispassionately! Consider Fluther Good, the drunken carpenter, whose abhorrence of the ‘derogatory' is only equalled by his knack of falling into it; Young Covey, the fitter, who has a passion for communism in the abstract and a practical taste in plunder and loot; Clitheroe, the bricklayer, whose patriotism and personal ambition are like a pair of horses pulling away from one another; Peter Flynn, the mindless labourer, eternally maundering about the grave of some patriot of long ago; Mrs Gogan, the charwoman, with a ghoulish delight in all the appurtenances of death and burial; Bessie Burgess, the fruit-vendor, with vileness on her tongue and something that is not vileness in her heart; Rosie Redmond, street walker and pure pragmatist...It moves to its tragic close through scenes of high humour and rich, racy fooling, about which there is something of Elizabethan gusto” (Agate, 1944 p 234). In the view of Krasner (2012), “The Young Covey...spouts aimless socialistic platitudes” (p 180), but may also be considered as socialistic truths, aimless because the man is passive and eventually as egotistical as the others, funny truths because they appear amid lies and irrelevancies all around. Gassner (1954a) commented that "the profound critic of The Nation, Mr Joseph Wood Krutch, has complained that he has never discovered 'just where the author’s sympathies lie'. This confusion exists because of O’Casey’s fairness, although the Abbey’s audience had no doubt that his sympathies were anti-Irish. He recognizes the nobility and courage of the rebels, but he resents their intoxication with romantic and superficial objectives. Through the class-conscious Covey, in fact, he presents the trenchant criticism that the patriots who fought for political independence neglected the far more immediate problem of eradicating the pressing problems of poverty and social evil that are so vividly realized in this slum tragedy. But beyond this pertinent criticism is the immediate tragedy of women who lose their men for causes that do not touch the direct and ever-present realities of eating, home building, love, and childbearing...Other tragedies transpire while the men are bleeding for something that seems abstract and remote by comparison. There is, for example, the poverty that makes termagants of some of the women; there is the shiftlessness of men like the remarkable Fluther Good and old Peter, both flamboyant patriots who talk well and drink better; there is the ailing and neglected child that dies in the tenement; there is the crowded tenement itself" (pp 569-570). "No writer of our time has caught the whole atmosphere of working-class life more beautifully than O’Casey, or has been able to raise that atmosphere, as he has, to the pitch of tragic dignity" (Fraser, 1960 p 143). “Both Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars are bitter, brutal ironies, so strongly felt and so passionately stated that, in spite of their broad comedy and their gorgeous wit, they scorch and bruise the spectator. In both of them the sorry story of the waste of revolution is told, and innocent bystanders suffer most cruelly from its havoc. In Juno revolution creeps up those sinister backstairs, which lead from the streets of Dublin that are blood-stained from the battles of the Free Staters and the Die Hards, fairly bursting in upon what might otherwise have been a droll little character comedy about a legacy which never materialized. In The Plough it is the story that is forced to climb the stairs of the tenement house to escape the woes of a ravaged city… In Juno, where the trite little plot is more self-reliant, the course of the playwright is always clear, but in The Plough he seems lost in a pleasing labyrinth of mixed modes until suddenly, in the last act, all of his by-paths converge and his meaning rings out with a deafening clarity. He is without a rival in snatching people of the backstairs out of their pubs and tenements, and transferring them to the stage in such a way that they remain people seen in the round instead of dwindling into types observed from only one convenient angle. His plots are minor, almost incidental, and he interrupts them at will to dally with protracted interludes of character comedy, or terrifying moments of anguish. He is not above using some tricks again and again as the standard of his comic currency, repeating a word like ‘darling’ or ‘derogatory’, or a phrase like ‘God give me patience’, until he fairly flagellates his comic point” (Macgowan, 1950 p 612). O'Casey seems like "an Elizabethan reborn. Elizabethans knew how to keep their plays moving on a full, free tide of speech. No want there of either colour or action; audiences expected both and they had them. The smallest of dramatists could toss off the resounding line. The most minor parts had their burnish. Undeniably, there was a good deal of rant and fustian, but there was also this abounding vitality, this love of words that shone and rang, of continuous imagery, speeches that quickened and excited a theatre and were not plumped down like wet wool upon the spongy turf. Suddenly, in the Dublin of the twenties, the Elizabethan voice sounded again. Playgoers at the Abbey saw once more the Elizabethan juxtaposition of tragedy and farce, found a torchlight-procession of words, recognised a new, a prodigal, an exciting dramatist. Granville Barker called O’Casey’s early work plays of ‘a spontaneous realism’. They flamed into life: first The Shadow of a Gunman, then the great twin brethren, Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, compact of the blackest tragedy and the most exuberant farce, written in a high tumble of words, rich in the unexpected epithet and lit always by a spontaneous poetic fire. O’Casey had then, and has still, faults that would be dark indeed in a routine playwright. He is too voluble. He will award the prizes of his speech- again in the Elizabethan manner- to anyone; whether the words are in character or not" (Trewin, 1951 p 187). But Williams (1965) disparaged O'Casey's use of language in comparison to Synge's. "The distance between the language of O'Casey and the language of poetic drama is considerable, but perhaps a more significant distance is that between his language and that of Synge. It is not a simple difference of status between the two as writers, although Synge's sensibility is clearly the finer; it is also a change in the language of society, a change from the speech of isolated peasants and fishermen, where dignity and vitality of language were directly based on an organic living process, to the speech of townsmen, normally colourless and drab, containing the undiscriminated rhythms of the scriptures, popular hymns, and commercial songs, which, when it wishes to be impressive, must become either drunken or hysterical, and end in extravagance" (p 171). However, one can argue that O'Casey's use of language fits the characters as well as Synge's. O'Casey is at his best debunking. Male characters especially make themselves out to be of larger soul than they are. O'Casey is weakest in scenes of dramatic tension as pointed out by Williams: "The point which seems to confirm my analysis of the nature of O'Casey's language is the routine nature of the words which pass between Jack and Nora Clitheroe as he goes to his death in the fighting: Jack. My Nora; my little beautiful Nora, I wish to God I'd never left you. Nora: It doesn't matter, not now, not now, Jack. It will make us dearer than ever to each other. Kiss me, kiss me again. This, confined to sobriety, is simply the language of the novelette." "Since the eighteenth century England has grown used to finding its best dramatists among the Irish. Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars showed that the Dublin Abbey Theatre group was still potent, and that the tragic poetry of life salted by rough comedy could be found among city tenements just as it had been found by Synge among the glens of Aran" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 215). =="The shadow of a gunman"== Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Without informing his landlord, Seumas, a peddler and admirer of poetry, has offered Donal, a poet, to share his apartment. The landlord complains of that and also that the rent is long overdue, but Seumas defies him and gives permission to his friend, Maguire, a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), to leave a bag in their apartment. Seumas and Donal next receive a visit from Tommy, who professes to be ready to die for Ireland in its troubles, although not yet called on, followed by Mrs Henderson and Mr Gallogher, who consult Donal about a letter addressed to the IRA, complaining of the foul language used by a tenant in their building. Seumas keeps the letter to see about improving it. Another neighbor, Minnie, arrives to borrow milk for tea. She sees the poet in a romantic light, feeling sure he would die for his country, thinking also that he might be "a gunman on the run". Soon, Seumas and Donal hear about Maguire's murder in an ambush at the hands of the Black and Tan, British soldiers seeking to undermine the Irish revolution for independence. Late that night, Seumas hears suspicious taps on the wall. He and Donal are then unnerved by gunshots heard from the street. They next hear about Tommy's boasts in a pub, his knowing "a general in the IRA" and his ability to "lay his hand on tons of revolvers". Very much afraid, Seumas curses his imprudence. Even more afraid, Donal searches for Mrs Gallogher's compromising letter but is unable to find it until his friend suggests his coat pocket. Both tremble worse of all after discovering Maguire's bag full of Mills bombs. Donal blames Seumas for not being on his guard while knowing the type of man Maguire was. "I knew things ud go wrong when I missed mass this morning," Seumas moans. Suddenly, Minnie rushes in to inform them that the house is surrounded by the Tans, then notices the bombs. She takes them to her room while both men stand stiff with fright. "Holy Saint Anthony grant that she'll keep her mouth shut," Seumas prays. "We'll never again be able to lift up our heads if anything happens to Minny," Donal moans. They next hear that the Tans discovered the bombs, that Minnie jumped from the lorry carrying her away, and that she was shot to death. =="Juno and the paycock"== [[File:Edith_Campion_in_1946.jpg|thumb|Played by Edith Campion (1923-2007) at the Unity Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand in 1946, Juno wonders about what to do with her shiftless, peacock husband, Jack]] Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Captain Jack Boyle is unemployed but yet strutting like a "paycock" (peacock) while his wife, Juno, takes care of household matters and goes out to work for him and their invalid, son, Johnny, who a few years ago was shot in the arm and hip during an uprising against the Irish Free State. After hearing of an opportunity to work, Jack suddenly develops twinges in his legs. Happily, Jack learns from Charlie, a notary who courts his daughter, Mary, that he is the recipient of an important legacy following the death of a cousin of his. Jack means to start a new life, ridding himself of his shiftless friend, Joxer. "He'll never blow the froth off a pint o' mine again, that's a sure thing," Jack declares, but yet Joxer stays on. In view of their expected fortune, the Boyles buy furniture and a gramophone on credit. One day, Johnny is heard screaming from his room, caused by an hallucination, the sight of a recently dead neighbor praying in front of a statue and looking at him. The vision concerns Robbie, a die-hard leader of a deadly ambush against a Free State soldier who was shot in reprisal. Two months later, the legacy money has not yet arrived. A friend takes back clothes obtained on credit by the Boyles and another friend their unpaid gramophone. At the same time, Charlie leaves Mary and Juno tells Jack that their daughter is pregnant. Jack angrily throws Mary out of the house. When Juno counters that she will follow her, he suggests she do so. He then discovers that Charlie has messed up the will, for, instead of specifying his name, he only wrote "cousin", and so a large number of other claimants have shown up, which explains the notary's sudden departure. Johnny angrily accuses his father of running up credit just to pay for his beer. Mary learns of the disastrous turn in the family's fortune. Hearing Charlie has gone, Jerry, an old rival for Mary's favors, offers to care for her, but changes his mind after finding out about her pregnancy. Left alone, Johnny sees two men enter to take back the furniture, then two armed men, informed about his treachery against Robbie, come to take him away in reprisal. While Juno leaves with Mary to her sister's house, Jack and Joxer drunkenly reel in. =="The plough and the stars"== [[File:StarryPlough.svg|thumb|Starry plough flag since 1930]] Time: 1910s. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/twentyfivemodern001705mbp Violent arguments about politics are heard in the apartment of Jack and Nora Clitheroe between The Covey, a Marxist and Jack's cousin, on one hand, and Peter, a conservative and Nora's uncle, on the other. Fluther, a carpenter called to put in a new lock, also joins in the fray, calling The Covey "an ignorant yahoo", while he in turn calls him an "ignorant savage". Bessie, a neighbor, hating Nora's liberated manner, also joins in the fray by grabbing and shaking her, but Fluther breaks Bessie's hold and Jack pushes her out. In the evening, there is a demonstration of the Citizen Army bearing 'The plough and the stars'. The Covey informs Jack that this symbol was originally meant for the proletariat: "Used when we're buildin' th'barricades to fight for a workers' republic," he explains. Jack learns from Captain Brennan that he was named commandant in the Citizen Army, but the letter never reached him, because it was intercepted by Nora. He warns her never to intercept any of his letters again, takes no account of her fears, and goes out with Brennan. In a pub, Rosie, a prostitute, gives homage to the demonstration held outside. "It's up to us all, anyway, to fight for our freedom," she says, to which The Covey responds: "There's only one freedom for the' working man: conthrol o' th' means o' production, rates of exchange, an' th' means of disthribution." When she approaches him for business purposes, he becomes frightened and moves away. Peter tearfully complains to Fluther about The Covey's insults. "It's th' way he says it: he never says it straight out, but murmurs it with curious quiverin' ripples, like variations on a flute," he complains. A charwoman, Mrs Gogan, quarrels with Bessie. She hands her baby over to Peter, who does not know what to do with it, and so leaves it on the floor and cries out for Fluther to follow her. "D'ye think Fluther's like yourself, destitute of a titther of undherstandin'?" Luther cries out sarcastically. More quarrels ensue, whereby The Covey is pushed out of the bar by the barman, Rosie impressed by the way Fluther defended himself against him. "Oh, Fluther, I'm afraid you're a terrible man for th' women," she avers. The demonstration outside degenerates into a riot. From an upper window, Bessie taunts Mrs Gogan, The Covey, and Peter. "Yous are all nicely shanghaied now," she warns, at which Mrs Gogan recommends them not to answer the "Orange bitch". In the mass confusion which ensues, Bessie goes out and returns with stolen items, including three umbrellas, at which sight The Covey and Fluther hurry away to loot for their own selves, but Peter is too fearful to do so because of the sporadic shooting. Bessie and Mrs Gogan fight over a perambulator used to carry more looted items, but finally go off together. The Covey returns with a heavy sack, a piece of ham lying on top. Bessie and Mrs Gogan return with the pram filled with clothes and a table. In the melee, Brennan and Jack carry in the latter's apartment a shot comrade. Nora begs her husband to stay at home, but, in his view, she is shaming him and so he rushes away a second time. During the tumult, Fluther staggers in, carrying a huge jar of whiskey. A few days later, the consumptive daughter of Mrs Gogan dies with her stillborn baby. While The Covey, Peter, and Fluther nervously play cards in view of probable reprisals by the British army, Brennan enters to announce that Jack is dead. Nora deliriously calls for him and considers his companions murderers. The Covey and Peter panic, the former crying out to Brennan: "There's no place here to lie low, th' Tommies'll be hoppin' in here any minute." Indeed, Sergeant Stoddart declares that the men are to be rounded up to prevent sniper-fire. When Nora stands incautiously near the window, Bessie seizes her and receives a bullet for her kindness. "I've got this through you, you bitch, you," she cries out in her dying throes. =JM Synge= [[File:John Millington Synge.jpg|thumb|Like Shaw and O'Casey, John Millington Synge was an outstanding Irish playwright]] A third irish-born dramatist, JM Synge (1871-1909), contributed two of the best comedies of the period: "The well of the saints" (1905) and "The playboy of the western world" (1907). In both, dramatic characters prefer dreams over reality (Bickley, 1912 p 38). In "The well of the saints", "the fable, which is among the simplest and most moving ones ever chosen by a modern dramatist, has in it all the searching beauty of an ancient parable...Nothing can be more pathetic and also more depressing than the two blind people's disillusionment and the complaint of Martin Doul when reference is made to the "grand day" when he was healed: ‘Grand day, is it? black day when I was roused up and found I was the like of little children do be listening to the stories of an old woman and do be dreaming after in the dark night that it's in grand houses of gold they are, with speckled horses to ride, and do be waking again, in a short while, and they destroyed with the cold, and the thatch dripping, maybe, and the starved ass braying in the yard.’” (Bourgeois, 1913 pp 183-192). "The blind beggars, Martin and Mary Doul, are sustained in joy and self-respect by the illusion of their own beauty and comeliness. When their sight is restored by the holy water of the saint, their revealed ugliness comes near to destroying them. But when their sight fades once more, they achieve a new illusion: of their dignity in old age, the woman with her white hair, and the man with his flowing beard. They fly in terror from a renewed offer to restore their sight of the real world; although their neighbours realise that their continued blindness, leading them along a stony path, with the north wind blowing behind, will mean their death" (Williams, 1965 pp 160-161). "Rarely has the bitter conflict between reality and the ideal been more poignantly set forth" (Andrews, 1913, p 164). “The play concludes...with the wedding of Timmy...and Molly, a conclusion which reinforces the isolation of the two beggars...The saint warns Martin and Mary that when he has given them sight, they should look on self...With sight, however, they attempt to become part of ordinary humanity- a world which they find to be cruel and self-centered and one in which a beautiful face conceals a cruel heart” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 59-60). "The playboy of the western world" "is a study of character, terrible in its clarity, but never losing the savour of imagination and of the astringency and saltness that was characteristic of his temper. He had at his command an instrument of incomparable fineness and range in the language which he fashioned out of the speech of the common people amongst whom he lived. In his dramatic writings this language took on a kind of rhythm which had the effect of producing a certain remoteness of the highest possible artistic value" Mair and Ward, 1939 p 208). It "is a play so unexpected in action, so racy in idiom, so perplexing in its first paradox of the murderer honored and respected, so satisfying in its final revelation of laughable, vain, miserable, heroic human nature, that to discuss it in a cursory manner is neither tempting nor fitting" (Hackett, 1919 p 195). It is "a work of true dramatic stature: lyric imagination in full satiric flower and embellished with the ribbons of some of the most beautifully cadenced speech the modern stage has known" (Nathan, 1947 p 136). The play "satirizes, with poetic sympathy, the danger that besets an airy, imaginative temperament, unballasted with culture, to lose itself in divagations of extravagant absurdity..." (Hamilton, 1914 p 142). “Christy creeps into Flaherty's inn and the fostering warmth is enough. The ‘polis' never come there; it is a safe house, so', and the crime for which he had fled in terror on the roads of Ireland since ‘Tuesday was a week', becomes maybe something big. The mystery quickens the blood of his audience, they draw nearer with delighted curiosity and, looking into his own mind for the first time by the illumination of this tribute to his art, he perceives that there is not 'any person, gentle, simple, judge or jury, did the like of me'. From that moment a glorious and brilliant magnification of his deed and his situation sets in, he has ‘prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell's gap gaping below'. Once the confession is out his audience contributes royally. They perceive that he is no ‘common, week-day kind of a murderer', but a man ‘should be a great terror when his temper's roused' and 'a close man' 'into the bargain’ (in fact, a complete Machiavellian, lion and fox together). As the legend expands at the hands of his audience, he accepts the additions, assimilating them so rapidly that they soon become part of his own memory of the event" (Ellis-Fermor, 1971 p 177). "Christy Mahon's illusion of greatness is nourished and raised to the heights by a community where the mythology of force (compare the tales they spin of Red Jack Smith and Bartley Fallon) is dominant. Yet Christy realises that it is not the deed which made him glorious, but the telling of the deed, that 'poet's talking'. And this he retains" (Williams, 1965 p 164). “The general humor of the situation lies in the fact that a timid young bumpkin, who supposes that he has killed his father, finds himself admired for his crime, and grows vain of it. The girls in particular think him a darling. But in the midst of his glory, his father appears, little the worse for a blow that had merely felled him, and determined to chastise the scapegrace. Then those who bowed before the gallant patricide turn upon him with contempt. The girls who adored only laugh. And Christy, in desperation, endeavors to live up to his notoriety by slaying his father in very truth. A bad deed actually observed, however, is less romantic than one merely told of, and the hero worshippers promptly seize upon Christy with a view to handing him over to the police” (Chandler, 1914 p 272). "Thus ends the making of a hero who is glorious only when he commits his crimes out of sight. Thus also ends the self-delusion of young Christy, who learns like other 'heroes' how quickly admirers become enemies in foul weather" (Gassner, 1954a p 560). "Let no one forget those lines with which Christy Mahon cries defiance to the Mayo folk who have known his greatness and his fall: 'Ten thousand blessings upon all that 's here, for you ve turned me a likely gaffer in the end of all, the way I'll go romancing through a romping lifetime from this hour to the dawning of the judgment day," I do not deny that these words are in a sense wrung from the playboy, but what I do hold is that they prove how vital was the genius of the man who wrote them, who saw the joy there was yet in life for this braggart wastrel just as he saw that even such a miserable boyhood as Christy's knew a kind of poacher's joy in running wild on the bogs" (Weygandt, 1913 p 161). The play is “joyous in its presentation but what it reflects is squalor, credulity, brutal cupidity- a world of drunken louts and hopelessly desperate women. The only exception is Christy Mahon...[At the end] he goes out and the spirit of romance goes with him” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). When Pegeen Mike is afraid of sleeping alone, the townspeople agree that Christy is the solution, “judged by Jimmy to be brave, by Pegeen to be wise, by Philly to be such a terror to the police that they would stay away from the shebeen where illegal whiskey is sold...Christy’s retelling of the parricide in Act 2 involves some repetition...but when contrasted with the bare, prosaic account in Act 1, shows his development as a mock hero” (Benson, 1982 pp 121-124). “The major action of the play, the recognition of self, demands the second murder of the old man...necessary as an index of Christy’s transformation...At the confrontation of his father in the last act...he remembers the image of self...and acts accordingly...His isolation is complete...Upon Pegeen’s rejection...the knowledge that the realized self is of inestimable and intrinsic value gives Christy...a strange exultation, which pervades his every speech in the conclusion of the play” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 81-82). "When Christy enters the cottage, Pegeen Mike, the daughter of the house, has just been left alone by her pusillanimous admirer and future husband, Shawn Keogh. Shawn would not stay unchaperoned with a young girl, so great is his deference to ecclesiastical authority. Pegeen Mike, disgusted at this supreme exhibition of timidity, is only too glad when the mysterious stranger comes upon the scene, and when it transpires that Christy has murdered his 'da', she is the most interested of the group of villagers who crowd around to lionize the hero. The two are left alone and become increasingly attracted towards one another, the girl contrasting this brave and spirited young fellow with the miserable coward her parents have chosen for her, a typical specimen of a bad lot whose defects are all the more manifest now that Christy is among them" (Boyd, 1917 p 114). =="The well of the saints"== [[File:St Patrick's Well at Ardtole with the Irish Sea in the background - geograph.org.uk - 1535121.jpg|thumb|An Irish well is often reputed to possess curative powers]] Time: 19th century. Place: East Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186282 https://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/289/2378/frameset.html A blind old couple, Martin and Mary Doul, sit by the cross-road begging to survive. Timmy the smith has good news for them: "Did ever you hear tell of a place across a bit of the sea, where there is an island, and the grave of the four beautiful saints?" he asks. "There’s a green ferny well, I’m told, behind of that place, and if you put a drop of the water out of it on the eyes of a blind man, you’ll make him see as well as any person is walking the world." Two young village women, Molly and Bride, bring the water over in a can. "God bless you, Martin. I’ve holy water here, from the grave of the four saints of the west, will have you cured in a short while and seeing like ourselves -" Molly announces. When a wandering friar arrives, considered a saint, he invites Martin to enter inside the church. While Martin is on his way, Timmy anxiously asks himself: "God help him...What will he be doing when he sees his wife this day? I’m thinking it was bad work we did when we let on she was fine-looking, and not a wrinkled, wizened hag the way she is." As Martin comes out of the church, he cries out: "Oh, glory be to God, I see now surely...I see the walls of the church, and the green bits of ferns in them, and yourself, holy father, and the great width of the sky." He passes past Mary also on her way to the church without knowing her. On seeing the beautiful Molly, Timmy's intended, he feels sure she is his wife, then makes the same mistake with two other women. When Mary comes out from the church, also with her sight miraculously restored, the married couple stare at each other blankly and abuse each other's ugliness. Frustrated, he threatens her with a stick till Timmy catches his arm. Husband and wife must now work for a living, he cutting sticks for Timmy's forge, she picking nettles for Widow O'Flinn. But at least he has the blessing of seeing pretty women the like of Molly, with whom he flirts, till she complains to Timmy. "Is it a storm of thunder is coming, or the last end of the world? The heavens is closing, I’m thinking, with darkness and great trouble passing in the sky," Martin suddenly cries out as he begins to lose his sight again. Shredding rushes, Mary moans: "Ah, God help me...God help me; the blackness wasn’t so black at all the other time as it is this time, and it’s destroyed I’ll be now, and hard set to get my living working alone, when it’s few are passing and the winds are cold." Martin gropes forward towards Mary. He makes further sarcastic remarks on her looks again. Mary says he need not. "For when I seen myself in them pools, I seen my hair would be gray or white, maybe, in a short while, and I seen with it that I’d a face would be a great wonder when it’ll have soft white hair falling around it, the way when I’m an old woman there won’t be the like of me surely in the seven counties of the east," she declares. Martin hesitates: could it be true? With dismay, they hear the saint's bell and hide in the briar next to the church, though plainly visible. The saint offers them the holy water again, this time to recover sight till their dying day, but Martin and Mary turn away. Martin refuses, but Mary doubtfully accepts. Martin pushes the saint away from her, then seems to acquiesce till with a sudden movement strikes the can from the saint’s hand. "For if it’s a right some of you have to be working and sweating the like of Timmy the smith, and a right some of you have to be fasting and praying and talking holy talk the like of yourself, I’m thinking it’s a good right ourselves have to be sitting blind, hearing a soft wind turning round the little leaves of the spring and feeling the sun, and we not tormenting our souls with the sight of the gray days, and the holy men, and the dirty feet is trampling the world," he declares. Angry at anyone refusing a miracle, the village people throw objects at him, so that the couple are forced to head south, away from those who now enter the church as witnesses to Timmy and Molly's wedding. =="The playboy of the western world"== [[File:Allgood-Kerrigan 1911.jpg|thumb|Shawn Keogh does his best to marry Pegeen Mike but falls short, played by JM Kerrigan and Sara Allgood, respectively, at the Plymouth Theatre, Boston, 1911]] Time: 1900s. Place: Ireland. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/1010/ https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151773/page/n13 In Michael James' shebeen, Shawn admits, to the shop-girl Pegeen's disgust, that he recently heard a fellow's groans, perhaps a man dying in a ditch, without reporting it. To protect his employee against the possible threat of this stranger, Michael proposes that Shawn should stay with his daughter all night, but Shawn, afraid of Father Reilly's condemnation of such a suggestion, refuses. Michael corners him but he escapes, leaving a coward's coat on his hands. The stranger, Christy Mahon, arrives to say he is wanted by the police for "something big". Pegeen does not believe him. "That’s an unkindly thing to be saying to a poor orphaned traveller, has a prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell’s gap gaping below," Christy asserts, who confesses he killed his father. "Bravery’s a treasure in a lonesome place, and a lad would kill his father, I’m thinking, would face a foxy divil with a pitchpike on the flags of hell," a fellow villager named Jimmy affirms with admiration. Pegeen agrees. "It’s the truth they’re saying, and if I’d that lad in the house, I wouldn’t be fearing the loosed kharki cut-throats, or the walking dead," she says. Also impressed, Michael offers him a job as a pot-boy in the shop. When alone with Pegeen, Christy is startled to hear a knock at the door. It is Widow Quin, come to take away Pegeen's "curiosity man" to her own house, as Father Reilly suggested to her. She is somewhat of a local celebrity, too, having one day struck her husband so that he died from poisoned blood, "a sneaky kind of murder" according to Pegeen. The widow will not have Christy "kidnabbed". The two women argue over who should have him. Pegeen wins. Out of curiosity to see the handsome killer, several women (Susan, Nelly, Honor, and Sara) enter the shebeen to offer him eggs, butter, cake, and pullet. To them and Widow Quin, Christy explains how he was driven to murder by his father's attempt at forcing him into an undesired marriage. "A walking terror from beyond the hills, and she two score and five years, and two hundredweights and five pounds in the weighing scales, with a limping leg on her, and a blinded eye, and she a woman of noted misbehaviour with the old and young," he assserts. His father threatened with a scythe. To defend himself, he lifted a loy. Seeing the women all gawking at him, Pegeen angrily shoos them away. She terrorizes him by suggesting they might spread around the story of this murder. While Pegeen goes out to do her chores, Shawn, intent on marrying her himself and worried about a rival, attempts to bribe Christy to leave town. Christy tries out the clothes offered him. "I’d inform again him, but he’d burst from Kilmainham and he’d be sure and certain to destroy me," Shawn ponders. Widow Quin is considering to marry him herself. A grateful Shawn promises her many gifts should she do so. While Shawn leaves to contribute to upcoming sporting events, Christy struts about with new clothes, until to his horror he discovers his father outside and runs away to hide. Old Mahon asks the widow about news of his son, giving details of his shiftlessness. "What way was he so foolish?" the surprised widow inquires, "It was running wild after the girls maybe?" "Running wild, is it? If he seen a red petticoat coming swinging over the hill, he’d be off to hide in the sticks, and you’d see him shooting out his sheep’s eyes between the little twigs and the leaves, and his two ears rising like a hare looking out through a gap," Mahon retorts with contempt. When he leaves to find his son following her directions, Christy returns. The widow laughs at him. "Well, you’re the walking playboy of the western world, and that’s the poor man you had divided to his breeches belt," she chortles. Nevertheless, she offers to marry him. However, he wants Pegeen instead with her help, to which she agrees provided he give her gifts and advantages. Despite noticing afar off a man who looks like his son being successful at sporting games, which the widow pretends not to believe, Mahon is still doubtful whether it is truly he. Christy and Pegeen are now strongly attached with each other. To her father's surprise, she refuses Shawn for the sake of Christy, "wet and crusted with his father’s blood". Michael encourages Shawn to fight him, but Shawn encourages him to do the same. Faced with his rival, Christy picks up a loy and Shawn disappears. Michael agrees to his daughter's proposed marriage, but they are interrupted by the enraged Mahon, who beats Christy as soon as he sees him. Pegeen backs off from the altercation, thinking perhaps that the old man was raised from the dead, then she discovers the truth. "And it’s lies you told, letting on you had him slitted, and you nothing at all," she cries out outraged. Humiliated by her as well as the crowd gathering around, Christy runs to the door after his father with loy in hand and seems to strike him dead. Christy returns half dazed but refuses to leave town without Pegeen. With Pegeen's help, the villagers double-hitch his arms to capture the murderer, but have difficulty in taking him away. Mahon crawls back inside and father and son go off together. With his rival gone, Shawn sees nothing to prevent his marriage now. "Quit my sight," a frustrated Pegeen says. Putting a shawl over her head, she breaks out into wild lamentations: "Oh my grief, I’ve lost him surely. I’ve lost the only playboy of the western world." =St John Ervine= [[File:St. John Ervine by Underwood & Underwood.jpg|thumb|Ervine evoked a man's treachery towards a young woman and the response of her family to it. Photograph of the author, 1920]] Another Irish playwright, St John Ervine (1883-1971), achieved his best with "John Ferguson" (1919), a sickly farmer whose troubles worsen when he cannot pay the mortgage, his daughter is raped, and his son is guilty of murdering the violator. "John Ferguson" "is a play written in Stoic mood. We are conscious of complete isolation from all that makes life gay and comely. John Ferguson's house is comfortable within, for Mrs Ferguson prides herself on maintaining the appearance of fortune. But it lies surrounded by lonely fields where bleak weather and a stubborn soil breed poverty and despair. The gray shadow of undeserved but inevitable misfortune broods over it from the first, and soon takes shape in the betrayal of Hannah Ferguson and the murder of the man who had wronged her. The murderer is not Jimmy Caesar, who loved Hannah and talks, as a coward talks, of vengeance. Hannah's brother Andrew, egged on by the sly malevolent chatter of Clutie John, the half-wit, took swift action while Jimmy blustered and trembled. At the end of lives of toil and upright dealing, John and Sarah Ferguson are the helpless spectators of the ruin of those fine-spirited children whom they brought up in the fear of God. The fate of the young people is ordered, not by their parents' integrity, but by the evil forces that brood in the confined life of a village-lust, cowardice and the furtive impulse's of a half-wit. And John Ferguson's faith deserts him at the moment of testing...John Ferguson's faith neither braces him to meet the facts of life, nor comforts him when action is unavailing, and for his wife it lacks potency even as a drug to deaden sorrow. The play is burdened with a sense of the futility of little lives that fret and suffer for a moment between the pangs of birth and the pains of death” (Lothian, 1922 pp 648-649). "The play overflows with the material of character- every person and his motives are revealed relentlessly, and understanding of the moves of complex characters is immediate. There is nothing puzzling about the action of Clutie John, the wise half-wit, or of Jimmy Caesar, the coward whose life ambition is to be brave...It is correct drama, for the incidents are controlled and grow out of the characters. It is vigorous writing and a searching portrayal of the admirable, the picturesque and the despicable in Ulster-men" (Eddy, 1916 pp 466-467). "It is a play deeply felt and sincere, and in the character of John Ferguson, Ervine created a man the stage had not previously known. His faith did not brace him to meet the facts of life, nor did it comfort him when action was useless, but it was all he had to use merely as a drug to deaden his sorrow. For his wife it lacked even that. Fate plays with these little lives as Hardy made it play with Tess or Jude, and there is as much of Hardy in the play as there is of Ulster...It is John himself who makes the play great...[for] nothing can break his ‘unconquerable soul’. These Fergusons are little people, but they can show life great, life tragic, as well as the kings and the aristocrats. Their stoicism is ennobling to the audience, even if they wear no crowns and work with their hands. They do not speak a language that rises to poetry, their emotions are all subdued but they do present the Northern Irish peasant as he had never before been presented to the world. His very defects come from his qualities, his dourness, his staccato speech, his religious fanaticism, his contempt for his more soft-spoken compatriots in Ireland’s other provinces" (Malone, 1929 pp 204-205). The play "contains a larger number of memorable characters than 'Jane Clegg' (1914); besides the patriarchal hero as noble and as simple as Wordsworth's Michael and his wife and children, there is that strange and living creature of cowardice and generosity, Jimmy Caesar, and the inimitable Clutie John. The setting gives an impression of extraordinary richness and depth; the reader feels that he has lived in that rural Ulster community, and that he is at home there" (Woodbridge, 1925 p 206). "The momentum for John Ferguson, Mr Ervine stated frankly, was derived from the Book of Job. He was intrigued by the possibilities of a lonely God-fearing figure grappling with blind forces and events that defied pious rationalization, a modern Job who still sought solace in the Scriptures and in a Divine Principle when fate so obscenely betrayed its hand. In this way John Ferguson took hold of him. But as the play unfolded in his mind, he stumbled upon Jimmie Caesar, and so fascinated was he by the maudlin, pusillanimous grocer that he felt the reins of the action snatched from his grasp by one whom he intended but for a minor part in the play. In point of fact, a play all by itself lay implicit in Jimmie Caesar. In order, therefore, to mete out common dramatic justice to the stoical John Ferguson, who had a prior lien on his imagination, he removed Jimmie by the main force of the dramatist's permissible intervention. This he did in the last act by clapping Jimmie in gaol. All things considered, the device was not altogether successful, for throughout the playing of that act the audience is fitfully haunted by the remote whine of the panicky Jimmie behind a grilled door" (Loving, 1921 p 108). "The Ferguson family, in whose kitchen the four acts take place, is made up of strong natures. John Ferguson is an aged and Bible-reading invalid. He is a fanatic with redeeming qualities...Even to save the farm John Ferguson would not dream of urging Hannah into a wretched marriage...After Henry Witherow, the wicked landlord, has ruined Hannah, John Ferguson stumbles out into the night to prevent a wrong being avenged by a murder and to warn Witherow that his life is in danger...Only at the very end is this faith shaken- when his son Andrew confesses himself Witherow's murderer...The money which arrived too late to prevent two tragedies may prevent a third...Mrs Ferguson is a simple, motherly soul. Handsome, full-blown Hannah is a headstrong, passionate girl, attracted perhaps in spite of herself, for a moment, by the masterful ways and imposing person of Witherow. But when he jokes coarsely about her beauty and mocks at her possible marriage with Caesar, the coward, she strikes him in the face and orders him from the house. Andrew, the son, is a sensitive, thoughtful boy. He had studied for the ministry, but his father's resources gave out before this could be accomplished. He has little but conscientious effort to bring to farm work...James Caesar, the village grocer, is the most skillfully drawn character of the play. He has been repeatedly wronged by Witherow. But although forced to stand by and see his people turned out of their home, he only brags of the revenge he will one day have upon his tormentor. His tongue is his only weapon. He is oily and cringing and at best a sensualist...But when Hannah cannot endure his caresses, and sustained by her father goes to tell Witherow that the money will not be forthcoming, when the girl he loves has been the victim of bestial brutality, even then, Caesar does not dare to kill the oppressor...Clutie John, a beggar, is made a vital force in the development of the story; for Clutie paints such a vivid picture of Caesar's uselessness as an avenger and of Witherow's blackness of heart, in disjointed but eloquent words, that Andrew seizes his gun and sets out to do the work himself. When the tragedy has been accomplished and Andrew has gone down to the jail with Hannah to give himself up to justice, thus releasing Caesar from the suspicion of having committed the murder, John Ferguson again turns to his Bible for consolation in supreme distress" (Wright, 1919 pp 43-45). =="John Ferguson"== [[File:Helen Freeman in John Ferguson - 1919 MunseysMag.jpg|thumb|Hannah is unable to wed a man she dislikes, although this decision is certain to be of disastrous consequence to her family's fortunes. Helen Freeman (1886-1960) as Hannah, November 1919 Munsey's Magazine]] Time: 1919. Place: Rural County Down, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonplay00ervi https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonapl03ervigoog https://archive.org/details/theatreguildanth00thea John Ferguson has been too sick to attend effectively to his farm and has no money to pay for the mortgage on it. His son, Andrew, has tried his best since failing to complete his course as a minister of religion but the contribution of this slight, delicate-looking lad to farm-work has been weak. To continue living on the farm, John expects to receive a loan from his brother living in America, but has received no word from him as yet. John’s daughter, Hannah, is courted by James Ceasar, owner of a grocer’s shop, but she shows no interest in him. When Henry Whiterow, who possesses the mortgage on the farm, comes over to claim his money, the Fergusons admit that they have nothing. Henry counters that he must foreclose. Despite Hannah’s reluctance to have anything to do with him, James proposes to pay their mortgage provided she agree to marry him. Feeling cornered and loving her parents, Hannah reluctantly accepts. But when left alone with James, she is so disgusted by his attempt to kiss her that she backs down from her promise. “I can’t thole him, da,” she says sobbing. Her mother, Sarah, tries to dissuade her from refusing him, but John and Andrew defend her choice. Hannah walks over to Henry’s house to inform him that they cannot pay the mortgage, while the rest of the family tell James that Hannah has changed her mind about marrying him. As James tries to overcome his disappointment, Hannah re-enters in a distracted state after being raped by Henry. “I was a poor trembling creature,” James declares rushing off, “but I’ll tremble no more.” Fearing the man might kill Henry, John asks his son to prevent it, but he refuses, so that John himself leaves the house in the hope of preventing murder. Andrew’s late-night meditations are interrupted by Clutie John, a weak-brained derelict whom the family harbored for the night. Clutie suggests that it is Andrew’s duty to protect his sister. Andrew decides it is so and leaves the house with a gun in his hands. The next day, James returns to the Fergusons to admit his disgrace. He had first headed for Henry’s house without a weapon, then walked over to his house to get one. But on the way back, he tripped in a field and when the gun went off, he could no longer move the rest of the night. To everyone’s surprise, Clutie returns to say that Henry has been found shot through the heart. Fearing to be charged with murder, James requests the Fergusons’ help, but John, suspecting him as the murderer, declares that he must surrender to the law, which he is forced to do. Two weeks later, James is in prison on the point of being tried for murder when Andrew is told that John’s brother has at last sent the money for the farm. Appreciating the irony of the situation, Andrew announces that he is the murderer and intends to surrender to the law. A stunned John tries to dissuade him from it, proposing that he take the money to join his brother in America, but Andrew declines, feeling remorse at the thought of James lying in prison for his crime. Instead, he takes his coat and cap and heads for the police station in Hannah’s company. =James Joyce= [[File:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 restored.jpg|thumb|James Joyce delved into the multiple levels of adultery in his only play, Exiles]] Yet another Irish writer and famous as a novelist, James Joyce (1882-1941), contributed a drama on marital relations much in the manner of Ibsen: "Exiles" (1918), in particular "When we dead awaken" (1899) on the subject of "the nature of love as predicated on the personality of the artist...Both male protagonists are artists who have returned to their homelands from exile- Rubek is a sculptor, Richard Rowan a writer. The main opposition in Exiles, the satyr-like Robert Hand, is a more refined Irish descendent of the Gyntian bear-hunter, Ulfheim. Of Joyce's two women, Bertha Rowan, simple, loyal, generous, a server like Irene, yet seems to reflect Maia's childlike qualities; while Beatrice Justice, the intellectual, is rather vague and negative in quality, perhaps a projection of the bleaker qualities of Irene- one who is denied self-fulfillment" (Macleod, 1945 pp 891-894). In "Exiles", Tindall (1963) found confusion in intent. “Conflicts are the stuff of drama, and Richard has them in abundance, externally, between self and circumstance, internally, between feeling and idea or between parts of self. There are moral, social, and psychological conflicts, all centering in him. So furnished, the play about Richard should be better than it seems. A trouble may be overabundance of conflicts, each good in itself, but each conflicting with the others. None emerges to claim our notice as each cancels others out. Moreover, a conflict of conflicts, though intricate, subtle, and worthy of admiration may be too complicated for audience or reader to follow. Puzzled rather than moved, we are lost in the intricate diffusion. Beatrice, Bertha, and Robert are no better off. Even Richard, trying to know himself, seems disconcerted by the mess” (p 111). Joyce “has failed to make his characters conscious of what fate has in store for them. Had he made these men fully aware of what their lives held for them, the roles fate meant them to play, and he, furthermore, made them struggle valiantly against it, then if they had won in the end we should have had great comedy, and if they lost we should have had sublime tragedy. Consciousness would have made of them such responsible human beings as would have engaged our sympathies to the utmost; whereas unconsciousness has left them feeble victims blindly wallowing to no purpose” (Solon, 1970 p 150). Other critics were happier with the conflicting elements. “One of the qualities which delighted me in Exiles was that evidently nothing would induce Mr Joyce to make his characters less complex and interesting than he saw them to be. He would rather obscure his theme than do that, and though a fault, it is a fault on the right side- on the interesting side. The second respect in which he has learnt from [Ibsen] is his practice of intensifying our interest in the present by dialogue which implies a past What a little scrap of people’s fives a dramatist can show us- just an hour or two! In life, it is usually what has gone before that makes talk between two people significant…Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert: what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses. But was she Robert’s mistress? The dramatist leaves that ambiguous. He does not mean us to bother much one way or another about that. Richard says at the end he will never know what they were to each other; but I do not think he is thinking of divorce court facts. He means how completely Bertha still belongs to him. Bertha tells Robert to tell Richard everything; but does he? She also tells him to think of what has passed between diem as something like ‘a dream’. That, I think, is the line on which one must fix one’s attention to get the focus. Robert is happy; quite content with that. Perhaps because less hot for certainties in life than Richard, he thinks he has enjoyed a solid reality. I do not know” (McCarthy, 1970 pp 141-143). "Exiles is a play in which two men are struggling to preserve each his own essential integrity in a confusing situation where rules of thumb seem clumsy guides; and between them is a bewildered, passionate woman- generous, angry, tender, and lonely. To understand Bertha, one need only remember that she has lived nine years with Richard Rowan in that intimacy of mind and feeling which admits of no disguises, merciful or treacherous, that she has known all the satisfactions and disappointments of such an intimacy. Her nature cries out for things to be simple as they once were for her; but she, too, has eaten of the tree of knowledge and knows that they are not...The scene in Act II between the two men is wonderful in its gradually deepening sincerity. Hand is a coward at first, but he gets over that. Then Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert- what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 210-212). Aitken (1958) underlined two frames at work: "in the drama of the artist versus Ireland, Richard's 'archetype' stands pitted against those of his wife and friends all together, and in the second drama there is a four-way struggle in which each strives to retain his integrity and yet achieve union...Richard, to begin with, is a writer without an audience, and a potential leader without a voice (he has no position in Ireland, and his books, significantly, do not sell). Currently sleeping alone, he is thus, effectively, divorced from his wife. Robert Hand is a writer with an audience (to which he could introduce Richard if Richard would let him), but the futility of his idealism, emphasized by the comical terms in which it was presented, and his desire to be led by his friend, signals his essential mindlessness...Bertha is formless...and lost, and she appeals in vain to the shaping spirit of her husband for guidance. Beatrice's timidity has isolated her from Robert, while her weak, feminine love for Richard alienates him; the emotional Bertha, suspicious of her intellect, holds her at a distance" (pp 43-44). "The condition of exile...is not so much banishment from the heart or the home as banishment from spontaneity...In Richard's presence, everyone forgets...what he wanted, or thought, or remembered...a character who exerts a pull on those around him, drawing them toward the place of his incertitude...Richard dislodges Robert, Beatrice, and Bertha...he insists that they confront their own inability to articulate a permanent principle for their lives...Robert enunciates a principle of behaviour based in a half-hearted liberalism" (Voelker, 1988 pp 501-513). "Robert is the creature of [Richard's] youth...Richard, the ape of God, has made Robert; he has made Bertha and he sets them in a country-house with a garden, his new man and new woman...Each inquisition of the isolated person exposes that...each is alone" (Kenner, 1952 pp 393-395). "Because each of the four major characters constructs his or her own narrative, and because all four in some sense exclude the other three, all are finally exiled into mutually exclusive worlds...Richard and Robert speak to each other at cross purposes- out of different worlds. Robert angles to occupy Richard so that the would-be lover can meet Bertha at his cottage, while Richard wears the 'iron mask' not only of his bitterness towards the Ireland that will accept him only if he lives by its own rules but also of his understanding of Robert's machinations to keep him in Dublin so that Bertha will be available for the journalist's pleasure...Robert's self-pity and self-contempt only strengthen the reader's sense of Robert's conventionality- his care not to offend the populace, whether writing one of his 'leading articles' or spreading rumors to adjust public opinion and insure the stay of Richard and Bertha in Dublin...When Bertha is most delighted by Robert, he reminds her of Richard...Bertha's final speech shows her rejection of [Richard's] always inadequate plan. She lives not in the throes of doubt but in the time 'when we met first'" (Herr, 1987 pp 190-203). Richard “is utterly incapable of making love to a woman or of loving one unless he is or has been in love with a man to whom he is attached; for this reason he connives at his life-long friend’s, Robert Hand’s wooing of his wife and urges her- nay, goads her on to be unfaithful to him. The author subtly and delicately leads us to infer that Richard and Bertha are living a life of abstinence ever since his betrayal of her nine years before and that he gives her full freedom only that they might thus be reunited...He delights in putting himself in situations that entail a great deal of anguish for him, and he compels his wife to give him the fullest details of his friend’s assaults upon her honor. That he can be cruel too on occasion is not at all surprising; by virtue of the law of bi-polarity the masochist is also a sadist. The portraits of the wife, the friend, the other woman and even the child are interesting characterizations that will repay careful study. They are all intensely individualized and unquestionably human though not conventional. Archie, aged eight, is one of the few life-like children to be found in literature and is introduced into the play very effectively“ (Tannenbaum, 1970 pp 151-152). “Bertha is the first notable woman character that James Joyce has created. She is a subtle character. We get the suggestion that she has had little education, yet she carries herself with real simplicity and dignity. For all her contact with the super-subtle Richard, she remains unspoiled, alluring, unconventional, faithful. She has her outbreaks and she knows where to strike at Richard. Her simplicity and her good sense are shown in her last dialogue with Beatrice Justice, the woman who is able to understand her husband’s mind and work” (Colum, 1970 p 145). “What first strikes one upon consideration of Exiles is the irrelevance of God. There is simply no need for Him. The characters’ exile and sorrow is the human one of incompatible desires and unrealized hopes, a sorrow suffered in a universe with God in all times as well as in a universe without Him. Their longing is not for God and their exile is not from Him” (Bandler, 1970 pp 159-160). =="Exiles"== [[File:Affiche Kaaitheater naar James Joyce - Exiles (promotiemateriaal).pdf|thumb|An Ibsen-like atmosphere prevails when two men clash for the sake of the same woman. Promotional poster of the play in Holland, 1993]] Time: 1912. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/exilesaplayinth00joycgoog After several years of self-imposed exile out of Ireland, Richard Rowan, a writer, has decided to return. He receives the visit of Beatrice, music teacher to his 8-year-old son. She had once loved Richard, breaking off from a friend of hers because in her eyes he seemed only a pale reflection of him. Her cousin, Robert, a journalist and Richard's boyhood friend, carries in a bunch of roses for Richard's wife, Bertha. To keep Bertha near him, Robert begs her to use her influence on Richard so that he comes to accept a local university position. He then asks her to come over to his cottage this very evening, but she promises nothing. When Richard re-enters, Robert immediately mentions he has spoken to the vice-chancellor on his behalf, a man who believes that Richard is most qualified to obtain the chair of romance literature. The vice-chancellor has invited Richard over to dinner this evening. He accepts the invitation. After Robert leaves, Bertha divulges to her husband how his supposed friend flirted with her and invited her to his cottage. Knowing about her husband's extramarital relation with another woman, she asks him whether she should go to him. "Decide yourself," he coolly answers. He unexpectedly shows up at Robert's place to inform him that his wife only felt pity for him. Regretting his disloyal attempt at seducing his wife, Robert only wishes that his friend could curse him. "You are so strong that you attract me even through her," he specifies. "Have you the luminous certitude that yours is the brain in contact with which she must think and understand and that yours is the body with which her body must feel?" Richard asks. Nonplussed, Robert returns the question. Richard replies that it was once so and that if he believed this was true in Robert's case, he would go away. Out of feelings of guilt, he fears that her acceptance of his adulteries has made her life "poorer in love". When a knock on the door is heard, Richard reveals it is his wife. Unnerved, Robert proposes to leave the room. "Solve the question between you," Richard proposes. As Bertha enters, Robert hurries in a panic towards the porch in the rain without an umbrella. "Bertha, love him, be his, give yourself to him if you desire, or if you can," Richard suggests before leaving. A drenched Robert tells her that Richard longs to be delivered from every bond and that the two of them together is the only one not yet broken asunder. "I am sure no law made by man is sacred before the impulse of passion," he adds while kissing her hair. Richard eventually accepts the university position. Next morning, a distraught Beatrice informs Bertha that her cousin, after publishing a favorable article on her husband, shows signs of preparing to move away, for which she feels guilty, having encouraged him to favor the writer's return. An equally distraught Bertha sends a written message to him to prevent such a possibility. Alone with her husband, Bertha asks him whether he wants to know what happened last night. "You will tell me. But I will never know," he retorts. After reminding her she is free to do as she wishes, he walks into his study as Robert arrives to tell her he is going away. He then tells Richard he failed in his mission, but the latter doubts whether that is true. A still hopeful Bertha asks that her husband return to her. =George Shiels= A sixth Irish dramatist, George Shiels (1881-1949), described the impact of the young in "The new gossoon" (1930), the name derived from the French 'garçon' (boy), a "charming peasant comedy graced by one of the most delightful rogues of the stage- Rabit Hamil, a very Autolycus of a poacher" (Gassner, 1954a p 571). George Shiels also wrote "Professor Tim" (1925), in which a geology professor pretends to have turned into a drunken fool to know more about his sister's family and her abusine ways. In "Paul Twyning" (1922), a plasterer becomes involved in family squabbles while seeking to promote a marriage between Dan, who regularly cowers before his father, and Rose, defenseless according to the whims of her own. In "The passing day" (1936), John Fibbs passes the happiest day of his life, also his last, by leaving trivial sums in his will to wife and nephew. In "The jailbird" (1936), a released convict, unjustly condemned, experiences great difficulty in being re-integrated back into town-life. In "The rugged path" (1940), father and son follow the difficult choice of denouncing a murderer in view of town pressure against denouncing anyone, rather than the easier way of keeping silent. In the sequel, "The summit" (1941), the murderer nevertheless goes free because of insufficient evidence and a feud breaks out between the accused and the informers. =="The new gossoon"== Time: 1930s. Place: Rural Ireland. Text at ? Given hunting rights on the mountain once owned by a farmer named Cary and now by Ellen, his widow, Rabit Hamil is angry at seeing a sign put up on the property stating that trespassers will be prosecuted and dogs shot. Knowing that Rabit, whom she generally looks down on, is a friend of Mag, her servant at the farm, Ellen discharges her. Although discontented with the work required of her, Mag protests by revealing that Ellen's son, Luke, is also to be found there. When Rabit confronts Luke about the sign, he declares that in a few more days he will reach 21 years of age and become the master of the place and that the sign will remain. A frustrated Rabit reveals to Ellen that her son in part obtained his motorcycle, leather jacket, helmet, and goggles, from the proceeeds of her secretly sold sheep. Angry at her son's riding after dark with the machine, Ellen promises to uphold Rabit's hunting rights. Wishing to marry Mag at the same time as getting rid of his daughter, Sally, he boasts of the latter's accomplishments about the house, all lies, in the hope that Luke will marry her. Sally accuses Luke of falsely promising marriage to her, which he denies. Rabit counters by threatening to take him to court. To keep Luke from seeing another girl-friend, Biddy Henly, at least for one night, Sally removes the plug from the motorcycle and gives it to his mother, who wants him around the house when her brother, Peter, comes over to speak with him about his wild behaviors. When he arrives, his old childhood friend, Rabit, arrives soon after in an angry mood because Luke pushed his daughter over to the hedge with his motorcycle for carrying his possibly incriminating love-letters to her. To subdue Rabit's anger, Ellen reminds him that she nursed his wife on her death-bed and bailed out his son from jail after he stole money from his employer. When Sally learns of the nursing, she promises to burn the letters. Worried about Luke's way of living, Peter reveals to the servant-man about the farm, Ned, that he intends to doctor the will so that his sister will still own the farm when his nephew reaches 21. To avoid a clash, Ned advises him to leave without speaking to Luke. Yet Peter bares his teeth against Luke, who sharply answers back. Fed up over the entire business, especially concerning the matter of the new head of the farm, Ned quits, news which dismays Ellen. To counter Luke's claim, Peter advises her to check over the exact contents of her dead husband's will. As Rabit and Mag plan their wedding, Biddy enters along with her father armed with a cudgel to threaten Luke, so that Rabit gives him wrong directions about where to find him. Learning about Henly's intention but not about Rabit's, Luke chases out both Rabit and Mag. When Henly returns, Sally defends Luke by specifying that his daughter's frolicsome manner was at least partly responsible for Luke's doings. A grateful Luke takes the will from his mother's hand and tears it up to follow Sally. However, Sally, likewise grateful to Ellen for her past kindness, refuses to leave the area, agreeing instead to live with him in a nearby farm bought by his mother, who agrees to marry Ned while Rabit and Mag separate. =John Galsworthy= [[File:John galsworthy.jpg|thumb|John Galsworthy exposed the antisemitic nature of a men's social club]] Among other British dramatists of interest, John Galsworthy (1867-1933) stands out as a social critic, especially for "Loyalties" (1922). Galsworthy’s plays are rife with legal questions, in particular the contrast between legal and moral justice and how class-conscious legal and moral judgments are (Lamm, 1952 p 286-87). In “The silver box” (1906), a man of the higher class robs as a joke his girlfriend’s purse, stolen in turn by a man of a lower class, who takes as well a silver box. When the woman challenges her young man, the father pays for it, but when the lower-class man is caught, only he is punished. “Strife” (1909) concerns a conflict between owners and factory workers. An agreement is refused on both sides, but after strife, suffering, and a fatality, both sides agree with the original plan. In Lamm’s view (1952), the play reflects that in society “there is less and less room for men of conviction and strong ideas” in favor of “moderate men who win the day with comprises and half measures” (p 289). Galsworthy also wrote "A little bit of love" (1915) when "the curate Strangway refuses either to hold or persecute his wife, who has gone to the man she always really loved, the people of the parish rise up against Strangway as a coward and a pagan. They despise a man who will not fight for what is his own" (Lewisohn 1922 p 170). Next in line comes "The skin game" (1920), "who touches pitch shall be defiled" is the motto of 'The skin game'...The pitch that defiled the Hillcrists and the Horn blowers was not in either of them but in the conflict that arose between them" (Lewisohn, 1922 p 170-172). Some critics denied the existence of such "Loyalties": “to be quite frank, I don't believe it. I believe that Mr Galsworthy, touching this real problem of loyalties, has made an unreal, though theatrically effective, debating case of it. Here though, as elsewhere, he is the friend of the under-dog. In this play his sympathies are with de Levis, the man robbed, and with Dancy, the man betrayed by his temperament and by the foolish loyalties of his friends. To be on the side of the underdog is, with him, a real passion; and had he had any gift of lyrical expression his work might have taken on another, a more poetical and ideal poise. But, as his one volume of verse shows, this gift has been denied to him: and his passion for the oppressed shows itself more often in special pleading than in lyrical outbursts” (Shanks, 1927 p 50). Most critics considered the play objective: indeed, the play is "distinguished for its objective exposition of antisemitism in genteel English circles and of social alignments in general. The over scrupulous playwright left the issues too neatly balanced from the social standpoint but not from the psychological one owing to his firm characterization" (Gassner, 1954a p 618). This objectivity occurs because Dancy’s friends consider an attack against Dancy’s honor as an attack against theirs. Gassner (1968) further comments that ”it requires no great imagination to understand that the provocativeness of Loyalties was reduced to absurdly small dimensions by Hitler’s gas ovens...The effect on the nobly intended work of a gentlemanly liberal like Galsworthy was inevitably that of an earthquake on a mud-hut” (p 667). Not inevitably when one considers the date of the play and the action. When Loyalties was first presented on stage in 1922, Hitler was irrelevant; the play shook the theatre-going public across the British isles. "In this drama, as in all his novels, as in all his other dramas, Mr Galsworthy is constantly seeing and portraying how conflicting loyalties both are right; he is never interested in the larger loyalty and cannot keep his eye on it through consecutive chapters or through a single act; he is forever presenting the two or more sides and taking none" (Overton, 1924 p 15). "In the first sixty lines, an enormous amount of ground is covered; we learn what people are slaying with the Winsors, we are given portraits of the two principal characters, as well as a thumbnail sketch of Mabel, also a plan of the sleeping quarters of the guests which will have its importance a little later; a significant incident, which prepares the way for the theft, is described, and, finally, the theft itself is announced" (Dupont, 1942 p 102). “The robust and full-flavoured dramatic elements of the play were so strong that the public could, if it chose, enjoy them without bothering its head about the rest- an opportunity of which, it must be added, it was quick to avail itself. The point is clinched by the fact that the three of the four Galsworthy plays of which this is true The Skin Game, Loyalties, and Escape- were the outstanding commercial successes of his dramatic career” (Marrott, 1936 p 516). "The theme of this play in three acts and seven scenes dramatically one of the author’s most effective- may be said to be intemational. In every country, and every caste, in politics, in all national, racial and religious questions, in ail corporations, unions and cliques, in all marriage, family, amical and social relations, does the conception of loyalty of faithful adherence, of esprit de corps crop up. Repeatedly, the problem arises: if one of ourselves puts himself into the wrong, is guilty of a shady action, how fair are his social equals, his intimate friends and relatives, under an obligation to warn and advise him, to shield him and parry his assailant. For, if his unprincipled behaviour becomes public, not he alone is compromised thereby; it may lead to the exposure, and humiliation of the whole community, family, or what not of which he is a member, the closer and stronger the tie of friendship or blood, the higher the opinion we have of the person implicated, the more difficult is for us to believe in his guilt ! We reject all suspicion as long as possible. But too often we find that such sticking together leads in the end to the hushing up of shady actions. Often the culprit goes scot-free if, however, his opponent be powerful and pertinacious enough to unveil the true facts of the case, and bring him before a court competent to deal with him, he ends by being broken and defeated. And the same society, which before shielded him well, must leave him in the lurch so soon as the truth is revealed. Better, then, to warn him at the outset, help him as best we can, but not blindly follow him through thick and thin… The great interest of this drama, the technique of which is masterly from first to last, consists in the attitude taken by each individual to the accusation brought against the leading character...De Levis has many antipathetic traits: he is proud, hyper-senstitive, dogmatic, revengeful, a boaster; still, he is a man who would fain live at peace with his fellow men. 'It is indeed hard to decide which of the two shows up better or worse- this young Jew or the officer who, after all steals, lies, insults, keeps everything from his wife, deceives his friends, and would like to exercise an atavistic club-law, and yet, in spite of all, has about him a queer halo of coinage and adventure...It is his unbridled temperament, his inconsiderate willfulness, his arrogant nature which have brought him to this pass. During the war, he was in his element; after the war, he is at a loose ends, his resolute strength come to grief against his adversary’s courage of conviction and brain power, and this it is which finally drives him to his death...Twisden, the lawyer, has been caustically and falsely criticized. A lawyer, they say, has no right to abandon his client’s cause...We have here a lawyer of the old school, bred in the great pre-war tradition of professional honour and integrity. Through Gilman, the truth must have come out. To say noting of the fact that de Levis would have forced the issue a second time...It jars curiously that, in some quarters, the author's great dexterity in the manipulation of the scenes, the telling power and peculiarly strong dramatic effect of this play have been taken amiss. It is very seldom that a writer not only understands the theatre but can also create a drama of ideas. In Galsworthy we find this combination, rare today, yet this is sometimes put to the debit of his reputation. Theft, police, cross-examinations, court of justice, suicide, elements, despised of some, are absolutely essential in Loyalties for the furthering of the theme. They are not the end but the means to the end. The theft here is as little a vulgar theft as that in The Silver Box, and the more striking the drama of the piece, the more surely has the writer gained his end; i.e. to stir up the audience, to make them reflect, to awake in them a new perception and conscience, more humanitarian sentiments and deeper sympathy” (Schalit, 1929 pp 294-303). "In order to give of his best, Galsworthy must feel the presence of a great, elementary motive, not a motive which implies a too delicate or intimate drama, but a problem, a torment, a tragedy of the whole of society, or of entire masses or classes of society" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 120). Wilson (1937) criticized that, in general, "an undoubted flaw is the lack of humour in Galsworthy’s writing. This may have been due in part to his sense of discipline. It was more likely temperamental. At all events his work, so true to life, so admirably constructed and so essentially dramatic, does reveal here and there a certain stiffness and want of spontaneity. This is his only serious fault and it shows itself chiefly in the dialogue. His plays are so impartial that they seem almost artificially balanced and the characters appear at times to speak with reluctance. Yet there is nothing cold about Galsworthy. He wrote chiefly of a limited social class, but he dealt with wide social problems" (p 237). "The special note of Galsworthy's art is its restraint. His vision is wonderfully keen and clear and sober. He is intensely watchful not to overstep the modesty of emotions and events. He is never showy, never violent, never a special pleader. In his plays the forces of life themselves come into conflict and grow into crises with all the quiet impressiveness of an operation of nature. A man commits a crime; he is tried and punished. Workingmen strike and are forced to compromise. The inheritors of two sharply divided social traditions are on the point of marriage, and the division is seen to be too deep. A woman flees from a wretched union and wears herself out against the hard prison-walls of the social order...In choosing the angle from which, at a given moment, to envisage life, Galsworthy is fond of selecting such living incidents as have in themselves the inevitable structure of drama...Galsworthy has not always, of course, been able to attain such magnificent severity of structure. Life itself forbids it. But he has always striven to approach it, economising his strength for the creation of character" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 209-211). =="Loyalties"== Time: 1920s. Place: England. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214030 https://archive.org/details/loyaltiesdramain00gals http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4765 http://www.fullbooks.com/Loyalties-from-the-5th-Series-Plays-.html http://books.google.fr/books?id=ATetNPyPs1MC As an invited guest in Charles Winsor's country house, his friend, De Levis, informs him he has just been robbed of money kept in his room and obtained by selling a horse. De Levis believes the thief is Ronald Dancy, who jumped from his balcony to his and back again. Another guest, General Canynge, tells Charles, but not the inspector called to the scene, that though Dancy denied he went out in the rain, his sleeve is observed to be wet. Nevertheless, Canynge declares to De Levis: "No one who makes such an insinuation against a fellow-guest in a country house, except on absolute proof, can do so without complete ostracism. Have we your word to say nothing?" "I'll say nothing about it, unless I get more proof," De Levis answers. Nevertheless, three weeks later, in a London club, Major Colford announces to his fellow members what De Levis has told him about the robbery. "He's saying it was Ronald Dancy robbed him down at Winsor's," says Colford. "The fellow's mad over losing the price of that filly now she's won the Cambridgeshire." De Levis avers that, contrary to his assertion, Dancy knew of the sale of the horse. In front of members of their club, De Levis accuses Dancy, who wishes to settle the matter with weapons, has no explanation on the points raised against him, and curses De Levis as a "damned Jew". Lord St Erth pronounces De Levis' membership suspended. Trembling with rage, De Levis resigns. As this concerns the honor of the club, the members encourage Dancy to take court action for defamation of character, which he does. Three months later, Jacob Twisden, Dancy's lawyer, discovers that his client used one of the bank-notes of the sale of the horse when he was blackmailed by another man, proving he is the culprit. As a result, Twisden drops the case and recommends that his client leave the country. Hearing of Dancy's difficulties, De Levis has a change of heart and goes over to speak with him. "I came to say that- that I overheard- I am afraid a warrant is to be issued. I wanted you to realise- it's not my doing. I'll give it no support. I'm content. I don't want my money. I don't even want costs. Dancy, do you understand?" Despite this plea of leniency, left alone at his house, before the police can enter, Dancy shoots himself to death. =Somerset Maugham= [[File:Maugham retouched.jpg|thumb|Somerset Maugham proved that our betters are not always so, 1934]] Though more famous as a novelist, Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) wrote several plays of interest, particularly "Our betters" (1923). Maugham also wrote "The unknown" (1920). On three-week leave from World War I, John returns home to the house of his parents, the Whartons, to marry Sylvia. His parents' friend, Charlotte Littlewood, has recently lost her second son to the war and is now alone. To the surprise of the Whartons, Charlotte wears no mourning clothes and plays bridge. When questioned about these, she answers: "I feel that I have nothing more to do with the world and the world has nothing more to do with me. So far as I’m concerned it’s a failure. You know I wasn’t very happy in my married life, but I loved my two sons, and they made everything worthwhile, and now they’re gone. Let others take up the adventure. I step aside." Even graver to the Wharton's view, John expresses disbelief in God. Sylvia is dismayed and no longer wants to marry him. John is aghast. "You are not the John I loved and promised myself to," she asserts. "It’s a different man that has come back from abroad. I have nothing in common with that man." She nevertheless tries to have him regain his faith by concealing his father's death and saying he would want him to go to communion. Although he accedes to her wish, she fails of her purpose. Maugham's psychological insight is all as keen in showing the results of restraining one's jealous emotions in "Caesar's wife" (1919), in which Violet loves Ronald, about to receive a promotion to an important secretary's position thanks to the recommendation of her husband, Arthur, a counsel in Egypt. Afraid of being unfaithful, she requests her husband to use his influence so that his nephew will obtain the post instead, so that Ronald can accept a position in Paris. When he demurs because Ronald is the better man, she specifies that the man loves her. Arthur receives the information coolly. Even after telling him she loves Ronald in return, he prefers to do what is best for the Foreign Office. "I put myself in your hands, Violet," he declares. "I shall never suspect that you can do anything not that I should reproach you for- I will never reproach you- but that you may reproach yourself for." She does not disappoint. The play is similar to "Penelope" (1912), in which a wife shows exceptional patience to save her marriage except when the husband commits adultery. The matter is treated more like a light comedy than "Caesar's wife", as if a husband's straying were more trivial than a wife's, the old double standard rearing up. "Our betters" is a "satirical title that might be supposed to refer to the upper classes. Actually the reference is to rich Americans who buy their way into British society. The women are the daughters of American industrial royalty. They search out impecunious gentlemen of title and pay their debts in return for a marriage ceremony. Then, titled themselves, and bored by their husbands, they tread the primrose path, unembarrassed by any respect for marital obligations. The men are of the same breed. Thornton Clay, who dines out in the best houses on the strength of scandalous stories about either his friends or his relatives, is ashamed of being an American. In nasal tones he boasts of not having a trace of American accent. His clothes are aggressively Savile Row. When Fleming Hervey, a young American who does not think that the Middle West is the Ultima Thule of civilization, arrives, Thornton Clay devotes himself at once to the congenial task of trying to turn him into an imitation Englishman” (Hobson, 1948 p 21). “The characters...sinned with the elegance of people bred to vice and ease” (Atkinson, 1974 p 231). Maugham “lashes with contempt the American expatriate who buys his or her way into a London society which reprobates while it accepts. It is a sordid and ugly picture, limned in with hard, brittle strokes. Explicitly a comedy, the play is implicitly a terrifying tragedy. It wears a grin that is cadaverous, on a second glance. The young American visitor, who revolts at the empty round of dissipation, is a stereotyped figure, whose function is to voice the protest of the play. Through him the author sits in judgment on his characters, and it is this moral consciousness that flaws the authenticity of the comedy as a specimen of the manners type” (Sawyer, 1931 p 227). "The play itself is a mercilessly amusing picture of a rootless, fruitless, extremely vulgar, smart set of people, a much paragraphed, photographed set, whose habits are luxurious, whose standards are common and cynical, whose love-affairs, relieved by a certain engaging candour, are canine. And who are the ladies with high-sounding names? They are American heiresses who have married for rank...Our Betters is rather a sardonically detached comedy, an exposure in the manner of Maupassant of one luxuriant corner of the social jungle" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 235-236). It is "a devastating satire on the snobbery of American expatriates and their English set. The American girl, Bessie Saunders, is so aghast at the society into which she is being introduced by her titled sister that she takes a boat home. Here are noblemen like Lord Bleane who are eager to lay their coronets at the feet of every American heiress, duchesses like de Surennes whose maiden name in Chicago was Miss Hodgson and who favor good-looking boys less than half their age, and expatriated fops like Clay who speak condescendingly of 'you Americans in America'...A scintillating satire on the leisure class and on snobbishness or 'the spirit of romance in a reach-me-down', 'Our Betters' is one of the best comedies of manners since the Restoration" (Gassner, 1954a p 625). The play “shows how heartless and degenerate is the world in which his cunningly contrived comedy so skilfully moves. At times he seems to have returned to the moods of Restoration comedy, though one feels that he lacks gaiety, and that he despises these puppets who provide the wit which he contorts with a genial malice” (Evans, 1950 p 134). "This fine comedy is the play of Maugham most nearly comparable with the theatre of Wycherley and Congreve. It satirizes in masterly fashion the empty morality of a section of the London aristocracy at the time of the First World War. In the character of Pearl Grayston, one of the most unpleasant women ever introduced to the London stage, Maugham concentrates all his venom. The cold-hearted emotional imbroglio and her relations with her stockbroker admirer is managed with consummate theatrical skill, and the way in which the threatened social fabric is preserved after the degrading climax gives a specially cutting edge to the implications of the title...Our Betters must always rank very high as an unpleasant comedy of manners" (Reynolds, 1949 p 168). “Our Betters is directly in line with the glittering comedies of manners of the Restoration...The satire and cynicism of the play, suggested by the title, suited the post-war mood of disillusion; its hard, merciless wit and its absolute freedom from sentimentality pleased a new generation who felt themselves duped and cheated by their emotions...There are characters in Our Betters who are decadent and some who are perilously close to degenerate; but at no time does the play pretend to picture anything more than a tiny fragment of society...The author maintains a remorseless detachment throughout, which by no means indicates a callous lack of sympathy or understanding, but which gives an anti-septic cleanliness to the comedy...Although the straight-laced affected to be shocked by it, Our Betters is as relentlessly moral as Mrs Warren’s Profession. The two decent young Americans, who are minor characters, do not dull the hard polish of the comedy. The characters and situation offer numerous possibilities for tragedy or sentiment, but the play does not swerve from its comic course. It ends on a note of laughter not muffled by repentance or censure…The repartee is more brilliant than ever, but it fits the characters and situation and dims when removed from its content. When Clay, the snobbish opportunist, remarks: ‘Poor Flora with her good works! She takes to philanthropy as a drug to allay the pangs of unrequited love!’, we must know both Clay and Flora to appreciate the humour. When the princess asks: ‘Has it ever occurred to you that snobbishness is the spirit of romance in a reach-me-dowm?’ we feel that years of her own experience prompt the question; it is not merely a bon mot transferred from the playwright’s notebook. For purposes of dramatic contrast, and not from any didactic motive, the cynical humour pauses occasionally for the commonsense comments of the two young Americans and Lord Bleane, who serve as an unobtrusive chorus. They do not seriously touch the comedy. Our Betters is cynical, satirical, and hard, but diverting and funny” (Cordell, 1954 pp 107-110). “Mr Maugham, in this brilliant and almost heartless comedy, has rewritten one of Henry James’s short stories in the manner of Congreve...And he is really much nearer to Congreve than he is to James...This play is really extraordinarily deft, and its matter is handled with any amount of style. Think, for a moment, of the way in which heavier-handed, more ‘sincere’ playwrights would have treated that cold, calculating blonde, Lady George Grayston, that lightning calculator with the air of an inconscient featherbrain...How would any one of these playwrights have treated that dark and common beauty, the duchess de Surennes, divided between passion and parsimony, torn between her sentiment- forgive the word- for Gilbert Paxton and that blackguard’s drain upon her purse?” (Agate, 1924 pp 118-121). The play contains "two groups of parvenus: the native and the transatlantic...Of the latter it is said: ‘They’ve got too much money and too few responsibilities. English women in our station have duties that are part of their birthright, but we, strangers in a strange land, have nothing to do but enjoy ourselves.’ The whole play is a comment on the quality of that enjoyment. It is this savage irony which makes Maugham a comic writer of the school of Jonson” (Greenwood, 1950 p 168). “Our Betters...is generally, and rightly, considered his masterpiece and it is likely to make his name known to theatregoers as yet unborn” (Stokes, 1950 p 157). “Maugham very often strikes a bitter note; he contemplates reality, and the human soul, and tries to understand and bring out hidden motives, but refuses to pass judgement; he has the eye of the doctor, the relativism of the scientific man, and hardly ever the passionate mind of the moralist. His only thesis seems to be that man should be different from what he is. He has not any striking passion of his own, and therefore has no epos, and lacking this at heart, he lacks also the clash of feelings, the crisis, the real drama. His passion, if anything, is intellectual; he likes to probe the inward processes of the human mind, and to extract tragedy and comedy from those most deeply hidden, and essentially physical forces, which are the most common and yet the least commonly understood” (Pellizzi, 1935 p 274). =="Our betters"== Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13536092M/The_Maugham_reader https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38764 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185782 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526709 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 Lady Pearl Grayston leads a very active social life. While talking to her sister, Bessie, she suddenly remembers having invited twelve people over to dinner. "Does George know?" asks Bessie "Who is George?" asks Pearl. "Don't be absurd, Pearl" Bessie admonishes, "George, your husband." "Oh! I couldn't make out who you meant," she answers. One of Pearl's friends, Minnie, requests from her a favor: finding a position for her lover, Tony. Pearl is told he has no gift for languages, cannot type or take shorthand, and has no head for figures. "Well, the only thing I can see that he'd do for is a government office," Pearl concludes. Another of her friends, Flora, is organizing a concert for charity. Pearl agrees to have her own lover, Arthur, help out with tickets. "But don't harrow me with revolting stories of starving children. I'm not interested in the poor," she specifies. "I have plenty of heart, but it beats for people of my own class." The unprincipled Tony, showing few signs of gratitude towards Minnie, begins to flirt with Pearl. "You're somebody else's property," she informs him while leaving him with a perhaps. A few months later, Tony complains to Minnie of often being embarrassed to ask for one of her automobiles instead of having one of his own. When he shows signs of wanting to end their relationship, she panics and offers him one. Though pleased about the gift, Tony soon proposes to meet Pearl inside her tea-house, to which she agrees. This is observed by Minnie. During a game of poker, Minnie pretends to have forgotten her bag in the tea-house. Bessie offers to get it for her. When she returns, she appears so upset that Arthur guesses the reason why. When Pearl enters, Minnie looks over at her in angry triumph. Nevertheless, the next day, Minnie becomes downcast at Tony's intent of leaving her, and so offers to marry him and yield him independent means. Pearl refuses to allow Minnie to leave her house even in a luggage-cart until she explains she obtained a job for Tony in the Education Office, where he is to do nothing from ten to four o'clock. To appease the furious Arthur, Pearl violently rubs her cheeks to appear pale, but then agrees to their separation and refuses to receive any more money from him. Moved at this apparent weakness, he forgives her, but Bessie does not. She leaves her sister and refuses to marry a lord she once had an eye on, to avoid living as shamefully, in her view, as her sister does. =St John Hankin= St John Hankin (1869-1909)'s main contribution is "The return of the prodigal" (1905). Reynolds (1949) complained of "The return of the prodigal" as the "acme of cynicism" whereby "the conventional ending of 19th century melodrama is turned upside down...There is no point in destructive criticism of society unless a remedy is suggested" (p 146-147). But other critics consider that Hankin has more than cynicism to offer. “The prodigal son who returns from Australia is an airy youth, willing but inconclusive, doomed to eternal failure. In his absence the father and the brother, two types of Philistines greedy for gains and honours, have made their fortune in industry, and the brother is engaged to the most aristocratic and charming girl of the neighbourhood. All biblical hypocrisy is soon unmasked; the return of the prodigal son is a disaster for everyone: for the father, who has to guarantee him a living; for the brother, who is afraid of losing his aristocratic fiancée, and she naturally has eyes for no one but this reckless, romantic young man; and also for the sister, a resigned ‘souffre-douleurs’ of the whole house, because only now does she see and understand her unavoidable destiny as a perpetual victim in this selfish family. But the most amusing figure, and the most bitter, is that of the young prodigal, who has not repented at all, because, seeing that his misfortunes are consequences of his nature, he does not know what to repent of; and after he has succeeded in gauging exactly the selfishness of his father and his brother, he casts his nets and plays his catch with a logical and persuasive shamelessness” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 108-109). “In The Return of the Prodigal a very dumpy, conventionally correct parvenu family, the Jacksons, suddenly find their political and social aspirations jeopardized by the return of a ne’er-do-well son, whose sang-froid and embarrassingly clear appraisals of the family furnish excellent comedy” (Sawyer, 1931 p 216). "The Return of the Prodigal...is still a well-proportioned comedy with several recognizably human personages, many quivers of a wit that is both theatrical and civilized, one excellent serious scene for a stay-at-home sister whom life is passing by, and always an unwavering sense of style. Hankin presents a prodigal son who is not ashamed of himself, and who returns for a few days to the heart (more or less) of his wealthy-manufacturing people in Gloucestershire, only to strike off again, as charmingly insolent and unredeemed as when he arrived. He is a prodigal, that is to say, who neatly inverts the old conventions such as 'People in the Colonies always do write for money' (Lady Faringford). Eustace prefers to seek the fatted calf in person. In his time he has flicked at many professions from liner steward to driver of a cable car in San Francisco. When he has returned to Chedleigh and deflated his pompous father and brother (that pair of insolent balloons), he moves once more into the unknown- at least London- with 250 pounds a year, to be paid quarterly. 'Make it three hundred, father,' Eustace adds, 'and I won’t write.' The play, I suppose, lacks certain things. It has no part to tear a cat in...Much of Hankin’s wit, unlike much of Wilde’s, derives from the situation and is always in character. Observe Mrs Jackson, the prodigal’s mother, who manages to be at once literal and fluffy. 'He allowed my girls to begin French directly they went to school, at Miss Thursby’s,' the rector’s wife says, 'but I’m bound to say they never seem to have learnt any. So perhaps it did no harm.' 'Yes,' Mrs Jackson answers comfortably, 'I’ve always heard Miss Thursby’s was an excellent school.' 'The Two Mr Wetherbys', 'The charity that began at home'...and 'The Cassilis engagement' are other works of Hankin that should have more than the tribute of a sigh. We have heard too much about his cynicism. He may often look at society with a detached amusement, but he can also besiege and reach the heart" (Trewin, 1951 p 63-64). MacCarthy (1907) pointed out that the author "puts forward a good case for a real ne'er-do-weel, who has about him no touch of the stage romance which usually surrounds such a character" (p 16). “Such a plot is of course a direct violation of all the laws of theatrical propriety, but Hankin insisted upon its verisimilitude. If a tragedy must come to a realistic conclusion, he reasoned, so also may comedy. The Jackson family are middle-class, like the Voyseys, with middle-class ideas and ideals, and are the slaves of middle-class morality. An intelligent man who genuinely comprehends himself and his family and refuses to exaggerate the importance of money or money-making will inevitably become master of the situation. Eustace, therefore, is permitted to have his own life as a character and is not forced into the stereotype of the repentant prodigal gratefully chewing on that fatted calf which is a symbol of his submission to familial convention” (Downer, 1950 p 317). "The scapegrace son is generally either a romantic or a sordid figure. Here he shows the most disarming effrontery and, disdaining the offer of a job, coolly blackmails his father into making him an allowance. Such is the comic theme of a play which also contains a highly moving, yet restrained portrait of the prodigal’s sister, who fills the thankless role of the unwanted woman" (Wilson, 1937 p 254). The play "evinces real observation and artistic sincerity. It is the story of a wastrel who really is a wastrel; he is not a victim of circumstances or a rough diamond, or a good trusting fellow betrayed and badgered by his villainous rival through three acts, only to save the heroine from a burning mill in the fourth. No; he is by birth inefficient- a gentleman, good-natured, and discreet, but material prosperity flees from his most crafty stalking. There are such people, and Hankin gives us a first-rate study of one of them, a study both amusing and pathetic, unmarred by a cowardly happy ending" (Norwood, 1921 pp 77-78). “Violet...is revealed as trapped...by the social proprieties attaching to marriage and social intercourse...She registers her situation: ‘we are to be great people, but you don’t find Sir John Faringford’s son proposing to me...so the great people won’t marry me and I mustn’t marry the little people.’...Unlike her wastrel bother, she has no means of relaxing her father’s iron authority” (Chothia, 1996 pp 72-73). "The first characteristic of Mr Hankin as a dramatist is that he is easy to act; his characters are very clearly drawn, and the emotions and situations with which his plays deal are within the reach of a very moderate range of experience. The parts do not call for 'temperament' or imagination in the actors so much as intelligence and sympathy, which are easier to mind. His other qualities are lightness of touch, an original humour, the power of weighing character in a very even balance, and dexterity in introducing into a very ordinary series of events which the audience is certain will be evolved along the most natural lines an element of surprise and suspense. 'The return of the prodigal' shows all these qualities at their best...This may seem a slender theme for a play, and the solution of a problem into which the spectator has entered with an almost parental perplexity by the allowance of £250 may sound flat, but the denouement is not flat and the suspense is kept up till the last. The dialogue is most spirited and natural, and often extremely amusing. The prodigal excites a good deal of sympathy, because he is moved by the sympathy of his mother and sister, and because he is miserable and aware of his own feebleness, which he makes the justification of his claim, as he really believes himself incapable of earning a living; while a scene between brother and sister, very touching in its matter-of-factness, makes one feel that father and son are fair game, by revealing that her prospects of a free and happy future have been ruined by being dragged by them into a society where for her there is little chance of marriage. Stella Faringford will probably marry Henry Jackson. Some kind of a love-liking springs up between her and the prodigal in the course of the four acts, just enough to make the sense of his own incompetence harder to bear and the conclusion of the play doubtful" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 20-22). “In St John Hankin is much of the intellectual curiosity and honesty of Shaw in approaching contemporary social life, but while the latter is shaking his fist, the former is merely shrugging his shoulders. In his detestation of bourgeois cheapness of mind and soul, Hankin never forgets that he is writing plays and not theses, and therefore does not exploit his characters by subjecting them to his dictation, but allows a. social truth to evolve from what they do and say...It is characteristic of him that he should champion the under dog, the social misfit, who protests against the conventionality of the comfortably adjusted and the unrespectability of the respectable. He likes audacious people who disturb the sanctified peace of society. And yet, uncompromising as he is, he has not quite the philosophy to let his sense of the comic rise above his irritation. He is a little prejudiced in his very gesture of eschewing prejudice. Hankin never broke through into a full, clear utterance...But he was a substantial workman, who, unafraid and clear sighted, brought healthy ideas into comedy. His milieu is not primarily that of the aristocracy, but in his observation, in his moral inconclusiveness, and in his amused cynicism he is eminently qualified as exponent of the comedy of manners” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 213-214). "Shaw is an interested optimist, and Hankin is a disinterested pessimist; Shaw always hopes for the best and fully intends to make himself heard and to be successful: while Hankin contemplates the irremediable weaknesses of human nature and seems only to desire that men should see and recognize them, trusting perhaps in the beneficial effects, not social or historical, but individual and moral, of contrition and charity. This is a Catholic attitude, of which perhaps the author was not conscious, and which I believe he would not have accepted intellectually. In each of his works there is a character or a situation which all but attains the tragic, yet has not the strength of passion to reach it; and it is not through virtue, but through weakness, that these men and women fall back into the atmosphere of comedy" (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 107-108). =="The return of the prodigal"== [[File:Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son (detail) - WGA19134.jpg|thumb|Eustace's return fails to induce a father's tenderness, unlike the one portrayed by Rembrandt (1606-1669) from the Biblical source]] Time: 1900s. Place: Gloucestershire, England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/returnofprodigal00hank https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45361 https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.503892 Henry Jackson, a prosperous textile manufacturer working with his father, Sam, is at the point of asking Stella Faringford in marriage, when she interrupts and asks him to forbear for awhile. Family and friends learn that Eustace, Sam's other son, sent to Australia with a thousand pounds as a misfit, was discovered by a servant lying on the ground near the house, having apparently fainted. He is led in unconscious. Sam asks Henry not to delay in obtaining Stella's hand, since the Faringford influence may be decisive in his candidacy for a seat in Parliament. Eustace is examined by the family doctor, unable to detect, as he humorously tells his brother, that his fainting fit was feigned, to draw pity on his person, since he returns as a prodigal with nothing to show out of the money he previously received. Sam has had enough of his son's loafing about the house, especially after learning he coolly ordered expensive new clothes for himself and arranged to have the bill sent to his care. Sam orders him out of the house. Eustace counters that, should he be forced to leave, he will make a scandal of the treatment he receives, reducing his father's chances to win his seat in Parliament and compromising Henry's marriage prospects with Stella. "I don't like work," he comically informs them,"so there's nothing left but to beg." They negotiate. Sam proposes to send him back to Australia with another thousand pounds, but Eustace reminds him that they have already tried that strategy, which amounted to a dismal failure. Instead, the prodigal wants an annual stipend of 300 pounds, which Henry finds attractive, because, should his brother cause trouble, all they need do is cancel the allowance. Sam insists on 250 pounds and politely asks him to write sometimes. "Make it 300, father," Eustace retorts cynically, "and I won't write." Sam signs a cheque as a first installment and contemptuously waves it away. =Harley Granville-Barker= [[File:Harley Granville-Barker.jpg|thumb|Harley Granville-Barker showed much ado about a kiss during business hours, 1906]] Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) contributed an important social drama of people at work with "The Madras house" (1909), "that incomplete work of genius which is more exasperatingly characteristic of its time than any play written in our day in the English language" (Woolcott, 1922 p 113). "So far as the present writer knows, Mr GB Shaw, in Mrs Warren's Profession, is the only dramatist who has treated the whole question of the fallen woman from its sociological side. For the rest, he has cast off accepted conventions in sexual relations as in others, and might even be accused of teaching the unimportance of the marriage ceremony, when the Life-Force is impelling the woman to seek a father for her child. Here Mr Granville Barker, in The Madras House, shows himself a disciple of Mr Shaw, by his representation of the unrepentant sinner, Miss Yates" (May, 1911 p 166). Some early critics such as Andrews (1913) dismissed Granville-Barker's plays as drab. "Mr Barker finds nothing too commonplace, too dreary, nor too impertinent to be included in the conversation of his characters. Through long pages of perhaps characteristic, but utteriy unimportant, talk struggles a thin thread of narrative, scarcely strong enough to hold the piece even loosely together. All this is deplorable; for nothing worth while is accomplished; the stage is brought no nearer to reality, and a vital illuminant- if the metaphor may be so manipulated- is almost cunningly concealed, like Gratiano's reasons, in a bushel of chaff. It is not the art that is true to life, but rather the life that is in no wise true to art. The Madras House, for example, a play without hero, heroine, or plot, sets forth, in the familiar atmosphere of middle-class English life, the varying English views upon the woman question" (pp 142-143). “Complex in theme, bold and original in treatment, it may be best described as a satire on the thwarted lives led by women in England in the first decade of the century” (Evans, 1950 p 128). "In The Madras House...there is not even the pretense at a plot. Nothing takes place from act to act except conversation. There are themes enough,- certainly, enough for a season's output,- but they are only so many expressions from various angles of a sex-ridden society, and if Mr Barker believed in one thesis more than another, his conviction is not so clear as is the state of things he has satirized. A household of six unmarried daughters; a drapery-establishment where the employees live in, Constantine's retirement to the east to keep a harem so that his mind need not be distracted during hours of serious business,- all contribute to a fantastic picture of contemporary life from the point of view of sex" (Haskell, 1918 pp 288-289). “The Madras house manufactures women’s clothes...Sex is commercially profitable, very profitable...The dramatic characters shift in every act. Only one of them appears in all four...The play is amazing in its broadness and seeming completeness” (Moderwell, 1972 p 218). The play has no "plot, or rather the formal plot is strangely sundered from the genuine interest of the play; it recounts merely the sale of a great costume business to a commercial but romantic American. On this a magnificent fabric of discussion, mainly about the social position of women. Female assistants in large shops, the living-in system, the life of the normal married woman in England, the effect on men's work of the presence and co-operation of women- these topics are handled with brilliant originality and fluent eloquence. The study is made dramatic by the contrast between Henry Huxtable and his partner Constantine Madras. Huxtable is positively steeped in home affections and Victorian stolidities, feels that he could not be happy in heaven without antimacassars and a marble clock. Madras is elaborately contrasted with him at every point. Not only has he so revolted against English home life that he has deserted his wife and son many years ago, Mr Barker, in order to provide the external point of view, has actually converted him to Mohammedanism, and conferred upon him a house and harem in an Arabian village. This person's comments on the Englishman's attitude towards women are both novel and deadly, provoking a healthy reaction or commanding revolution. The upshot is that women are a disturbing and destructive factor in the ordinary business of the world confined to the house in the Eastern fashion, they would perform their function of brightening life and soothing the wearied soul" (Norwood, 1921 pp 90-91). The Madras House "consists of four juxtaposed episodes. The life of every character is shaped by his or her particular relationship to the couture firm...There is no resolution to any of the characters in marriage, divorce or suicide, and even the pregnancy of Marion Yates and her refusal to name the father of her child results in no denouement" (Chothia, 1996 pp 60-61). "This piece reveals no definite beginning and the author has deliberately planned it in such a way that it shall show no end. Structurally, this work is, so to speak, a succession of four middles" (Hamilton, 1914 p 94). "The play is organized as a presentation of social problems with a deliberate plan of non-development. The "playwright adopted a loose form that enabled him to play with problems like a master rather than a journeyman of the theatre of ideas. Clever satirization of a respectable draper’s household and of another middle-class prison, a drapery establishment or 'industrial seraglio' where the employees 'live in' and must abstain from marriage, is supplemented by the pointed whimsy of the wife-deserting Constantine Madras who has become a Mohammedan. To the worthy pater familias Huxtable with his half dozen cowed and unmarried daughters Constantine paints the advantages of polygamy; all the daughters could be taken care of by a single man! Moreover, the segregation of women would promote a rational life and society: 'From seventeen to thirty-four- the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue- wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women. How’s he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life...All politics, all religion, all economy is being brought down to the level of women’s emotions.' This is the bee in Constantine’s turban, and it buzzes agreeably. Only his serious-minded son Philip, who concerns himself with human misery and fears that 'we good and clever people are costing the world too much' is a proper foil to both the easy-going Constantine and the smug Huxtable. The drapery establishment of which he is part owner recalls both Carlyle’s dour fulminations against the dandiacal English habit and Ruskin’s views on art. Philip wants an 'art and a culture that shan’t be just a veneer on savagery', something that must come 'from the happiness of a whole people'. Therefore he is going into politics. Neither lightness of treatment nor weight of thought is absent in this rambling but fertile comedy of ideas" (Gassner, 1954a pp 619-620). “All is brought to a head in the extraordinary third act where the business is sold...The beauties of costume, textile, body are at the same time dependent on the exploitation of young women. The moment the deal is sealed takes ten lines of dialogue. The lushness of theatre is paid by, but obscures the operation of money” (Shepherd, 2009 pp 150-152). “The play reveals the fashion business as one in which women are dressed for display in a sexual market; the women modeling the clothes are treated as animated mannequins, dressed in revealing garments which prevent them from even sitting down” (Eltis, 2004 p 233). "The rhythm of action- emphasis and suppression in the service of unity of effect- is abandoned. Each act ends in the midst of a conversation; so does the whole play, and the stage-direction remarks: 'she doesn't finish, for really there is no end to the subject.' All of which means that Mr Barker seeks to follow the broken rhythm of life- the helpless swaying hither and thither of human talk, the pause of embarrassment or sudden blankness which leads to irrelevant changes of subject. In addition, he seeks to illustrate, as in the second act of The Madras House, the fact that human affairs run parallel to each other and have often no connection except the accidental one of a single man or woman's being a participant in each. Thus the scandal among the employees of the house and the sale of the house to the American, Eustice P State, have nothing in common except that Philip Madras must, necessarily, give his attention to both. Each, to be sure has, upon reflection, a bearing upon the theme of the play which is, once more, the problem of sex. But from the aspect of fable and structure The Madras House marks a point at which the avoidance of artifice touches the negation of form. Negation of form! Having written the words, I am almost ready to retract them. For in truth The Madras House is one of the most fascinating of modern plays. Its strange inconsequentialities of structure, its act endings which trail off into a natural silence or simply blend with the ceaseless hum of life seem but to sharpen the peculiar tang of art and thought, extremely keen and personal, that exhales from the play. The thesis of The Madras House is no less arresting than its form. The gradual emancipation of woman in the West has led to the constant, enervating preoccupation with the instinct of sex. Society, politics, education- all bring men and women into contacts which are, consciously or not, sexually stimulating. The vast industries that serve the adornment of even the most cultured of modern women prove these very women to be primarily bent upon emphasizing the sexual appeal. To this menace there are two effective retaliations: one, that of the elder Madras, to segregate women as in the Orient, and let men do their work in the world in virile cleanness; the other, that of the younger Madras, to force our civilisation to be less of a 'barnyard' in spirit, to wring from it a culture that is not simply a veneer over sexual savagery" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 203-205). “The plays of Granville Barker are thoroughly modern both in form and content. In his Madras House (1909) the question of guilt might have played an important role, but does not. The one character who is really culpable according to the old accepted standards of ethics considers himself far above these standards. He disregards them or tramples them underfoot without the slightest feeling of guilt” (Cast, 1917 p 538). "Has anybody noticed, I wonder, that each of the four married women in this play is an awful warning against marriage? First there is Katherine Huxtable, a British matron bound in triple hide of ignorance, prejudice and convention. Second is Amelia Madras, whose placid obstinacy of self-martyrdom would drive any man into sin. More awful still is Mrs Brigstock, that embittered, jealous, charmless spouse with one eye fixed on the main chance and the other on her husband’s discomfort. Last there is Jessica Madras, who must come down to the office instead of telephoning and cannot see why she should not be taken out to lunch, who feels herself neglected and chooses her husband’s best friend as the repairer of that neglect" (Agate, 1926 p 235). The Madras House "shows two cross-sections of early-twentieth-century society, the first being a respectable suburban home at Denmark Hill, and the second the drapery store of Messrs Roberts and Huxtable. In each the primitive natural feelings of the inmates have been repressed" (Reynolds, 1949 p 139). "This is a study in repression (there are seventeen women in a cast of twenty-five): the repression of the younger generation of suburban Denmark Hill- the suburbs had a bad time in the New Drama- and of the drapers’ employees of that harem of industry, Messrs Roberts and Huxtable’s at Peckham, and of ‘the Madras House’, the Bond Street dress-shop that gives a name to the piece. It contains an invigorating debate on the place of women in society. It is acute and it is courageous. This is one of the most notable plays of rebellion in a rebellious period when so many lids were being lifted from so many cauldrons, when we heard both a singing and a growling in the air, and suffragettes had become front-page news" (Trewin, 1951 p 81). "When the situation between his characters reaches the most serious pitch, instead of speaking impulsively out of themselves, they tend to transfer their predicament to the plane of generalities, discussing it as one not peculiar to themselves but to many (vide the dialogue between husband and wife with which The Madras House closes). In short the drama of Granville-Barker is that of a man to whom the significance of life has been most excitingly revealed, not at moments when, so to speak, he has banged up against other human beings, but when intimacy has taken the form of sounding the depths of experience together, and the condition of mutual proximity has been on both sides a high personal detachment...We can get a bird’s eye view of a gigantic theme much too big for treatment in a single action drama. He has constructed his conversation drama with a skill which it is a delight to remember afterwards. I can understand a spectator thinking that the dramatist was spending too much time on the construction of a realistic atmosphere, but on reflection these little touches, like the perpetual polite introductions of the many daughters of Mr Huxtable (Admirable, perfect Mr Aubrey Mather!) to Major Thomas, are superfluous. Not at all. They suggest the dire extent to which human relationships in that household have been fossilized into prim formalities, just as the mannequin show illustrates the 'moral' and commercial exploitation of sex interest...Thus the play is a scheme of ingeniously contrived talk through which illuminating rays from different temperamental quarters are thrown on the theme. Old Madras is a man to whom sex is the spice of life, but he does not like the whole of life to be flavoured with it; the sentimental American, Mr Eustace Perrin State, wants every dish saturated with it— but in a diluted, romantic form; old Huxtable has thought all his life that the proper thing to do was to ignore it- and a nice mess the Huxtable family have made of that. The point of view of the desiccated Miss Chancellor is given, and- wonder of wonders- she is properly allowed to keep her dignity; in the hands of a lesser draughtsman she would have been just a poor old cockshy; the young mother who has thrown her cap over the windmill gives hers; the cramped and harried Brigstocks exhibit the predicament into which industrial civilization has forced them" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 215-219). =="The Madras house"== Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/madrashouseacom00bargoog Philip Madras and his uncle, Henry Huxtable, prepare to sell their clothing shop, Roberts & Huxtable, to an American financier by the name of State. For this purpose, they will soon meet with Philip's father, Constantine, separated from his wife, Amelia, 30 years ago due to his adulterous relations with several of his employees. Amelia wishes to see him, too. "I am his wife still, I should hope,” she tells her son. He went away from me when he was young. But I have never forgotten my duty. And now that he is an old man, and past such sin, and I am an old woman, I am still ready to be a comfort to his declining years, and it's right that I should be allowed to tell him so.” Recently, Henry has heard news that two of their employees, William Brigstock and Marion Yates, were seen kissing at work by the housekeeper, Miss Chancellor. News of improper conduct quickly spread around, all the more so since William is married and Marion unmarried but pregnant. Although William's wife, Freda, believes her husband innocent of adultery, Henry wants to sack both. In his office, Philip asks Marion to explain what happened in front of William and Miss Chancellor. ”And when I told him- all I chose to tell him as to what had happened to me, I asked him to kiss me just to show he didn't think so much the worse of me. And he gave me one kiss - here,” Marion explains while pointing to her forehead. Miss Chancellor believes that she is lying, that they are in fact lovers, but Philip is prepared to let the matter drop. However, husband and wife consider the accusation slander and insist on a public retraction, which Philip refuses to consider. “How is Mr Brigstock to remain in the firm if Miss Chancellor does?” Freda retorts. Miss Chancellor is outraged, Freda threatens her with a lawsuit, Miss Chancellor threatens to leave the firm unless believed. "It would be good manners to believe her,” Philip tells Miss Chancellor. “We must believe so much of what we're told in this world.” Philip’s friend and State’s representative, Major Thomas, arrives for the business meeting. He amuses Philip by requesting him to be invited less often at his house and see less of Philip’s wife, Jessica. "Phil, I don't like women, and I never did," Thomas confesses, "but I'm hardly exaggerating when I say I married simply to get out of the habit of finding myself once every six months in such a position with one of them that I was supposed to be making love to her.” The owners agree to sell the company to State, who waxes poetical over the new line of women's dresses he intends to exhibit. "It is the middle class woman of England that is waiting for me, the woman who still sits at the parlour window of her provincial villa, pensively gazing through the laurel bushes. I have seen her on my solitary walks. She must have her chance to dazzle and conquer," he muses enthusiastically. He thinks that the economic independence of women is the next step in civilization. Constantine disagrees, having converted to Islam. Henry is disgusted at this bit of news. "I've not spoken to you for thirty years, have I? That is I've not taken more notice of you than I could help. And I come here today full of forgiveness and curiosity to see what you're really like now and whether I've changed my mind or whether I never really felt all that about you at all and damned if you don't go and put up a fresh game on me! What about Amelia? Religion this time!” he exclaims. Constantine opines that the world's interest is best served by keeping women at home. "From seventeen to thirty-four, the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue, wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women,” he declares. “How's he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life? Women haven't morals or intellect in our sense of the words. They have other incompatible qualities quite as important, no doubt. But shut them away from public life and public exhibition. It's degrading to compete with them, it’s as degrading to compete for them.” Furthermore, he accuses the affronted Henry of keeping "an industrial seraglio". "What do we slow-breeding, civilized people get out of love and the beauty of women and the artistic setting that beauty demands? For which we do pay rather a big price, you know, Tommy. What do we get for it?" Philip asks Major Thomas. At this, Thomas is utterly at sea. When Constantine encounters Amelia, she lets him know she wants to follow him to Arabia. He refuses. She then asks him to stay in England in a different house than hers. After being refused again, she exits while looking at him hatefully. When Philip asks his father was there no other way to treat her, he answers: "Was I meant to pass the rest of a lifetime making her forget that she was as unhappy as people who have outlived their purpose always are?" Philip receives a letter from William's solicitor for compensation to the slanders his client was exposed. As suspected, he learns his father was Marion's lover and humiliated because she refused his money. He advises his son to sack William and Marion, though offering him monetary compensation and her a position later on at the new company. Philip acquiesces. To Jessica, he cheerfully conveys Thomas' message. She angrily thanks him for it. He concludes that they must live less expensively and that he contribute to society with meetings at the town council, but she, on her side, does not know what to do with herself. "You don't always let us have the fairest of chances, do you?" she asks. =Githa Sowerby= [[File:GeorgeJacombHood-1912-GithaSowerby.png|thumb|Githa Sowerby delved into what happens when a man's two sons refuse to take up his business. Portrait of the author by George Jacomb Hood (1857-1929)]] Githa Sowerby (1876-1970) contributed a fine family saga during this period with "Rutherford and son" (1912), "Rutherford and son" is "a drama of domestic tyranny centering around the granite figure of the industrialist Rutherford whose children escape his tyranny only after being virtually broken by him. Dramatic power is also furnished by excellent characterizations of an old sister who fears him, a frustrated daughter who runs away with his foreman, and a weak willed son who can only free himself by abandoning his wife and his child and breaking his father’s cash box. Only the son’s wife remains, and it is she alone who finally masters the hard old man now that he wants an heir to the house of Rutherford and is in need of such affection as he can find" (Gassner, 1954a p 621). Andrews (1913) complained that "Miss Githa Sowerby...sets before us with notable vitality and force the ruthlessly dominant male. Like [Elizabeth Baker's 'Chains' (1909)], this play is gloomy, sordid, and depressing, admirable in characterization and dialogue, and almost devoid of action. Its popularity, in the face of its hard and repellent subject-matter, surely adds point to Molière's reflection that 'the business of amusing honest folk is a strange one' (p 145). In contrast, George (1914) described the play along with Houghton's "Hindle Wakes" (1910) as the "finest recent instances of stage realism...In both plays life is represented not as it might be, which would be romance, but as it is. In both the atmosphere is extraordinary; in both the position of woman, alliance, motherhood, responsibility, seriously figure. But there is no strain, there is hardly any preaching; the characters seldom explain themselves, and throughout they reveal themselves. And there is passion, enthusiasm, suffering, and hope, all the things the common men understand" (p 57). “Githa Sowerby, with Rutherford and Son (1912), succeeded in creating almost a synthetic personality out of all the middle-class characters against which this sort of drama is directed, in Rutherford, the manufacturer, for whom nothing has any value that is not connected with the prosperity of his factory. Thus, while his machines multiply and prosper, and seem to devour every other life, human life languishes in the dreary, misty northern scene. One by one Rutherford’s sons and daughters go away from him, to seek liberty and life elsewhere; for a breath of real humanity they face misery and death. Only at the end of the play the daughter-in-law, abandoned by her husband, returns to ask the old man’s protection, and brings him her son, who in the future will be able to inherit the business. This hope, and the sense of a tragic solitude, finally move the heart of Rutherford, who for this reason receives the two outcasts” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 116-117). "John Rutherford, the owner of the firm 'Rutherford and Son', is possessed by the phantom of the past- the thing handed down to him by his father and which he must pass on to his son with undiminished luster; the thing that has turned his soul to iron and his heart to stone; the thing for the sake of which he has never known joy and because of which no one else must know joy,- 'Rutherford and son'...Not only the Rutherford children, their withered Aunt Ann, and old Rutherford himself, but even Martin, the faithful servant in the employ of the Rutherfords for twenty-five years, is 'dedicated', and when he ceases to be of use to their Moloch, he is turned into a thief and then cast off, even as Janet and John...Janet knows her father better than John; she knows that 'no one ever stands out against father for long- or else they get so knocked about, they don't matter any more.' Janet knows, and when the moment arrives that brings her father's blow upon her head, it does not come as a surprise to her. When old Rutherford discovers her relation with Martin, his indignation is as characteristic of the man as everything else in his life. It is not outraged morality or a father's love. It is always and forever the House of Rutherford. Moreover, the discovery of the affair between his daughter and his workman comes at a psychologic moment: Rutherford is determined to get hold of John's invention- for the Rutherfords, of course- and now that Martin has broken faith with his master, his offense serves an easy pretext for Rutherford to break faith with Martin" (Goldman, 1914 pp 236-241). =="Rutherford and son"== [[File:Glass Factory - geograph.org.uk - 486146.jpg|thumb|Trouble starts when a glass factory owner enters in conflict with his son over the latter's invention of a metal alloy. Yorkshire glass factory]] Time: 1910s. Place: Grantley, North Yorkshire, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/cu31924013224666 https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweiala https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweuoft https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00sowe Because of a coal miners' strike, John Rutherford’s glass-works factory is short on coal. Other problems have led to uncertainties regarding the survival of the company. Rutherford’s most trusted workingman, Martin, informs him that he caught an employee, Henderson, with his hand in the till. Despite his youth, Rutherford dismisses him. Rutherford’s son, John Junior, has invented a new type of metal alloy which, according to him and Martin, might be worth a fortune. Without having studied the matter, Rutherford downplays its importance. Rutherford is nevertheless outraged that John wants to keep the formula secret until he buys the invention from him and then leaves with the money, so that no one would be left to manage the company, since his other son, Richard, is the local clergyman. Having been offered a curacy in another region, Richard asks his father permission to go. “Wear your collar-stud at the back if you like, it's all one to me,” Rutherford answers indifferently, “You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear: you were no good for my purpose, and there's an end. For the matter o' that, you might just as well never ha’ been born except that you give not trouble either way.” He is only annoyed when Richard tells him he has promised Henderson’s mother to speak on behalf of his son for another chance to stay in his employ. Although Rutherford hears her plea, her son’s dismissal is a foregone conclusion. Before going, however, she blurts out rumors concerning an underhand relation between Martin and his daughter, Janet, which he sternly disapproves of. Alone with Martin, Rutherford requests the content of the alloy. Although aware of his treachery towards John, Martin promises to hand it over to him the following day. Rutherford then tells Janet he wants her out of his house and the next day, once he obtains the content of the alloy, fires Martin. When a broken Martin reveals to Janet that he must go, she tries to make him see the positive side. “You're free,” she declares, "free for the first time since you were a lad mebbee to make a fresh start.” “A fresh start?” he echoes affronted. “Wi' treachery and a lyin' tongue behind me?” He offers her money so that she can live in another village, but, recognizing that he has little interest in starting anew with her, she refuses and leaves the house. When John learns of Martin’s treachery, he steals money from his father’s cash-box and proposes to go away with his wife, Mary. However, Mary doubts her husband’s ability to care for her and her young son and has no wish to return to her former occupation. Instead, she proposes to Rutherford that she remain in his house to raise the son as his his heir and eventual owner of the company. He accepts. =Charles McEvoy= Charles McEvoy (1879-19) wrote a fine domestic drama in “David Ballard” (1907), a play described as “severely realistic” by Dickinson (1917a p 170) about a man who wants to become a writer despite a lack of encouragement from his family. ==“David Ballard”== Time: 1900s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/davidballardapl00mcevgoog David Ballard returns home dispirited from the nature of his work as an office worker in a store to his mother (Ellen), father (Simon), sister (Gladys), younger brother (Percy), and cousin (Mercy). “I’ve been drawn to this horrible, ghastly drudgery at the store and I can’t see any end to it,” he confesses to his mother. “I’ve no time for study, or quiet thought, or serious work of any kind.” For he wants to become a writer. She attempts in vain to encourage him, after which Simon, now retired, returns to reminisce about the 42 years he spent at work, a matter objected to by a Gladys uninterested in “talk shop”. Their lodger, Darwin Snodge, a portrait painter, arrives to pay his rent. When the family and Darwin hear that David intends on leaving the house and quitting his job, everyone except Mercy tries to convince him otherwise. “My boy, if you’d only stop there at your work patiently and try to cultivate a liking for it,” Simon pleads, “you’d soon get a substantial raise and everything would look rosy again.” David obtained a 10-shilling raise, but still wants to quit. In Darwin’s view, the lad lacks “patience, perseverance and hope”. “You can’t do good work unless you’ve got the stomach behind you to put into it,” he specifically advises. Because he has no intention of starving, David asks for a loan of 5 pounds, but is refused. As a result, he rushes out, at which only Mercy is glad. As Gladys and Darwin celebrate their engagement in a restaurant, Simon breaks down in tears after learning that his son left their home exactly one year ago. He is further innerved after spotting out the window David himself looking like a derelict. Darwin thinks the old man imagined it. “I foresaw this all along,” Gladys affirms. “I said we’d no business to bring him with us.” It is David, overwhelmed with shame but defiant. He has been unable to make a living out of writing. “Exactly as I predicted,” Darwin notes. Although Mr and Mrs Ballard want him back to the house, Gladys does not. However, Darwin objects to having his future brother–in-law “walking about the streets like that”. Percy agrees. One year later, David has taken over the job once held by his father, now dead. While Gladys fusses over her twins, Percy takes Mercy apart to tell her something, but they are interrupted by a Gladys in a frenzy because her cousin ignored her call. Percy begs Mercy to help him restore 700 pounds he took out of the till at work, which he has used to amuse himself with the higher social classes. David advises her to refuse his brother such a loan. Gladys interrupts a second time, exasperated at Mercy’s slackness in helping out with her babies. She reveals that Mercy is not her cousin after all, but an orphan the family picked up out of charity. “You will leave this house within an hour, creature,” she commands. Mercy is willing as David receives the news that one of his poems has won a 100 pound prize, to be handed over to his brother, Mercy advises. David reluctantly agrees and, having finally spoken of their love of each other, leaves the house in her company. =Horace Annesley Vachell= [[File:Horace_Annesley_Vachell_circa_1920.jpg|thumb|Vachell exposed the mixing of bank practices with personal relations]] Horace Annesley Vachell (1861-1955) offered a worthy bank drama with Jelf’s (1912) when finances conflict with personal relations. =="Jelf’s"== [[File:HSBC_in_Pall_Mall,_London.jpg|thumb|Richard, the owner of Jelf's bank, is involved in a conflict between helping out a friend who is also a rival to the woman he intends to marry. Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in Pall Mall, London]] Time: 1910s. Place: London and fictional Shepperford, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/jelfsacomedyinf00vachgoog https://archive.org/details/jelfscomedyinfou00vachiala After spending several years on a ranch in California, Richard Jelf has taken over the family business in a London bank for the past 6 months. His friend, Archie Mull, takes the opportunity to ask to be invited at Richard’s house in Shepperford along with Sir Jonathan Dunne, chairman of the Amalgamated Association of Bankers and father of his intended, Dorothy, without mentioning he is coming, since the prospective father-in-law is against the marriage. As the friend of Richard’s uncle and founder of the bank, Sir Jonathan is relieved to hear that Richard along with Adam Winslow, chief clerk and senior adviser, are proceeding along conservative lines, unlike the “wildcat speculations” of other banks such as Palliser’s. Remembering his friend’s request, Richard invites Jonathan over at his house and he accepts. Richard next receives the visit of Archie’s mother, the countess of Skene and Skye, desperate for money but relieved by Richard at the level of 500 pounds. In return, the countess advises him as to deportment and dress to fit in London society. More advice as to clothes is provided by James Palliser, head of the family bank in financial difficulties. James is surprised to hear that Richard is engaged to be married to Fenella Mull, Archie’ sister and, unknown to Richard, James’ lover, whose offer of marriage was repulsed by her mother, the countess of Skene and Skye. Richard offers to help James out of financial difficulties by inviting him over at Shepperford to meet Sir Jonathan, which James gladly accepts. Still fond of her old lover, Fenella asks Richard to help James out of his bank’s troubles. Richard agrees and offers Fenella a pearl necklace and diamond tiara, which frightens her to the point of requesting him to stow them till their wedding day. At Shepperford, Richard offers to settle down a nervous Archie by pretending to be Jonathan in a made-up dialogue favoring the young man’s offer of marriage to his daughter. But when the true Jonathan arrives, the result is the contrary, as Dorothy’s father declares he will only accept the idle youngster provided he obtain a responsible position, which is secured when Richard offers Archie the position of manager at his California ranch. Richard also rescues Dorothy from some difficulty while punting on the water. Unaware of the identity of her rescuer, Dorothy reveals the close relation that existed between Fenella and James along with inadequacies in Richard’s choice of clothing. When James meets Fenella, he tells her that he needs to keep their past relations quiet in view of Richard’s offer of help and yet attempts to win her back. On meeting her intended, Fenella notices changes in Richard’s appearance. “I like the man who does fine things, not wears them,” she reassures him. Next evening, Dorothy announces her engagement to Lady Sken and Fenella and her gratitude at what made it possible, Richard’s offer of Archie’s employment. “Too much consideration for one's father is a sort of reversion to type,” the countess declares, “a sentimental mistake.” “That sounds awfully immoral, Lady Skene,” Dorothy comments. “I lived in an absurd age which preached morality as successfully as it practiced the other thing,” the countess replies. Fenella reads that according to the London Observer, Jelf’s has come to the aid of Palliser’s. Meanwhile, unaware of Richard’s ignorance in the matter, Archie blurts out the existence of the past relation between Fenella and James. But when Richard inquires about whether Fenella had any past relation, she denies the existence of any. She discovers that the article in the London Observer was conveyed by James without Richard’s consent, an item which alarms Adam Winslow to the point of his tendering his resignation unless Richard retracts the article. Against Jonathan’s advice, Richard refuses to retract it but demands to find out the nature of the current situation between James and Fenella. James admits that he still loves her and intends to marry her, while Fenella remains committed to neither. The news of Jelf’s position sets off a panic reaction among its clients, threatening to take out their accounts in massive numbers. The situation becomes even more threatening when Jonathan, a vital depositor, shows up with the possibility of removing his own account at Jelf’s. More impending disaster appears when a bookmaker threatens to take out his large account unless Richard submits to being blackmailed for a small amount by a friend of his, a newspaper editor who felt insulted recently after Richard declined to meet him personally but instead passed him off to Adam. Richard declines to be blackmailed. Despite the double threat, Fenella stands by Richard and Richard stands firm, a move which pays off when both the bookmaker and Jonathan support him as well, considerably relieving the anxieties of the large band of customers ready to cancel their accounts. =Frederick Hazlitt Brennan= Frederick Hazlitt Brennan (1901-1962) attracted attention with a rough war-time comedy-drama, “The Wookey” (1941). ==“The Wookey”== [[File:Civilian Service Medal, 1939-1945.png|thumb|Winning a civilian service medal, 1939-1945, fails to impress the Wookey]] Time: 1939-1940. Place: London, England. Text at ? Just released from prison for indecent exposure during a show, Genevieve heads for the house of her sister, Bella, but first encounters her nephew, Ernie, hiding a dachshund from his mother inside the bed of his sister, Primrose. In view of the likelihood of war, Gen offers Bella her house in Lynmouth, but she declines. In storms Walt, anxious to marry Gen, but she rejects him. Refusing to accept her answer, he pulls at her and the two women defend themselves with difficulty until Bella’s husband, Horace, nicknamed the Wookey, enters and throws him out. To protect his family from scandal, Horace insists that his sister-in-law marry Walt. She backs down. Horace shows Primrose the present he brought over for his wife: a section of an iron fence tied with roses, while Ernie gets a used air-rifle. To his father, he reveals the hidden dachshund, saved from stoning by the local boys. Holding the dog with one hand, Horace spanks his son with the other for hiding it in the wrong place, but permits him to keep it. He hands over to his daughter a gift of French lingerie and, while heading for his bath, Rory, Irish first mate of Horace’s tug-boat, carries in with Hector, Bella’s cousin, and Mr Archibald another present for his wife: a brand-new toilet bowl, at the sight of which Bella pretends to be reserved as Constable Simpson enters with Cheltenham, Air Raid Precaution warden, arrived to check on the equipment given to the family, which they have carelessly handled. A scowling Horace tears a gas mask to shreds. “They mucks about till ‘Itler gets strong enough ter bomb us, then they sends us thrupenny marsks and biscit tin back’ouses,” he challenges. For his negligence, despite Horace’s three medals from the previous war, Cheltenham hands him a summons. Wanting no part of this war, Horace heads for the pub. In the Wookeys’ back-yard a year later, Rory courts Primrose and kisses her as Horace enters. “Less of it,” he commands. Primrose informs her father that the government has issued boats for the war, a matter that fails to interest him. Although as a mate Rory’s work has been satisfactory, Horace refuses to consider his offer of marriage for the moment. “Your qualifications and character needs further testin’,” he declares. Consistent with his views, Horace refuses to hand over his boat to Dr Lewisohn and factory workers for the conduct of the war, but accepts the same when Gen begs him to bring back her husband with the retreating army. But Walter dies and Horace and Rory have been gone for three weeks. Because of the bomb threat, Ernie is sent on his way to Wessex. But soon Horace and Rory return with a bath-tub and firearms, the delay caused by the time spent in prison for debt to the oil company because of their inability to pay the petrol and lubricant for going back and forth from Dunkirk to save the soldiers. Moreover, the oil company seized the boat. Horace rushes out after learning that Ernie has been taken away. But the boy escapes and hides in an out-house. When Horace discovers his son, he gives him a 10-bob note for hiding but several thwacks for letting his dog bite the vack woman. Amid the writing of a letter to Winston Churchill to get his money back, a fire bomb drops on the house but he manages to smother it in sand. Angry at the damage to his house, he now offers his “qualified support” to the British cause. After Horace is named chief fire warden, more bomb attacks follow so that Ernie is eventually found by rescue workers under the stairs surrounded by rubble, his dog injured and his mother dead. Instead of heading for a shelter, his father remains with him in the cellar, where Rory the Irishman draws ire from the British for his discouraging remarks. For his service at Dunkirk, Horace obtains the king’s civilian medal but no word on recovering his boat. He criticizes all aspects of the British conduct of the war and, to minimize the damage, allows his basement to become an official shelter while he commands his family to head towards Lynmouth, though he himself only pretends to go. =JM Barrie= [[File:James Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|James Matthew Barrie draws immortal plaudits for his character of Peter Pan, 1890s]] In a comic vein, JM Barrie (1860-1937), the Scottish playwright, achieved lasting fame with "Peter Pan" (1904). "In the year 1904 came Peter Pan, and it had an insane success. This is no spring flower, or hothouse plant; it is a hardy perennial, and will delight thousands of spectators after we shall have all made our exit from the planet. It is one of the most profound, original, and universal plays of our epoch...Barrie created a character, a personality; Peter Pan is an addition to literature and an addition to humanity. He is a real person, already proverbial and it seems incredible that he can ever be forgotten" (Phelps, 1920b p 837). The playwright "knows how children revel in the game of make-believe, with what elaborate care they will build up the machinery for their romances, and he has carried out the splendid idea of bringing all the resources of the stage to the service of a whimsical tale, in which sprites and pirates, red Indians, wolves, and crocodiles, are mingled in moments of rich amusement or participate in deeds of derring-do such as Fenimore Cooper or George Henty have made familiar to the bigger boys. There is a pleasing softness, and just a tinge of sadness, about much of this story of Peter Pan” (Agate, 1947 pp 133). "Peter Pan is perhaps the most escapist play ever written, and the reality that is so resolutely avoided in this charming fantasy is the entire adult world" (Gassner, 1954a p 623). For Andrews (1913), the play "is in reality not a drama, but a strangely iridescent poetic pantomime, full of bizarre and tender gayety. It is sometimes difficult, indeed, to determine when Mr Barrie's intention is serious and when merely humorous. Perhaps as a result of this peculiarity, his plays often fail to create an impression of depth or solidity. He is particularly felicitous in the portrayal of the lighter phases of feminine character, though he has rarely achieved a full-length study of a truly womanly woman" (pp 156-157). “The parents...who see their offspring unexpectedly disappear, the lost boys who surround the hero, Wendy, who seems to nourish a precocious feeling for the impossible boy (without his understanding in the least what is expected of him), and the family dog who laments the escape of her little charges, are all figures which have a principle of real personality, and for that reason blossom into the dramatic. When the children return to home and reality, after having lost themselves in a marvellous dream, the incorrigible Peter abandons them and never returns again. On the other hand, JM Barrie returns, to follow these children, or others similar to them, on the path of life, towards real, adult existence, towards drama and reality. But as in their childhood Peter Pan flew in at the open window of their night-nursery one spring night, and took them away with him to the Never Never Land, so now, when they are grown up, there returns instead James Barrie himself, always ready to insert a magical element into their human, and therefore tragi-comical, affairs” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 163-164). "'Peter Pan' captivated the grown-ups and even more so the most hardened critics. The Stage said of it: 'Mr Barrie has entered fully into the joys and delights of childhood days, and he has peopled his newest fantasy with the choicest personages from the pages of Marryat or Cooper, side by side with the heroes of our youth, who interpret incidents which only the most elastic imagination could conceive. The whole is impregnated by the nimble wit and facile fancy which the eminent dramatist has at command and the blend of humour and pretty sentiment constitutes a piece that no one, old or young, should resist.' The Illustrated London News said that it combined the child's passion for make-believe and the average little girl's maternal instinct and described it as 'an artfully artless play which has all the pretty inconsequences of an imaginative child's improvisations'" (Wilson, 1951 p 149-150). Wilson (1937) has a harsher view of the protagonist. "Peter is a pathetic figure clinging desperately to a pretence. Normal children (and even adults who are not insufferably intellectual) indulge in day dreams. But they know perfectly well that the world of their fancy is not a real one. Peter will not give up his dreams and becomes a kind of waif" (p 247). =="Peter Pan"== [[File:Captain Hook.PNG|thumb|Final showdown between Peter and Captain Hook, illustrated by FD Bedford (1864-1954)]] Time: 1900s. Place: London, England and Never Land. Text at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16 Before being put to bed, the three children of Mr and Mrs Darling (Wendy, John, and Michael), ask many of the usual questions. Thus Michael: "Mother, how did you get to know me?" and "At what time was I born, mother?" She does not answer the first question but only the second. "At two o'clock in the night-time, dearest," to which, worried, he answers: "O, mother, I hope I didn't wake you." She tells her husband she saw a boy's face at their window three floors up. The boy escaped but the window cut his shadow, which she shows him and then returns it inside a drawer. He was accompanied by a ball of light. After the parents leave, Peter Pan and Tinker Bell fly up to the children's room. He retrieves his shadow, sown on by Wendy, who proposes to kiss him, too. He holds out his hand for it, to Wendy's disappointment. In return, he offers what eh considers a kiss, an acorn button, which she puts on. Despite Tinker Bell's irritation at their increasing friendliness, Peter shows the children how to fly and they go away to Never Land, where a pirate, Captain Hook, is seething for revenge, because on one of their encounters he fell and a crocodile ate off one of his arms and would have eaten the rest of him had it not swallowed an alarm-clock, since which time he hears its ticking now and then. Peter's companions at Never Land receive a false message from the vengeful Tinker Bell, whereby they are commanded to shoot Wendy down as she flies overheard. One of these, Tootles, succeeds in striking her down with an arrow. She looks dead, but, to everyone's relief, was saved from grievous harm by the acorn button placed over her heart. While Wendy lies unconscious, the boys build a house all around her and she agrees to keep house for them, as a sort of substitute mother. Meanwhile, the pirates attack a band of Indians led by Tiger Lilly, saved by Peter, who, imitating the captain's voice, orders the pirates to release her. The pirates next attack the children, but Captain Hook is unable to conquer them and forced to escape on hearing the ticking of the alarm clock. However, Peter and Wendy find themselves standing on a rock with the water level rising. She succeeds in flying away on a kite, while Peter hesitates on what to do next, at no point afraid, even of death. "To die will be an awfully big adventure," he considers, but eventually succeeds in flying away by unfurling his shirt like a sail, naked and victorious. Though acting as the boys' father, a worried Peter seeks reassurance from Wendy that it is all pretense, to which she droopingly responds: "Oh yes." Eventually, the Darling children recognize they must return home, Peter's companions wishing to follow them, but not Peter himself. All except Peter are captured when the pirates convince them that Tiger Lilly has won the battle against them by beating her tom-tom. However, thanks to Peter's abilities in warfare, one by one the pirates are killed in their ship. At last, Captain Hook confronts Peter but is unable to get the better of him in a sword-fight, neither can he blow them all by firing a powder magazine, all the more discouraged in seeing Peter play on pipes while sitting on a barrel in the air. Overcome by grief, Hook deliberately prostrates himself in the water and is swallowed down by the crocodile. During all that time, Mrs Darling has kept the window open for her children's return. To keep Wendy with him, Peter asks Tinker Bell to bar the window, but when the mother appears, he opens the window and flies out, enabling the children to enter. As years go by, Peter regularly comes back to the house. One day, Wendy asks him: "You don't feel you would like to say anything to my parents, Peter, about a very sweet subject?" "No," he answers. Eventually, his adventures are so many that he forgets who Tinker Bell is. Wendy asks him whether he will one day forget her, too, but, soaring away, he does not answer. =Hubert Henry Davies= Also with the lighter comic touch is Hubert Henry Davies (1869-1917) with “The mollusc” (1907). In “The mollusc”, the author "abandons the vein of ironical and photographic realism, and tries to deepen the psychological analysis by using more imaginative methods" (Pelluzzi, 1935 p 57). "The author has given his attention more to the moment than to the magnitude of his theme, though he has consistently portrayed a certain spineless phase of languid indolence with telling effect. Perhaps for the portrait intended, a quicker conflict would not serve as well. Certainly no character development is demanded, for the chief trait of his heroine is her utter void of worthwhile attributes" (Anthony, 1914 p 489). “Davies’ most memorable contribution to our modern drama is primarily a character study, but Mrs Baxter in The Mollusc (1907) is so sentient a creation that she becomes the symbol of a class of women in society who coax and wheedle their way through the world. She is a potential comedy of manners in herself. Placid, unvexed, she makes flunkeys of her family and her friends but exacts the service with an indolent amiability that is disarming. She embraces routine and serenity and evades responsibility with the ardor with which some people welcome adventure. Her brother, Tom, brings into the serenity of the Baxter household a quickening presence that awakens the Mollusc to at least a momentary sense of her womanly duty. The author has been shrewd enough to bring his play to an indeterminate conclusion and has thereby enhanced its comic potency. Can the mollusc ever slough its shell? The comedy attracts our attention also by the neat adequacy of its technique. With a cast of only four characters, the situations are never forced. It is the comedy of manners in its most intimate form, as contrasted with the An Ideal Husband or Our Betters” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 217-218). "Mrs Baxter, according to Tom, began to display a family tendency toward molluscry, a syndrome that leads to avoidance of physical and emotional effort and engagement and to a clinging hold on home base and things as they are...Fancying Miss Roberts himself from their first meeting, Tom takes it upon himself to reverse his sister's down ward spiral. Although Tom's confrontational and manipulative tactics are not exactly successful, in the end, relationships improve once interpersonal pressures and counter-pressures have been exerted... Each character's perspective and the intersubjectivity of the four characters are important to the plot. For example, when the Baxters and Miss Roberts try to recall the details of the upcoming arrival of their long-awaited guest, the dialogue, as Mrs Baxter tries to remember where she left brother Tom's letter, reveals their psychological interdependence...This tangled, claustrophobic, and yet quite funny familial situation welcomes Tom, who is just returning from visiting the wide-open spaces of Colorado" (Crochunis, 2008 pp 309-310). "For Mrs Baxter, ‘the rest which is glorious is that of the chamois couched breathless in its granite bed, not of the stalled ox over his fodder’. Ruskin’s aphorism might be the moral of Mr Davies’ charming play if anything so dull as a moral could be attached to so delicate a work of art” (Walbrook, 1911 pp 136-137). “In sharp distinction to Hankin’s trenchant social criticism is the geniality and charm of Hubert Henry Davies’ social picturing, with just a fillip of satire here and there, a blending of elements that bespeaks the Robertson tradition. Davies is a master of gay and graceful comedy of middle-class manners, finding its setting in a natural world, not in an effulgent, artificial one. If his range of experience is limited, his dramatic performance is sound. He has the genuine enthusiasm of the recorder of manners for the kaleidoscopic social scene. He maintains consistently an amused, detached attitude that is rarely tinged with scorn. Like Hankin he is an observer of men but in him a lambent humor replaces wit. His comedies have caught the contagion of his own affability, but it is a geniality that does not degenerate into the sentimental. They are luminous with a warm glow of sunshine, not with the icy glitter of Maugham, let us say. It is this sympathy of his that enkindles his characters and endears them to us in a way that was impossible for Sutro or Hankin” (Sawyer, 1931 p 217). ==“The mollusc”== [[File:Common limpets1.jpg|thumb|Dulcie Baxter’s behavior is similar to that of a limpet, moving with the tide and clinging to a rock]] Time: 1900s. Place: Rural England. Text at https://archive.org/details/playsofhuberthen02davi https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214517 Richard Baxter is disagreeably surprised to learn that the governess of his two young daughters, Miss Roberts, wants to quit her job. "I think you need a governess with a college education, or, at any rate, some one who doesn't get all at sea in algebra and Latin," she declares. His wife, Dulcie, is also disagreeably surprised. After Miss Roberts hands over a footstool to make her more comfortable, she suggests that her husband may help out with the Latin. "I read Virgil at school. I haven't looked at him since," he responds. "Why teach the girls Latin?" she then wonders. When her brother, Tom, arrives from a lengthy journey in the state of Colorado, USA, he is charmed by Miss Roberts and quickly expresses the wish that she stay. He also quickly sizes up his sister's manner about the house. "She's a mollusc," he announces to Richard. "People who are like a mollusc of the sea, which clings to a rock and lets the tide flow over its head, people who spend all their energy and ingenuity in sticking instead of moving, in whom the instinct for what I call molluscry is as dominating as an inborn vice." She appears to be moving but it is only the waves that beat her about. In view of Richard's inability to change her, Tom wants to take charge of the matter, but quickly realizes the difficulty. When Tom suggests that he and his sister should prepare a bouquet of flowers, he winds up doing all the work. She resists moving about for the least reason, such as a picnic, preferring to order people about while staying put. She is displeased on observing Tom express interest for Miss Roberts and attempts to interfere. "I find your attitude towards my brother Tom a trifle too encouraging," she says to Miss Roberts. "Last evening, for instance, you monopolised a good deal of the conversation and this morning you took a walk with him before breakfast and altogether it looks just a little bit as if you were trying to flirt, doesn't it?" An angry Miss Roberts denies it and withdraws. Tom realizes what she has done and becomes angry, too. He opens his heart to Richard. "You married to her?" says the dismayed husband. "Oh no, oh no, I couldn't bear that." Tom is stunned on learning that Richard loves Miss Roberts, though, according to him, in a platonic fashion. When Richard opens his heart to Miss Roberts, it only distresses her and more than ever she wants to leave the house. When Richard sees her distress, he tries to comfort her and is discovered by his wife in a compromising position. She promptly arranges to appear sick, so that Richard and Miss Roberts, to Tom's disgust, take turns in taking care of her. "To a mollusc there is no pleasure like lying in bed feeling strong enough to get up," he comments. He gets her to move only after suggesting that her husband may be enjoying himself in the governess' company. On reintroducing the subject of his love to her and his desire to return to Colorado, Miss Roberts' pride falters and she confesses she wants to go with him. Dulcie then realizes that the only way to save her marriage is for her and Richard to engage equally in various activities together. =Noël Coward= [[File:Noël Coward 01.jpg|thumb|In Noël Coward's view, a quarelling couple love each other more than a non-quarreling couple]] Even lighter in the comic vein is Noël Coward (1899-1973) with "Private lives" (1930). “Here we are in the most fashionable milieu of the new generation: a husband and wife, still young, have had a divorce and have each married again; but chance brings them together after a short time, the old flame is revived, and they escape from their respective second partners and live together, each committing adultery with their former legitimate half. The dialogue is a masterpiece of subtlety, humour and moral laxity. If one felt that the mind of the author was anchored to a firm principle, to a fixed moral standard, it would be a ferocious satire. But this is really irony which is ironical at its own expense and hides its bitterness under a smile which sees no future; Wilde and the Naughty 'Nineties did not produce anything so desperate, so fluently amusing and so inwardly empty as this” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 293-294). The first act “contains a great deal of skillfully modulated and finely shaded emotion, and it is nothing to the point that we do not approve of the people who are moved, that they do not belong to the world’s workers, and that this place of travail will be no better for their having passed through it...The second act shows the pretty creatures tearing each other to pieces. The third shows Victor and Sybil quarrelling not wittily, but as people without breeding quarrel. And under cover of this brawl the prettier pair steal hand in hand away...Mr Coward’s genius consists in this, that he catches admirably the conversational tone of the day, the fool-born jests of the wise, the world-weary banter of the modish restaurant’s most privileged table” (Agate, 1944 pp 244-245). “Much of the fun and poignancy of the play resides in the absurdly symmetrical action...Amanda goes in from the terrace, saying she will bring the cocktails out; a moment later, Elyot comes out on to his carrying cocktails...Amanda and Elyot both try to substitute a common sense marriage for the intensities and endless quarrels of their earlier failed relationship” (Chothia, 1996 pp 150-152). "In Private Lives two honeymoons are entertainingly contrasted. The relation between Amanda Prynne and Elyot Chase is based upon the only kind of attraction which, in the dramatist’s opinion, matters between man and woman; while their respective relations to their lawful spouses are represented as unreal and conventional...We are told what Chapter I of the lives of Amanda and Elyot was like: their marriage had ended after exasperated quarrels in divorce and in their remarriage to other partners. Though we only watch on the stage Chapter II, namely the first three days of their joint lives after they have come together again, having just bilked their just-wedded partners, this glimpse shows that Chapter III will probably repeat Chapter I. We watch scenes of rapturous tenderness modulate into the exchange of such sentiments as 'you damned sadistic bully’, “you loose-living wicked little beast!' and finally into a scrimmage on the floor...So, although his play apparently ends happily, and the story is so deftly and amusingly conducted that the audience actually envies Mr Coward’s lovers, no one can agree with Amanda’s pronouncement upon their predicament: 'we may be all right in the eyes of heaven, but we look like being in a hell of a mess socially.' No: they are in a hell of a mess all round, and it is a proof of Mr Coward’s adroitness that he has managed to disguise the grimness of his comedy and to conceal from the audience that his conception of love is desolating and false...Mr Coward’s gift as a dramatist, as I have occasion to repeat whenever I write about him, is that his dialogue has the rhythm of modern life, which is more broken and much quicker than that of twenty years ago. He understands, too, that it is more important that a joke on the stage should be spontaneous than witty. If it is also a brilliant piece of wit so much the better, but the important thing is that it should seem spontaneous" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 244-245). Mair and Ward (1939) unduly draped themselves in moral robes in summarizing the Coward cannon. “The most discussed younger dramatist between the World Wars was Noel Coward, who at times reflected and at other times seemed to initiate the moral mood of the moment. His work had little intellectual content, being concerned mainly with auto-parasitic types who feed upon their own nerves and desires. The wit is thin and febrile; the characters are bloodless and aimless creatures caught in a moral vacuum. It is a drama of disgust, more bitter in the mouth (but also more moral in intention) than the Restoration drama, where the playwrights were disgusting without being disgusted and gave sign of being weighed down by the enormities of the small world scanned by them. That world was, indeed, a world of pure artifice, insusceptible to moral law. Noel Coward’s plays are excellent theatre even if poor literature; and in this connection it must be acknowledged that inasmuch as it is the function of a playwright to fit his material to the requirements of stage entertainment, it is no fatal sign of inferiority if he comes short of meeting the sterner but duller demands of textual study” (pp 214-215). =="Private lives"== [[File:Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg|thumb|Amanda (played by Getrude Lawrence) and Elyot (played by Noël Coward) mainly agree to disagree, yet stay together, Broadway, 1931]] Time: 1930s. Place: France. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210130 Elyot and Sybil are on their honeymoon. On the terrace of their hotel, Sybil becomes curious about his former wife, Amanda, which irritates him. As they go inside their room, Amanda, by coincidence, comes out on the terrace with Victor, her new husband, also on their honeymoon. When Elyot notices Amanda, he quickly tells Sybil they must go away, but she refuses. Likewise, Amanda insists that she and Victor go, a request he considers unreasonable at this hour. Elyot and Amanda confront each other. Though still angry, they are yet swayed by the romantic music around them. "Extraordinary how potent cheap music is!" she comments. Both recognize that, even after five years of divorce, they are more in love with each other than with their respective spouses, and so they abandon them and leave together for Paris. At her apartment, Amanda and Elyot renew their old lost love, but he is startled on hearing her say she did not expect him to be celibate "anymore than I was", and is irritated about her "yap-yap-yap-yapping" about Victor, at which she cries out "Sollocks" as a sign that they should stop arguing at that point. As he cuddles up to kiss her, she says: "It is so soon after dinner," infuriating him. She complains about his drinking and he about her gramophone-playing, until the "Sollocks" danger signal no longer works and they hit each other as the bewildered pair of Victor and Sybil, having located their whereabouts, enter their room. The following morning, Amanda is wearing her traveling clothes and carrying her suitcase on her way out, but Victor convinces her to stay awhile. He demands to know Elyot's intentions, who answers he does not know. As discussions heat up, Elyot, wearing his traveling clothes and carrying a suitcase, is on his way to Canada, but Victor convinces him to remain as well. Sybil decides not to divorce Elyot for a year, and neither will Victor divorce his wife. All four seek to make light of the situation, Elyot and Amanda being more flippant, to the extent that an aggravated Victor scolds Elyot, who is defended by Sybil. While Victor and Sybil quarrel, Elyot and Amanda again slip away together. {{BookCat}} aepjsuexcfzm990g6fccl07u15gx6nn 4096912 4096911 2022-08-28T17:01:46Z Neojacob 363908 /* Sean O'Casey */ spacing wikitext text/x-wiki The Edwardian drama refers to the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910). The realistic mode prevalent at the end of the past century prevailed at the start of the 20th. "The tendency of modern dramatic art is now to make the characters and the emotional and moral significance of the situations the most important elements, and to reduce the plot to a minimum. The characters in consequence are not merely presented during the early scenes, but go on developing till the end of the play, so that the spectator may have to alter his first impressions. In consequence, the faculty upon which the modern play tends to rely more and more in the spectator is no longer the power of following the indications of a complex story, but of seizing and remembering shades of character and emotion; and the spectator's pleasure depends now not so much on being unable to guess what is going to happen next as in being able to recognize that what does happen next is true and interesting" (MacCarthy, 1907 p 18-19). “The drama of today, through the influences of modern science, of contemporary democracy, of shifting moral values, of the critical rather than the worshipful attitude toward life, of an irresistible thrust toward increased naturalism and greater veracity, has become bourgeois, dealing with the world of every day; comic, verging upon the tearful, or serious, trenching upon the tragic; unheroic, suburban, and almost prosaic, yet intensely interesting by reason of its sincerity and its humanity; essentially critical in tone, proving all things, holding fast that which is good” (Henderson, 1914 p 309). “The English, as their drama represents them, are a nation endlessly communicative about love without ever enjoying it. Full-blooded physical relationships engaged in mutual delight are theatrically tabu. Thwarted love is preferred...At the end of a play on some quite different subject- religion, perhaps, or politics- it is customary for the two to say, as he does in [St John Ervine's Robert’s Wife (1938)]: ‘I was deeply in love with a fine woman’ and for the wife to reply: ‘My dear, dear husband!’ but there should be no hint elsewhere in the text that they have as much as brushed lips. In comedies, marriage is presented as the high road to divorce. Husband and wife begin the play at daggers drawn at their country house, and the whole point of the ensuing exercise is to lure them back into each other’s arms. The reconciliation takes place in the last act. Left alone on stage, the two lovers exchange coy salutations…Among younger people, the technique of courtship is even more rigorously codified...He is always bashful and ashamed in the presence of women to whom he is not closely related. The plays of the twenties were full of scenes in which the hero, contorted with grief, confessed to his mother that he had transferred his affections to another woman. A firmly established tenet of the English drama is that love which is only physical will not last, and is probably ghastly anyway...The idea that a man and a woman should...sexually exult in their discovery is deeply offensive to English taste. Someone should suffer for it, and our playwrights see that it sometimes does, harshly and irrevocably. Proposals are regarded with more tolerance, though the approach to them is often extremely oblique...English romantic drama is built around interrupted and frustrated embraces. Uninterrupted embraces only take place years before the curtain rises…Actresses, by an unjust dispensation, have far fewer chances. Prejudice forbids them any form of self-indulgence. Until she reaches the age of thirty, the English actress is allowed only to play ingenues, girls too young for love and scared of it” (Tynan, 1961 pp 61-64). "Until the modern period, great drama has possessed not only those deeper and subtler qualities which reveal themselves to the careful analyst and which constitute its greatness, it has also possessed more generally available qualities. It has appealed on different levels. It has appealed to the connoisseur and the amateur, the critic and the public. It has functioned as mere entertainment for some and as the highest art for others. A great deal of modern art, however, including drama, does not possess this double appeal. It appeals only to those who can discern high art, just as modern entertainment frequently appeals only to those who are satisfied with mere entertainment. Scandalized, our spiritual doctors call on the entertainers to be artistic or on the artists to be entertaining. The one class is censured as low-brow, the other as high-brow. Whatever the proposed solution, wherever the blame is to be placed, the facts themselves are inexorable. A peculiar, problematic, and perhaps revolutionary situation exists. Art and commodity have become direct antagonists" (Bentley, 1955 p xv). =George Bernard Shaw= [[File:George Bernard Shaw.jpg|thumb|George Bernard Shaw is the dominant English-speaking playwright of the early 20th century by presenting serious themes in comic tones, 1909]] The Irish-born playwright, George Bernard Shaw (1854-1950), continued work from the previous century by becoming one of the major dramatists prior to World War II (1939-1945), whose best-loved plays include "Mrs Warren's profession" (1902, first written in 1893), "Man and superman" (1903), "Major Barbara" (1905), "Pygmalion" (1912), and "Heartbreak House" (1919). Early critics were offended by the theme of “Mrs Warren’s profession”. Chesterton (1914) explained that the play "is concerned with a coarse mother and a cold daughter; the mother drives the ordinary and dirty trade of harlotry; the daughter does not know until the end the atrocious origin of all her own comfort and refinement. The daughter, when the discovery is made, freezes up into an iceberg of contempt; which is indeed a very womanly thing to do. The mother explodes into pulverising cynicism and practicality; which is also very womanly. The dialogue is drastic and sweeping; the daughter says the trade is loathsome, the mother answers that she loathes it herself; that every healthy person does loathe the trade by which she lives. And beyond question the general effect of the play is that the trade is loathsome; supposing anyone to be so insensible as to require to be told of the fact. Undoubtedly the upshot is that a brothel is a miserable business, and a brothel-keeper a miserable woman. The whole dramatic art of Shaw is in the literal sense of the word, tragi-comic; I mean that the comic part comes after the tragedy" (pp 137-138). For his part, Grein (1902) refused to allow the subject of prostitution in a rational discussion. “The case of Mrs Warren has been invented with such ingenuity and surrounded by such impossibilities that it produces revolt instead of reasoning. For Mr Shaw has made the great mistake of tainting all the male characters with a streak of a demoralized tar brush; he has created a coldblooded, almost sexless daughter as the sympathetic element and he has built the unspeakable Mrs Warren of such motley material that in our own mind pity and disgust for the woman are constantly at loggerheads. If the theme was worth treating at all the human conflict was the tragedy of the daughter through the infamy of the mother. Instead of that we get long arguments- spiced with platform oratory and invective- between a mother really utterly degraded, but here and there whitewashed with sentimental effusions, and a daughter so un-English in her knowledge of the world, so cold of heart, and 'beyond human power' in reasoning that we end by hating both; the one who deserves it, as well as the other who is a victim of circumstances. Thus there are false notes all the time, and apart from a passing interest in a few scenes, saved by the author's cleverness, the play causes only pain and bewilderment, while it should have shaken our soul to its innermost chords” (pp 294-295). "“Here, not only a stock subject of philanthropic reformers, but the whole of Nordic middle-class mentality with regard to the phenomenon of prostitution is taken by the horns. Shaw argues that it is either a social necessity, and then there is no reason for keeping poor Mrs Warren and her former lodgers in a state of inferiority (this state of inferiority, on the contrary, in its turn causes the evil to grow worse); or else it is an evil that can be corrected, in which case society should correct it by eliminating its causes, and not by reviling those who are the first and principal victims of such causes. This is a very good argument, but, as usual, one-sided, because it leaves out altogether the psychological and moral aspect of the problem, which is perhaps better and more generally understood in the Latin countries than among the puritan Anglo-Saxons. There remains the drama of Mrs Warren, who after all is an excellent woman, in relation to her daughter, who is also a striking figure, a girl who has been made hard and inhuman through a badly conceived system of education” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 83-84). Henderson (1914) complained that “driven by his ineradicable sense of the ridiculous, Shaw has greatly weakened the play's effect by shattering unity of impression through the gruesome, cynical levity of Frank” (p 81). In contrast, Duffin (1939) appreciated Frank. "Regarded from a distance, the play appears as a setting for the three scenes: between Frank and Vivie: the babes in the wood, in the middle of Act III; the disclosure of the relationship, at the end of Act III; and Vivie’s renunciation in Act IV- with the scenes between Vivie and Mrs Warren as lower lights. As a reason for Vivie’s repudiation of her mother’s money, any other disgraceful way of getting rich would have served; but the fact that Mrs Warren is a leader in this special business makes possible also the most interesting psycho- logical problem of the play- the brother-and-sister-lover relationship. The situation is handled with such skill and sympathy by Shaw- mainly through the exquisite creation of Frank Gardner, who is among the most wonderful of Shaw’s young men- that it not only escapes all taint of unpleasantness, but actually becomes one of those gracious loves that are uncharacteristic of Shaw. Frank is not affected by the conventional idea of a necessary repulsion- he feels nothing of the sort, and does not trouble about what he ought to feel. His attempt to throw doubt on the facts of their relationship, as stated by Crofts, is undertaken merely for Vivie’s sake. She, too, declares she is unaffected by the revelation, though her denial is inconsistent with the despair and disgust she evinces when it is made, in contrast to Frank’s magnificent acceptance, which is, however, I suppose, only a romantic gesture in face of Vivie’s realistic grasp of the situation. The idyll flickers out abruptly, but its three brief scenes leave much that is beautiful upon the memory” (p 67). “Vivie is...offered 4 choices: Frank (romantic love), Praed (escape from reality into art through aestheticism), Mrs Warren (sentimental attachment to mother no matter what the mother does), and Sir George Crofts (co-opting within an evil system for the sake of money)...Vivie’s decision to join the law-firm of Honoria Fraser is neither cynical nor misanthropic. She simply makes the wisest and most mature choice available to her, a choice clearly superior to the other four” (Abbott, 1989 p 47). “Vivie, who began by reproaching her mother for her way of life, becomes gradually impressed by her energy and ability, and touched by the sacrifices she has made for her. But when she learns that her mother is still continuing to follow the same profession, her mood changes and in the final scene they face each other as enemies...Vivie...tells her that at heart she is a conventional woman, and that is why she is leaving her...What spoils this powerful drama is above all its tone, which is too light for the subject with which it is dealing” (Lamm, 1952 pp 260-261). Gassner (1954a) admitted that "Mrs Warren's Profession releases a powerful barrage, its larger purpose being defined by Shaw in his 1898 Preface with customary precision: "I believe that any society which desires to found itself on a high standard of integrity of character in its units should organize itself in such a fashion as to make it possible for all men and all women to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort by their industry without selling their affections and their convictions'" but yet the critic moaned about the "dubious artistry of the piece; once Mrs Warren has made her forceful confession to her daughter, the action is whipped up into hopelessly thin lather concerning Vivie Warren's decisions respecting her own life, and despite affirmations of feminine independence (the New Woman!) she becomes a tiresome and chilly subject" (p 602). Likewise, Agate (1926) wrote that "there is one great flaw in the piece, which time has not altered, and that is the nature of Mrs Warren’s crime. To sin in one’s own person is one thing, to traffic in sin is another The woman’s case is too thin here, and the statement that her creatures were happier than the average barmaid or the average wife of a Deptford labourer is simply not true. Mrs Warren herself is drawn in the round, the rest of the characters are mere intellectual abstractions. Vivie, in so far as she is alive at all, is a prig, Crofts is a sawdust monster, Frank is very little removed from a scatter-brain, and the clergyman and the artist are just not anything at all" (p 233). In contrast to those critics, Mair and Ward (1939) felt that the play "made a brave and plain-spoken attempt to drag the public face to face with the nauseous realities of prostitution" (p 205). Archer (1899) felt that "the character of Mrs Warren is superb, the indictment of the economic conditions which beget Mrs Warren's and their bondwomen is thrilling and crushing, and the technique is throughout admirable, especially in the natural yet intensely dramatic manipulation of the great scenes. There are speeches whose irony takes you by the throat, both in the scene in which Mrs Warren expounds to her Girton-bred daughter the nature of her profession, and that in which Sir George Crofts, Mrs Warren's partner, in the private hotels which she manages, amplifies the mother's revelations. The former scene, to be sure, would be far more poignant if Vivie were a human girl instead of Mr Shaw's patent, imperturbable Girtonian paragon; but in that case it would be too painful for endurance. The scene with Crofts, on the other hand, gets its point from Vivie's intellectual competence...Much as I dislike and shrink from certain passages between Frank and Vivie, I have no hesitation in saying that Mrs Warren's Profession is not only intellectually but dramatically one of the very ablest plays of our time" (pp 9-10). “The characters in Mrs Warren's Profession are wonderfully well drawn, especially Mrs Warren, who is, as the author describes her, a disreputable old blackguard of a woman, but all the same she is alive and intensely interesting. But disreputable folk sometimes make better parents than the most respectable, when they make up their minds to it. They know their faults so well that they can keep them in the background. Both Frank and Vivian...are instances of their parents’ success in this respect. Mrs Warren's men friends are of the kind one might expect; at the same time they are the pick of her basket. Some may regard it as questionable taste on the author's part to have made the father of Frank a clergyman, but nature is no respecter of persons or parsons, and the author of such a play as Mrs Warren's Profession is scarcely the man to pander to superstition” (Armstrong, 1913 p 254). "There is a conflict between Mrs Warren, the well-balanced woman of business, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but a sentimentalist who has lived one kind of life while dreaming of another and Vivie, the true daughter of the mother, likewise well-balanced, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but stronger willed, positive, and realist, wishing to live a real life. There is a conflict between Vivie and Crofts, an elderly sensualist, still robust, maintaining the veneer of respectability, attracted by Vivie's youth and vigorous beauty. There is the conflict between Vivie and Frank, positive-minded but an idler, who wants a practical, sensible, and well-to-do woman for his wife, to enable him to continue his enjoyments as a gamester and a sportsman. There is the conflict between Frank and his father, the Rev Samuel, who is authoritative, irritable, and weak-willed—in fine, somewhat ridiculous, and really under his son's influence...All these conflicts taken together manifest to us also a general conflict, that between capitalist society and a moral ideal altogether different from traditional morality, one which finds no overt expression, but which is felt to exist all through the play, to which it gives a high moralizing value"(Hamon, 1916 pp 169-170). The play's "strength proceeds from the depth displayed in the consideration of the motives which prompt to action, the intellectual and emotional crises eventuating from the fierce clash of personalities and the sardonically unconscious self-scourging of the characters themselves...The tremendous dramatic power of the specious logic with which Mrs Warren defends her course; the sardonic irony of the parting between mother and daughter!...Devastating in its consummate irony is the passage in which Mrs Warren, conventional to her heart's core, lauds her own respectability; and that in which Crofts propounds his own code of honour...Mrs Warren's Profession is not only what Brunetière would call a work of combat: it is an act of declared hostility against capitalistic society, the inertia of public opinion, the lethargy of the public conscience, and the criminality of a social order which begets such appalling social conditions. Into this play Shaw has poured all his socialistic passion for a more just and humane social order" (Henderson, 1911 pp 306-307). "Mrs Warren’s Profession reads blazingly well today, mainly through its excellent construction (it is, in its revelations, closer than many plays Shaw wrote to the well-made play) and its character-drawing. Vivie, the matter-of-fact, scholastic, “new woman” daughter, is a genuine study (Shaw admitted her smoking was based on that of the real life person on whom she was modeled) and her difference from her mother, in natural temperament, education and outlook, provides the living human conflict of the play and keeps it strongly alive. Mrs Warren herself is depicted as coarse yet full of the feeling Vivie lacks. It is the kind of feeling, fairly shallow, by which Shaw does not set great store, but nevertheless portrays with compassion and skill. It is a clever and believable study and every scene in which Mrs Warren appears has a flesh-and-blood reality" (Williamson, 1916 p 112). Goldman (1914) also appreciated the mother-daughter conflict and also the irony in comparing Mrs Warren's fate with her sister's: "no, it is not respectable to talk about these things, because respectability cannot face the truth. Yet everybody knows that the majority of women, 'if they wish to provide for themselves decently, must be good to some man that can afford to be good to them.' The only difference then between Sister Liz, the respectable girl, and Mrs Warren, is hypocrisy and legal sanction. Sister Liz uses her money to buy back her reputation from the church and society. The respectable girl uses the sanction of the church to buy a decent income legitimately, and Mrs Warren plays her game without the sanction of either. Hence she is the greatest criminal in the eyes of the world. Yet Mrs Warren is no less human than most other women. In fact, as far as her love for her daughter Vivian is concerned, she is a superior sort of mother. That her daughter may not have to face the same alternative as she,- slave in a scullery for four shillings a week- Mrs Warren surrounds the girl with comfort and ease, gives her an education, and thereby establishes between her child and herself an abyss which nothing can bridge. Few respectable mothers would do as much for their daughters. However, Mrs Warren remains the outcast, while all those who benefit by her profession, including even her daughter Vivian, move in the best circles" (pp 182-183). “Vivie Warren begins and closes the play, and Shaw reverses expectation and conventional pattern by placing the reconciliation and understanding between mother and daughter in act 2 and concluding with the child’s rejection of her parent…Vivie at the same time refuses the traditional alternative of love’s young dream in the shape of Frank Gardner” (Raby, 2004 p 200). In Mrs Warren’s profession, Shaw declared himself just such a master-hand by writing a play that deliberately reversed every convention of the fallen-woman drama. His fallen woman is not a glamorous courtesan who wears silks and jewels for three acts and then dies of consumption but a vulgar matron who wears gay blouses and brilliant hats and ends the play in robust good health. When her daughter, Vivie, a self-sufficient Cambridge graduate, learns that her mother made her living through prostitution, Mrs Warren responds not with shame and repentance but with vigorous self-justification” (Eltis, 2004 p 229). "Man and Superman" "retains its popularity as a comedy embodying humanity’s favorite theme for entertainment, the making of marriages by female will against the natural masculine instinct to escape the chains of a single, responsible relationship...Ann, for all the charm any actress can give her, is not an attractive creation, and close to satire in Shaw’s use of her uncomprisingly as a symbol of Victorian hypocrisy and a representative of feminine ruthlessness in sexual pursuit. If she showed the slightest interest in Tanner mentally, or appreciation of his work and its cost to him (for all work of his kind is costly in energy and mental peace), we might warm to her more; but actually Shaw is psychologically not unshrewd here, for frequently enough this is the kind of woman men of intelligence are basically attracted by, yield to, marry, and in a remarkable number of cases remain faithful to, even though they may sometimes secretly regret some deeper lack in the relationship. It is, of course, sex triumphant, a fact of life Shaw, despite his instinctive revulsion, was honest enough to recognize as overriding in action" (Williamson, 1916 pp 132-133). “The artistic effect of 'Man and Superman' is like that of Voltaire’s ‘Candide’, where a fundamentally serious point of view is expressed in a playful and improbable tale...Tanner is an extravert, a man entirely absorbed in his activities...an intellectual...and that is why in the end he becomes the helpless prey of Ann in her lust for marriage...He throws out bold truths, but with an undertone of skepticism” (Lamm, 1952 pp 272-273). “The joke on Tanner...is that all the time he is theorizing about the life force, he is being ensnared by it” (Brustein, 1964 p 219). "Tanner’s love of Ann is a sideline to his surrendering liberty as any philosopher should, for the purpose of perhaps breeding the first Nietzschean superman. Male critics often resent Ann Whitefield as an instance of the calculating woman, sometimes as a cold-blooded liar and hypocrite (Hobson, 1953, p 149). In Man and Superman Shaw has also stated clearly and illustrated his peculiar attitude to the relation between the sexes. The main part of the story tells how Ann driven by the Life Force, tricks Jack Tanner, the revolutionary free-thinker, into marriage. Tatnner knows perfectly veil what she is about, although the poetic Octavius would still regard woman as an angel sent on from high. Poor littlo ‘Ricky-ticky-tavy’ gets the worst of it. Ann, although se may play with him as a cat plays with a mouse, wants Tanner himself and even a modern automobile with the good services of the rash driver, like Enry Straker, cannot save him. Tanner and Octavius are set m close opposition The one is the clear-eyed modern, the other the romantic poet” (Mullik, 1956 p 49). “The real artist-creator, according to Shaw, is a match for any woman bent on creating in her own more physical way...because, like her, he has a purpose. John Tanner is a talker rather than a creator, and is, therefore, quite properly captured by Ann” (Gassner, 1954b p 158). According to MacCarthy (1907), Shaw "set out purposely to write a play in which sexual attraction should be the main interest; but in his other plays also he has always made the nature of the attraction between his characters quite clear. What is remarkable about the scenes in which this is done, is the extent to which sexual passion is isolated from all other sentiments and emotions. His lovers, instead of using the language of admiration and affection, in which this passion is so often cloaked, simply convey by their words the kind of mental tumult they are in. Sexual attraction is stripped bare of all the accessories of poetry and sympathy" (p 57). "Shaw adheres first to the principle that comedy must have a fixed vantage-point, though he transforms it to suit his own purpose. He retains, too, the prerogatives and tricks of comedy, without, however, the necessity of being chained to them. He also keeps to stock types for comic purposes, but his new social philosophy gives him a new set of types. Even in incidentals he can follow well-worn grooves of the art; the Straker-Tanner relationship in 'Man and Superman' rests on the conventional master-valet set-up, given completely new vitality from the new social background" (Peacock, 1946 p 77). “Shaw’s writing was not hobbled, as Galsworthy’s was, by the self-imposed naturalistic requirement of copying the speech of floundering characters” (Gassner, 1956 p 43). In the play, "we have Violet, a practical-minded young woman, secretly married to Hector Malone, American, whose father, a multi-millionaire, is, like all the fathers in Shaw's plays, dictatorial, testy, and in the end submissive. We have Roebuck Ramsden, Ann's guardian, an elderly Radical, rather absurd with his superannuated and romantic notions, cutting a melancholy figure beside the triumphant young people of advanced ideas, represented by Ann, Tanner, Violet, and Hector. We have Miss Ramsden, Roebuck Ramsden's sister, also testy arid full of conventions. Finally, we have Octavius, poet arid lover, scorned and made a mock of by Ann, who loves Tanner, desires him, and takes him; but this defeat of Octavius the lover is the triumph of Octavius the poet, just as the defeat of Eugene the lover in 'Candida' (1898) is the triumph of Eugene the poet" (Hamon, 1916 p 181). "Major Barbara" "revealed the master of social comedy, even if it marked no advance in content over 'Widower’s houses' (1893) with its point that tainted money is so widespread that it cannot be escaped anywhere. In a corrupted social order, everything is defiled by the same pitch, and there is no chance for individual salvation except in the cleansing of society. Cheap and easy philanthropy is as effective as painting cancer with mercurochrome. Major Barbara of the Salvation Army approaches this conclusion when she discovers that her benevolent organization receives money from distillers and munitions-makers like her father— in other words, from the very industries that produce more evil than a thousand Salvation Armies can ever cancel. Sufficiently honest to recognize a truth when she meets it, unhappy Barbara Undershaft cries out: 'My God, why hast Thou forsaken me?' and takes off her uniform. If the play marks an improvement over Shaw’s first drama, this is because Barbara is an affecting person and because the munitions-maker Andrew Undershaft is a superb character" (Gassner, 1954a pp 607-608). Shaw “can indict British capitalism and yet make the hero of his indictment an arch-capitalist like Undershaft. This is the secret of comic genius, and, at the heart of it, is common sense so resolutely pursued that it becomes startlingly uncommon sense” (Gassner, 1954b p 141). Shaw’s “first act is one of the masterpieces of drawing-room comedy. Lady Britomart (whose name from an obscure Greek divinity naturalized into English by Edmund Spenser) so trenchantly combines Britannia with a martinet, is, though an estranged, a strongly compatible wife for Undershaft. And indeed, Shaw, his evolutionist’s eye on heredity, points out that Barbara is her mother’s daughter and Sarah her father’s, though in both cases against the obvious grain. It was, however, pointedly in honour of her father’s trade that Shaw chose to call Barbara Barbara. St Barbara is the patron saint of gunners. The Undershaft marriage is the uneasy but effective alliance of capitalism and the Whig aristocracy that governed the British empire” (Brophy, 1987 p 95). “Undershaft, the arms dealer, built up as a stock sinister capitalist before his entrance, proves mild, sensitive, willing to listen to everyone...Barbara’s ‘My God, my God, why has Thou forsaken me?’ is convincingly in character...[since a] Christian...facing a spiritual crisis should echo the words most familiar to her” (Chothia, 1996 pp 161-163). "Barbara’s own realization that the helping of the poor through religious channels only scrapes the surface of the problem, and there is better work for her here in her father’s factory community, in which there is every material consideration and no spiritual fulfillment. But the decision is not arrived at without bitterness, any more than Barbara’s decision to leave the Salvation Army rather than to join them in accepting the bribe of the manufacturer of the whiskey which destroys their battle to revive human dignity....What matters theatrically is that this third act of Major Barbara- like that other long discussion scene between Warwick, Cauchon and de Stogumber in Saint Joan- has such argumentative force and wit that it habitually holds its audience’s rapt attention and therefore entertains it, in the best sense of the word, no less completely than if the dramatist were indulging in popular melodramatics. This, perhaps, has been Shaw’s greatest gift to the theatre of our time. To make an audience listen, think, and actually enjoy listening and thinking, was no mean feat after four hundred years of stage concentration on conventions far removed from thought or the real business of daily life. The gap between the literary worlds of the novel and the theatre has never been so wide since" (Williamson, 1916 pp 141-142). "Barbara Undershaft finds that the authorities of the Salvation Army are content to accept contributions from a distiller whose trade is one of the most powerful influences which they have to combat. This realization brings her world crashing about her ears; she at first feels that there is nothing left to live for. But this is only the peripeteia; as usual it is to provide a solution. Not only does this overthrow or recoil give the logical victory to her father's opposing point of view far more than that, as soon as she grows calm she discovers that her real life-work, which she had supposed inextricable from her allegiance to the Salvation Army- the work, that is, of organizing social sanity and happiness—is not in fact dependent upon that allegiance, but can survive it she goes on to perform the same task amid new surroundings" (Norwood, 1921 p 179). For Goldman (1914), the play "points to the fact that while charity and religion are supposed to minister to the poor, both institutions derive their main revenue from the poor by the perpetuation of the evils both pretend to fight. It is inevitable that the Salvation Army, like all other religious and charitable institutions, should by its very character foster cowardice and hypocrisy as a premium securing entry into heaven" (pp 186-188). In writing "Major Barbara", Shaw "is stimulating in his criticism of certain tendencies in modern philanthropy, and consistent with his own individualistic philosophy in declaiming against all who make a virtue of poverty, starvation, and humility. He announces his preference for the avowed egoism of Undershaft as opposed to the masked egoism of the converters and the converted. Yet, while proposing Undershaft as a fair example of the philanthropic captain of industry, Shaw jibes at those who would accept his benefactions and condemn, in secret, his morality" (Chandler, 1914, p 348). When Snobby Price declares: 'I'm fly enough to know wots inside the law and wots outside it; and inside it I do as the capitalists do: pinch wot I can lay me ands on. In a proper state of society I am sober, industrious and honest: in Rome, so to speak, I do as the Romans do,' Jones (1962) agreed that ”only when men are safe enough from poverty and insecurity can they afford to consider questions of morality at all” (p 67). Although Williams (1965) stated that "the emotional inadequacy of [Shaw's] plays denies him major status" (p 152), this notion is disputed. For example, in the Salvation Army scene, “the conflict of soul between Barbara and Bill is described with such sincerity that even deeply religious people have been carried away” (Lamm, 1952 p 276-277). “The appearance of the drum marks the high point of Barbara’s power as a salvanionist. The drum...catches the comedy and the seriousness of Adolphus Cusins’ devotion to Barbara and to the vital force he honors in her and in all the religions he collects. He and Barbara kiss over the drum” (Goldman, 1986 p 107), a sympathetically funny moment of discovery, at least for a 1905 audience, because the gesture can only be done with their having kissed several times before. “There is a brilliant parody of a ‘cognitio’ at the end of ‘Major Barbara’ (the fact that the hero of this play is a professor of Greek perhaps indicates an unusual affinity to the con­ventions of Euripides and Menander), where Undershaft is en­abled to break the rule that he cannot appoint his son-in-law as successor by the fact that the son-in-law's own father married his deceased wife's sister in Australia, so that the son-in-law is his own first cousin as well as himself. It sounds complicated, but the plots of comedy often are complicated because there is something inherently absurd about complications. As the main character interest in comedy is so often focussed on the defeated characters, comedy regularly illustrates a victory of arbitrary plot over consistency of character” (Frye, 1957 p 170). "Shaw, unlike Tolstoy, is both destructive and constructive. Even by the aid of the Mammon of Unrighteousness in the person of Undershaft, his mind is vigilant and alert to point the way to better things. For when Barbara visits her father’s munition works, expecting to see a group of noisome and pestilential factories surrounded by workmen’s and labourers’ hovels and slum buildings, she finds instead clean, spick-and-span, well-lighted buildings, to which is attached a garden city with all the amenities of civilization- public library, an art gallery, a concert hall, a theatre, public and private gardens, playgrounds, baths, clubs, co-operative associations, and all that helps to make life healthy, decent, and liveable" (Balmforth, 1928 p 37). "Shaw summarizes his constructive remedies for the situation at the end of the preface to Major Barbara. They are: a just distribution of property, a humane treatment of criminals, and the return of religious creeds to intellectual honesty. These three ideals may perhaps be realized when men in an influential position adopt a platform as broad and firm as Andrew Undershaft’s true faith of an armorer. Society cannot be saved until, as Undershaft paraphrases Plato, 'the Professors of Greek take to making gunpowder or else the makers of gunpowder become professors of Greek,' and until the Major Barbaras who yearn vaguely after righteousness make up their minds to die with the colors of a faith securely founded on scientific accuracy. The power obtained through fighting may become a cult and sweep away with it the petty insecurity of halfway measures, taking with it all sense of safety and security for the average well-meaning but timid citizen of the upper middle class" (Perry, 1939 p 384). In this modernizing of ancient themes of ["Pygmalion'] and in treating ancient characters with the familiarity and lack of prejudice that one uses with contemporaries, Shaw has influenced the whole of modern literary taste and culture, and he may be considered as one of the forerunners of 'novelized' history" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 87). “In the original romance, so lyrically revived by Shaw's friend William Morris, Pygmalion marries Galatea. Might not something of the kind be possible for Shaw, since Pygmalion is a life-giver, a symbol of vitality, since in Eliza the crime of poverty has been overcome, the sin of ignorance cancelled? Or might not Higgins and Eliza be the 'artist man' and 'mother woman' discussed in 'Man and superman'? They might if Shaw actually went to work so allegorically, so abstractly, so idealistically. Actually Pygmalion: a romance stands related to romance precisely as "The devil’s disciple' stands to melodrama or 'Candida' to domestic drama. It is a serious parody, a translation into the language of 'natural history'. The primary inversion is that of Pygmalion's character. The Pygmalion of romance turns a statue into a human being. The Pygmalion of 'natural history' tries to turn a human being into a statue, tries to make of Eliza Doolittle a mechanical doll in the role of a duchess. Or rather he tries to make from one kind of doll a flower girl who cannot afford the luxury of being human another kind of doll, a duchess to whom manners are an adequate substitute for morals...If the first stage of Higgins' experiment was reached when Eliza made her faux pas before Mrs Higgins' friends, and the second when she appeared in triumph at the ball, Shaw, who does not believe in endings, sees her through two more stages in the final acts of his play, leaving her still very much in flux at the end. The third stage is rebellion. Eliza's feelings are wounded because, after the reception, Higgins does not treat her kindly, but talks of her as a guinea pig. Eliza has acquired finer feelings...The play ends with Higgins' knowingly declaring that Eliza is about to do his shopping for him despite her protestations to the contrary: a statement which actors and critics often take to mean that the pair are a Benedick and Beatrice who will marry in the end. One need not quote Shaw's own sequel to prove the contrary. The whole point of the great culminating scene is that Eliza has now become not only a person but an independent person” (pp 120-123). “It is [Higgins] who would need the intercession of a deity to be turned from marble to man” (Freedman, 1967 p 49). “England in the early decades of the 20th century was obsessed by the matter of class status, by the gradations of the rigid social structure...Shaw observes in ‘Pygmalion’ that the right accent together with the right clothes could carry the day...that class distinctions lose their force when a decent education can transform a street vendor into a ‘duchess’, that education made available to all those with the intellectual means of profiting from it would eliminate the outworn concepts of caste and class” (Goldstone, 1969 p 17). "'Pygmalion' is a study in the transference of an individual from one social class to another. Shaw argues that, since the capacity of speech is one of the most divine of human attributes, a person who can change the sounds made by another’s voice alters at the same time the soul to which the voice gives expression; also that a person who changes the economic status of another individual is responsible for changing his mentality. Shaw makes the latter point by introducing into Pygmalion the picturesque subsidiary character of Eliza’s father, one of the 'undeserving poor'. In his unregenerate state, he prefers not to have too much money, for fear he might acquire the damning virtue of prudence. Later, when Higgins has been accidentally instrumental in procuring £3000 a year for him, Doolittle has to adopt middle-class morality and marry the 'missus', who would not tie herself up to him for life when he was poor. Doolittle appears only twice in the play, once in each of his economic incarnations" (Perry, 1939 p 389). "Shaw chuckled over the success of his play, writing that 'it is so intensely and deliberately didactic, and its subject so dry, that I delight in throwing it at the heads of the wiseacres who repeat the parrot cry that art should never be didactic. It goes to prove my contention that art should never be anything else.' He might have noted, however, that the didacticism was largely imbedded in the Dickensian characterization of that proletarian philosopher Doolittle and in his daughter Eliza herself when she emerges in her Pygmalion's studio not only as a pseudo-duchess but as a living woman. In fact, this Galatea becomes so completely alive that she disturbs the scientific equanimity of her sculptor, who is himself a vivid personality despite the mother-fixation that deprives Higgins of the conventional qualification of sexual passion" (Gassner, 1954 p 609). In the myth, Pygmalion gives Galatea life without mating; so Henry. In some respect, he has given life to her, but Eliza’s complaint is that such a life is useless to her. Lewisohn (1922) described "Heartbreak house" as "softer in tone than many of Shaw's plays; it is, for him, extraordinarily symbolistic in fable and structure...He saw a society divided between 'barbarism and Capua' in which 'power and culture were in separate compartments'. 'Are we,' asks the half-mythical Captain Shotover, 'are we to be kept forever in the mud by these hogs to whom the universe is nothing but a machine for greasing their bristles and filling their snouts?' His children and their friends played at love and art and even at theories of social reconstruction. Meanwhile the ship of state drifted. 'The captain is in his bunk,' Shotover declares further on, 'drinking bottled ditch-water, and the crew is gambling in the forecastle'...In the result of the symbolical air-raid he sounds a note of fine and lasting hope. The two burglars, the two practical men of business are blown to atoms. So is the parsonage. 'The poor clergyman will have to get a new house'. There is left the patient idealist who pities the poor fellows in the Zeppelin because they are driven toward death by the same evil forces; there are left those among the loiterers in Heartbreak House who are capable of a purging experience and a revolution of the soul" (pp 160-161). "The immediate result of the air raid is the death of two practical men, a burglar who acts like a man of affairs and a man of affairs who acts like a burglar. These two men have interchanged functions and between them exhibit all the characteristics of predatory capitalistic finance. The relations between Boss Mangan, the employer, and Mazzini Dunn, his employee, an earnest, incompetent 'soldier of freedom', are like those existing between organized industry and the spirit of noble optimism, which had at first hoped to be the master, not the slave, in its partnership with big business. This analogy is further carried out by Mangan's desire to marry Dunn’s daughter, Ellie, brought up by her father in financial poverty, but endowed with rich spiritual possessions in the knowledge of Shakespeare"(Perry, 1939 pp 391-392). "The greatness of this play, for all its incidental coldnesses and cruelties and comic intrusions, is its oldest inhabitant, Captain Shotover, a figure rough-hewn out of his own poop like a figurehead on the prow of a ship, a King Lear without the tragedy (though certainly with hints of pathos) and still in spite of his calculated senile absent-mindedness in full command of his kingdom and his daughters. He is a prophet thundering in navigational terms of Britain’s danger, but much more than that a prophet of war through the ages, now coming like a messenger of death, on wing, to destroy mankind...At the heart is human disillusion- the disillusion of love which finds its hardness in rebuilding a life without it, and its wisdom and resignation from the aged who have experienced all things, as Ellie does from Shotover. But there is valiancy, too, in the face of the bombs that suggests at the last the human will to survive, the life force still not spent. And in this the old Shaw thunders beneath the iridescent lightning of the future. It is his work of purest imagination, in character and vision and therefore his nearest to poetry, the highest expression of genius. By it he lives on, dispelling wisdom and warning into the future. For this is a lion of a play, with a roar to waken the sleeping conscience of every generation" (Williamson, 1916 pp 172-173). It is "a magnificent comedy of humors and a powerful symbol wrapped in whimsy. Captain Shotover’s house is a Noah’s ark where the characters gather before the flood. They and the classes they represent have been making a hopeless muddle of both society and themselves. The only half-rational Hector Hushabye and his wife display the futility of the upper classes; a British aristocrat exemplifies the bankruptcy of Britain’s rulers; the capitalist Mangan represents the predatory force of Mammon. All are equally blind to the wrath of God and to the storm they have been raising unknowingly. The innocents are helpless or they must compromise like the hard-headed poor girl who is willing to marry the capitalist for his money, and the one knowing person among them, Captain Shotover, has taken refuge in eccentricity. Then the storm breaks loose and death comes raining from the skies in an air raid. The despair in the play is manifest, for Shaw’s pity and moral earnestness did not decrease with age; the harlequinade of Heartbreak House is a Dance of Death. Still, Shaw the Fabian and one-time agitator was loath to renounce all expectation of salvation through a new order. Hope was implicit in the death of the thieves of the play who are blown to pieces by the bombardment; did not many socialists believe that predatory capitalism was finished by the war just as the capitalist Mangan was finished by a bomb! Amid the wreckage Shaw’s remaining characters try to pull themselves together. The call for courage is sounded resonantly with Shaw’s customary eloquence, as is the call for action when the antagonists of society’s malefactors declare 'we must win powers of life and death over them...They believe in themselves. When we believe in ourselves, we shall kill them'" (Gassner, 1954s p 611). Bentley (1947) pointed out that “we never learn what happens to the disillusioned antagonists of such plays as 'Candida' in which Morell is at the end crushed and speechless. In 'Heartbreak house', however, we are not allowed to remain in doubt. Ellie's peace of mind is not lasting, for she finds that ‘there seems to be nothing real in the world except my father and Shakespeare. Marcus's tigers are false; Mr Mangan's millions are false; there is nothing really strong and true about Hesione but her beautiful black hair; and Lady Utterword's is too pretty to be real. The one thing that was left to me was the Captain's seventh degree of concentration; and that turns out to be’: 'Rum,' says the captain, while Hesione confesses that her hair is dyed. The play ends with an air raid that is fatal to two members of the group. Hesione expresses the wish that the bombers will come again and Ellie, 'radiant at the prospect', cries 'Oh, I hope so!' She has been thrice disillusioned once in each act, by Hector, by Mangan, by Shotover and is, in a sense, back at the beginning again, in love with romance. Only the romance which now brings color into her life is that of a kind of warfare that threatens civilization...Ellie stumbles in disenchantment from romantic love, to 'marriage of convenience', to 'spiritual marriage', the latter gained by spirits (rum bottle) not the spirit...The story of Ellie Dunn, neatly arranged in three acts, could easily have made a personal play. But if in 'Heartbreak house' her story is the center of the action it is a center not very much more important than anything on the periphery. In the theme of the play it is the group that matters. Although the method is Chekhovian, Shaw's characters are not. Chekhov's people are felt, so to say, from the inside; they are creatures of feeling, never very far from the pathetic. Shaw's are closer to traditional puppets of comedy. They are more crudely representative of classes of men, more deliberately allegorical, than Chekhov's. Later, in 'The simpleton of the unexpected isles', Shaw would frankly state that four of his people simply represent Love, Pride, Heroism, and Empire. And it has been pointed out that the Shotover daughters and their men represent the same four forces: Hesione is Love, Ariadne is Empire, Randall Utterword is Pride, and Hector is Heroism. One might add that all the other characters 'stand for things', Mangan for business and realism, Shotover for aged intellect and that, in general, one of Shaw's worst tendencies is to create characters who have no function except to illustrate a point. The burglar episode, for instance, makes a point that is repeated in Shaw's great pamphlet imprisonment...'Heartbreak House' might be called The Nightmare of a Fabian. All Shaw's themes are in it. You might learn from it his teachings on love, religion, education, politics. But you are unlikely to do so, not only because the treatment is so brief and allusive but because the play is not an argument in their favor. It is a demonstration that they are all being disregarded or defeated. It is a picture of failure. The world belongs to the Mangans, the Utterwords, and the Hushabyes. In the world where these men wield the power stands the lonely figure of old Captain Shotover, the man of mind. What he is seeking is what Shaw has always been seeking, like Plato before him: a way of uniting wisdom and power. The Fabians had tried by 'permeation' to make the men of power wise. But the men of power preferred a world war to the world's wisdom. Shotover has given them up as hopeless. He is trying to attain power by means of mind. When he attains the 'seventh degree of concentration' he will be able to explode dynamite by mere thinking. 'A mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me' will implement thought with power" (pp 137-140). Shaw “has widened the field and scope of the drama immensely. No other living writer has covered such an enormous area, or peopled it with such a wide variety of characters. To my sense, Mr. Shaw excels in that department more than any other present-day writer, and it is largely owing to his skill in this respect that he is able to be so extraordinarily interesting and fiercely entertaining. The way in which he says a thing is always excellent, even if the thing itself is not always sound. It always sounds sound, I admit” (Armstrong, 1913 p 320). Shaw "carries out the theory of the drama of ideas by making his play an attack upon some accepted opinion and carrying a dramatic opposition into the minds of his audience" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 pp 480-481). "Shaw’s greatest foes are sham idealism and sentimentality" (Wilson, 1937 p 242). “The seeds of Shaw's structural innovation, the discussion play, may be observed in nearly all the early works. The method of the well-made playwrights may be simply described as exposition-complication-denouement; one event leads to another until the original force has spent itself. But in the Shavian play, events exist only for the discussion they may provoke. The intellectual rather than the physical complication is the dramatist's main concern, and it is Shaw's distinction that he has made the conflict of ideas as exciting as any of Boucicault's last-minute rescues. The secret may lie in the fact that Shaw is no abstract philosopher, but one who sees ideas always as a part of human problems. The essence of Bernard Shaw is his wit, the quintessence is his humanity” (Downer, 1950 p 306). Different views have appeared regarding Shaw's dialogues. Despite possessing "an ability to make people think by making them laugh", "a kind of dramatic encyclopedism, to ridicule “persons and institutions on the principle of topsy-turvy", "a penetrating knowledge of theatrical effect", and "an Olympian indifference to conventional dramatic construction", some critics resent the author's voice in the plays, resembling "a marionette show where the master of the puppets talks all the time" (Reynolds, 1949, pp 131-132). "His amazing brilliance and fecundity of dialogue ought to have given him an immediate and lasting grip of the stage. There has probably never been a dramatist who could invest conversation with the same vivacity and point, the same combination of surprise and inevitableness that distinguishes his best work" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 206). “To come no later down in his career, Caesar and Bluntschli and Brassbound and John Tanner are pure figures of romance. No doubt the figures of an earlier romance exhibited their prowess in a different way. That remarkable survival, Cyrano de Bergerac, pinked his enemy to the tune of extremely acrobatic versifying. Mr Shaw’s heroes pink their opponents intellectually amid a shower of dazzling debating points. They are heroes of the intellect, perhaps, but they are romantic heroes nonetheless. They are neither conceived nor executed in a realistic attitude of mind. Mr Shaw, it should be noted, is not, like Ibsen, an innovating genius in technique; and technique being so obvious and important, this helps to conceal the magnitude of the revolution he has effected. Ibsen’s novelties were of the simple kind of which only a great revolutionary is capable. Mr Shaw is simply one of the greatest writers for the stage that ever lived. Liszt invented no new method of using the piano; but he under- stood better than any other composer how to make the technical resources of the piano effective. There is no definite method of using the stage to be set to Mr Shaw’s credit; but no dramatist has ever used the scene and the actors with greater effect. He has made such dazzling use of Ibsen’s reformed technique as almost to conceal the fact that he is moving in a quite contrary direction” (Shanks, 1923 p 201). "No other man of letters in England since the death of Shelley was so completely devoid of a sense of guilt” (Gassner, 1954b p 148). Shaw’s “treatment of human relations, particularly between the sexes, strikes the audiences today as arch and intellectualized...By the time he was forty, he had managed to fabricate for himself a philosophy that seemed to synthesize a majority of the major ideas of the 19th century and tie them together so that everything came out right in the end...He persuaded himself that the world was being nudged forward by a Bergsonian ‘élan vital’, or life force, toward a higher consciousness and a more just society. Our job as responsible Shavians was to plug into this force and translate it into action...Possibly, then, it is this fundamentally jaunty belief in human progress that has lately caused students and audiences to shrug him off...Yet maybe, like Dickens, Shaw is to be considered one of those writers who transcend their own limitations. Certainly we can find elements in many of his plays that seem to go against the grain and give him a surprising thickness and ambiguity” (Gurney, 2004 pp 196-197). "Shaw’s plays will last; that in a century from now, they will appear on the stage more frequently than they do to-day; but if not, it will be because of their modernity. The very reason for their interest and applicability may be the reason for their remaining on the shelves...But if they cease to attract audiences, it is incredible that they should cease to attract readers" (Phelps, 1921 p 98). "What first strikes us in the Shavian theatre is, perhaps, the frequency of excited scenes, of explosive arguments, violent protestations, gesticulations and agitations. Apart from the frequency of abstract discussions and the vigour of the dialogue there would be nothing very strange in this excitement, were not the passions and emotions, so violently displayed, represented as being also startlingly brief. This emphasis upon brevity of emotions is very characteristic, and one cause of the charge of cynicism which is so often brought against him. The typical scene is one in which the characters are represented in violent states of moral indignation, rage, perplexity, mortification, infatuation, despair, which subside as suddenly as they rise. The Shavian hero is a man who does not take all this hubble-bubble for more than it is worth. He preserves an exasperating good humour through it, however energetic his retorts may be, because he reckons on human nature being moved, in the long run, only by a few fundamental considerations and instincts. The hostility which he excites does not therefore trouble him the least. He counts upon the phenomenon, ultimately working in his favor, that puzzles Tanner in himself when confronted with Ann; that is, upon the contradiction between moral judgments and instinctive likings and respect. Valentine is not dismayed by Gloria's disapproval, nor Bluntschli by Raina's contempt for his lack of conventionally soldier-like qualities; both are confident that the ultimate decisions of these ladies will depend on other things. Even Tanner soon finds himself on excellent terms with Roebuck Ramsden, who began by abusing him as an infamous fellow. But it is not only the fact that the confidence of the 'realists' is always justified in the plays, which emphasizes the instability of human emotions and judgments; it is one of the fundamental assumptions with regard to human nature which lie at the back of the plays themselves. It is one of the chief causes, too, why they are regarded as fantastic; for the normal instability of emotion has hitherto found very little reflection in literature or on the stage; vacillations, flaggings, changes of mind and inconsequences of thought having been generally confined to characters intended to be obviously weak. But Mr Shaw represents, quite truly, characters of considerable firmness in many respects as subject to them" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 53-54). =="Mrs Warren's profession"== [[File:EN BESKYTTERINDE AF INDUSTRIEN.gif|thumb|Engraving of a 19th century prostitute]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren's_Profession Vivie Warren, fresh from attending mathematic studies at Cambridge University, receives the visit of Praed, her mother's friend, followed by her mother along with her business-partner, Crofts, and then Vivie's friend, Frank, with his father, a rector at the local church. After being scolded for his spendthrift life by his father, Frank reminds him of his own youthful follies, including those of a sexual nature. The father is dismayed and embarrassed after finding out that Mrs Warren is Miss Vavasar, an old flame of his. Crofts has his eye on Vivie for no less than marriage, but so does Frank. Mrs Warren is compelled to explain to her daughter about her career, rising from a hotel servant to the manager of a brothel. Thinking that this refers to events of the faraway past, Vivie considers her mother "stronger than England" and shows pride at her accomplishments. The next morning, Vivie receives a marriage proposal from Crofts. Knowing the nature of his business affairs with her mother from the past and his type personnality, she unhesitatingly refuses. She then learns that the business relation between Crofts and her mother is ongoing. Angry at the refusal and smarting with jealousy towards the more favoured Frank, Crofts reveals to both that they are half-brother-and-sister. Sick of this atmosphere, Vivie suddenly leaves her mother's house to attempt earning a living on her own as an accountant. At her office, she receives the visit of Praed, intent on experiencing art in Italy, and also Frank, followed by Mrs Warren. Despite her mother's pleadings, Vivie wants nothing more to do with her and despite her friendly feelings towards Frank, she tears up the note of his declaration of love, reaching out instead for a new life dedicated to work. =="Man and superman"== [[File:Man_and_Superman_Royal_Court_Theatre_1906.jpg|thumb|John Tanner seeks to prepare the way of the superman but is foiled by Ann Whitefield, whose main intention is to perpetuate the species, played respectively by Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) and Lillah McCarthy (1875-1960), Royal Court Theatre, London, 1905, photographed by Alfred Ellis]] [[File:Nietzsche1882.jpg|thumb|Friedreich Nietzsche (1844-1900) evoked the idea that man can evolve into a superman]] Time: 1900s. Place: England, Spain. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/157/ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Man_and_Superman As a result of her father's death, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner are appointed as Ann Whitefield's guardians, neither of whom wanting the job, though yielding to the apparently submissive Ann. John's friend, Octavius, would like to take her off their hands by marrying her. "If it were only the first half hour’s happiness, Tavy, I would buy it for you with my last penny," John tells him. "But a lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth." "It is the self-sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose." Since Octavius intends to become a writer, a struggle may be expected. "Of all human struggles there is none so treacherous and remorseless as the struggle between the artist man and the mother woman," John continues. The two are interrupted by news of the elopement of Octavius' sister, Violet. They assume that the wedding ring she was seen to wear is false. Roebuck and Octavius agree that she should leave London, but Ann does not. "Violet is going to do the state a service; consequently she must be packed abroad like a criminal until it’s over," John wrily comments. When Violet arrives, she assures them that the ring is genuine, though she refuses to name the husband. Following a slight roadside accident in his motor car, John explains to Octavius that his chauffeur represents the new man in evolution: the polytechnic man. Octavius narrates the outcome of his marriage proposal to Ann: she wept, a dangerous sign according to John, who offers to take Ann in his car and, for the sake of social conventions, her younger sister, Rhoda, along with them. Ann objects to their submitting to social conventions. "Come with me to Marseilles and across to Algiers and to Biskra, at sixty miles an hour," John offers rhetorically. He is aghast when she accepts. An American guest of theirs, Hector, proposes to join them. John, Roebuck, and Octavius are embarrassed while explaining that such a suggestion is impossible to effect in England, since Violet is married and he is not part of the family. Hector receives this bit of news stiffly, causing further embarrassessment. When everyone leaves except Hector and Violet, she walks over to kiss him. Hector argues that they should forget about his father's objection to his marrying a middle-class English woman. "We cant afford it. You can be as romantic as you please about love, Hector; but you mustnt be romantic about money," she retorts. Meanwhile, John learns from his chauffeur that Ann's ultimate design is to marry him, not Octavius. In a garden of a villa in Granada, Spain, Hector's father, old Malone, receives by mistake an intimate note left by Violet for her husbqnd. When Malone confronts her with the meaning of the note, she deviously says that she and Hector only intend to marry. "If he marries you, he shall not have a rap from me," the irate father blares out. But Hector has enough of pretending. He informs his father of his marriage and his intention to work for a living. Malone sneers at this proposal, but when John and Octavius offer monetary help, he changes his mind. Nevertheless, Hector refuses everybody's money. Alone with Ann, Octavius declares once again he loves her. "You know that my mother is determined that I shall marry Jack," she misleadingly answers. Though seeing his depressed condition, she consoles him by saying: "A broken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in London if he has a comfortable income." When Anne's mother learns of Ann's comment on her wishes, she is astonished, having never formed such an idea. "But she would not say it unless she believed it. Surely you dont suspect Ann of- of deceit!" Octavius naively exclaims. But Ann believes in hypocrisy, as she tells John, who, though he loves her, too, is yet intent on resisting marriage. At the end of her resources, Ann pretends to feel faint and as the others arrive is only able to pant out: "I have promised to marry Jack." The comedy succeeds, as John would not dare humiliate her by contradicting. "What we have both done this afternoon is to renounce happiness, renounce freedom, renounce tranquility, above all, renounce the romantic possibilities of an unknown future, for the cares of a household and a family," he concludes. =="Major Barbara"== [[File:Maud Ballington Booth.jpg|thumb|A Salvation Army officer, 1902]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.fullbooks.com/MAJOR-BARBARA.html https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Major_Barbara Now that her daughters, Sarah is married to Charles and Barbara engaged to Adolphus Cusins, Lady Britomart intends to establish them on a better financial footing. She thereby invites her long-estranged husband, Andrew Undershaft, a wealthy arms dealer, to the house. Before meeting him, she explains to her son, Stephen, his family background, never spoken of before: "The Undershafts are descended from a foundling in the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the city. That was long ago, in the reign of James the First. Well, this foundling was adopted by an armorer and gun-maker. In the course of time the foundling succeeded to the business; and from some notion of gratitude, or some vow or something, he adopted another foundling, and left the business to him. And that foundling did the same. Ever since then, the cannon business has always been left to an adopted foundling named Andrew Undershaft." Barbara works as a major in a Salvation Army shelter, where an angry Bill Walker threatens Jenny Hill for stealing his girl-friend to work for that institution. A client, Rummy Mitchens, interferes. Bill strikes his and Jenny's face, but stops of doing so to Major Barbara as an earl's grand-daughter. On learning of his daughter's benevolent endeavors, Andrew Undershaft becomes convinced that it is not her rightful place. "Barbara must belong to us, not to the Salvation Army," he declares. "Do I understand you to imply that you can buy Barbara?" Adolphus inquires. "No," he answers, "but I can buy the Salvation Army." There is much pretense surrounding that institution. One of if its members, Snobby Price, only pretends to be saved after beating his mother, and thereby attracts money from all sorts of charitable people. Mrs Barnes, a commissioner in the Salvation Army, arrives with exciting news. "Lord Saxmundham has promised us five thousand pounds...if five other gentlemen will give a thousand each to make it up to ten thousand," she reports. But since that lord is a distiller, Barbara has scruples about accepting his money. Andrew gives them the entire five. "Every convert you make is a vote against war. Yet I give you this money to help you to hasten my own commercial ruin," he announces. The gift makes Major Barbara realize her work at the Salvation Army is a sham and so she quits. On meeting her estranged husband, Lady Britomart comes down to business: "Sarah must have 800 pounds a year until Charles Lomax comes into his property. Barbara will need more, and need it permanently, because Adolphus hasn't any property." He agrees, but with respect to Stephen, tradition prevents him from making him his heir. "He knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a political career," he remarks. The entire family is curious to visit his arms plant, Adolphus judging the place to be: "horribly, frightfully, immorally, unanswerably perfect." Indeed, he is impressed to the extent of admitting the foundling difficulty may be got over when the following is considered: "My mother is my father's deceased wife's sister," he reflects, and so consequently legal in Australia but not in England. Andrew agrees that in such a case Adolphus may indeed be considered a foundling and so liable to take his place after his death, provided he stick to his creed: "to give arms to all men who offer an honest price for them, without respect of persons or principles-" For Barbara he has this advice: "If your old religion broke down yesterday, get a newer and a better one for tomorrow." Nevertheless, Adolphus mulls over the moral dilemma of selling arms. "It is not the sale of my soul that troubles me: I have sold it too often to care about that," he says, "I have sold it for a professorship. I have sold it for an income. I have sold it to escape being imprisoned for refusing to pay taxes for hangmen's ropes and unjust wars and things that I abhor. What is all human conduct but the daily and hourly sale of our souls for trifles? What I am now selling it for is neither money nor position nor comfort, but for reality and for power." Barbara is also tempted by the job. "I have got rid of the bribe of bread. I have got rid of the bribe of heaven," she admits. Husband and wife agree with Andrew to make war on war and war on poverty. "For Major Barbara will die with the colours," she affirms. =="Pygmalion"== [[File:Gerome pygmalion-galatee.jpg|thumb|Like Pygmalion's statue, Galatea, depicted by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904), Eliza Doolittle comes to life]] [[File:Pygmalion-1914.jpg|thumb|Professor Higgins (played by Philip Merivale) beams in satisfaction after creating the illusion that Eliza (played by Mrs Patrick Campbell), a mere flower girl, is successfully introduced as a duchess. Broadway, New York, 1914]] Time: 1910s. Place: London, England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pygmalion http://www.bartleby.com/138/ After a musical performance, the Eynsford-Hills shelter from the rain under a portico. Unable to find a cab for his mother and sister, Freddy bumps into a flower-girl, Eliza Doolittle. While she attempts to sell her flowers, Colonel Pickering enters. A bystander informs both that a suspicious-looking man is writing down everything they say. The crowd begins to grow hostile or afraid, when Pickering and Henry Higgins discover they know each other from their common interest in phonetics. Henry boasts that his teaching ability is such as to pass off the flower-girl as a duchess, creating her anew, akin to what the sculptor in antiquity did with his statue, Pygmalion. The next day, Eliza turns up to pay for speaking lessons at Professor Higgins' house, since she has ambitions to work at a flower shop, which he agrees to help her with, confident to make a duchess of "this draggle-tailed guttersnipe". He and Pickering bet on the outcome with Eliza staying at Henry's household all the while. The lesson is interrupted by the arrival of Eliza's father, Alfred, a part-time dustman and full-time drunkard, pretending to be outraged at their supposed designs on his daughter. Higgins calms him down with only a 5-pound note. Henry and Pickering make a first trial of her at the at-home day of Henry' mother, when the Eynsford-Hills are invited. Despite some awkwardness in subject and choice of expression, as when she speaks of gin as "mother's milk", Eliza, to Henry's delight, is far from the flower-girl she once was. She particularly impresses the shy Freddy. After many further sessions, Eliza is ready for the embassy ball. A Hungarian guest, Nepommuck, Higgins' first student he no longer remembers, informs the guests he has detected Eliza as a fraud, only to reveal that she is surely a Hungarian of royal blood. For this and other feats, Pickering admits that Henry has won his bet "ten times over". At Higgins' house after the ball, Pickering congratulates Henry, at which the latter scoffs, declaring the entire project a bore. As they begin to retire for the night, Eliza throws Henry's slippers at his face, for her entire life has changed, no one takes any notice of her, and now what is she to do? Without much interest, Henry suggests a few things, but seeing Eliza still sorrowful and angry, declares her to be a "heartless guttersnipe". The next morning, the two worried friends discover Eliza lodged at Mrs Higgins' house, where Alfred enters, dressed for his wedding, miserable at no longer being part of the "undeserving poor", furious at Henry for having recommended him as the "most original moralist in England", now with 3-thousand-a-year and intimidated into "middle-class morality". Eliza arrives as her frustrated father leaves with Pickering. Henry and Eliza cannot agree on continuing as they did in the past, whereupon she mentions she may accept Freddy as her husband, at which Henry laughs. =="Heartbreak house"== [[File:Heartbreak_House,_act_2_(Shotover_%26_Ellie).jpg|thumb|Leaning on Captain Shotover, Ellie becomes disillusioned about love and the occupants of Heartbreak House agree with her. Played by Albert Perry (1869-1933) and Elisabeth Risdon (1887-1958) at the Garrick Theatre, New York, 1920]] Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heartbreak_House Hesione Hushabye invites her friend, Ellie Dunn, at her house. No one in there household notices Ellie until Nurse Guinness eventually shows up along with Hesione's father, Captain Shotover, a captain no more, rather an eccentric inventor seeking to achieve "the seventh degree of concentration", who comes and goes unpredictably inside his own house as if in passing. Ellie confides to Hesione that she loves a man named Marcus, but out of duty to her father, Mazzini, intends to marry his boss, Mangan. Heart-broken Ellie discovers her "white Othello" to be none other than Hesione's husband, Hector, kept as a "household pet" by his wife. Ellie and Hesione are surprised by the visit of the latter's estranged sister, Lady Ariadne Utterword, aggrieved and shocked at not being recognized by either of them or by her father. The party is completed by the arrival of Boss Mangan, Mazzini, and Randall Utterword, Ariadne's brother-in-law. Alone with her in the garden, Hector flirts with Ariadne until his wife arrives, ar which point husband and wife discuss their humdrum marriage, both too cynical to be heart-broken. When speaking of her father, intent on discoveries of an undefined nature, Hesione casually mentions he keeps "dynamite and things like that" in a gravel pit. Shotover enters to discuss world affairs with Hector. The captain opines that one should kill such men as Boss Mangan and reveals his intention of discovering an engine fit to destroy all the world's armaments. Hesione flirts with Mangan, flattered by such attention, which leads him to admit to Ellie he has manipulated her father's financial affairs to obtain money from failed businesses. To his surprise, the apathetic Ellie wishes to marry him in any case. Shocked by such cynicism, he has a fit, but she hypnotizes him into sleep. When left alone in the dark, Nurse Guinness falls over him, and, when he fails to respond, thinks she has killed him. Alerted by her cries, Hesione and Ellie enter hurriedly, and, before Mangan's sleeping face, express their true opinion of the apprently heartless businessman. He starts up to reveal he had only been pretending sleep. Heart-broken, he confronts Hesione about her cruel words, at which she admits her "very bones blushed red". Suddenly, a pistol shot is heard, a burglar having been discovered upstairs. The captain blows his whistle: "All hands aloft!", he cries out, where the entire company discover the burglar to be Billy Dunn, Shotover's old acquaintance, deliberately confused by him with Mazzini Dunn, and also Nurse Guinness' estranged husband. Unheeding his pleas to get what he deserves, they refuse to hand him over to the police, but keep him in the house. Shotover agrees with Hesione that Ellie should not marry Mangan, but she, being poor, believes that to keep one's soul one must possess a considerable amount of money. Meanwhile, Randall has observed Hector's designs on Ariade and, in love with her himself, warns him to take care. When Ariadne scolds Randall for one thing or another, he breaks down weeping, broken-hearted on realizing she can never love him. In the garden at night-time, Hesione hears a "splendid drumming in the sky", an unidentified impending danger hovering over the house. The party being unconcerned by this, Ariadne and the others discuss English society. She defines two classes: "the equestrian class and the neurotic class", her tyrannical husband being the only one who can save it. The discussion becomes so personal and shameless, in Boss Mangan's view, that he starts to take his clothes off, but is prevented from going farther. When the conversation returns to Ellie's marriage prospects, she says she cannot commit bigamy, to the shock of all the company, only to say she wishes to become the captain's "white wife", considering him as her "soul's captain". The drumming in the sky gets louder. "Batten down the hatches!" the captain orders. Mangan and the robber run to hide in the gravel pit, where Shotover keeps his dynamite, into which a bomb falls, so that both are killed. "Thirty pounds of good dynamite wasted!" the captain exclaims. The nonchalant or indifferent survive the attack from above. Nevertheless, the company expect to be killed next, Hector turning on all the lights and tearing down the curtains to facilitate their end until the drumming stops, to the disappointment of Hesione, Ellie, and Hector, each hoping that the mysterious sound spelling their doom will return the following day. =Sean O'Casey= [[File:Sean ocasey 1924.jpg|thumb|Sean O'Casey exposed the underlying causes and futility of some forms of heroism, 1924]] Another Irish playwright of major interest is Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), author of "The shadow of a gunman" (1923), "Juno and the paycock" (1924), and "The plough and the stars" (1926). "The shadow of a gunman" "takes place during the violent period of the so-called Anglo-Irish war, when the Irish Republican Army was engaged in guerrilla warfare with the English Black and Tans. One of the tactics used by the Irish was to strike the enemy and run; they were often hidden by sympathetic citizens, who referred to them as gunmen on the run” (daRin, 1976 p 24). "The theme of the play concerns the difference between true and false bravery. The characters who are truly brave— Maguire, Minnie, Mrs Henderson- are not talkers, but doers. Maguire has only three speeches, Minnie in the crucial second act has only four. The characters who are falsely brave- [Donal] Davoren, Seumas, Grigson, Tommy— are all voluble braggarts" (Hogan, 1960 p ?). "Religion offers people like Seumas and Grigson a convenient way of sugar-coating their hostility and aggression. So Seumas can unashamedly delight in picturing Shelley 'doing a jazz dance below'. And Grigson happily justifies the exploitation of his wife in terms of Holy Writ...The English government in the form of the Black and Tans appears as an amoral force and is rightly resented. But the Irish patriots offer the characters little hope of political redemption...Like Mrs Grigson, Mr Gallogher is a victim of exploitation. His letter, comic as it is, describes intolerable conditions...The life of the tenement is contagiously and effortlessly destructive. Through some fatal mixture of personality and environment, decent characters like Mrs Henderson and egotists like Tommy Owens turn into unpleasant bullies...In one sense, Minnie offers herself of her own free will...In another, Minnie is set up as sacrificial victim...Minnie's action in this light is not so much a matter of rational decision as of impulsive gesture based on several seemingly trivial and harmless, yet mistaken, beliefs. Firstly, Minnie believes she loves Donal. Secondly, she believes that Donal is a gunman on the run. These two beliefs are intimately related. The Donal of Minnie's heart is a poet and a patriot. But her Donal is a fiction which the real Donal does not contradict because it feeds his growing vanity. Thirdly, Minnie assumes the bombs belong to Donal. Since Minnie thinks Donal is a gunman, her assumption, particularly under the pressure of a Black and Tan raid, is understandable even if it is wrong. Finally, Minnie accepts that it is heroic to die for Ireland, an idea put abroad by real gunmen and paid lip-service to by the rest of the population. Minnie's beliefs are thus a complicated and dangerous amalgam of passion, patriotism, propaganda and romantic fantasy...The sacrifice of Minnie, the exploitive relationships in the tenements, the economic political strife, the religious hypocrisy and the vacuum in the sky convey a sense of chaotic conditions and man's inadequate responses...For Maguire, language is a diversionary tactic. For Gallogher, Owens, Grigson, Shields, and Davoren, talk is a form of escape from the slums, from the 'troubles', and from a nagging sense of their own impotence...The most vital characters like Minnie are destroyed and weaker characters like Donal understand yet cannot alter the fact that their energies are being dissipated and perverted. No character escapes the general demoralization because the world O'Casey creates...is in all its aspects hostile to life" (Schrank, 1977 pp 55-60). Landlord Mulligan, who owns the tenement, is a pretentious man who tries to amass wealth at the expense of his impoverished tenants, yet he considers himself a good Irishman. Tommy Owens reveals himself as a clown who sheds tears for Ireland but has never held a gun in his hand or a sober thought in his head; he is so eager to be associated with the gunmen that he jeopardizes Davoren’s life by talking about his presumed rebel activities in a bar” (daRin, 1976 p 33). In “Juno and the paycock”, “the time of the play is 1922 when the Irish civil war was being fought over the peace treaty that ended the Anglo-Irish war and, with other parliamentary acts, provided for the division of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which remained within the United Kingdom. So-called Free Staters and Republicans, formerly comrades in the Anglo-Irish war, were now bent upon destruction of one another” (daRin, 1976 p 38). “It might well be argued that the characters are defeated because they pursue their own personal ends rather than considering the hopes of the others“ (Hogan, 1960, p 39). "Joxer...is always ready with a made-to-measure, custom-worn quotation to fit any occasion, whether it be a celebration of military bravery (Boyle's imaginary deeds in Easter week) or of martial valour, or of life at sea...there is the credibility gap between what is said and the speaker...the frequent inappropriateness between what is said and the situation and...what is resolved..and what [he does]" (Ayling, 1972 p 496). In "O'Casey's dialectical approach...the characters appear in a surprisingly regular series of balancing pairs: Mary and Johnny; Bentham and Devine; Mrs Madigan and Mr Nugent; Mrs Tancred and Mrs Boyle; Juno and the Paycock; Boyle and Joxer...every action in the play has its opposing reaction: the tea party intersects the Tancred funeral procession; Mary's pregnancy sets off Johnny's death; Boyle's drunken entrance in the last act qualifies Juno's exit. Clearly nothing in the play exists by itself; thesis balances antithesis...Whereas Boyle embraces a deterministic world view, Juno evolves a doctrine of free will...Boyle without money is emasculated and cannot make his family take him seriously. Group status, like family status, is determined by money. Mrs Madigan willingly loans Boyle money when she thinks he has an inheritance, and just as willingly confiscates his gramophone when she thinks he does not...A series of animal allusions emphasizes this predatoriness, the most frequent, [being] the reference to Boyle as peacock...The peacock image has the obvious connotations of pride and useless display; but more important is its association with unearned money. Juno and Maisie's outrage originates in the simple fact that Boyle's display depends on other people's work...Only in the second act, when the Boyles think they have money, do animal references become benign...[such as] Maisie Madigan's 'I remember the time when Madigan could sing like a nightingale at matin' time'...The play's title in juxtaposing 'Juno' and 'paycock', that is godliness and animality, comments not only on its two main characters, but on human nature...In attempting to insulate the family from history, Juno only contributes to Johnny's death. All the symptoms of guilt, panic, and hysteria glossed over with a cup of tea...Boyle, by making history function as a self-serving rhetorical ornament with only accidental relevance to the real world, debases it. Because the past, for Boyle, does not illuminate the present, the possibility of meaningful action is destroyed...What Johnny's death demonstrates is the interpenetration of the past and present, the public and the private through causality. Past actions continue to have consequences in the present and the future. The Civil War, the historical moment, creates Johnny's objective and subjective realities and ultimately leads to his death. Neither Boyle who debases history nor Juno who denies its scope can fully understand what happens to them or to Johnny...In terms of O'Casey's dialectical vision, the conclusion of Juno and the Paycock dramatizes the destruction of the Boyle home, but it also indicates the potential for synthesis...Mary and Juno going off together form a continuity chronologically and philosophically: they unite the past and the future with the present; and they prove that, out of betrayal and death, rebirth and progress are possible" (Schrank, 1977 pp 438-448). “Boyle is the center of his own universe, a blusterer whose pride far surpasses his merit. While his family sinks slowly into tragedy, the paycock with his consequential strut evades the opportunity to work by pretending illness, fabricates stories of heroism about himself, and storms out when confronted with his own lies. He mocks his daughter for her attempts at self-improvement, denounces his wife for wanting him to get a job, and dismisses his son, who is in a constant state of terror. Now pompous, now querulous, Boyle is always wise in his own conceit, and his family pays dearly for his vanity”(daRin, 1976 p 49). "In the dialogues between Boyle and Joxer, even the undefined is comic, as in the following: 'Boyle. She has her rights- there’s no one denyin’ it, but haven’t I me rights too? Joxer. Of course you have, the sacred rights of man!' What can those sacred rights of man be? Not even Joxer knows. Boyle’s comic vanity...has their vicious extension in his daughter's pregnancy, his role-playing in his self-centered assumption of the part of offended patriarch, and his sloth in the eventual exhaustion of affection and collapse of the family” (Chothia, 1996 pp 95-96). The concluding scene “is funny as the same time that it is bitter, hopeless, and terrible. It would, in fact, be difficult to find anywhere in dramatic literature so extraordinary a combination of farce with loathing and bleak despair” (Krutch, 1953 p 99). After the Easter uprising of 1916 where The plough and the stars emblem of the Irish Citizen Army against British rule was waved aloft, the 1922 civil war was waged between the Irish Free State, accepting the treaty of partition, and the Republican Army which rejected it. The Easter rising presented as the “betrayal of the Dublin working class...absurd and inhumane” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). “The central figure is really neither Jack Clitheroe, who commands a battalion of rebels and is left dead in a burning hotel, nor his wife Nora, who becomes insane on account of it; these two characters, who are superior in soul and intellect to their plebeian surroundings, only give a relief to the real protagonist of the drama, which is the crowd, with its multiform, mean, passionate, incoherent soul. Comedy and tragedy are interwoven in the same scenes, sometimes in the same moment; and the Dublin populace, whom O’Casey, first among all the writers mentioned here, brought thronging to the pit of the Abbey Theatre, to-day still feel him to be above all a comic, and almost a farcical writer. The intellectuals, on the other hand, try to classify him according to their old mentality; they elaborate his ‘philosophy’, and try to formulate a moral for his story, as, for example, that men live and talk, kill and die for dreams, while women suffer and die for realities. These attempts only show the narrow, patchy mentality of these gentlemen, a Protestant, Puritan mentality, seeking for possible alternatives, as compared to the disordered, patchy genius of O’Casey, who comes of an old and Catholic race, and is really of the people, with all the good and bad points, and all the genuine variety of instincts which his own nature brings with it” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 238-239). “There are eight main actions in the The Plough and the Stars: that of Nora, of Jack, Bessie, Fluther, Peter, the Covey, Mrs Gogan, and Mollser. These characters find themselves set in circumstances which render them powerless, and all attempt in various ways to adapt themselves to the circumstances, to ignore them, to accept them, or to change them” (Hogan, p 43). The characters "are the rag, tag and bobtail of the Dublin slums, shiftless of character and romantic of temperament, great phrase-makers and soil for the most grandiose flowers of speech. Yet what a lot they are if we stop to consider them dispassionately! Consider Fluther Good, the drunken carpenter, whose abhorrence of the ‘derogatory' is only equalled by his knack of falling into it; Young Covey, the fitter, who has a passion for communism in the abstract and a practical taste in plunder and loot; Clitheroe, the bricklayer, whose patriotism and personal ambition are like a pair of horses pulling away from one another; Peter Flynn, the mindless labourer, eternally maundering about the grave of some patriot of long ago; Mrs Gogan, the charwoman, with a ghoulish delight in all the appurtenances of death and burial; Bessie Burgess, the fruit-vendor, with vileness on her tongue and something that is not vileness in her heart; Rosie Redmond, street walker and pure pragmatist...It moves to its tragic close through scenes of high humour and rich, racy fooling, about which there is something of Elizabethan gusto” (Agate, 1944 p 234). In the view of Krasner (2012), “The Young Covey...spouts aimless socialistic platitudes” (p 180), but may also be considered as socialistic truths, aimless because the man is passive and eventually as egotistical as the others, funny truths because they appear amid lies and irrelevancies all around. Gassner (1954a) commented that "the profound critic of The Nation, Mr Joseph Wood Krutch, has complained that he has never discovered 'just where the author’s sympathies lie'. This confusion exists because of O’Casey’s fairness, although the Abbey’s audience had no doubt that his sympathies were anti-Irish. He recognizes the nobility and courage of the rebels, but he resents their intoxication with romantic and superficial objectives. Through the class-conscious Covey, in fact, he presents the trenchant criticism that the patriots who fought for political independence neglected the far more immediate problem of eradicating the pressing problems of poverty and social evil that are so vividly realized in this slum tragedy. But beyond this pertinent criticism is the immediate tragedy of women who lose their men for causes that do not touch the direct and ever-present realities of eating, home building, love, and childbearing...Other tragedies transpire while the men are bleeding for something that seems abstract and remote by comparison. There is, for example, the poverty that makes termagants of some of the women; there is the shiftlessness of men like the remarkable Fluther Good and old Peter, both flamboyant patriots who talk well and drink better; there is the ailing and neglected child that dies in the tenement; there is the crowded tenement itself" (pp 569-570). "No writer of our time has caught the whole atmosphere of working-class life more beautifully than O’Casey, or has been able to raise that atmosphere, as he has, to the pitch of tragic dignity" (Fraser, 1960 p 143). “Both Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars are bitter, brutal ironies, so strongly felt and so passionately stated that, in spite of their broad comedy and their gorgeous wit, they scorch and bruise the spectator. In both of them the sorry story of the waste of revolution is told, and innocent bystanders suffer most cruelly from its havoc. In Juno revolution creeps up those sinister backstairs, which lead from the streets of Dublin that are blood-stained from the battles of the Free Staters and the Die Hards, fairly bursting in upon what might otherwise have been a droll little character comedy about a legacy which never materialized. In The Plough it is the story that is forced to climb the stairs of the tenement house to escape the woes of a ravaged city… In Juno, where the trite little plot is more self-reliant, the course of the playwright is always clear, but in The Plough he seems lost in a pleasing labyrinth of mixed modes until suddenly, in the last act, all of his by-paths converge and his meaning rings out with a deafening clarity. He is without a rival in snatching people of the backstairs out of their pubs and tenements, and transferring them to the stage in such a way that they remain people seen in the round instead of dwindling into types observed from only one convenient angle. His plots are minor, almost incidental, and he interrupts them at will to dally with protracted interludes of character comedy, or terrifying moments of anguish. He is not above using some tricks again and again as the standard of his comic currency, repeating a word like ‘darling’ or ‘derogatory’, or a phrase like ‘God give me patience’, until he fairly flagellates his comic point” (Macgowan, 1950 p 612). O'Casey seems like "an Elizabethan reborn. Elizabethans knew how to keep their plays moving on a full, free tide of speech. No want there of either colour or action; audiences expected both and they had them. The smallest of dramatists could toss off the resounding line. The most minor parts had their burnish. Undeniably, there was a good deal of rant and fustian, but there was also this abounding vitality, this love of words that shone and rang, of continuous imagery, speeches that quickened and excited a theatre and were not plumped down like wet wool upon the spongy turf. Suddenly, in the Dublin of the twenties, the Elizabethan voice sounded again. Playgoers at the Abbey saw once more the Elizabethan juxtaposition of tragedy and farce, found a torchlight-procession of words, recognised a new, a prodigal, an exciting dramatist. Granville Barker called O’Casey’s early work plays of ‘a spontaneous realism’. They flamed into life: first The Shadow of a Gunman, then the great twin brethren, Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, compact of the blackest tragedy and the most exuberant farce, written in a high tumble of words, rich in the unexpected epithet and lit always by a spontaneous poetic fire. O’Casey had then, and has still, faults that would be dark indeed in a routine playwright. He is too voluble. He will award the prizes of his speech- again in the Elizabethan manner- to anyone; whether the words are in character or not" (Trewin, 1951 p 187). But Williams (1965) disparaged O'Casey's use of language in comparison to Synge's. "The distance between the language of O'Casey and the language of poetic drama is considerable, but perhaps a more significant distance is that between his language and that of Synge. It is not a simple difference of status between the two as writers, although Synge's sensibility is clearly the finer; it is also a change in the language of society, a change from the speech of isolated peasants and fishermen, where dignity and vitality of language were directly based on an organic living process, to the speech of townsmen, normally colourless and drab, containing the undiscriminated rhythms of the scriptures, popular hymns, and commercial songs, which, when it wishes to be impressive, must become either drunken or hysterical, and end in extravagance" (p 171). However, one can argue that O'Casey's use of language fits the characters as well as Synge's. O'Casey is at his best debunking. Male characters especially make themselves out to be of larger soul than they are. O'Casey is weakest in scenes of dramatic tension as pointed out by Williams: "The point which seems to confirm my analysis of the nature of O'Casey's language is the routine nature of the words which pass between Jack and Nora Clitheroe as he goes to his death in the fighting: Jack. My Nora; my little beautiful Nora, I wish to God I'd never left you. Nora: It doesn't matter, not now, not now, Jack. It will make us dearer than ever to each other. Kiss me, kiss me again. This, confined to sobriety, is simply the language of the novelette." "Since the eighteenth century England has grown used to finding its best dramatists among the Irish. Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars showed that the Dublin Abbey Theatre group was still potent, and that the tragic poetry of life salted by rough comedy could be found among city tenements just as it had been found by Synge among the glens of Aran" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 215). =="The shadow of a gunman"== Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Without informing his landlord, Seumas, a peddler and admirer of poetry, has offered Donal, a poet, to share his apartment. The landlord complains of that and also that the rent is long overdue, but Seumas defies him and gives permission to his friend, Maguire, a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), to leave a bag in their apartment. Seumas and Donal next receive a visit from Tommy, who professes to be ready to die for Ireland in its troubles, although not yet called on, followed by Mrs Henderson and Mr Gallogher, who consult Donal about a letter addressed to the IRA, complaining of the foul language used by a tenant in their building. Seumas keeps the letter to see about improving it. Another neighbor, Minnie, arrives to borrow milk for tea. She sees the poet in a romantic light, feeling sure he would die for his country, thinking also that he might be "a gunman on the run". Soon, Seumas and Donal hear about Maguire's murder in an ambush at the hands of the Black and Tan, British soldiers seeking to undermine the Irish revolution for independence. Late that night, Seumas hears suspicious taps on the wall. He and Donal are then unnerved by gunshots heard from the street. They next hear about Tommy's boasts in a pub, his knowing "a general in the IRA" and his ability to "lay his hand on tons of revolvers". Very much afraid, Seumas curses his imprudence. Even more afraid, Donal searches for Mrs Gallogher's compromising letter but is unable to find it until his friend suggests his coat pocket. Both tremble worse of all after discovering Maguire's bag full of Mills bombs. Donal blames Seumas for not being on his guard while knowing the type of man Maguire was. "I knew things ud go wrong when I missed mass this morning," Seumas moans. Suddenly, Minnie rushes in to inform them that the house is surrounded by the Tans, then notices the bombs. She takes them to her room while both men stand stiff with fright. "Holy Saint Anthony grant that she'll keep her mouth shut," Seumas prays. "We'll never again be able to lift up our heads if anything happens to Minny," Donal moans. They next hear that the Tans discovered the bombs, that Minnie jumped from the lorry carrying her away, and that she was shot to death. =="Juno and the paycock"== [[File:Edith_Campion_in_1946.jpg|thumb|Played by Edith Campion (1923-2007) at the Unity Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand in 1946, Juno wonders about what to do with her shiftless, peacock husband, Jack]] Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Captain Jack Boyle is unemployed but yet strutting like a "paycock" (peacock) while his wife, Juno, takes care of household matters and goes out to work for him and their invalid, son, Johnny, who a few years ago was shot in the arm and hip during an uprising against the Irish Free State. After hearing of an opportunity to work, Jack suddenly develops twinges in his legs. Happily, Jack learns from Charlie, a notary who courts his daughter, Mary, that he is the recipient of an important legacy following the death of a cousin of his. Jack means to start a new life, ridding himself of his shiftless friend, Joxer. "He'll never blow the froth off a pint o' mine again, that's a sure thing," Jack declares, but yet Joxer stays on. In view of their expected fortune, the Boyles buy furniture and a gramophone on credit. One day, Johnny is heard screaming from his room, caused by an hallucination, the sight of a recently dead neighbor praying in front of a statue and looking at him. The vision concerns Robbie, a die-hard leader of a deadly ambush against a Free State soldier who was shot in reprisal by Free Staters. Two months later, the legacy money has not yet arrived. A friend takes back clothes obtained on credit by the Boyles and another friend their unpaid gramophone. At the same time, Charlie leaves Mary and Juno tells Jack that their daughter is pregnant. Jack angrily throws Mary out of the house. When Juno counters that she will follow her, he suggests she do so. He then discovers that Charlie has messed up the will, for, instead of specifying his name, he only wrote "cousin", and so a large number of other claimants have shown up, which explains the notary's sudden departure. Johnny angrily accuses his father of running up credit just to pay for his beer. Mary learns of the disastrous turn in the family's fortune. Hearing Charlie has gone, Jerry, an old rival for Mary's favors, offers to care for her, but changes his mind after finding out about her pregnancy. Left alone, Johnny sees two men enter to take back the furniture, then two armed men, Republicans informed about his treachery against Robbie, come to take him away to his death in reprisal. While Juno leaves with Mary to her sister's house, Jack and Joxer drunkenly reel in. =="The plough and the stars"== [[File:StarryPlough.svg|thumb|Starry plough flag since 1930]] Time: 1910s. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/twentyfivemodern001705mbp Violent arguments about politics are heard in the apartment of Jack and Nora Clitheroe between The Covey, a Marxist and Jack's cousin, on one hand, and Peter, a conservative and Nora's uncle, on the other. Fluther, a carpenter called to put in a new lock, also joins in the fray, calling The Covey "an ignorant yahoo", while he in turn calls him an "ignorant savage". Bessie, a neighbor, hating Nora's liberated manner, also joins in the fray by grabbing and shaking her, but Fluther breaks Bessie's hold and Jack pushes her out. In the evening, there is a demonstration of the Citizen Army bearing 'The plough and the stars'. The Covey informs Jack that this symbol was originally meant for the proletariat: "Used when we're buildin' th'barricades to fight for a workers' republic," he explains. Jack learns from Captain Brennan that he was named commandant in the Citizen Army, but the letter never reached him, because it was intercepted by Nora. He warns her never to intercept any of his letters again, takes no account of her fears, and goes out with Brennan. In a pub, Rosie, a prostitute, gives homage to the demonstration held outside. "It's up to us all, anyway, to fight for our freedom," she says, to which The Covey responds: "There's only one freedom for the' working man: conthrol o' th' means o' production, rates of exchange, an' th' means of disthribution." When she approaches him for business purposes, he becomes frightened and moves away. Peter tearfully complains to Fluther about The Covey's insults. "It's th' way he says it: he never says it straight out, but murmurs it with curious quiverin' ripples, like variations on a flute," he complains. A charwoman, Mrs Gogan, quarrels with Bessie. She hands her baby over to Peter, who does not know what to do with it, and so leaves it on the floor and cries out for Fluther to follow her. "D'ye think Fluther's like yourself, destitute of a titther of undherstandin'?" Luther cries out sarcastically. More quarrels ensue, whereby The Covey is pushed out of the bar by the barman, Rosie impressed by the way Fluther defended himself against him. "Oh, Fluther, I'm afraid you're a terrible man for th' women," she avers. The demonstration outside degenerates into a riot. From an upper window, Bessie taunts Mrs Gogan, The Covey, and Peter. "Yous are all nicely shanghaied now," she warns, at which Mrs Gogan recommends them not to answer the "Orange bitch". In the mass confusion which ensues, Bessie goes out and returns with stolen items, including three umbrellas, at which sight The Covey and Fluther hurry away to loot for their own selves, but Peter is too fearful to do so because of the sporadic shooting. Bessie and Mrs Gogan fight over a perambulator used to carry more looted items, but finally go off together. The Covey returns with a heavy sack, a piece of ham lying on top. Bessie and Mrs Gogan return with the pram filled with clothes and a table. In the melee, Brennan and Jack carry in the latter's apartment a shot comrade. Nora begs her husband to stay at home, but, in his view, she is shaming him and so he rushes away a second time. During the tumult, Fluther staggers in, carrying a huge jar of whiskey. A few days later, the consumptive daughter of Mrs Gogan dies with her stillborn baby. While The Covey, Peter, and Fluther nervously play cards in view of probable reprisals by the British army, Brennan enters to announce that Jack is dead. Nora deliriously calls for him and considers his companions murderers. The Covey and Peter panic, the former crying out to Brennan: "There's no place here to lie low, th' Tommies'll be hoppin' in here any minute." Indeed, Sergeant Stoddart declares that the men are to be rounded up to prevent sniper-fire. When Nora stands incautiously near the window, Bessie seizes her and receives a bullet for her kindness. "I've got this through you, you bitch, you," she cries out in her dying throes. =JM Synge= [[File:John Millington Synge.jpg|thumb|Like Shaw and O'Casey, John Millington Synge was an outstanding Irish playwright]] A third irish-born dramatist, JM Synge (1871-1909), contributed two of the best comedies of the period: "The well of the saints" (1905) and "The playboy of the western world" (1907). In both, dramatic characters prefer dreams over reality (Bickley, 1912 p 38). In "The well of the saints", "the fable, which is among the simplest and most moving ones ever chosen by a modern dramatist, has in it all the searching beauty of an ancient parable...Nothing can be more pathetic and also more depressing than the two blind people's disillusionment and the complaint of Martin Doul when reference is made to the "grand day" when he was healed: ‘Grand day, is it? black day when I was roused up and found I was the like of little children do be listening to the stories of an old woman and do be dreaming after in the dark night that it's in grand houses of gold they are, with speckled horses to ride, and do be waking again, in a short while, and they destroyed with the cold, and the thatch dripping, maybe, and the starved ass braying in the yard.’” (Bourgeois, 1913 pp 183-192). "The blind beggars, Martin and Mary Doul, are sustained in joy and self-respect by the illusion of their own beauty and comeliness. When their sight is restored by the holy water of the saint, their revealed ugliness comes near to destroying them. But when their sight fades once more, they achieve a new illusion: of their dignity in old age, the woman with her white hair, and the man with his flowing beard. They fly in terror from a renewed offer to restore their sight of the real world; although their neighbours realise that their continued blindness, leading them along a stony path, with the north wind blowing behind, will mean their death" (Williams, 1965 pp 160-161). "Rarely has the bitter conflict between reality and the ideal been more poignantly set forth" (Andrews, 1913, p 164). “The play concludes...with the wedding of Timmy...and Molly, a conclusion which reinforces the isolation of the two beggars...The saint warns Martin and Mary that when he has given them sight, they should look on self...With sight, however, they attempt to become part of ordinary humanity- a world which they find to be cruel and self-centered and one in which a beautiful face conceals a cruel heart” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 59-60). "The playboy of the western world" "is a study of character, terrible in its clarity, but never losing the savour of imagination and of the astringency and saltness that was characteristic of his temper. He had at his command an instrument of incomparable fineness and range in the language which he fashioned out of the speech of the common people amongst whom he lived. In his dramatic writings this language took on a kind of rhythm which had the effect of producing a certain remoteness of the highest possible artistic value" Mair and Ward, 1939 p 208). It "is a play so unexpected in action, so racy in idiom, so perplexing in its first paradox of the murderer honored and respected, so satisfying in its final revelation of laughable, vain, miserable, heroic human nature, that to discuss it in a cursory manner is neither tempting nor fitting" (Hackett, 1919 p 195). It is "a work of true dramatic stature: lyric imagination in full satiric flower and embellished with the ribbons of some of the most beautifully cadenced speech the modern stage has known" (Nathan, 1947 p 136). The play "satirizes, with poetic sympathy, the danger that besets an airy, imaginative temperament, unballasted with culture, to lose itself in divagations of extravagant absurdity..." (Hamilton, 1914 p 142). “Christy creeps into Flaherty's inn and the fostering warmth is enough. The ‘polis' never come there; it is a safe house, so', and the crime for which he had fled in terror on the roads of Ireland since ‘Tuesday was a week', becomes maybe something big. The mystery quickens the blood of his audience, they draw nearer with delighted curiosity and, looking into his own mind for the first time by the illumination of this tribute to his art, he perceives that there is not 'any person, gentle, simple, judge or jury, did the like of me'. From that moment a glorious and brilliant magnification of his deed and his situation sets in, he has ‘prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell's gap gaping below'. Once the confession is out his audience contributes royally. They perceive that he is no ‘common, week-day kind of a murderer', but a man ‘should be a great terror when his temper's roused' and 'a close man' 'into the bargain’ (in fact, a complete Machiavellian, lion and fox together). As the legend expands at the hands of his audience, he accepts the additions, assimilating them so rapidly that they soon become part of his own memory of the event" (Ellis-Fermor, 1971 p 177). "Christy Mahon's illusion of greatness is nourished and raised to the heights by a community where the mythology of force (compare the tales they spin of Red Jack Smith and Bartley Fallon) is dominant. Yet Christy realises that it is not the deed which made him glorious, but the telling of the deed, that 'poet's talking'. And this he retains" (Williams, 1965 p 164). “The general humor of the situation lies in the fact that a timid young bumpkin, who supposes that he has killed his father, finds himself admired for his crime, and grows vain of it. The girls in particular think him a darling. But in the midst of his glory, his father appears, little the worse for a blow that had merely felled him, and determined to chastise the scapegrace. Then those who bowed before the gallant patricide turn upon him with contempt. The girls who adored only laugh. And Christy, in desperation, endeavors to live up to his notoriety by slaying his father in very truth. A bad deed actually observed, however, is less romantic than one merely told of, and the hero worshippers promptly seize upon Christy with a view to handing him over to the police” (Chandler, 1914 p 272). "Thus ends the making of a hero who is glorious only when he commits his crimes out of sight. Thus also ends the self-delusion of young Christy, who learns like other 'heroes' how quickly admirers become enemies in foul weather" (Gassner, 1954a p 560). "Let no one forget those lines with which Christy Mahon cries defiance to the Mayo folk who have known his greatness and his fall: 'Ten thousand blessings upon all that 's here, for you ve turned me a likely gaffer in the end of all, the way I'll go romancing through a romping lifetime from this hour to the dawning of the judgment day," I do not deny that these words are in a sense wrung from the playboy, but what I do hold is that they prove how vital was the genius of the man who wrote them, who saw the joy there was yet in life for this braggart wastrel just as he saw that even such a miserable boyhood as Christy's knew a kind of poacher's joy in running wild on the bogs" (Weygandt, 1913 p 161). The play is “joyous in its presentation but what it reflects is squalor, credulity, brutal cupidity- a world of drunken louts and hopelessly desperate women. The only exception is Christy Mahon...[At the end] he goes out and the spirit of romance goes with him” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). When Pegeen Mike is afraid of sleeping alone, the townspeople agree that Christy is the solution, “judged by Jimmy to be brave, by Pegeen to be wise, by Philly to be such a terror to the police that they would stay away from the shebeen where illegal whiskey is sold...Christy’s retelling of the parricide in Act 2 involves some repetition...but when contrasted with the bare, prosaic account in Act 1, shows his development as a mock hero” (Benson, 1982 pp 121-124). “The major action of the play, the recognition of self, demands the second murder of the old man...necessary as an index of Christy’s transformation...At the confrontation of his father in the last act...he remembers the image of self...and acts accordingly...His isolation is complete...Upon Pegeen’s rejection...the knowledge that the realized self is of inestimable and intrinsic value gives Christy...a strange exultation, which pervades his every speech in the conclusion of the play” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 81-82). "When Christy enters the cottage, Pegeen Mike, the daughter of the house, has just been left alone by her pusillanimous admirer and future husband, Shawn Keogh. Shawn would not stay unchaperoned with a young girl, so great is his deference to ecclesiastical authority. Pegeen Mike, disgusted at this supreme exhibition of timidity, is only too glad when the mysterious stranger comes upon the scene, and when it transpires that Christy has murdered his 'da', she is the most interested of the group of villagers who crowd around to lionize the hero. The two are left alone and become increasingly attracted towards one another, the girl contrasting this brave and spirited young fellow with the miserable coward her parents have chosen for her, a typical specimen of a bad lot whose defects are all the more manifest now that Christy is among them" (Boyd, 1917 p 114). =="The well of the saints"== [[File:St Patrick's Well at Ardtole with the Irish Sea in the background - geograph.org.uk - 1535121.jpg|thumb|An Irish well is often reputed to possess curative powers]] Time: 19th century. Place: East Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186282 https://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/289/2378/frameset.html A blind old couple, Martin and Mary Doul, sit by the cross-road begging to survive. Timmy the smith has good news for them: "Did ever you hear tell of a place across a bit of the sea, where there is an island, and the grave of the four beautiful saints?" he asks. "There’s a green ferny well, I’m told, behind of that place, and if you put a drop of the water out of it on the eyes of a blind man, you’ll make him see as well as any person is walking the world." Two young village women, Molly and Bride, bring the water over in a can. "God bless you, Martin. I’ve holy water here, from the grave of the four saints of the west, will have you cured in a short while and seeing like ourselves -" Molly announces. When a wandering friar arrives, considered a saint, he invites Martin to enter inside the church. While Martin is on his way, Timmy anxiously asks himself: "God help him...What will he be doing when he sees his wife this day? I’m thinking it was bad work we did when we let on she was fine-looking, and not a wrinkled, wizened hag the way she is." As Martin comes out of the church, he cries out: "Oh, glory be to God, I see now surely...I see the walls of the church, and the green bits of ferns in them, and yourself, holy father, and the great width of the sky." He passes past Mary also on her way to the church without knowing her. On seeing the beautiful Molly, Timmy's intended, he feels sure she is his wife, then makes the same mistake with two other women. When Mary comes out from the church, also with her sight miraculously restored, the married couple stare at each other blankly and abuse each other's ugliness. Frustrated, he threatens her with a stick till Timmy catches his arm. Husband and wife must now work for a living, he cutting sticks for Timmy's forge, she picking nettles for Widow O'Flinn. But at least he has the blessing of seeing pretty women the like of Molly, with whom he flirts, till she complains to Timmy. "Is it a storm of thunder is coming, or the last end of the world? The heavens is closing, I’m thinking, with darkness and great trouble passing in the sky," Martin suddenly cries out as he begins to lose his sight again. Shredding rushes, Mary moans: "Ah, God help me...God help me; the blackness wasn’t so black at all the other time as it is this time, and it’s destroyed I’ll be now, and hard set to get my living working alone, when it’s few are passing and the winds are cold." Martin gropes forward towards Mary. He makes further sarcastic remarks on her looks again. Mary says he need not. "For when I seen myself in them pools, I seen my hair would be gray or white, maybe, in a short while, and I seen with it that I’d a face would be a great wonder when it’ll have soft white hair falling around it, the way when I’m an old woman there won’t be the like of me surely in the seven counties of the east," she declares. Martin hesitates: could it be true? With dismay, they hear the saint's bell and hide in the briar next to the church, though plainly visible. The saint offers them the holy water again, this time to recover sight till their dying day, but Martin and Mary turn away. Martin refuses, but Mary doubtfully accepts. Martin pushes the saint away from her, then seems to acquiesce till with a sudden movement strikes the can from the saint’s hand. "For if it’s a right some of you have to be working and sweating the like of Timmy the smith, and a right some of you have to be fasting and praying and talking holy talk the like of yourself, I’m thinking it’s a good right ourselves have to be sitting blind, hearing a soft wind turning round the little leaves of the spring and feeling the sun, and we not tormenting our souls with the sight of the gray days, and the holy men, and the dirty feet is trampling the world," he declares. Angry at anyone refusing a miracle, the village people throw objects at him, so that the couple are forced to head south, away from those who now enter the church as witnesses to Timmy and Molly's wedding. =="The playboy of the western world"== [[File:Allgood-Kerrigan 1911.jpg|thumb|Shawn Keogh does his best to marry Pegeen Mike but falls short, played by JM Kerrigan and Sara Allgood, respectively, at the Plymouth Theatre, Boston, 1911]] Time: 1900s. Place: Ireland. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/1010/ https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151773/page/n13 In Michael James' shebeen, Shawn admits, to the shop-girl Pegeen's disgust, that he recently heard a fellow's groans, perhaps a man dying in a ditch, without reporting it. To protect his employee against the possible threat of this stranger, Michael proposes that Shawn should stay with his daughter all night, but Shawn, afraid of Father Reilly's condemnation of such a suggestion, refuses. Michael corners him but he escapes, leaving a coward's coat on his hands. The stranger, Christy Mahon, arrives to say he is wanted by the police for "something big". Pegeen does not believe him. "That’s an unkindly thing to be saying to a poor orphaned traveller, has a prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell’s gap gaping below," Christy asserts, who confesses he killed his father. "Bravery’s a treasure in a lonesome place, and a lad would kill his father, I’m thinking, would face a foxy divil with a pitchpike on the flags of hell," a fellow villager named Jimmy affirms with admiration. Pegeen agrees. "It’s the truth they’re saying, and if I’d that lad in the house, I wouldn’t be fearing the loosed kharki cut-throats, or the walking dead," she says. Also impressed, Michael offers him a job as a pot-boy in the shop. When alone with Pegeen, Christy is startled to hear a knock at the door. It is Widow Quin, come to take away Pegeen's "curiosity man" to her own house, as Father Reilly suggested to her. She is somewhat of a local celebrity, too, having one day struck her husband so that he died from poisoned blood, "a sneaky kind of murder" according to Pegeen. The widow will not have Christy "kidnabbed". The two women argue over who should have him. Pegeen wins. Out of curiosity to see the handsome killer, several women (Susan, Nelly, Honor, and Sara) enter the shebeen to offer him eggs, butter, cake, and pullet. To them and Widow Quin, Christy explains how he was driven to murder by his father's attempt at forcing him into an undesired marriage. "A walking terror from beyond the hills, and she two score and five years, and two hundredweights and five pounds in the weighing scales, with a limping leg on her, and a blinded eye, and she a woman of noted misbehaviour with the old and young," he assserts. His father threatened with a scythe. To defend himself, he lifted a loy. Seeing the women all gawking at him, Pegeen angrily shoos them away. She terrorizes him by suggesting they might spread around the story of this murder. While Pegeen goes out to do her chores, Shawn, intent on marrying her himself and worried about a rival, attempts to bribe Christy to leave town. Christy tries out the clothes offered him. "I’d inform again him, but he’d burst from Kilmainham and he’d be sure and certain to destroy me," Shawn ponders. Widow Quin is considering to marry him herself. A grateful Shawn promises her many gifts should she do so. While Shawn leaves to contribute to upcoming sporting events, Christy struts about with new clothes, until to his horror he discovers his father outside and runs away to hide. Old Mahon asks the widow about news of his son, giving details of his shiftlessness. "What way was he so foolish?" the surprised widow inquires, "It was running wild after the girls maybe?" "Running wild, is it? If he seen a red petticoat coming swinging over the hill, he’d be off to hide in the sticks, and you’d see him shooting out his sheep’s eyes between the little twigs and the leaves, and his two ears rising like a hare looking out through a gap," Mahon retorts with contempt. When he leaves to find his son following her directions, Christy returns. The widow laughs at him. "Well, you’re the walking playboy of the western world, and that’s the poor man you had divided to his breeches belt," she chortles. Nevertheless, she offers to marry him. However, he wants Pegeen instead with her help, to which she agrees provided he give her gifts and advantages. Despite noticing afar off a man who looks like his son being successful at sporting games, which the widow pretends not to believe, Mahon is still doubtful whether it is truly he. Christy and Pegeen are now strongly attached with each other. To her father's surprise, she refuses Shawn for the sake of Christy, "wet and crusted with his father’s blood". Michael encourages Shawn to fight him, but Shawn encourages him to do the same. Faced with his rival, Christy picks up a loy and Shawn disappears. Michael agrees to his daughter's proposed marriage, but they are interrupted by the enraged Mahon, who beats Christy as soon as he sees him. Pegeen backs off from the altercation, thinking perhaps that the old man was raised from the dead, then she discovers the truth. "And it’s lies you told, letting on you had him slitted, and you nothing at all," she cries out outraged. Humiliated by her as well as the crowd gathering around, Christy runs to the door after his father with loy in hand and seems to strike him dead. Christy returns half dazed but refuses to leave town without Pegeen. With Pegeen's help, the villagers double-hitch his arms to capture the murderer, but have difficulty in taking him away. Mahon crawls back inside and father and son go off together. With his rival gone, Shawn sees nothing to prevent his marriage now. "Quit my sight," a frustrated Pegeen says. Putting a shawl over her head, she breaks out into wild lamentations: "Oh my grief, I’ve lost him surely. I’ve lost the only playboy of the western world." =St John Ervine= [[File:St. John Ervine by Underwood & Underwood.jpg|thumb|Ervine evoked a man's treachery towards a young woman and the response of her family to it. Photograph of the author, 1920]] Another Irish playwright, St John Ervine (1883-1971), achieved his best with "John Ferguson" (1919), a sickly farmer whose troubles worsen when he cannot pay the mortgage, his daughter is raped, and his son is guilty of murdering the violator. "John Ferguson" "is a play written in Stoic mood. We are conscious of complete isolation from all that makes life gay and comely. John Ferguson's house is comfortable within, for Mrs Ferguson prides herself on maintaining the appearance of fortune. But it lies surrounded by lonely fields where bleak weather and a stubborn soil breed poverty and despair. The gray shadow of undeserved but inevitable misfortune broods over it from the first, and soon takes shape in the betrayal of Hannah Ferguson and the murder of the man who had wronged her. The murderer is not Jimmy Caesar, who loved Hannah and talks, as a coward talks, of vengeance. Hannah's brother Andrew, egged on by the sly malevolent chatter of Clutie John, the half-wit, took swift action while Jimmy blustered and trembled. At the end of lives of toil and upright dealing, John and Sarah Ferguson are the helpless spectators of the ruin of those fine-spirited children whom they brought up in the fear of God. The fate of the young people is ordered, not by their parents' integrity, but by the evil forces that brood in the confined life of a village-lust, cowardice and the furtive impulse's of a half-wit. And John Ferguson's faith deserts him at the moment of testing...John Ferguson's faith neither braces him to meet the facts of life, nor comforts him when action is unavailing, and for his wife it lacks potency even as a drug to deaden sorrow. The play is burdened with a sense of the futility of little lives that fret and suffer for a moment between the pangs of birth and the pains of death” (Lothian, 1922 pp 648-649). "The play overflows with the material of character- every person and his motives are revealed relentlessly, and understanding of the moves of complex characters is immediate. There is nothing puzzling about the action of Clutie John, the wise half-wit, or of Jimmy Caesar, the coward whose life ambition is to be brave...It is correct drama, for the incidents are controlled and grow out of the characters. It is vigorous writing and a searching portrayal of the admirable, the picturesque and the despicable in Ulster-men" (Eddy, 1916 pp 466-467). "It is a play deeply felt and sincere, and in the character of John Ferguson, Ervine created a man the stage had not previously known. His faith did not brace him to meet the facts of life, nor did it comfort him when action was useless, but it was all he had to use merely as a drug to deaden his sorrow. For his wife it lacked even that. Fate plays with these little lives as Hardy made it play with Tess or Jude, and there is as much of Hardy in the play as there is of Ulster...It is John himself who makes the play great...[for] nothing can break his ‘unconquerable soul’. These Fergusons are little people, but they can show life great, life tragic, as well as the kings and the aristocrats. Their stoicism is ennobling to the audience, even if they wear no crowns and work with their hands. They do not speak a language that rises to poetry, their emotions are all subdued but they do present the Northern Irish peasant as he had never before been presented to the world. His very defects come from his qualities, his dourness, his staccato speech, his religious fanaticism, his contempt for his more soft-spoken compatriots in Ireland’s other provinces" (Malone, 1929 pp 204-205). The play "contains a larger number of memorable characters than 'Jane Clegg' (1914); besides the patriarchal hero as noble and as simple as Wordsworth's Michael and his wife and children, there is that strange and living creature of cowardice and generosity, Jimmy Caesar, and the inimitable Clutie John. The setting gives an impression of extraordinary richness and depth; the reader feels that he has lived in that rural Ulster community, and that he is at home there" (Woodbridge, 1925 p 206). "The momentum for John Ferguson, Mr Ervine stated frankly, was derived from the Book of Job. He was intrigued by the possibilities of a lonely God-fearing figure grappling with blind forces and events that defied pious rationalization, a modern Job who still sought solace in the Scriptures and in a Divine Principle when fate so obscenely betrayed its hand. In this way John Ferguson took hold of him. But as the play unfolded in his mind, he stumbled upon Jimmie Caesar, and so fascinated was he by the maudlin, pusillanimous grocer that he felt the reins of the action snatched from his grasp by one whom he intended but for a minor part in the play. In point of fact, a play all by itself lay implicit in Jimmie Caesar. In order, therefore, to mete out common dramatic justice to the stoical John Ferguson, who had a prior lien on his imagination, he removed Jimmie by the main force of the dramatist's permissible intervention. This he did in the last act by clapping Jimmie in gaol. All things considered, the device was not altogether successful, for throughout the playing of that act the audience is fitfully haunted by the remote whine of the panicky Jimmie behind a grilled door" (Loving, 1921 p 108). "The Ferguson family, in whose kitchen the four acts take place, is made up of strong natures. John Ferguson is an aged and Bible-reading invalid. He is a fanatic with redeeming qualities...Even to save the farm John Ferguson would not dream of urging Hannah into a wretched marriage...After Henry Witherow, the wicked landlord, has ruined Hannah, John Ferguson stumbles out into the night to prevent a wrong being avenged by a murder and to warn Witherow that his life is in danger...Only at the very end is this faith shaken- when his son Andrew confesses himself Witherow's murderer...The money which arrived too late to prevent two tragedies may prevent a third...Mrs Ferguson is a simple, motherly soul. Handsome, full-blown Hannah is a headstrong, passionate girl, attracted perhaps in spite of herself, for a moment, by the masterful ways and imposing person of Witherow. But when he jokes coarsely about her beauty and mocks at her possible marriage with Caesar, the coward, she strikes him in the face and orders him from the house. Andrew, the son, is a sensitive, thoughtful boy. He had studied for the ministry, but his father's resources gave out before this could be accomplished. He has little but conscientious effort to bring to farm work...James Caesar, the village grocer, is the most skillfully drawn character of the play. He has been repeatedly wronged by Witherow. But although forced to stand by and see his people turned out of their home, he only brags of the revenge he will one day have upon his tormentor. His tongue is his only weapon. He is oily and cringing and at best a sensualist...But when Hannah cannot endure his caresses, and sustained by her father goes to tell Witherow that the money will not be forthcoming, when the girl he loves has been the victim of bestial brutality, even then, Caesar does not dare to kill the oppressor...Clutie John, a beggar, is made a vital force in the development of the story; for Clutie paints such a vivid picture of Caesar's uselessness as an avenger and of Witherow's blackness of heart, in disjointed but eloquent words, that Andrew seizes his gun and sets out to do the work himself. When the tragedy has been accomplished and Andrew has gone down to the jail with Hannah to give himself up to justice, thus releasing Caesar from the suspicion of having committed the murder, John Ferguson again turns to his Bible for consolation in supreme distress" (Wright, 1919 pp 43-45). =="John Ferguson"== [[File:Helen Freeman in John Ferguson - 1919 MunseysMag.jpg|thumb|Hannah is unable to wed a man she dislikes, although this decision is certain to be of disastrous consequence to her family's fortunes. Helen Freeman (1886-1960) as Hannah, November 1919 Munsey's Magazine]] Time: 1919. Place: Rural County Down, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonplay00ervi https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonapl03ervigoog https://archive.org/details/theatreguildanth00thea John Ferguson has been too sick to attend effectively to his farm and has no money to pay for the mortgage on it. His son, Andrew, has tried his best since failing to complete his course as a minister of religion but the contribution of this slight, delicate-looking lad to farm-work has been weak. To continue living on the farm, John expects to receive a loan from his brother living in America, but has received no word from him as yet. John’s daughter, Hannah, is courted by James Ceasar, owner of a grocer’s shop, but she shows no interest in him. When Henry Whiterow, who possesses the mortgage on the farm, comes over to claim his money, the Fergusons admit that they have nothing. Henry counters that he must foreclose. Despite Hannah’s reluctance to have anything to do with him, James proposes to pay their mortgage provided she agree to marry him. Feeling cornered and loving her parents, Hannah reluctantly accepts. But when left alone with James, she is so disgusted by his attempt to kiss her that she backs down from her promise. “I can’t thole him, da,” she says sobbing. Her mother, Sarah, tries to dissuade her from refusing him, but John and Andrew defend her choice. Hannah walks over to Henry’s house to inform him that they cannot pay the mortgage, while the rest of the family tell James that Hannah has changed her mind about marrying him. As James tries to overcome his disappointment, Hannah re-enters in a distracted state after being raped by Henry. “I was a poor trembling creature,” James declares rushing off, “but I’ll tremble no more.” Fearing the man might kill Henry, John asks his son to prevent it, but he refuses, so that John himself leaves the house in the hope of preventing murder. Andrew’s late-night meditations are interrupted by Clutie John, a weak-brained derelict whom the family harbored for the night. Clutie suggests that it is Andrew’s duty to protect his sister. Andrew decides it is so and leaves the house with a gun in his hands. The next day, James returns to the Fergusons to admit his disgrace. He had first headed for Henry’s house without a weapon, then walked over to his house to get one. But on the way back, he tripped in a field and when the gun went off, he could no longer move the rest of the night. To everyone’s surprise, Clutie returns to say that Henry has been found shot through the heart. Fearing to be charged with murder, James requests the Fergusons’ help, but John, suspecting him as the murderer, declares that he must surrender to the law, which he is forced to do. Two weeks later, James is in prison on the point of being tried for murder when Andrew is told that John’s brother has at last sent the money for the farm. Appreciating the irony of the situation, Andrew announces that he is the murderer and intends to surrender to the law. A stunned John tries to dissuade him from it, proposing that he take the money to join his brother in America, but Andrew declines, feeling remorse at the thought of James lying in prison for his crime. Instead, he takes his coat and cap and heads for the police station in Hannah’s company. =James Joyce= [[File:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 restored.jpg|thumb|James Joyce delved into the multiple levels of adultery in his only play, Exiles]] Yet another Irish writer and famous as a novelist, James Joyce (1882-1941), contributed a drama on marital relations much in the manner of Ibsen: "Exiles" (1918), in particular "When we dead awaken" (1899) on the subject of "the nature of love as predicated on the personality of the artist...Both male protagonists are artists who have returned to their homelands from exile- Rubek is a sculptor, Richard Rowan a writer. The main opposition in Exiles, the satyr-like Robert Hand, is a more refined Irish descendent of the Gyntian bear-hunter, Ulfheim. Of Joyce's two women, Bertha Rowan, simple, loyal, generous, a server like Irene, yet seems to reflect Maia's childlike qualities; while Beatrice Justice, the intellectual, is rather vague and negative in quality, perhaps a projection of the bleaker qualities of Irene- one who is denied self-fulfillment" (Macleod, 1945 pp 891-894). In "Exiles", Tindall (1963) found confusion in intent. “Conflicts are the stuff of drama, and Richard has them in abundance, externally, between self and circumstance, internally, between feeling and idea or between parts of self. There are moral, social, and psychological conflicts, all centering in him. So furnished, the play about Richard should be better than it seems. A trouble may be overabundance of conflicts, each good in itself, but each conflicting with the others. None emerges to claim our notice as each cancels others out. Moreover, a conflict of conflicts, though intricate, subtle, and worthy of admiration may be too complicated for audience or reader to follow. Puzzled rather than moved, we are lost in the intricate diffusion. Beatrice, Bertha, and Robert are no better off. Even Richard, trying to know himself, seems disconcerted by the mess” (p 111). Joyce “has failed to make his characters conscious of what fate has in store for them. Had he made these men fully aware of what their lives held for them, the roles fate meant them to play, and he, furthermore, made them struggle valiantly against it, then if they had won in the end we should have had great comedy, and if they lost we should have had sublime tragedy. Consciousness would have made of them such responsible human beings as would have engaged our sympathies to the utmost; whereas unconsciousness has left them feeble victims blindly wallowing to no purpose” (Solon, 1970 p 150). Other critics were happier with the conflicting elements. “One of the qualities which delighted me in Exiles was that evidently nothing would induce Mr Joyce to make his characters less complex and interesting than he saw them to be. He would rather obscure his theme than do that, and though a fault, it is a fault on the right side- on the interesting side. The second respect in which he has learnt from [Ibsen] is his practice of intensifying our interest in the present by dialogue which implies a past What a little scrap of people’s fives a dramatist can show us- just an hour or two! In life, it is usually what has gone before that makes talk between two people significant…Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert: what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses. But was she Robert’s mistress? The dramatist leaves that ambiguous. He does not mean us to bother much one way or another about that. Richard says at the end he will never know what they were to each other; but I do not think he is thinking of divorce court facts. He means how completely Bertha still belongs to him. Bertha tells Robert to tell Richard everything; but does he? She also tells him to think of what has passed between diem as something like ‘a dream’. That, I think, is the line on which one must fix one’s attention to get the focus. Robert is happy; quite content with that. Perhaps because less hot for certainties in life than Richard, he thinks he has enjoyed a solid reality. I do not know” (McCarthy, 1970 pp 141-143). "Exiles is a play in which two men are struggling to preserve each his own essential integrity in a confusing situation where rules of thumb seem clumsy guides; and between them is a bewildered, passionate woman- generous, angry, tender, and lonely. To understand Bertha, one need only remember that she has lived nine years with Richard Rowan in that intimacy of mind and feeling which admits of no disguises, merciful or treacherous, that she has known all the satisfactions and disappointments of such an intimacy. Her nature cries out for things to be simple as they once were for her; but she, too, has eaten of the tree of knowledge and knows that they are not...The scene in Act II between the two men is wonderful in its gradually deepening sincerity. Hand is a coward at first, but he gets over that. Then Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert- what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 210-212). Aitken (1958) underlined two frames at work: "in the drama of the artist versus Ireland, Richard's 'archetype' stands pitted against those of his wife and friends all together, and in the second drama there is a four-way struggle in which each strives to retain his integrity and yet achieve union...Richard, to begin with, is a writer without an audience, and a potential leader without a voice (he has no position in Ireland, and his books, significantly, do not sell). Currently sleeping alone, he is thus, effectively, divorced from his wife. Robert Hand is a writer with an audience (to which he could introduce Richard if Richard would let him), but the futility of his idealism, emphasized by the comical terms in which it was presented, and his desire to be led by his friend, signals his essential mindlessness...Bertha is formless...and lost, and she appeals in vain to the shaping spirit of her husband for guidance. Beatrice's timidity has isolated her from Robert, while her weak, feminine love for Richard alienates him; the emotional Bertha, suspicious of her intellect, holds her at a distance" (pp 43-44). "The condition of exile...is not so much banishment from the heart or the home as banishment from spontaneity...In Richard's presence, everyone forgets...what he wanted, or thought, or remembered...a character who exerts a pull on those around him, drawing them toward the place of his incertitude...Richard dislodges Robert, Beatrice, and Bertha...he insists that they confront their own inability to articulate a permanent principle for their lives...Robert enunciates a principle of behaviour based in a half-hearted liberalism" (Voelker, 1988 pp 501-513). "Robert is the creature of [Richard's] youth...Richard, the ape of God, has made Robert; he has made Bertha and he sets them in a country-house with a garden, his new man and new woman...Each inquisition of the isolated person exposes that...each is alone" (Kenner, 1952 pp 393-395). "Because each of the four major characters constructs his or her own narrative, and because all four in some sense exclude the other three, all are finally exiled into mutually exclusive worlds...Richard and Robert speak to each other at cross purposes- out of different worlds. Robert angles to occupy Richard so that the would-be lover can meet Bertha at his cottage, while Richard wears the 'iron mask' not only of his bitterness towards the Ireland that will accept him only if he lives by its own rules but also of his understanding of Robert's machinations to keep him in Dublin so that Bertha will be available for the journalist's pleasure...Robert's self-pity and self-contempt only strengthen the reader's sense of Robert's conventionality- his care not to offend the populace, whether writing one of his 'leading articles' or spreading rumors to adjust public opinion and insure the stay of Richard and Bertha in Dublin...When Bertha is most delighted by Robert, he reminds her of Richard...Bertha's final speech shows her rejection of [Richard's] always inadequate plan. She lives not in the throes of doubt but in the time 'when we met first'" (Herr, 1987 pp 190-203). Richard “is utterly incapable of making love to a woman or of loving one unless he is or has been in love with a man to whom he is attached; for this reason he connives at his life-long friend’s, Robert Hand’s wooing of his wife and urges her- nay, goads her on to be unfaithful to him. The author subtly and delicately leads us to infer that Richard and Bertha are living a life of abstinence ever since his betrayal of her nine years before and that he gives her full freedom only that they might thus be reunited...He delights in putting himself in situations that entail a great deal of anguish for him, and he compels his wife to give him the fullest details of his friend’s assaults upon her honor. That he can be cruel too on occasion is not at all surprising; by virtue of the law of bi-polarity the masochist is also a sadist. The portraits of the wife, the friend, the other woman and even the child are interesting characterizations that will repay careful study. They are all intensely individualized and unquestionably human though not conventional. Archie, aged eight, is one of the few life-like children to be found in literature and is introduced into the play very effectively“ (Tannenbaum, 1970 pp 151-152). “Bertha is the first notable woman character that James Joyce has created. She is a subtle character. We get the suggestion that she has had little education, yet she carries herself with real simplicity and dignity. For all her contact with the super-subtle Richard, she remains unspoiled, alluring, unconventional, faithful. She has her outbreaks and she knows where to strike at Richard. Her simplicity and her good sense are shown in her last dialogue with Beatrice Justice, the woman who is able to understand her husband’s mind and work” (Colum, 1970 p 145). “What first strikes one upon consideration of Exiles is the irrelevance of God. There is simply no need for Him. The characters’ exile and sorrow is the human one of incompatible desires and unrealized hopes, a sorrow suffered in a universe with God in all times as well as in a universe without Him. Their longing is not for God and their exile is not from Him” (Bandler, 1970 pp 159-160). =="Exiles"== [[File:Affiche Kaaitheater naar James Joyce - Exiles (promotiemateriaal).pdf|thumb|An Ibsen-like atmosphere prevails when two men clash for the sake of the same woman. Promotional poster of the play in Holland, 1993]] Time: 1912. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/exilesaplayinth00joycgoog After several years of self-imposed exile out of Ireland, Richard Rowan, a writer, has decided to return. He receives the visit of Beatrice, music teacher to his 8-year-old son. She had once loved Richard, breaking off from a friend of hers because in her eyes he seemed only a pale reflection of him. Her cousin, Robert, a journalist and Richard's boyhood friend, carries in a bunch of roses for Richard's wife, Bertha. To keep Bertha near him, Robert begs her to use her influence on Richard so that he comes to accept a local university position. He then asks her to come over to his cottage this very evening, but she promises nothing. When Richard re-enters, Robert immediately mentions he has spoken to the vice-chancellor on his behalf, a man who believes that Richard is most qualified to obtain the chair of romance literature. The vice-chancellor has invited Richard over to dinner this evening. He accepts the invitation. After Robert leaves, Bertha divulges to her husband how his supposed friend flirted with her and invited her to his cottage. Knowing about her husband's extramarital relation with another woman, she asks him whether she should go to him. "Decide yourself," he coolly answers. He unexpectedly shows up at Robert's place to inform him that his wife only felt pity for him. Regretting his disloyal attempt at seducing his wife, Robert only wishes that his friend could curse him. "You are so strong that you attract me even through her," he specifies. "Have you the luminous certitude that yours is the brain in contact with which she must think and understand and that yours is the body with which her body must feel?" Richard asks. Nonplussed, Robert returns the question. Richard replies that it was once so and that if he believed this was true in Robert's case, he would go away. Out of feelings of guilt, he fears that her acceptance of his adulteries has made her life "poorer in love". When a knock on the door is heard, Richard reveals it is his wife. Unnerved, Robert proposes to leave the room. "Solve the question between you," Richard proposes. As Bertha enters, Robert hurries in a panic towards the porch in the rain without an umbrella. "Bertha, love him, be his, give yourself to him if you desire, or if you can," Richard suggests before leaving. A drenched Robert tells her that Richard longs to be delivered from every bond and that the two of them together is the only one not yet broken asunder. "I am sure no law made by man is sacred before the impulse of passion," he adds while kissing her hair. Richard eventually accepts the university position. Next morning, a distraught Beatrice informs Bertha that her cousin, after publishing a favorable article on her husband, shows signs of preparing to move away, for which she feels guilty, having encouraged him to favor the writer's return. An equally distraught Bertha sends a written message to him to prevent such a possibility. Alone with her husband, Bertha asks him whether he wants to know what happened last night. "You will tell me. But I will never know," he retorts. After reminding her she is free to do as she wishes, he walks into his study as Robert arrives to tell her he is going away. He then tells Richard he failed in his mission, but the latter doubts whether that is true. A still hopeful Bertha asks that her husband return to her. =George Shiels= A sixth Irish dramatist, George Shiels (1881-1949), described the impact of the young in "The new gossoon" (1930), the name derived from the French 'garçon' (boy), a "charming peasant comedy graced by one of the most delightful rogues of the stage- Rabit Hamil, a very Autolycus of a poacher" (Gassner, 1954a p 571). George Shiels also wrote "Professor Tim" (1925), in which a geology professor pretends to have turned into a drunken fool to know more about his sister's family and her abusine ways. In "Paul Twyning" (1922), a plasterer becomes involved in family squabbles while seeking to promote a marriage between Dan, who regularly cowers before his father, and Rose, defenseless according to the whims of her own. In "The passing day" (1936), John Fibbs passes the happiest day of his life, also his last, by leaving trivial sums in his will to wife and nephew. In "The jailbird" (1936), a released convict, unjustly condemned, experiences great difficulty in being re-integrated back into town-life. In "The rugged path" (1940), father and son follow the difficult choice of denouncing a murderer in view of town pressure against denouncing anyone, rather than the easier way of keeping silent. In the sequel, "The summit" (1941), the murderer nevertheless goes free because of insufficient evidence and a feud breaks out between the accused and the informers. =="The new gossoon"== Time: 1930s. Place: Rural Ireland. Text at ? Given hunting rights on the mountain once owned by a farmer named Cary and now by Ellen, his widow, Rabit Hamil is angry at seeing a sign put up on the property stating that trespassers will be prosecuted and dogs shot. Knowing that Rabit, whom she generally looks down on, is a friend of Mag, her servant at the farm, Ellen discharges her. Although discontented with the work required of her, Mag protests by revealing that Ellen's son, Luke, is also to be found there. When Rabit confronts Luke about the sign, he declares that in a few more days he will reach 21 years of age and become the master of the place and that the sign will remain. A frustrated Rabit reveals to Ellen that her son in part obtained his motorcycle, leather jacket, helmet, and goggles, from the proceeeds of her secretly sold sheep. Angry at her son's riding after dark with the machine, Ellen promises to uphold Rabit's hunting rights. Wishing to marry Mag at the same time as getting rid of his daughter, Sally, he boasts of the latter's accomplishments about the house, all lies, in the hope that Luke will marry her. Sally accuses Luke of falsely promising marriage to her, which he denies. Rabit counters by threatening to take him to court. To keep Luke from seeing another girl-friend, Biddy Henly, at least for one night, Sally removes the plug from the motorcycle and gives it to his mother, who wants him around the house when her brother, Peter, comes over to speak with him about his wild behaviors. When he arrives, his old childhood friend, Rabit, arrives soon after in an angry mood because Luke pushed his daughter over to the hedge with his motorcycle for carrying his possibly incriminating love-letters to her. To subdue Rabit's anger, Ellen reminds him that she nursed his wife on her death-bed and bailed out his son from jail after he stole money from his employer. When Sally learns of the nursing, she promises to burn the letters. Worried about Luke's way of living, Peter reveals to the servant-man about the farm, Ned, that he intends to doctor the will so that his sister will still own the farm when his nephew reaches 21. To avoid a clash, Ned advises him to leave without speaking to Luke. Yet Peter bares his teeth against Luke, who sharply answers back. Fed up over the entire business, especially concerning the matter of the new head of the farm, Ned quits, news which dismays Ellen. To counter Luke's claim, Peter advises her to check over the exact contents of her dead husband's will. As Rabit and Mag plan their wedding, Biddy enters along with her father armed with a cudgel to threaten Luke, so that Rabit gives him wrong directions about where to find him. Learning about Henly's intention but not about Rabit's, Luke chases out both Rabit and Mag. When Henly returns, Sally defends Luke by specifying that his daughter's frolicsome manner was at least partly responsible for Luke's doings. A grateful Luke takes the will from his mother's hand and tears it up to follow Sally. However, Sally, likewise grateful to Ellen for her past kindness, refuses to leave the area, agreeing instead to live with him in a nearby farm bought by his mother, who agrees to marry Ned while Rabit and Mag separate. =John Galsworthy= [[File:John galsworthy.jpg|thumb|John Galsworthy exposed the antisemitic nature of a men's social club]] Among other British dramatists of interest, John Galsworthy (1867-1933) stands out as a social critic, especially for "Loyalties" (1922). Galsworthy’s plays are rife with legal questions, in particular the contrast between legal and moral justice and how class-conscious legal and moral judgments are (Lamm, 1952 p 286-87). In “The silver box” (1906), a man of the higher class robs as a joke his girlfriend’s purse, stolen in turn by a man of a lower class, who takes as well a silver box. When the woman challenges her young man, the father pays for it, but when the lower-class man is caught, only he is punished. “Strife” (1909) concerns a conflict between owners and factory workers. An agreement is refused on both sides, but after strife, suffering, and a fatality, both sides agree with the original plan. In Lamm’s view (1952), the play reflects that in society “there is less and less room for men of conviction and strong ideas” in favor of “moderate men who win the day with comprises and half measures” (p 289). Galsworthy also wrote "A little bit of love" (1915) when "the curate Strangway refuses either to hold or persecute his wife, who has gone to the man she always really loved, the people of the parish rise up against Strangway as a coward and a pagan. They despise a man who will not fight for what is his own" (Lewisohn 1922 p 170). Next in line comes "The skin game" (1920), "who touches pitch shall be defiled" is the motto of 'The skin game'...The pitch that defiled the Hillcrists and the Horn blowers was not in either of them but in the conflict that arose between them" (Lewisohn, 1922 p 170-172). Some critics denied the existence of such "Loyalties": “to be quite frank, I don't believe it. I believe that Mr Galsworthy, touching this real problem of loyalties, has made an unreal, though theatrically effective, debating case of it. Here though, as elsewhere, he is the friend of the under-dog. In this play his sympathies are with de Levis, the man robbed, and with Dancy, the man betrayed by his temperament and by the foolish loyalties of his friends. To be on the side of the underdog is, with him, a real passion; and had he had any gift of lyrical expression his work might have taken on another, a more poetical and ideal poise. But, as his one volume of verse shows, this gift has been denied to him: and his passion for the oppressed shows itself more often in special pleading than in lyrical outbursts” (Shanks, 1927 p 50). Most critics considered the play objective: indeed, the play is "distinguished for its objective exposition of antisemitism in genteel English circles and of social alignments in general. The over scrupulous playwright left the issues too neatly balanced from the social standpoint but not from the psychological one owing to his firm characterization" (Gassner, 1954a p 618). This objectivity occurs because Dancy’s friends consider an attack against Dancy’s honor as an attack against theirs. Gassner (1968) further comments that ”it requires no great imagination to understand that the provocativeness of Loyalties was reduced to absurdly small dimensions by Hitler’s gas ovens...The effect on the nobly intended work of a gentlemanly liberal like Galsworthy was inevitably that of an earthquake on a mud-hut” (p 667). Not inevitably when one considers the date of the play and the action. When Loyalties was first presented on stage in 1922, Hitler was irrelevant; the play shook the theatre-going public across the British isles. "In this drama, as in all his novels, as in all his other dramas, Mr Galsworthy is constantly seeing and portraying how conflicting loyalties both are right; he is never interested in the larger loyalty and cannot keep his eye on it through consecutive chapters or through a single act; he is forever presenting the two or more sides and taking none" (Overton, 1924 p 15). "In the first sixty lines, an enormous amount of ground is covered; we learn what people are slaying with the Winsors, we are given portraits of the two principal characters, as well as a thumbnail sketch of Mabel, also a plan of the sleeping quarters of the guests which will have its importance a little later; a significant incident, which prepares the way for the theft, is described, and, finally, the theft itself is announced" (Dupont, 1942 p 102). “The robust and full-flavoured dramatic elements of the play were so strong that the public could, if it chose, enjoy them without bothering its head about the rest- an opportunity of which, it must be added, it was quick to avail itself. The point is clinched by the fact that the three of the four Galsworthy plays of which this is true The Skin Game, Loyalties, and Escape- were the outstanding commercial successes of his dramatic career” (Marrott, 1936 p 516). "The theme of this play in three acts and seven scenes dramatically one of the author’s most effective- may be said to be intemational. In every country, and every caste, in politics, in all national, racial and religious questions, in ail corporations, unions and cliques, in all marriage, family, amical and social relations, does the conception of loyalty of faithful adherence, of esprit de corps crop up. Repeatedly, the problem arises: if one of ourselves puts himself into the wrong, is guilty of a shady action, how fair are his social equals, his intimate friends and relatives, under an obligation to warn and advise him, to shield him and parry his assailant. For, if his unprincipled behaviour becomes public, not he alone is compromised thereby; it may lead to the exposure, and humiliation of the whole community, family, or what not of which he is a member, the closer and stronger the tie of friendship or blood, the higher the opinion we have of the person implicated, the more difficult is for us to believe in his guilt ! We reject all suspicion as long as possible. But too often we find that such sticking together leads in the end to the hushing up of shady actions. Often the culprit goes scot-free if, however, his opponent be powerful and pertinacious enough to unveil the true facts of the case, and bring him before a court competent to deal with him, he ends by being broken and defeated. And the same society, which before shielded him well, must leave him in the lurch so soon as the truth is revealed. Better, then, to warn him at the outset, help him as best we can, but not blindly follow him through thick and thin… The great interest of this drama, the technique of which is masterly from first to last, consists in the attitude taken by each individual to the accusation brought against the leading character...De Levis has many antipathetic traits: he is proud, hyper-senstitive, dogmatic, revengeful, a boaster; still, he is a man who would fain live at peace with his fellow men. 'It is indeed hard to decide which of the two shows up better or worse- this young Jew or the officer who, after all steals, lies, insults, keeps everything from his wife, deceives his friends, and would like to exercise an atavistic club-law, and yet, in spite of all, has about him a queer halo of coinage and adventure...It is his unbridled temperament, his inconsiderate willfulness, his arrogant nature which have brought him to this pass. During the war, he was in his element; after the war, he is at a loose ends, his resolute strength come to grief against his adversary’s courage of conviction and brain power, and this it is which finally drives him to his death...Twisden, the lawyer, has been caustically and falsely criticized. A lawyer, they say, has no right to abandon his client’s cause...We have here a lawyer of the old school, bred in the great pre-war tradition of professional honour and integrity. Through Gilman, the truth must have come out. To say noting of the fact that de Levis would have forced the issue a second time...It jars curiously that, in some quarters, the author's great dexterity in the manipulation of the scenes, the telling power and peculiarly strong dramatic effect of this play have been taken amiss. It is very seldom that a writer not only understands the theatre but can also create a drama of ideas. In Galsworthy we find this combination, rare today, yet this is sometimes put to the debit of his reputation. Theft, police, cross-examinations, court of justice, suicide, elements, despised of some, are absolutely essential in Loyalties for the furthering of the theme. They are not the end but the means to the end. The theft here is as little a vulgar theft as that in The Silver Box, and the more striking the drama of the piece, the more surely has the writer gained his end; i.e. to stir up the audience, to make them reflect, to awake in them a new perception and conscience, more humanitarian sentiments and deeper sympathy” (Schalit, 1929 pp 294-303). "In order to give of his best, Galsworthy must feel the presence of a great, elementary motive, not a motive which implies a too delicate or intimate drama, but a problem, a torment, a tragedy of the whole of society, or of entire masses or classes of society" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 120). Wilson (1937) criticized that, in general, "an undoubted flaw is the lack of humour in Galsworthy’s writing. This may have been due in part to his sense of discipline. It was more likely temperamental. At all events his work, so true to life, so admirably constructed and so essentially dramatic, does reveal here and there a certain stiffness and want of spontaneity. This is his only serious fault and it shows itself chiefly in the dialogue. His plays are so impartial that they seem almost artificially balanced and the characters appear at times to speak with reluctance. Yet there is nothing cold about Galsworthy. He wrote chiefly of a limited social class, but he dealt with wide social problems" (p 237). "The special note of Galsworthy's art is its restraint. His vision is wonderfully keen and clear and sober. He is intensely watchful not to overstep the modesty of emotions and events. He is never showy, never violent, never a special pleader. In his plays the forces of life themselves come into conflict and grow into crises with all the quiet impressiveness of an operation of nature. A man commits a crime; he is tried and punished. Workingmen strike and are forced to compromise. The inheritors of two sharply divided social traditions are on the point of marriage, and the division is seen to be too deep. A woman flees from a wretched union and wears herself out against the hard prison-walls of the social order...In choosing the angle from which, at a given moment, to envisage life, Galsworthy is fond of selecting such living incidents as have in themselves the inevitable structure of drama...Galsworthy has not always, of course, been able to attain such magnificent severity of structure. Life itself forbids it. But he has always striven to approach it, economising his strength for the creation of character" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 209-211). =="Loyalties"== Time: 1920s. Place: England. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214030 https://archive.org/details/loyaltiesdramain00gals http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4765 http://www.fullbooks.com/Loyalties-from-the-5th-Series-Plays-.html http://books.google.fr/books?id=ATetNPyPs1MC As an invited guest in Charles Winsor's country house, his friend, De Levis, informs him he has just been robbed of money kept in his room and obtained by selling a horse. De Levis believes the thief is Ronald Dancy, who jumped from his balcony to his and back again. Another guest, General Canynge, tells Charles, but not the inspector called to the scene, that though Dancy denied he went out in the rain, his sleeve is observed to be wet. Nevertheless, Canynge declares to De Levis: "No one who makes such an insinuation against a fellow-guest in a country house, except on absolute proof, can do so without complete ostracism. Have we your word to say nothing?" "I'll say nothing about it, unless I get more proof," De Levis answers. Nevertheless, three weeks later, in a London club, Major Colford announces to his fellow members what De Levis has told him about the robbery. "He's saying it was Ronald Dancy robbed him down at Winsor's," says Colford. "The fellow's mad over losing the price of that filly now she's won the Cambridgeshire." De Levis avers that, contrary to his assertion, Dancy knew of the sale of the horse. In front of members of their club, De Levis accuses Dancy, who wishes to settle the matter with weapons, has no explanation on the points raised against him, and curses De Levis as a "damned Jew". Lord St Erth pronounces De Levis' membership suspended. Trembling with rage, De Levis resigns. As this concerns the honor of the club, the members encourage Dancy to take court action for defamation of character, which he does. Three months later, Jacob Twisden, Dancy's lawyer, discovers that his client used one of the bank-notes of the sale of the horse when he was blackmailed by another man, proving he is the culprit. As a result, Twisden drops the case and recommends that his client leave the country. Hearing of Dancy's difficulties, De Levis has a change of heart and goes over to speak with him. "I came to say that- that I overheard- I am afraid a warrant is to be issued. I wanted you to realise- it's not my doing. I'll give it no support. I'm content. I don't want my money. I don't even want costs. Dancy, do you understand?" Despite this plea of leniency, left alone at his house, before the police can enter, Dancy shoots himself to death. =Somerset Maugham= [[File:Maugham retouched.jpg|thumb|Somerset Maugham proved that our betters are not always so, 1934]] Though more famous as a novelist, Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) wrote several plays of interest, particularly "Our betters" (1923). Maugham also wrote "The unknown" (1920). On three-week leave from World War I, John returns home to the house of his parents, the Whartons, to marry Sylvia. His parents' friend, Charlotte Littlewood, has recently lost her second son to the war and is now alone. To the surprise of the Whartons, Charlotte wears no mourning clothes and plays bridge. When questioned about these, she answers: "I feel that I have nothing more to do with the world and the world has nothing more to do with me. So far as I’m concerned it’s a failure. You know I wasn’t very happy in my married life, but I loved my two sons, and they made everything worthwhile, and now they’re gone. Let others take up the adventure. I step aside." Even graver to the Wharton's view, John expresses disbelief in God. Sylvia is dismayed and no longer wants to marry him. John is aghast. "You are not the John I loved and promised myself to," she asserts. "It’s a different man that has come back from abroad. I have nothing in common with that man." She nevertheless tries to have him regain his faith by concealing his father's death and saying he would want him to go to communion. Although he accedes to her wish, she fails of her purpose. Maugham's psychological insight is all as keen in showing the results of restraining one's jealous emotions in "Caesar's wife" (1919), in which Violet loves Ronald, about to receive a promotion to an important secretary's position thanks to the recommendation of her husband, Arthur, a counsel in Egypt. Afraid of being unfaithful, she requests her husband to use his influence so that his nephew will obtain the post instead, so that Ronald can accept a position in Paris. When he demurs because Ronald is the better man, she specifies that the man loves her. Arthur receives the information coolly. Even after telling him she loves Ronald in return, he prefers to do what is best for the Foreign Office. "I put myself in your hands, Violet," he declares. "I shall never suspect that you can do anything not that I should reproach you for- I will never reproach you- but that you may reproach yourself for." She does not disappoint. The play is similar to "Penelope" (1912), in which a wife shows exceptional patience to save her marriage except when the husband commits adultery. The matter is treated more like a light comedy than "Caesar's wife", as if a husband's straying were more trivial than a wife's, the old double standard rearing up. "Our betters" is a "satirical title that might be supposed to refer to the upper classes. Actually the reference is to rich Americans who buy their way into British society. The women are the daughters of American industrial royalty. They search out impecunious gentlemen of title and pay their debts in return for a marriage ceremony. Then, titled themselves, and bored by their husbands, they tread the primrose path, unembarrassed by any respect for marital obligations. The men are of the same breed. Thornton Clay, who dines out in the best houses on the strength of scandalous stories about either his friends or his relatives, is ashamed of being an American. In nasal tones he boasts of not having a trace of American accent. His clothes are aggressively Savile Row. When Fleming Hervey, a young American who does not think that the Middle West is the Ultima Thule of civilization, arrives, Thornton Clay devotes himself at once to the congenial task of trying to turn him into an imitation Englishman” (Hobson, 1948 p 21). “The characters...sinned with the elegance of people bred to vice and ease” (Atkinson, 1974 p 231). Maugham “lashes with contempt the American expatriate who buys his or her way into a London society which reprobates while it accepts. It is a sordid and ugly picture, limned in with hard, brittle strokes. Explicitly a comedy, the play is implicitly a terrifying tragedy. It wears a grin that is cadaverous, on a second glance. The young American visitor, who revolts at the empty round of dissipation, is a stereotyped figure, whose function is to voice the protest of the play. Through him the author sits in judgment on his characters, and it is this moral consciousness that flaws the authenticity of the comedy as a specimen of the manners type” (Sawyer, 1931 p 227). "The play itself is a mercilessly amusing picture of a rootless, fruitless, extremely vulgar, smart set of people, a much paragraphed, photographed set, whose habits are luxurious, whose standards are common and cynical, whose love-affairs, relieved by a certain engaging candour, are canine. And who are the ladies with high-sounding names? They are American heiresses who have married for rank...Our Betters is rather a sardonically detached comedy, an exposure in the manner of Maupassant of one luxuriant corner of the social jungle" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 235-236). It is "a devastating satire on the snobbery of American expatriates and their English set. The American girl, Bessie Saunders, is so aghast at the society into which she is being introduced by her titled sister that she takes a boat home. Here are noblemen like Lord Bleane who are eager to lay their coronets at the feet of every American heiress, duchesses like de Surennes whose maiden name in Chicago was Miss Hodgson and who favor good-looking boys less than half their age, and expatriated fops like Clay who speak condescendingly of 'you Americans in America'...A scintillating satire on the leisure class and on snobbishness or 'the spirit of romance in a reach-me-down', 'Our Betters' is one of the best comedies of manners since the Restoration" (Gassner, 1954a p 625). The play “shows how heartless and degenerate is the world in which his cunningly contrived comedy so skilfully moves. At times he seems to have returned to the moods of Restoration comedy, though one feels that he lacks gaiety, and that he despises these puppets who provide the wit which he contorts with a genial malice” (Evans, 1950 p 134). "This fine comedy is the play of Maugham most nearly comparable with the theatre of Wycherley and Congreve. It satirizes in masterly fashion the empty morality of a section of the London aristocracy at the time of the First World War. In the character of Pearl Grayston, one of the most unpleasant women ever introduced to the London stage, Maugham concentrates all his venom. The cold-hearted emotional imbroglio and her relations with her stockbroker admirer is managed with consummate theatrical skill, and the way in which the threatened social fabric is preserved after the degrading climax gives a specially cutting edge to the implications of the title...Our Betters must always rank very high as an unpleasant comedy of manners" (Reynolds, 1949 p 168). “Our Betters is directly in line with the glittering comedies of manners of the Restoration...The satire and cynicism of the play, suggested by the title, suited the post-war mood of disillusion; its hard, merciless wit and its absolute freedom from sentimentality pleased a new generation who felt themselves duped and cheated by their emotions...There are characters in Our Betters who are decadent and some who are perilously close to degenerate; but at no time does the play pretend to picture anything more than a tiny fragment of society...The author maintains a remorseless detachment throughout, which by no means indicates a callous lack of sympathy or understanding, but which gives an anti-septic cleanliness to the comedy...Although the straight-laced affected to be shocked by it, Our Betters is as relentlessly moral as Mrs Warren’s Profession. The two decent young Americans, who are minor characters, do not dull the hard polish of the comedy. The characters and situation offer numerous possibilities for tragedy or sentiment, but the play does not swerve from its comic course. It ends on a note of laughter not muffled by repentance or censure…The repartee is more brilliant than ever, but it fits the characters and situation and dims when removed from its content. When Clay, the snobbish opportunist, remarks: ‘Poor Flora with her good works! She takes to philanthropy as a drug to allay the pangs of unrequited love!’, we must know both Clay and Flora to appreciate the humour. When the princess asks: ‘Has it ever occurred to you that snobbishness is the spirit of romance in a reach-me-dowm?’ we feel that years of her own experience prompt the question; it is not merely a bon mot transferred from the playwright’s notebook. For purposes of dramatic contrast, and not from any didactic motive, the cynical humour pauses occasionally for the commonsense comments of the two young Americans and Lord Bleane, who serve as an unobtrusive chorus. They do not seriously touch the comedy. Our Betters is cynical, satirical, and hard, but diverting and funny” (Cordell, 1954 pp 107-110). “Mr Maugham, in this brilliant and almost heartless comedy, has rewritten one of Henry James’s short stories in the manner of Congreve...And he is really much nearer to Congreve than he is to James...This play is really extraordinarily deft, and its matter is handled with any amount of style. Think, for a moment, of the way in which heavier-handed, more ‘sincere’ playwrights would have treated that cold, calculating blonde, Lady George Grayston, that lightning calculator with the air of an inconscient featherbrain...How would any one of these playwrights have treated that dark and common beauty, the duchess de Surennes, divided between passion and parsimony, torn between her sentiment- forgive the word- for Gilbert Paxton and that blackguard’s drain upon her purse?” (Agate, 1924 pp 118-121). The play contains "two groups of parvenus: the native and the transatlantic...Of the latter it is said: ‘They’ve got too much money and too few responsibilities. English women in our station have duties that are part of their birthright, but we, strangers in a strange land, have nothing to do but enjoy ourselves.’ The whole play is a comment on the quality of that enjoyment. It is this savage irony which makes Maugham a comic writer of the school of Jonson” (Greenwood, 1950 p 168). “Our Betters...is generally, and rightly, considered his masterpiece and it is likely to make his name known to theatregoers as yet unborn” (Stokes, 1950 p 157). “Maugham very often strikes a bitter note; he contemplates reality, and the human soul, and tries to understand and bring out hidden motives, but refuses to pass judgement; he has the eye of the doctor, the relativism of the scientific man, and hardly ever the passionate mind of the moralist. His only thesis seems to be that man should be different from what he is. He has not any striking passion of his own, and therefore has no epos, and lacking this at heart, he lacks also the clash of feelings, the crisis, the real drama. His passion, if anything, is intellectual; he likes to probe the inward processes of the human mind, and to extract tragedy and comedy from those most deeply hidden, and essentially physical forces, which are the most common and yet the least commonly understood” (Pellizzi, 1935 p 274). =="Our betters"== Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13536092M/The_Maugham_reader https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38764 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185782 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526709 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 Lady Pearl Grayston leads a very active social life. While talking to her sister, Bessie, she suddenly remembers having invited twelve people over to dinner. "Does George know?" asks Bessie "Who is George?" asks Pearl. "Don't be absurd, Pearl" Bessie admonishes, "George, your husband." "Oh! I couldn't make out who you meant," she answers. One of Pearl's friends, Minnie, requests from her a favor: finding a position for her lover, Tony. Pearl is told he has no gift for languages, cannot type or take shorthand, and has no head for figures. "Well, the only thing I can see that he'd do for is a government office," Pearl concludes. Another of her friends, Flora, is organizing a concert for charity. Pearl agrees to have her own lover, Arthur, help out with tickets. "But don't harrow me with revolting stories of starving children. I'm not interested in the poor," she specifies. "I have plenty of heart, but it beats for people of my own class." The unprincipled Tony, showing few signs of gratitude towards Minnie, begins to flirt with Pearl. "You're somebody else's property," she informs him while leaving him with a perhaps. A few months later, Tony complains to Minnie of often being embarrassed to ask for one of her automobiles instead of having one of his own. When he shows signs of wanting to end their relationship, she panics and offers him one. Though pleased about the gift, Tony soon proposes to meet Pearl inside her tea-house, to which she agrees. This is observed by Minnie. During a game of poker, Minnie pretends to have forgotten her bag in the tea-house. Bessie offers to get it for her. When she returns, she appears so upset that Arthur guesses the reason why. When Pearl enters, Minnie looks over at her in angry triumph. Nevertheless, the next day, Minnie becomes downcast at Tony's intent of leaving her, and so offers to marry him and yield him independent means. Pearl refuses to allow Minnie to leave her house even in a luggage-cart until she explains she obtained a job for Tony in the Education Office, where he is to do nothing from ten to four o'clock. To appease the furious Arthur, Pearl violently rubs her cheeks to appear pale, but then agrees to their separation and refuses to receive any more money from him. Moved at this apparent weakness, he forgives her, but Bessie does not. She leaves her sister and refuses to marry a lord she once had an eye on, to avoid living as shamefully, in her view, as her sister does. =St John Hankin= St John Hankin (1869-1909)'s main contribution is "The return of the prodigal" (1905). Reynolds (1949) complained of "The return of the prodigal" as the "acme of cynicism" whereby "the conventional ending of 19th century melodrama is turned upside down...There is no point in destructive criticism of society unless a remedy is suggested" (p 146-147). But other critics consider that Hankin has more than cynicism to offer. “The prodigal son who returns from Australia is an airy youth, willing but inconclusive, doomed to eternal failure. In his absence the father and the brother, two types of Philistines greedy for gains and honours, have made their fortune in industry, and the brother is engaged to the most aristocratic and charming girl of the neighbourhood. All biblical hypocrisy is soon unmasked; the return of the prodigal son is a disaster for everyone: for the father, who has to guarantee him a living; for the brother, who is afraid of losing his aristocratic fiancée, and she naturally has eyes for no one but this reckless, romantic young man; and also for the sister, a resigned ‘souffre-douleurs’ of the whole house, because only now does she see and understand her unavoidable destiny as a perpetual victim in this selfish family. But the most amusing figure, and the most bitter, is that of the young prodigal, who has not repented at all, because, seeing that his misfortunes are consequences of his nature, he does not know what to repent of; and after he has succeeded in gauging exactly the selfishness of his father and his brother, he casts his nets and plays his catch with a logical and persuasive shamelessness” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 108-109). “In The Return of the Prodigal a very dumpy, conventionally correct parvenu family, the Jacksons, suddenly find their political and social aspirations jeopardized by the return of a ne’er-do-well son, whose sang-froid and embarrassingly clear appraisals of the family furnish excellent comedy” (Sawyer, 1931 p 216). "The Return of the Prodigal...is still a well-proportioned comedy with several recognizably human personages, many quivers of a wit that is both theatrical and civilized, one excellent serious scene for a stay-at-home sister whom life is passing by, and always an unwavering sense of style. Hankin presents a prodigal son who is not ashamed of himself, and who returns for a few days to the heart (more or less) of his wealthy-manufacturing people in Gloucestershire, only to strike off again, as charmingly insolent and unredeemed as when he arrived. He is a prodigal, that is to say, who neatly inverts the old conventions such as 'People in the Colonies always do write for money' (Lady Faringford). Eustace prefers to seek the fatted calf in person. In his time he has flicked at many professions from liner steward to driver of a cable car in San Francisco. When he has returned to Chedleigh and deflated his pompous father and brother (that pair of insolent balloons), he moves once more into the unknown- at least London- with 250 pounds a year, to be paid quarterly. 'Make it three hundred, father,' Eustace adds, 'and I won’t write.' The play, I suppose, lacks certain things. It has no part to tear a cat in...Much of Hankin’s wit, unlike much of Wilde’s, derives from the situation and is always in character. Observe Mrs Jackson, the prodigal’s mother, who manages to be at once literal and fluffy. 'He allowed my girls to begin French directly they went to school, at Miss Thursby’s,' the rector’s wife says, 'but I’m bound to say they never seem to have learnt any. So perhaps it did no harm.' 'Yes,' Mrs Jackson answers comfortably, 'I’ve always heard Miss Thursby’s was an excellent school.' 'The Two Mr Wetherbys', 'The charity that began at home'...and 'The Cassilis engagement' are other works of Hankin that should have more than the tribute of a sigh. We have heard too much about his cynicism. He may often look at society with a detached amusement, but he can also besiege and reach the heart" (Trewin, 1951 p 63-64). MacCarthy (1907) pointed out that the author "puts forward a good case for a real ne'er-do-weel, who has about him no touch of the stage romance which usually surrounds such a character" (p 16). “Such a plot is of course a direct violation of all the laws of theatrical propriety, but Hankin insisted upon its verisimilitude. If a tragedy must come to a realistic conclusion, he reasoned, so also may comedy. The Jackson family are middle-class, like the Voyseys, with middle-class ideas and ideals, and are the slaves of middle-class morality. An intelligent man who genuinely comprehends himself and his family and refuses to exaggerate the importance of money or money-making will inevitably become master of the situation. Eustace, therefore, is permitted to have his own life as a character and is not forced into the stereotype of the repentant prodigal gratefully chewing on that fatted calf which is a symbol of his submission to familial convention” (Downer, 1950 p 317). "The scapegrace son is generally either a romantic or a sordid figure. Here he shows the most disarming effrontery and, disdaining the offer of a job, coolly blackmails his father into making him an allowance. Such is the comic theme of a play which also contains a highly moving, yet restrained portrait of the prodigal’s sister, who fills the thankless role of the unwanted woman" (Wilson, 1937 p 254). The play "evinces real observation and artistic sincerity. It is the story of a wastrel who really is a wastrel; he is not a victim of circumstances or a rough diamond, or a good trusting fellow betrayed and badgered by his villainous rival through three acts, only to save the heroine from a burning mill in the fourth. No; he is by birth inefficient- a gentleman, good-natured, and discreet, but material prosperity flees from his most crafty stalking. There are such people, and Hankin gives us a first-rate study of one of them, a study both amusing and pathetic, unmarred by a cowardly happy ending" (Norwood, 1921 pp 77-78). “Violet...is revealed as trapped...by the social proprieties attaching to marriage and social intercourse...She registers her situation: ‘we are to be great people, but you don’t find Sir John Faringford’s son proposing to me...so the great people won’t marry me and I mustn’t marry the little people.’...Unlike her wastrel bother, she has no means of relaxing her father’s iron authority” (Chothia, 1996 pp 72-73). "The first characteristic of Mr Hankin as a dramatist is that he is easy to act; his characters are very clearly drawn, and the emotions and situations with which his plays deal are within the reach of a very moderate range of experience. The parts do not call for 'temperament' or imagination in the actors so much as intelligence and sympathy, which are easier to mind. His other qualities are lightness of touch, an original humour, the power of weighing character in a very even balance, and dexterity in introducing into a very ordinary series of events which the audience is certain will be evolved along the most natural lines an element of surprise and suspense. 'The return of the prodigal' shows all these qualities at their best...This may seem a slender theme for a play, and the solution of a problem into which the spectator has entered with an almost parental perplexity by the allowance of £250 may sound flat, but the denouement is not flat and the suspense is kept up till the last. The dialogue is most spirited and natural, and often extremely amusing. The prodigal excites a good deal of sympathy, because he is moved by the sympathy of his mother and sister, and because he is miserable and aware of his own feebleness, which he makes the justification of his claim, as he really believes himself incapable of earning a living; while a scene between brother and sister, very touching in its matter-of-factness, makes one feel that father and son are fair game, by revealing that her prospects of a free and happy future have been ruined by being dragged by them into a society where for her there is little chance of marriage. Stella Faringford will probably marry Henry Jackson. Some kind of a love-liking springs up between her and the prodigal in the course of the four acts, just enough to make the sense of his own incompetence harder to bear and the conclusion of the play doubtful" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 20-22). “In St John Hankin is much of the intellectual curiosity and honesty of Shaw in approaching contemporary social life, but while the latter is shaking his fist, the former is merely shrugging his shoulders. In his detestation of bourgeois cheapness of mind and soul, Hankin never forgets that he is writing plays and not theses, and therefore does not exploit his characters by subjecting them to his dictation, but allows a. social truth to evolve from what they do and say...It is characteristic of him that he should champion the under dog, the social misfit, who protests against the conventionality of the comfortably adjusted and the unrespectability of the respectable. He likes audacious people who disturb the sanctified peace of society. And yet, uncompromising as he is, he has not quite the philosophy to let his sense of the comic rise above his irritation. He is a little prejudiced in his very gesture of eschewing prejudice. Hankin never broke through into a full, clear utterance...But he was a substantial workman, who, unafraid and clear sighted, brought healthy ideas into comedy. His milieu is not primarily that of the aristocracy, but in his observation, in his moral inconclusiveness, and in his amused cynicism he is eminently qualified as exponent of the comedy of manners” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 213-214). "Shaw is an interested optimist, and Hankin is a disinterested pessimist; Shaw always hopes for the best and fully intends to make himself heard and to be successful: while Hankin contemplates the irremediable weaknesses of human nature and seems only to desire that men should see and recognize them, trusting perhaps in the beneficial effects, not social or historical, but individual and moral, of contrition and charity. This is a Catholic attitude, of which perhaps the author was not conscious, and which I believe he would not have accepted intellectually. In each of his works there is a character or a situation which all but attains the tragic, yet has not the strength of passion to reach it; and it is not through virtue, but through weakness, that these men and women fall back into the atmosphere of comedy" (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 107-108). =="The return of the prodigal"== [[File:Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son (detail) - WGA19134.jpg|thumb|Eustace's return fails to induce a father's tenderness, unlike the one portrayed by Rembrandt (1606-1669) from the Biblical source]] Time: 1900s. Place: Gloucestershire, England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/returnofprodigal00hank https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45361 https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.503892 Henry Jackson, a prosperous textile manufacturer working with his father, Sam, is at the point of asking Stella Faringford in marriage, when she interrupts and asks him to forbear for awhile. Family and friends learn that Eustace, Sam's other son, sent to Australia with a thousand pounds as a misfit, was discovered by a servant lying on the ground near the house, having apparently fainted. He is led in unconscious. Sam asks Henry not to delay in obtaining Stella's hand, since the Faringford influence may be decisive in his candidacy for a seat in Parliament. Eustace is examined by the family doctor, unable to detect, as he humorously tells his brother, that his fainting fit was feigned, to draw pity on his person, since he returns as a prodigal with nothing to show out of the money he previously received. Sam has had enough of his son's loafing about the house, especially after learning he coolly ordered expensive new clothes for himself and arranged to have the bill sent to his care. Sam orders him out of the house. Eustace counters that, should he be forced to leave, he will make a scandal of the treatment he receives, reducing his father's chances to win his seat in Parliament and compromising Henry's marriage prospects with Stella. "I don't like work," he comically informs them,"so there's nothing left but to beg." They negotiate. Sam proposes to send him back to Australia with another thousand pounds, but Eustace reminds him that they have already tried that strategy, which amounted to a dismal failure. Instead, the prodigal wants an annual stipend of 300 pounds, which Henry finds attractive, because, should his brother cause trouble, all they need do is cancel the allowance. Sam insists on 250 pounds and politely asks him to write sometimes. "Make it 300, father," Eustace retorts cynically, "and I won't write." Sam signs a cheque as a first installment and contemptuously waves it away. =Harley Granville-Barker= [[File:Harley Granville-Barker.jpg|thumb|Harley Granville-Barker showed much ado about a kiss during business hours, 1906]] Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) contributed an important social drama of people at work with "The Madras house" (1909), "that incomplete work of genius which is more exasperatingly characteristic of its time than any play written in our day in the English language" (Woolcott, 1922 p 113). "So far as the present writer knows, Mr GB Shaw, in Mrs Warren's Profession, is the only dramatist who has treated the whole question of the fallen woman from its sociological side. For the rest, he has cast off accepted conventions in sexual relations as in others, and might even be accused of teaching the unimportance of the marriage ceremony, when the Life-Force is impelling the woman to seek a father for her child. Here Mr Granville Barker, in The Madras House, shows himself a disciple of Mr Shaw, by his representation of the unrepentant sinner, Miss Yates" (May, 1911 p 166). Some early critics such as Andrews (1913) dismissed Granville-Barker's plays as drab. "Mr Barker finds nothing too commonplace, too dreary, nor too impertinent to be included in the conversation of his characters. Through long pages of perhaps characteristic, but utteriy unimportant, talk struggles a thin thread of narrative, scarcely strong enough to hold the piece even loosely together. All this is deplorable; for nothing worth while is accomplished; the stage is brought no nearer to reality, and a vital illuminant- if the metaphor may be so manipulated- is almost cunningly concealed, like Gratiano's reasons, in a bushel of chaff. It is not the art that is true to life, but rather the life that is in no wise true to art. The Madras House, for example, a play without hero, heroine, or plot, sets forth, in the familiar atmosphere of middle-class English life, the varying English views upon the woman question" (pp 142-143). “Complex in theme, bold and original in treatment, it may be best described as a satire on the thwarted lives led by women in England in the first decade of the century” (Evans, 1950 p 128). "In The Madras House...there is not even the pretense at a plot. Nothing takes place from act to act except conversation. There are themes enough,- certainly, enough for a season's output,- but they are only so many expressions from various angles of a sex-ridden society, and if Mr Barker believed in one thesis more than another, his conviction is not so clear as is the state of things he has satirized. A household of six unmarried daughters; a drapery-establishment where the employees live in, Constantine's retirement to the east to keep a harem so that his mind need not be distracted during hours of serious business,- all contribute to a fantastic picture of contemporary life from the point of view of sex" (Haskell, 1918 pp 288-289). “The Madras house manufactures women’s clothes...Sex is commercially profitable, very profitable...The dramatic characters shift in every act. Only one of them appears in all four...The play is amazing in its broadness and seeming completeness” (Moderwell, 1972 p 218). The play has no "plot, or rather the formal plot is strangely sundered from the genuine interest of the play; it recounts merely the sale of a great costume business to a commercial but romantic American. On this a magnificent fabric of discussion, mainly about the social position of women. Female assistants in large shops, the living-in system, the life of the normal married woman in England, the effect on men's work of the presence and co-operation of women- these topics are handled with brilliant originality and fluent eloquence. The study is made dramatic by the contrast between Henry Huxtable and his partner Constantine Madras. Huxtable is positively steeped in home affections and Victorian stolidities, feels that he could not be happy in heaven without antimacassars and a marble clock. Madras is elaborately contrasted with him at every point. Not only has he so revolted against English home life that he has deserted his wife and son many years ago, Mr Barker, in order to provide the external point of view, has actually converted him to Mohammedanism, and conferred upon him a house and harem in an Arabian village. This person's comments on the Englishman's attitude towards women are both novel and deadly, provoking a healthy reaction or commanding revolution. The upshot is that women are a disturbing and destructive factor in the ordinary business of the world confined to the house in the Eastern fashion, they would perform their function of brightening life and soothing the wearied soul" (Norwood, 1921 pp 90-91). The Madras House "consists of four juxtaposed episodes. The life of every character is shaped by his or her particular relationship to the couture firm...There is no resolution to any of the characters in marriage, divorce or suicide, and even the pregnancy of Marion Yates and her refusal to name the father of her child results in no denouement" (Chothia, 1996 pp 60-61). "This piece reveals no definite beginning and the author has deliberately planned it in such a way that it shall show no end. Structurally, this work is, so to speak, a succession of four middles" (Hamilton, 1914 p 94). "The play is organized as a presentation of social problems with a deliberate plan of non-development. The "playwright adopted a loose form that enabled him to play with problems like a master rather than a journeyman of the theatre of ideas. Clever satirization of a respectable draper’s household and of another middle-class prison, a drapery establishment or 'industrial seraglio' where the employees 'live in' and must abstain from marriage, is supplemented by the pointed whimsy of the wife-deserting Constantine Madras who has become a Mohammedan. To the worthy pater familias Huxtable with his half dozen cowed and unmarried daughters Constantine paints the advantages of polygamy; all the daughters could be taken care of by a single man! Moreover, the segregation of women would promote a rational life and society: 'From seventeen to thirty-four- the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue- wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women. How’s he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life...All politics, all religion, all economy is being brought down to the level of women’s emotions.' This is the bee in Constantine’s turban, and it buzzes agreeably. Only his serious-minded son Philip, who concerns himself with human misery and fears that 'we good and clever people are costing the world too much' is a proper foil to both the easy-going Constantine and the smug Huxtable. The drapery establishment of which he is part owner recalls both Carlyle’s dour fulminations against the dandiacal English habit and Ruskin’s views on art. Philip wants an 'art and a culture that shan’t be just a veneer on savagery', something that must come 'from the happiness of a whole people'. Therefore he is going into politics. Neither lightness of treatment nor weight of thought is absent in this rambling but fertile comedy of ideas" (Gassner, 1954a pp 619-620). “All is brought to a head in the extraordinary third act where the business is sold...The beauties of costume, textile, body are at the same time dependent on the exploitation of young women. The moment the deal is sealed takes ten lines of dialogue. The lushness of theatre is paid by, but obscures the operation of money” (Shepherd, 2009 pp 150-152). “The play reveals the fashion business as one in which women are dressed for display in a sexual market; the women modeling the clothes are treated as animated mannequins, dressed in revealing garments which prevent them from even sitting down” (Eltis, 2004 p 233). "The rhythm of action- emphasis and suppression in the service of unity of effect- is abandoned. Each act ends in the midst of a conversation; so does the whole play, and the stage-direction remarks: 'she doesn't finish, for really there is no end to the subject.' All of which means that Mr Barker seeks to follow the broken rhythm of life- the helpless swaying hither and thither of human talk, the pause of embarrassment or sudden blankness which leads to irrelevant changes of subject. In addition, he seeks to illustrate, as in the second act of The Madras House, the fact that human affairs run parallel to each other and have often no connection except the accidental one of a single man or woman's being a participant in each. Thus the scandal among the employees of the house and the sale of the house to the American, Eustice P State, have nothing in common except that Philip Madras must, necessarily, give his attention to both. Each, to be sure has, upon reflection, a bearing upon the theme of the play which is, once more, the problem of sex. But from the aspect of fable and structure The Madras House marks a point at which the avoidance of artifice touches the negation of form. Negation of form! Having written the words, I am almost ready to retract them. For in truth The Madras House is one of the most fascinating of modern plays. Its strange inconsequentialities of structure, its act endings which trail off into a natural silence or simply blend with the ceaseless hum of life seem but to sharpen the peculiar tang of art and thought, extremely keen and personal, that exhales from the play. The thesis of The Madras House is no less arresting than its form. The gradual emancipation of woman in the West has led to the constant, enervating preoccupation with the instinct of sex. Society, politics, education- all bring men and women into contacts which are, consciously or not, sexually stimulating. The vast industries that serve the adornment of even the most cultured of modern women prove these very women to be primarily bent upon emphasizing the sexual appeal. To this menace there are two effective retaliations: one, that of the elder Madras, to segregate women as in the Orient, and let men do their work in the world in virile cleanness; the other, that of the younger Madras, to force our civilisation to be less of a 'barnyard' in spirit, to wring from it a culture that is not simply a veneer over sexual savagery" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 203-205). “The plays of Granville Barker are thoroughly modern both in form and content. In his Madras House (1909) the question of guilt might have played an important role, but does not. The one character who is really culpable according to the old accepted standards of ethics considers himself far above these standards. He disregards them or tramples them underfoot without the slightest feeling of guilt” (Cast, 1917 p 538). "Has anybody noticed, I wonder, that each of the four married women in this play is an awful warning against marriage? First there is Katherine Huxtable, a British matron bound in triple hide of ignorance, prejudice and convention. Second is Amelia Madras, whose placid obstinacy of self-martyrdom would drive any man into sin. More awful still is Mrs Brigstock, that embittered, jealous, charmless spouse with one eye fixed on the main chance and the other on her husband’s discomfort. Last there is Jessica Madras, who must come down to the office instead of telephoning and cannot see why she should not be taken out to lunch, who feels herself neglected and chooses her husband’s best friend as the repairer of that neglect" (Agate, 1926 p 235). The Madras House "shows two cross-sections of early-twentieth-century society, the first being a respectable suburban home at Denmark Hill, and the second the drapery store of Messrs Roberts and Huxtable. In each the primitive natural feelings of the inmates have been repressed" (Reynolds, 1949 p 139). "This is a study in repression (there are seventeen women in a cast of twenty-five): the repression of the younger generation of suburban Denmark Hill- the suburbs had a bad time in the New Drama- and of the drapers’ employees of that harem of industry, Messrs Roberts and Huxtable’s at Peckham, and of ‘the Madras House’, the Bond Street dress-shop that gives a name to the piece. It contains an invigorating debate on the place of women in society. It is acute and it is courageous. This is one of the most notable plays of rebellion in a rebellious period when so many lids were being lifted from so many cauldrons, when we heard both a singing and a growling in the air, and suffragettes had become front-page news" (Trewin, 1951 p 81). "When the situation between his characters reaches the most serious pitch, instead of speaking impulsively out of themselves, they tend to transfer their predicament to the plane of generalities, discussing it as one not peculiar to themselves but to many (vide the dialogue between husband and wife with which The Madras House closes). In short the drama of Granville-Barker is that of a man to whom the significance of life has been most excitingly revealed, not at moments when, so to speak, he has banged up against other human beings, but when intimacy has taken the form of sounding the depths of experience together, and the condition of mutual proximity has been on both sides a high personal detachment...We can get a bird’s eye view of a gigantic theme much too big for treatment in a single action drama. He has constructed his conversation drama with a skill which it is a delight to remember afterwards. I can understand a spectator thinking that the dramatist was spending too much time on the construction of a realistic atmosphere, but on reflection these little touches, like the perpetual polite introductions of the many daughters of Mr Huxtable (Admirable, perfect Mr Aubrey Mather!) to Major Thomas, are superfluous. Not at all. They suggest the dire extent to which human relationships in that household have been fossilized into prim formalities, just as the mannequin show illustrates the 'moral' and commercial exploitation of sex interest...Thus the play is a scheme of ingeniously contrived talk through which illuminating rays from different temperamental quarters are thrown on the theme. Old Madras is a man to whom sex is the spice of life, but he does not like the whole of life to be flavoured with it; the sentimental American, Mr Eustace Perrin State, wants every dish saturated with it— but in a diluted, romantic form; old Huxtable has thought all his life that the proper thing to do was to ignore it- and a nice mess the Huxtable family have made of that. The point of view of the desiccated Miss Chancellor is given, and- wonder of wonders- she is properly allowed to keep her dignity; in the hands of a lesser draughtsman she would have been just a poor old cockshy; the young mother who has thrown her cap over the windmill gives hers; the cramped and harried Brigstocks exhibit the predicament into which industrial civilization has forced them" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 215-219). =="The Madras house"== Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/madrashouseacom00bargoog Philip Madras and his uncle, Henry Huxtable, prepare to sell their clothing shop, Roberts & Huxtable, to an American financier by the name of State. For this purpose, they will soon meet with Philip's father, Constantine, separated from his wife, Amelia, 30 years ago due to his adulterous relations with several of his employees. Amelia wishes to see him, too. "I am his wife still, I should hope,” she tells her son. He went away from me when he was young. But I have never forgotten my duty. And now that he is an old man, and past such sin, and I am an old woman, I am still ready to be a comfort to his declining years, and it's right that I should be allowed to tell him so.” Recently, Henry has heard news that two of their employees, William Brigstock and Marion Yates, were seen kissing at work by the housekeeper, Miss Chancellor. News of improper conduct quickly spread around, all the more so since William is married and Marion unmarried but pregnant. Although William's wife, Freda, believes her husband innocent of adultery, Henry wants to sack both. In his office, Philip asks Marion to explain what happened in front of William and Miss Chancellor. ”And when I told him- all I chose to tell him as to what had happened to me, I asked him to kiss me just to show he didn't think so much the worse of me. And he gave me one kiss - here,” Marion explains while pointing to her forehead. Miss Chancellor believes that she is lying, that they are in fact lovers, but Philip is prepared to let the matter drop. However, husband and wife consider the accusation slander and insist on a public retraction, which Philip refuses to consider. “How is Mr Brigstock to remain in the firm if Miss Chancellor does?” Freda retorts. Miss Chancellor is outraged, Freda threatens her with a lawsuit, Miss Chancellor threatens to leave the firm unless believed. "It would be good manners to believe her,” Philip tells Miss Chancellor. “We must believe so much of what we're told in this world.” Philip’s friend and State’s representative, Major Thomas, arrives for the business meeting. He amuses Philip by requesting him to be invited less often at his house and see less of Philip’s wife, Jessica. "Phil, I don't like women, and I never did," Thomas confesses, "but I'm hardly exaggerating when I say I married simply to get out of the habit of finding myself once every six months in such a position with one of them that I was supposed to be making love to her.” The owners agree to sell the company to State, who waxes poetical over the new line of women's dresses he intends to exhibit. "It is the middle class woman of England that is waiting for me, the woman who still sits at the parlour window of her provincial villa, pensively gazing through the laurel bushes. I have seen her on my solitary walks. She must have her chance to dazzle and conquer," he muses enthusiastically. He thinks that the economic independence of women is the next step in civilization. Constantine disagrees, having converted to Islam. Henry is disgusted at this bit of news. "I've not spoken to you for thirty years, have I? That is I've not taken more notice of you than I could help. And I come here today full of forgiveness and curiosity to see what you're really like now and whether I've changed my mind or whether I never really felt all that about you at all and damned if you don't go and put up a fresh game on me! What about Amelia? Religion this time!” he exclaims. Constantine opines that the world's interest is best served by keeping women at home. "From seventeen to thirty-four, the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue, wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women,” he declares. “How's he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life? Women haven't morals or intellect in our sense of the words. They have other incompatible qualities quite as important, no doubt. But shut them away from public life and public exhibition. It's degrading to compete with them, it’s as degrading to compete for them.” Furthermore, he accuses the affronted Henry of keeping "an industrial seraglio". "What do we slow-breeding, civilized people get out of love and the beauty of women and the artistic setting that beauty demands? For which we do pay rather a big price, you know, Tommy. What do we get for it?" Philip asks Major Thomas. At this, Thomas is utterly at sea. When Constantine encounters Amelia, she lets him know she wants to follow him to Arabia. He refuses. She then asks him to stay in England in a different house than hers. After being refused again, she exits while looking at him hatefully. When Philip asks his father was there no other way to treat her, he answers: "Was I meant to pass the rest of a lifetime making her forget that she was as unhappy as people who have outlived their purpose always are?" Philip receives a letter from William's solicitor for compensation to the slanders his client was exposed. As suspected, he learns his father was Marion's lover and humiliated because she refused his money. He advises his son to sack William and Marion, though offering him monetary compensation and her a position later on at the new company. Philip acquiesces. To Jessica, he cheerfully conveys Thomas' message. She angrily thanks him for it. He concludes that they must live less expensively and that he contribute to society with meetings at the town council, but she, on her side, does not know what to do with herself. "You don't always let us have the fairest of chances, do you?" she asks. =Githa Sowerby= [[File:GeorgeJacombHood-1912-GithaSowerby.png|thumb|Githa Sowerby delved into what happens when a man's two sons refuse to take up his business. Portrait of the author by George Jacomb Hood (1857-1929)]] Githa Sowerby (1876-1970) contributed a fine family saga during this period with "Rutherford and son" (1912), "Rutherford and son" is "a drama of domestic tyranny centering around the granite figure of the industrialist Rutherford whose children escape his tyranny only after being virtually broken by him. Dramatic power is also furnished by excellent characterizations of an old sister who fears him, a frustrated daughter who runs away with his foreman, and a weak willed son who can only free himself by abandoning his wife and his child and breaking his father’s cash box. Only the son’s wife remains, and it is she alone who finally masters the hard old man now that he wants an heir to the house of Rutherford and is in need of such affection as he can find" (Gassner, 1954a p 621). Andrews (1913) complained that "Miss Githa Sowerby...sets before us with notable vitality and force the ruthlessly dominant male. Like [Elizabeth Baker's 'Chains' (1909)], this play is gloomy, sordid, and depressing, admirable in characterization and dialogue, and almost devoid of action. Its popularity, in the face of its hard and repellent subject-matter, surely adds point to Molière's reflection that 'the business of amusing honest folk is a strange one' (p 145). In contrast, George (1914) described the play along with Houghton's "Hindle Wakes" (1910) as the "finest recent instances of stage realism...In both plays life is represented not as it might be, which would be romance, but as it is. In both the atmosphere is extraordinary; in both the position of woman, alliance, motherhood, responsibility, seriously figure. But there is no strain, there is hardly any preaching; the characters seldom explain themselves, and throughout they reveal themselves. And there is passion, enthusiasm, suffering, and hope, all the things the common men understand" (p 57). “Githa Sowerby, with Rutherford and Son (1912), succeeded in creating almost a synthetic personality out of all the middle-class characters against which this sort of drama is directed, in Rutherford, the manufacturer, for whom nothing has any value that is not connected with the prosperity of his factory. Thus, while his machines multiply and prosper, and seem to devour every other life, human life languishes in the dreary, misty northern scene. One by one Rutherford’s sons and daughters go away from him, to seek liberty and life elsewhere; for a breath of real humanity they face misery and death. Only at the end of the play the daughter-in-law, abandoned by her husband, returns to ask the old man’s protection, and brings him her son, who in the future will be able to inherit the business. This hope, and the sense of a tragic solitude, finally move the heart of Rutherford, who for this reason receives the two outcasts” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 116-117). "John Rutherford, the owner of the firm 'Rutherford and Son', is possessed by the phantom of the past- the thing handed down to him by his father and which he must pass on to his son with undiminished luster; the thing that has turned his soul to iron and his heart to stone; the thing for the sake of which he has never known joy and because of which no one else must know joy,- 'Rutherford and son'...Not only the Rutherford children, their withered Aunt Ann, and old Rutherford himself, but even Martin, the faithful servant in the employ of the Rutherfords for twenty-five years, is 'dedicated', and when he ceases to be of use to their Moloch, he is turned into a thief and then cast off, even as Janet and John...Janet knows her father better than John; she knows that 'no one ever stands out against father for long- or else they get so knocked about, they don't matter any more.' Janet knows, and when the moment arrives that brings her father's blow upon her head, it does not come as a surprise to her. When old Rutherford discovers her relation with Martin, his indignation is as characteristic of the man as everything else in his life. It is not outraged morality or a father's love. It is always and forever the House of Rutherford. Moreover, the discovery of the affair between his daughter and his workman comes at a psychologic moment: Rutherford is determined to get hold of John's invention- for the Rutherfords, of course- and now that Martin has broken faith with his master, his offense serves an easy pretext for Rutherford to break faith with Martin" (Goldman, 1914 pp 236-241). =="Rutherford and son"== [[File:Glass Factory - geograph.org.uk - 486146.jpg|thumb|Trouble starts when a glass factory owner enters in conflict with his son over the latter's invention of a metal alloy. Yorkshire glass factory]] Time: 1910s. Place: Grantley, North Yorkshire, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/cu31924013224666 https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweiala https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweuoft https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00sowe Because of a coal miners' strike, John Rutherford’s glass-works factory is short on coal. Other problems have led to uncertainties regarding the survival of the company. Rutherford’s most trusted workingman, Martin, informs him that he caught an employee, Henderson, with his hand in the till. Despite his youth, Rutherford dismisses him. Rutherford’s son, John Junior, has invented a new type of metal alloy which, according to him and Martin, might be worth a fortune. Without having studied the matter, Rutherford downplays its importance. Rutherford is nevertheless outraged that John wants to keep the formula secret until he buys the invention from him and then leaves with the money, so that no one would be left to manage the company, since his other son, Richard, is the local clergyman. Having been offered a curacy in another region, Richard asks his father permission to go. “Wear your collar-stud at the back if you like, it's all one to me,” Rutherford answers indifferently, “You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear: you were no good for my purpose, and there's an end. For the matter o' that, you might just as well never ha’ been born except that you give not trouble either way.” He is only annoyed when Richard tells him he has promised Henderson’s mother to speak on behalf of his son for another chance to stay in his employ. Although Rutherford hears her plea, her son’s dismissal is a foregone conclusion. Before going, however, she blurts out rumors concerning an underhand relation between Martin and his daughter, Janet, which he sternly disapproves of. Alone with Martin, Rutherford requests the content of the alloy. Although aware of his treachery towards John, Martin promises to hand it over to him the following day. Rutherford then tells Janet he wants her out of his house and the next day, once he obtains the content of the alloy, fires Martin. When a broken Martin reveals to Janet that he must go, she tries to make him see the positive side. “You're free,” she declares, "free for the first time since you were a lad mebbee to make a fresh start.” “A fresh start?” he echoes affronted. “Wi' treachery and a lyin' tongue behind me?” He offers her money so that she can live in another village, but, recognizing that he has little interest in starting anew with her, she refuses and leaves the house. When John learns of Martin’s treachery, he steals money from his father’s cash-box and proposes to go away with his wife, Mary. However, Mary doubts her husband’s ability to care for her and her young son and has no wish to return to her former occupation. Instead, she proposes to Rutherford that she remain in his house to raise the son as his his heir and eventual owner of the company. He accepts. =Charles McEvoy= Charles McEvoy (1879-19) wrote a fine domestic drama in “David Ballard” (1907), a play described as “severely realistic” by Dickinson (1917a p 170) about a man who wants to become a writer despite a lack of encouragement from his family. ==“David Ballard”== Time: 1900s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/davidballardapl00mcevgoog David Ballard returns home dispirited from the nature of his work as an office worker in a store to his mother (Ellen), father (Simon), sister (Gladys), younger brother (Percy), and cousin (Mercy). “I’ve been drawn to this horrible, ghastly drudgery at the store and I can’t see any end to it,” he confesses to his mother. “I’ve no time for study, or quiet thought, or serious work of any kind.” For he wants to become a writer. She attempts in vain to encourage him, after which Simon, now retired, returns to reminisce about the 42 years he spent at work, a matter objected to by a Gladys uninterested in “talk shop”. Their lodger, Darwin Snodge, a portrait painter, arrives to pay his rent. When the family and Darwin hear that David intends on leaving the house and quitting his job, everyone except Mercy tries to convince him otherwise. “My boy, if you’d only stop there at your work patiently and try to cultivate a liking for it,” Simon pleads, “you’d soon get a substantial raise and everything would look rosy again.” David obtained a 10-shilling raise, but still wants to quit. In Darwin’s view, the lad lacks “patience, perseverance and hope”. “You can’t do good work unless you’ve got the stomach behind you to put into it,” he specifically advises. Because he has no intention of starving, David asks for a loan of 5 pounds, but is refused. As a result, he rushes out, at which only Mercy is glad. As Gladys and Darwin celebrate their engagement in a restaurant, Simon breaks down in tears after learning that his son left their home exactly one year ago. He is further innerved after spotting out the window David himself looking like a derelict. Darwin thinks the old man imagined it. “I foresaw this all along,” Gladys affirms. “I said we’d no business to bring him with us.” It is David, overwhelmed with shame but defiant. He has been unable to make a living out of writing. “Exactly as I predicted,” Darwin notes. Although Mr and Mrs Ballard want him back to the house, Gladys does not. However, Darwin objects to having his future brother–in-law “walking about the streets like that”. Percy agrees. One year later, David has taken over the job once held by his father, now dead. While Gladys fusses over her twins, Percy takes Mercy apart to tell her something, but they are interrupted by a Gladys in a frenzy because her cousin ignored her call. Percy begs Mercy to help him restore 700 pounds he took out of the till at work, which he has used to amuse himself with the higher social classes. David advises her to refuse his brother such a loan. Gladys interrupts a second time, exasperated at Mercy’s slackness in helping out with her babies. She reveals that Mercy is not her cousin after all, but an orphan the family picked up out of charity. “You will leave this house within an hour, creature,” she commands. Mercy is willing as David receives the news that one of his poems has won a 100 pound prize, to be handed over to his brother, Mercy advises. David reluctantly agrees and, having finally spoken of their love of each other, leaves the house in her company. =Horace Annesley Vachell= [[File:Horace_Annesley_Vachell_circa_1920.jpg|thumb|Vachell exposed the mixing of bank practices with personal relations]] Horace Annesley Vachell (1861-1955) offered a worthy bank drama with Jelf’s (1912) when finances conflict with personal relations. =="Jelf’s"== [[File:HSBC_in_Pall_Mall,_London.jpg|thumb|Richard, the owner of Jelf's bank, is involved in a conflict between helping out a friend who is also a rival to the woman he intends to marry. Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in Pall Mall, London]] Time: 1910s. Place: London and fictional Shepperford, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/jelfsacomedyinf00vachgoog https://archive.org/details/jelfscomedyinfou00vachiala After spending several years on a ranch in California, Richard Jelf has taken over the family business in a London bank for the past 6 months. His friend, Archie Mull, takes the opportunity to ask to be invited at Richard’s house in Shepperford along with Sir Jonathan Dunne, chairman of the Amalgamated Association of Bankers and father of his intended, Dorothy, without mentioning he is coming, since the prospective father-in-law is against the marriage. As the friend of Richard’s uncle and founder of the bank, Sir Jonathan is relieved to hear that Richard along with Adam Winslow, chief clerk and senior adviser, are proceeding along conservative lines, unlike the “wildcat speculations” of other banks such as Palliser’s. Remembering his friend’s request, Richard invites Jonathan over at his house and he accepts. Richard next receives the visit of Archie’s mother, the countess of Skene and Skye, desperate for money but relieved by Richard at the level of 500 pounds. In return, the countess advises him as to deportment and dress to fit in London society. More advice as to clothes is provided by James Palliser, head of the family bank in financial difficulties. James is surprised to hear that Richard is engaged to be married to Fenella Mull, Archie’ sister and, unknown to Richard, James’ lover, whose offer of marriage was repulsed by her mother, the countess of Skene and Skye. Richard offers to help James out of financial difficulties by inviting him over at Shepperford to meet Sir Jonathan, which James gladly accepts. Still fond of her old lover, Fenella asks Richard to help James out of his bank’s troubles. Richard agrees and offers Fenella a pearl necklace and diamond tiara, which frightens her to the point of requesting him to stow them till their wedding day. At Shepperford, Richard offers to settle down a nervous Archie by pretending to be Jonathan in a made-up dialogue favoring the young man’s offer of marriage to his daughter. But when the true Jonathan arrives, the result is the contrary, as Dorothy’s father declares he will only accept the idle youngster provided he obtain a responsible position, which is secured when Richard offers Archie the position of manager at his California ranch. Richard also rescues Dorothy from some difficulty while punting on the water. Unaware of the identity of her rescuer, Dorothy reveals the close relation that existed between Fenella and James along with inadequacies in Richard’s choice of clothing. When James meets Fenella, he tells her that he needs to keep their past relations quiet in view of Richard’s offer of help and yet attempts to win her back. On meeting her intended, Fenella notices changes in Richard’s appearance. “I like the man who does fine things, not wears them,” she reassures him. Next evening, Dorothy announces her engagement to Lady Sken and Fenella and her gratitude at what made it possible, Richard’s offer of Archie’s employment. “Too much consideration for one's father is a sort of reversion to type,” the countess declares, “a sentimental mistake.” “That sounds awfully immoral, Lady Skene,” Dorothy comments. “I lived in an absurd age which preached morality as successfully as it practiced the other thing,” the countess replies. Fenella reads that according to the London Observer, Jelf’s has come to the aid of Palliser’s. Meanwhile, unaware of Richard’s ignorance in the matter, Archie blurts out the existence of the past relation between Fenella and James. But when Richard inquires about whether Fenella had any past relation, she denies the existence of any. She discovers that the article in the London Observer was conveyed by James without Richard’s consent, an item which alarms Adam Winslow to the point of his tendering his resignation unless Richard retracts the article. Against Jonathan’s advice, Richard refuses to retract it but demands to find out the nature of the current situation between James and Fenella. James admits that he still loves her and intends to marry her, while Fenella remains committed to neither. The news of Jelf’s position sets off a panic reaction among its clients, threatening to take out their accounts in massive numbers. The situation becomes even more threatening when Jonathan, a vital depositor, shows up with the possibility of removing his own account at Jelf’s. More impending disaster appears when a bookmaker threatens to take out his large account unless Richard submits to being blackmailed for a small amount by a friend of his, a newspaper editor who felt insulted recently after Richard declined to meet him personally but instead passed him off to Adam. Richard declines to be blackmailed. Despite the double threat, Fenella stands by Richard and Richard stands firm, a move which pays off when both the bookmaker and Jonathan support him as well, considerably relieving the anxieties of the large band of customers ready to cancel their accounts. =Frederick Hazlitt Brennan= Frederick Hazlitt Brennan (1901-1962) attracted attention with a rough war-time comedy-drama, “The Wookey” (1941). ==“The Wookey”== [[File:Civilian Service Medal, 1939-1945.png|thumb|Winning a civilian service medal, 1939-1945, fails to impress the Wookey]] Time: 1939-1940. Place: London, England. Text at ? Just released from prison for indecent exposure during a show, Genevieve heads for the house of her sister, Bella, but first encounters her nephew, Ernie, hiding a dachshund from his mother inside the bed of his sister, Primrose. In view of the likelihood of war, Gen offers Bella her house in Lynmouth, but she declines. In storms Walt, anxious to marry Gen, but she rejects him. Refusing to accept her answer, he pulls at her and the two women defend themselves with difficulty until Bella’s husband, Horace, nicknamed the Wookey, enters and throws him out. To protect his family from scandal, Horace insists that his sister-in-law marry Walt. She backs down. Horace shows Primrose the present he brought over for his wife: a section of an iron fence tied with roses, while Ernie gets a used air-rifle. To his father, he reveals the hidden dachshund, saved from stoning by the local boys. Holding the dog with one hand, Horace spanks his son with the other for hiding it in the wrong place, but permits him to keep it. He hands over to his daughter a gift of French lingerie and, while heading for his bath, Rory, Irish first mate of Horace’s tug-boat, carries in with Hector, Bella’s cousin, and Mr Archibald another present for his wife: a brand-new toilet bowl, at the sight of which Bella pretends to be reserved as Constable Simpson enters with Cheltenham, Air Raid Precaution warden, arrived to check on the equipment given to the family, which they have carelessly handled. A scowling Horace tears a gas mask to shreds. “They mucks about till ‘Itler gets strong enough ter bomb us, then they sends us thrupenny marsks and biscit tin back’ouses,” he challenges. For his negligence, despite Horace’s three medals from the previous war, Cheltenham hands him a summons. Wanting no part of this war, Horace heads for the pub. In the Wookeys’ back-yard a year later, Rory courts Primrose and kisses her as Horace enters. “Less of it,” he commands. Primrose informs her father that the government has issued boats for the war, a matter that fails to interest him. Although as a mate Rory’s work has been satisfactory, Horace refuses to consider his offer of marriage for the moment. “Your qualifications and character needs further testin’,” he declares. Consistent with his views, Horace refuses to hand over his boat to Dr Lewisohn and factory workers for the conduct of the war, but accepts the same when Gen begs him to bring back her husband with the retreating army. But Walter dies and Horace and Rory have been gone for three weeks. Because of the bomb threat, Ernie is sent on his way to Wessex. But soon Horace and Rory return with a bath-tub and firearms, the delay caused by the time spent in prison for debt to the oil company because of their inability to pay the petrol and lubricant for going back and forth from Dunkirk to save the soldiers. Moreover, the oil company seized the boat. Horace rushes out after learning that Ernie has been taken away. But the boy escapes and hides in an out-house. When Horace discovers his son, he gives him a 10-bob note for hiding but several thwacks for letting his dog bite the vack woman. Amid the writing of a letter to Winston Churchill to get his money back, a fire bomb drops on the house but he manages to smother it in sand. Angry at the damage to his house, he now offers his “qualified support” to the British cause. After Horace is named chief fire warden, more bomb attacks follow so that Ernie is eventually found by rescue workers under the stairs surrounded by rubble, his dog injured and his mother dead. Instead of heading for a shelter, his father remains with him in the cellar, where Rory the Irishman draws ire from the British for his discouraging remarks. For his service at Dunkirk, Horace obtains the king’s civilian medal but no word on recovering his boat. He criticizes all aspects of the British conduct of the war and, to minimize the damage, allows his basement to become an official shelter while he commands his family to head towards Lynmouth, though he himself only pretends to go. =JM Barrie= [[File:James Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|James Matthew Barrie draws immortal plaudits for his character of Peter Pan, 1890s]] In a comic vein, JM Barrie (1860-1937), the Scottish playwright, achieved lasting fame with "Peter Pan" (1904). "In the year 1904 came Peter Pan, and it had an insane success. This is no spring flower, or hothouse plant; it is a hardy perennial, and will delight thousands of spectators after we shall have all made our exit from the planet. It is one of the most profound, original, and universal plays of our epoch...Barrie created a character, a personality; Peter Pan is an addition to literature and an addition to humanity. He is a real person, already proverbial and it seems incredible that he can ever be forgotten" (Phelps, 1920b p 837). The playwright "knows how children revel in the game of make-believe, with what elaborate care they will build up the machinery for their romances, and he has carried out the splendid idea of bringing all the resources of the stage to the service of a whimsical tale, in which sprites and pirates, red Indians, wolves, and crocodiles, are mingled in moments of rich amusement or participate in deeds of derring-do such as Fenimore Cooper or George Henty have made familiar to the bigger boys. There is a pleasing softness, and just a tinge of sadness, about much of this story of Peter Pan” (Agate, 1947 pp 133). "Peter Pan is perhaps the most escapist play ever written, and the reality that is so resolutely avoided in this charming fantasy is the entire adult world" (Gassner, 1954a p 623). For Andrews (1913), the play "is in reality not a drama, but a strangely iridescent poetic pantomime, full of bizarre and tender gayety. It is sometimes difficult, indeed, to determine when Mr Barrie's intention is serious and when merely humorous. Perhaps as a result of this peculiarity, his plays often fail to create an impression of depth or solidity. He is particularly felicitous in the portrayal of the lighter phases of feminine character, though he has rarely achieved a full-length study of a truly womanly woman" (pp 156-157). “The parents...who see their offspring unexpectedly disappear, the lost boys who surround the hero, Wendy, who seems to nourish a precocious feeling for the impossible boy (without his understanding in the least what is expected of him), and the family dog who laments the escape of her little charges, are all figures which have a principle of real personality, and for that reason blossom into the dramatic. When the children return to home and reality, after having lost themselves in a marvellous dream, the incorrigible Peter abandons them and never returns again. On the other hand, JM Barrie returns, to follow these children, or others similar to them, on the path of life, towards real, adult existence, towards drama and reality. But as in their childhood Peter Pan flew in at the open window of their night-nursery one spring night, and took them away with him to the Never Never Land, so now, when they are grown up, there returns instead James Barrie himself, always ready to insert a magical element into their human, and therefore tragi-comical, affairs” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 163-164). "'Peter Pan' captivated the grown-ups and even more so the most hardened critics. The Stage said of it: 'Mr Barrie has entered fully into the joys and delights of childhood days, and he has peopled his newest fantasy with the choicest personages from the pages of Marryat or Cooper, side by side with the heroes of our youth, who interpret incidents which only the most elastic imagination could conceive. The whole is impregnated by the nimble wit and facile fancy which the eminent dramatist has at command and the blend of humour and pretty sentiment constitutes a piece that no one, old or young, should resist.' The Illustrated London News said that it combined the child's passion for make-believe and the average little girl's maternal instinct and described it as 'an artfully artless play which has all the pretty inconsequences of an imaginative child's improvisations'" (Wilson, 1951 p 149-150). Wilson (1937) has a harsher view of the protagonist. "Peter is a pathetic figure clinging desperately to a pretence. Normal children (and even adults who are not insufferably intellectual) indulge in day dreams. But they know perfectly well that the world of their fancy is not a real one. Peter will not give up his dreams and becomes a kind of waif" (p 247). =="Peter Pan"== [[File:Captain Hook.PNG|thumb|Final showdown between Peter and Captain Hook, illustrated by FD Bedford (1864-1954)]] Time: 1900s. Place: London, England and Never Land. Text at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16 Before being put to bed, the three children of Mr and Mrs Darling (Wendy, John, and Michael), ask many of the usual questions. Thus Michael: "Mother, how did you get to know me?" and "At what time was I born, mother?" She does not answer the first question but only the second. "At two o'clock in the night-time, dearest," to which, worried, he answers: "O, mother, I hope I didn't wake you." She tells her husband she saw a boy's face at their window three floors up. The boy escaped but the window cut his shadow, which she shows him and then returns it inside a drawer. He was accompanied by a ball of light. After the parents leave, Peter Pan and Tinker Bell fly up to the children's room. He retrieves his shadow, sown on by Wendy, who proposes to kiss him, too. He holds out his hand for it, to Wendy's disappointment. In return, he offers what eh considers a kiss, an acorn button, which she puts on. Despite Tinker Bell's irritation at their increasing friendliness, Peter shows the children how to fly and they go away to Never Land, where a pirate, Captain Hook, is seething for revenge, because on one of their encounters he fell and a crocodile ate off one of his arms and would have eaten the rest of him had it not swallowed an alarm-clock, since which time he hears its ticking now and then. Peter's companions at Never Land receive a false message from the vengeful Tinker Bell, whereby they are commanded to shoot Wendy down as she flies overheard. One of these, Tootles, succeeds in striking her down with an arrow. She looks dead, but, to everyone's relief, was saved from grievous harm by the acorn button placed over her heart. While Wendy lies unconscious, the boys build a house all around her and she agrees to keep house for them, as a sort of substitute mother. Meanwhile, the pirates attack a band of Indians led by Tiger Lilly, saved by Peter, who, imitating the captain's voice, orders the pirates to release her. The pirates next attack the children, but Captain Hook is unable to conquer them and forced to escape on hearing the ticking of the alarm clock. However, Peter and Wendy find themselves standing on a rock with the water level rising. She succeeds in flying away on a kite, while Peter hesitates on what to do next, at no point afraid, even of death. "To die will be an awfully big adventure," he considers, but eventually succeeds in flying away by unfurling his shirt like a sail, naked and victorious. Though acting as the boys' father, a worried Peter seeks reassurance from Wendy that it is all pretense, to which she droopingly responds: "Oh yes." Eventually, the Darling children recognize they must return home, Peter's companions wishing to follow them, but not Peter himself. All except Peter are captured when the pirates convince them that Tiger Lilly has won the battle against them by beating her tom-tom. However, thanks to Peter's abilities in warfare, one by one the pirates are killed in their ship. At last, Captain Hook confronts Peter but is unable to get the better of him in a sword-fight, neither can he blow them all by firing a powder magazine, all the more discouraged in seeing Peter play on pipes while sitting on a barrel in the air. Overcome by grief, Hook deliberately prostrates himself in the water and is swallowed down by the crocodile. During all that time, Mrs Darling has kept the window open for her children's return. To keep Wendy with him, Peter asks Tinker Bell to bar the window, but when the mother appears, he opens the window and flies out, enabling the children to enter. As years go by, Peter regularly comes back to the house. One day, Wendy asks him: "You don't feel you would like to say anything to my parents, Peter, about a very sweet subject?" "No," he answers. Eventually, his adventures are so many that he forgets who Tinker Bell is. Wendy asks him whether he will one day forget her, too, but, soaring away, he does not answer. =Hubert Henry Davies= Also with the lighter comic touch is Hubert Henry Davies (1869-1917) with “The mollusc” (1907). In “The mollusc”, the author "abandons the vein of ironical and photographic realism, and tries to deepen the psychological analysis by using more imaginative methods" (Pelluzzi, 1935 p 57). "The author has given his attention more to the moment than to the magnitude of his theme, though he has consistently portrayed a certain spineless phase of languid indolence with telling effect. Perhaps for the portrait intended, a quicker conflict would not serve as well. Certainly no character development is demanded, for the chief trait of his heroine is her utter void of worthwhile attributes" (Anthony, 1914 p 489). “Davies’ most memorable contribution to our modern drama is primarily a character study, but Mrs Baxter in The Mollusc (1907) is so sentient a creation that she becomes the symbol of a class of women in society who coax and wheedle their way through the world. She is a potential comedy of manners in herself. Placid, unvexed, she makes flunkeys of her family and her friends but exacts the service with an indolent amiability that is disarming. She embraces routine and serenity and evades responsibility with the ardor with which some people welcome adventure. Her brother, Tom, brings into the serenity of the Baxter household a quickening presence that awakens the Mollusc to at least a momentary sense of her womanly duty. The author has been shrewd enough to bring his play to an indeterminate conclusion and has thereby enhanced its comic potency. Can the mollusc ever slough its shell? The comedy attracts our attention also by the neat adequacy of its technique. With a cast of only four characters, the situations are never forced. It is the comedy of manners in its most intimate form, as contrasted with the An Ideal Husband or Our Betters” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 217-218). "Mrs Baxter, according to Tom, began to display a family tendency toward molluscry, a syndrome that leads to avoidance of physical and emotional effort and engagement and to a clinging hold on home base and things as they are...Fancying Miss Roberts himself from their first meeting, Tom takes it upon himself to reverse his sister's down ward spiral. Although Tom's confrontational and manipulative tactics are not exactly successful, in the end, relationships improve once interpersonal pressures and counter-pressures have been exerted... Each character's perspective and the intersubjectivity of the four characters are important to the plot. For example, when the Baxters and Miss Roberts try to recall the details of the upcoming arrival of their long-awaited guest, the dialogue, as Mrs Baxter tries to remember where she left brother Tom's letter, reveals their psychological interdependence...This tangled, claustrophobic, and yet quite funny familial situation welcomes Tom, who is just returning from visiting the wide-open spaces of Colorado" (Crochunis, 2008 pp 309-310). "For Mrs Baxter, ‘the rest which is glorious is that of the chamois couched breathless in its granite bed, not of the stalled ox over his fodder’. Ruskin’s aphorism might be the moral of Mr Davies’ charming play if anything so dull as a moral could be attached to so delicate a work of art” (Walbrook, 1911 pp 136-137). “In sharp distinction to Hankin’s trenchant social criticism is the geniality and charm of Hubert Henry Davies’ social picturing, with just a fillip of satire here and there, a blending of elements that bespeaks the Robertson tradition. Davies is a master of gay and graceful comedy of middle-class manners, finding its setting in a natural world, not in an effulgent, artificial one. If his range of experience is limited, his dramatic performance is sound. He has the genuine enthusiasm of the recorder of manners for the kaleidoscopic social scene. He maintains consistently an amused, detached attitude that is rarely tinged with scorn. Like Hankin he is an observer of men but in him a lambent humor replaces wit. His comedies have caught the contagion of his own affability, but it is a geniality that does not degenerate into the sentimental. They are luminous with a warm glow of sunshine, not with the icy glitter of Maugham, let us say. It is this sympathy of his that enkindles his characters and endears them to us in a way that was impossible for Sutro or Hankin” (Sawyer, 1931 p 217). ==“The mollusc”== [[File:Common limpets1.jpg|thumb|Dulcie Baxter’s behavior is similar to that of a limpet, moving with the tide and clinging to a rock]] Time: 1900s. Place: Rural England. Text at https://archive.org/details/playsofhuberthen02davi https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214517 Richard Baxter is disagreeably surprised to learn that the governess of his two young daughters, Miss Roberts, wants to quit her job. "I think you need a governess with a college education, or, at any rate, some one who doesn't get all at sea in algebra and Latin," she declares. His wife, Dulcie, is also disagreeably surprised. After Miss Roberts hands over a footstool to make her more comfortable, she suggests that her husband may help out with the Latin. "I read Virgil at school. I haven't looked at him since," he responds. "Why teach the girls Latin?" she then wonders. When her brother, Tom, arrives from a lengthy journey in the state of Colorado, USA, he is charmed by Miss Roberts and quickly expresses the wish that she stay. He also quickly sizes up his sister's manner about the house. "She's a mollusc," he announces to Richard. "People who are like a mollusc of the sea, which clings to a rock and lets the tide flow over its head, people who spend all their energy and ingenuity in sticking instead of moving, in whom the instinct for what I call molluscry is as dominating as an inborn vice." She appears to be moving but it is only the waves that beat her about. In view of Richard's inability to change her, Tom wants to take charge of the matter, but quickly realizes the difficulty. When Tom suggests that he and his sister should prepare a bouquet of flowers, he winds up doing all the work. She resists moving about for the least reason, such as a picnic, preferring to order people about while staying put. She is displeased on observing Tom express interest for Miss Roberts and attempts to interfere. "I find your attitude towards my brother Tom a trifle too encouraging," she says to Miss Roberts. "Last evening, for instance, you monopolised a good deal of the conversation and this morning you took a walk with him before breakfast and altogether it looks just a little bit as if you were trying to flirt, doesn't it?" An angry Miss Roberts denies it and withdraws. Tom realizes what she has done and becomes angry, too. He opens his heart to Richard. "You married to her?" says the dismayed husband. "Oh no, oh no, I couldn't bear that." Tom is stunned on learning that Richard loves Miss Roberts, though, according to him, in a platonic fashion. When Richard opens his heart to Miss Roberts, it only distresses her and more than ever she wants to leave the house. When Richard sees her distress, he tries to comfort her and is discovered by his wife in a compromising position. She promptly arranges to appear sick, so that Richard and Miss Roberts, to Tom's disgust, take turns in taking care of her. "To a mollusc there is no pleasure like lying in bed feeling strong enough to get up," he comments. He gets her to move only after suggesting that her husband may be enjoying himself in the governess' company. On reintroducing the subject of his love to her and his desire to return to Colorado, Miss Roberts' pride falters and she confesses she wants to go with him. Dulcie then realizes that the only way to save her marriage is for her and Richard to engage equally in various activities together. =Noël Coward= [[File:Noël Coward 01.jpg|thumb|In Noël Coward's view, a quarelling couple love each other more than a non-quarreling couple]] Even lighter in the comic vein is Noël Coward (1899-1973) with "Private lives" (1930). “Here we are in the most fashionable milieu of the new generation: a husband and wife, still young, have had a divorce and have each married again; but chance brings them together after a short time, the old flame is revived, and they escape from their respective second partners and live together, each committing adultery with their former legitimate half. The dialogue is a masterpiece of subtlety, humour and moral laxity. If one felt that the mind of the author was anchored to a firm principle, to a fixed moral standard, it would be a ferocious satire. But this is really irony which is ironical at its own expense and hides its bitterness under a smile which sees no future; Wilde and the Naughty 'Nineties did not produce anything so desperate, so fluently amusing and so inwardly empty as this” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 293-294). The first act “contains a great deal of skillfully modulated and finely shaded emotion, and it is nothing to the point that we do not approve of the people who are moved, that they do not belong to the world’s workers, and that this place of travail will be no better for their having passed through it...The second act shows the pretty creatures tearing each other to pieces. The third shows Victor and Sybil quarrelling not wittily, but as people without breeding quarrel. And under cover of this brawl the prettier pair steal hand in hand away...Mr Coward’s genius consists in this, that he catches admirably the conversational tone of the day, the fool-born jests of the wise, the world-weary banter of the modish restaurant’s most privileged table” (Agate, 1944 pp 244-245). “Much of the fun and poignancy of the play resides in the absurdly symmetrical action...Amanda goes in from the terrace, saying she will bring the cocktails out; a moment later, Elyot comes out on to his carrying cocktails...Amanda and Elyot both try to substitute a common sense marriage for the intensities and endless quarrels of their earlier failed relationship” (Chothia, 1996 pp 150-152). "In Private Lives two honeymoons are entertainingly contrasted. The relation between Amanda Prynne and Elyot Chase is based upon the only kind of attraction which, in the dramatist’s opinion, matters between man and woman; while their respective relations to their lawful spouses are represented as unreal and conventional...We are told what Chapter I of the lives of Amanda and Elyot was like: their marriage had ended after exasperated quarrels in divorce and in their remarriage to other partners. Though we only watch on the stage Chapter II, namely the first three days of their joint lives after they have come together again, having just bilked their just-wedded partners, this glimpse shows that Chapter III will probably repeat Chapter I. We watch scenes of rapturous tenderness modulate into the exchange of such sentiments as 'you damned sadistic bully’, “you loose-living wicked little beast!' and finally into a scrimmage on the floor...So, although his play apparently ends happily, and the story is so deftly and amusingly conducted that the audience actually envies Mr Coward’s lovers, no one can agree with Amanda’s pronouncement upon their predicament: 'we may be all right in the eyes of heaven, but we look like being in a hell of a mess socially.' No: they are in a hell of a mess all round, and it is a proof of Mr Coward’s adroitness that he has managed to disguise the grimness of his comedy and to conceal from the audience that his conception of love is desolating and false...Mr Coward’s gift as a dramatist, as I have occasion to repeat whenever I write about him, is that his dialogue has the rhythm of modern life, which is more broken and much quicker than that of twenty years ago. He understands, too, that it is more important that a joke on the stage should be spontaneous than witty. If it is also a brilliant piece of wit so much the better, but the important thing is that it should seem spontaneous" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 244-245). Mair and Ward (1939) unduly draped themselves in moral robes in summarizing the Coward cannon. “The most discussed younger dramatist between the World Wars was Noel Coward, who at times reflected and at other times seemed to initiate the moral mood of the moment. His work had little intellectual content, being concerned mainly with auto-parasitic types who feed upon their own nerves and desires. The wit is thin and febrile; the characters are bloodless and aimless creatures caught in a moral vacuum. It is a drama of disgust, more bitter in the mouth (but also more moral in intention) than the Restoration drama, where the playwrights were disgusting without being disgusted and gave sign of being weighed down by the enormities of the small world scanned by them. That world was, indeed, a world of pure artifice, insusceptible to moral law. Noel Coward’s plays are excellent theatre even if poor literature; and in this connection it must be acknowledged that inasmuch as it is the function of a playwright to fit his material to the requirements of stage entertainment, it is no fatal sign of inferiority if he comes short of meeting the sterner but duller demands of textual study” (pp 214-215). =="Private lives"== [[File:Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg|thumb|Amanda (played by Getrude Lawrence) and Elyot (played by Noël Coward) mainly agree to disagree, yet stay together, Broadway, 1931]] Time: 1930s. Place: France. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210130 Elyot and Sybil are on their honeymoon. On the terrace of their hotel, Sybil becomes curious about his former wife, Amanda, which irritates him. As they go inside their room, Amanda, by coincidence, comes out on the terrace with Victor, her new husband, also on their honeymoon. When Elyot notices Amanda, he quickly tells Sybil they must go away, but she refuses. Likewise, Amanda insists that she and Victor go, a request he considers unreasonable at this hour. Elyot and Amanda confront each other. Though still angry, they are yet swayed by the romantic music around them. "Extraordinary how potent cheap music is!" she comments. Both recognize that, even after five years of divorce, they are more in love with each other than with their respective spouses, and so they abandon them and leave together for Paris. At her apartment, Amanda and Elyot renew their old lost love, but he is startled on hearing her say she did not expect him to be celibate "anymore than I was", and is irritated about her "yap-yap-yap-yapping" about Victor, at which she cries out "Sollocks" as a sign that they should stop arguing at that point. As he cuddles up to kiss her, she says: "It is so soon after dinner," infuriating him. She complains about his drinking and he about her gramophone-playing, until the "Sollocks" danger signal no longer works and they hit each other as the bewildered pair of Victor and Sybil, having located their whereabouts, enter their room. The following morning, Amanda is wearing her traveling clothes and carrying her suitcase on her way out, but Victor convinces her to stay awhile. He demands to know Elyot's intentions, who answers he does not know. As discussions heat up, Elyot, wearing his traveling clothes and carrying a suitcase, is on his way to Canada, but Victor convinces him to remain as well. Sybil decides not to divorce Elyot for a year, and neither will Victor divorce his wife. All four seek to make light of the situation, Elyot and Amanda being more flippant, to the extent that an aggravated Victor scolds Elyot, who is defended by Sybil. While Victor and Sybil quarrel, Elyot and Amanda again slip away together. {{BookCat}} i4hofzd5hl81nduwsjeez1yiarpohz8 4096913 4096912 2022-08-28T17:02:58Z Neojacob 363908 /* Sean O'Casey */ clarified ending wikitext text/x-wiki The Edwardian drama refers to the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910). The realistic mode prevalent at the end of the past century prevailed at the start of the 20th. "The tendency of modern dramatic art is now to make the characters and the emotional and moral significance of the situations the most important elements, and to reduce the plot to a minimum. The characters in consequence are not merely presented during the early scenes, but go on developing till the end of the play, so that the spectator may have to alter his first impressions. In consequence, the faculty upon which the modern play tends to rely more and more in the spectator is no longer the power of following the indications of a complex story, but of seizing and remembering shades of character and emotion; and the spectator's pleasure depends now not so much on being unable to guess what is going to happen next as in being able to recognize that what does happen next is true and interesting" (MacCarthy, 1907 p 18-19). “The drama of today, through the influences of modern science, of contemporary democracy, of shifting moral values, of the critical rather than the worshipful attitude toward life, of an irresistible thrust toward increased naturalism and greater veracity, has become bourgeois, dealing with the world of every day; comic, verging upon the tearful, or serious, trenching upon the tragic; unheroic, suburban, and almost prosaic, yet intensely interesting by reason of its sincerity and its humanity; essentially critical in tone, proving all things, holding fast that which is good” (Henderson, 1914 p 309). “The English, as their drama represents them, are a nation endlessly communicative about love without ever enjoying it. Full-blooded physical relationships engaged in mutual delight are theatrically tabu. Thwarted love is preferred...At the end of a play on some quite different subject- religion, perhaps, or politics- it is customary for the two to say, as he does in [St John Ervine's Robert’s Wife (1938)]: ‘I was deeply in love with a fine woman’ and for the wife to reply: ‘My dear, dear husband!’ but there should be no hint elsewhere in the text that they have as much as brushed lips. In comedies, marriage is presented as the high road to divorce. Husband and wife begin the play at daggers drawn at their country house, and the whole point of the ensuing exercise is to lure them back into each other’s arms. The reconciliation takes place in the last act. Left alone on stage, the two lovers exchange coy salutations…Among younger people, the technique of courtship is even more rigorously codified...He is always bashful and ashamed in the presence of women to whom he is not closely related. The plays of the twenties were full of scenes in which the hero, contorted with grief, confessed to his mother that he had transferred his affections to another woman. A firmly established tenet of the English drama is that love which is only physical will not last, and is probably ghastly anyway...The idea that a man and a woman should...sexually exult in their discovery is deeply offensive to English taste. Someone should suffer for it, and our playwrights see that it sometimes does, harshly and irrevocably. Proposals are regarded with more tolerance, though the approach to them is often extremely oblique...English romantic drama is built around interrupted and frustrated embraces. Uninterrupted embraces only take place years before the curtain rises…Actresses, by an unjust dispensation, have far fewer chances. Prejudice forbids them any form of self-indulgence. Until she reaches the age of thirty, the English actress is allowed only to play ingenues, girls too young for love and scared of it” (Tynan, 1961 pp 61-64). "Until the modern period, great drama has possessed not only those deeper and subtler qualities which reveal themselves to the careful analyst and which constitute its greatness, it has also possessed more generally available qualities. It has appealed on different levels. It has appealed to the connoisseur and the amateur, the critic and the public. It has functioned as mere entertainment for some and as the highest art for others. A great deal of modern art, however, including drama, does not possess this double appeal. It appeals only to those who can discern high art, just as modern entertainment frequently appeals only to those who are satisfied with mere entertainment. Scandalized, our spiritual doctors call on the entertainers to be artistic or on the artists to be entertaining. The one class is censured as low-brow, the other as high-brow. Whatever the proposed solution, wherever the blame is to be placed, the facts themselves are inexorable. A peculiar, problematic, and perhaps revolutionary situation exists. Art and commodity have become direct antagonists" (Bentley, 1955 p xv). =George Bernard Shaw= [[File:George Bernard Shaw.jpg|thumb|George Bernard Shaw is the dominant English-speaking playwright of the early 20th century by presenting serious themes in comic tones, 1909]] The Irish-born playwright, George Bernard Shaw (1854-1950), continued work from the previous century by becoming one of the major dramatists prior to World War II (1939-1945), whose best-loved plays include "Mrs Warren's profession" (1902, first written in 1893), "Man and superman" (1903), "Major Barbara" (1905), "Pygmalion" (1912), and "Heartbreak House" (1919). Early critics were offended by the theme of “Mrs Warren’s profession”. Chesterton (1914) explained that the play "is concerned with a coarse mother and a cold daughter; the mother drives the ordinary and dirty trade of harlotry; the daughter does not know until the end the atrocious origin of all her own comfort and refinement. The daughter, when the discovery is made, freezes up into an iceberg of contempt; which is indeed a very womanly thing to do. The mother explodes into pulverising cynicism and practicality; which is also very womanly. The dialogue is drastic and sweeping; the daughter says the trade is loathsome, the mother answers that she loathes it herself; that every healthy person does loathe the trade by which she lives. And beyond question the general effect of the play is that the trade is loathsome; supposing anyone to be so insensible as to require to be told of the fact. Undoubtedly the upshot is that a brothel is a miserable business, and a brothel-keeper a miserable woman. The whole dramatic art of Shaw is in the literal sense of the word, tragi-comic; I mean that the comic part comes after the tragedy" (pp 137-138). For his part, Grein (1902) refused to allow the subject of prostitution in a rational discussion. “The case of Mrs Warren has been invented with such ingenuity and surrounded by such impossibilities that it produces revolt instead of reasoning. For Mr Shaw has made the great mistake of tainting all the male characters with a streak of a demoralized tar brush; he has created a coldblooded, almost sexless daughter as the sympathetic element and he has built the unspeakable Mrs Warren of such motley material that in our own mind pity and disgust for the woman are constantly at loggerheads. If the theme was worth treating at all the human conflict was the tragedy of the daughter through the infamy of the mother. Instead of that we get long arguments- spiced with platform oratory and invective- between a mother really utterly degraded, but here and there whitewashed with sentimental effusions, and a daughter so un-English in her knowledge of the world, so cold of heart, and 'beyond human power' in reasoning that we end by hating both; the one who deserves it, as well as the other who is a victim of circumstances. Thus there are false notes all the time, and apart from a passing interest in a few scenes, saved by the author's cleverness, the play causes only pain and bewilderment, while it should have shaken our soul to its innermost chords” (pp 294-295). "“Here, not only a stock subject of philanthropic reformers, but the whole of Nordic middle-class mentality with regard to the phenomenon of prostitution is taken by the horns. Shaw argues that it is either a social necessity, and then there is no reason for keeping poor Mrs Warren and her former lodgers in a state of inferiority (this state of inferiority, on the contrary, in its turn causes the evil to grow worse); or else it is an evil that can be corrected, in which case society should correct it by eliminating its causes, and not by reviling those who are the first and principal victims of such causes. This is a very good argument, but, as usual, one-sided, because it leaves out altogether the psychological and moral aspect of the problem, which is perhaps better and more generally understood in the Latin countries than among the puritan Anglo-Saxons. There remains the drama of Mrs Warren, who after all is an excellent woman, in relation to her daughter, who is also a striking figure, a girl who has been made hard and inhuman through a badly conceived system of education” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 83-84). Henderson (1914) complained that “driven by his ineradicable sense of the ridiculous, Shaw has greatly weakened the play's effect by shattering unity of impression through the gruesome, cynical levity of Frank” (p 81). In contrast, Duffin (1939) appreciated Frank. "Regarded from a distance, the play appears as a setting for the three scenes: between Frank and Vivie: the babes in the wood, in the middle of Act III; the disclosure of the relationship, at the end of Act III; and Vivie’s renunciation in Act IV- with the scenes between Vivie and Mrs Warren as lower lights. As a reason for Vivie’s repudiation of her mother’s money, any other disgraceful way of getting rich would have served; but the fact that Mrs Warren is a leader in this special business makes possible also the most interesting psycho- logical problem of the play- the brother-and-sister-lover relationship. The situation is handled with such skill and sympathy by Shaw- mainly through the exquisite creation of Frank Gardner, who is among the most wonderful of Shaw’s young men- that it not only escapes all taint of unpleasantness, but actually becomes one of those gracious loves that are uncharacteristic of Shaw. Frank is not affected by the conventional idea of a necessary repulsion- he feels nothing of the sort, and does not trouble about what he ought to feel. His attempt to throw doubt on the facts of their relationship, as stated by Crofts, is undertaken merely for Vivie’s sake. She, too, declares she is unaffected by the revelation, though her denial is inconsistent with the despair and disgust she evinces when it is made, in contrast to Frank’s magnificent acceptance, which is, however, I suppose, only a romantic gesture in face of Vivie’s realistic grasp of the situation. The idyll flickers out abruptly, but its three brief scenes leave much that is beautiful upon the memory” (p 67). “Vivie is...offered 4 choices: Frank (romantic love), Praed (escape from reality into art through aestheticism), Mrs Warren (sentimental attachment to mother no matter what the mother does), and Sir George Crofts (co-opting within an evil system for the sake of money)...Vivie’s decision to join the law-firm of Honoria Fraser is neither cynical nor misanthropic. She simply makes the wisest and most mature choice available to her, a choice clearly superior to the other four” (Abbott, 1989 p 47). “Vivie, who began by reproaching her mother for her way of life, becomes gradually impressed by her energy and ability, and touched by the sacrifices she has made for her. But when she learns that her mother is still continuing to follow the same profession, her mood changes and in the final scene they face each other as enemies...Vivie...tells her that at heart she is a conventional woman, and that is why she is leaving her...What spoils this powerful drama is above all its tone, which is too light for the subject with which it is dealing” (Lamm, 1952 pp 260-261). Gassner (1954a) admitted that "Mrs Warren's Profession releases a powerful barrage, its larger purpose being defined by Shaw in his 1898 Preface with customary precision: "I believe that any society which desires to found itself on a high standard of integrity of character in its units should organize itself in such a fashion as to make it possible for all men and all women to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort by their industry without selling their affections and their convictions'" but yet the critic moaned about the "dubious artistry of the piece; once Mrs Warren has made her forceful confession to her daughter, the action is whipped up into hopelessly thin lather concerning Vivie Warren's decisions respecting her own life, and despite affirmations of feminine independence (the New Woman!) she becomes a tiresome and chilly subject" (p 602). Likewise, Agate (1926) wrote that "there is one great flaw in the piece, which time has not altered, and that is the nature of Mrs Warren’s crime. To sin in one’s own person is one thing, to traffic in sin is another The woman’s case is too thin here, and the statement that her creatures were happier than the average barmaid or the average wife of a Deptford labourer is simply not true. Mrs Warren herself is drawn in the round, the rest of the characters are mere intellectual abstractions. Vivie, in so far as she is alive at all, is a prig, Crofts is a sawdust monster, Frank is very little removed from a scatter-brain, and the clergyman and the artist are just not anything at all" (p 233). In contrast to those critics, Mair and Ward (1939) felt that the play "made a brave and plain-spoken attempt to drag the public face to face with the nauseous realities of prostitution" (p 205). Archer (1899) felt that "the character of Mrs Warren is superb, the indictment of the economic conditions which beget Mrs Warren's and their bondwomen is thrilling and crushing, and the technique is throughout admirable, especially in the natural yet intensely dramatic manipulation of the great scenes. There are speeches whose irony takes you by the throat, both in the scene in which Mrs Warren expounds to her Girton-bred daughter the nature of her profession, and that in which Sir George Crofts, Mrs Warren's partner, in the private hotels which she manages, amplifies the mother's revelations. The former scene, to be sure, would be far more poignant if Vivie were a human girl instead of Mr Shaw's patent, imperturbable Girtonian paragon; but in that case it would be too painful for endurance. The scene with Crofts, on the other hand, gets its point from Vivie's intellectual competence...Much as I dislike and shrink from certain passages between Frank and Vivie, I have no hesitation in saying that Mrs Warren's Profession is not only intellectually but dramatically one of the very ablest plays of our time" (pp 9-10). “The characters in Mrs Warren's Profession are wonderfully well drawn, especially Mrs Warren, who is, as the author describes her, a disreputable old blackguard of a woman, but all the same she is alive and intensely interesting. But disreputable folk sometimes make better parents than the most respectable, when they make up their minds to it. They know their faults so well that they can keep them in the background. Both Frank and Vivian...are instances of their parents’ success in this respect. Mrs Warren's men friends are of the kind one might expect; at the same time they are the pick of her basket. Some may regard it as questionable taste on the author's part to have made the father of Frank a clergyman, but nature is no respecter of persons or parsons, and the author of such a play as Mrs Warren's Profession is scarcely the man to pander to superstition” (Armstrong, 1913 p 254). "There is a conflict between Mrs Warren, the well-balanced woman of business, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but a sentimentalist who has lived one kind of life while dreaming of another and Vivie, the true daughter of the mother, likewise well-balanced, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but stronger willed, positive, and realist, wishing to live a real life. There is a conflict between Vivie and Crofts, an elderly sensualist, still robust, maintaining the veneer of respectability, attracted by Vivie's youth and vigorous beauty. There is the conflict between Vivie and Frank, positive-minded but an idler, who wants a practical, sensible, and well-to-do woman for his wife, to enable him to continue his enjoyments as a gamester and a sportsman. There is the conflict between Frank and his father, the Rev Samuel, who is authoritative, irritable, and weak-willed—in fine, somewhat ridiculous, and really under his son's influence...All these conflicts taken together manifest to us also a general conflict, that between capitalist society and a moral ideal altogether different from traditional morality, one which finds no overt expression, but which is felt to exist all through the play, to which it gives a high moralizing value"(Hamon, 1916 pp 169-170). The play's "strength proceeds from the depth displayed in the consideration of the motives which prompt to action, the intellectual and emotional crises eventuating from the fierce clash of personalities and the sardonically unconscious self-scourging of the characters themselves...The tremendous dramatic power of the specious logic with which Mrs Warren defends her course; the sardonic irony of the parting between mother and daughter!...Devastating in its consummate irony is the passage in which Mrs Warren, conventional to her heart's core, lauds her own respectability; and that in which Crofts propounds his own code of honour...Mrs Warren's Profession is not only what Brunetière would call a work of combat: it is an act of declared hostility against capitalistic society, the inertia of public opinion, the lethargy of the public conscience, and the criminality of a social order which begets such appalling social conditions. Into this play Shaw has poured all his socialistic passion for a more just and humane social order" (Henderson, 1911 pp 306-307). "Mrs Warren’s Profession reads blazingly well today, mainly through its excellent construction (it is, in its revelations, closer than many plays Shaw wrote to the well-made play) and its character-drawing. Vivie, the matter-of-fact, scholastic, “new woman” daughter, is a genuine study (Shaw admitted her smoking was based on that of the real life person on whom she was modeled) and her difference from her mother, in natural temperament, education and outlook, provides the living human conflict of the play and keeps it strongly alive. Mrs Warren herself is depicted as coarse yet full of the feeling Vivie lacks. It is the kind of feeling, fairly shallow, by which Shaw does not set great store, but nevertheless portrays with compassion and skill. It is a clever and believable study and every scene in which Mrs Warren appears has a flesh-and-blood reality" (Williamson, 1916 p 112). Goldman (1914) also appreciated the mother-daughter conflict and also the irony in comparing Mrs Warren's fate with her sister's: "no, it is not respectable to talk about these things, because respectability cannot face the truth. Yet everybody knows that the majority of women, 'if they wish to provide for themselves decently, must be good to some man that can afford to be good to them.' The only difference then between Sister Liz, the respectable girl, and Mrs Warren, is hypocrisy and legal sanction. Sister Liz uses her money to buy back her reputation from the church and society. The respectable girl uses the sanction of the church to buy a decent income legitimately, and Mrs Warren plays her game without the sanction of either. Hence she is the greatest criminal in the eyes of the world. Yet Mrs Warren is no less human than most other women. In fact, as far as her love for her daughter Vivian is concerned, she is a superior sort of mother. That her daughter may not have to face the same alternative as she,- slave in a scullery for four shillings a week- Mrs Warren surrounds the girl with comfort and ease, gives her an education, and thereby establishes between her child and herself an abyss which nothing can bridge. Few respectable mothers would do as much for their daughters. However, Mrs Warren remains the outcast, while all those who benefit by her profession, including even her daughter Vivian, move in the best circles" (pp 182-183). “Vivie Warren begins and closes the play, and Shaw reverses expectation and conventional pattern by placing the reconciliation and understanding between mother and daughter in act 2 and concluding with the child’s rejection of her parent…Vivie at the same time refuses the traditional alternative of love’s young dream in the shape of Frank Gardner” (Raby, 2004 p 200). In Mrs Warren’s profession, Shaw declared himself just such a master-hand by writing a play that deliberately reversed every convention of the fallen-woman drama. His fallen woman is not a glamorous courtesan who wears silks and jewels for three acts and then dies of consumption but a vulgar matron who wears gay blouses and brilliant hats and ends the play in robust good health. When her daughter, Vivie, a self-sufficient Cambridge graduate, learns that her mother made her living through prostitution, Mrs Warren responds not with shame and repentance but with vigorous self-justification” (Eltis, 2004 p 229). "Man and Superman" "retains its popularity as a comedy embodying humanity’s favorite theme for entertainment, the making of marriages by female will against the natural masculine instinct to escape the chains of a single, responsible relationship...Ann, for all the charm any actress can give her, is not an attractive creation, and close to satire in Shaw’s use of her uncomprisingly as a symbol of Victorian hypocrisy and a representative of feminine ruthlessness in sexual pursuit. If she showed the slightest interest in Tanner mentally, or appreciation of his work and its cost to him (for all work of his kind is costly in energy and mental peace), we might warm to her more; but actually Shaw is psychologically not unshrewd here, for frequently enough this is the kind of woman men of intelligence are basically attracted by, yield to, marry, and in a remarkable number of cases remain faithful to, even though they may sometimes secretly regret some deeper lack in the relationship. It is, of course, sex triumphant, a fact of life Shaw, despite his instinctive revulsion, was honest enough to recognize as overriding in action" (Williamson, 1916 pp 132-133). “The artistic effect of 'Man and Superman' is like that of Voltaire’s ‘Candide’, where a fundamentally serious point of view is expressed in a playful and improbable tale...Tanner is an extravert, a man entirely absorbed in his activities...an intellectual...and that is why in the end he becomes the helpless prey of Ann in her lust for marriage...He throws out bold truths, but with an undertone of skepticism” (Lamm, 1952 pp 272-273). “The joke on Tanner...is that all the time he is theorizing about the life force, he is being ensnared by it” (Brustein, 1964 p 219). "Tanner’s love of Ann is a sideline to his surrendering liberty as any philosopher should, for the purpose of perhaps breeding the first Nietzschean superman. Male critics often resent Ann Whitefield as an instance of the calculating woman, sometimes as a cold-blooded liar and hypocrite (Hobson, 1953, p 149). In Man and Superman Shaw has also stated clearly and illustrated his peculiar attitude to the relation between the sexes. The main part of the story tells how Ann driven by the Life Force, tricks Jack Tanner, the revolutionary free-thinker, into marriage. Tatnner knows perfectly veil what she is about, although the poetic Octavius would still regard woman as an angel sent on from high. Poor littlo ‘Ricky-ticky-tavy’ gets the worst of it. Ann, although se may play with him as a cat plays with a mouse, wants Tanner himself and even a modern automobile with the good services of the rash driver, like Enry Straker, cannot save him. Tanner and Octavius are set m close opposition The one is the clear-eyed modern, the other the romantic poet” (Mullik, 1956 p 49). “The real artist-creator, according to Shaw, is a match for any woman bent on creating in her own more physical way...because, like her, he has a purpose. John Tanner is a talker rather than a creator, and is, therefore, quite properly captured by Ann” (Gassner, 1954b p 158). According to MacCarthy (1907), Shaw "set out purposely to write a play in which sexual attraction should be the main interest; but in his other plays also he has always made the nature of the attraction between his characters quite clear. What is remarkable about the scenes in which this is done, is the extent to which sexual passion is isolated from all other sentiments and emotions. His lovers, instead of using the language of admiration and affection, in which this passion is so often cloaked, simply convey by their words the kind of mental tumult they are in. Sexual attraction is stripped bare of all the accessories of poetry and sympathy" (p 57). "Shaw adheres first to the principle that comedy must have a fixed vantage-point, though he transforms it to suit his own purpose. He retains, too, the prerogatives and tricks of comedy, without, however, the necessity of being chained to them. He also keeps to stock types for comic purposes, but his new social philosophy gives him a new set of types. Even in incidentals he can follow well-worn grooves of the art; the Straker-Tanner relationship in 'Man and Superman' rests on the conventional master-valet set-up, given completely new vitality from the new social background" (Peacock, 1946 p 77). “Shaw’s writing was not hobbled, as Galsworthy’s was, by the self-imposed naturalistic requirement of copying the speech of floundering characters” (Gassner, 1956 p 43). In the play, "we have Violet, a practical-minded young woman, secretly married to Hector Malone, American, whose father, a multi-millionaire, is, like all the fathers in Shaw's plays, dictatorial, testy, and in the end submissive. We have Roebuck Ramsden, Ann's guardian, an elderly Radical, rather absurd with his superannuated and romantic notions, cutting a melancholy figure beside the triumphant young people of advanced ideas, represented by Ann, Tanner, Violet, and Hector. We have Miss Ramsden, Roebuck Ramsden's sister, also testy arid full of conventions. Finally, we have Octavius, poet arid lover, scorned and made a mock of by Ann, who loves Tanner, desires him, and takes him; but this defeat of Octavius the lover is the triumph of Octavius the poet, just as the defeat of Eugene the lover in 'Candida' (1898) is the triumph of Eugene the poet" (Hamon, 1916 p 181). "Major Barbara" "revealed the master of social comedy, even if it marked no advance in content over 'Widower’s houses' (1893) with its point that tainted money is so widespread that it cannot be escaped anywhere. In a corrupted social order, everything is defiled by the same pitch, and there is no chance for individual salvation except in the cleansing of society. Cheap and easy philanthropy is as effective as painting cancer with mercurochrome. Major Barbara of the Salvation Army approaches this conclusion when she discovers that her benevolent organization receives money from distillers and munitions-makers like her father— in other words, from the very industries that produce more evil than a thousand Salvation Armies can ever cancel. Sufficiently honest to recognize a truth when she meets it, unhappy Barbara Undershaft cries out: 'My God, why hast Thou forsaken me?' and takes off her uniform. If the play marks an improvement over Shaw’s first drama, this is because Barbara is an affecting person and because the munitions-maker Andrew Undershaft is a superb character" (Gassner, 1954a pp 607-608). Shaw “can indict British capitalism and yet make the hero of his indictment an arch-capitalist like Undershaft. This is the secret of comic genius, and, at the heart of it, is common sense so resolutely pursued that it becomes startlingly uncommon sense” (Gassner, 1954b p 141). Shaw’s “first act is one of the masterpieces of drawing-room comedy. Lady Britomart (whose name from an obscure Greek divinity naturalized into English by Edmund Spenser) so trenchantly combines Britannia with a martinet, is, though an estranged, a strongly compatible wife for Undershaft. And indeed, Shaw, his evolutionist’s eye on heredity, points out that Barbara is her mother’s daughter and Sarah her father’s, though in both cases against the obvious grain. It was, however, pointedly in honour of her father’s trade that Shaw chose to call Barbara Barbara. St Barbara is the patron saint of gunners. The Undershaft marriage is the uneasy but effective alliance of capitalism and the Whig aristocracy that governed the British empire” (Brophy, 1987 p 95). “Undershaft, the arms dealer, built up as a stock sinister capitalist before his entrance, proves mild, sensitive, willing to listen to everyone...Barbara’s ‘My God, my God, why has Thou forsaken me?’ is convincingly in character...[since a] Christian...facing a spiritual crisis should echo the words most familiar to her” (Chothia, 1996 pp 161-163). "Barbara’s own realization that the helping of the poor through religious channels only scrapes the surface of the problem, and there is better work for her here in her father’s factory community, in which there is every material consideration and no spiritual fulfillment. But the decision is not arrived at without bitterness, any more than Barbara’s decision to leave the Salvation Army rather than to join them in accepting the bribe of the manufacturer of the whiskey which destroys their battle to revive human dignity....What matters theatrically is that this third act of Major Barbara- like that other long discussion scene between Warwick, Cauchon and de Stogumber in Saint Joan- has such argumentative force and wit that it habitually holds its audience’s rapt attention and therefore entertains it, in the best sense of the word, no less completely than if the dramatist were indulging in popular melodramatics. This, perhaps, has been Shaw’s greatest gift to the theatre of our time. To make an audience listen, think, and actually enjoy listening and thinking, was no mean feat after four hundred years of stage concentration on conventions far removed from thought or the real business of daily life. The gap between the literary worlds of the novel and the theatre has never been so wide since" (Williamson, 1916 pp 141-142). "Barbara Undershaft finds that the authorities of the Salvation Army are content to accept contributions from a distiller whose trade is one of the most powerful influences which they have to combat. This realization brings her world crashing about her ears; she at first feels that there is nothing left to live for. But this is only the peripeteia; as usual it is to provide a solution. Not only does this overthrow or recoil give the logical victory to her father's opposing point of view far more than that, as soon as she grows calm she discovers that her real life-work, which she had supposed inextricable from her allegiance to the Salvation Army- the work, that is, of organizing social sanity and happiness—is not in fact dependent upon that allegiance, but can survive it she goes on to perform the same task amid new surroundings" (Norwood, 1921 p 179). For Goldman (1914), the play "points to the fact that while charity and religion are supposed to minister to the poor, both institutions derive their main revenue from the poor by the perpetuation of the evils both pretend to fight. It is inevitable that the Salvation Army, like all other religious and charitable institutions, should by its very character foster cowardice and hypocrisy as a premium securing entry into heaven" (pp 186-188). In writing "Major Barbara", Shaw "is stimulating in his criticism of certain tendencies in modern philanthropy, and consistent with his own individualistic philosophy in declaiming against all who make a virtue of poverty, starvation, and humility. He announces his preference for the avowed egoism of Undershaft as opposed to the masked egoism of the converters and the converted. Yet, while proposing Undershaft as a fair example of the philanthropic captain of industry, Shaw jibes at those who would accept his benefactions and condemn, in secret, his morality" (Chandler, 1914, p 348). When Snobby Price declares: 'I'm fly enough to know wots inside the law and wots outside it; and inside it I do as the capitalists do: pinch wot I can lay me ands on. In a proper state of society I am sober, industrious and honest: in Rome, so to speak, I do as the Romans do,' Jones (1962) agreed that ”only when men are safe enough from poverty and insecurity can they afford to consider questions of morality at all” (p 67). Although Williams (1965) stated that "the emotional inadequacy of [Shaw's] plays denies him major status" (p 152), this notion is disputed. For example, in the Salvation Army scene, “the conflict of soul between Barbara and Bill is described with such sincerity that even deeply religious people have been carried away” (Lamm, 1952 p 276-277). “The appearance of the drum marks the high point of Barbara’s power as a salvanionist. The drum...catches the comedy and the seriousness of Adolphus Cusins’ devotion to Barbara and to the vital force he honors in her and in all the religions he collects. He and Barbara kiss over the drum” (Goldman, 1986 p 107), a sympathetically funny moment of discovery, at least for a 1905 audience, because the gesture can only be done with their having kissed several times before. “There is a brilliant parody of a ‘cognitio’ at the end of ‘Major Barbara’ (the fact that the hero of this play is a professor of Greek perhaps indicates an unusual affinity to the con­ventions of Euripides and Menander), where Undershaft is en­abled to break the rule that he cannot appoint his son-in-law as successor by the fact that the son-in-law's own father married his deceased wife's sister in Australia, so that the son-in-law is his own first cousin as well as himself. It sounds complicated, but the plots of comedy often are complicated because there is something inherently absurd about complications. As the main character interest in comedy is so often focussed on the defeated characters, comedy regularly illustrates a victory of arbitrary plot over consistency of character” (Frye, 1957 p 170). "Shaw, unlike Tolstoy, is both destructive and constructive. Even by the aid of the Mammon of Unrighteousness in the person of Undershaft, his mind is vigilant and alert to point the way to better things. For when Barbara visits her father’s munition works, expecting to see a group of noisome and pestilential factories surrounded by workmen’s and labourers’ hovels and slum buildings, she finds instead clean, spick-and-span, well-lighted buildings, to which is attached a garden city with all the amenities of civilization- public library, an art gallery, a concert hall, a theatre, public and private gardens, playgrounds, baths, clubs, co-operative associations, and all that helps to make life healthy, decent, and liveable" (Balmforth, 1928 p 37). "Shaw summarizes his constructive remedies for the situation at the end of the preface to Major Barbara. They are: a just distribution of property, a humane treatment of criminals, and the return of religious creeds to intellectual honesty. These three ideals may perhaps be realized when men in an influential position adopt a platform as broad and firm as Andrew Undershaft’s true faith of an armorer. Society cannot be saved until, as Undershaft paraphrases Plato, 'the Professors of Greek take to making gunpowder or else the makers of gunpowder become professors of Greek,' and until the Major Barbaras who yearn vaguely after righteousness make up their minds to die with the colors of a faith securely founded on scientific accuracy. The power obtained through fighting may become a cult and sweep away with it the petty insecurity of halfway measures, taking with it all sense of safety and security for the average well-meaning but timid citizen of the upper middle class" (Perry, 1939 p 384). In this modernizing of ancient themes of ["Pygmalion'] and in treating ancient characters with the familiarity and lack of prejudice that one uses with contemporaries, Shaw has influenced the whole of modern literary taste and culture, and he may be considered as one of the forerunners of 'novelized' history" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 87). “In the original romance, so lyrically revived by Shaw's friend William Morris, Pygmalion marries Galatea. Might not something of the kind be possible for Shaw, since Pygmalion is a life-giver, a symbol of vitality, since in Eliza the crime of poverty has been overcome, the sin of ignorance cancelled? Or might not Higgins and Eliza be the 'artist man' and 'mother woman' discussed in 'Man and superman'? They might if Shaw actually went to work so allegorically, so abstractly, so idealistically. Actually Pygmalion: a romance stands related to romance precisely as "The devil’s disciple' stands to melodrama or 'Candida' to domestic drama. It is a serious parody, a translation into the language of 'natural history'. The primary inversion is that of Pygmalion's character. The Pygmalion of romance turns a statue into a human being. The Pygmalion of 'natural history' tries to turn a human being into a statue, tries to make of Eliza Doolittle a mechanical doll in the role of a duchess. Or rather he tries to make from one kind of doll a flower girl who cannot afford the luxury of being human another kind of doll, a duchess to whom manners are an adequate substitute for morals...If the first stage of Higgins' experiment was reached when Eliza made her faux pas before Mrs Higgins' friends, and the second when she appeared in triumph at the ball, Shaw, who does not believe in endings, sees her through two more stages in the final acts of his play, leaving her still very much in flux at the end. The third stage is rebellion. Eliza's feelings are wounded because, after the reception, Higgins does not treat her kindly, but talks of her as a guinea pig. Eliza has acquired finer feelings...The play ends with Higgins' knowingly declaring that Eliza is about to do his shopping for him despite her protestations to the contrary: a statement which actors and critics often take to mean that the pair are a Benedick and Beatrice who will marry in the end. One need not quote Shaw's own sequel to prove the contrary. The whole point of the great culminating scene is that Eliza has now become not only a person but an independent person” (pp 120-123). “It is [Higgins] who would need the intercession of a deity to be turned from marble to man” (Freedman, 1967 p 49). “England in the early decades of the 20th century was obsessed by the matter of class status, by the gradations of the rigid social structure...Shaw observes in ‘Pygmalion’ that the right accent together with the right clothes could carry the day...that class distinctions lose their force when a decent education can transform a street vendor into a ‘duchess’, that education made available to all those with the intellectual means of profiting from it would eliminate the outworn concepts of caste and class” (Goldstone, 1969 p 17). "'Pygmalion' is a study in the transference of an individual from one social class to another. Shaw argues that, since the capacity of speech is one of the most divine of human attributes, a person who can change the sounds made by another’s voice alters at the same time the soul to which the voice gives expression; also that a person who changes the economic status of another individual is responsible for changing his mentality. Shaw makes the latter point by introducing into Pygmalion the picturesque subsidiary character of Eliza’s father, one of the 'undeserving poor'. In his unregenerate state, he prefers not to have too much money, for fear he might acquire the damning virtue of prudence. Later, when Higgins has been accidentally instrumental in procuring £3000 a year for him, Doolittle has to adopt middle-class morality and marry the 'missus', who would not tie herself up to him for life when he was poor. Doolittle appears only twice in the play, once in each of his economic incarnations" (Perry, 1939 p 389). "Shaw chuckled over the success of his play, writing that 'it is so intensely and deliberately didactic, and its subject so dry, that I delight in throwing it at the heads of the wiseacres who repeat the parrot cry that art should never be didactic. It goes to prove my contention that art should never be anything else.' He might have noted, however, that the didacticism was largely imbedded in the Dickensian characterization of that proletarian philosopher Doolittle and in his daughter Eliza herself when she emerges in her Pygmalion's studio not only as a pseudo-duchess but as a living woman. In fact, this Galatea becomes so completely alive that she disturbs the scientific equanimity of her sculptor, who is himself a vivid personality despite the mother-fixation that deprives Higgins of the conventional qualification of sexual passion" (Gassner, 1954 p 609). In the myth, Pygmalion gives Galatea life without mating; so Henry. In some respect, he has given life to her, but Eliza’s complaint is that such a life is useless to her. Lewisohn (1922) described "Heartbreak house" as "softer in tone than many of Shaw's plays; it is, for him, extraordinarily symbolistic in fable and structure...He saw a society divided between 'barbarism and Capua' in which 'power and culture were in separate compartments'. 'Are we,' asks the half-mythical Captain Shotover, 'are we to be kept forever in the mud by these hogs to whom the universe is nothing but a machine for greasing their bristles and filling their snouts?' His children and their friends played at love and art and even at theories of social reconstruction. Meanwhile the ship of state drifted. 'The captain is in his bunk,' Shotover declares further on, 'drinking bottled ditch-water, and the crew is gambling in the forecastle'...In the result of the symbolical air-raid he sounds a note of fine and lasting hope. The two burglars, the two practical men of business are blown to atoms. So is the parsonage. 'The poor clergyman will have to get a new house'. There is left the patient idealist who pities the poor fellows in the Zeppelin because they are driven toward death by the same evil forces; there are left those among the loiterers in Heartbreak House who are capable of a purging experience and a revolution of the soul" (pp 160-161). "The immediate result of the air raid is the death of two practical men, a burglar who acts like a man of affairs and a man of affairs who acts like a burglar. These two men have interchanged functions and between them exhibit all the characteristics of predatory capitalistic finance. The relations between Boss Mangan, the employer, and Mazzini Dunn, his employee, an earnest, incompetent 'soldier of freedom', are like those existing between organized industry and the spirit of noble optimism, which had at first hoped to be the master, not the slave, in its partnership with big business. This analogy is further carried out by Mangan's desire to marry Dunn’s daughter, Ellie, brought up by her father in financial poverty, but endowed with rich spiritual possessions in the knowledge of Shakespeare"(Perry, 1939 pp 391-392). "The greatness of this play, for all its incidental coldnesses and cruelties and comic intrusions, is its oldest inhabitant, Captain Shotover, a figure rough-hewn out of his own poop like a figurehead on the prow of a ship, a King Lear without the tragedy (though certainly with hints of pathos) and still in spite of his calculated senile absent-mindedness in full command of his kingdom and his daughters. He is a prophet thundering in navigational terms of Britain’s danger, but much more than that a prophet of war through the ages, now coming like a messenger of death, on wing, to destroy mankind...At the heart is human disillusion- the disillusion of love which finds its hardness in rebuilding a life without it, and its wisdom and resignation from the aged who have experienced all things, as Ellie does from Shotover. But there is valiancy, too, in the face of the bombs that suggests at the last the human will to survive, the life force still not spent. And in this the old Shaw thunders beneath the iridescent lightning of the future. It is his work of purest imagination, in character and vision and therefore his nearest to poetry, the highest expression of genius. By it he lives on, dispelling wisdom and warning into the future. For this is a lion of a play, with a roar to waken the sleeping conscience of every generation" (Williamson, 1916 pp 172-173). It is "a magnificent comedy of humors and a powerful symbol wrapped in whimsy. Captain Shotover’s house is a Noah’s ark where the characters gather before the flood. They and the classes they represent have been making a hopeless muddle of both society and themselves. The only half-rational Hector Hushabye and his wife display the futility of the upper classes; a British aristocrat exemplifies the bankruptcy of Britain’s rulers; the capitalist Mangan represents the predatory force of Mammon. All are equally blind to the wrath of God and to the storm they have been raising unknowingly. The innocents are helpless or they must compromise like the hard-headed poor girl who is willing to marry the capitalist for his money, and the one knowing person among them, Captain Shotover, has taken refuge in eccentricity. Then the storm breaks loose and death comes raining from the skies in an air raid. The despair in the play is manifest, for Shaw’s pity and moral earnestness did not decrease with age; the harlequinade of Heartbreak House is a Dance of Death. Still, Shaw the Fabian and one-time agitator was loath to renounce all expectation of salvation through a new order. Hope was implicit in the death of the thieves of the play who are blown to pieces by the bombardment; did not many socialists believe that predatory capitalism was finished by the war just as the capitalist Mangan was finished by a bomb! Amid the wreckage Shaw’s remaining characters try to pull themselves together. The call for courage is sounded resonantly with Shaw’s customary eloquence, as is the call for action when the antagonists of society’s malefactors declare 'we must win powers of life and death over them...They believe in themselves. When we believe in ourselves, we shall kill them'" (Gassner, 1954s p 611). Bentley (1947) pointed out that “we never learn what happens to the disillusioned antagonists of such plays as 'Candida' in which Morell is at the end crushed and speechless. In 'Heartbreak house', however, we are not allowed to remain in doubt. Ellie's peace of mind is not lasting, for she finds that ‘there seems to be nothing real in the world except my father and Shakespeare. Marcus's tigers are false; Mr Mangan's millions are false; there is nothing really strong and true about Hesione but her beautiful black hair; and Lady Utterword's is too pretty to be real. The one thing that was left to me was the Captain's seventh degree of concentration; and that turns out to be’: 'Rum,' says the captain, while Hesione confesses that her hair is dyed. The play ends with an air raid that is fatal to two members of the group. Hesione expresses the wish that the bombers will come again and Ellie, 'radiant at the prospect', cries 'Oh, I hope so!' She has been thrice disillusioned once in each act, by Hector, by Mangan, by Shotover and is, in a sense, back at the beginning again, in love with romance. Only the romance which now brings color into her life is that of a kind of warfare that threatens civilization...Ellie stumbles in disenchantment from romantic love, to 'marriage of convenience', to 'spiritual marriage', the latter gained by spirits (rum bottle) not the spirit...The story of Ellie Dunn, neatly arranged in three acts, could easily have made a personal play. But if in 'Heartbreak house' her story is the center of the action it is a center not very much more important than anything on the periphery. In the theme of the play it is the group that matters. Although the method is Chekhovian, Shaw's characters are not. Chekhov's people are felt, so to say, from the inside; they are creatures of feeling, never very far from the pathetic. Shaw's are closer to traditional puppets of comedy. They are more crudely representative of classes of men, more deliberately allegorical, than Chekhov's. Later, in 'The simpleton of the unexpected isles', Shaw would frankly state that four of his people simply represent Love, Pride, Heroism, and Empire. And it has been pointed out that the Shotover daughters and their men represent the same four forces: Hesione is Love, Ariadne is Empire, Randall Utterword is Pride, and Hector is Heroism. One might add that all the other characters 'stand for things', Mangan for business and realism, Shotover for aged intellect and that, in general, one of Shaw's worst tendencies is to create characters who have no function except to illustrate a point. The burglar episode, for instance, makes a point that is repeated in Shaw's great pamphlet imprisonment...'Heartbreak House' might be called The Nightmare of a Fabian. All Shaw's themes are in it. You might learn from it his teachings on love, religion, education, politics. But you are unlikely to do so, not only because the treatment is so brief and allusive but because the play is not an argument in their favor. It is a demonstration that they are all being disregarded or defeated. It is a picture of failure. The world belongs to the Mangans, the Utterwords, and the Hushabyes. In the world where these men wield the power stands the lonely figure of old Captain Shotover, the man of mind. What he is seeking is what Shaw has always been seeking, like Plato before him: a way of uniting wisdom and power. The Fabians had tried by 'permeation' to make the men of power wise. But the men of power preferred a world war to the world's wisdom. Shotover has given them up as hopeless. He is trying to attain power by means of mind. When he attains the 'seventh degree of concentration' he will be able to explode dynamite by mere thinking. 'A mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me' will implement thought with power" (pp 137-140). Shaw “has widened the field and scope of the drama immensely. No other living writer has covered such an enormous area, or peopled it with such a wide variety of characters. To my sense, Mr. Shaw excels in that department more than any other present-day writer, and it is largely owing to his skill in this respect that he is able to be so extraordinarily interesting and fiercely entertaining. The way in which he says a thing is always excellent, even if the thing itself is not always sound. It always sounds sound, I admit” (Armstrong, 1913 p 320). Shaw "carries out the theory of the drama of ideas by making his play an attack upon some accepted opinion and carrying a dramatic opposition into the minds of his audience" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 pp 480-481). "Shaw’s greatest foes are sham idealism and sentimentality" (Wilson, 1937 p 242). “The seeds of Shaw's structural innovation, the discussion play, may be observed in nearly all the early works. The method of the well-made playwrights may be simply described as exposition-complication-denouement; one event leads to another until the original force has spent itself. But in the Shavian play, events exist only for the discussion they may provoke. The intellectual rather than the physical complication is the dramatist's main concern, and it is Shaw's distinction that he has made the conflict of ideas as exciting as any of Boucicault's last-minute rescues. The secret may lie in the fact that Shaw is no abstract philosopher, but one who sees ideas always as a part of human problems. The essence of Bernard Shaw is his wit, the quintessence is his humanity” (Downer, 1950 p 306). Different views have appeared regarding Shaw's dialogues. Despite possessing "an ability to make people think by making them laugh", "a kind of dramatic encyclopedism, to ridicule “persons and institutions on the principle of topsy-turvy", "a penetrating knowledge of theatrical effect", and "an Olympian indifference to conventional dramatic construction", some critics resent the author's voice in the plays, resembling "a marionette show where the master of the puppets talks all the time" (Reynolds, 1949, pp 131-132). "His amazing brilliance and fecundity of dialogue ought to have given him an immediate and lasting grip of the stage. There has probably never been a dramatist who could invest conversation with the same vivacity and point, the same combination of surprise and inevitableness that distinguishes his best work" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 206). “To come no later down in his career, Caesar and Bluntschli and Brassbound and John Tanner are pure figures of romance. No doubt the figures of an earlier romance exhibited their prowess in a different way. That remarkable survival, Cyrano de Bergerac, pinked his enemy to the tune of extremely acrobatic versifying. Mr Shaw’s heroes pink their opponents intellectually amid a shower of dazzling debating points. They are heroes of the intellect, perhaps, but they are romantic heroes nonetheless. They are neither conceived nor executed in a realistic attitude of mind. Mr Shaw, it should be noted, is not, like Ibsen, an innovating genius in technique; and technique being so obvious and important, this helps to conceal the magnitude of the revolution he has effected. Ibsen’s novelties were of the simple kind of which only a great revolutionary is capable. Mr Shaw is simply one of the greatest writers for the stage that ever lived. Liszt invented no new method of using the piano; but he under- stood better than any other composer how to make the technical resources of the piano effective. There is no definite method of using the stage to be set to Mr Shaw’s credit; but no dramatist has ever used the scene and the actors with greater effect. He has made such dazzling use of Ibsen’s reformed technique as almost to conceal the fact that he is moving in a quite contrary direction” (Shanks, 1923 p 201). "No other man of letters in England since the death of Shelley was so completely devoid of a sense of guilt” (Gassner, 1954b p 148). Shaw’s “treatment of human relations, particularly between the sexes, strikes the audiences today as arch and intellectualized...By the time he was forty, he had managed to fabricate for himself a philosophy that seemed to synthesize a majority of the major ideas of the 19th century and tie them together so that everything came out right in the end...He persuaded himself that the world was being nudged forward by a Bergsonian ‘élan vital’, or life force, toward a higher consciousness and a more just society. Our job as responsible Shavians was to plug into this force and translate it into action...Possibly, then, it is this fundamentally jaunty belief in human progress that has lately caused students and audiences to shrug him off...Yet maybe, like Dickens, Shaw is to be considered one of those writers who transcend their own limitations. Certainly we can find elements in many of his plays that seem to go against the grain and give him a surprising thickness and ambiguity” (Gurney, 2004 pp 196-197). "Shaw’s plays will last; that in a century from now, they will appear on the stage more frequently than they do to-day; but if not, it will be because of their modernity. The very reason for their interest and applicability may be the reason for their remaining on the shelves...But if they cease to attract audiences, it is incredible that they should cease to attract readers" (Phelps, 1921 p 98). "What first strikes us in the Shavian theatre is, perhaps, the frequency of excited scenes, of explosive arguments, violent protestations, gesticulations and agitations. Apart from the frequency of abstract discussions and the vigour of the dialogue there would be nothing very strange in this excitement, were not the passions and emotions, so violently displayed, represented as being also startlingly brief. This emphasis upon brevity of emotions is very characteristic, and one cause of the charge of cynicism which is so often brought against him. The typical scene is one in which the characters are represented in violent states of moral indignation, rage, perplexity, mortification, infatuation, despair, which subside as suddenly as they rise. The Shavian hero is a man who does not take all this hubble-bubble for more than it is worth. He preserves an exasperating good humour through it, however energetic his retorts may be, because he reckons on human nature being moved, in the long run, only by a few fundamental considerations and instincts. The hostility which he excites does not therefore trouble him the least. He counts upon the phenomenon, ultimately working in his favor, that puzzles Tanner in himself when confronted with Ann; that is, upon the contradiction between moral judgments and instinctive likings and respect. Valentine is not dismayed by Gloria's disapproval, nor Bluntschli by Raina's contempt for his lack of conventionally soldier-like qualities; both are confident that the ultimate decisions of these ladies will depend on other things. Even Tanner soon finds himself on excellent terms with Roebuck Ramsden, who began by abusing him as an infamous fellow. But it is not only the fact that the confidence of the 'realists' is always justified in the plays, which emphasizes the instability of human emotions and judgments; it is one of the fundamental assumptions with regard to human nature which lie at the back of the plays themselves. It is one of the chief causes, too, why they are regarded as fantastic; for the normal instability of emotion has hitherto found very little reflection in literature or on the stage; vacillations, flaggings, changes of mind and inconsequences of thought having been generally confined to characters intended to be obviously weak. But Mr Shaw represents, quite truly, characters of considerable firmness in many respects as subject to them" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 53-54). =="Mrs Warren's profession"== [[File:EN BESKYTTERINDE AF INDUSTRIEN.gif|thumb|Engraving of a 19th century prostitute]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren's_Profession Vivie Warren, fresh from attending mathematic studies at Cambridge University, receives the visit of Praed, her mother's friend, followed by her mother along with her business-partner, Crofts, and then Vivie's friend, Frank, with his father, a rector at the local church. After being scolded for his spendthrift life by his father, Frank reminds him of his own youthful follies, including those of a sexual nature. The father is dismayed and embarrassed after finding out that Mrs Warren is Miss Vavasar, an old flame of his. Crofts has his eye on Vivie for no less than marriage, but so does Frank. Mrs Warren is compelled to explain to her daughter about her career, rising from a hotel servant to the manager of a brothel. Thinking that this refers to events of the faraway past, Vivie considers her mother "stronger than England" and shows pride at her accomplishments. The next morning, Vivie receives a marriage proposal from Crofts. Knowing the nature of his business affairs with her mother from the past and his type personnality, she unhesitatingly refuses. She then learns that the business relation between Crofts and her mother is ongoing. Angry at the refusal and smarting with jealousy towards the more favoured Frank, Crofts reveals to both that they are half-brother-and-sister. Sick of this atmosphere, Vivie suddenly leaves her mother's house to attempt earning a living on her own as an accountant. At her office, she receives the visit of Praed, intent on experiencing art in Italy, and also Frank, followed by Mrs Warren. Despite her mother's pleadings, Vivie wants nothing more to do with her and despite her friendly feelings towards Frank, she tears up the note of his declaration of love, reaching out instead for a new life dedicated to work. =="Man and superman"== [[File:Man_and_Superman_Royal_Court_Theatre_1906.jpg|thumb|John Tanner seeks to prepare the way of the superman but is foiled by Ann Whitefield, whose main intention is to perpetuate the species, played respectively by Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) and Lillah McCarthy (1875-1960), Royal Court Theatre, London, 1905, photographed by Alfred Ellis]] [[File:Nietzsche1882.jpg|thumb|Friedreich Nietzsche (1844-1900) evoked the idea that man can evolve into a superman]] Time: 1900s. Place: England, Spain. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/157/ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Man_and_Superman As a result of her father's death, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner are appointed as Ann Whitefield's guardians, neither of whom wanting the job, though yielding to the apparently submissive Ann. John's friend, Octavius, would like to take her off their hands by marrying her. "If it were only the first half hour’s happiness, Tavy, I would buy it for you with my last penny," John tells him. "But a lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth." "It is the self-sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose." Since Octavius intends to become a writer, a struggle may be expected. "Of all human struggles there is none so treacherous and remorseless as the struggle between the artist man and the mother woman," John continues. The two are interrupted by news of the elopement of Octavius' sister, Violet. They assume that the wedding ring she was seen to wear is false. Roebuck and Octavius agree that she should leave London, but Ann does not. "Violet is going to do the state a service; consequently she must be packed abroad like a criminal until it’s over," John wrily comments. When Violet arrives, she assures them that the ring is genuine, though she refuses to name the husband. Following a slight roadside accident in his motor car, John explains to Octavius that his chauffeur represents the new man in evolution: the polytechnic man. Octavius narrates the outcome of his marriage proposal to Ann: she wept, a dangerous sign according to John, who offers to take Ann in his car and, for the sake of social conventions, her younger sister, Rhoda, along with them. Ann objects to their submitting to social conventions. "Come with me to Marseilles and across to Algiers and to Biskra, at sixty miles an hour," John offers rhetorically. He is aghast when she accepts. An American guest of theirs, Hector, proposes to join them. John, Roebuck, and Octavius are embarrassed while explaining that such a suggestion is impossible to effect in England, since Violet is married and he is not part of the family. Hector receives this bit of news stiffly, causing further embarrassessment. When everyone leaves except Hector and Violet, she walks over to kiss him. Hector argues that they should forget about his father's objection to his marrying a middle-class English woman. "We cant afford it. You can be as romantic as you please about love, Hector; but you mustnt be romantic about money," she retorts. Meanwhile, John learns from his chauffeur that Ann's ultimate design is to marry him, not Octavius. In a garden of a villa in Granada, Spain, Hector's father, old Malone, receives by mistake an intimate note left by Violet for her husbqnd. When Malone confronts her with the meaning of the note, she deviously says that she and Hector only intend to marry. "If he marries you, he shall not have a rap from me," the irate father blares out. But Hector has enough of pretending. He informs his father of his marriage and his intention to work for a living. Malone sneers at this proposal, but when John and Octavius offer monetary help, he changes his mind. Nevertheless, Hector refuses everybody's money. Alone with Ann, Octavius declares once again he loves her. "You know that my mother is determined that I shall marry Jack," she misleadingly answers. Though seeing his depressed condition, she consoles him by saying: "A broken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in London if he has a comfortable income." When Anne's mother learns of Ann's comment on her wishes, she is astonished, having never formed such an idea. "But she would not say it unless she believed it. Surely you dont suspect Ann of- of deceit!" Octavius naively exclaims. But Ann believes in hypocrisy, as she tells John, who, though he loves her, too, is yet intent on resisting marriage. At the end of her resources, Ann pretends to feel faint and as the others arrive is only able to pant out: "I have promised to marry Jack." The comedy succeeds, as John would not dare humiliate her by contradicting. "What we have both done this afternoon is to renounce happiness, renounce freedom, renounce tranquility, above all, renounce the romantic possibilities of an unknown future, for the cares of a household and a family," he concludes. =="Major Barbara"== [[File:Maud Ballington Booth.jpg|thumb|A Salvation Army officer, 1902]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.fullbooks.com/MAJOR-BARBARA.html https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Major_Barbara Now that her daughters, Sarah is married to Charles and Barbara engaged to Adolphus Cusins, Lady Britomart intends to establish them on a better financial footing. She thereby invites her long-estranged husband, Andrew Undershaft, a wealthy arms dealer, to the house. Before meeting him, she explains to her son, Stephen, his family background, never spoken of before: "The Undershafts are descended from a foundling in the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the city. That was long ago, in the reign of James the First. Well, this foundling was adopted by an armorer and gun-maker. In the course of time the foundling succeeded to the business; and from some notion of gratitude, or some vow or something, he adopted another foundling, and left the business to him. And that foundling did the same. Ever since then, the cannon business has always been left to an adopted foundling named Andrew Undershaft." Barbara works as a major in a Salvation Army shelter, where an angry Bill Walker threatens Jenny Hill for stealing his girl-friend to work for that institution. A client, Rummy Mitchens, interferes. Bill strikes his and Jenny's face, but stops of doing so to Major Barbara as an earl's grand-daughter. On learning of his daughter's benevolent endeavors, Andrew Undershaft becomes convinced that it is not her rightful place. "Barbara must belong to us, not to the Salvation Army," he declares. "Do I understand you to imply that you can buy Barbara?" Adolphus inquires. "No," he answers, "but I can buy the Salvation Army." There is much pretense surrounding that institution. One of if its members, Snobby Price, only pretends to be saved after beating his mother, and thereby attracts money from all sorts of charitable people. Mrs Barnes, a commissioner in the Salvation Army, arrives with exciting news. "Lord Saxmundham has promised us five thousand pounds...if five other gentlemen will give a thousand each to make it up to ten thousand," she reports. But since that lord is a distiller, Barbara has scruples about accepting his money. Andrew gives them the entire five. "Every convert you make is a vote against war. Yet I give you this money to help you to hasten my own commercial ruin," he announces. The gift makes Major Barbara realize her work at the Salvation Army is a sham and so she quits. On meeting her estranged husband, Lady Britomart comes down to business: "Sarah must have 800 pounds a year until Charles Lomax comes into his property. Barbara will need more, and need it permanently, because Adolphus hasn't any property." He agrees, but with respect to Stephen, tradition prevents him from making him his heir. "He knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a political career," he remarks. The entire family is curious to visit his arms plant, Adolphus judging the place to be: "horribly, frightfully, immorally, unanswerably perfect." Indeed, he is impressed to the extent of admitting the foundling difficulty may be got over when the following is considered: "My mother is my father's deceased wife's sister," he reflects, and so consequently legal in Australia but not in England. Andrew agrees that in such a case Adolphus may indeed be considered a foundling and so liable to take his place after his death, provided he stick to his creed: "to give arms to all men who offer an honest price for them, without respect of persons or principles-" For Barbara he has this advice: "If your old religion broke down yesterday, get a newer and a better one for tomorrow." Nevertheless, Adolphus mulls over the moral dilemma of selling arms. "It is not the sale of my soul that troubles me: I have sold it too often to care about that," he says, "I have sold it for a professorship. I have sold it for an income. I have sold it to escape being imprisoned for refusing to pay taxes for hangmen's ropes and unjust wars and things that I abhor. What is all human conduct but the daily and hourly sale of our souls for trifles? What I am now selling it for is neither money nor position nor comfort, but for reality and for power." Barbara is also tempted by the job. "I have got rid of the bribe of bread. I have got rid of the bribe of heaven," she admits. Husband and wife agree with Andrew to make war on war and war on poverty. "For Major Barbara will die with the colours," she affirms. =="Pygmalion"== [[File:Gerome pygmalion-galatee.jpg|thumb|Like Pygmalion's statue, Galatea, depicted by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904), Eliza Doolittle comes to life]] [[File:Pygmalion-1914.jpg|thumb|Professor Higgins (played by Philip Merivale) beams in satisfaction after creating the illusion that Eliza (played by Mrs Patrick Campbell), a mere flower girl, is successfully introduced as a duchess. Broadway, New York, 1914]] Time: 1910s. Place: London, England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pygmalion http://www.bartleby.com/138/ After a musical performance, the Eynsford-Hills shelter from the rain under a portico. Unable to find a cab for his mother and sister, Freddy bumps into a flower-girl, Eliza Doolittle. While she attempts to sell her flowers, Colonel Pickering enters. A bystander informs both that a suspicious-looking man is writing down everything they say. The crowd begins to grow hostile or afraid, when Pickering and Henry Higgins discover they know each other from their common interest in phonetics. Henry boasts that his teaching ability is such as to pass off the flower-girl as a duchess, creating her anew, akin to what the sculptor in antiquity did with his statue, Pygmalion. The next day, Eliza turns up to pay for speaking lessons at Professor Higgins' house, since she has ambitions to work at a flower shop, which he agrees to help her with, confident to make a duchess of "this draggle-tailed guttersnipe". He and Pickering bet on the outcome with Eliza staying at Henry's household all the while. The lesson is interrupted by the arrival of Eliza's father, Alfred, a part-time dustman and full-time drunkard, pretending to be outraged at their supposed designs on his daughter. Higgins calms him down with only a 5-pound note. Henry and Pickering make a first trial of her at the at-home day of Henry' mother, when the Eynsford-Hills are invited. Despite some awkwardness in subject and choice of expression, as when she speaks of gin as "mother's milk", Eliza, to Henry's delight, is far from the flower-girl she once was. She particularly impresses the shy Freddy. After many further sessions, Eliza is ready for the embassy ball. A Hungarian guest, Nepommuck, Higgins' first student he no longer remembers, informs the guests he has detected Eliza as a fraud, only to reveal that she is surely a Hungarian of royal blood. For this and other feats, Pickering admits that Henry has won his bet "ten times over". At Higgins' house after the ball, Pickering congratulates Henry, at which the latter scoffs, declaring the entire project a bore. As they begin to retire for the night, Eliza throws Henry's slippers at his face, for her entire life has changed, no one takes any notice of her, and now what is she to do? Without much interest, Henry suggests a few things, but seeing Eliza still sorrowful and angry, declares her to be a "heartless guttersnipe". The next morning, the two worried friends discover Eliza lodged at Mrs Higgins' house, where Alfred enters, dressed for his wedding, miserable at no longer being part of the "undeserving poor", furious at Henry for having recommended him as the "most original moralist in England", now with 3-thousand-a-year and intimidated into "middle-class morality". Eliza arrives as her frustrated father leaves with Pickering. Henry and Eliza cannot agree on continuing as they did in the past, whereupon she mentions she may accept Freddy as her husband, at which Henry laughs. =="Heartbreak house"== [[File:Heartbreak_House,_act_2_(Shotover_%26_Ellie).jpg|thumb|Leaning on Captain Shotover, Ellie becomes disillusioned about love and the occupants of Heartbreak House agree with her. Played by Albert Perry (1869-1933) and Elisabeth Risdon (1887-1958) at the Garrick Theatre, New York, 1920]] Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heartbreak_House Hesione Hushabye invites her friend, Ellie Dunn, at her house. No one in there household notices Ellie until Nurse Guinness eventually shows up along with Hesione's father, Captain Shotover, a captain no more, rather an eccentric inventor seeking to achieve "the seventh degree of concentration", who comes and goes unpredictably inside his own house as if in passing. Ellie confides to Hesione that she loves a man named Marcus, but out of duty to her father, Mazzini, intends to marry his boss, Mangan. Heart-broken Ellie discovers her "white Othello" to be none other than Hesione's husband, Hector, kept as a "household pet" by his wife. Ellie and Hesione are surprised by the visit of the latter's estranged sister, Lady Ariadne Utterword, aggrieved and shocked at not being recognized by either of them or by her father. The party is completed by the arrival of Boss Mangan, Mazzini, and Randall Utterword, Ariadne's brother-in-law. Alone with her in the garden, Hector flirts with Ariadne until his wife arrives, ar which point husband and wife discuss their humdrum marriage, both too cynical to be heart-broken. When speaking of her father, intent on discoveries of an undefined nature, Hesione casually mentions he keeps "dynamite and things like that" in a gravel pit. Shotover enters to discuss world affairs with Hector. The captain opines that one should kill such men as Boss Mangan and reveals his intention of discovering an engine fit to destroy all the world's armaments. Hesione flirts with Mangan, flattered by such attention, which leads him to admit to Ellie he has manipulated her father's financial affairs to obtain money from failed businesses. To his surprise, the apathetic Ellie wishes to marry him in any case. Shocked by such cynicism, he has a fit, but she hypnotizes him into sleep. When left alone in the dark, Nurse Guinness falls over him, and, when he fails to respond, thinks she has killed him. Alerted by her cries, Hesione and Ellie enter hurriedly, and, before Mangan's sleeping face, express their true opinion of the apprently heartless businessman. He starts up to reveal he had only been pretending sleep. Heart-broken, he confronts Hesione about her cruel words, at which she admits her "very bones blushed red". Suddenly, a pistol shot is heard, a burglar having been discovered upstairs. The captain blows his whistle: "All hands aloft!", he cries out, where the entire company discover the burglar to be Billy Dunn, Shotover's old acquaintance, deliberately confused by him with Mazzini Dunn, and also Nurse Guinness' estranged husband. Unheeding his pleas to get what he deserves, they refuse to hand him over to the police, but keep him in the house. Shotover agrees with Hesione that Ellie should not marry Mangan, but she, being poor, believes that to keep one's soul one must possess a considerable amount of money. Meanwhile, Randall has observed Hector's designs on Ariade and, in love with her himself, warns him to take care. When Ariadne scolds Randall for one thing or another, he breaks down weeping, broken-hearted on realizing she can never love him. In the garden at night-time, Hesione hears a "splendid drumming in the sky", an unidentified impending danger hovering over the house. The party being unconcerned by this, Ariadne and the others discuss English society. She defines two classes: "the equestrian class and the neurotic class", her tyrannical husband being the only one who can save it. The discussion becomes so personal and shameless, in Boss Mangan's view, that he starts to take his clothes off, but is prevented from going farther. When the conversation returns to Ellie's marriage prospects, she says she cannot commit bigamy, to the shock of all the company, only to say she wishes to become the captain's "white wife", considering him as her "soul's captain". The drumming in the sky gets louder. "Batten down the hatches!" the captain orders. Mangan and the robber run to hide in the gravel pit, where Shotover keeps his dynamite, into which a bomb falls, so that both are killed. "Thirty pounds of good dynamite wasted!" the captain exclaims. The nonchalant or indifferent survive the attack from above. Nevertheless, the company expect to be killed next, Hector turning on all the lights and tearing down the curtains to facilitate their end until the drumming stops, to the disappointment of Hesione, Ellie, and Hector, each hoping that the mysterious sound spelling their doom will return the following day. =Sean O'Casey= [[File:Sean ocasey 1924.jpg|thumb|Sean O'Casey exposed the underlying causes and futility of some forms of heroism, 1924]] Another Irish playwright of major interest is Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), author of "The shadow of a gunman" (1923), "Juno and the paycock" (1924), and "The plough and the stars" (1926). "The shadow of a gunman" "takes place during the violent period of the so-called Anglo-Irish war, when the Irish Republican Army was engaged in guerrilla warfare with the English Black and Tans. One of the tactics used by the Irish was to strike the enemy and run; they were often hidden by sympathetic citizens, who referred to them as gunmen on the run” (daRin, 1976 p 24). "The theme of the play concerns the difference between true and false bravery. The characters who are truly brave— Maguire, Minnie, Mrs Henderson- are not talkers, but doers. Maguire has only three speeches, Minnie in the crucial second act has only four. The characters who are falsely brave- [Donal] Davoren, Seumas, Grigson, Tommy— are all voluble braggarts" (Hogan, 1960 p ?). "Religion offers people like Seumas and Grigson a convenient way of sugar-coating their hostility and aggression. So Seumas can unashamedly delight in picturing Shelley 'doing a jazz dance below'. And Grigson happily justifies the exploitation of his wife in terms of Holy Writ...The English government in the form of the Black and Tans appears as an amoral force and is rightly resented. But the Irish patriots offer the characters little hope of political redemption...Like Mrs Grigson, Mr Gallogher is a victim of exploitation. His letter, comic as it is, describes intolerable conditions...The life of the tenement is contagiously and effortlessly destructive. Through some fatal mixture of personality and environment, decent characters like Mrs Henderson and egotists like Tommy Owens turn into unpleasant bullies...In one sense, Minnie offers herself of her own free will...In another, Minnie is set up as sacrificial victim...Minnie's action in this light is not so much a matter of rational decision as of impulsive gesture based on several seemingly trivial and harmless, yet mistaken, beliefs. Firstly, Minnie believes she loves Donal. Secondly, she believes that Donal is a gunman on the run. These two beliefs are intimately related. The Donal of Minnie's heart is a poet and a patriot. But her Donal is a fiction which the real Donal does not contradict because it feeds his growing vanity. Thirdly, Minnie assumes the bombs belong to Donal. Since Minnie thinks Donal is a gunman, her assumption, particularly under the pressure of a Black and Tan raid, is understandable even if it is wrong. Finally, Minnie accepts that it is heroic to die for Ireland, an idea put abroad by real gunmen and paid lip-service to by the rest of the population. Minnie's beliefs are thus a complicated and dangerous amalgam of passion, patriotism, propaganda and romantic fantasy...The sacrifice of Minnie, the exploitive relationships in the tenements, the economic political strife, the religious hypocrisy and the vacuum in the sky convey a sense of chaotic conditions and man's inadequate responses...For Maguire, language is a diversionary tactic. For Gallogher, Owens, Grigson, Shields, and Davoren, talk is a form of escape from the slums, from the 'troubles', and from a nagging sense of their own impotence...The most vital characters like Minnie are destroyed and weaker characters like Donal understand yet cannot alter the fact that their energies are being dissipated and perverted. No character escapes the general demoralization because the world O'Casey creates...is in all its aspects hostile to life" (Schrank, 1977 pp 55-60). Landlord Mulligan, who owns the tenement, is a pretentious man who tries to amass wealth at the expense of his impoverished tenants, yet he considers himself a good Irishman. Tommy Owens reveals himself as a clown who sheds tears for Ireland but has never held a gun in his hand or a sober thought in his head; he is so eager to be associated with the gunmen that he jeopardizes Davoren’s life by talking about his presumed rebel activities in a bar” (daRin, 1976 p 33). In “Juno and the paycock”, “the time of the play is 1922 when the Irish civil war was being fought over the peace treaty that ended the Anglo-Irish war and, with other parliamentary acts, provided for the division of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which remained within the United Kingdom. So-called Free Staters and Republicans, formerly comrades in the Anglo-Irish war, were now bent upon destruction of one another” (daRin, 1976 p 38). “It might well be argued that the characters are defeated because they pursue their own personal ends rather than considering the hopes of the others“ (Hogan, 1960, p 39). "Joxer...is always ready with a made-to-measure, custom-worn quotation to fit any occasion, whether it be a celebration of military bravery (Boyle's imaginary deeds in Easter week) or of martial valour, or of life at sea...there is the credibility gap between what is said and the speaker...the frequent inappropriateness between what is said and the situation and...what is resolved..and what [he does]" (Ayling, 1972 p 496). In "O'Casey's dialectical approach...the characters appear in a surprisingly regular series of balancing pairs: Mary and Johnny; Bentham and Devine; Mrs Madigan and Mr Nugent; Mrs Tancred and Mrs Boyle; Juno and the Paycock; Boyle and Joxer...every action in the play has its opposing reaction: the tea party intersects the Tancred funeral procession; Mary's pregnancy sets off Johnny's death; Boyle's drunken entrance in the last act qualifies Juno's exit. Clearly nothing in the play exists by itself; thesis balances antithesis...Whereas Boyle embraces a deterministic world view, Juno evolves a doctrine of free will...Boyle without money is emasculated and cannot make his family take him seriously. Group status, like family status, is determined by money. Mrs Madigan willingly loans Boyle money when she thinks he has an inheritance, and just as willingly confiscates his gramophone when she thinks he does not...A series of animal allusions emphasizes this predatoriness, the most frequent, [being] the reference to Boyle as peacock...The peacock image has the obvious connotations of pride and useless display; but more important is its association with unearned money. Juno and Maisie's outrage originates in the simple fact that Boyle's display depends on other people's work...Only in the second act, when the Boyles think they have money, do animal references become benign...[such as] Maisie Madigan's 'I remember the time when Madigan could sing like a nightingale at matin' time'...The play's title in juxtaposing 'Juno' and 'paycock', that is godliness and animality, comments not only on its two main characters, but on human nature...In attempting to insulate the family from history, Juno only contributes to Johnny's death. All the symptoms of guilt, panic, and hysteria glossed over with a cup of tea...Boyle, by making history function as a self-serving rhetorical ornament with only accidental relevance to the real world, debases it. Because the past, for Boyle, does not illuminate the present, the possibility of meaningful action is destroyed...What Johnny's death demonstrates is the interpenetration of the past and present, the public and the private through causality. Past actions continue to have consequences in the present and the future. The Civil War, the historical moment, creates Johnny's objective and subjective realities and ultimately leads to his death. Neither Boyle who debases history nor Juno who denies its scope can fully understand what happens to them or to Johnny...In terms of O'Casey's dialectical vision, the conclusion of Juno and the Paycock dramatizes the destruction of the Boyle home, but it also indicates the potential for synthesis...Mary and Juno going off together form a continuity chronologically and philosophically: they unite the past and the future with the present; and they prove that, out of betrayal and death, rebirth and progress are possible" (Schrank, 1977 pp 438-448). “Boyle is the center of his own universe, a blusterer whose pride far surpasses his merit. While his family sinks slowly into tragedy, the paycock with his consequential strut evades the opportunity to work by pretending illness, fabricates stories of heroism about himself, and storms out when confronted with his own lies. He mocks his daughter for her attempts at self-improvement, denounces his wife for wanting him to get a job, and dismisses his son, who is in a constant state of terror. Now pompous, now querulous, Boyle is always wise in his own conceit, and his family pays dearly for his vanity”(daRin, 1976 p 49). "In the dialogues between Boyle and Joxer, even the undefined is comic, as in the following: 'Boyle. She has her rights- there’s no one denyin’ it, but haven’t I me rights too? Joxer. Of course you have, the sacred rights of man!' What can those sacred rights of man be? Not even Joxer knows. Boyle’s comic vanity...has their vicious extension in his daughter's pregnancy, his role-playing in his self-centered assumption of the part of offended patriarch, and his sloth in the eventual exhaustion of affection and collapse of the family” (Chothia, 1996 pp 95-96). The concluding scene “is funny as the same time that it is bitter, hopeless, and terrible. It would, in fact, be difficult to find anywhere in dramatic literature so extraordinary a combination of farce with loathing and bleak despair” (Krutch, 1953 p 99). After the Easter uprising of 1916 where The plough and the stars emblem of the Irish Citizen Army against British rule was waved aloft, the 1922 civil war was waged between the Irish Free State, accepting the treaty of partition, and the Republican Army which rejected it. The Easter rising presented as the “betrayal of the Dublin working class...absurd and inhumane” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). “The central figure is really neither Jack Clitheroe, who commands a battalion of rebels and is left dead in a burning hotel, nor his wife Nora, who becomes insane on account of it; these two characters, who are superior in soul and intellect to their plebeian surroundings, only give a relief to the real protagonist of the drama, which is the crowd, with its multiform, mean, passionate, incoherent soul. Comedy and tragedy are interwoven in the same scenes, sometimes in the same moment; and the Dublin populace, whom O’Casey, first among all the writers mentioned here, brought thronging to the pit of the Abbey Theatre, to-day still feel him to be above all a comic, and almost a farcical writer. The intellectuals, on the other hand, try to classify him according to their old mentality; they elaborate his ‘philosophy’, and try to formulate a moral for his story, as, for example, that men live and talk, kill and die for dreams, while women suffer and die for realities. These attempts only show the narrow, patchy mentality of these gentlemen, a Protestant, Puritan mentality, seeking for possible alternatives, as compared to the disordered, patchy genius of O’Casey, who comes of an old and Catholic race, and is really of the people, with all the good and bad points, and all the genuine variety of instincts which his own nature brings with it” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 238-239). “There are eight main actions in the The Plough and the Stars: that of Nora, of Jack, Bessie, Fluther, Peter, the Covey, Mrs Gogan, and Mollser. These characters find themselves set in circumstances which render them powerless, and all attempt in various ways to adapt themselves to the circumstances, to ignore them, to accept them, or to change them” (Hogan, p 43). The characters "are the rag, tag and bobtail of the Dublin slums, shiftless of character and romantic of temperament, great phrase-makers and soil for the most grandiose flowers of speech. Yet what a lot they are if we stop to consider them dispassionately! Consider Fluther Good, the drunken carpenter, whose abhorrence of the ‘derogatory' is only equalled by his knack of falling into it; Young Covey, the fitter, who has a passion for communism in the abstract and a practical taste in plunder and loot; Clitheroe, the bricklayer, whose patriotism and personal ambition are like a pair of horses pulling away from one another; Peter Flynn, the mindless labourer, eternally maundering about the grave of some patriot of long ago; Mrs Gogan, the charwoman, with a ghoulish delight in all the appurtenances of death and burial; Bessie Burgess, the fruit-vendor, with vileness on her tongue and something that is not vileness in her heart; Rosie Redmond, street walker and pure pragmatist...It moves to its tragic close through scenes of high humour and rich, racy fooling, about which there is something of Elizabethan gusto” (Agate, 1944 p 234). In the view of Krasner (2012), “The Young Covey...spouts aimless socialistic platitudes” (p 180), but may also be considered as socialistic truths, aimless because the man is passive and eventually as egotistical as the others, funny truths because they appear amid lies and irrelevancies all around. Gassner (1954a) commented that "the profound critic of The Nation, Mr Joseph Wood Krutch, has complained that he has never discovered 'just where the author’s sympathies lie'. This confusion exists because of O’Casey’s fairness, although the Abbey’s audience had no doubt that his sympathies were anti-Irish. He recognizes the nobility and courage of the rebels, but he resents their intoxication with romantic and superficial objectives. Through the class-conscious Covey, in fact, he presents the trenchant criticism that the patriots who fought for political independence neglected the far more immediate problem of eradicating the pressing problems of poverty and social evil that are so vividly realized in this slum tragedy. But beyond this pertinent criticism is the immediate tragedy of women who lose their men for causes that do not touch the direct and ever-present realities of eating, home building, love, and childbearing...Other tragedies transpire while the men are bleeding for something that seems abstract and remote by comparison. There is, for example, the poverty that makes termagants of some of the women; there is the shiftlessness of men like the remarkable Fluther Good and old Peter, both flamboyant patriots who talk well and drink better; there is the ailing and neglected child that dies in the tenement; there is the crowded tenement itself" (pp 569-570). "No writer of our time has caught the whole atmosphere of working-class life more beautifully than O’Casey, or has been able to raise that atmosphere, as he has, to the pitch of tragic dignity" (Fraser, 1960 p 143). “Both Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars are bitter, brutal ironies, so strongly felt and so passionately stated that, in spite of their broad comedy and their gorgeous wit, they scorch and bruise the spectator. In both of them the sorry story of the waste of revolution is told, and innocent bystanders suffer most cruelly from its havoc. In Juno revolution creeps up those sinister backstairs, which lead from the streets of Dublin that are blood-stained from the battles of the Free Staters and the Die Hards, fairly bursting in upon what might otherwise have been a droll little character comedy about a legacy which never materialized. In The Plough it is the story that is forced to climb the stairs of the tenement house to escape the woes of a ravaged city… In Juno, where the trite little plot is more self-reliant, the course of the playwright is always clear, but in The Plough he seems lost in a pleasing labyrinth of mixed modes until suddenly, in the last act, all of his by-paths converge and his meaning rings out with a deafening clarity. He is without a rival in snatching people of the backstairs out of their pubs and tenements, and transferring them to the stage in such a way that they remain people seen in the round instead of dwindling into types observed from only one convenient angle. His plots are minor, almost incidental, and he interrupts them at will to dally with protracted interludes of character comedy, or terrifying moments of anguish. He is not above using some tricks again and again as the standard of his comic currency, repeating a word like ‘darling’ or ‘derogatory’, or a phrase like ‘God give me patience’, until he fairly flagellates his comic point” (Macgowan, 1950 p 612). O'Casey seems like "an Elizabethan reborn. Elizabethans knew how to keep their plays moving on a full, free tide of speech. No want there of either colour or action; audiences expected both and they had them. The smallest of dramatists could toss off the resounding line. The most minor parts had their burnish. Undeniably, there was a good deal of rant and fustian, but there was also this abounding vitality, this love of words that shone and rang, of continuous imagery, speeches that quickened and excited a theatre and were not plumped down like wet wool upon the spongy turf. Suddenly, in the Dublin of the twenties, the Elizabethan voice sounded again. Playgoers at the Abbey saw once more the Elizabethan juxtaposition of tragedy and farce, found a torchlight-procession of words, recognised a new, a prodigal, an exciting dramatist. Granville Barker called O’Casey’s early work plays of ‘a spontaneous realism’. They flamed into life: first The Shadow of a Gunman, then the great twin brethren, Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, compact of the blackest tragedy and the most exuberant farce, written in a high tumble of words, rich in the unexpected epithet and lit always by a spontaneous poetic fire. O’Casey had then, and has still, faults that would be dark indeed in a routine playwright. He is too voluble. He will award the prizes of his speech- again in the Elizabethan manner- to anyone; whether the words are in character or not" (Trewin, 1951 p 187). But Williams (1965) disparaged O'Casey's use of language in comparison to Synge's. "The distance between the language of O'Casey and the language of poetic drama is considerable, but perhaps a more significant distance is that between his language and that of Synge. It is not a simple difference of status between the two as writers, although Synge's sensibility is clearly the finer; it is also a change in the language of society, a change from the speech of isolated peasants and fishermen, where dignity and vitality of language were directly based on an organic living process, to the speech of townsmen, normally colourless and drab, containing the undiscriminated rhythms of the scriptures, popular hymns, and commercial songs, which, when it wishes to be impressive, must become either drunken or hysterical, and end in extravagance" (p 171). However, one can argue that O'Casey's use of language fits the characters as well as Synge's. O'Casey is at his best debunking. Male characters especially make themselves out to be of larger soul than they are. O'Casey is weakest in scenes of dramatic tension as pointed out by Williams: "The point which seems to confirm my analysis of the nature of O'Casey's language is the routine nature of the words which pass between Jack and Nora Clitheroe as he goes to his death in the fighting: Jack. My Nora; my little beautiful Nora, I wish to God I'd never left you. Nora: It doesn't matter, not now, not now, Jack. It will make us dearer than ever to each other. Kiss me, kiss me again. This, confined to sobriety, is simply the language of the novelette." "Since the eighteenth century England has grown used to finding its best dramatists among the Irish. Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars showed that the Dublin Abbey Theatre group was still potent, and that the tragic poetry of life salted by rough comedy could be found among city tenements just as it had been found by Synge among the glens of Aran" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 215). =="The shadow of a gunman"== Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Without informing his landlord, Seumas, a peddler and admirer of poetry, has offered Donal, a poet, to share his apartment. The landlord complains of that and also that the rent is long overdue, but Seumas defies him and gives permission to his friend, Maguire, a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), to leave a bag in their apartment. Seumas and Donal next receive a visit from Tommy, who professes to be ready to die for Ireland in its troubles, although not yet called on, followed by Mrs Henderson and Mr Gallogher, who consult Donal about a letter addressed to the IRA, complaining of the foul language used by a tenant in their building. Seumas keeps the letter to see about improving it. Another neighbor, Minnie, arrives to borrow milk for tea. She sees the poet in a romantic light, feeling sure he would die for his country, thinking also that he might be "a gunman on the run". Soon, Seumas and Donal hear about Maguire's murder in an ambush at the hands of the Black and Tan, British soldiers seeking to undermine the Irish revolution for independence. Late that night, Seumas hears suspicious taps on the wall. He and Donal are then unnerved by gunshots heard from the street. They next hear about Tommy's boasts in a pub, his knowing "a general in the IRA" and his ability to "lay his hand on tons of revolvers". Very much afraid, Seumas curses his imprudence. Even more afraid, Donal searches for Mrs Gallogher's compromising letter but is unable to find it until his friend suggests his coat pocket. Both tremble worse of all after discovering Maguire's bag full of Mills bombs. Donal blames Seumas for not being on his guard while knowing the type of man Maguire was. "I knew things ud go wrong when I missed mass this morning," Seumas moans. Suddenly, Minnie rushes in to inform them that the house is surrounded by the Tans, then notices the bombs. She takes them to her room while both men stand stiff with fright. "Holy Saint Anthony grant that she'll keep her mouth shut," Seumas prays. "We'll never again be able to lift up our heads if anything happens to Minny," Donal moans. They next hear that the Tans discovered the bombs, that Minnie jumped from the lorry carrying her away, and that she was shot to death. =="Juno and the paycock"== [[File:Edith_Campion_in_1946.jpg|thumb|Played by Edith Campion (1923-2007) at the Unity Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand in 1946, Juno wonders about what to do with her shiftless, peacock husband, Jack]] Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Captain Jack Boyle is unemployed but yet strutting like a "paycock" (peacock) while his wife, Juno, takes care of household matters and goes out to work for him and their invalid, son, Johnny, who a few years ago was shot in the arm and hip during an uprising against the Irish Free State. After hearing of an opportunity to work, Jack suddenly develops twinges in his legs. Happily, Jack learns from Charlie, a notary who courts his daughter, Mary, that he is the recipient of an important legacy following the death of a cousin of his. Jack means to start a new life, ridding himself of his shiftless friend, Joxer. "He'll never blow the froth off a pint o' mine again, that's a sure thing," Jack declares, but yet Joxer stays on. In view of their expected fortune, the Boyles buy furniture and a gramophone on credit. One day, Johnny is heard screaming from his room, caused by an hallucination, the sight of a recently dead neighbor praying in front of a statue and looking at him. The vision concerns Robbie, a die-hard leader of a deadly ambush against a Free State soldier who was shot in reprisal by Free Staters. Two months later, the legacy money has not yet arrived. A friend takes back clothes obtained on credit by the Boyles and another friend their unpaid gramophone. At the same time, Charlie leaves Mary and Juno tells Jack that their daughter is pregnant. Jack angrily throws Mary out of the house. When Juno counters that she will follow her, he suggests she do so. He then discovers that Charlie has messed up the will, for, instead of specifying his name, he only wrote "cousin", and so a large number of other claimants have shown up, which explains the notary's sudden departure. Johnny angrily accuses his father of running up credit just to pay for his beer. Mary learns of the disastrous turn in the family's fortune. Hearing Charlie has gone, Jerry, an old rival for Mary's favors, offers to care for her, but changes his mind after finding out about her pregnancy. Left alone, Johnny sees two men enter to take back the furniture, then two armed men, Republicans informed about his treachery against one of their own, Robbie, come to take him away to his death in reprisal. While Juno leaves with Mary to her sister's house, Jack and Joxer drunkenly reel in. =="The plough and the stars"== [[File:StarryPlough.svg|thumb|Starry plough flag since 1930]] Time: 1910s. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/twentyfivemodern001705mbp Violent arguments about politics are heard in the apartment of Jack and Nora Clitheroe between The Covey, a Marxist and Jack's cousin, on one hand, and Peter, a conservative and Nora's uncle, on the other. Fluther, a carpenter called to put in a new lock, also joins in the fray, calling The Covey "an ignorant yahoo", while he in turn calls him an "ignorant savage". Bessie, a neighbor, hating Nora's liberated manner, also joins in the fray by grabbing and shaking her, but Fluther breaks Bessie's hold and Jack pushes her out. In the evening, there is a demonstration of the Citizen Army bearing 'The plough and the stars'. The Covey informs Jack that this symbol was originally meant for the proletariat: "Used when we're buildin' th'barricades to fight for a workers' republic," he explains. Jack learns from Captain Brennan that he was named commandant in the Citizen Army, but the letter never reached him, because it was intercepted by Nora. He warns her never to intercept any of his letters again, takes no account of her fears, and goes out with Brennan. In a pub, Rosie, a prostitute, gives homage to the demonstration held outside. "It's up to us all, anyway, to fight for our freedom," she says, to which The Covey responds: "There's only one freedom for the' working man: conthrol o' th' means o' production, rates of exchange, an' th' means of disthribution." When she approaches him for business purposes, he becomes frightened and moves away. Peter tearfully complains to Fluther about The Covey's insults. "It's th' way he says it: he never says it straight out, but murmurs it with curious quiverin' ripples, like variations on a flute," he complains. A charwoman, Mrs Gogan, quarrels with Bessie. She hands her baby over to Peter, who does not know what to do with it, and so leaves it on the floor and cries out for Fluther to follow her. "D'ye think Fluther's like yourself, destitute of a titther of undherstandin'?" Luther cries out sarcastically. More quarrels ensue, whereby The Covey is pushed out of the bar by the barman, Rosie impressed by the way Fluther defended himself against him. "Oh, Fluther, I'm afraid you're a terrible man for th' women," she avers. The demonstration outside degenerates into a riot. From an upper window, Bessie taunts Mrs Gogan, The Covey, and Peter. "Yous are all nicely shanghaied now," she warns, at which Mrs Gogan recommends them not to answer the "Orange bitch". In the mass confusion which ensues, Bessie goes out and returns with stolen items, including three umbrellas, at which sight The Covey and Fluther hurry away to loot for their own selves, but Peter is too fearful to do so because of the sporadic shooting. Bessie and Mrs Gogan fight over a perambulator used to carry more looted items, but finally go off together. The Covey returns with a heavy sack, a piece of ham lying on top. Bessie and Mrs Gogan return with the pram filled with clothes and a table. In the melee, Brennan and Jack carry in the latter's apartment a shot comrade. Nora begs her husband to stay at home, but, in his view, she is shaming him and so he rushes away a second time. During the tumult, Fluther staggers in, carrying a huge jar of whiskey. A few days later, the consumptive daughter of Mrs Gogan dies with her stillborn baby. While The Covey, Peter, and Fluther nervously play cards in view of probable reprisals by the British army, Brennan enters to announce that Jack is dead. Nora deliriously calls for him and considers his companions murderers. The Covey and Peter panic, the former crying out to Brennan: "There's no place here to lie low, th' Tommies'll be hoppin' in here any minute." Indeed, Sergeant Stoddart declares that the men are to be rounded up to prevent sniper-fire. When Nora stands incautiously near the window, Bessie seizes her and receives a bullet for her kindness. "I've got this through you, you bitch, you," she cries out in her dying throes. =JM Synge= [[File:John Millington Synge.jpg|thumb|Like Shaw and O'Casey, John Millington Synge was an outstanding Irish playwright]] A third irish-born dramatist, JM Synge (1871-1909), contributed two of the best comedies of the period: "The well of the saints" (1905) and "The playboy of the western world" (1907). In both, dramatic characters prefer dreams over reality (Bickley, 1912 p 38). In "The well of the saints", "the fable, which is among the simplest and most moving ones ever chosen by a modern dramatist, has in it all the searching beauty of an ancient parable...Nothing can be more pathetic and also more depressing than the two blind people's disillusionment and the complaint of Martin Doul when reference is made to the "grand day" when he was healed: ‘Grand day, is it? black day when I was roused up and found I was the like of little children do be listening to the stories of an old woman and do be dreaming after in the dark night that it's in grand houses of gold they are, with speckled horses to ride, and do be waking again, in a short while, and they destroyed with the cold, and the thatch dripping, maybe, and the starved ass braying in the yard.’” (Bourgeois, 1913 pp 183-192). "The blind beggars, Martin and Mary Doul, are sustained in joy and self-respect by the illusion of their own beauty and comeliness. When their sight is restored by the holy water of the saint, their revealed ugliness comes near to destroying them. But when their sight fades once more, they achieve a new illusion: of their dignity in old age, the woman with her white hair, and the man with his flowing beard. They fly in terror from a renewed offer to restore their sight of the real world; although their neighbours realise that their continued blindness, leading them along a stony path, with the north wind blowing behind, will mean their death" (Williams, 1965 pp 160-161). "Rarely has the bitter conflict between reality and the ideal been more poignantly set forth" (Andrews, 1913, p 164). “The play concludes...with the wedding of Timmy...and Molly, a conclusion which reinforces the isolation of the two beggars...The saint warns Martin and Mary that when he has given them sight, they should look on self...With sight, however, they attempt to become part of ordinary humanity- a world which they find to be cruel and self-centered and one in which a beautiful face conceals a cruel heart” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 59-60). "The playboy of the western world" "is a study of character, terrible in its clarity, but never losing the savour of imagination and of the astringency and saltness that was characteristic of his temper. He had at his command an instrument of incomparable fineness and range in the language which he fashioned out of the speech of the common people amongst whom he lived. In his dramatic writings this language took on a kind of rhythm which had the effect of producing a certain remoteness of the highest possible artistic value" Mair and Ward, 1939 p 208). It "is a play so unexpected in action, so racy in idiom, so perplexing in its first paradox of the murderer honored and respected, so satisfying in its final revelation of laughable, vain, miserable, heroic human nature, that to discuss it in a cursory manner is neither tempting nor fitting" (Hackett, 1919 p 195). It is "a work of true dramatic stature: lyric imagination in full satiric flower and embellished with the ribbons of some of the most beautifully cadenced speech the modern stage has known" (Nathan, 1947 p 136). The play "satirizes, with poetic sympathy, the danger that besets an airy, imaginative temperament, unballasted with culture, to lose itself in divagations of extravagant absurdity..." (Hamilton, 1914 p 142). “Christy creeps into Flaherty's inn and the fostering warmth is enough. The ‘polis' never come there; it is a safe house, so', and the crime for which he had fled in terror on the roads of Ireland since ‘Tuesday was a week', becomes maybe something big. The mystery quickens the blood of his audience, they draw nearer with delighted curiosity and, looking into his own mind for the first time by the illumination of this tribute to his art, he perceives that there is not 'any person, gentle, simple, judge or jury, did the like of me'. From that moment a glorious and brilliant magnification of his deed and his situation sets in, he has ‘prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell's gap gaping below'. Once the confession is out his audience contributes royally. They perceive that he is no ‘common, week-day kind of a murderer', but a man ‘should be a great terror when his temper's roused' and 'a close man' 'into the bargain’ (in fact, a complete Machiavellian, lion and fox together). As the legend expands at the hands of his audience, he accepts the additions, assimilating them so rapidly that they soon become part of his own memory of the event" (Ellis-Fermor, 1971 p 177). "Christy Mahon's illusion of greatness is nourished and raised to the heights by a community where the mythology of force (compare the tales they spin of Red Jack Smith and Bartley Fallon) is dominant. Yet Christy realises that it is not the deed which made him glorious, but the telling of the deed, that 'poet's talking'. And this he retains" (Williams, 1965 p 164). “The general humor of the situation lies in the fact that a timid young bumpkin, who supposes that he has killed his father, finds himself admired for his crime, and grows vain of it. The girls in particular think him a darling. But in the midst of his glory, his father appears, little the worse for a blow that had merely felled him, and determined to chastise the scapegrace. Then those who bowed before the gallant patricide turn upon him with contempt. The girls who adored only laugh. And Christy, in desperation, endeavors to live up to his notoriety by slaying his father in very truth. A bad deed actually observed, however, is less romantic than one merely told of, and the hero worshippers promptly seize upon Christy with a view to handing him over to the police” (Chandler, 1914 p 272). "Thus ends the making of a hero who is glorious only when he commits his crimes out of sight. Thus also ends the self-delusion of young Christy, who learns like other 'heroes' how quickly admirers become enemies in foul weather" (Gassner, 1954a p 560). "Let no one forget those lines with which Christy Mahon cries defiance to the Mayo folk who have known his greatness and his fall: 'Ten thousand blessings upon all that 's here, for you ve turned me a likely gaffer in the end of all, the way I'll go romancing through a romping lifetime from this hour to the dawning of the judgment day," I do not deny that these words are in a sense wrung from the playboy, but what I do hold is that they prove how vital was the genius of the man who wrote them, who saw the joy there was yet in life for this braggart wastrel just as he saw that even such a miserable boyhood as Christy's knew a kind of poacher's joy in running wild on the bogs" (Weygandt, 1913 p 161). The play is “joyous in its presentation but what it reflects is squalor, credulity, brutal cupidity- a world of drunken louts and hopelessly desperate women. The only exception is Christy Mahon...[At the end] he goes out and the spirit of romance goes with him” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). When Pegeen Mike is afraid of sleeping alone, the townspeople agree that Christy is the solution, “judged by Jimmy to be brave, by Pegeen to be wise, by Philly to be such a terror to the police that they would stay away from the shebeen where illegal whiskey is sold...Christy’s retelling of the parricide in Act 2 involves some repetition...but when contrasted with the bare, prosaic account in Act 1, shows his development as a mock hero” (Benson, 1982 pp 121-124). “The major action of the play, the recognition of self, demands the second murder of the old man...necessary as an index of Christy’s transformation...At the confrontation of his father in the last act...he remembers the image of self...and acts accordingly...His isolation is complete...Upon Pegeen’s rejection...the knowledge that the realized self is of inestimable and intrinsic value gives Christy...a strange exultation, which pervades his every speech in the conclusion of the play” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 81-82). "When Christy enters the cottage, Pegeen Mike, the daughter of the house, has just been left alone by her pusillanimous admirer and future husband, Shawn Keogh. Shawn would not stay unchaperoned with a young girl, so great is his deference to ecclesiastical authority. Pegeen Mike, disgusted at this supreme exhibition of timidity, is only too glad when the mysterious stranger comes upon the scene, and when it transpires that Christy has murdered his 'da', she is the most interested of the group of villagers who crowd around to lionize the hero. The two are left alone and become increasingly attracted towards one another, the girl contrasting this brave and spirited young fellow with the miserable coward her parents have chosen for her, a typical specimen of a bad lot whose defects are all the more manifest now that Christy is among them" (Boyd, 1917 p 114). =="The well of the saints"== [[File:St Patrick's Well at Ardtole with the Irish Sea in the background - geograph.org.uk - 1535121.jpg|thumb|An Irish well is often reputed to possess curative powers]] Time: 19th century. Place: East Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186282 https://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/289/2378/frameset.html A blind old couple, Martin and Mary Doul, sit by the cross-road begging to survive. Timmy the smith has good news for them: "Did ever you hear tell of a place across a bit of the sea, where there is an island, and the grave of the four beautiful saints?" he asks. "There’s a green ferny well, I’m told, behind of that place, and if you put a drop of the water out of it on the eyes of a blind man, you’ll make him see as well as any person is walking the world." Two young village women, Molly and Bride, bring the water over in a can. "God bless you, Martin. I’ve holy water here, from the grave of the four saints of the west, will have you cured in a short while and seeing like ourselves -" Molly announces. When a wandering friar arrives, considered a saint, he invites Martin to enter inside the church. While Martin is on his way, Timmy anxiously asks himself: "God help him...What will he be doing when he sees his wife this day? I’m thinking it was bad work we did when we let on she was fine-looking, and not a wrinkled, wizened hag the way she is." As Martin comes out of the church, he cries out: "Oh, glory be to God, I see now surely...I see the walls of the church, and the green bits of ferns in them, and yourself, holy father, and the great width of the sky." He passes past Mary also on her way to the church without knowing her. On seeing the beautiful Molly, Timmy's intended, he feels sure she is his wife, then makes the same mistake with two other women. When Mary comes out from the church, also with her sight miraculously restored, the married couple stare at each other blankly and abuse each other's ugliness. Frustrated, he threatens her with a stick till Timmy catches his arm. Husband and wife must now work for a living, he cutting sticks for Timmy's forge, she picking nettles for Widow O'Flinn. But at least he has the blessing of seeing pretty women the like of Molly, with whom he flirts, till she complains to Timmy. "Is it a storm of thunder is coming, or the last end of the world? The heavens is closing, I’m thinking, with darkness and great trouble passing in the sky," Martin suddenly cries out as he begins to lose his sight again. Shredding rushes, Mary moans: "Ah, God help me...God help me; the blackness wasn’t so black at all the other time as it is this time, and it’s destroyed I’ll be now, and hard set to get my living working alone, when it’s few are passing and the winds are cold." Martin gropes forward towards Mary. He makes further sarcastic remarks on her looks again. Mary says he need not. "For when I seen myself in them pools, I seen my hair would be gray or white, maybe, in a short while, and I seen with it that I’d a face would be a great wonder when it’ll have soft white hair falling around it, the way when I’m an old woman there won’t be the like of me surely in the seven counties of the east," she declares. Martin hesitates: could it be true? With dismay, they hear the saint's bell and hide in the briar next to the church, though plainly visible. The saint offers them the holy water again, this time to recover sight till their dying day, but Martin and Mary turn away. Martin refuses, but Mary doubtfully accepts. Martin pushes the saint away from her, then seems to acquiesce till with a sudden movement strikes the can from the saint’s hand. "For if it’s a right some of you have to be working and sweating the like of Timmy the smith, and a right some of you have to be fasting and praying and talking holy talk the like of yourself, I’m thinking it’s a good right ourselves have to be sitting blind, hearing a soft wind turning round the little leaves of the spring and feeling the sun, and we not tormenting our souls with the sight of the gray days, and the holy men, and the dirty feet is trampling the world," he declares. Angry at anyone refusing a miracle, the village people throw objects at him, so that the couple are forced to head south, away from those who now enter the church as witnesses to Timmy and Molly's wedding. =="The playboy of the western world"== [[File:Allgood-Kerrigan 1911.jpg|thumb|Shawn Keogh does his best to marry Pegeen Mike but falls short, played by JM Kerrigan and Sara Allgood, respectively, at the Plymouth Theatre, Boston, 1911]] Time: 1900s. Place: Ireland. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/1010/ https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151773/page/n13 In Michael James' shebeen, Shawn admits, to the shop-girl Pegeen's disgust, that he recently heard a fellow's groans, perhaps a man dying in a ditch, without reporting it. To protect his employee against the possible threat of this stranger, Michael proposes that Shawn should stay with his daughter all night, but Shawn, afraid of Father Reilly's condemnation of such a suggestion, refuses. Michael corners him but he escapes, leaving a coward's coat on his hands. The stranger, Christy Mahon, arrives to say he is wanted by the police for "something big". Pegeen does not believe him. "That’s an unkindly thing to be saying to a poor orphaned traveller, has a prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell’s gap gaping below," Christy asserts, who confesses he killed his father. "Bravery’s a treasure in a lonesome place, and a lad would kill his father, I’m thinking, would face a foxy divil with a pitchpike on the flags of hell," a fellow villager named Jimmy affirms with admiration. Pegeen agrees. "It’s the truth they’re saying, and if I’d that lad in the house, I wouldn’t be fearing the loosed kharki cut-throats, or the walking dead," she says. Also impressed, Michael offers him a job as a pot-boy in the shop. When alone with Pegeen, Christy is startled to hear a knock at the door. It is Widow Quin, come to take away Pegeen's "curiosity man" to her own house, as Father Reilly suggested to her. She is somewhat of a local celebrity, too, having one day struck her husband so that he died from poisoned blood, "a sneaky kind of murder" according to Pegeen. The widow will not have Christy "kidnabbed". The two women argue over who should have him. Pegeen wins. Out of curiosity to see the handsome killer, several women (Susan, Nelly, Honor, and Sara) enter the shebeen to offer him eggs, butter, cake, and pullet. To them and Widow Quin, Christy explains how he was driven to murder by his father's attempt at forcing him into an undesired marriage. "A walking terror from beyond the hills, and she two score and five years, and two hundredweights and five pounds in the weighing scales, with a limping leg on her, and a blinded eye, and she a woman of noted misbehaviour with the old and young," he assserts. His father threatened with a scythe. To defend himself, he lifted a loy. Seeing the women all gawking at him, Pegeen angrily shoos them away. She terrorizes him by suggesting they might spread around the story of this murder. While Pegeen goes out to do her chores, Shawn, intent on marrying her himself and worried about a rival, attempts to bribe Christy to leave town. Christy tries out the clothes offered him. "I’d inform again him, but he’d burst from Kilmainham and he’d be sure and certain to destroy me," Shawn ponders. Widow Quin is considering to marry him herself. A grateful Shawn promises her many gifts should she do so. While Shawn leaves to contribute to upcoming sporting events, Christy struts about with new clothes, until to his horror he discovers his father outside and runs away to hide. Old Mahon asks the widow about news of his son, giving details of his shiftlessness. "What way was he so foolish?" the surprised widow inquires, "It was running wild after the girls maybe?" "Running wild, is it? If he seen a red petticoat coming swinging over the hill, he’d be off to hide in the sticks, and you’d see him shooting out his sheep’s eyes between the little twigs and the leaves, and his two ears rising like a hare looking out through a gap," Mahon retorts with contempt. When he leaves to find his son following her directions, Christy returns. The widow laughs at him. "Well, you’re the walking playboy of the western world, and that’s the poor man you had divided to his breeches belt," she chortles. Nevertheless, she offers to marry him. However, he wants Pegeen instead with her help, to which she agrees provided he give her gifts and advantages. Despite noticing afar off a man who looks like his son being successful at sporting games, which the widow pretends not to believe, Mahon is still doubtful whether it is truly he. Christy and Pegeen are now strongly attached with each other. To her father's surprise, she refuses Shawn for the sake of Christy, "wet and crusted with his father’s blood". Michael encourages Shawn to fight him, but Shawn encourages him to do the same. Faced with his rival, Christy picks up a loy and Shawn disappears. Michael agrees to his daughter's proposed marriage, but they are interrupted by the enraged Mahon, who beats Christy as soon as he sees him. Pegeen backs off from the altercation, thinking perhaps that the old man was raised from the dead, then she discovers the truth. "And it’s lies you told, letting on you had him slitted, and you nothing at all," she cries out outraged. Humiliated by her as well as the crowd gathering around, Christy runs to the door after his father with loy in hand and seems to strike him dead. Christy returns half dazed but refuses to leave town without Pegeen. With Pegeen's help, the villagers double-hitch his arms to capture the murderer, but have difficulty in taking him away. Mahon crawls back inside and father and son go off together. With his rival gone, Shawn sees nothing to prevent his marriage now. "Quit my sight," a frustrated Pegeen says. Putting a shawl over her head, she breaks out into wild lamentations: "Oh my grief, I’ve lost him surely. I’ve lost the only playboy of the western world." =St John Ervine= [[File:St. John Ervine by Underwood & Underwood.jpg|thumb|Ervine evoked a man's treachery towards a young woman and the response of her family to it. Photograph of the author, 1920]] Another Irish playwright, St John Ervine (1883-1971), achieved his best with "John Ferguson" (1919), a sickly farmer whose troubles worsen when he cannot pay the mortgage, his daughter is raped, and his son is guilty of murdering the violator. "John Ferguson" "is a play written in Stoic mood. We are conscious of complete isolation from all that makes life gay and comely. John Ferguson's house is comfortable within, for Mrs Ferguson prides herself on maintaining the appearance of fortune. But it lies surrounded by lonely fields where bleak weather and a stubborn soil breed poverty and despair. The gray shadow of undeserved but inevitable misfortune broods over it from the first, and soon takes shape in the betrayal of Hannah Ferguson and the murder of the man who had wronged her. The murderer is not Jimmy Caesar, who loved Hannah and talks, as a coward talks, of vengeance. Hannah's brother Andrew, egged on by the sly malevolent chatter of Clutie John, the half-wit, took swift action while Jimmy blustered and trembled. At the end of lives of toil and upright dealing, John and Sarah Ferguson are the helpless spectators of the ruin of those fine-spirited children whom they brought up in the fear of God. The fate of the young people is ordered, not by their parents' integrity, but by the evil forces that brood in the confined life of a village-lust, cowardice and the furtive impulse's of a half-wit. And John Ferguson's faith deserts him at the moment of testing...John Ferguson's faith neither braces him to meet the facts of life, nor comforts him when action is unavailing, and for his wife it lacks potency even as a drug to deaden sorrow. The play is burdened with a sense of the futility of little lives that fret and suffer for a moment between the pangs of birth and the pains of death” (Lothian, 1922 pp 648-649). "The play overflows with the material of character- every person and his motives are revealed relentlessly, and understanding of the moves of complex characters is immediate. There is nothing puzzling about the action of Clutie John, the wise half-wit, or of Jimmy Caesar, the coward whose life ambition is to be brave...It is correct drama, for the incidents are controlled and grow out of the characters. It is vigorous writing and a searching portrayal of the admirable, the picturesque and the despicable in Ulster-men" (Eddy, 1916 pp 466-467). "It is a play deeply felt and sincere, and in the character of John Ferguson, Ervine created a man the stage had not previously known. His faith did not brace him to meet the facts of life, nor did it comfort him when action was useless, but it was all he had to use merely as a drug to deaden his sorrow. For his wife it lacked even that. Fate plays with these little lives as Hardy made it play with Tess or Jude, and there is as much of Hardy in the play as there is of Ulster...It is John himself who makes the play great...[for] nothing can break his ‘unconquerable soul’. These Fergusons are little people, but they can show life great, life tragic, as well as the kings and the aristocrats. Their stoicism is ennobling to the audience, even if they wear no crowns and work with their hands. They do not speak a language that rises to poetry, their emotions are all subdued but they do present the Northern Irish peasant as he had never before been presented to the world. His very defects come from his qualities, his dourness, his staccato speech, his religious fanaticism, his contempt for his more soft-spoken compatriots in Ireland’s other provinces" (Malone, 1929 pp 204-205). The play "contains a larger number of memorable characters than 'Jane Clegg' (1914); besides the patriarchal hero as noble and as simple as Wordsworth's Michael and his wife and children, there is that strange and living creature of cowardice and generosity, Jimmy Caesar, and the inimitable Clutie John. The setting gives an impression of extraordinary richness and depth; the reader feels that he has lived in that rural Ulster community, and that he is at home there" (Woodbridge, 1925 p 206). "The momentum for John Ferguson, Mr Ervine stated frankly, was derived from the Book of Job. He was intrigued by the possibilities of a lonely God-fearing figure grappling with blind forces and events that defied pious rationalization, a modern Job who still sought solace in the Scriptures and in a Divine Principle when fate so obscenely betrayed its hand. In this way John Ferguson took hold of him. But as the play unfolded in his mind, he stumbled upon Jimmie Caesar, and so fascinated was he by the maudlin, pusillanimous grocer that he felt the reins of the action snatched from his grasp by one whom he intended but for a minor part in the play. In point of fact, a play all by itself lay implicit in Jimmie Caesar. In order, therefore, to mete out common dramatic justice to the stoical John Ferguson, who had a prior lien on his imagination, he removed Jimmie by the main force of the dramatist's permissible intervention. This he did in the last act by clapping Jimmie in gaol. All things considered, the device was not altogether successful, for throughout the playing of that act the audience is fitfully haunted by the remote whine of the panicky Jimmie behind a grilled door" (Loving, 1921 p 108). "The Ferguson family, in whose kitchen the four acts take place, is made up of strong natures. John Ferguson is an aged and Bible-reading invalid. He is a fanatic with redeeming qualities...Even to save the farm John Ferguson would not dream of urging Hannah into a wretched marriage...After Henry Witherow, the wicked landlord, has ruined Hannah, John Ferguson stumbles out into the night to prevent a wrong being avenged by a murder and to warn Witherow that his life is in danger...Only at the very end is this faith shaken- when his son Andrew confesses himself Witherow's murderer...The money which arrived too late to prevent two tragedies may prevent a third...Mrs Ferguson is a simple, motherly soul. Handsome, full-blown Hannah is a headstrong, passionate girl, attracted perhaps in spite of herself, for a moment, by the masterful ways and imposing person of Witherow. But when he jokes coarsely about her beauty and mocks at her possible marriage with Caesar, the coward, she strikes him in the face and orders him from the house. Andrew, the son, is a sensitive, thoughtful boy. He had studied for the ministry, but his father's resources gave out before this could be accomplished. He has little but conscientious effort to bring to farm work...James Caesar, the village grocer, is the most skillfully drawn character of the play. He has been repeatedly wronged by Witherow. But although forced to stand by and see his people turned out of their home, he only brags of the revenge he will one day have upon his tormentor. His tongue is his only weapon. He is oily and cringing and at best a sensualist...But when Hannah cannot endure his caresses, and sustained by her father goes to tell Witherow that the money will not be forthcoming, when the girl he loves has been the victim of bestial brutality, even then, Caesar does not dare to kill the oppressor...Clutie John, a beggar, is made a vital force in the development of the story; for Clutie paints such a vivid picture of Caesar's uselessness as an avenger and of Witherow's blackness of heart, in disjointed but eloquent words, that Andrew seizes his gun and sets out to do the work himself. When the tragedy has been accomplished and Andrew has gone down to the jail with Hannah to give himself up to justice, thus releasing Caesar from the suspicion of having committed the murder, John Ferguson again turns to his Bible for consolation in supreme distress" (Wright, 1919 pp 43-45). =="John Ferguson"== [[File:Helen Freeman in John Ferguson - 1919 MunseysMag.jpg|thumb|Hannah is unable to wed a man she dislikes, although this decision is certain to be of disastrous consequence to her family's fortunes. Helen Freeman (1886-1960) as Hannah, November 1919 Munsey's Magazine]] Time: 1919. Place: Rural County Down, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonplay00ervi https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonapl03ervigoog https://archive.org/details/theatreguildanth00thea John Ferguson has been too sick to attend effectively to his farm and has no money to pay for the mortgage on it. His son, Andrew, has tried his best since failing to complete his course as a minister of religion but the contribution of this slight, delicate-looking lad to farm-work has been weak. To continue living on the farm, John expects to receive a loan from his brother living in America, but has received no word from him as yet. John’s daughter, Hannah, is courted by James Ceasar, owner of a grocer’s shop, but she shows no interest in him. When Henry Whiterow, who possesses the mortgage on the farm, comes over to claim his money, the Fergusons admit that they have nothing. Henry counters that he must foreclose. Despite Hannah’s reluctance to have anything to do with him, James proposes to pay their mortgage provided she agree to marry him. Feeling cornered and loving her parents, Hannah reluctantly accepts. But when left alone with James, she is so disgusted by his attempt to kiss her that she backs down from her promise. “I can’t thole him, da,” she says sobbing. Her mother, Sarah, tries to dissuade her from refusing him, but John and Andrew defend her choice. Hannah walks over to Henry’s house to inform him that they cannot pay the mortgage, while the rest of the family tell James that Hannah has changed her mind about marrying him. As James tries to overcome his disappointment, Hannah re-enters in a distracted state after being raped by Henry. “I was a poor trembling creature,” James declares rushing off, “but I’ll tremble no more.” Fearing the man might kill Henry, John asks his son to prevent it, but he refuses, so that John himself leaves the house in the hope of preventing murder. Andrew’s late-night meditations are interrupted by Clutie John, a weak-brained derelict whom the family harbored for the night. Clutie suggests that it is Andrew’s duty to protect his sister. Andrew decides it is so and leaves the house with a gun in his hands. The next day, James returns to the Fergusons to admit his disgrace. He had first headed for Henry’s house without a weapon, then walked over to his house to get one. But on the way back, he tripped in a field and when the gun went off, he could no longer move the rest of the night. To everyone’s surprise, Clutie returns to say that Henry has been found shot through the heart. Fearing to be charged with murder, James requests the Fergusons’ help, but John, suspecting him as the murderer, declares that he must surrender to the law, which he is forced to do. Two weeks later, James is in prison on the point of being tried for murder when Andrew is told that John’s brother has at last sent the money for the farm. Appreciating the irony of the situation, Andrew announces that he is the murderer and intends to surrender to the law. A stunned John tries to dissuade him from it, proposing that he take the money to join his brother in America, but Andrew declines, feeling remorse at the thought of James lying in prison for his crime. Instead, he takes his coat and cap and heads for the police station in Hannah’s company. =James Joyce= [[File:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 restored.jpg|thumb|James Joyce delved into the multiple levels of adultery in his only play, Exiles]] Yet another Irish writer and famous as a novelist, James Joyce (1882-1941), contributed a drama on marital relations much in the manner of Ibsen: "Exiles" (1918), in particular "When we dead awaken" (1899) on the subject of "the nature of love as predicated on the personality of the artist...Both male protagonists are artists who have returned to their homelands from exile- Rubek is a sculptor, Richard Rowan a writer. The main opposition in Exiles, the satyr-like Robert Hand, is a more refined Irish descendent of the Gyntian bear-hunter, Ulfheim. Of Joyce's two women, Bertha Rowan, simple, loyal, generous, a server like Irene, yet seems to reflect Maia's childlike qualities; while Beatrice Justice, the intellectual, is rather vague and negative in quality, perhaps a projection of the bleaker qualities of Irene- one who is denied self-fulfillment" (Macleod, 1945 pp 891-894). In "Exiles", Tindall (1963) found confusion in intent. “Conflicts are the stuff of drama, and Richard has them in abundance, externally, between self and circumstance, internally, between feeling and idea or between parts of self. There are moral, social, and psychological conflicts, all centering in him. So furnished, the play about Richard should be better than it seems. A trouble may be overabundance of conflicts, each good in itself, but each conflicting with the others. None emerges to claim our notice as each cancels others out. Moreover, a conflict of conflicts, though intricate, subtle, and worthy of admiration may be too complicated for audience or reader to follow. Puzzled rather than moved, we are lost in the intricate diffusion. Beatrice, Bertha, and Robert are no better off. Even Richard, trying to know himself, seems disconcerted by the mess” (p 111). Joyce “has failed to make his characters conscious of what fate has in store for them. Had he made these men fully aware of what their lives held for them, the roles fate meant them to play, and he, furthermore, made them struggle valiantly against it, then if they had won in the end we should have had great comedy, and if they lost we should have had sublime tragedy. Consciousness would have made of them such responsible human beings as would have engaged our sympathies to the utmost; whereas unconsciousness has left them feeble victims blindly wallowing to no purpose” (Solon, 1970 p 150). Other critics were happier with the conflicting elements. “One of the qualities which delighted me in Exiles was that evidently nothing would induce Mr Joyce to make his characters less complex and interesting than he saw them to be. He would rather obscure his theme than do that, and though a fault, it is a fault on the right side- on the interesting side. The second respect in which he has learnt from [Ibsen] is his practice of intensifying our interest in the present by dialogue which implies a past What a little scrap of people’s fives a dramatist can show us- just an hour or two! In life, it is usually what has gone before that makes talk between two people significant…Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert: what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses. But was she Robert’s mistress? The dramatist leaves that ambiguous. He does not mean us to bother much one way or another about that. Richard says at the end he will never know what they were to each other; but I do not think he is thinking of divorce court facts. He means how completely Bertha still belongs to him. Bertha tells Robert to tell Richard everything; but does he? She also tells him to think of what has passed between diem as something like ‘a dream’. That, I think, is the line on which one must fix one’s attention to get the focus. Robert is happy; quite content with that. Perhaps because less hot for certainties in life than Richard, he thinks he has enjoyed a solid reality. I do not know” (McCarthy, 1970 pp 141-143). "Exiles is a play in which two men are struggling to preserve each his own essential integrity in a confusing situation where rules of thumb seem clumsy guides; and between them is a bewildered, passionate woman- generous, angry, tender, and lonely. To understand Bertha, one need only remember that she has lived nine years with Richard Rowan in that intimacy of mind and feeling which admits of no disguises, merciful or treacherous, that she has known all the satisfactions and disappointments of such an intimacy. Her nature cries out for things to be simple as they once were for her; but she, too, has eaten of the tree of knowledge and knows that they are not...The scene in Act II between the two men is wonderful in its gradually deepening sincerity. Hand is a coward at first, but he gets over that. Then Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert- what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 210-212). Aitken (1958) underlined two frames at work: "in the drama of the artist versus Ireland, Richard's 'archetype' stands pitted against those of his wife and friends all together, and in the second drama there is a four-way struggle in which each strives to retain his integrity and yet achieve union...Richard, to begin with, is a writer without an audience, and a potential leader without a voice (he has no position in Ireland, and his books, significantly, do not sell). Currently sleeping alone, he is thus, effectively, divorced from his wife. Robert Hand is a writer with an audience (to which he could introduce Richard if Richard would let him), but the futility of his idealism, emphasized by the comical terms in which it was presented, and his desire to be led by his friend, signals his essential mindlessness...Bertha is formless...and lost, and she appeals in vain to the shaping spirit of her husband for guidance. Beatrice's timidity has isolated her from Robert, while her weak, feminine love for Richard alienates him; the emotional Bertha, suspicious of her intellect, holds her at a distance" (pp 43-44). "The condition of exile...is not so much banishment from the heart or the home as banishment from spontaneity...In Richard's presence, everyone forgets...what he wanted, or thought, or remembered...a character who exerts a pull on those around him, drawing them toward the place of his incertitude...Richard dislodges Robert, Beatrice, and Bertha...he insists that they confront their own inability to articulate a permanent principle for their lives...Robert enunciates a principle of behaviour based in a half-hearted liberalism" (Voelker, 1988 pp 501-513). "Robert is the creature of [Richard's] youth...Richard, the ape of God, has made Robert; he has made Bertha and he sets them in a country-house with a garden, his new man and new woman...Each inquisition of the isolated person exposes that...each is alone" (Kenner, 1952 pp 393-395). "Because each of the four major characters constructs his or her own narrative, and because all four in some sense exclude the other three, all are finally exiled into mutually exclusive worlds...Richard and Robert speak to each other at cross purposes- out of different worlds. Robert angles to occupy Richard so that the would-be lover can meet Bertha at his cottage, while Richard wears the 'iron mask' not only of his bitterness towards the Ireland that will accept him only if he lives by its own rules but also of his understanding of Robert's machinations to keep him in Dublin so that Bertha will be available for the journalist's pleasure...Robert's self-pity and self-contempt only strengthen the reader's sense of Robert's conventionality- his care not to offend the populace, whether writing one of his 'leading articles' or spreading rumors to adjust public opinion and insure the stay of Richard and Bertha in Dublin...When Bertha is most delighted by Robert, he reminds her of Richard...Bertha's final speech shows her rejection of [Richard's] always inadequate plan. She lives not in the throes of doubt but in the time 'when we met first'" (Herr, 1987 pp 190-203). Richard “is utterly incapable of making love to a woman or of loving one unless he is or has been in love with a man to whom he is attached; for this reason he connives at his life-long friend’s, Robert Hand’s wooing of his wife and urges her- nay, goads her on to be unfaithful to him. The author subtly and delicately leads us to infer that Richard and Bertha are living a life of abstinence ever since his betrayal of her nine years before and that he gives her full freedom only that they might thus be reunited...He delights in putting himself in situations that entail a great deal of anguish for him, and he compels his wife to give him the fullest details of his friend’s assaults upon her honor. That he can be cruel too on occasion is not at all surprising; by virtue of the law of bi-polarity the masochist is also a sadist. The portraits of the wife, the friend, the other woman and even the child are interesting characterizations that will repay careful study. They are all intensely individualized and unquestionably human though not conventional. Archie, aged eight, is one of the few life-like children to be found in literature and is introduced into the play very effectively“ (Tannenbaum, 1970 pp 151-152). “Bertha is the first notable woman character that James Joyce has created. She is a subtle character. We get the suggestion that she has had little education, yet she carries herself with real simplicity and dignity. For all her contact with the super-subtle Richard, she remains unspoiled, alluring, unconventional, faithful. She has her outbreaks and she knows where to strike at Richard. Her simplicity and her good sense are shown in her last dialogue with Beatrice Justice, the woman who is able to understand her husband’s mind and work” (Colum, 1970 p 145). “What first strikes one upon consideration of Exiles is the irrelevance of God. There is simply no need for Him. The characters’ exile and sorrow is the human one of incompatible desires and unrealized hopes, a sorrow suffered in a universe with God in all times as well as in a universe without Him. Their longing is not for God and their exile is not from Him” (Bandler, 1970 pp 159-160). =="Exiles"== [[File:Affiche Kaaitheater naar James Joyce - Exiles (promotiemateriaal).pdf|thumb|An Ibsen-like atmosphere prevails when two men clash for the sake of the same woman. Promotional poster of the play in Holland, 1993]] Time: 1912. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/exilesaplayinth00joycgoog After several years of self-imposed exile out of Ireland, Richard Rowan, a writer, has decided to return. He receives the visit of Beatrice, music teacher to his 8-year-old son. She had once loved Richard, breaking off from a friend of hers because in her eyes he seemed only a pale reflection of him. Her cousin, Robert, a journalist and Richard's boyhood friend, carries in a bunch of roses for Richard's wife, Bertha. To keep Bertha near him, Robert begs her to use her influence on Richard so that he comes to accept a local university position. He then asks her to come over to his cottage this very evening, but she promises nothing. When Richard re-enters, Robert immediately mentions he has spoken to the vice-chancellor on his behalf, a man who believes that Richard is most qualified to obtain the chair of romance literature. The vice-chancellor has invited Richard over to dinner this evening. He accepts the invitation. After Robert leaves, Bertha divulges to her husband how his supposed friend flirted with her and invited her to his cottage. Knowing about her husband's extramarital relation with another woman, she asks him whether she should go to him. "Decide yourself," he coolly answers. He unexpectedly shows up at Robert's place to inform him that his wife only felt pity for him. Regretting his disloyal attempt at seducing his wife, Robert only wishes that his friend could curse him. "You are so strong that you attract me even through her," he specifies. "Have you the luminous certitude that yours is the brain in contact with which she must think and understand and that yours is the body with which her body must feel?" Richard asks. Nonplussed, Robert returns the question. Richard replies that it was once so and that if he believed this was true in Robert's case, he would go away. Out of feelings of guilt, he fears that her acceptance of his adulteries has made her life "poorer in love". When a knock on the door is heard, Richard reveals it is his wife. Unnerved, Robert proposes to leave the room. "Solve the question between you," Richard proposes. As Bertha enters, Robert hurries in a panic towards the porch in the rain without an umbrella. "Bertha, love him, be his, give yourself to him if you desire, or if you can," Richard suggests before leaving. A drenched Robert tells her that Richard longs to be delivered from every bond and that the two of them together is the only one not yet broken asunder. "I am sure no law made by man is sacred before the impulse of passion," he adds while kissing her hair. Richard eventually accepts the university position. Next morning, a distraught Beatrice informs Bertha that her cousin, after publishing a favorable article on her husband, shows signs of preparing to move away, for which she feels guilty, having encouraged him to favor the writer's return. An equally distraught Bertha sends a written message to him to prevent such a possibility. Alone with her husband, Bertha asks him whether he wants to know what happened last night. "You will tell me. But I will never know," he retorts. After reminding her she is free to do as she wishes, he walks into his study as Robert arrives to tell her he is going away. He then tells Richard he failed in his mission, but the latter doubts whether that is true. A still hopeful Bertha asks that her husband return to her. =George Shiels= A sixth Irish dramatist, George Shiels (1881-1949), described the impact of the young in "The new gossoon" (1930), the name derived from the French 'garçon' (boy), a "charming peasant comedy graced by one of the most delightful rogues of the stage- Rabit Hamil, a very Autolycus of a poacher" (Gassner, 1954a p 571). George Shiels also wrote "Professor Tim" (1925), in which a geology professor pretends to have turned into a drunken fool to know more about his sister's family and her abusine ways. In "Paul Twyning" (1922), a plasterer becomes involved in family squabbles while seeking to promote a marriage between Dan, who regularly cowers before his father, and Rose, defenseless according to the whims of her own. In "The passing day" (1936), John Fibbs passes the happiest day of his life, also his last, by leaving trivial sums in his will to wife and nephew. In "The jailbird" (1936), a released convict, unjustly condemned, experiences great difficulty in being re-integrated back into town-life. In "The rugged path" (1940), father and son follow the difficult choice of denouncing a murderer in view of town pressure against denouncing anyone, rather than the easier way of keeping silent. In the sequel, "The summit" (1941), the murderer nevertheless goes free because of insufficient evidence and a feud breaks out between the accused and the informers. =="The new gossoon"== Time: 1930s. Place: Rural Ireland. Text at ? Given hunting rights on the mountain once owned by a farmer named Cary and now by Ellen, his widow, Rabit Hamil is angry at seeing a sign put up on the property stating that trespassers will be prosecuted and dogs shot. Knowing that Rabit, whom she generally looks down on, is a friend of Mag, her servant at the farm, Ellen discharges her. Although discontented with the work required of her, Mag protests by revealing that Ellen's son, Luke, is also to be found there. When Rabit confronts Luke about the sign, he declares that in a few more days he will reach 21 years of age and become the master of the place and that the sign will remain. A frustrated Rabit reveals to Ellen that her son in part obtained his motorcycle, leather jacket, helmet, and goggles, from the proceeeds of her secretly sold sheep. Angry at her son's riding after dark with the machine, Ellen promises to uphold Rabit's hunting rights. Wishing to marry Mag at the same time as getting rid of his daughter, Sally, he boasts of the latter's accomplishments about the house, all lies, in the hope that Luke will marry her. Sally accuses Luke of falsely promising marriage to her, which he denies. Rabit counters by threatening to take him to court. To keep Luke from seeing another girl-friend, Biddy Henly, at least for one night, Sally removes the plug from the motorcycle and gives it to his mother, who wants him around the house when her brother, Peter, comes over to speak with him about his wild behaviors. When he arrives, his old childhood friend, Rabit, arrives soon after in an angry mood because Luke pushed his daughter over to the hedge with his motorcycle for carrying his possibly incriminating love-letters to her. To subdue Rabit's anger, Ellen reminds him that she nursed his wife on her death-bed and bailed out his son from jail after he stole money from his employer. When Sally learns of the nursing, she promises to burn the letters. Worried about Luke's way of living, Peter reveals to the servant-man about the farm, Ned, that he intends to doctor the will so that his sister will still own the farm when his nephew reaches 21. To avoid a clash, Ned advises him to leave without speaking to Luke. Yet Peter bares his teeth against Luke, who sharply answers back. Fed up over the entire business, especially concerning the matter of the new head of the farm, Ned quits, news which dismays Ellen. To counter Luke's claim, Peter advises her to check over the exact contents of her dead husband's will. As Rabit and Mag plan their wedding, Biddy enters along with her father armed with a cudgel to threaten Luke, so that Rabit gives him wrong directions about where to find him. Learning about Henly's intention but not about Rabit's, Luke chases out both Rabit and Mag. When Henly returns, Sally defends Luke by specifying that his daughter's frolicsome manner was at least partly responsible for Luke's doings. A grateful Luke takes the will from his mother's hand and tears it up to follow Sally. However, Sally, likewise grateful to Ellen for her past kindness, refuses to leave the area, agreeing instead to live with him in a nearby farm bought by his mother, who agrees to marry Ned while Rabit and Mag separate. =John Galsworthy= [[File:John galsworthy.jpg|thumb|John Galsworthy exposed the antisemitic nature of a men's social club]] Among other British dramatists of interest, John Galsworthy (1867-1933) stands out as a social critic, especially for "Loyalties" (1922). Galsworthy’s plays are rife with legal questions, in particular the contrast between legal and moral justice and how class-conscious legal and moral judgments are (Lamm, 1952 p 286-87). In “The silver box” (1906), a man of the higher class robs as a joke his girlfriend’s purse, stolen in turn by a man of a lower class, who takes as well a silver box. When the woman challenges her young man, the father pays for it, but when the lower-class man is caught, only he is punished. “Strife” (1909) concerns a conflict between owners and factory workers. An agreement is refused on both sides, but after strife, suffering, and a fatality, both sides agree with the original plan. In Lamm’s view (1952), the play reflects that in society “there is less and less room for men of conviction and strong ideas” in favor of “moderate men who win the day with comprises and half measures” (p 289). Galsworthy also wrote "A little bit of love" (1915) when "the curate Strangway refuses either to hold or persecute his wife, who has gone to the man she always really loved, the people of the parish rise up against Strangway as a coward and a pagan. They despise a man who will not fight for what is his own" (Lewisohn 1922 p 170). Next in line comes "The skin game" (1920), "who touches pitch shall be defiled" is the motto of 'The skin game'...The pitch that defiled the Hillcrists and the Horn blowers was not in either of them but in the conflict that arose between them" (Lewisohn, 1922 p 170-172). Some critics denied the existence of such "Loyalties": “to be quite frank, I don't believe it. I believe that Mr Galsworthy, touching this real problem of loyalties, has made an unreal, though theatrically effective, debating case of it. Here though, as elsewhere, he is the friend of the under-dog. In this play his sympathies are with de Levis, the man robbed, and with Dancy, the man betrayed by his temperament and by the foolish loyalties of his friends. To be on the side of the underdog is, with him, a real passion; and had he had any gift of lyrical expression his work might have taken on another, a more poetical and ideal poise. But, as his one volume of verse shows, this gift has been denied to him: and his passion for the oppressed shows itself more often in special pleading than in lyrical outbursts” (Shanks, 1927 p 50). Most critics considered the play objective: indeed, the play is "distinguished for its objective exposition of antisemitism in genteel English circles and of social alignments in general. The over scrupulous playwright left the issues too neatly balanced from the social standpoint but not from the psychological one owing to his firm characterization" (Gassner, 1954a p 618). This objectivity occurs because Dancy’s friends consider an attack against Dancy’s honor as an attack against theirs. Gassner (1968) further comments that ”it requires no great imagination to understand that the provocativeness of Loyalties was reduced to absurdly small dimensions by Hitler’s gas ovens...The effect on the nobly intended work of a gentlemanly liberal like Galsworthy was inevitably that of an earthquake on a mud-hut” (p 667). Not inevitably when one considers the date of the play and the action. When Loyalties was first presented on stage in 1922, Hitler was irrelevant; the play shook the theatre-going public across the British isles. "In this drama, as in all his novels, as in all his other dramas, Mr Galsworthy is constantly seeing and portraying how conflicting loyalties both are right; he is never interested in the larger loyalty and cannot keep his eye on it through consecutive chapters or through a single act; he is forever presenting the two or more sides and taking none" (Overton, 1924 p 15). "In the first sixty lines, an enormous amount of ground is covered; we learn what people are slaying with the Winsors, we are given portraits of the two principal characters, as well as a thumbnail sketch of Mabel, also a plan of the sleeping quarters of the guests which will have its importance a little later; a significant incident, which prepares the way for the theft, is described, and, finally, the theft itself is announced" (Dupont, 1942 p 102). “The robust and full-flavoured dramatic elements of the play were so strong that the public could, if it chose, enjoy them without bothering its head about the rest- an opportunity of which, it must be added, it was quick to avail itself. The point is clinched by the fact that the three of the four Galsworthy plays of which this is true The Skin Game, Loyalties, and Escape- were the outstanding commercial successes of his dramatic career” (Marrott, 1936 p 516). "The theme of this play in three acts and seven scenes dramatically one of the author’s most effective- may be said to be intemational. In every country, and every caste, in politics, in all national, racial and religious questions, in ail corporations, unions and cliques, in all marriage, family, amical and social relations, does the conception of loyalty of faithful adherence, of esprit de corps crop up. Repeatedly, the problem arises: if one of ourselves puts himself into the wrong, is guilty of a shady action, how fair are his social equals, his intimate friends and relatives, under an obligation to warn and advise him, to shield him and parry his assailant. For, if his unprincipled behaviour becomes public, not he alone is compromised thereby; it may lead to the exposure, and humiliation of the whole community, family, or what not of which he is a member, the closer and stronger the tie of friendship or blood, the higher the opinion we have of the person implicated, the more difficult is for us to believe in his guilt ! We reject all suspicion as long as possible. But too often we find that such sticking together leads in the end to the hushing up of shady actions. Often the culprit goes scot-free if, however, his opponent be powerful and pertinacious enough to unveil the true facts of the case, and bring him before a court competent to deal with him, he ends by being broken and defeated. And the same society, which before shielded him well, must leave him in the lurch so soon as the truth is revealed. Better, then, to warn him at the outset, help him as best we can, but not blindly follow him through thick and thin… The great interest of this drama, the technique of which is masterly from first to last, consists in the attitude taken by each individual to the accusation brought against the leading character...De Levis has many antipathetic traits: he is proud, hyper-senstitive, dogmatic, revengeful, a boaster; still, he is a man who would fain live at peace with his fellow men. 'It is indeed hard to decide which of the two shows up better or worse- this young Jew or the officer who, after all steals, lies, insults, keeps everything from his wife, deceives his friends, and would like to exercise an atavistic club-law, and yet, in spite of all, has about him a queer halo of coinage and adventure...It is his unbridled temperament, his inconsiderate willfulness, his arrogant nature which have brought him to this pass. During the war, he was in his element; after the war, he is at a loose ends, his resolute strength come to grief against his adversary’s courage of conviction and brain power, and this it is which finally drives him to his death...Twisden, the lawyer, has been caustically and falsely criticized. A lawyer, they say, has no right to abandon his client’s cause...We have here a lawyer of the old school, bred in the great pre-war tradition of professional honour and integrity. Through Gilman, the truth must have come out. To say noting of the fact that de Levis would have forced the issue a second time...It jars curiously that, in some quarters, the author's great dexterity in the manipulation of the scenes, the telling power and peculiarly strong dramatic effect of this play have been taken amiss. It is very seldom that a writer not only understands the theatre but can also create a drama of ideas. In Galsworthy we find this combination, rare today, yet this is sometimes put to the debit of his reputation. Theft, police, cross-examinations, court of justice, suicide, elements, despised of some, are absolutely essential in Loyalties for the furthering of the theme. They are not the end but the means to the end. The theft here is as little a vulgar theft as that in The Silver Box, and the more striking the drama of the piece, the more surely has the writer gained his end; i.e. to stir up the audience, to make them reflect, to awake in them a new perception and conscience, more humanitarian sentiments and deeper sympathy” (Schalit, 1929 pp 294-303). "In order to give of his best, Galsworthy must feel the presence of a great, elementary motive, not a motive which implies a too delicate or intimate drama, but a problem, a torment, a tragedy of the whole of society, or of entire masses or classes of society" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 120). Wilson (1937) criticized that, in general, "an undoubted flaw is the lack of humour in Galsworthy’s writing. This may have been due in part to his sense of discipline. It was more likely temperamental. At all events his work, so true to life, so admirably constructed and so essentially dramatic, does reveal here and there a certain stiffness and want of spontaneity. This is his only serious fault and it shows itself chiefly in the dialogue. His plays are so impartial that they seem almost artificially balanced and the characters appear at times to speak with reluctance. Yet there is nothing cold about Galsworthy. He wrote chiefly of a limited social class, but he dealt with wide social problems" (p 237). "The special note of Galsworthy's art is its restraint. His vision is wonderfully keen and clear and sober. He is intensely watchful not to overstep the modesty of emotions and events. He is never showy, never violent, never a special pleader. In his plays the forces of life themselves come into conflict and grow into crises with all the quiet impressiveness of an operation of nature. A man commits a crime; he is tried and punished. Workingmen strike and are forced to compromise. The inheritors of two sharply divided social traditions are on the point of marriage, and the division is seen to be too deep. A woman flees from a wretched union and wears herself out against the hard prison-walls of the social order...In choosing the angle from which, at a given moment, to envisage life, Galsworthy is fond of selecting such living incidents as have in themselves the inevitable structure of drama...Galsworthy has not always, of course, been able to attain such magnificent severity of structure. Life itself forbids it. But he has always striven to approach it, economising his strength for the creation of character" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 209-211). =="Loyalties"== Time: 1920s. Place: England. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214030 https://archive.org/details/loyaltiesdramain00gals http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4765 http://www.fullbooks.com/Loyalties-from-the-5th-Series-Plays-.html http://books.google.fr/books?id=ATetNPyPs1MC As an invited guest in Charles Winsor's country house, his friend, De Levis, informs him he has just been robbed of money kept in his room and obtained by selling a horse. De Levis believes the thief is Ronald Dancy, who jumped from his balcony to his and back again. Another guest, General Canynge, tells Charles, but not the inspector called to the scene, that though Dancy denied he went out in the rain, his sleeve is observed to be wet. Nevertheless, Canynge declares to De Levis: "No one who makes such an insinuation against a fellow-guest in a country house, except on absolute proof, can do so without complete ostracism. Have we your word to say nothing?" "I'll say nothing about it, unless I get more proof," De Levis answers. Nevertheless, three weeks later, in a London club, Major Colford announces to his fellow members what De Levis has told him about the robbery. "He's saying it was Ronald Dancy robbed him down at Winsor's," says Colford. "The fellow's mad over losing the price of that filly now she's won the Cambridgeshire." De Levis avers that, contrary to his assertion, Dancy knew of the sale of the horse. In front of members of their club, De Levis accuses Dancy, who wishes to settle the matter with weapons, has no explanation on the points raised against him, and curses De Levis as a "damned Jew". Lord St Erth pronounces De Levis' membership suspended. Trembling with rage, De Levis resigns. As this concerns the honor of the club, the members encourage Dancy to take court action for defamation of character, which he does. Three months later, Jacob Twisden, Dancy's lawyer, discovers that his client used one of the bank-notes of the sale of the horse when he was blackmailed by another man, proving he is the culprit. As a result, Twisden drops the case and recommends that his client leave the country. Hearing of Dancy's difficulties, De Levis has a change of heart and goes over to speak with him. "I came to say that- that I overheard- I am afraid a warrant is to be issued. I wanted you to realise- it's not my doing. I'll give it no support. I'm content. I don't want my money. I don't even want costs. Dancy, do you understand?" Despite this plea of leniency, left alone at his house, before the police can enter, Dancy shoots himself to death. =Somerset Maugham= [[File:Maugham retouched.jpg|thumb|Somerset Maugham proved that our betters are not always so, 1934]] Though more famous as a novelist, Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) wrote several plays of interest, particularly "Our betters" (1923). Maugham also wrote "The unknown" (1920). On three-week leave from World War I, John returns home to the house of his parents, the Whartons, to marry Sylvia. His parents' friend, Charlotte Littlewood, has recently lost her second son to the war and is now alone. To the surprise of the Whartons, Charlotte wears no mourning clothes and plays bridge. When questioned about these, she answers: "I feel that I have nothing more to do with the world and the world has nothing more to do with me. So far as I’m concerned it’s a failure. You know I wasn’t very happy in my married life, but I loved my two sons, and they made everything worthwhile, and now they’re gone. Let others take up the adventure. I step aside." Even graver to the Wharton's view, John expresses disbelief in God. Sylvia is dismayed and no longer wants to marry him. John is aghast. "You are not the John I loved and promised myself to," she asserts. "It’s a different man that has come back from abroad. I have nothing in common with that man." She nevertheless tries to have him regain his faith by concealing his father's death and saying he would want him to go to communion. Although he accedes to her wish, she fails of her purpose. Maugham's psychological insight is all as keen in showing the results of restraining one's jealous emotions in "Caesar's wife" (1919), in which Violet loves Ronald, about to receive a promotion to an important secretary's position thanks to the recommendation of her husband, Arthur, a counsel in Egypt. Afraid of being unfaithful, she requests her husband to use his influence so that his nephew will obtain the post instead, so that Ronald can accept a position in Paris. When he demurs because Ronald is the better man, she specifies that the man loves her. Arthur receives the information coolly. Even after telling him she loves Ronald in return, he prefers to do what is best for the Foreign Office. "I put myself in your hands, Violet," he declares. "I shall never suspect that you can do anything not that I should reproach you for- I will never reproach you- but that you may reproach yourself for." She does not disappoint. The play is similar to "Penelope" (1912), in which a wife shows exceptional patience to save her marriage except when the husband commits adultery. The matter is treated more like a light comedy than "Caesar's wife", as if a husband's straying were more trivial than a wife's, the old double standard rearing up. "Our betters" is a "satirical title that might be supposed to refer to the upper classes. Actually the reference is to rich Americans who buy their way into British society. The women are the daughters of American industrial royalty. They search out impecunious gentlemen of title and pay their debts in return for a marriage ceremony. Then, titled themselves, and bored by their husbands, they tread the primrose path, unembarrassed by any respect for marital obligations. The men are of the same breed. Thornton Clay, who dines out in the best houses on the strength of scandalous stories about either his friends or his relatives, is ashamed of being an American. In nasal tones he boasts of not having a trace of American accent. His clothes are aggressively Savile Row. When Fleming Hervey, a young American who does not think that the Middle West is the Ultima Thule of civilization, arrives, Thornton Clay devotes himself at once to the congenial task of trying to turn him into an imitation Englishman” (Hobson, 1948 p 21). “The characters...sinned with the elegance of people bred to vice and ease” (Atkinson, 1974 p 231). Maugham “lashes with contempt the American expatriate who buys his or her way into a London society which reprobates while it accepts. It is a sordid and ugly picture, limned in with hard, brittle strokes. Explicitly a comedy, the play is implicitly a terrifying tragedy. It wears a grin that is cadaverous, on a second glance. The young American visitor, who revolts at the empty round of dissipation, is a stereotyped figure, whose function is to voice the protest of the play. Through him the author sits in judgment on his characters, and it is this moral consciousness that flaws the authenticity of the comedy as a specimen of the manners type” (Sawyer, 1931 p 227). "The play itself is a mercilessly amusing picture of a rootless, fruitless, extremely vulgar, smart set of people, a much paragraphed, photographed set, whose habits are luxurious, whose standards are common and cynical, whose love-affairs, relieved by a certain engaging candour, are canine. And who are the ladies with high-sounding names? They are American heiresses who have married for rank...Our Betters is rather a sardonically detached comedy, an exposure in the manner of Maupassant of one luxuriant corner of the social jungle" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 235-236). It is "a devastating satire on the snobbery of American expatriates and their English set. The American girl, Bessie Saunders, is so aghast at the society into which she is being introduced by her titled sister that she takes a boat home. Here are noblemen like Lord Bleane who are eager to lay their coronets at the feet of every American heiress, duchesses like de Surennes whose maiden name in Chicago was Miss Hodgson and who favor good-looking boys less than half their age, and expatriated fops like Clay who speak condescendingly of 'you Americans in America'...A scintillating satire on the leisure class and on snobbishness or 'the spirit of romance in a reach-me-down', 'Our Betters' is one of the best comedies of manners since the Restoration" (Gassner, 1954a p 625). The play “shows how heartless and degenerate is the world in which his cunningly contrived comedy so skilfully moves. At times he seems to have returned to the moods of Restoration comedy, though one feels that he lacks gaiety, and that he despises these puppets who provide the wit which he contorts with a genial malice” (Evans, 1950 p 134). "This fine comedy is the play of Maugham most nearly comparable with the theatre of Wycherley and Congreve. It satirizes in masterly fashion the empty morality of a section of the London aristocracy at the time of the First World War. In the character of Pearl Grayston, one of the most unpleasant women ever introduced to the London stage, Maugham concentrates all his venom. The cold-hearted emotional imbroglio and her relations with her stockbroker admirer is managed with consummate theatrical skill, and the way in which the threatened social fabric is preserved after the degrading climax gives a specially cutting edge to the implications of the title...Our Betters must always rank very high as an unpleasant comedy of manners" (Reynolds, 1949 p 168). “Our Betters is directly in line with the glittering comedies of manners of the Restoration...The satire and cynicism of the play, suggested by the title, suited the post-war mood of disillusion; its hard, merciless wit and its absolute freedom from sentimentality pleased a new generation who felt themselves duped and cheated by their emotions...There are characters in Our Betters who are decadent and some who are perilously close to degenerate; but at no time does the play pretend to picture anything more than a tiny fragment of society...The author maintains a remorseless detachment throughout, which by no means indicates a callous lack of sympathy or understanding, but which gives an anti-septic cleanliness to the comedy...Although the straight-laced affected to be shocked by it, Our Betters is as relentlessly moral as Mrs Warren’s Profession. The two decent young Americans, who are minor characters, do not dull the hard polish of the comedy. The characters and situation offer numerous possibilities for tragedy or sentiment, but the play does not swerve from its comic course. It ends on a note of laughter not muffled by repentance or censure…The repartee is more brilliant than ever, but it fits the characters and situation and dims when removed from its content. When Clay, the snobbish opportunist, remarks: ‘Poor Flora with her good works! She takes to philanthropy as a drug to allay the pangs of unrequited love!’, we must know both Clay and Flora to appreciate the humour. When the princess asks: ‘Has it ever occurred to you that snobbishness is the spirit of romance in a reach-me-dowm?’ we feel that years of her own experience prompt the question; it is not merely a bon mot transferred from the playwright’s notebook. For purposes of dramatic contrast, and not from any didactic motive, the cynical humour pauses occasionally for the commonsense comments of the two young Americans and Lord Bleane, who serve as an unobtrusive chorus. They do not seriously touch the comedy. Our Betters is cynical, satirical, and hard, but diverting and funny” (Cordell, 1954 pp 107-110). “Mr Maugham, in this brilliant and almost heartless comedy, has rewritten one of Henry James’s short stories in the manner of Congreve...And he is really much nearer to Congreve than he is to James...This play is really extraordinarily deft, and its matter is handled with any amount of style. Think, for a moment, of the way in which heavier-handed, more ‘sincere’ playwrights would have treated that cold, calculating blonde, Lady George Grayston, that lightning calculator with the air of an inconscient featherbrain...How would any one of these playwrights have treated that dark and common beauty, the duchess de Surennes, divided between passion and parsimony, torn between her sentiment- forgive the word- for Gilbert Paxton and that blackguard’s drain upon her purse?” (Agate, 1924 pp 118-121). The play contains "two groups of parvenus: the native and the transatlantic...Of the latter it is said: ‘They’ve got too much money and too few responsibilities. English women in our station have duties that are part of their birthright, but we, strangers in a strange land, have nothing to do but enjoy ourselves.’ The whole play is a comment on the quality of that enjoyment. It is this savage irony which makes Maugham a comic writer of the school of Jonson” (Greenwood, 1950 p 168). “Our Betters...is generally, and rightly, considered his masterpiece and it is likely to make his name known to theatregoers as yet unborn” (Stokes, 1950 p 157). “Maugham very often strikes a bitter note; he contemplates reality, and the human soul, and tries to understand and bring out hidden motives, but refuses to pass judgement; he has the eye of the doctor, the relativism of the scientific man, and hardly ever the passionate mind of the moralist. His only thesis seems to be that man should be different from what he is. He has not any striking passion of his own, and therefore has no epos, and lacking this at heart, he lacks also the clash of feelings, the crisis, the real drama. His passion, if anything, is intellectual; he likes to probe the inward processes of the human mind, and to extract tragedy and comedy from those most deeply hidden, and essentially physical forces, which are the most common and yet the least commonly understood” (Pellizzi, 1935 p 274). =="Our betters"== Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13536092M/The_Maugham_reader https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38764 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185782 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526709 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 Lady Pearl Grayston leads a very active social life. While talking to her sister, Bessie, she suddenly remembers having invited twelve people over to dinner. "Does George know?" asks Bessie "Who is George?" asks Pearl. "Don't be absurd, Pearl" Bessie admonishes, "George, your husband." "Oh! I couldn't make out who you meant," she answers. One of Pearl's friends, Minnie, requests from her a favor: finding a position for her lover, Tony. Pearl is told he has no gift for languages, cannot type or take shorthand, and has no head for figures. "Well, the only thing I can see that he'd do for is a government office," Pearl concludes. Another of her friends, Flora, is organizing a concert for charity. Pearl agrees to have her own lover, Arthur, help out with tickets. "But don't harrow me with revolting stories of starving children. I'm not interested in the poor," she specifies. "I have plenty of heart, but it beats for people of my own class." The unprincipled Tony, showing few signs of gratitude towards Minnie, begins to flirt with Pearl. "You're somebody else's property," she informs him while leaving him with a perhaps. A few months later, Tony complains to Minnie of often being embarrassed to ask for one of her automobiles instead of having one of his own. When he shows signs of wanting to end their relationship, she panics and offers him one. Though pleased about the gift, Tony soon proposes to meet Pearl inside her tea-house, to which she agrees. This is observed by Minnie. During a game of poker, Minnie pretends to have forgotten her bag in the tea-house. Bessie offers to get it for her. When she returns, she appears so upset that Arthur guesses the reason why. When Pearl enters, Minnie looks over at her in angry triumph. Nevertheless, the next day, Minnie becomes downcast at Tony's intent of leaving her, and so offers to marry him and yield him independent means. Pearl refuses to allow Minnie to leave her house even in a luggage-cart until she explains she obtained a job for Tony in the Education Office, where he is to do nothing from ten to four o'clock. To appease the furious Arthur, Pearl violently rubs her cheeks to appear pale, but then agrees to their separation and refuses to receive any more money from him. Moved at this apparent weakness, he forgives her, but Bessie does not. She leaves her sister and refuses to marry a lord she once had an eye on, to avoid living as shamefully, in her view, as her sister does. =St John Hankin= St John Hankin (1869-1909)'s main contribution is "The return of the prodigal" (1905). Reynolds (1949) complained of "The return of the prodigal" as the "acme of cynicism" whereby "the conventional ending of 19th century melodrama is turned upside down...There is no point in destructive criticism of society unless a remedy is suggested" (p 146-147). But other critics consider that Hankin has more than cynicism to offer. “The prodigal son who returns from Australia is an airy youth, willing but inconclusive, doomed to eternal failure. In his absence the father and the brother, two types of Philistines greedy for gains and honours, have made their fortune in industry, and the brother is engaged to the most aristocratic and charming girl of the neighbourhood. All biblical hypocrisy is soon unmasked; the return of the prodigal son is a disaster for everyone: for the father, who has to guarantee him a living; for the brother, who is afraid of losing his aristocratic fiancée, and she naturally has eyes for no one but this reckless, romantic young man; and also for the sister, a resigned ‘souffre-douleurs’ of the whole house, because only now does she see and understand her unavoidable destiny as a perpetual victim in this selfish family. But the most amusing figure, and the most bitter, is that of the young prodigal, who has not repented at all, because, seeing that his misfortunes are consequences of his nature, he does not know what to repent of; and after he has succeeded in gauging exactly the selfishness of his father and his brother, he casts his nets and plays his catch with a logical and persuasive shamelessness” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 108-109). “In The Return of the Prodigal a very dumpy, conventionally correct parvenu family, the Jacksons, suddenly find their political and social aspirations jeopardized by the return of a ne’er-do-well son, whose sang-froid and embarrassingly clear appraisals of the family furnish excellent comedy” (Sawyer, 1931 p 216). "The Return of the Prodigal...is still a well-proportioned comedy with several recognizably human personages, many quivers of a wit that is both theatrical and civilized, one excellent serious scene for a stay-at-home sister whom life is passing by, and always an unwavering sense of style. Hankin presents a prodigal son who is not ashamed of himself, and who returns for a few days to the heart (more or less) of his wealthy-manufacturing people in Gloucestershire, only to strike off again, as charmingly insolent and unredeemed as when he arrived. He is a prodigal, that is to say, who neatly inverts the old conventions such as 'People in the Colonies always do write for money' (Lady Faringford). Eustace prefers to seek the fatted calf in person. In his time he has flicked at many professions from liner steward to driver of a cable car in San Francisco. When he has returned to Chedleigh and deflated his pompous father and brother (that pair of insolent balloons), he moves once more into the unknown- at least London- with 250 pounds a year, to be paid quarterly. 'Make it three hundred, father,' Eustace adds, 'and I won’t write.' The play, I suppose, lacks certain things. It has no part to tear a cat in...Much of Hankin’s wit, unlike much of Wilde’s, derives from the situation and is always in character. Observe Mrs Jackson, the prodigal’s mother, who manages to be at once literal and fluffy. 'He allowed my girls to begin French directly they went to school, at Miss Thursby’s,' the rector’s wife says, 'but I’m bound to say they never seem to have learnt any. So perhaps it did no harm.' 'Yes,' Mrs Jackson answers comfortably, 'I’ve always heard Miss Thursby’s was an excellent school.' 'The Two Mr Wetherbys', 'The charity that began at home'...and 'The Cassilis engagement' are other works of Hankin that should have more than the tribute of a sigh. We have heard too much about his cynicism. He may often look at society with a detached amusement, but he can also besiege and reach the heart" (Trewin, 1951 p 63-64). MacCarthy (1907) pointed out that the author "puts forward a good case for a real ne'er-do-weel, who has about him no touch of the stage romance which usually surrounds such a character" (p 16). “Such a plot is of course a direct violation of all the laws of theatrical propriety, but Hankin insisted upon its verisimilitude. If a tragedy must come to a realistic conclusion, he reasoned, so also may comedy. The Jackson family are middle-class, like the Voyseys, with middle-class ideas and ideals, and are the slaves of middle-class morality. An intelligent man who genuinely comprehends himself and his family and refuses to exaggerate the importance of money or money-making will inevitably become master of the situation. Eustace, therefore, is permitted to have his own life as a character and is not forced into the stereotype of the repentant prodigal gratefully chewing on that fatted calf which is a symbol of his submission to familial convention” (Downer, 1950 p 317). "The scapegrace son is generally either a romantic or a sordid figure. Here he shows the most disarming effrontery and, disdaining the offer of a job, coolly blackmails his father into making him an allowance. Such is the comic theme of a play which also contains a highly moving, yet restrained portrait of the prodigal’s sister, who fills the thankless role of the unwanted woman" (Wilson, 1937 p 254). The play "evinces real observation and artistic sincerity. It is the story of a wastrel who really is a wastrel; he is not a victim of circumstances or a rough diamond, or a good trusting fellow betrayed and badgered by his villainous rival through three acts, only to save the heroine from a burning mill in the fourth. No; he is by birth inefficient- a gentleman, good-natured, and discreet, but material prosperity flees from his most crafty stalking. There are such people, and Hankin gives us a first-rate study of one of them, a study both amusing and pathetic, unmarred by a cowardly happy ending" (Norwood, 1921 pp 77-78). “Violet...is revealed as trapped...by the social proprieties attaching to marriage and social intercourse...She registers her situation: ‘we are to be great people, but you don’t find Sir John Faringford’s son proposing to me...so the great people won’t marry me and I mustn’t marry the little people.’...Unlike her wastrel bother, she has no means of relaxing her father’s iron authority” (Chothia, 1996 pp 72-73). "The first characteristic of Mr Hankin as a dramatist is that he is easy to act; his characters are very clearly drawn, and the emotions and situations with which his plays deal are within the reach of a very moderate range of experience. The parts do not call for 'temperament' or imagination in the actors so much as intelligence and sympathy, which are easier to mind. His other qualities are lightness of touch, an original humour, the power of weighing character in a very even balance, and dexterity in introducing into a very ordinary series of events which the audience is certain will be evolved along the most natural lines an element of surprise and suspense. 'The return of the prodigal' shows all these qualities at their best...This may seem a slender theme for a play, and the solution of a problem into which the spectator has entered with an almost parental perplexity by the allowance of £250 may sound flat, but the denouement is not flat and the suspense is kept up till the last. The dialogue is most spirited and natural, and often extremely amusing. The prodigal excites a good deal of sympathy, because he is moved by the sympathy of his mother and sister, and because he is miserable and aware of his own feebleness, which he makes the justification of his claim, as he really believes himself incapable of earning a living; while a scene between brother and sister, very touching in its matter-of-factness, makes one feel that father and son are fair game, by revealing that her prospects of a free and happy future have been ruined by being dragged by them into a society where for her there is little chance of marriage. Stella Faringford will probably marry Henry Jackson. Some kind of a love-liking springs up between her and the prodigal in the course of the four acts, just enough to make the sense of his own incompetence harder to bear and the conclusion of the play doubtful" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 20-22). “In St John Hankin is much of the intellectual curiosity and honesty of Shaw in approaching contemporary social life, but while the latter is shaking his fist, the former is merely shrugging his shoulders. In his detestation of bourgeois cheapness of mind and soul, Hankin never forgets that he is writing plays and not theses, and therefore does not exploit his characters by subjecting them to his dictation, but allows a. social truth to evolve from what they do and say...It is characteristic of him that he should champion the under dog, the social misfit, who protests against the conventionality of the comfortably adjusted and the unrespectability of the respectable. He likes audacious people who disturb the sanctified peace of society. And yet, uncompromising as he is, he has not quite the philosophy to let his sense of the comic rise above his irritation. He is a little prejudiced in his very gesture of eschewing prejudice. Hankin never broke through into a full, clear utterance...But he was a substantial workman, who, unafraid and clear sighted, brought healthy ideas into comedy. His milieu is not primarily that of the aristocracy, but in his observation, in his moral inconclusiveness, and in his amused cynicism he is eminently qualified as exponent of the comedy of manners” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 213-214). "Shaw is an interested optimist, and Hankin is a disinterested pessimist; Shaw always hopes for the best and fully intends to make himself heard and to be successful: while Hankin contemplates the irremediable weaknesses of human nature and seems only to desire that men should see and recognize them, trusting perhaps in the beneficial effects, not social or historical, but individual and moral, of contrition and charity. This is a Catholic attitude, of which perhaps the author was not conscious, and which I believe he would not have accepted intellectually. In each of his works there is a character or a situation which all but attains the tragic, yet has not the strength of passion to reach it; and it is not through virtue, but through weakness, that these men and women fall back into the atmosphere of comedy" (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 107-108). =="The return of the prodigal"== [[File:Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son (detail) - WGA19134.jpg|thumb|Eustace's return fails to induce a father's tenderness, unlike the one portrayed by Rembrandt (1606-1669) from the Biblical source]] Time: 1900s. Place: Gloucestershire, England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/returnofprodigal00hank https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45361 https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.503892 Henry Jackson, a prosperous textile manufacturer working with his father, Sam, is at the point of asking Stella Faringford in marriage, when she interrupts and asks him to forbear for awhile. Family and friends learn that Eustace, Sam's other son, sent to Australia with a thousand pounds as a misfit, was discovered by a servant lying on the ground near the house, having apparently fainted. He is led in unconscious. Sam asks Henry not to delay in obtaining Stella's hand, since the Faringford influence may be decisive in his candidacy for a seat in Parliament. Eustace is examined by the family doctor, unable to detect, as he humorously tells his brother, that his fainting fit was feigned, to draw pity on his person, since he returns as a prodigal with nothing to show out of the money he previously received. Sam has had enough of his son's loafing about the house, especially after learning he coolly ordered expensive new clothes for himself and arranged to have the bill sent to his care. Sam orders him out of the house. Eustace counters that, should he be forced to leave, he will make a scandal of the treatment he receives, reducing his father's chances to win his seat in Parliament and compromising Henry's marriage prospects with Stella. "I don't like work," he comically informs them,"so there's nothing left but to beg." They negotiate. Sam proposes to send him back to Australia with another thousand pounds, but Eustace reminds him that they have already tried that strategy, which amounted to a dismal failure. Instead, the prodigal wants an annual stipend of 300 pounds, which Henry finds attractive, because, should his brother cause trouble, all they need do is cancel the allowance. Sam insists on 250 pounds and politely asks him to write sometimes. "Make it 300, father," Eustace retorts cynically, "and I won't write." Sam signs a cheque as a first installment and contemptuously waves it away. =Harley Granville-Barker= [[File:Harley Granville-Barker.jpg|thumb|Harley Granville-Barker showed much ado about a kiss during business hours, 1906]] Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) contributed an important social drama of people at work with "The Madras house" (1909), "that incomplete work of genius which is more exasperatingly characteristic of its time than any play written in our day in the English language" (Woolcott, 1922 p 113). "So far as the present writer knows, Mr GB Shaw, in Mrs Warren's Profession, is the only dramatist who has treated the whole question of the fallen woman from its sociological side. For the rest, he has cast off accepted conventions in sexual relations as in others, and might even be accused of teaching the unimportance of the marriage ceremony, when the Life-Force is impelling the woman to seek a father for her child. Here Mr Granville Barker, in The Madras House, shows himself a disciple of Mr Shaw, by his representation of the unrepentant sinner, Miss Yates" (May, 1911 p 166). Some early critics such as Andrews (1913) dismissed Granville-Barker's plays as drab. "Mr Barker finds nothing too commonplace, too dreary, nor too impertinent to be included in the conversation of his characters. Through long pages of perhaps characteristic, but utteriy unimportant, talk struggles a thin thread of narrative, scarcely strong enough to hold the piece even loosely together. All this is deplorable; for nothing worth while is accomplished; the stage is brought no nearer to reality, and a vital illuminant- if the metaphor may be so manipulated- is almost cunningly concealed, like Gratiano's reasons, in a bushel of chaff. It is not the art that is true to life, but rather the life that is in no wise true to art. The Madras House, for example, a play without hero, heroine, or plot, sets forth, in the familiar atmosphere of middle-class English life, the varying English views upon the woman question" (pp 142-143). “Complex in theme, bold and original in treatment, it may be best described as a satire on the thwarted lives led by women in England in the first decade of the century” (Evans, 1950 p 128). "In The Madras House...there is not even the pretense at a plot. Nothing takes place from act to act except conversation. There are themes enough,- certainly, enough for a season's output,- but they are only so many expressions from various angles of a sex-ridden society, and if Mr Barker believed in one thesis more than another, his conviction is not so clear as is the state of things he has satirized. A household of six unmarried daughters; a drapery-establishment where the employees live in, Constantine's retirement to the east to keep a harem so that his mind need not be distracted during hours of serious business,- all contribute to a fantastic picture of contemporary life from the point of view of sex" (Haskell, 1918 pp 288-289). “The Madras house manufactures women’s clothes...Sex is commercially profitable, very profitable...The dramatic characters shift in every act. Only one of them appears in all four...The play is amazing in its broadness and seeming completeness” (Moderwell, 1972 p 218). The play has no "plot, or rather the formal plot is strangely sundered from the genuine interest of the play; it recounts merely the sale of a great costume business to a commercial but romantic American. On this a magnificent fabric of discussion, mainly about the social position of women. Female assistants in large shops, the living-in system, the life of the normal married woman in England, the effect on men's work of the presence and co-operation of women- these topics are handled with brilliant originality and fluent eloquence. The study is made dramatic by the contrast between Henry Huxtable and his partner Constantine Madras. Huxtable is positively steeped in home affections and Victorian stolidities, feels that he could not be happy in heaven without antimacassars and a marble clock. Madras is elaborately contrasted with him at every point. Not only has he so revolted against English home life that he has deserted his wife and son many years ago, Mr Barker, in order to provide the external point of view, has actually converted him to Mohammedanism, and conferred upon him a house and harem in an Arabian village. This person's comments on the Englishman's attitude towards women are both novel and deadly, provoking a healthy reaction or commanding revolution. The upshot is that women are a disturbing and destructive factor in the ordinary business of the world confined to the house in the Eastern fashion, they would perform their function of brightening life and soothing the wearied soul" (Norwood, 1921 pp 90-91). The Madras House "consists of four juxtaposed episodes. The life of every character is shaped by his or her particular relationship to the couture firm...There is no resolution to any of the characters in marriage, divorce or suicide, and even the pregnancy of Marion Yates and her refusal to name the father of her child results in no denouement" (Chothia, 1996 pp 60-61). "This piece reveals no definite beginning and the author has deliberately planned it in such a way that it shall show no end. Structurally, this work is, so to speak, a succession of four middles" (Hamilton, 1914 p 94). "The play is organized as a presentation of social problems with a deliberate plan of non-development. The "playwright adopted a loose form that enabled him to play with problems like a master rather than a journeyman of the theatre of ideas. Clever satirization of a respectable draper’s household and of another middle-class prison, a drapery establishment or 'industrial seraglio' where the employees 'live in' and must abstain from marriage, is supplemented by the pointed whimsy of the wife-deserting Constantine Madras who has become a Mohammedan. To the worthy pater familias Huxtable with his half dozen cowed and unmarried daughters Constantine paints the advantages of polygamy; all the daughters could be taken care of by a single man! Moreover, the segregation of women would promote a rational life and society: 'From seventeen to thirty-four- the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue- wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women. How’s he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life...All politics, all religion, all economy is being brought down to the level of women’s emotions.' This is the bee in Constantine’s turban, and it buzzes agreeably. Only his serious-minded son Philip, who concerns himself with human misery and fears that 'we good and clever people are costing the world too much' is a proper foil to both the easy-going Constantine and the smug Huxtable. The drapery establishment of which he is part owner recalls both Carlyle’s dour fulminations against the dandiacal English habit and Ruskin’s views on art. Philip wants an 'art and a culture that shan’t be just a veneer on savagery', something that must come 'from the happiness of a whole people'. Therefore he is going into politics. Neither lightness of treatment nor weight of thought is absent in this rambling but fertile comedy of ideas" (Gassner, 1954a pp 619-620). “All is brought to a head in the extraordinary third act where the business is sold...The beauties of costume, textile, body are at the same time dependent on the exploitation of young women. The moment the deal is sealed takes ten lines of dialogue. The lushness of theatre is paid by, but obscures the operation of money” (Shepherd, 2009 pp 150-152). “The play reveals the fashion business as one in which women are dressed for display in a sexual market; the women modeling the clothes are treated as animated mannequins, dressed in revealing garments which prevent them from even sitting down” (Eltis, 2004 p 233). "The rhythm of action- emphasis and suppression in the service of unity of effect- is abandoned. Each act ends in the midst of a conversation; so does the whole play, and the stage-direction remarks: 'she doesn't finish, for really there is no end to the subject.' All of which means that Mr Barker seeks to follow the broken rhythm of life- the helpless swaying hither and thither of human talk, the pause of embarrassment or sudden blankness which leads to irrelevant changes of subject. In addition, he seeks to illustrate, as in the second act of The Madras House, the fact that human affairs run parallel to each other and have often no connection except the accidental one of a single man or woman's being a participant in each. Thus the scandal among the employees of the house and the sale of the house to the American, Eustice P State, have nothing in common except that Philip Madras must, necessarily, give his attention to both. Each, to be sure has, upon reflection, a bearing upon the theme of the play which is, once more, the problem of sex. But from the aspect of fable and structure The Madras House marks a point at which the avoidance of artifice touches the negation of form. Negation of form! Having written the words, I am almost ready to retract them. For in truth The Madras House is one of the most fascinating of modern plays. Its strange inconsequentialities of structure, its act endings which trail off into a natural silence or simply blend with the ceaseless hum of life seem but to sharpen the peculiar tang of art and thought, extremely keen and personal, that exhales from the play. The thesis of The Madras House is no less arresting than its form. The gradual emancipation of woman in the West has led to the constant, enervating preoccupation with the instinct of sex. Society, politics, education- all bring men and women into contacts which are, consciously or not, sexually stimulating. The vast industries that serve the adornment of even the most cultured of modern women prove these very women to be primarily bent upon emphasizing the sexual appeal. To this menace there are two effective retaliations: one, that of the elder Madras, to segregate women as in the Orient, and let men do their work in the world in virile cleanness; the other, that of the younger Madras, to force our civilisation to be less of a 'barnyard' in spirit, to wring from it a culture that is not simply a veneer over sexual savagery" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 203-205). “The plays of Granville Barker are thoroughly modern both in form and content. In his Madras House (1909) the question of guilt might have played an important role, but does not. The one character who is really culpable according to the old accepted standards of ethics considers himself far above these standards. He disregards them or tramples them underfoot without the slightest feeling of guilt” (Cast, 1917 p 538). "Has anybody noticed, I wonder, that each of the four married women in this play is an awful warning against marriage? First there is Katherine Huxtable, a British matron bound in triple hide of ignorance, prejudice and convention. Second is Amelia Madras, whose placid obstinacy of self-martyrdom would drive any man into sin. More awful still is Mrs Brigstock, that embittered, jealous, charmless spouse with one eye fixed on the main chance and the other on her husband’s discomfort. Last there is Jessica Madras, who must come down to the office instead of telephoning and cannot see why she should not be taken out to lunch, who feels herself neglected and chooses her husband’s best friend as the repairer of that neglect" (Agate, 1926 p 235). The Madras House "shows two cross-sections of early-twentieth-century society, the first being a respectable suburban home at Denmark Hill, and the second the drapery store of Messrs Roberts and Huxtable. In each the primitive natural feelings of the inmates have been repressed" (Reynolds, 1949 p 139). "This is a study in repression (there are seventeen women in a cast of twenty-five): the repression of the younger generation of suburban Denmark Hill- the suburbs had a bad time in the New Drama- and of the drapers’ employees of that harem of industry, Messrs Roberts and Huxtable’s at Peckham, and of ‘the Madras House’, the Bond Street dress-shop that gives a name to the piece. It contains an invigorating debate on the place of women in society. It is acute and it is courageous. This is one of the most notable plays of rebellion in a rebellious period when so many lids were being lifted from so many cauldrons, when we heard both a singing and a growling in the air, and suffragettes had become front-page news" (Trewin, 1951 p 81). "When the situation between his characters reaches the most serious pitch, instead of speaking impulsively out of themselves, they tend to transfer their predicament to the plane of generalities, discussing it as one not peculiar to themselves but to many (vide the dialogue between husband and wife with which The Madras House closes). In short the drama of Granville-Barker is that of a man to whom the significance of life has been most excitingly revealed, not at moments when, so to speak, he has banged up against other human beings, but when intimacy has taken the form of sounding the depths of experience together, and the condition of mutual proximity has been on both sides a high personal detachment...We can get a bird’s eye view of a gigantic theme much too big for treatment in a single action drama. He has constructed his conversation drama with a skill which it is a delight to remember afterwards. I can understand a spectator thinking that the dramatist was spending too much time on the construction of a realistic atmosphere, but on reflection these little touches, like the perpetual polite introductions of the many daughters of Mr Huxtable (Admirable, perfect Mr Aubrey Mather!) to Major Thomas, are superfluous. Not at all. They suggest the dire extent to which human relationships in that household have been fossilized into prim formalities, just as the mannequin show illustrates the 'moral' and commercial exploitation of sex interest...Thus the play is a scheme of ingeniously contrived talk through which illuminating rays from different temperamental quarters are thrown on the theme. Old Madras is a man to whom sex is the spice of life, but he does not like the whole of life to be flavoured with it; the sentimental American, Mr Eustace Perrin State, wants every dish saturated with it— but in a diluted, romantic form; old Huxtable has thought all his life that the proper thing to do was to ignore it- and a nice mess the Huxtable family have made of that. The point of view of the desiccated Miss Chancellor is given, and- wonder of wonders- she is properly allowed to keep her dignity; in the hands of a lesser draughtsman she would have been just a poor old cockshy; the young mother who has thrown her cap over the windmill gives hers; the cramped and harried Brigstocks exhibit the predicament into which industrial civilization has forced them" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 215-219). =="The Madras house"== Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/madrashouseacom00bargoog Philip Madras and his uncle, Henry Huxtable, prepare to sell their clothing shop, Roberts & Huxtable, to an American financier by the name of State. For this purpose, they will soon meet with Philip's father, Constantine, separated from his wife, Amelia, 30 years ago due to his adulterous relations with several of his employees. Amelia wishes to see him, too. "I am his wife still, I should hope,” she tells her son. He went away from me when he was young. But I have never forgotten my duty. And now that he is an old man, and past such sin, and I am an old woman, I am still ready to be a comfort to his declining years, and it's right that I should be allowed to tell him so.” Recently, Henry has heard news that two of their employees, William Brigstock and Marion Yates, were seen kissing at work by the housekeeper, Miss Chancellor. News of improper conduct quickly spread around, all the more so since William is married and Marion unmarried but pregnant. Although William's wife, Freda, believes her husband innocent of adultery, Henry wants to sack both. In his office, Philip asks Marion to explain what happened in front of William and Miss Chancellor. ”And when I told him- all I chose to tell him as to what had happened to me, I asked him to kiss me just to show he didn't think so much the worse of me. And he gave me one kiss - here,” Marion explains while pointing to her forehead. Miss Chancellor believes that she is lying, that they are in fact lovers, but Philip is prepared to let the matter drop. However, husband and wife consider the accusation slander and insist on a public retraction, which Philip refuses to consider. “How is Mr Brigstock to remain in the firm if Miss Chancellor does?” Freda retorts. Miss Chancellor is outraged, Freda threatens her with a lawsuit, Miss Chancellor threatens to leave the firm unless believed. "It would be good manners to believe her,” Philip tells Miss Chancellor. “We must believe so much of what we're told in this world.” Philip’s friend and State’s representative, Major Thomas, arrives for the business meeting. He amuses Philip by requesting him to be invited less often at his house and see less of Philip’s wife, Jessica. "Phil, I don't like women, and I never did," Thomas confesses, "but I'm hardly exaggerating when I say I married simply to get out of the habit of finding myself once every six months in such a position with one of them that I was supposed to be making love to her.” The owners agree to sell the company to State, who waxes poetical over the new line of women's dresses he intends to exhibit. "It is the middle class woman of England that is waiting for me, the woman who still sits at the parlour window of her provincial villa, pensively gazing through the laurel bushes. I have seen her on my solitary walks. She must have her chance to dazzle and conquer," he muses enthusiastically. He thinks that the economic independence of women is the next step in civilization. Constantine disagrees, having converted to Islam. Henry is disgusted at this bit of news. "I've not spoken to you for thirty years, have I? That is I've not taken more notice of you than I could help. And I come here today full of forgiveness and curiosity to see what you're really like now and whether I've changed my mind or whether I never really felt all that about you at all and damned if you don't go and put up a fresh game on me! What about Amelia? Religion this time!” he exclaims. Constantine opines that the world's interest is best served by keeping women at home. "From seventeen to thirty-four, the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue, wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women,” he declares. “How's he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life? Women haven't morals or intellect in our sense of the words. They have other incompatible qualities quite as important, no doubt. But shut them away from public life and public exhibition. It's degrading to compete with them, it’s as degrading to compete for them.” Furthermore, he accuses the affronted Henry of keeping "an industrial seraglio". "What do we slow-breeding, civilized people get out of love and the beauty of women and the artistic setting that beauty demands? For which we do pay rather a big price, you know, Tommy. What do we get for it?" Philip asks Major Thomas. At this, Thomas is utterly at sea. When Constantine encounters Amelia, she lets him know she wants to follow him to Arabia. He refuses. She then asks him to stay in England in a different house than hers. After being refused again, she exits while looking at him hatefully. When Philip asks his father was there no other way to treat her, he answers: "Was I meant to pass the rest of a lifetime making her forget that she was as unhappy as people who have outlived their purpose always are?" Philip receives a letter from William's solicitor for compensation to the slanders his client was exposed. As suspected, he learns his father was Marion's lover and humiliated because she refused his money. He advises his son to sack William and Marion, though offering him monetary compensation and her a position later on at the new company. Philip acquiesces. To Jessica, he cheerfully conveys Thomas' message. She angrily thanks him for it. He concludes that they must live less expensively and that he contribute to society with meetings at the town council, but she, on her side, does not know what to do with herself. "You don't always let us have the fairest of chances, do you?" she asks. =Githa Sowerby= [[File:GeorgeJacombHood-1912-GithaSowerby.png|thumb|Githa Sowerby delved into what happens when a man's two sons refuse to take up his business. Portrait of the author by George Jacomb Hood (1857-1929)]] Githa Sowerby (1876-1970) contributed a fine family saga during this period with "Rutherford and son" (1912), "Rutherford and son" is "a drama of domestic tyranny centering around the granite figure of the industrialist Rutherford whose children escape his tyranny only after being virtually broken by him. Dramatic power is also furnished by excellent characterizations of an old sister who fears him, a frustrated daughter who runs away with his foreman, and a weak willed son who can only free himself by abandoning his wife and his child and breaking his father’s cash box. Only the son’s wife remains, and it is she alone who finally masters the hard old man now that he wants an heir to the house of Rutherford and is in need of such affection as he can find" (Gassner, 1954a p 621). Andrews (1913) complained that "Miss Githa Sowerby...sets before us with notable vitality and force the ruthlessly dominant male. Like [Elizabeth Baker's 'Chains' (1909)], this play is gloomy, sordid, and depressing, admirable in characterization and dialogue, and almost devoid of action. Its popularity, in the face of its hard and repellent subject-matter, surely adds point to Molière's reflection that 'the business of amusing honest folk is a strange one' (p 145). In contrast, George (1914) described the play along with Houghton's "Hindle Wakes" (1910) as the "finest recent instances of stage realism...In both plays life is represented not as it might be, which would be romance, but as it is. In both the atmosphere is extraordinary; in both the position of woman, alliance, motherhood, responsibility, seriously figure. But there is no strain, there is hardly any preaching; the characters seldom explain themselves, and throughout they reveal themselves. And there is passion, enthusiasm, suffering, and hope, all the things the common men understand" (p 57). “Githa Sowerby, with Rutherford and Son (1912), succeeded in creating almost a synthetic personality out of all the middle-class characters against which this sort of drama is directed, in Rutherford, the manufacturer, for whom nothing has any value that is not connected with the prosperity of his factory. Thus, while his machines multiply and prosper, and seem to devour every other life, human life languishes in the dreary, misty northern scene. One by one Rutherford’s sons and daughters go away from him, to seek liberty and life elsewhere; for a breath of real humanity they face misery and death. Only at the end of the play the daughter-in-law, abandoned by her husband, returns to ask the old man’s protection, and brings him her son, who in the future will be able to inherit the business. This hope, and the sense of a tragic solitude, finally move the heart of Rutherford, who for this reason receives the two outcasts” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 116-117). "John Rutherford, the owner of the firm 'Rutherford and Son', is possessed by the phantom of the past- the thing handed down to him by his father and which he must pass on to his son with undiminished luster; the thing that has turned his soul to iron and his heart to stone; the thing for the sake of which he has never known joy and because of which no one else must know joy,- 'Rutherford and son'...Not only the Rutherford children, their withered Aunt Ann, and old Rutherford himself, but even Martin, the faithful servant in the employ of the Rutherfords for twenty-five years, is 'dedicated', and when he ceases to be of use to their Moloch, he is turned into a thief and then cast off, even as Janet and John...Janet knows her father better than John; she knows that 'no one ever stands out against father for long- or else they get so knocked about, they don't matter any more.' Janet knows, and when the moment arrives that brings her father's blow upon her head, it does not come as a surprise to her. When old Rutherford discovers her relation with Martin, his indignation is as characteristic of the man as everything else in his life. It is not outraged morality or a father's love. It is always and forever the House of Rutherford. Moreover, the discovery of the affair between his daughter and his workman comes at a psychologic moment: Rutherford is determined to get hold of John's invention- for the Rutherfords, of course- and now that Martin has broken faith with his master, his offense serves an easy pretext for Rutherford to break faith with Martin" (Goldman, 1914 pp 236-241). =="Rutherford and son"== [[File:Glass Factory - geograph.org.uk - 486146.jpg|thumb|Trouble starts when a glass factory owner enters in conflict with his son over the latter's invention of a metal alloy. Yorkshire glass factory]] Time: 1910s. Place: Grantley, North Yorkshire, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/cu31924013224666 https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweiala https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweuoft https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00sowe Because of a coal miners' strike, John Rutherford’s glass-works factory is short on coal. Other problems have led to uncertainties regarding the survival of the company. Rutherford’s most trusted workingman, Martin, informs him that he caught an employee, Henderson, with his hand in the till. Despite his youth, Rutherford dismisses him. Rutherford’s son, John Junior, has invented a new type of metal alloy which, according to him and Martin, might be worth a fortune. Without having studied the matter, Rutherford downplays its importance. Rutherford is nevertheless outraged that John wants to keep the formula secret until he buys the invention from him and then leaves with the money, so that no one would be left to manage the company, since his other son, Richard, is the local clergyman. Having been offered a curacy in another region, Richard asks his father permission to go. “Wear your collar-stud at the back if you like, it's all one to me,” Rutherford answers indifferently, “You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear: you were no good for my purpose, and there's an end. For the matter o' that, you might just as well never ha’ been born except that you give not trouble either way.” He is only annoyed when Richard tells him he has promised Henderson’s mother to speak on behalf of his son for another chance to stay in his employ. Although Rutherford hears her plea, her son’s dismissal is a foregone conclusion. Before going, however, she blurts out rumors concerning an underhand relation between Martin and his daughter, Janet, which he sternly disapproves of. Alone with Martin, Rutherford requests the content of the alloy. Although aware of his treachery towards John, Martin promises to hand it over to him the following day. Rutherford then tells Janet he wants her out of his house and the next day, once he obtains the content of the alloy, fires Martin. When a broken Martin reveals to Janet that he must go, she tries to make him see the positive side. “You're free,” she declares, "free for the first time since you were a lad mebbee to make a fresh start.” “A fresh start?” he echoes affronted. “Wi' treachery and a lyin' tongue behind me?” He offers her money so that she can live in another village, but, recognizing that he has little interest in starting anew with her, she refuses and leaves the house. When John learns of Martin’s treachery, he steals money from his father’s cash-box and proposes to go away with his wife, Mary. However, Mary doubts her husband’s ability to care for her and her young son and has no wish to return to her former occupation. Instead, she proposes to Rutherford that she remain in his house to raise the son as his his heir and eventual owner of the company. He accepts. =Charles McEvoy= Charles McEvoy (1879-19) wrote a fine domestic drama in “David Ballard” (1907), a play described as “severely realistic” by Dickinson (1917a p 170) about a man who wants to become a writer despite a lack of encouragement from his family. ==“David Ballard”== Time: 1900s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/davidballardapl00mcevgoog David Ballard returns home dispirited from the nature of his work as an office worker in a store to his mother (Ellen), father (Simon), sister (Gladys), younger brother (Percy), and cousin (Mercy). “I’ve been drawn to this horrible, ghastly drudgery at the store and I can’t see any end to it,” he confesses to his mother. “I’ve no time for study, or quiet thought, or serious work of any kind.” For he wants to become a writer. She attempts in vain to encourage him, after which Simon, now retired, returns to reminisce about the 42 years he spent at work, a matter objected to by a Gladys uninterested in “talk shop”. Their lodger, Darwin Snodge, a portrait painter, arrives to pay his rent. When the family and Darwin hear that David intends on leaving the house and quitting his job, everyone except Mercy tries to convince him otherwise. “My boy, if you’d only stop there at your work patiently and try to cultivate a liking for it,” Simon pleads, “you’d soon get a substantial raise and everything would look rosy again.” David obtained a 10-shilling raise, but still wants to quit. In Darwin’s view, the lad lacks “patience, perseverance and hope”. “You can’t do good work unless you’ve got the stomach behind you to put into it,” he specifically advises. Because he has no intention of starving, David asks for a loan of 5 pounds, but is refused. As a result, he rushes out, at which only Mercy is glad. As Gladys and Darwin celebrate their engagement in a restaurant, Simon breaks down in tears after learning that his son left their home exactly one year ago. He is further innerved after spotting out the window David himself looking like a derelict. Darwin thinks the old man imagined it. “I foresaw this all along,” Gladys affirms. “I said we’d no business to bring him with us.” It is David, overwhelmed with shame but defiant. He has been unable to make a living out of writing. “Exactly as I predicted,” Darwin notes. Although Mr and Mrs Ballard want him back to the house, Gladys does not. However, Darwin objects to having his future brother–in-law “walking about the streets like that”. Percy agrees. One year later, David has taken over the job once held by his father, now dead. While Gladys fusses over her twins, Percy takes Mercy apart to tell her something, but they are interrupted by a Gladys in a frenzy because her cousin ignored her call. Percy begs Mercy to help him restore 700 pounds he took out of the till at work, which he has used to amuse himself with the higher social classes. David advises her to refuse his brother such a loan. Gladys interrupts a second time, exasperated at Mercy’s slackness in helping out with her babies. She reveals that Mercy is not her cousin after all, but an orphan the family picked up out of charity. “You will leave this house within an hour, creature,” she commands. Mercy is willing as David receives the news that one of his poems has won a 100 pound prize, to be handed over to his brother, Mercy advises. David reluctantly agrees and, having finally spoken of their love of each other, leaves the house in her company. =Horace Annesley Vachell= [[File:Horace_Annesley_Vachell_circa_1920.jpg|thumb|Vachell exposed the mixing of bank practices with personal relations]] Horace Annesley Vachell (1861-1955) offered a worthy bank drama with Jelf’s (1912) when finances conflict with personal relations. =="Jelf’s"== [[File:HSBC_in_Pall_Mall,_London.jpg|thumb|Richard, the owner of Jelf's bank, is involved in a conflict between helping out a friend who is also a rival to the woman he intends to marry. Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in Pall Mall, London]] Time: 1910s. Place: London and fictional Shepperford, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/jelfsacomedyinf00vachgoog https://archive.org/details/jelfscomedyinfou00vachiala After spending several years on a ranch in California, Richard Jelf has taken over the family business in a London bank for the past 6 months. His friend, Archie Mull, takes the opportunity to ask to be invited at Richard’s house in Shepperford along with Sir Jonathan Dunne, chairman of the Amalgamated Association of Bankers and father of his intended, Dorothy, without mentioning he is coming, since the prospective father-in-law is against the marriage. As the friend of Richard’s uncle and founder of the bank, Sir Jonathan is relieved to hear that Richard along with Adam Winslow, chief clerk and senior adviser, are proceeding along conservative lines, unlike the “wildcat speculations” of other banks such as Palliser’s. Remembering his friend’s request, Richard invites Jonathan over at his house and he accepts. Richard next receives the visit of Archie’s mother, the countess of Skene and Skye, desperate for money but relieved by Richard at the level of 500 pounds. In return, the countess advises him as to deportment and dress to fit in London society. More advice as to clothes is provided by James Palliser, head of the family bank in financial difficulties. James is surprised to hear that Richard is engaged to be married to Fenella Mull, Archie’ sister and, unknown to Richard, James’ lover, whose offer of marriage was repulsed by her mother, the countess of Skene and Skye. Richard offers to help James out of financial difficulties by inviting him over at Shepperford to meet Sir Jonathan, which James gladly accepts. Still fond of her old lover, Fenella asks Richard to help James out of his bank’s troubles. Richard agrees and offers Fenella a pearl necklace and diamond tiara, which frightens her to the point of requesting him to stow them till their wedding day. At Shepperford, Richard offers to settle down a nervous Archie by pretending to be Jonathan in a made-up dialogue favoring the young man’s offer of marriage to his daughter. But when the true Jonathan arrives, the result is the contrary, as Dorothy’s father declares he will only accept the idle youngster provided he obtain a responsible position, which is secured when Richard offers Archie the position of manager at his California ranch. Richard also rescues Dorothy from some difficulty while punting on the water. Unaware of the identity of her rescuer, Dorothy reveals the close relation that existed between Fenella and James along with inadequacies in Richard’s choice of clothing. When James meets Fenella, he tells her that he needs to keep their past relations quiet in view of Richard’s offer of help and yet attempts to win her back. On meeting her intended, Fenella notices changes in Richard’s appearance. “I like the man who does fine things, not wears them,” she reassures him. Next evening, Dorothy announces her engagement to Lady Sken and Fenella and her gratitude at what made it possible, Richard’s offer of Archie’s employment. “Too much consideration for one's father is a sort of reversion to type,” the countess declares, “a sentimental mistake.” “That sounds awfully immoral, Lady Skene,” Dorothy comments. “I lived in an absurd age which preached morality as successfully as it practiced the other thing,” the countess replies. Fenella reads that according to the London Observer, Jelf’s has come to the aid of Palliser’s. Meanwhile, unaware of Richard’s ignorance in the matter, Archie blurts out the existence of the past relation between Fenella and James. But when Richard inquires about whether Fenella had any past relation, she denies the existence of any. She discovers that the article in the London Observer was conveyed by James without Richard’s consent, an item which alarms Adam Winslow to the point of his tendering his resignation unless Richard retracts the article. Against Jonathan’s advice, Richard refuses to retract it but demands to find out the nature of the current situation between James and Fenella. James admits that he still loves her and intends to marry her, while Fenella remains committed to neither. The news of Jelf’s position sets off a panic reaction among its clients, threatening to take out their accounts in massive numbers. The situation becomes even more threatening when Jonathan, a vital depositor, shows up with the possibility of removing his own account at Jelf’s. More impending disaster appears when a bookmaker threatens to take out his large account unless Richard submits to being blackmailed for a small amount by a friend of his, a newspaper editor who felt insulted recently after Richard declined to meet him personally but instead passed him off to Adam. Richard declines to be blackmailed. Despite the double threat, Fenella stands by Richard and Richard stands firm, a move which pays off when both the bookmaker and Jonathan support him as well, considerably relieving the anxieties of the large band of customers ready to cancel their accounts. =Frederick Hazlitt Brennan= Frederick Hazlitt Brennan (1901-1962) attracted attention with a rough war-time comedy-drama, “The Wookey” (1941). ==“The Wookey”== [[File:Civilian Service Medal, 1939-1945.png|thumb|Winning a civilian service medal, 1939-1945, fails to impress the Wookey]] Time: 1939-1940. Place: London, England. Text at ? Just released from prison for indecent exposure during a show, Genevieve heads for the house of her sister, Bella, but first encounters her nephew, Ernie, hiding a dachshund from his mother inside the bed of his sister, Primrose. In view of the likelihood of war, Gen offers Bella her house in Lynmouth, but she declines. In storms Walt, anxious to marry Gen, but she rejects him. Refusing to accept her answer, he pulls at her and the two women defend themselves with difficulty until Bella’s husband, Horace, nicknamed the Wookey, enters and throws him out. To protect his family from scandal, Horace insists that his sister-in-law marry Walt. She backs down. Horace shows Primrose the present he brought over for his wife: a section of an iron fence tied with roses, while Ernie gets a used air-rifle. To his father, he reveals the hidden dachshund, saved from stoning by the local boys. Holding the dog with one hand, Horace spanks his son with the other for hiding it in the wrong place, but permits him to keep it. He hands over to his daughter a gift of French lingerie and, while heading for his bath, Rory, Irish first mate of Horace’s tug-boat, carries in with Hector, Bella’s cousin, and Mr Archibald another present for his wife: a brand-new toilet bowl, at the sight of which Bella pretends to be reserved as Constable Simpson enters with Cheltenham, Air Raid Precaution warden, arrived to check on the equipment given to the family, which they have carelessly handled. A scowling Horace tears a gas mask to shreds. “They mucks about till ‘Itler gets strong enough ter bomb us, then they sends us thrupenny marsks and biscit tin back’ouses,” he challenges. For his negligence, despite Horace’s three medals from the previous war, Cheltenham hands him a summons. Wanting no part of this war, Horace heads for the pub. In the Wookeys’ back-yard a year later, Rory courts Primrose and kisses her as Horace enters. “Less of it,” he commands. Primrose informs her father that the government has issued boats for the war, a matter that fails to interest him. Although as a mate Rory’s work has been satisfactory, Horace refuses to consider his offer of marriage for the moment. “Your qualifications and character needs further testin’,” he declares. Consistent with his views, Horace refuses to hand over his boat to Dr Lewisohn and factory workers for the conduct of the war, but accepts the same when Gen begs him to bring back her husband with the retreating army. But Walter dies and Horace and Rory have been gone for three weeks. Because of the bomb threat, Ernie is sent on his way to Wessex. But soon Horace and Rory return with a bath-tub and firearms, the delay caused by the time spent in prison for debt to the oil company because of their inability to pay the petrol and lubricant for going back and forth from Dunkirk to save the soldiers. Moreover, the oil company seized the boat. Horace rushes out after learning that Ernie has been taken away. But the boy escapes and hides in an out-house. When Horace discovers his son, he gives him a 10-bob note for hiding but several thwacks for letting his dog bite the vack woman. Amid the writing of a letter to Winston Churchill to get his money back, a fire bomb drops on the house but he manages to smother it in sand. Angry at the damage to his house, he now offers his “qualified support” to the British cause. After Horace is named chief fire warden, more bomb attacks follow so that Ernie is eventually found by rescue workers under the stairs surrounded by rubble, his dog injured and his mother dead. Instead of heading for a shelter, his father remains with him in the cellar, where Rory the Irishman draws ire from the British for his discouraging remarks. For his service at Dunkirk, Horace obtains the king’s civilian medal but no word on recovering his boat. He criticizes all aspects of the British conduct of the war and, to minimize the damage, allows his basement to become an official shelter while he commands his family to head towards Lynmouth, though he himself only pretends to go. =JM Barrie= [[File:James Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|James Matthew Barrie draws immortal plaudits for his character of Peter Pan, 1890s]] In a comic vein, JM Barrie (1860-1937), the Scottish playwright, achieved lasting fame with "Peter Pan" (1904). "In the year 1904 came Peter Pan, and it had an insane success. This is no spring flower, or hothouse plant; it is a hardy perennial, and will delight thousands of spectators after we shall have all made our exit from the planet. It is one of the most profound, original, and universal plays of our epoch...Barrie created a character, a personality; Peter Pan is an addition to literature and an addition to humanity. He is a real person, already proverbial and it seems incredible that he can ever be forgotten" (Phelps, 1920b p 837). The playwright "knows how children revel in the game of make-believe, with what elaborate care they will build up the machinery for their romances, and he has carried out the splendid idea of bringing all the resources of the stage to the service of a whimsical tale, in which sprites and pirates, red Indians, wolves, and crocodiles, are mingled in moments of rich amusement or participate in deeds of derring-do such as Fenimore Cooper or George Henty have made familiar to the bigger boys. There is a pleasing softness, and just a tinge of sadness, about much of this story of Peter Pan” (Agate, 1947 pp 133). "Peter Pan is perhaps the most escapist play ever written, and the reality that is so resolutely avoided in this charming fantasy is the entire adult world" (Gassner, 1954a p 623). For Andrews (1913), the play "is in reality not a drama, but a strangely iridescent poetic pantomime, full of bizarre and tender gayety. It is sometimes difficult, indeed, to determine when Mr Barrie's intention is serious and when merely humorous. Perhaps as a result of this peculiarity, his plays often fail to create an impression of depth or solidity. He is particularly felicitous in the portrayal of the lighter phases of feminine character, though he has rarely achieved a full-length study of a truly womanly woman" (pp 156-157). “The parents...who see their offspring unexpectedly disappear, the lost boys who surround the hero, Wendy, who seems to nourish a precocious feeling for the impossible boy (without his understanding in the least what is expected of him), and the family dog who laments the escape of her little charges, are all figures which have a principle of real personality, and for that reason blossom into the dramatic. When the children return to home and reality, after having lost themselves in a marvellous dream, the incorrigible Peter abandons them and never returns again. On the other hand, JM Barrie returns, to follow these children, or others similar to them, on the path of life, towards real, adult existence, towards drama and reality. But as in their childhood Peter Pan flew in at the open window of their night-nursery one spring night, and took them away with him to the Never Never Land, so now, when they are grown up, there returns instead James Barrie himself, always ready to insert a magical element into their human, and therefore tragi-comical, affairs” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 163-164). "'Peter Pan' captivated the grown-ups and even more so the most hardened critics. The Stage said of it: 'Mr Barrie has entered fully into the joys and delights of childhood days, and he has peopled his newest fantasy with the choicest personages from the pages of Marryat or Cooper, side by side with the heroes of our youth, who interpret incidents which only the most elastic imagination could conceive. The whole is impregnated by the nimble wit and facile fancy which the eminent dramatist has at command and the blend of humour and pretty sentiment constitutes a piece that no one, old or young, should resist.' The Illustrated London News said that it combined the child's passion for make-believe and the average little girl's maternal instinct and described it as 'an artfully artless play which has all the pretty inconsequences of an imaginative child's improvisations'" (Wilson, 1951 p 149-150). Wilson (1937) has a harsher view of the protagonist. "Peter is a pathetic figure clinging desperately to a pretence. Normal children (and even adults who are not insufferably intellectual) indulge in day dreams. But they know perfectly well that the world of their fancy is not a real one. Peter will not give up his dreams and becomes a kind of waif" (p 247). =="Peter Pan"== [[File:Captain Hook.PNG|thumb|Final showdown between Peter and Captain Hook, illustrated by FD Bedford (1864-1954)]] Time: 1900s. Place: London, England and Never Land. Text at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16 Before being put to bed, the three children of Mr and Mrs Darling (Wendy, John, and Michael), ask many of the usual questions. Thus Michael: "Mother, how did you get to know me?" and "At what time was I born, mother?" She does not answer the first question but only the second. "At two o'clock in the night-time, dearest," to which, worried, he answers: "O, mother, I hope I didn't wake you." She tells her husband she saw a boy's face at their window three floors up. The boy escaped but the window cut his shadow, which she shows him and then returns it inside a drawer. He was accompanied by a ball of light. After the parents leave, Peter Pan and Tinker Bell fly up to the children's room. He retrieves his shadow, sown on by Wendy, who proposes to kiss him, too. He holds out his hand for it, to Wendy's disappointment. In return, he offers what eh considers a kiss, an acorn button, which she puts on. Despite Tinker Bell's irritation at their increasing friendliness, Peter shows the children how to fly and they go away to Never Land, where a pirate, Captain Hook, is seething for revenge, because on one of their encounters he fell and a crocodile ate off one of his arms and would have eaten the rest of him had it not swallowed an alarm-clock, since which time he hears its ticking now and then. Peter's companions at Never Land receive a false message from the vengeful Tinker Bell, whereby they are commanded to shoot Wendy down as she flies overheard. One of these, Tootles, succeeds in striking her down with an arrow. She looks dead, but, to everyone's relief, was saved from grievous harm by the acorn button placed over her heart. While Wendy lies unconscious, the boys build a house all around her and she agrees to keep house for them, as a sort of substitute mother. Meanwhile, the pirates attack a band of Indians led by Tiger Lilly, saved by Peter, who, imitating the captain's voice, orders the pirates to release her. The pirates next attack the children, but Captain Hook is unable to conquer them and forced to escape on hearing the ticking of the alarm clock. However, Peter and Wendy find themselves standing on a rock with the water level rising. She succeeds in flying away on a kite, while Peter hesitates on what to do next, at no point afraid, even of death. "To die will be an awfully big adventure," he considers, but eventually succeeds in flying away by unfurling his shirt like a sail, naked and victorious. Though acting as the boys' father, a worried Peter seeks reassurance from Wendy that it is all pretense, to which she droopingly responds: "Oh yes." Eventually, the Darling children recognize they must return home, Peter's companions wishing to follow them, but not Peter himself. All except Peter are captured when the pirates convince them that Tiger Lilly has won the battle against them by beating her tom-tom. However, thanks to Peter's abilities in warfare, one by one the pirates are killed in their ship. At last, Captain Hook confronts Peter but is unable to get the better of him in a sword-fight, neither can he blow them all by firing a powder magazine, all the more discouraged in seeing Peter play on pipes while sitting on a barrel in the air. Overcome by grief, Hook deliberately prostrates himself in the water and is swallowed down by the crocodile. During all that time, Mrs Darling has kept the window open for her children's return. To keep Wendy with him, Peter asks Tinker Bell to bar the window, but when the mother appears, he opens the window and flies out, enabling the children to enter. As years go by, Peter regularly comes back to the house. One day, Wendy asks him: "You don't feel you would like to say anything to my parents, Peter, about a very sweet subject?" "No," he answers. Eventually, his adventures are so many that he forgets who Tinker Bell is. Wendy asks him whether he will one day forget her, too, but, soaring away, he does not answer. =Hubert Henry Davies= Also with the lighter comic touch is Hubert Henry Davies (1869-1917) with “The mollusc” (1907). In “The mollusc”, the author "abandons the vein of ironical and photographic realism, and tries to deepen the psychological analysis by using more imaginative methods" (Pelluzzi, 1935 p 57). "The author has given his attention more to the moment than to the magnitude of his theme, though he has consistently portrayed a certain spineless phase of languid indolence with telling effect. Perhaps for the portrait intended, a quicker conflict would not serve as well. Certainly no character development is demanded, for the chief trait of his heroine is her utter void of worthwhile attributes" (Anthony, 1914 p 489). “Davies’ most memorable contribution to our modern drama is primarily a character study, but Mrs Baxter in The Mollusc (1907) is so sentient a creation that she becomes the symbol of a class of women in society who coax and wheedle their way through the world. She is a potential comedy of manners in herself. Placid, unvexed, she makes flunkeys of her family and her friends but exacts the service with an indolent amiability that is disarming. She embraces routine and serenity and evades responsibility with the ardor with which some people welcome adventure. Her brother, Tom, brings into the serenity of the Baxter household a quickening presence that awakens the Mollusc to at least a momentary sense of her womanly duty. The author has been shrewd enough to bring his play to an indeterminate conclusion and has thereby enhanced its comic potency. Can the mollusc ever slough its shell? The comedy attracts our attention also by the neat adequacy of its technique. With a cast of only four characters, the situations are never forced. It is the comedy of manners in its most intimate form, as contrasted with the An Ideal Husband or Our Betters” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 217-218). "Mrs Baxter, according to Tom, began to display a family tendency toward molluscry, a syndrome that leads to avoidance of physical and emotional effort and engagement and to a clinging hold on home base and things as they are...Fancying Miss Roberts himself from their first meeting, Tom takes it upon himself to reverse his sister's down ward spiral. Although Tom's confrontational and manipulative tactics are not exactly successful, in the end, relationships improve once interpersonal pressures and counter-pressures have been exerted... Each character's perspective and the intersubjectivity of the four characters are important to the plot. For example, when the Baxters and Miss Roberts try to recall the details of the upcoming arrival of their long-awaited guest, the dialogue, as Mrs Baxter tries to remember where she left brother Tom's letter, reveals their psychological interdependence...This tangled, claustrophobic, and yet quite funny familial situation welcomes Tom, who is just returning from visiting the wide-open spaces of Colorado" (Crochunis, 2008 pp 309-310). "For Mrs Baxter, ‘the rest which is glorious is that of the chamois couched breathless in its granite bed, not of the stalled ox over his fodder’. Ruskin’s aphorism might be the moral of Mr Davies’ charming play if anything so dull as a moral could be attached to so delicate a work of art” (Walbrook, 1911 pp 136-137). “In sharp distinction to Hankin’s trenchant social criticism is the geniality and charm of Hubert Henry Davies’ social picturing, with just a fillip of satire here and there, a blending of elements that bespeaks the Robertson tradition. Davies is a master of gay and graceful comedy of middle-class manners, finding its setting in a natural world, not in an effulgent, artificial one. If his range of experience is limited, his dramatic performance is sound. He has the genuine enthusiasm of the recorder of manners for the kaleidoscopic social scene. He maintains consistently an amused, detached attitude that is rarely tinged with scorn. Like Hankin he is an observer of men but in him a lambent humor replaces wit. His comedies have caught the contagion of his own affability, but it is a geniality that does not degenerate into the sentimental. They are luminous with a warm glow of sunshine, not with the icy glitter of Maugham, let us say. It is this sympathy of his that enkindles his characters and endears them to us in a way that was impossible for Sutro or Hankin” (Sawyer, 1931 p 217). ==“The mollusc”== [[File:Common limpets1.jpg|thumb|Dulcie Baxter’s behavior is similar to that of a limpet, moving with the tide and clinging to a rock]] Time: 1900s. Place: Rural England. Text at https://archive.org/details/playsofhuberthen02davi https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214517 Richard Baxter is disagreeably surprised to learn that the governess of his two young daughters, Miss Roberts, wants to quit her job. "I think you need a governess with a college education, or, at any rate, some one who doesn't get all at sea in algebra and Latin," she declares. His wife, Dulcie, is also disagreeably surprised. After Miss Roberts hands over a footstool to make her more comfortable, she suggests that her husband may help out with the Latin. "I read Virgil at school. I haven't looked at him since," he responds. "Why teach the girls Latin?" she then wonders. When her brother, Tom, arrives from a lengthy journey in the state of Colorado, USA, he is charmed by Miss Roberts and quickly expresses the wish that she stay. He also quickly sizes up his sister's manner about the house. "She's a mollusc," he announces to Richard. "People who are like a mollusc of the sea, which clings to a rock and lets the tide flow over its head, people who spend all their energy and ingenuity in sticking instead of moving, in whom the instinct for what I call molluscry is as dominating as an inborn vice." She appears to be moving but it is only the waves that beat her about. In view of Richard's inability to change her, Tom wants to take charge of the matter, but quickly realizes the difficulty. When Tom suggests that he and his sister should prepare a bouquet of flowers, he winds up doing all the work. She resists moving about for the least reason, such as a picnic, preferring to order people about while staying put. She is displeased on observing Tom express interest for Miss Roberts and attempts to interfere. "I find your attitude towards my brother Tom a trifle too encouraging," she says to Miss Roberts. "Last evening, for instance, you monopolised a good deal of the conversation and this morning you took a walk with him before breakfast and altogether it looks just a little bit as if you were trying to flirt, doesn't it?" An angry Miss Roberts denies it and withdraws. Tom realizes what she has done and becomes angry, too. He opens his heart to Richard. "You married to her?" says the dismayed husband. "Oh no, oh no, I couldn't bear that." Tom is stunned on learning that Richard loves Miss Roberts, though, according to him, in a platonic fashion. When Richard opens his heart to Miss Roberts, it only distresses her and more than ever she wants to leave the house. When Richard sees her distress, he tries to comfort her and is discovered by his wife in a compromising position. She promptly arranges to appear sick, so that Richard and Miss Roberts, to Tom's disgust, take turns in taking care of her. "To a mollusc there is no pleasure like lying in bed feeling strong enough to get up," he comments. He gets her to move only after suggesting that her husband may be enjoying himself in the governess' company. On reintroducing the subject of his love to her and his desire to return to Colorado, Miss Roberts' pride falters and she confesses she wants to go with him. Dulcie then realizes that the only way to save her marriage is for her and Richard to engage equally in various activities together. =Noël Coward= [[File:Noël Coward 01.jpg|thumb|In Noël Coward's view, a quarelling couple love each other more than a non-quarreling couple]] Even lighter in the comic vein is Noël Coward (1899-1973) with "Private lives" (1930). “Here we are in the most fashionable milieu of the new generation: a husband and wife, still young, have had a divorce and have each married again; but chance brings them together after a short time, the old flame is revived, and they escape from their respective second partners and live together, each committing adultery with their former legitimate half. The dialogue is a masterpiece of subtlety, humour and moral laxity. If one felt that the mind of the author was anchored to a firm principle, to a fixed moral standard, it would be a ferocious satire. But this is really irony which is ironical at its own expense and hides its bitterness under a smile which sees no future; Wilde and the Naughty 'Nineties did not produce anything so desperate, so fluently amusing and so inwardly empty as this” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 293-294). The first act “contains a great deal of skillfully modulated and finely shaded emotion, and it is nothing to the point that we do not approve of the people who are moved, that they do not belong to the world’s workers, and that this place of travail will be no better for their having passed through it...The second act shows the pretty creatures tearing each other to pieces. The third shows Victor and Sybil quarrelling not wittily, but as people without breeding quarrel. And under cover of this brawl the prettier pair steal hand in hand away...Mr Coward’s genius consists in this, that he catches admirably the conversational tone of the day, the fool-born jests of the wise, the world-weary banter of the modish restaurant’s most privileged table” (Agate, 1944 pp 244-245). “Much of the fun and poignancy of the play resides in the absurdly symmetrical action...Amanda goes in from the terrace, saying she will bring the cocktails out; a moment later, Elyot comes out on to his carrying cocktails...Amanda and Elyot both try to substitute a common sense marriage for the intensities and endless quarrels of their earlier failed relationship” (Chothia, 1996 pp 150-152). "In Private Lives two honeymoons are entertainingly contrasted. The relation between Amanda Prynne and Elyot Chase is based upon the only kind of attraction which, in the dramatist’s opinion, matters between man and woman; while their respective relations to their lawful spouses are represented as unreal and conventional...We are told what Chapter I of the lives of Amanda and Elyot was like: their marriage had ended after exasperated quarrels in divorce and in their remarriage to other partners. Though we only watch on the stage Chapter II, namely the first three days of their joint lives after they have come together again, having just bilked their just-wedded partners, this glimpse shows that Chapter III will probably repeat Chapter I. We watch scenes of rapturous tenderness modulate into the exchange of such sentiments as 'you damned sadistic bully’, “you loose-living wicked little beast!' and finally into a scrimmage on the floor...So, although his play apparently ends happily, and the story is so deftly and amusingly conducted that the audience actually envies Mr Coward’s lovers, no one can agree with Amanda’s pronouncement upon their predicament: 'we may be all right in the eyes of heaven, but we look like being in a hell of a mess socially.' No: they are in a hell of a mess all round, and it is a proof of Mr Coward’s adroitness that he has managed to disguise the grimness of his comedy and to conceal from the audience that his conception of love is desolating and false...Mr Coward’s gift as a dramatist, as I have occasion to repeat whenever I write about him, is that his dialogue has the rhythm of modern life, which is more broken and much quicker than that of twenty years ago. He understands, too, that it is more important that a joke on the stage should be spontaneous than witty. If it is also a brilliant piece of wit so much the better, but the important thing is that it should seem spontaneous" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 244-245). Mair and Ward (1939) unduly draped themselves in moral robes in summarizing the Coward cannon. “The most discussed younger dramatist between the World Wars was Noel Coward, who at times reflected and at other times seemed to initiate the moral mood of the moment. His work had little intellectual content, being concerned mainly with auto-parasitic types who feed upon their own nerves and desires. The wit is thin and febrile; the characters are bloodless and aimless creatures caught in a moral vacuum. It is a drama of disgust, more bitter in the mouth (but also more moral in intention) than the Restoration drama, where the playwrights were disgusting without being disgusted and gave sign of being weighed down by the enormities of the small world scanned by them. That world was, indeed, a world of pure artifice, insusceptible to moral law. Noel Coward’s plays are excellent theatre even if poor literature; and in this connection it must be acknowledged that inasmuch as it is the function of a playwright to fit his material to the requirements of stage entertainment, it is no fatal sign of inferiority if he comes short of meeting the sterner but duller demands of textual study” (pp 214-215). =="Private lives"== [[File:Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg|thumb|Amanda (played by Getrude Lawrence) and Elyot (played by Noël Coward) mainly agree to disagree, yet stay together, Broadway, 1931]] Time: 1930s. Place: France. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210130 Elyot and Sybil are on their honeymoon. On the terrace of their hotel, Sybil becomes curious about his former wife, Amanda, which irritates him. As they go inside their room, Amanda, by coincidence, comes out on the terrace with Victor, her new husband, also on their honeymoon. When Elyot notices Amanda, he quickly tells Sybil they must go away, but she refuses. Likewise, Amanda insists that she and Victor go, a request he considers unreasonable at this hour. Elyot and Amanda confront each other. Though still angry, they are yet swayed by the romantic music around them. "Extraordinary how potent cheap music is!" she comments. Both recognize that, even after five years of divorce, they are more in love with each other than with their respective spouses, and so they abandon them and leave together for Paris. At her apartment, Amanda and Elyot renew their old lost love, but he is startled on hearing her say she did not expect him to be celibate "anymore than I was", and is irritated about her "yap-yap-yap-yapping" about Victor, at which she cries out "Sollocks" as a sign that they should stop arguing at that point. As he cuddles up to kiss her, she says: "It is so soon after dinner," infuriating him. She complains about his drinking and he about her gramophone-playing, until the "Sollocks" danger signal no longer works and they hit each other as the bewildered pair of Victor and Sybil, having located their whereabouts, enter their room. The following morning, Amanda is wearing her traveling clothes and carrying her suitcase on her way out, but Victor convinces her to stay awhile. He demands to know Elyot's intentions, who answers he does not know. As discussions heat up, Elyot, wearing his traveling clothes and carrying a suitcase, is on his way to Canada, but Victor convinces him to remain as well. Sybil decides not to divorce Elyot for a year, and neither will Victor divorce his wife. All four seek to make light of the situation, Elyot and Amanda being more flippant, to the extent that an aggravated Victor scolds Elyot, who is defended by Sybil. While Victor and Sybil quarrel, Elyot and Amanda again slip away together. {{BookCat}} cy4v43925zn6pydui1j54xfe5fw2bkl 4096919 4096913 2022-08-28T17:38:55Z Neojacob 363908 /* Sean O'Casey */ dates wikitext text/x-wiki The Edwardian drama refers to the reign of King Edward VII (1901-1910). The realistic mode prevalent at the end of the past century prevailed at the start of the 20th. "The tendency of modern dramatic art is now to make the characters and the emotional and moral significance of the situations the most important elements, and to reduce the plot to a minimum. The characters in consequence are not merely presented during the early scenes, but go on developing till the end of the play, so that the spectator may have to alter his first impressions. In consequence, the faculty upon which the modern play tends to rely more and more in the spectator is no longer the power of following the indications of a complex story, but of seizing and remembering shades of character and emotion; and the spectator's pleasure depends now not so much on being unable to guess what is going to happen next as in being able to recognize that what does happen next is true and interesting" (MacCarthy, 1907 p 18-19). “The drama of today, through the influences of modern science, of contemporary democracy, of shifting moral values, of the critical rather than the worshipful attitude toward life, of an irresistible thrust toward increased naturalism and greater veracity, has become bourgeois, dealing with the world of every day; comic, verging upon the tearful, or serious, trenching upon the tragic; unheroic, suburban, and almost prosaic, yet intensely interesting by reason of its sincerity and its humanity; essentially critical in tone, proving all things, holding fast that which is good” (Henderson, 1914 p 309). “The English, as their drama represents them, are a nation endlessly communicative about love without ever enjoying it. Full-blooded physical relationships engaged in mutual delight are theatrically tabu. Thwarted love is preferred...At the end of a play on some quite different subject- religion, perhaps, or politics- it is customary for the two to say, as he does in [St John Ervine's Robert’s Wife (1938)]: ‘I was deeply in love with a fine woman’ and for the wife to reply: ‘My dear, dear husband!’ but there should be no hint elsewhere in the text that they have as much as brushed lips. In comedies, marriage is presented as the high road to divorce. Husband and wife begin the play at daggers drawn at their country house, and the whole point of the ensuing exercise is to lure them back into each other’s arms. The reconciliation takes place in the last act. Left alone on stage, the two lovers exchange coy salutations…Among younger people, the technique of courtship is even more rigorously codified...He is always bashful and ashamed in the presence of women to whom he is not closely related. The plays of the twenties were full of scenes in which the hero, contorted with grief, confessed to his mother that he had transferred his affections to another woman. A firmly established tenet of the English drama is that love which is only physical will not last, and is probably ghastly anyway...The idea that a man and a woman should...sexually exult in their discovery is deeply offensive to English taste. Someone should suffer for it, and our playwrights see that it sometimes does, harshly and irrevocably. Proposals are regarded with more tolerance, though the approach to them is often extremely oblique...English romantic drama is built around interrupted and frustrated embraces. Uninterrupted embraces only take place years before the curtain rises…Actresses, by an unjust dispensation, have far fewer chances. Prejudice forbids them any form of self-indulgence. Until she reaches the age of thirty, the English actress is allowed only to play ingenues, girls too young for love and scared of it” (Tynan, 1961 pp 61-64). "Until the modern period, great drama has possessed not only those deeper and subtler qualities which reveal themselves to the careful analyst and which constitute its greatness, it has also possessed more generally available qualities. It has appealed on different levels. It has appealed to the connoisseur and the amateur, the critic and the public. It has functioned as mere entertainment for some and as the highest art for others. A great deal of modern art, however, including drama, does not possess this double appeal. It appeals only to those who can discern high art, just as modern entertainment frequently appeals only to those who are satisfied with mere entertainment. Scandalized, our spiritual doctors call on the entertainers to be artistic or on the artists to be entertaining. The one class is censured as low-brow, the other as high-brow. Whatever the proposed solution, wherever the blame is to be placed, the facts themselves are inexorable. A peculiar, problematic, and perhaps revolutionary situation exists. Art and commodity have become direct antagonists" (Bentley, 1955 p xv). =George Bernard Shaw= [[File:George Bernard Shaw.jpg|thumb|George Bernard Shaw is the dominant English-speaking playwright of the early 20th century by presenting serious themes in comic tones, 1909]] The Irish-born playwright, George Bernard Shaw (1854-1950), continued work from the previous century by becoming one of the major dramatists prior to World War II (1939-1945), whose best-loved plays include "Mrs Warren's profession" (1902, first written in 1893), "Man and superman" (1903), "Major Barbara" (1905), "Pygmalion" (1912), and "Heartbreak House" (1919). Early critics were offended by the theme of “Mrs Warren’s profession”. Chesterton (1914) explained that the play "is concerned with a coarse mother and a cold daughter; the mother drives the ordinary and dirty trade of harlotry; the daughter does not know until the end the atrocious origin of all her own comfort and refinement. The daughter, when the discovery is made, freezes up into an iceberg of contempt; which is indeed a very womanly thing to do. The mother explodes into pulverising cynicism and practicality; which is also very womanly. The dialogue is drastic and sweeping; the daughter says the trade is loathsome, the mother answers that she loathes it herself; that every healthy person does loathe the trade by which she lives. And beyond question the general effect of the play is that the trade is loathsome; supposing anyone to be so insensible as to require to be told of the fact. Undoubtedly the upshot is that a brothel is a miserable business, and a brothel-keeper a miserable woman. The whole dramatic art of Shaw is in the literal sense of the word, tragi-comic; I mean that the comic part comes after the tragedy" (pp 137-138). For his part, Grein (1902) refused to allow the subject of prostitution in a rational discussion. “The case of Mrs Warren has been invented with such ingenuity and surrounded by such impossibilities that it produces revolt instead of reasoning. For Mr Shaw has made the great mistake of tainting all the male characters with a streak of a demoralized tar brush; he has created a coldblooded, almost sexless daughter as the sympathetic element and he has built the unspeakable Mrs Warren of such motley material that in our own mind pity and disgust for the woman are constantly at loggerheads. If the theme was worth treating at all the human conflict was the tragedy of the daughter through the infamy of the mother. Instead of that we get long arguments- spiced with platform oratory and invective- between a mother really utterly degraded, but here and there whitewashed with sentimental effusions, and a daughter so un-English in her knowledge of the world, so cold of heart, and 'beyond human power' in reasoning that we end by hating both; the one who deserves it, as well as the other who is a victim of circumstances. Thus there are false notes all the time, and apart from a passing interest in a few scenes, saved by the author's cleverness, the play causes only pain and bewilderment, while it should have shaken our soul to its innermost chords” (pp 294-295). "“Here, not only a stock subject of philanthropic reformers, but the whole of Nordic middle-class mentality with regard to the phenomenon of prostitution is taken by the horns. Shaw argues that it is either a social necessity, and then there is no reason for keeping poor Mrs Warren and her former lodgers in a state of inferiority (this state of inferiority, on the contrary, in its turn causes the evil to grow worse); or else it is an evil that can be corrected, in which case society should correct it by eliminating its causes, and not by reviling those who are the first and principal victims of such causes. This is a very good argument, but, as usual, one-sided, because it leaves out altogether the psychological and moral aspect of the problem, which is perhaps better and more generally understood in the Latin countries than among the puritan Anglo-Saxons. There remains the drama of Mrs Warren, who after all is an excellent woman, in relation to her daughter, who is also a striking figure, a girl who has been made hard and inhuman through a badly conceived system of education” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 83-84). Henderson (1914) complained that “driven by his ineradicable sense of the ridiculous, Shaw has greatly weakened the play's effect by shattering unity of impression through the gruesome, cynical levity of Frank” (p 81). In contrast, Duffin (1939) appreciated Frank. "Regarded from a distance, the play appears as a setting for the three scenes: between Frank and Vivie: the babes in the wood, in the middle of Act III; the disclosure of the relationship, at the end of Act III; and Vivie’s renunciation in Act IV- with the scenes between Vivie and Mrs Warren as lower lights. As a reason for Vivie’s repudiation of her mother’s money, any other disgraceful way of getting rich would have served; but the fact that Mrs Warren is a leader in this special business makes possible also the most interesting psycho- logical problem of the play- the brother-and-sister-lover relationship. The situation is handled with such skill and sympathy by Shaw- mainly through the exquisite creation of Frank Gardner, who is among the most wonderful of Shaw’s young men- that it not only escapes all taint of unpleasantness, but actually becomes one of those gracious loves that are uncharacteristic of Shaw. Frank is not affected by the conventional idea of a necessary repulsion- he feels nothing of the sort, and does not trouble about what he ought to feel. His attempt to throw doubt on the facts of their relationship, as stated by Crofts, is undertaken merely for Vivie’s sake. She, too, declares she is unaffected by the revelation, though her denial is inconsistent with the despair and disgust she evinces when it is made, in contrast to Frank’s magnificent acceptance, which is, however, I suppose, only a romantic gesture in face of Vivie’s realistic grasp of the situation. The idyll flickers out abruptly, but its three brief scenes leave much that is beautiful upon the memory” (p 67). “Vivie is...offered 4 choices: Frank (romantic love), Praed (escape from reality into art through aestheticism), Mrs Warren (sentimental attachment to mother no matter what the mother does), and Sir George Crofts (co-opting within an evil system for the sake of money)...Vivie’s decision to join the law-firm of Honoria Fraser is neither cynical nor misanthropic. She simply makes the wisest and most mature choice available to her, a choice clearly superior to the other four” (Abbott, 1989 p 47). “Vivie, who began by reproaching her mother for her way of life, becomes gradually impressed by her energy and ability, and touched by the sacrifices she has made for her. But when she learns that her mother is still continuing to follow the same profession, her mood changes and in the final scene they face each other as enemies...Vivie...tells her that at heart she is a conventional woman, and that is why she is leaving her...What spoils this powerful drama is above all its tone, which is too light for the subject with which it is dealing” (Lamm, 1952 pp 260-261). Gassner (1954a) admitted that "Mrs Warren's Profession releases a powerful barrage, its larger purpose being defined by Shaw in his 1898 Preface with customary precision: "I believe that any society which desires to found itself on a high standard of integrity of character in its units should organize itself in such a fashion as to make it possible for all men and all women to maintain themselves in reasonable comfort by their industry without selling their affections and their convictions'" but yet the critic moaned about the "dubious artistry of the piece; once Mrs Warren has made her forceful confession to her daughter, the action is whipped up into hopelessly thin lather concerning Vivie Warren's decisions respecting her own life, and despite affirmations of feminine independence (the New Woman!) she becomes a tiresome and chilly subject" (p 602). Likewise, Agate (1926) wrote that "there is one great flaw in the piece, which time has not altered, and that is the nature of Mrs Warren’s crime. To sin in one’s own person is one thing, to traffic in sin is another The woman’s case is too thin here, and the statement that her creatures were happier than the average barmaid or the average wife of a Deptford labourer is simply not true. Mrs Warren herself is drawn in the round, the rest of the characters are mere intellectual abstractions. Vivie, in so far as she is alive at all, is a prig, Crofts is a sawdust monster, Frank is very little removed from a scatter-brain, and the clergyman and the artist are just not anything at all" (p 233). In contrast to those critics, Mair and Ward (1939) felt that the play "made a brave and plain-spoken attempt to drag the public face to face with the nauseous realities of prostitution" (p 205). Archer (1899) felt that "the character of Mrs Warren is superb, the indictment of the economic conditions which beget Mrs Warren's and their bondwomen is thrilling and crushing, and the technique is throughout admirable, especially in the natural yet intensely dramatic manipulation of the great scenes. There are speeches whose irony takes you by the throat, both in the scene in which Mrs Warren expounds to her Girton-bred daughter the nature of her profession, and that in which Sir George Crofts, Mrs Warren's partner, in the private hotels which she manages, amplifies the mother's revelations. The former scene, to be sure, would be far more poignant if Vivie were a human girl instead of Mr Shaw's patent, imperturbable Girtonian paragon; but in that case it would be too painful for endurance. The scene with Crofts, on the other hand, gets its point from Vivie's intellectual competence...Much as I dislike and shrink from certain passages between Frank and Vivie, I have no hesitation in saying that Mrs Warren's Profession is not only intellectually but dramatically one of the very ablest plays of our time" (pp 9-10). “The characters in Mrs Warren's Profession are wonderfully well drawn, especially Mrs Warren, who is, as the author describes her, a disreputable old blackguard of a woman, but all the same she is alive and intensely interesting. But disreputable folk sometimes make better parents than the most respectable, when they make up their minds to it. They know their faults so well that they can keep them in the background. Both Frank and Vivian...are instances of their parents’ success in this respect. Mrs Warren's men friends are of the kind one might expect; at the same time they are the pick of her basket. Some may regard it as questionable taste on the author's part to have made the father of Frank a clergyman, but nature is no respecter of persons or parsons, and the author of such a play as Mrs Warren's Profession is scarcely the man to pander to superstition” (Armstrong, 1913 p 254). "There is a conflict between Mrs Warren, the well-balanced woman of business, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but a sentimentalist who has lived one kind of life while dreaming of another and Vivie, the true daughter of the mother, likewise well-balanced, reasonable, tenacious, active, hard-working, and ambitious, but stronger willed, positive, and realist, wishing to live a real life. There is a conflict between Vivie and Crofts, an elderly sensualist, still robust, maintaining the veneer of respectability, attracted by Vivie's youth and vigorous beauty. There is the conflict between Vivie and Frank, positive-minded but an idler, who wants a practical, sensible, and well-to-do woman for his wife, to enable him to continue his enjoyments as a gamester and a sportsman. There is the conflict between Frank and his father, the Rev Samuel, who is authoritative, irritable, and weak-willed—in fine, somewhat ridiculous, and really under his son's influence...All these conflicts taken together manifest to us also a general conflict, that between capitalist society and a moral ideal altogether different from traditional morality, one which finds no overt expression, but which is felt to exist all through the play, to which it gives a high moralizing value"(Hamon, 1916 pp 169-170). The play's "strength proceeds from the depth displayed in the consideration of the motives which prompt to action, the intellectual and emotional crises eventuating from the fierce clash of personalities and the sardonically unconscious self-scourging of the characters themselves...The tremendous dramatic power of the specious logic with which Mrs Warren defends her course; the sardonic irony of the parting between mother and daughter!...Devastating in its consummate irony is the passage in which Mrs Warren, conventional to her heart's core, lauds her own respectability; and that in which Crofts propounds his own code of honour...Mrs Warren's Profession is not only what Brunetière would call a work of combat: it is an act of declared hostility against capitalistic society, the inertia of public opinion, the lethargy of the public conscience, and the criminality of a social order which begets such appalling social conditions. Into this play Shaw has poured all his socialistic passion for a more just and humane social order" (Henderson, 1911 pp 306-307). "Mrs Warren’s Profession reads blazingly well today, mainly through its excellent construction (it is, in its revelations, closer than many plays Shaw wrote to the well-made play) and its character-drawing. Vivie, the matter-of-fact, scholastic, “new woman” daughter, is a genuine study (Shaw admitted her smoking was based on that of the real life person on whom she was modeled) and her difference from her mother, in natural temperament, education and outlook, provides the living human conflict of the play and keeps it strongly alive. Mrs Warren herself is depicted as coarse yet full of the feeling Vivie lacks. It is the kind of feeling, fairly shallow, by which Shaw does not set great store, but nevertheless portrays with compassion and skill. It is a clever and believable study and every scene in which Mrs Warren appears has a flesh-and-blood reality" (Williamson, 1916 p 112). Goldman (1914) also appreciated the mother-daughter conflict and also the irony in comparing Mrs Warren's fate with her sister's: "no, it is not respectable to talk about these things, because respectability cannot face the truth. Yet everybody knows that the majority of women, 'if they wish to provide for themselves decently, must be good to some man that can afford to be good to them.' The only difference then between Sister Liz, the respectable girl, and Mrs Warren, is hypocrisy and legal sanction. Sister Liz uses her money to buy back her reputation from the church and society. The respectable girl uses the sanction of the church to buy a decent income legitimately, and Mrs Warren plays her game without the sanction of either. Hence she is the greatest criminal in the eyes of the world. Yet Mrs Warren is no less human than most other women. In fact, as far as her love for her daughter Vivian is concerned, she is a superior sort of mother. That her daughter may not have to face the same alternative as she,- slave in a scullery for four shillings a week- Mrs Warren surrounds the girl with comfort and ease, gives her an education, and thereby establishes between her child and herself an abyss which nothing can bridge. Few respectable mothers would do as much for their daughters. However, Mrs Warren remains the outcast, while all those who benefit by her profession, including even her daughter Vivian, move in the best circles" (pp 182-183). “Vivie Warren begins and closes the play, and Shaw reverses expectation and conventional pattern by placing the reconciliation and understanding between mother and daughter in act 2 and concluding with the child’s rejection of her parent…Vivie at the same time refuses the traditional alternative of love’s young dream in the shape of Frank Gardner” (Raby, 2004 p 200). In Mrs Warren’s profession, Shaw declared himself just such a master-hand by writing a play that deliberately reversed every convention of the fallen-woman drama. His fallen woman is not a glamorous courtesan who wears silks and jewels for three acts and then dies of consumption but a vulgar matron who wears gay blouses and brilliant hats and ends the play in robust good health. When her daughter, Vivie, a self-sufficient Cambridge graduate, learns that her mother made her living through prostitution, Mrs Warren responds not with shame and repentance but with vigorous self-justification” (Eltis, 2004 p 229). "Man and Superman" "retains its popularity as a comedy embodying humanity’s favorite theme for entertainment, the making of marriages by female will against the natural masculine instinct to escape the chains of a single, responsible relationship...Ann, for all the charm any actress can give her, is not an attractive creation, and close to satire in Shaw’s use of her uncomprisingly as a symbol of Victorian hypocrisy and a representative of feminine ruthlessness in sexual pursuit. If she showed the slightest interest in Tanner mentally, or appreciation of his work and its cost to him (for all work of his kind is costly in energy and mental peace), we might warm to her more; but actually Shaw is psychologically not unshrewd here, for frequently enough this is the kind of woman men of intelligence are basically attracted by, yield to, marry, and in a remarkable number of cases remain faithful to, even though they may sometimes secretly regret some deeper lack in the relationship. It is, of course, sex triumphant, a fact of life Shaw, despite his instinctive revulsion, was honest enough to recognize as overriding in action" (Williamson, 1916 pp 132-133). “The artistic effect of 'Man and Superman' is like that of Voltaire’s ‘Candide’, where a fundamentally serious point of view is expressed in a playful and improbable tale...Tanner is an extravert, a man entirely absorbed in his activities...an intellectual...and that is why in the end he becomes the helpless prey of Ann in her lust for marriage...He throws out bold truths, but with an undertone of skepticism” (Lamm, 1952 pp 272-273). “The joke on Tanner...is that all the time he is theorizing about the life force, he is being ensnared by it” (Brustein, 1964 p 219). "Tanner’s love of Ann is a sideline to his surrendering liberty as any philosopher should, for the purpose of perhaps breeding the first Nietzschean superman. Male critics often resent Ann Whitefield as an instance of the calculating woman, sometimes as a cold-blooded liar and hypocrite (Hobson, 1953, p 149). In Man and Superman Shaw has also stated clearly and illustrated his peculiar attitude to the relation between the sexes. The main part of the story tells how Ann driven by the Life Force, tricks Jack Tanner, the revolutionary free-thinker, into marriage. Tatnner knows perfectly veil what she is about, although the poetic Octavius would still regard woman as an angel sent on from high. Poor littlo ‘Ricky-ticky-tavy’ gets the worst of it. Ann, although se may play with him as a cat plays with a mouse, wants Tanner himself and even a modern automobile with the good services of the rash driver, like Enry Straker, cannot save him. Tanner and Octavius are set m close opposition The one is the clear-eyed modern, the other the romantic poet” (Mullik, 1956 p 49). “The real artist-creator, according to Shaw, is a match for any woman bent on creating in her own more physical way...because, like her, he has a purpose. John Tanner is a talker rather than a creator, and is, therefore, quite properly captured by Ann” (Gassner, 1954b p 158). According to MacCarthy (1907), Shaw "set out purposely to write a play in which sexual attraction should be the main interest; but in his other plays also he has always made the nature of the attraction between his characters quite clear. What is remarkable about the scenes in which this is done, is the extent to which sexual passion is isolated from all other sentiments and emotions. His lovers, instead of using the language of admiration and affection, in which this passion is so often cloaked, simply convey by their words the kind of mental tumult they are in. Sexual attraction is stripped bare of all the accessories of poetry and sympathy" (p 57). "Shaw adheres first to the principle that comedy must have a fixed vantage-point, though he transforms it to suit his own purpose. He retains, too, the prerogatives and tricks of comedy, without, however, the necessity of being chained to them. He also keeps to stock types for comic purposes, but his new social philosophy gives him a new set of types. Even in incidentals he can follow well-worn grooves of the art; the Straker-Tanner relationship in 'Man and Superman' rests on the conventional master-valet set-up, given completely new vitality from the new social background" (Peacock, 1946 p 77). “Shaw’s writing was not hobbled, as Galsworthy’s was, by the self-imposed naturalistic requirement of copying the speech of floundering characters” (Gassner, 1956 p 43). In the play, "we have Violet, a practical-minded young woman, secretly married to Hector Malone, American, whose father, a multi-millionaire, is, like all the fathers in Shaw's plays, dictatorial, testy, and in the end submissive. We have Roebuck Ramsden, Ann's guardian, an elderly Radical, rather absurd with his superannuated and romantic notions, cutting a melancholy figure beside the triumphant young people of advanced ideas, represented by Ann, Tanner, Violet, and Hector. We have Miss Ramsden, Roebuck Ramsden's sister, also testy arid full of conventions. Finally, we have Octavius, poet arid lover, scorned and made a mock of by Ann, who loves Tanner, desires him, and takes him; but this defeat of Octavius the lover is the triumph of Octavius the poet, just as the defeat of Eugene the lover in 'Candida' (1898) is the triumph of Eugene the poet" (Hamon, 1916 p 181). "Major Barbara" "revealed the master of social comedy, even if it marked no advance in content over 'Widower’s houses' (1893) with its point that tainted money is so widespread that it cannot be escaped anywhere. In a corrupted social order, everything is defiled by the same pitch, and there is no chance for individual salvation except in the cleansing of society. Cheap and easy philanthropy is as effective as painting cancer with mercurochrome. Major Barbara of the Salvation Army approaches this conclusion when she discovers that her benevolent organization receives money from distillers and munitions-makers like her father— in other words, from the very industries that produce more evil than a thousand Salvation Armies can ever cancel. Sufficiently honest to recognize a truth when she meets it, unhappy Barbara Undershaft cries out: 'My God, why hast Thou forsaken me?' and takes off her uniform. If the play marks an improvement over Shaw’s first drama, this is because Barbara is an affecting person and because the munitions-maker Andrew Undershaft is a superb character" (Gassner, 1954a pp 607-608). Shaw “can indict British capitalism and yet make the hero of his indictment an arch-capitalist like Undershaft. This is the secret of comic genius, and, at the heart of it, is common sense so resolutely pursued that it becomes startlingly uncommon sense” (Gassner, 1954b p 141). Shaw’s “first act is one of the masterpieces of drawing-room comedy. Lady Britomart (whose name from an obscure Greek divinity naturalized into English by Edmund Spenser) so trenchantly combines Britannia with a martinet, is, though an estranged, a strongly compatible wife for Undershaft. And indeed, Shaw, his evolutionist’s eye on heredity, points out that Barbara is her mother’s daughter and Sarah her father’s, though in both cases against the obvious grain. It was, however, pointedly in honour of her father’s trade that Shaw chose to call Barbara Barbara. St Barbara is the patron saint of gunners. The Undershaft marriage is the uneasy but effective alliance of capitalism and the Whig aristocracy that governed the British empire” (Brophy, 1987 p 95). “Undershaft, the arms dealer, built up as a stock sinister capitalist before his entrance, proves mild, sensitive, willing to listen to everyone...Barbara’s ‘My God, my God, why has Thou forsaken me?’ is convincingly in character...[since a] Christian...facing a spiritual crisis should echo the words most familiar to her” (Chothia, 1996 pp 161-163). "Barbara’s own realization that the helping of the poor through religious channels only scrapes the surface of the problem, and there is better work for her here in her father’s factory community, in which there is every material consideration and no spiritual fulfillment. But the decision is not arrived at without bitterness, any more than Barbara’s decision to leave the Salvation Army rather than to join them in accepting the bribe of the manufacturer of the whiskey which destroys their battle to revive human dignity....What matters theatrically is that this third act of Major Barbara- like that other long discussion scene between Warwick, Cauchon and de Stogumber in Saint Joan- has such argumentative force and wit that it habitually holds its audience’s rapt attention and therefore entertains it, in the best sense of the word, no less completely than if the dramatist were indulging in popular melodramatics. This, perhaps, has been Shaw’s greatest gift to the theatre of our time. To make an audience listen, think, and actually enjoy listening and thinking, was no mean feat after four hundred years of stage concentration on conventions far removed from thought or the real business of daily life. The gap between the literary worlds of the novel and the theatre has never been so wide since" (Williamson, 1916 pp 141-142). "Barbara Undershaft finds that the authorities of the Salvation Army are content to accept contributions from a distiller whose trade is one of the most powerful influences which they have to combat. This realization brings her world crashing about her ears; she at first feels that there is nothing left to live for. But this is only the peripeteia; as usual it is to provide a solution. Not only does this overthrow or recoil give the logical victory to her father's opposing point of view far more than that, as soon as she grows calm she discovers that her real life-work, which she had supposed inextricable from her allegiance to the Salvation Army- the work, that is, of organizing social sanity and happiness—is not in fact dependent upon that allegiance, but can survive it she goes on to perform the same task amid new surroundings" (Norwood, 1921 p 179). For Goldman (1914), the play "points to the fact that while charity and religion are supposed to minister to the poor, both institutions derive their main revenue from the poor by the perpetuation of the evils both pretend to fight. It is inevitable that the Salvation Army, like all other religious and charitable institutions, should by its very character foster cowardice and hypocrisy as a premium securing entry into heaven" (pp 186-188). In writing "Major Barbara", Shaw "is stimulating in his criticism of certain tendencies in modern philanthropy, and consistent with his own individualistic philosophy in declaiming against all who make a virtue of poverty, starvation, and humility. He announces his preference for the avowed egoism of Undershaft as opposed to the masked egoism of the converters and the converted. Yet, while proposing Undershaft as a fair example of the philanthropic captain of industry, Shaw jibes at those who would accept his benefactions and condemn, in secret, his morality" (Chandler, 1914, p 348). When Snobby Price declares: 'I'm fly enough to know wots inside the law and wots outside it; and inside it I do as the capitalists do: pinch wot I can lay me ands on. In a proper state of society I am sober, industrious and honest: in Rome, so to speak, I do as the Romans do,' Jones (1962) agreed that ”only when men are safe enough from poverty and insecurity can they afford to consider questions of morality at all” (p 67). Although Williams (1965) stated that "the emotional inadequacy of [Shaw's] plays denies him major status" (p 152), this notion is disputed. For example, in the Salvation Army scene, “the conflict of soul between Barbara and Bill is described with such sincerity that even deeply religious people have been carried away” (Lamm, 1952 p 276-277). “The appearance of the drum marks the high point of Barbara’s power as a salvanionist. The drum...catches the comedy and the seriousness of Adolphus Cusins’ devotion to Barbara and to the vital force he honors in her and in all the religions he collects. He and Barbara kiss over the drum” (Goldman, 1986 p 107), a sympathetically funny moment of discovery, at least for a 1905 audience, because the gesture can only be done with their having kissed several times before. “There is a brilliant parody of a ‘cognitio’ at the end of ‘Major Barbara’ (the fact that the hero of this play is a professor of Greek perhaps indicates an unusual affinity to the con­ventions of Euripides and Menander), where Undershaft is en­abled to break the rule that he cannot appoint his son-in-law as successor by the fact that the son-in-law's own father married his deceased wife's sister in Australia, so that the son-in-law is his own first cousin as well as himself. It sounds complicated, but the plots of comedy often are complicated because there is something inherently absurd about complications. As the main character interest in comedy is so often focussed on the defeated characters, comedy regularly illustrates a victory of arbitrary plot over consistency of character” (Frye, 1957 p 170). "Shaw, unlike Tolstoy, is both destructive and constructive. Even by the aid of the Mammon of Unrighteousness in the person of Undershaft, his mind is vigilant and alert to point the way to better things. For when Barbara visits her father’s munition works, expecting to see a group of noisome and pestilential factories surrounded by workmen’s and labourers’ hovels and slum buildings, she finds instead clean, spick-and-span, well-lighted buildings, to which is attached a garden city with all the amenities of civilization- public library, an art gallery, a concert hall, a theatre, public and private gardens, playgrounds, baths, clubs, co-operative associations, and all that helps to make life healthy, decent, and liveable" (Balmforth, 1928 p 37). "Shaw summarizes his constructive remedies for the situation at the end of the preface to Major Barbara. They are: a just distribution of property, a humane treatment of criminals, and the return of religious creeds to intellectual honesty. These three ideals may perhaps be realized when men in an influential position adopt a platform as broad and firm as Andrew Undershaft’s true faith of an armorer. Society cannot be saved until, as Undershaft paraphrases Plato, 'the Professors of Greek take to making gunpowder or else the makers of gunpowder become professors of Greek,' and until the Major Barbaras who yearn vaguely after righteousness make up their minds to die with the colors of a faith securely founded on scientific accuracy. The power obtained through fighting may become a cult and sweep away with it the petty insecurity of halfway measures, taking with it all sense of safety and security for the average well-meaning but timid citizen of the upper middle class" (Perry, 1939 p 384). In this modernizing of ancient themes of ["Pygmalion'] and in treating ancient characters with the familiarity and lack of prejudice that one uses with contemporaries, Shaw has influenced the whole of modern literary taste and culture, and he may be considered as one of the forerunners of 'novelized' history" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 87). “In the original romance, so lyrically revived by Shaw's friend William Morris, Pygmalion marries Galatea. Might not something of the kind be possible for Shaw, since Pygmalion is a life-giver, a symbol of vitality, since in Eliza the crime of poverty has been overcome, the sin of ignorance cancelled? Or might not Higgins and Eliza be the 'artist man' and 'mother woman' discussed in 'Man and superman'? They might if Shaw actually went to work so allegorically, so abstractly, so idealistically. Actually Pygmalion: a romance stands related to romance precisely as "The devil’s disciple' stands to melodrama or 'Candida' to domestic drama. It is a serious parody, a translation into the language of 'natural history'. The primary inversion is that of Pygmalion's character. The Pygmalion of romance turns a statue into a human being. The Pygmalion of 'natural history' tries to turn a human being into a statue, tries to make of Eliza Doolittle a mechanical doll in the role of a duchess. Or rather he tries to make from one kind of doll a flower girl who cannot afford the luxury of being human another kind of doll, a duchess to whom manners are an adequate substitute for morals...If the first stage of Higgins' experiment was reached when Eliza made her faux pas before Mrs Higgins' friends, and the second when she appeared in triumph at the ball, Shaw, who does not believe in endings, sees her through two more stages in the final acts of his play, leaving her still very much in flux at the end. The third stage is rebellion. Eliza's feelings are wounded because, after the reception, Higgins does not treat her kindly, but talks of her as a guinea pig. Eliza has acquired finer feelings...The play ends with Higgins' knowingly declaring that Eliza is about to do his shopping for him despite her protestations to the contrary: a statement which actors and critics often take to mean that the pair are a Benedick and Beatrice who will marry in the end. One need not quote Shaw's own sequel to prove the contrary. The whole point of the great culminating scene is that Eliza has now become not only a person but an independent person” (pp 120-123). “It is [Higgins] who would need the intercession of a deity to be turned from marble to man” (Freedman, 1967 p 49). “England in the early decades of the 20th century was obsessed by the matter of class status, by the gradations of the rigid social structure...Shaw observes in ‘Pygmalion’ that the right accent together with the right clothes could carry the day...that class distinctions lose their force when a decent education can transform a street vendor into a ‘duchess’, that education made available to all those with the intellectual means of profiting from it would eliminate the outworn concepts of caste and class” (Goldstone, 1969 p 17). "'Pygmalion' is a study in the transference of an individual from one social class to another. Shaw argues that, since the capacity of speech is one of the most divine of human attributes, a person who can change the sounds made by another’s voice alters at the same time the soul to which the voice gives expression; also that a person who changes the economic status of another individual is responsible for changing his mentality. Shaw makes the latter point by introducing into Pygmalion the picturesque subsidiary character of Eliza’s father, one of the 'undeserving poor'. In his unregenerate state, he prefers not to have too much money, for fear he might acquire the damning virtue of prudence. Later, when Higgins has been accidentally instrumental in procuring £3000 a year for him, Doolittle has to adopt middle-class morality and marry the 'missus', who would not tie herself up to him for life when he was poor. Doolittle appears only twice in the play, once in each of his economic incarnations" (Perry, 1939 p 389). "Shaw chuckled over the success of his play, writing that 'it is so intensely and deliberately didactic, and its subject so dry, that I delight in throwing it at the heads of the wiseacres who repeat the parrot cry that art should never be didactic. It goes to prove my contention that art should never be anything else.' He might have noted, however, that the didacticism was largely imbedded in the Dickensian characterization of that proletarian philosopher Doolittle and in his daughter Eliza herself when she emerges in her Pygmalion's studio not only as a pseudo-duchess but as a living woman. In fact, this Galatea becomes so completely alive that she disturbs the scientific equanimity of her sculptor, who is himself a vivid personality despite the mother-fixation that deprives Higgins of the conventional qualification of sexual passion" (Gassner, 1954 p 609). In the myth, Pygmalion gives Galatea life without mating; so Henry. In some respect, he has given life to her, but Eliza’s complaint is that such a life is useless to her. Lewisohn (1922) described "Heartbreak house" as "softer in tone than many of Shaw's plays; it is, for him, extraordinarily symbolistic in fable and structure...He saw a society divided between 'barbarism and Capua' in which 'power and culture were in separate compartments'. 'Are we,' asks the half-mythical Captain Shotover, 'are we to be kept forever in the mud by these hogs to whom the universe is nothing but a machine for greasing their bristles and filling their snouts?' His children and their friends played at love and art and even at theories of social reconstruction. Meanwhile the ship of state drifted. 'The captain is in his bunk,' Shotover declares further on, 'drinking bottled ditch-water, and the crew is gambling in the forecastle'...In the result of the symbolical air-raid he sounds a note of fine and lasting hope. The two burglars, the two practical men of business are blown to atoms. So is the parsonage. 'The poor clergyman will have to get a new house'. There is left the patient idealist who pities the poor fellows in the Zeppelin because they are driven toward death by the same evil forces; there are left those among the loiterers in Heartbreak House who are capable of a purging experience and a revolution of the soul" (pp 160-161). "The immediate result of the air raid is the death of two practical men, a burglar who acts like a man of affairs and a man of affairs who acts like a burglar. These two men have interchanged functions and between them exhibit all the characteristics of predatory capitalistic finance. The relations between Boss Mangan, the employer, and Mazzini Dunn, his employee, an earnest, incompetent 'soldier of freedom', are like those existing between organized industry and the spirit of noble optimism, which had at first hoped to be the master, not the slave, in its partnership with big business. This analogy is further carried out by Mangan's desire to marry Dunn’s daughter, Ellie, brought up by her father in financial poverty, but endowed with rich spiritual possessions in the knowledge of Shakespeare"(Perry, 1939 pp 391-392). "The greatness of this play, for all its incidental coldnesses and cruelties and comic intrusions, is its oldest inhabitant, Captain Shotover, a figure rough-hewn out of his own poop like a figurehead on the prow of a ship, a King Lear without the tragedy (though certainly with hints of pathos) and still in spite of his calculated senile absent-mindedness in full command of his kingdom and his daughters. He is a prophet thundering in navigational terms of Britain’s danger, but much more than that a prophet of war through the ages, now coming like a messenger of death, on wing, to destroy mankind...At the heart is human disillusion- the disillusion of love which finds its hardness in rebuilding a life without it, and its wisdom and resignation from the aged who have experienced all things, as Ellie does from Shotover. But there is valiancy, too, in the face of the bombs that suggests at the last the human will to survive, the life force still not spent. And in this the old Shaw thunders beneath the iridescent lightning of the future. It is his work of purest imagination, in character and vision and therefore his nearest to poetry, the highest expression of genius. By it he lives on, dispelling wisdom and warning into the future. For this is a lion of a play, with a roar to waken the sleeping conscience of every generation" (Williamson, 1916 pp 172-173). It is "a magnificent comedy of humors and a powerful symbol wrapped in whimsy. Captain Shotover’s house is a Noah’s ark where the characters gather before the flood. They and the classes they represent have been making a hopeless muddle of both society and themselves. The only half-rational Hector Hushabye and his wife display the futility of the upper classes; a British aristocrat exemplifies the bankruptcy of Britain’s rulers; the capitalist Mangan represents the predatory force of Mammon. All are equally blind to the wrath of God and to the storm they have been raising unknowingly. The innocents are helpless or they must compromise like the hard-headed poor girl who is willing to marry the capitalist for his money, and the one knowing person among them, Captain Shotover, has taken refuge in eccentricity. Then the storm breaks loose and death comes raining from the skies in an air raid. The despair in the play is manifest, for Shaw’s pity and moral earnestness did not decrease with age; the harlequinade of Heartbreak House is a Dance of Death. Still, Shaw the Fabian and one-time agitator was loath to renounce all expectation of salvation through a new order. Hope was implicit in the death of the thieves of the play who are blown to pieces by the bombardment; did not many socialists believe that predatory capitalism was finished by the war just as the capitalist Mangan was finished by a bomb! Amid the wreckage Shaw’s remaining characters try to pull themselves together. The call for courage is sounded resonantly with Shaw’s customary eloquence, as is the call for action when the antagonists of society’s malefactors declare 'we must win powers of life and death over them...They believe in themselves. When we believe in ourselves, we shall kill them'" (Gassner, 1954s p 611). Bentley (1947) pointed out that “we never learn what happens to the disillusioned antagonists of such plays as 'Candida' in which Morell is at the end crushed and speechless. In 'Heartbreak house', however, we are not allowed to remain in doubt. Ellie's peace of mind is not lasting, for she finds that ‘there seems to be nothing real in the world except my father and Shakespeare. Marcus's tigers are false; Mr Mangan's millions are false; there is nothing really strong and true about Hesione but her beautiful black hair; and Lady Utterword's is too pretty to be real. The one thing that was left to me was the Captain's seventh degree of concentration; and that turns out to be’: 'Rum,' says the captain, while Hesione confesses that her hair is dyed. The play ends with an air raid that is fatal to two members of the group. Hesione expresses the wish that the bombers will come again and Ellie, 'radiant at the prospect', cries 'Oh, I hope so!' She has been thrice disillusioned once in each act, by Hector, by Mangan, by Shotover and is, in a sense, back at the beginning again, in love with romance. Only the romance which now brings color into her life is that of a kind of warfare that threatens civilization...Ellie stumbles in disenchantment from romantic love, to 'marriage of convenience', to 'spiritual marriage', the latter gained by spirits (rum bottle) not the spirit...The story of Ellie Dunn, neatly arranged in three acts, could easily have made a personal play. But if in 'Heartbreak house' her story is the center of the action it is a center not very much more important than anything on the periphery. In the theme of the play it is the group that matters. Although the method is Chekhovian, Shaw's characters are not. Chekhov's people are felt, so to say, from the inside; they are creatures of feeling, never very far from the pathetic. Shaw's are closer to traditional puppets of comedy. They are more crudely representative of classes of men, more deliberately allegorical, than Chekhov's. Later, in 'The simpleton of the unexpected isles', Shaw would frankly state that four of his people simply represent Love, Pride, Heroism, and Empire. And it has been pointed out that the Shotover daughters and their men represent the same four forces: Hesione is Love, Ariadne is Empire, Randall Utterword is Pride, and Hector is Heroism. One might add that all the other characters 'stand for things', Mangan for business and realism, Shotover for aged intellect and that, in general, one of Shaw's worst tendencies is to create characters who have no function except to illustrate a point. The burglar episode, for instance, makes a point that is repeated in Shaw's great pamphlet imprisonment...'Heartbreak House' might be called The Nightmare of a Fabian. All Shaw's themes are in it. You might learn from it his teachings on love, religion, education, politics. But you are unlikely to do so, not only because the treatment is so brief and allusive but because the play is not an argument in their favor. It is a demonstration that they are all being disregarded or defeated. It is a picture of failure. The world belongs to the Mangans, the Utterwords, and the Hushabyes. In the world where these men wield the power stands the lonely figure of old Captain Shotover, the man of mind. What he is seeking is what Shaw has always been seeking, like Plato before him: a way of uniting wisdom and power. The Fabians had tried by 'permeation' to make the men of power wise. But the men of power preferred a world war to the world's wisdom. Shotover has given them up as hopeless. He is trying to attain power by means of mind. When he attains the 'seventh degree of concentration' he will be able to explode dynamite by mere thinking. 'A mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of my adversary before he can point his gun at me' will implement thought with power" (pp 137-140). Shaw “has widened the field and scope of the drama immensely. No other living writer has covered such an enormous area, or peopled it with such a wide variety of characters. To my sense, Mr. Shaw excels in that department more than any other present-day writer, and it is largely owing to his skill in this respect that he is able to be so extraordinarily interesting and fiercely entertaining. The way in which he says a thing is always excellent, even if the thing itself is not always sound. It always sounds sound, I admit” (Armstrong, 1913 p 320). Shaw "carries out the theory of the drama of ideas by making his play an attack upon some accepted opinion and carrying a dramatic opposition into the minds of his audience" (Moody and Lovett, 1930 pp 480-481). "Shaw’s greatest foes are sham idealism and sentimentality" (Wilson, 1937 p 242). “The seeds of Shaw's structural innovation, the discussion play, may be observed in nearly all the early works. The method of the well-made playwrights may be simply described as exposition-complication-denouement; one event leads to another until the original force has spent itself. But in the Shavian play, events exist only for the discussion they may provoke. The intellectual rather than the physical complication is the dramatist's main concern, and it is Shaw's distinction that he has made the conflict of ideas as exciting as any of Boucicault's last-minute rescues. The secret may lie in the fact that Shaw is no abstract philosopher, but one who sees ideas always as a part of human problems. The essence of Bernard Shaw is his wit, the quintessence is his humanity” (Downer, 1950 p 306). Different views have appeared regarding Shaw's dialogues. Despite possessing "an ability to make people think by making them laugh", "a kind of dramatic encyclopedism, to ridicule “persons and institutions on the principle of topsy-turvy", "a penetrating knowledge of theatrical effect", and "an Olympian indifference to conventional dramatic construction", some critics resent the author's voice in the plays, resembling "a marionette show where the master of the puppets talks all the time" (Reynolds, 1949, pp 131-132). "His amazing brilliance and fecundity of dialogue ought to have given him an immediate and lasting grip of the stage. There has probably never been a dramatist who could invest conversation with the same vivacity and point, the same combination of surprise and inevitableness that distinguishes his best work" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 206). “To come no later down in his career, Caesar and Bluntschli and Brassbound and John Tanner are pure figures of romance. No doubt the figures of an earlier romance exhibited their prowess in a different way. That remarkable survival, Cyrano de Bergerac, pinked his enemy to the tune of extremely acrobatic versifying. Mr Shaw’s heroes pink their opponents intellectually amid a shower of dazzling debating points. They are heroes of the intellect, perhaps, but they are romantic heroes nonetheless. They are neither conceived nor executed in a realistic attitude of mind. Mr Shaw, it should be noted, is not, like Ibsen, an innovating genius in technique; and technique being so obvious and important, this helps to conceal the magnitude of the revolution he has effected. Ibsen’s novelties were of the simple kind of which only a great revolutionary is capable. Mr Shaw is simply one of the greatest writers for the stage that ever lived. Liszt invented no new method of using the piano; but he under- stood better than any other composer how to make the technical resources of the piano effective. There is no definite method of using the stage to be set to Mr Shaw’s credit; but no dramatist has ever used the scene and the actors with greater effect. He has made such dazzling use of Ibsen’s reformed technique as almost to conceal the fact that he is moving in a quite contrary direction” (Shanks, 1923 p 201). "No other man of letters in England since the death of Shelley was so completely devoid of a sense of guilt” (Gassner, 1954b p 148). Shaw’s “treatment of human relations, particularly between the sexes, strikes the audiences today as arch and intellectualized...By the time he was forty, he had managed to fabricate for himself a philosophy that seemed to synthesize a majority of the major ideas of the 19th century and tie them together so that everything came out right in the end...He persuaded himself that the world was being nudged forward by a Bergsonian ‘élan vital’, or life force, toward a higher consciousness and a more just society. Our job as responsible Shavians was to plug into this force and translate it into action...Possibly, then, it is this fundamentally jaunty belief in human progress that has lately caused students and audiences to shrug him off...Yet maybe, like Dickens, Shaw is to be considered one of those writers who transcend their own limitations. Certainly we can find elements in many of his plays that seem to go against the grain and give him a surprising thickness and ambiguity” (Gurney, 2004 pp 196-197). "Shaw’s plays will last; that in a century from now, they will appear on the stage more frequently than they do to-day; but if not, it will be because of their modernity. The very reason for their interest and applicability may be the reason for their remaining on the shelves...But if they cease to attract audiences, it is incredible that they should cease to attract readers" (Phelps, 1921 p 98). "What first strikes us in the Shavian theatre is, perhaps, the frequency of excited scenes, of explosive arguments, violent protestations, gesticulations and agitations. Apart from the frequency of abstract discussions and the vigour of the dialogue there would be nothing very strange in this excitement, were not the passions and emotions, so violently displayed, represented as being also startlingly brief. This emphasis upon brevity of emotions is very characteristic, and one cause of the charge of cynicism which is so often brought against him. The typical scene is one in which the characters are represented in violent states of moral indignation, rage, perplexity, mortification, infatuation, despair, which subside as suddenly as they rise. The Shavian hero is a man who does not take all this hubble-bubble for more than it is worth. He preserves an exasperating good humour through it, however energetic his retorts may be, because he reckons on human nature being moved, in the long run, only by a few fundamental considerations and instincts. The hostility which he excites does not therefore trouble him the least. He counts upon the phenomenon, ultimately working in his favor, that puzzles Tanner in himself when confronted with Ann; that is, upon the contradiction between moral judgments and instinctive likings and respect. Valentine is not dismayed by Gloria's disapproval, nor Bluntschli by Raina's contempt for his lack of conventionally soldier-like qualities; both are confident that the ultimate decisions of these ladies will depend on other things. Even Tanner soon finds himself on excellent terms with Roebuck Ramsden, who began by abusing him as an infamous fellow. But it is not only the fact that the confidence of the 'realists' is always justified in the plays, which emphasizes the instability of human emotions and judgments; it is one of the fundamental assumptions with regard to human nature which lie at the back of the plays themselves. It is one of the chief causes, too, why they are regarded as fantastic; for the normal instability of emotion has hitherto found very little reflection in literature or on the stage; vacillations, flaggings, changes of mind and inconsequences of thought having been generally confined to characters intended to be obviously weak. But Mr Shaw represents, quite truly, characters of considerable firmness in many respects as subject to them" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 53-54). =="Mrs Warren's profession"== [[File:EN BESKYTTERINDE AF INDUSTRIEN.gif|thumb|Engraving of a 19th century prostitute]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mrs._Warren's_Profession Vivie Warren, fresh from attending mathematic studies at Cambridge University, receives the visit of Praed, her mother's friend, followed by her mother along with her business-partner, Crofts, and then Vivie's friend, Frank, with his father, a rector at the local church. After being scolded for his spendthrift life by his father, Frank reminds him of his own youthful follies, including those of a sexual nature. The father is dismayed and embarrassed after finding out that Mrs Warren is Miss Vavasar, an old flame of his. Crofts has his eye on Vivie for no less than marriage, but so does Frank. Mrs Warren is compelled to explain to her daughter about her career, rising from a hotel servant to the manager of a brothel. Thinking that this refers to events of the faraway past, Vivie considers her mother "stronger than England" and shows pride at her accomplishments. The next morning, Vivie receives a marriage proposal from Crofts. Knowing the nature of his business affairs with her mother from the past and his type personnality, she unhesitatingly refuses. She then learns that the business relation between Crofts and her mother is ongoing. Angry at the refusal and smarting with jealousy towards the more favoured Frank, Crofts reveals to both that they are half-brother-and-sister. Sick of this atmosphere, Vivie suddenly leaves her mother's house to attempt earning a living on her own as an accountant. At her office, she receives the visit of Praed, intent on experiencing art in Italy, and also Frank, followed by Mrs Warren. Despite her mother's pleadings, Vivie wants nothing more to do with her and despite her friendly feelings towards Frank, she tears up the note of his declaration of love, reaching out instead for a new life dedicated to work. =="Man and superman"== [[File:Man_and_Superman_Royal_Court_Theatre_1906.jpg|thumb|John Tanner seeks to prepare the way of the superman but is foiled by Ann Whitefield, whose main intention is to perpetuate the species, played respectively by Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) and Lillah McCarthy (1875-1960), Royal Court Theatre, London, 1905, photographed by Alfred Ellis]] [[File:Nietzsche1882.jpg|thumb|Friedreich Nietzsche (1844-1900) evoked the idea that man can evolve into a superman]] Time: 1900s. Place: England, Spain. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/157/ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Man_and_Superman As a result of her father's death, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner are appointed as Ann Whitefield's guardians, neither of whom wanting the job, though yielding to the apparently submissive Ann. John's friend, Octavius, would like to take her off their hands by marrying her. "If it were only the first half hour’s happiness, Tavy, I would buy it for you with my last penny," John tells him. "But a lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth." "It is the self-sacrificing women that sacrifice others most recklessly. Because they are unselfish, they are kind in little things. Because they have a purpose which is not their own purpose, but that of the whole universe, a man is nothing to them but an instrument of that purpose." Since Octavius intends to become a writer, a struggle may be expected. "Of all human struggles there is none so treacherous and remorseless as the struggle between the artist man and the mother woman," John continues. The two are interrupted by news of the elopement of Octavius' sister, Violet. They assume that the wedding ring she was seen to wear is false. Roebuck and Octavius agree that she should leave London, but Ann does not. "Violet is going to do the state a service; consequently she must be packed abroad like a criminal until it’s over," John wrily comments. When Violet arrives, she assures them that the ring is genuine, though she refuses to name the husband. Following a slight roadside accident in his motor car, John explains to Octavius that his chauffeur represents the new man in evolution: the polytechnic man. Octavius narrates the outcome of his marriage proposal to Ann: she wept, a dangerous sign according to John, who offers to take Ann in his car and, for the sake of social conventions, her younger sister, Rhoda, along with them. Ann objects to their submitting to social conventions. "Come with me to Marseilles and across to Algiers and to Biskra, at sixty miles an hour," John offers rhetorically. He is aghast when she accepts. An American guest of theirs, Hector, proposes to join them. John, Roebuck, and Octavius are embarrassed while explaining that such a suggestion is impossible to effect in England, since Violet is married and he is not part of the family. Hector receives this bit of news stiffly, causing further embarrassessment. When everyone leaves except Hector and Violet, she walks over to kiss him. Hector argues that they should forget about his father's objection to his marrying a middle-class English woman. "We cant afford it. You can be as romantic as you please about love, Hector; but you mustnt be romantic about money," she retorts. Meanwhile, John learns from his chauffeur that Ann's ultimate design is to marry him, not Octavius. In a garden of a villa in Granada, Spain, Hector's father, old Malone, receives by mistake an intimate note left by Violet for her husbqnd. When Malone confronts her with the meaning of the note, she deviously says that she and Hector only intend to marry. "If he marries you, he shall not have a rap from me," the irate father blares out. But Hector has enough of pretending. He informs his father of his marriage and his intention to work for a living. Malone sneers at this proposal, but when John and Octavius offer monetary help, he changes his mind. Nevertheless, Hector refuses everybody's money. Alone with Ann, Octavius declares once again he loves her. "You know that my mother is determined that I shall marry Jack," she misleadingly answers. Though seeing his depressed condition, she consoles him by saying: "A broken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in London if he has a comfortable income." When Anne's mother learns of Ann's comment on her wishes, she is astonished, having never formed such an idea. "But she would not say it unless she believed it. Surely you dont suspect Ann of- of deceit!" Octavius naively exclaims. But Ann believes in hypocrisy, as she tells John, who, though he loves her, too, is yet intent on resisting marriage. At the end of her resources, Ann pretends to feel faint and as the others arrive is only able to pant out: "I have promised to marry Jack." The comedy succeeds, as John would not dare humiliate her by contradicting. "What we have both done this afternoon is to renounce happiness, renounce freedom, renounce tranquility, above all, renounce the romantic possibilities of an unknown future, for the cares of a household and a family," he concludes. =="Major Barbara"== [[File:Maud Ballington Booth.jpg|thumb|A Salvation Army officer, 1902]] Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.fullbooks.com/MAJOR-BARBARA.html https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Major_Barbara Now that her daughters, Sarah is married to Charles and Barbara engaged to Adolphus Cusins, Lady Britomart intends to establish them on a better financial footing. She thereby invites her long-estranged husband, Andrew Undershaft, a wealthy arms dealer, to the house. Before meeting him, she explains to her son, Stephen, his family background, never spoken of before: "The Undershafts are descended from a foundling in the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the city. That was long ago, in the reign of James the First. Well, this foundling was adopted by an armorer and gun-maker. In the course of time the foundling succeeded to the business; and from some notion of gratitude, or some vow or something, he adopted another foundling, and left the business to him. And that foundling did the same. Ever since then, the cannon business has always been left to an adopted foundling named Andrew Undershaft." Barbara works as a major in a Salvation Army shelter, where an angry Bill Walker threatens Jenny Hill for stealing his girl-friend to work for that institution. A client, Rummy Mitchens, interferes. Bill strikes his and Jenny's face, but stops of doing so to Major Barbara as an earl's grand-daughter. On learning of his daughter's benevolent endeavors, Andrew Undershaft becomes convinced that it is not her rightful place. "Barbara must belong to us, not to the Salvation Army," he declares. "Do I understand you to imply that you can buy Barbara?" Adolphus inquires. "No," he answers, "but I can buy the Salvation Army." There is much pretense surrounding that institution. One of if its members, Snobby Price, only pretends to be saved after beating his mother, and thereby attracts money from all sorts of charitable people. Mrs Barnes, a commissioner in the Salvation Army, arrives with exciting news. "Lord Saxmundham has promised us five thousand pounds...if five other gentlemen will give a thousand each to make it up to ten thousand," she reports. But since that lord is a distiller, Barbara has scruples about accepting his money. Andrew gives them the entire five. "Every convert you make is a vote against war. Yet I give you this money to help you to hasten my own commercial ruin," he announces. The gift makes Major Barbara realize her work at the Salvation Army is a sham and so she quits. On meeting her estranged husband, Lady Britomart comes down to business: "Sarah must have 800 pounds a year until Charles Lomax comes into his property. Barbara will need more, and need it permanently, because Adolphus hasn't any property." He agrees, but with respect to Stephen, tradition prevents him from making him his heir. "He knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a political career," he remarks. The entire family is curious to visit his arms plant, Adolphus judging the place to be: "horribly, frightfully, immorally, unanswerably perfect." Indeed, he is impressed to the extent of admitting the foundling difficulty may be got over when the following is considered: "My mother is my father's deceased wife's sister," he reflects, and so consequently legal in Australia but not in England. Andrew agrees that in such a case Adolphus may indeed be considered a foundling and so liable to take his place after his death, provided he stick to his creed: "to give arms to all men who offer an honest price for them, without respect of persons or principles-" For Barbara he has this advice: "If your old religion broke down yesterday, get a newer and a better one for tomorrow." Nevertheless, Adolphus mulls over the moral dilemma of selling arms. "It is not the sale of my soul that troubles me: I have sold it too often to care about that," he says, "I have sold it for a professorship. I have sold it for an income. I have sold it to escape being imprisoned for refusing to pay taxes for hangmen's ropes and unjust wars and things that I abhor. What is all human conduct but the daily and hourly sale of our souls for trifles? What I am now selling it for is neither money nor position nor comfort, but for reality and for power." Barbara is also tempted by the job. "I have got rid of the bribe of bread. I have got rid of the bribe of heaven," she admits. Husband and wife agree with Andrew to make war on war and war on poverty. "For Major Barbara will die with the colours," she affirms. =="Pygmalion"== [[File:Gerome pygmalion-galatee.jpg|thumb|Like Pygmalion's statue, Galatea, depicted by Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904), Eliza Doolittle comes to life]] [[File:Pygmalion-1914.jpg|thumb|Professor Higgins (played by Philip Merivale) beams in satisfaction after creating the illusion that Eliza (played by Mrs Patrick Campbell), a mere flower girl, is successfully introduced as a duchess. Broadway, New York, 1914]] Time: 1910s. Place: London, England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pygmalion http://www.bartleby.com/138/ After a musical performance, the Eynsford-Hills shelter from the rain under a portico. Unable to find a cab for his mother and sister, Freddy bumps into a flower-girl, Eliza Doolittle. While she attempts to sell her flowers, Colonel Pickering enters. A bystander informs both that a suspicious-looking man is writing down everything they say. The crowd begins to grow hostile or afraid, when Pickering and Henry Higgins discover they know each other from their common interest in phonetics. Henry boasts that his teaching ability is such as to pass off the flower-girl as a duchess, creating her anew, akin to what the sculptor in antiquity did with his statue, Pygmalion. The next day, Eliza turns up to pay for speaking lessons at Professor Higgins' house, since she has ambitions to work at a flower shop, which he agrees to help her with, confident to make a duchess of "this draggle-tailed guttersnipe". He and Pickering bet on the outcome with Eliza staying at Henry's household all the while. The lesson is interrupted by the arrival of Eliza's father, Alfred, a part-time dustman and full-time drunkard, pretending to be outraged at their supposed designs on his daughter. Higgins calms him down with only a 5-pound note. Henry and Pickering make a first trial of her at the at-home day of Henry' mother, when the Eynsford-Hills are invited. Despite some awkwardness in subject and choice of expression, as when she speaks of gin as "mother's milk", Eliza, to Henry's delight, is far from the flower-girl she once was. She particularly impresses the shy Freddy. After many further sessions, Eliza is ready for the embassy ball. A Hungarian guest, Nepommuck, Higgins' first student he no longer remembers, informs the guests he has detected Eliza as a fraud, only to reveal that she is surely a Hungarian of royal blood. For this and other feats, Pickering admits that Henry has won his bet "ten times over". At Higgins' house after the ball, Pickering congratulates Henry, at which the latter scoffs, declaring the entire project a bore. As they begin to retire for the night, Eliza throws Henry's slippers at his face, for her entire life has changed, no one takes any notice of her, and now what is she to do? Without much interest, Henry suggests a few things, but seeing Eliza still sorrowful and angry, declares her to be a "heartless guttersnipe". The next morning, the two worried friends discover Eliza lodged at Mrs Higgins' house, where Alfred enters, dressed for his wedding, miserable at no longer being part of the "undeserving poor", furious at Henry for having recommended him as the "most original moralist in England", now with 3-thousand-a-year and intimidated into "middle-class morality". Eliza arrives as her frustrated father leaves with Pickering. Henry and Eliza cannot agree on continuing as they did in the past, whereupon she mentions she may accept Freddy as her husband, at which Henry laughs. =="Heartbreak house"== [[File:Heartbreak_House,_act_2_(Shotover_%26_Ellie).jpg|thumb|Leaning on Captain Shotover, Ellie becomes disillusioned about love and the occupants of Heartbreak House agree with her. Played by Albert Perry (1869-1933) and Elisabeth Risdon (1887-1958) at the Garrick Theatre, New York, 1920]] Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heartbreak_House Hesione Hushabye invites her friend, Ellie Dunn, at her house. No one in there household notices Ellie until Nurse Guinness eventually shows up along with Hesione's father, Captain Shotover, a captain no more, rather an eccentric inventor seeking to achieve "the seventh degree of concentration", who comes and goes unpredictably inside his own house as if in passing. Ellie confides to Hesione that she loves a man named Marcus, but out of duty to her father, Mazzini, intends to marry his boss, Mangan. Heart-broken Ellie discovers her "white Othello" to be none other than Hesione's husband, Hector, kept as a "household pet" by his wife. Ellie and Hesione are surprised by the visit of the latter's estranged sister, Lady Ariadne Utterword, aggrieved and shocked at not being recognized by either of them or by her father. The party is completed by the arrival of Boss Mangan, Mazzini, and Randall Utterword, Ariadne's brother-in-law. Alone with her in the garden, Hector flirts with Ariadne until his wife arrives, ar which point husband and wife discuss their humdrum marriage, both too cynical to be heart-broken. When speaking of her father, intent on discoveries of an undefined nature, Hesione casually mentions he keeps "dynamite and things like that" in a gravel pit. Shotover enters to discuss world affairs with Hector. The captain opines that one should kill such men as Boss Mangan and reveals his intention of discovering an engine fit to destroy all the world's armaments. Hesione flirts with Mangan, flattered by such attention, which leads him to admit to Ellie he has manipulated her father's financial affairs to obtain money from failed businesses. To his surprise, the apathetic Ellie wishes to marry him in any case. Shocked by such cynicism, he has a fit, but she hypnotizes him into sleep. When left alone in the dark, Nurse Guinness falls over him, and, when he fails to respond, thinks she has killed him. Alerted by her cries, Hesione and Ellie enter hurriedly, and, before Mangan's sleeping face, express their true opinion of the apprently heartless businessman. He starts up to reveal he had only been pretending sleep. Heart-broken, he confronts Hesione about her cruel words, at which she admits her "very bones blushed red". Suddenly, a pistol shot is heard, a burglar having been discovered upstairs. The captain blows his whistle: "All hands aloft!", he cries out, where the entire company discover the burglar to be Billy Dunn, Shotover's old acquaintance, deliberately confused by him with Mazzini Dunn, and also Nurse Guinness' estranged husband. Unheeding his pleas to get what he deserves, they refuse to hand him over to the police, but keep him in the house. Shotover agrees with Hesione that Ellie should not marry Mangan, but she, being poor, believes that to keep one's soul one must possess a considerable amount of money. Meanwhile, Randall has observed Hector's designs on Ariade and, in love with her himself, warns him to take care. When Ariadne scolds Randall for one thing or another, he breaks down weeping, broken-hearted on realizing she can never love him. In the garden at night-time, Hesione hears a "splendid drumming in the sky", an unidentified impending danger hovering over the house. The party being unconcerned by this, Ariadne and the others discuss English society. She defines two classes: "the equestrian class and the neurotic class", her tyrannical husband being the only one who can save it. The discussion becomes so personal and shameless, in Boss Mangan's view, that he starts to take his clothes off, but is prevented from going farther. When the conversation returns to Ellie's marriage prospects, she says she cannot commit bigamy, to the shock of all the company, only to say she wishes to become the captain's "white wife", considering him as her "soul's captain". The drumming in the sky gets louder. "Batten down the hatches!" the captain orders. Mangan and the robber run to hide in the gravel pit, where Shotover keeps his dynamite, into which a bomb falls, so that both are killed. "Thirty pounds of good dynamite wasted!" the captain exclaims. The nonchalant or indifferent survive the attack from above. Nevertheless, the company expect to be killed next, Hector turning on all the lights and tearing down the curtains to facilitate their end until the drumming stops, to the disappointment of Hesione, Ellie, and Hector, each hoping that the mysterious sound spelling their doom will return the following day. =Sean O'Casey= [[File:Sean ocasey 1924.jpg|thumb|Sean O'Casey exposed the underlying causes and futility of some forms of heroism, 1924]] Another Irish playwright of major interest is Sean O'Casey (1880-1964), author of "The shadow of a gunman" (1923), "Juno and the paycock" (1924), and "The plough and the stars" (1926). "The shadow of a gunman" "takes place during the violent period of the so-called Anglo-Irish war, when the Irish Republican Army was engaged in guerrilla warfare with the English Black and Tans. One of the tactics used by the Irish was to strike the enemy and run; they were often hidden by sympathetic citizens, who referred to them as gunmen on the run” (daRin, 1976 p 24). "The theme of the play concerns the difference between true and false bravery. The characters who are truly brave— Maguire, Minnie, Mrs Henderson- are not talkers, but doers. Maguire has only three speeches, Minnie in the crucial second act has only four. The characters who are falsely brave- [Donal] Davoren, Seumas, Grigson, Tommy— are all voluble braggarts" (Hogan, 1960 p ?). "Religion offers people like Seumas and Grigson a convenient way of sugar-coating their hostility and aggression. So Seumas can unashamedly delight in picturing Shelley 'doing a jazz dance below'. And Grigson happily justifies the exploitation of his wife in terms of Holy Writ...The English government in the form of the Black and Tans appears as an amoral force and is rightly resented. But the Irish patriots offer the characters little hope of political redemption...Like Mrs Grigson, Mr Gallogher is a victim of exploitation. His letter, comic as it is, describes intolerable conditions...The life of the tenement is contagiously and effortlessly destructive. Through some fatal mixture of personality and environment, decent characters like Mrs Henderson and egotists like Tommy Owens turn into unpleasant bullies...In one sense, Minnie offers herself of her own free will...In another, Minnie is set up as sacrificial victim...Minnie's action in this light is not so much a matter of rational decision as of impulsive gesture based on several seemingly trivial and harmless, yet mistaken, beliefs. Firstly, Minnie believes she loves Donal. Secondly, she believes that Donal is a gunman on the run. These two beliefs are intimately related. The Donal of Minnie's heart is a poet and a patriot. But her Donal is a fiction which the real Donal does not contradict because it feeds his growing vanity. Thirdly, Minnie assumes the bombs belong to Donal. Since Minnie thinks Donal is a gunman, her assumption, particularly under the pressure of a Black and Tan raid, is understandable even if it is wrong. Finally, Minnie accepts that it is heroic to die for Ireland, an idea put abroad by real gunmen and paid lip-service to by the rest of the population. Minnie's beliefs are thus a complicated and dangerous amalgam of passion, patriotism, propaganda and romantic fantasy...The sacrifice of Minnie, the exploitive relationships in the tenements, the economic political strife, the religious hypocrisy and the vacuum in the sky convey a sense of chaotic conditions and man's inadequate responses...For Maguire, language is a diversionary tactic. For Gallogher, Owens, Grigson, Shields, and Davoren, talk is a form of escape from the slums, from the 'troubles', and from a nagging sense of their own impotence...The most vital characters like Minnie are destroyed and weaker characters like Donal understand yet cannot alter the fact that their energies are being dissipated and perverted. No character escapes the general demoralization because the world O'Casey creates...is in all its aspects hostile to life" (Schrank, 1977 pp 55-60). Landlord Mulligan, who owns the tenement, is a pretentious man who tries to amass wealth at the expense of his impoverished tenants, yet he considers himself a good Irishman. Tommy Owens reveals himself as a clown who sheds tears for Ireland but has never held a gun in his hand or a sober thought in his head; he is so eager to be associated with the gunmen that he jeopardizes Davoren’s life by talking about his presumed rebel activities in a bar” (daRin, 1976 p 33). In “Juno and the paycock”, “the time of the play is 1922 when the Irish civil war was being fought over the peace treaty that ended the Anglo-Irish war and, with other parliamentary acts, provided for the division of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which remained within the United Kingdom. So-called Free Staters and Republicans, formerly comrades in the Anglo-Irish war, were now bent upon destruction of one another” (daRin, 1976 p 38). “It might well be argued that the characters are defeated because they pursue their own personal ends rather than considering the hopes of the others“ (Hogan, 1960, p 39). "Joxer...is always ready with a made-to-measure, custom-worn quotation to fit any occasion, whether it be a celebration of military bravery (Boyle's imaginary deeds in Easter week) or of martial valour, or of life at sea...there is the credibility gap between what is said and the speaker...the frequent inappropriateness between what is said and the situation and...what is resolved..and what [he does]" (Ayling, 1972 p 496). In "O'Casey's dialectical approach...the characters appear in a surprisingly regular series of balancing pairs: Mary and Johnny; Bentham and Devine; Mrs Madigan and Mr Nugent; Mrs Tancred and Mrs Boyle; Juno and the Paycock; Boyle and Joxer...every action in the play has its opposing reaction: the tea party intersects the Tancred funeral procession; Mary's pregnancy sets off Johnny's death; Boyle's drunken entrance in the last act qualifies Juno's exit. Clearly nothing in the play exists by itself; thesis balances antithesis...Whereas Boyle embraces a deterministic world view, Juno evolves a doctrine of free will...Boyle without money is emasculated and cannot make his family take him seriously. Group status, like family status, is determined by money. Mrs Madigan willingly loans Boyle money when she thinks he has an inheritance, and just as willingly confiscates his gramophone when she thinks he does not...A series of animal allusions emphasizes this predatoriness, the most frequent, [being] the reference to Boyle as peacock...The peacock image has the obvious connotations of pride and useless display; but more important is its association with unearned money. Juno and Maisie's outrage originates in the simple fact that Boyle's display depends on other people's work...Only in the second act, when the Boyles think they have money, do animal references become benign...[such as] Maisie Madigan's 'I remember the time when Madigan could sing like a nightingale at matin' time'...The play's title in juxtaposing 'Juno' and 'paycock', that is godliness and animality, comments not only on its two main characters, but on human nature...In attempting to insulate the family from history, Juno only contributes to Johnny's death. All the symptoms of guilt, panic, and hysteria glossed over with a cup of tea...Boyle, by making history function as a self-serving rhetorical ornament with only accidental relevance to the real world, debases it. Because the past, for Boyle, does not illuminate the present, the possibility of meaningful action is destroyed...What Johnny's death demonstrates is the interpenetration of the past and present, the public and the private through causality. Past actions continue to have consequences in the present and the future. The Civil War, the historical moment, creates Johnny's objective and subjective realities and ultimately leads to his death. Neither Boyle who debases history nor Juno who denies its scope can fully understand what happens to them or to Johnny...In terms of O'Casey's dialectical vision, the conclusion of Juno and the Paycock dramatizes the destruction of the Boyle home, but it also indicates the potential for synthesis...Mary and Juno going off together form a continuity chronologically and philosophically: they unite the past and the future with the present; and they prove that, out of betrayal and death, rebirth and progress are possible" (Schrank, 1977 pp 438-448). “Boyle is the center of his own universe, a blusterer whose pride far surpasses his merit. While his family sinks slowly into tragedy, the paycock with his consequential strut evades the opportunity to work by pretending illness, fabricates stories of heroism about himself, and storms out when confronted with his own lies. He mocks his daughter for her attempts at self-improvement, denounces his wife for wanting him to get a job, and dismisses his son, who is in a constant state of terror. Now pompous, now querulous, Boyle is always wise in his own conceit, and his family pays dearly for his vanity”(daRin, 1976 p 49). "In the dialogues between Boyle and Joxer, even the undefined is comic, as in the following: 'Boyle. She has her rights- there’s no one denyin’ it, but haven’t I me rights too? Joxer. Of course you have, the sacred rights of man!' What can those sacred rights of man be? Not even Joxer knows. Boyle’s comic vanity...has their vicious extension in his daughter's pregnancy, his role-playing in his self-centered assumption of the part of offended patriarch, and his sloth in the eventual exhaustion of affection and collapse of the family” (Chothia, 1996 pp 95-96). The concluding scene “is funny as the same time that it is bitter, hopeless, and terrible. It would, in fact, be difficult to find anywhere in dramatic literature so extraordinary a combination of farce with loathing and bleak despair” (Krutch, 1953 p 99). After the Easter uprising of 1916 where The plough and the stars emblem of the Irish Citizen Army against British rule was waved aloft, the 1922 civil war was waged between the Irish Free State, accepting the treaty of partition, and the Republican Army which rejected it. The Easter rising presented as the “betrayal of the Dublin working class...absurd and inhumane” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). “The central figure is really neither Jack Clitheroe, who commands a battalion of rebels and is left dead in a burning hotel, nor his wife Nora, who becomes insane on account of it; these two characters, who are superior in soul and intellect to their plebeian surroundings, only give a relief to the real protagonist of the drama, which is the crowd, with its multiform, mean, passionate, incoherent soul. Comedy and tragedy are interwoven in the same scenes, sometimes in the same moment; and the Dublin populace, whom O’Casey, first among all the writers mentioned here, brought thronging to the pit of the Abbey Theatre, to-day still feel him to be above all a comic, and almost a farcical writer. The intellectuals, on the other hand, try to classify him according to their old mentality; they elaborate his ‘philosophy’, and try to formulate a moral for his story, as, for example, that men live and talk, kill and die for dreams, while women suffer and die for realities. These attempts only show the narrow, patchy mentality of these gentlemen, a Protestant, Puritan mentality, seeking for possible alternatives, as compared to the disordered, patchy genius of O’Casey, who comes of an old and Catholic race, and is really of the people, with all the good and bad points, and all the genuine variety of instincts which his own nature brings with it” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 238-239). “There are eight main actions in the The Plough and the Stars: that of Nora, of Jack, Bessie, Fluther, Peter, the Covey, Mrs Gogan, and Mollser. These characters find themselves set in circumstances which render them powerless, and all attempt in various ways to adapt themselves to the circumstances, to ignore them, to accept them, or to change them” (Hogan, p 43). The characters "are the rag, tag and bobtail of the Dublin slums, shiftless of character and romantic of temperament, great phrase-makers and soil for the most grandiose flowers of speech. Yet what a lot they are if we stop to consider them dispassionately! Consider Fluther Good, the drunken carpenter, whose abhorrence of the ‘derogatory' is only equalled by his knack of falling into it; Young Covey, the fitter, who has a passion for communism in the abstract and a practical taste in plunder and loot; Clitheroe, the bricklayer, whose patriotism and personal ambition are like a pair of horses pulling away from one another; Peter Flynn, the mindless labourer, eternally maundering about the grave of some patriot of long ago; Mrs Gogan, the charwoman, with a ghoulish delight in all the appurtenances of death and burial; Bessie Burgess, the fruit-vendor, with vileness on her tongue and something that is not vileness in her heart; Rosie Redmond, street walker and pure pragmatist...It moves to its tragic close through scenes of high humour and rich, racy fooling, about which there is something of Elizabethan gusto” (Agate, 1944 p 234). In the view of Krasner (2012), “The Young Covey...spouts aimless socialistic platitudes” (p 180), but may also be considered as socialistic truths, aimless because the man is passive and eventually as egotistical as the others, funny truths because they appear amid lies and irrelevancies all around. Gassner (1954a) commented that "the profound critic of The Nation, Mr Joseph Wood Krutch, has complained that he has never discovered 'just where the author’s sympathies lie'. This confusion exists because of O’Casey’s fairness, although the Abbey’s audience had no doubt that his sympathies were anti-Irish. He recognizes the nobility and courage of the rebels, but he resents their intoxication with romantic and superficial objectives. Through the class-conscious Covey, in fact, he presents the trenchant criticism that the patriots who fought for political independence neglected the far more immediate problem of eradicating the pressing problems of poverty and social evil that are so vividly realized in this slum tragedy. But beyond this pertinent criticism is the immediate tragedy of women who lose their men for causes that do not touch the direct and ever-present realities of eating, home building, love, and childbearing...Other tragedies transpire while the men are bleeding for something that seems abstract and remote by comparison. There is, for example, the poverty that makes termagants of some of the women; there is the shiftlessness of men like the remarkable Fluther Good and old Peter, both flamboyant patriots who talk well and drink better; there is the ailing and neglected child that dies in the tenement; there is the crowded tenement itself" (pp 569-570). "No writer of our time has caught the whole atmosphere of working-class life more beautifully than O’Casey, or has been able to raise that atmosphere, as he has, to the pitch of tragic dignity" (Fraser, 1960 p 143). “Both Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars are bitter, brutal ironies, so strongly felt and so passionately stated that, in spite of their broad comedy and their gorgeous wit, they scorch and bruise the spectator. In both of them the sorry story of the waste of revolution is told, and innocent bystanders suffer most cruelly from its havoc. In Juno revolution creeps up those sinister backstairs, which lead from the streets of Dublin that are blood-stained from the battles of the Free Staters and the Die Hards, fairly bursting in upon what might otherwise have been a droll little character comedy about a legacy which never materialized. In The Plough it is the story that is forced to climb the stairs of the tenement house to escape the woes of a ravaged city… In Juno, where the trite little plot is more self-reliant, the course of the playwright is always clear, but in The Plough he seems lost in a pleasing labyrinth of mixed modes until suddenly, in the last act, all of his by-paths converge and his meaning rings out with a deafening clarity. He is without a rival in snatching people of the backstairs out of their pubs and tenements, and transferring them to the stage in such a way that they remain people seen in the round instead of dwindling into types observed from only one convenient angle. His plots are minor, almost incidental, and he interrupts them at will to dally with protracted interludes of character comedy, or terrifying moments of anguish. He is not above using some tricks again and again as the standard of his comic currency, repeating a word like ‘darling’ or ‘derogatory’, or a phrase like ‘God give me patience’, until he fairly flagellates his comic point” (Macgowan, 1950 p 612). O'Casey seems like "an Elizabethan reborn. Elizabethans knew how to keep their plays moving on a full, free tide of speech. No want there of either colour or action; audiences expected both and they had them. The smallest of dramatists could toss off the resounding line. The most minor parts had their burnish. Undeniably, there was a good deal of rant and fustian, but there was also this abounding vitality, this love of words that shone and rang, of continuous imagery, speeches that quickened and excited a theatre and were not plumped down like wet wool upon the spongy turf. Suddenly, in the Dublin of the twenties, the Elizabethan voice sounded again. Playgoers at the Abbey saw once more the Elizabethan juxtaposition of tragedy and farce, found a torchlight-procession of words, recognised a new, a prodigal, an exciting dramatist. Granville Barker called O’Casey’s early work plays of ‘a spontaneous realism’. They flamed into life: first The Shadow of a Gunman, then the great twin brethren, Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, compact of the blackest tragedy and the most exuberant farce, written in a high tumble of words, rich in the unexpected epithet and lit always by a spontaneous poetic fire. O’Casey had then, and has still, faults that would be dark indeed in a routine playwright. He is too voluble. He will award the prizes of his speech- again in the Elizabethan manner- to anyone; whether the words are in character or not" (Trewin, 1951 p 187). But Williams (1965) disparaged O'Casey's use of language in comparison to Synge's. "The distance between the language of O'Casey and the language of poetic drama is considerable, but perhaps a more significant distance is that between his language and that of Synge. It is not a simple difference of status between the two as writers, although Synge's sensibility is clearly the finer; it is also a change in the language of society, a change from the speech of isolated peasants and fishermen, where dignity and vitality of language were directly based on an organic living process, to the speech of townsmen, normally colourless and drab, containing the undiscriminated rhythms of the scriptures, popular hymns, and commercial songs, which, when it wishes to be impressive, must become either drunken or hysterical, and end in extravagance" (p 171). However, one can argue that O'Casey's use of language fits the characters as well as Synge's. O'Casey is at his best debunking. Male characters especially make themselves out to be of larger soul than they are. O'Casey is weakest in scenes of dramatic tension as pointed out by Williams: "The point which seems to confirm my analysis of the nature of O'Casey's language is the routine nature of the words which pass between Jack and Nora Clitheroe as he goes to his death in the fighting: Jack. My Nora; my little beautiful Nora, I wish to God I'd never left you. Nora: It doesn't matter, not now, not now, Jack. It will make us dearer than ever to each other. Kiss me, kiss me again. This, confined to sobriety, is simply the language of the novelette." "Since the eighteenth century England has grown used to finding its best dramatists among the Irish. Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars showed that the Dublin Abbey Theatre group was still potent, and that the tragic poetry of life salted by rough comedy could be found among city tenements just as it had been found by Synge among the glens of Aran" (Mair and Ward, 1939 p 215). =="The shadow of a gunman"== Time: 1920. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Without informing his landlord, Seumas, a peddler and admirer of poetry, has offered Donal, a poet, to share his apartment. The landlord complains of that and also that the rent is long overdue, but Seumas defies him and gives permission to his friend, Maguire, a member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), to leave a bag in their apartment. Seumas and Donal next receive a visit from Tommy, who professes to be ready to die for Ireland in its troubles, although not yet called on, followed by Mrs Henderson and Mr Gallogher, who consult Donal about a letter addressed to the IRA, complaining of the foul language used by a tenant in their building. Seumas keeps the letter to see about improving it. Another neighbor, Minnie, arrives to borrow milk for tea. She sees the poet in a romantic light, feeling sure he would die for his country, thinking also that he might be "a gunman on the run". Soon, Seumas and Donal hear about Maguire's murder in an ambush at the hands of the Black and Tan, British soldiers seeking to undermine the Irish revolution for independence. Late that night, Seumas hears suspicious taps on the wall. He and Donal are then unnerved by gunshots heard from the street. They next hear about Tommy's boasts in a pub, his knowing "a general in the IRA" and his ability to "lay his hand on tons of revolvers". Very much afraid, Seumas curses his imprudence. Even more afraid, Donal searches for Mrs Gallogher's compromising letter but is unable to find it until his friend suggests his coat pocket. Both tremble worse of all after discovering Maguire's bag full of Mills bombs. Donal blames Seumas for not being on his guard while knowing the type of man Maguire was. "I knew things ud go wrong when I missed mass this morning," Seumas moans. Suddenly, Minnie rushes in to inform them that the house is surrounded by the Tans, then notices the bombs. She takes them to her room while both men stand stiff with fright. "Holy Saint Anthony grant that she'll keep her mouth shut," Seumas prays. "We'll never again be able to lift up our heads if anything happens to Minny," Donal moans. They next hear that the Tans discovered the bombs, that Minnie jumped from the lorry carrying her away, and that she was shot to death. =="Juno and the paycock"== [[File:Edith_Campion_in_1946.jpg|thumb|Played by Edith Campion (1923-2007) at the Unity Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand in 1946, Juno wonders about what to do with her shiftless, peacock husband, Jack]] Time: 1922. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.159873 Captain Jack Boyle is unemployed but yet strutting like a "paycock" (peacock) while his wife, Juno, takes care of household matters and goes out to work for him and their invalid, son, Johnny, who a few years ago was shot in the arm and hip during an uprising against the Irish Free State. After hearing of an opportunity to work, Jack suddenly develops twinges in his legs. Happily, Jack learns from Charlie, a notary who courts his daughter, Mary, that he is the recipient of an important legacy following the death of a cousin of his. Jack means to start a new life, ridding himself of his shiftless friend, Joxer. "He'll never blow the froth off a pint o' mine again, that's a sure thing," Jack declares, but yet Joxer stays on. In view of their expected fortune, the Boyles buy furniture and a gramophone on credit. One day, Johnny is heard screaming from his room, caused by an hallucination, the sight of a recently dead neighbor praying in front of a statue and looking at him. The vision concerns Robbie, a die-hard leader of a deadly ambush against a Free State soldier who was shot in reprisal by Free Staters. Two months later, the legacy money has not yet arrived. A friend takes back clothes obtained on credit by the Boyles and another friend their unpaid gramophone. At the same time, Charlie leaves Mary and Juno tells Jack that their daughter is pregnant. Jack angrily throws Mary out of the house. When Juno counters that she will follow her, he suggests she do so. He then discovers that Charlie has messed up the will, for, instead of specifying his name, he only wrote "cousin", and so a large number of other claimants have shown up, which explains the notary's sudden departure. Johnny angrily accuses his father of running up credit just to pay for his beer. Mary learns of the disastrous turn in the family's fortune. Hearing Charlie has gone, Jerry, an old rival for Mary's favors, offers to care for her, but changes his mind after finding out about her pregnancy. Left alone, Johnny sees two men enter to take back the furniture, then two armed men, Republicans informed about his treachery against one of their own, Robbie, come to take him away to his death in reprisal. While Juno leaves with Mary to her sister's house, Jack and Joxer drunkenly reel in. =="The plough and the stars"== [[File:StarryPlough.svg|thumb|Starry plough flag since 1930]] Time: 1915-1916. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/selectedplaysofs00ocas https://archive.org/details/twentyfivemodern001705mbp Violent arguments about politics are heard in the apartment of Jack and Nora Clitheroe between The Covey, a Marxist and Jack's cousin, on one hand, and Peter, a conservative and Nora's uncle, on the other. Fluther, a carpenter called to put in a new lock, also joins in the fray, calling The Covey "an ignorant yahoo", while he in turn calls him an "ignorant savage". Bessie, a neighbor, hating Nora's liberated manner, also joins in the fray by grabbing and shaking her, but Fluther breaks Bessie's hold and Jack pushes her out. In the evening, there is a demonstration of the Citizen Army bearing 'The plough and the stars'. The Covey informs Jack that this symbol was originally meant for the proletariat: "Used when we're buildin' th'barricades to fight for a workers' republic," he explains. Jack learns from Captain Brennan that he was named commandant in the Citizen Army, but the letter never reached him, because it was intercepted by Nora. He warns her never to intercept any of his letters again, takes no account of her fears, and goes out with Brennan. In a pub, Rosie, a prostitute, gives homage to the demonstration held outside. "It's up to us all, anyway, to fight for our freedom," she says, to which The Covey responds: "There's only one freedom for the' working man: conthrol o' th' means o' production, rates of exchange, an' th' means of disthribution." When she approaches him for business purposes, he becomes frightened and moves away. Peter tearfully complains to Fluther about The Covey's insults. "It's th' way he says it: he never says it straight out, but murmurs it with curious quiverin' ripples, like variations on a flute," he complains. A charwoman, Mrs Gogan, quarrels with Bessie. She hands her baby over to Peter, who does not know what to do with it, and so leaves it on the floor and cries out for Fluther to follow her. "D'ye think Fluther's like yourself, destitute of a titther of undherstandin'?" Luther cries out sarcastically. More quarrels ensue, whereby The Covey is pushed out of the bar by the barman, Rosie impressed by the way Fluther defended himself against him. "Oh, Fluther, I'm afraid you're a terrible man for th' women," she avers. The demonstration outside degenerates into a riot. From an upper window, Bessie taunts Mrs Gogan, The Covey, and Peter. "Yous are all nicely shanghaied now," she warns, at which Mrs Gogan recommends them not to answer the "Orange bitch". In the mass confusion which ensues, Bessie goes out and returns with stolen items, including three umbrellas, at which sight The Covey and Fluther hurry away to loot for their own selves, but Peter is too fearful to do so because of the sporadic shooting. Bessie and Mrs Gogan fight over a perambulator used to carry more looted items, but finally go off together. The Covey returns with a heavy sack, a piece of ham lying on top. Bessie and Mrs Gogan return with the pram filled with clothes and a table. In the melee, Brennan and Jack carry in the latter's apartment a shot comrade. Nora begs her husband to stay at home, but, in his view, she is shaming him and so he rushes away a second time. During the tumult, Fluther staggers in, carrying a huge jar of whiskey. A few days later, the consumptive daughter of Mrs Gogan dies with her stillborn baby. While The Covey, Peter, and Fluther nervously play cards in view of probable reprisals by the British army, Brennan enters to announce that Jack is dead. Nora deliriously calls for him and considers his companions murderers. The Covey and Peter panic, the former crying out to Brennan: "There's no place here to lie low, th' Tommies'll be hoppin' in here any minute." Indeed, Sergeant Stoddart declares that the men are to be rounded up to prevent sniper-fire. When Nora stands incautiously near the window, Bessie seizes her and receives a bullet for her kindness. "I've got this through you, you bitch, you," she cries out in her dying throes. =JM Synge= [[File:John Millington Synge.jpg|thumb|Like Shaw and O'Casey, John Millington Synge was an outstanding Irish playwright]] A third irish-born dramatist, JM Synge (1871-1909), contributed two of the best comedies of the period: "The well of the saints" (1905) and "The playboy of the western world" (1907). In both, dramatic characters prefer dreams over reality (Bickley, 1912 p 38). In "The well of the saints", "the fable, which is among the simplest and most moving ones ever chosen by a modern dramatist, has in it all the searching beauty of an ancient parable...Nothing can be more pathetic and also more depressing than the two blind people's disillusionment and the complaint of Martin Doul when reference is made to the "grand day" when he was healed: ‘Grand day, is it? black day when I was roused up and found I was the like of little children do be listening to the stories of an old woman and do be dreaming after in the dark night that it's in grand houses of gold they are, with speckled horses to ride, and do be waking again, in a short while, and they destroyed with the cold, and the thatch dripping, maybe, and the starved ass braying in the yard.’” (Bourgeois, 1913 pp 183-192). "The blind beggars, Martin and Mary Doul, are sustained in joy and self-respect by the illusion of their own beauty and comeliness. When their sight is restored by the holy water of the saint, their revealed ugliness comes near to destroying them. But when their sight fades once more, they achieve a new illusion: of their dignity in old age, the woman with her white hair, and the man with his flowing beard. They fly in terror from a renewed offer to restore their sight of the real world; although their neighbours realise that their continued blindness, leading them along a stony path, with the north wind blowing behind, will mean their death" (Williams, 1965 pp 160-161). "Rarely has the bitter conflict between reality and the ideal been more poignantly set forth" (Andrews, 1913, p 164). “The play concludes...with the wedding of Timmy...and Molly, a conclusion which reinforces the isolation of the two beggars...The saint warns Martin and Mary that when he has given them sight, they should look on self...With sight, however, they attempt to become part of ordinary humanity- a world which they find to be cruel and self-centered and one in which a beautiful face conceals a cruel heart” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 59-60). "The playboy of the western world" "is a study of character, terrible in its clarity, but never losing the savour of imagination and of the astringency and saltness that was characteristic of his temper. He had at his command an instrument of incomparable fineness and range in the language which he fashioned out of the speech of the common people amongst whom he lived. In his dramatic writings this language took on a kind of rhythm which had the effect of producing a certain remoteness of the highest possible artistic value" Mair and Ward, 1939 p 208). It "is a play so unexpected in action, so racy in idiom, so perplexing in its first paradox of the murderer honored and respected, so satisfying in its final revelation of laughable, vain, miserable, heroic human nature, that to discuss it in a cursory manner is neither tempting nor fitting" (Hackett, 1919 p 195). It is "a work of true dramatic stature: lyric imagination in full satiric flower and embellished with the ribbons of some of the most beautifully cadenced speech the modern stage has known" (Nathan, 1947 p 136). The play "satirizes, with poetic sympathy, the danger that besets an airy, imaginative temperament, unballasted with culture, to lose itself in divagations of extravagant absurdity..." (Hamilton, 1914 p 142). “Christy creeps into Flaherty's inn and the fostering warmth is enough. The ‘polis' never come there; it is a safe house, so', and the crime for which he had fled in terror on the roads of Ireland since ‘Tuesday was a week', becomes maybe something big. The mystery quickens the blood of his audience, they draw nearer with delighted curiosity and, looking into his own mind for the first time by the illumination of this tribute to his art, he perceives that there is not 'any person, gentle, simple, judge or jury, did the like of me'. From that moment a glorious and brilliant magnification of his deed and his situation sets in, he has ‘prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell's gap gaping below'. Once the confession is out his audience contributes royally. They perceive that he is no ‘common, week-day kind of a murderer', but a man ‘should be a great terror when his temper's roused' and 'a close man' 'into the bargain’ (in fact, a complete Machiavellian, lion and fox together). As the legend expands at the hands of his audience, he accepts the additions, assimilating them so rapidly that they soon become part of his own memory of the event" (Ellis-Fermor, 1971 p 177). "Christy Mahon's illusion of greatness is nourished and raised to the heights by a community where the mythology of force (compare the tales they spin of Red Jack Smith and Bartley Fallon) is dominant. Yet Christy realises that it is not the deed which made him glorious, but the telling of the deed, that 'poet's talking'. And this he retains" (Williams, 1965 p 164). “The general humor of the situation lies in the fact that a timid young bumpkin, who supposes that he has killed his father, finds himself admired for his crime, and grows vain of it. The girls in particular think him a darling. But in the midst of his glory, his father appears, little the worse for a blow that had merely felled him, and determined to chastise the scapegrace. Then those who bowed before the gallant patricide turn upon him with contempt. The girls who adored only laugh. And Christy, in desperation, endeavors to live up to his notoriety by slaying his father in very truth. A bad deed actually observed, however, is less romantic than one merely told of, and the hero worshippers promptly seize upon Christy with a view to handing him over to the police” (Chandler, 1914 p 272). "Thus ends the making of a hero who is glorious only when he commits his crimes out of sight. Thus also ends the self-delusion of young Christy, who learns like other 'heroes' how quickly admirers become enemies in foul weather" (Gassner, 1954a p 560). "Let no one forget those lines with which Christy Mahon cries defiance to the Mayo folk who have known his greatness and his fall: 'Ten thousand blessings upon all that 's here, for you ve turned me a likely gaffer in the end of all, the way I'll go romancing through a romping lifetime from this hour to the dawning of the judgment day," I do not deny that these words are in a sense wrung from the playboy, but what I do hold is that they prove how vital was the genius of the man who wrote them, who saw the joy there was yet in life for this braggart wastrel just as he saw that even such a miserable boyhood as Christy's knew a kind of poacher's joy in running wild on the bogs" (Weygandt, 1913 p 161). The play is “joyous in its presentation but what it reflects is squalor, credulity, brutal cupidity- a world of drunken louts and hopelessly desperate women. The only exception is Christy Mahon...[At the end] he goes out and the spirit of romance goes with him” (Bloom, 2005 pp 191-194). When Pegeen Mike is afraid of sleeping alone, the townspeople agree that Christy is the solution, “judged by Jimmy to be brave, by Pegeen to be wise, by Philly to be such a terror to the police that they would stay away from the shebeen where illegal whiskey is sold...Christy’s retelling of the parricide in Act 2 involves some repetition...but when contrasted with the bare, prosaic account in Act 1, shows his development as a mock hero” (Benson, 1982 pp 121-124). “The major action of the play, the recognition of self, demands the second murder of the old man...necessary as an index of Christy’s transformation...At the confrontation of his father in the last act...he remembers the image of self...and acts accordingly...His isolation is complete...Upon Pegeen’s rejection...the knowledge that the realized self is of inestimable and intrinsic value gives Christy...a strange exultation, which pervades his every speech in the conclusion of the play” (Gerstenberger, 1964 pp 81-82). "When Christy enters the cottage, Pegeen Mike, the daughter of the house, has just been left alone by her pusillanimous admirer and future husband, Shawn Keogh. Shawn would not stay unchaperoned with a young girl, so great is his deference to ecclesiastical authority. Pegeen Mike, disgusted at this supreme exhibition of timidity, is only too glad when the mysterious stranger comes upon the scene, and when it transpires that Christy has murdered his 'da', she is the most interested of the group of villagers who crowd around to lionize the hero. The two are left alone and become increasingly attracted towards one another, the girl contrasting this brave and spirited young fellow with the miserable coward her parents have chosen for her, a typical specimen of a bad lot whose defects are all the more manifest now that Christy is among them" (Boyd, 1917 p 114). =="The well of the saints"== [[File:St Patrick's Well at Ardtole with the Irish Sea in the background - geograph.org.uk - 1535121.jpg|thumb|An Irish well is often reputed to possess curative powers]] Time: 19th century. Place: East Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186282 https://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/289/2378/frameset.html A blind old couple, Martin and Mary Doul, sit by the cross-road begging to survive. Timmy the smith has good news for them: "Did ever you hear tell of a place across a bit of the sea, where there is an island, and the grave of the four beautiful saints?" he asks. "There’s a green ferny well, I’m told, behind of that place, and if you put a drop of the water out of it on the eyes of a blind man, you’ll make him see as well as any person is walking the world." Two young village women, Molly and Bride, bring the water over in a can. "God bless you, Martin. I’ve holy water here, from the grave of the four saints of the west, will have you cured in a short while and seeing like ourselves -" Molly announces. When a wandering friar arrives, considered a saint, he invites Martin to enter inside the church. While Martin is on his way, Timmy anxiously asks himself: "God help him...What will he be doing when he sees his wife this day? I’m thinking it was bad work we did when we let on she was fine-looking, and not a wrinkled, wizened hag the way she is." As Martin comes out of the church, he cries out: "Oh, glory be to God, I see now surely...I see the walls of the church, and the green bits of ferns in them, and yourself, holy father, and the great width of the sky." He passes past Mary also on her way to the church without knowing her. On seeing the beautiful Molly, Timmy's intended, he feels sure she is his wife, then makes the same mistake with two other women. When Mary comes out from the church, also with her sight miraculously restored, the married couple stare at each other blankly and abuse each other's ugliness. Frustrated, he threatens her with a stick till Timmy catches his arm. Husband and wife must now work for a living, he cutting sticks for Timmy's forge, she picking nettles for Widow O'Flinn. But at least he has the blessing of seeing pretty women the like of Molly, with whom he flirts, till she complains to Timmy. "Is it a storm of thunder is coming, or the last end of the world? The heavens is closing, I’m thinking, with darkness and great trouble passing in the sky," Martin suddenly cries out as he begins to lose his sight again. Shredding rushes, Mary moans: "Ah, God help me...God help me; the blackness wasn’t so black at all the other time as it is this time, and it’s destroyed I’ll be now, and hard set to get my living working alone, when it’s few are passing and the winds are cold." Martin gropes forward towards Mary. He makes further sarcastic remarks on her looks again. Mary says he need not. "For when I seen myself in them pools, I seen my hair would be gray or white, maybe, in a short while, and I seen with it that I’d a face would be a great wonder when it’ll have soft white hair falling around it, the way when I’m an old woman there won’t be the like of me surely in the seven counties of the east," she declares. Martin hesitates: could it be true? With dismay, they hear the saint's bell and hide in the briar next to the church, though plainly visible. The saint offers them the holy water again, this time to recover sight till their dying day, but Martin and Mary turn away. Martin refuses, but Mary doubtfully accepts. Martin pushes the saint away from her, then seems to acquiesce till with a sudden movement strikes the can from the saint’s hand. "For if it’s a right some of you have to be working and sweating the like of Timmy the smith, and a right some of you have to be fasting and praying and talking holy talk the like of yourself, I’m thinking it’s a good right ourselves have to be sitting blind, hearing a soft wind turning round the little leaves of the spring and feeling the sun, and we not tormenting our souls with the sight of the gray days, and the holy men, and the dirty feet is trampling the world," he declares. Angry at anyone refusing a miracle, the village people throw objects at him, so that the couple are forced to head south, away from those who now enter the church as witnesses to Timmy and Molly's wedding. =="The playboy of the western world"== [[File:Allgood-Kerrigan 1911.jpg|thumb|Shawn Keogh does his best to marry Pegeen Mike but falls short, played by JM Kerrigan and Sara Allgood, respectively, at the Plymouth Theatre, Boston, 1911]] Time: 1900s. Place: Ireland. Text at http://www.bartleby.com/1010/ https://archive.org/details/fivegreatmoderni00unse https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151773/page/n13 In Michael James' shebeen, Shawn admits, to the shop-girl Pegeen's disgust, that he recently heard a fellow's groans, perhaps a man dying in a ditch, without reporting it. To protect his employee against the possible threat of this stranger, Michael proposes that Shawn should stay with his daughter all night, but Shawn, afraid of Father Reilly's condemnation of such a suggestion, refuses. Michael corners him but he escapes, leaving a coward's coat on his hands. The stranger, Christy Mahon, arrives to say he is wanted by the police for "something big". Pegeen does not believe him. "That’s an unkindly thing to be saying to a poor orphaned traveller, has a prison behind him, and hanging before, and hell’s gap gaping below," Christy asserts, who confesses he killed his father. "Bravery’s a treasure in a lonesome place, and a lad would kill his father, I’m thinking, would face a foxy divil with a pitchpike on the flags of hell," a fellow villager named Jimmy affirms with admiration. Pegeen agrees. "It’s the truth they’re saying, and if I’d that lad in the house, I wouldn’t be fearing the loosed kharki cut-throats, or the walking dead," she says. Also impressed, Michael offers him a job as a pot-boy in the shop. When alone with Pegeen, Christy is startled to hear a knock at the door. It is Widow Quin, come to take away Pegeen's "curiosity man" to her own house, as Father Reilly suggested to her. She is somewhat of a local celebrity, too, having one day struck her husband so that he died from poisoned blood, "a sneaky kind of murder" according to Pegeen. The widow will not have Christy "kidnabbed". The two women argue over who should have him. Pegeen wins. Out of curiosity to see the handsome killer, several women (Susan, Nelly, Honor, and Sara) enter the shebeen to offer him eggs, butter, cake, and pullet. To them and Widow Quin, Christy explains how he was driven to murder by his father's attempt at forcing him into an undesired marriage. "A walking terror from beyond the hills, and she two score and five years, and two hundredweights and five pounds in the weighing scales, with a limping leg on her, and a blinded eye, and she a woman of noted misbehaviour with the old and young," he assserts. His father threatened with a scythe. To defend himself, he lifted a loy. Seeing the women all gawking at him, Pegeen angrily shoos them away. She terrorizes him by suggesting they might spread around the story of this murder. While Pegeen goes out to do her chores, Shawn, intent on marrying her himself and worried about a rival, attempts to bribe Christy to leave town. Christy tries out the clothes offered him. "I’d inform again him, but he’d burst from Kilmainham and he’d be sure and certain to destroy me," Shawn ponders. Widow Quin is considering to marry him herself. A grateful Shawn promises her many gifts should she do so. While Shawn leaves to contribute to upcoming sporting events, Christy struts about with new clothes, until to his horror he discovers his father outside and runs away to hide. Old Mahon asks the widow about news of his son, giving details of his shiftlessness. "What way was he so foolish?" the surprised widow inquires, "It was running wild after the girls maybe?" "Running wild, is it? If he seen a red petticoat coming swinging over the hill, he’d be off to hide in the sticks, and you’d see him shooting out his sheep’s eyes between the little twigs and the leaves, and his two ears rising like a hare looking out through a gap," Mahon retorts with contempt. When he leaves to find his son following her directions, Christy returns. The widow laughs at him. "Well, you’re the walking playboy of the western world, and that’s the poor man you had divided to his breeches belt," she chortles. Nevertheless, she offers to marry him. However, he wants Pegeen instead with her help, to which she agrees provided he give her gifts and advantages. Despite noticing afar off a man who looks like his son being successful at sporting games, which the widow pretends not to believe, Mahon is still doubtful whether it is truly he. Christy and Pegeen are now strongly attached with each other. To her father's surprise, she refuses Shawn for the sake of Christy, "wet and crusted with his father’s blood". Michael encourages Shawn to fight him, but Shawn encourages him to do the same. Faced with his rival, Christy picks up a loy and Shawn disappears. Michael agrees to his daughter's proposed marriage, but they are interrupted by the enraged Mahon, who beats Christy as soon as he sees him. Pegeen backs off from the altercation, thinking perhaps that the old man was raised from the dead, then she discovers the truth. "And it’s lies you told, letting on you had him slitted, and you nothing at all," she cries out outraged. Humiliated by her as well as the crowd gathering around, Christy runs to the door after his father with loy in hand and seems to strike him dead. Christy returns half dazed but refuses to leave town without Pegeen. With Pegeen's help, the villagers double-hitch his arms to capture the murderer, but have difficulty in taking him away. Mahon crawls back inside and father and son go off together. With his rival gone, Shawn sees nothing to prevent his marriage now. "Quit my sight," a frustrated Pegeen says. Putting a shawl over her head, she breaks out into wild lamentations: "Oh my grief, I’ve lost him surely. I’ve lost the only playboy of the western world." =St John Ervine= [[File:St. John Ervine by Underwood & Underwood.jpg|thumb|Ervine evoked a man's treachery towards a young woman and the response of her family to it. Photograph of the author, 1920]] Another Irish playwright, St John Ervine (1883-1971), achieved his best with "John Ferguson" (1919), a sickly farmer whose troubles worsen when he cannot pay the mortgage, his daughter is raped, and his son is guilty of murdering the violator. "John Ferguson" "is a play written in Stoic mood. We are conscious of complete isolation from all that makes life gay and comely. John Ferguson's house is comfortable within, for Mrs Ferguson prides herself on maintaining the appearance of fortune. But it lies surrounded by lonely fields where bleak weather and a stubborn soil breed poverty and despair. The gray shadow of undeserved but inevitable misfortune broods over it from the first, and soon takes shape in the betrayal of Hannah Ferguson and the murder of the man who had wronged her. The murderer is not Jimmy Caesar, who loved Hannah and talks, as a coward talks, of vengeance. Hannah's brother Andrew, egged on by the sly malevolent chatter of Clutie John, the half-wit, took swift action while Jimmy blustered and trembled. At the end of lives of toil and upright dealing, John and Sarah Ferguson are the helpless spectators of the ruin of those fine-spirited children whom they brought up in the fear of God. The fate of the young people is ordered, not by their parents' integrity, but by the evil forces that brood in the confined life of a village-lust, cowardice and the furtive impulse's of a half-wit. And John Ferguson's faith deserts him at the moment of testing...John Ferguson's faith neither braces him to meet the facts of life, nor comforts him when action is unavailing, and for his wife it lacks potency even as a drug to deaden sorrow. The play is burdened with a sense of the futility of little lives that fret and suffer for a moment between the pangs of birth and the pains of death” (Lothian, 1922 pp 648-649). "The play overflows with the material of character- every person and his motives are revealed relentlessly, and understanding of the moves of complex characters is immediate. There is nothing puzzling about the action of Clutie John, the wise half-wit, or of Jimmy Caesar, the coward whose life ambition is to be brave...It is correct drama, for the incidents are controlled and grow out of the characters. It is vigorous writing and a searching portrayal of the admirable, the picturesque and the despicable in Ulster-men" (Eddy, 1916 pp 466-467). "It is a play deeply felt and sincere, and in the character of John Ferguson, Ervine created a man the stage had not previously known. His faith did not brace him to meet the facts of life, nor did it comfort him when action was useless, but it was all he had to use merely as a drug to deaden his sorrow. For his wife it lacked even that. Fate plays with these little lives as Hardy made it play with Tess or Jude, and there is as much of Hardy in the play as there is of Ulster...It is John himself who makes the play great...[for] nothing can break his ‘unconquerable soul’. These Fergusons are little people, but they can show life great, life tragic, as well as the kings and the aristocrats. Their stoicism is ennobling to the audience, even if they wear no crowns and work with their hands. They do not speak a language that rises to poetry, their emotions are all subdued but they do present the Northern Irish peasant as he had never before been presented to the world. His very defects come from his qualities, his dourness, his staccato speech, his religious fanaticism, his contempt for his more soft-spoken compatriots in Ireland’s other provinces" (Malone, 1929 pp 204-205). The play "contains a larger number of memorable characters than 'Jane Clegg' (1914); besides the patriarchal hero as noble and as simple as Wordsworth's Michael and his wife and children, there is that strange and living creature of cowardice and generosity, Jimmy Caesar, and the inimitable Clutie John. The setting gives an impression of extraordinary richness and depth; the reader feels that he has lived in that rural Ulster community, and that he is at home there" (Woodbridge, 1925 p 206). "The momentum for John Ferguson, Mr Ervine stated frankly, was derived from the Book of Job. He was intrigued by the possibilities of a lonely God-fearing figure grappling with blind forces and events that defied pious rationalization, a modern Job who still sought solace in the Scriptures and in a Divine Principle when fate so obscenely betrayed its hand. In this way John Ferguson took hold of him. But as the play unfolded in his mind, he stumbled upon Jimmie Caesar, and so fascinated was he by the maudlin, pusillanimous grocer that he felt the reins of the action snatched from his grasp by one whom he intended but for a minor part in the play. In point of fact, a play all by itself lay implicit in Jimmie Caesar. In order, therefore, to mete out common dramatic justice to the stoical John Ferguson, who had a prior lien on his imagination, he removed Jimmie by the main force of the dramatist's permissible intervention. This he did in the last act by clapping Jimmie in gaol. All things considered, the device was not altogether successful, for throughout the playing of that act the audience is fitfully haunted by the remote whine of the panicky Jimmie behind a grilled door" (Loving, 1921 p 108). "The Ferguson family, in whose kitchen the four acts take place, is made up of strong natures. John Ferguson is an aged and Bible-reading invalid. He is a fanatic with redeeming qualities...Even to save the farm John Ferguson would not dream of urging Hannah into a wretched marriage...After Henry Witherow, the wicked landlord, has ruined Hannah, John Ferguson stumbles out into the night to prevent a wrong being avenged by a murder and to warn Witherow that his life is in danger...Only at the very end is this faith shaken- when his son Andrew confesses himself Witherow's murderer...The money which arrived too late to prevent two tragedies may prevent a third...Mrs Ferguson is a simple, motherly soul. Handsome, full-blown Hannah is a headstrong, passionate girl, attracted perhaps in spite of herself, for a moment, by the masterful ways and imposing person of Witherow. But when he jokes coarsely about her beauty and mocks at her possible marriage with Caesar, the coward, she strikes him in the face and orders him from the house. Andrew, the son, is a sensitive, thoughtful boy. He had studied for the ministry, but his father's resources gave out before this could be accomplished. He has little but conscientious effort to bring to farm work...James Caesar, the village grocer, is the most skillfully drawn character of the play. He has been repeatedly wronged by Witherow. But although forced to stand by and see his people turned out of their home, he only brags of the revenge he will one day have upon his tormentor. His tongue is his only weapon. He is oily and cringing and at best a sensualist...But when Hannah cannot endure his caresses, and sustained by her father goes to tell Witherow that the money will not be forthcoming, when the girl he loves has been the victim of bestial brutality, even then, Caesar does not dare to kill the oppressor...Clutie John, a beggar, is made a vital force in the development of the story; for Clutie paints such a vivid picture of Caesar's uselessness as an avenger and of Witherow's blackness of heart, in disjointed but eloquent words, that Andrew seizes his gun and sets out to do the work himself. When the tragedy has been accomplished and Andrew has gone down to the jail with Hannah to give himself up to justice, thus releasing Caesar from the suspicion of having committed the murder, John Ferguson again turns to his Bible for consolation in supreme distress" (Wright, 1919 pp 43-45). =="John Ferguson"== [[File:Helen Freeman in John Ferguson - 1919 MunseysMag.jpg|thumb|Hannah is unable to wed a man she dislikes, although this decision is certain to be of disastrous consequence to her family's fortunes. Helen Freeman (1886-1960) as Hannah, November 1919 Munsey's Magazine]] Time: 1919. Place: Rural County Down, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonplay00ervi https://archive.org/details/johnfergusonapl03ervigoog https://archive.org/details/theatreguildanth00thea John Ferguson has been too sick to attend effectively to his farm and has no money to pay for the mortgage on it. His son, Andrew, has tried his best since failing to complete his course as a minister of religion but the contribution of this slight, delicate-looking lad to farm-work has been weak. To continue living on the farm, John expects to receive a loan from his brother living in America, but has received no word from him as yet. John’s daughter, Hannah, is courted by James Ceasar, owner of a grocer’s shop, but she shows no interest in him. When Henry Whiterow, who possesses the mortgage on the farm, comes over to claim his money, the Fergusons admit that they have nothing. Henry counters that he must foreclose. Despite Hannah’s reluctance to have anything to do with him, James proposes to pay their mortgage provided she agree to marry him. Feeling cornered and loving her parents, Hannah reluctantly accepts. But when left alone with James, she is so disgusted by his attempt to kiss her that she backs down from her promise. “I can’t thole him, da,” she says sobbing. Her mother, Sarah, tries to dissuade her from refusing him, but John and Andrew defend her choice. Hannah walks over to Henry’s house to inform him that they cannot pay the mortgage, while the rest of the family tell James that Hannah has changed her mind about marrying him. As James tries to overcome his disappointment, Hannah re-enters in a distracted state after being raped by Henry. “I was a poor trembling creature,” James declares rushing off, “but I’ll tremble no more.” Fearing the man might kill Henry, John asks his son to prevent it, but he refuses, so that John himself leaves the house in the hope of preventing murder. Andrew’s late-night meditations are interrupted by Clutie John, a weak-brained derelict whom the family harbored for the night. Clutie suggests that it is Andrew’s duty to protect his sister. Andrew decides it is so and leaves the house with a gun in his hands. The next day, James returns to the Fergusons to admit his disgrace. He had first headed for Henry’s house without a weapon, then walked over to his house to get one. But on the way back, he tripped in a field and when the gun went off, he could no longer move the rest of the night. To everyone’s surprise, Clutie returns to say that Henry has been found shot through the heart. Fearing to be charged with murder, James requests the Fergusons’ help, but John, suspecting him as the murderer, declares that he must surrender to the law, which he is forced to do. Two weeks later, James is in prison on the point of being tried for murder when Andrew is told that John’s brother has at last sent the money for the farm. Appreciating the irony of the situation, Andrew announces that he is the murderer and intends to surrender to the law. A stunned John tries to dissuade him from it, proposing that he take the money to join his brother in America, but Andrew declines, feeling remorse at the thought of James lying in prison for his crime. Instead, he takes his coat and cap and heads for the police station in Hannah’s company. =James Joyce= [[File:James Joyce by Alex Ehrenzweig, 1915 restored.jpg|thumb|James Joyce delved into the multiple levels of adultery in his only play, Exiles]] Yet another Irish writer and famous as a novelist, James Joyce (1882-1941), contributed a drama on marital relations much in the manner of Ibsen: "Exiles" (1918), in particular "When we dead awaken" (1899) on the subject of "the nature of love as predicated on the personality of the artist...Both male protagonists are artists who have returned to their homelands from exile- Rubek is a sculptor, Richard Rowan a writer. The main opposition in Exiles, the satyr-like Robert Hand, is a more refined Irish descendent of the Gyntian bear-hunter, Ulfheim. Of Joyce's two women, Bertha Rowan, simple, loyal, generous, a server like Irene, yet seems to reflect Maia's childlike qualities; while Beatrice Justice, the intellectual, is rather vague and negative in quality, perhaps a projection of the bleaker qualities of Irene- one who is denied self-fulfillment" (Macleod, 1945 pp 891-894). In "Exiles", Tindall (1963) found confusion in intent. “Conflicts are the stuff of drama, and Richard has them in abundance, externally, between self and circumstance, internally, between feeling and idea or between parts of self. There are moral, social, and psychological conflicts, all centering in him. So furnished, the play about Richard should be better than it seems. A trouble may be overabundance of conflicts, each good in itself, but each conflicting with the others. None emerges to claim our notice as each cancels others out. Moreover, a conflict of conflicts, though intricate, subtle, and worthy of admiration may be too complicated for audience or reader to follow. Puzzled rather than moved, we are lost in the intricate diffusion. Beatrice, Bertha, and Robert are no better off. Even Richard, trying to know himself, seems disconcerted by the mess” (p 111). Joyce “has failed to make his characters conscious of what fate has in store for them. Had he made these men fully aware of what their lives held for them, the roles fate meant them to play, and he, furthermore, made them struggle valiantly against it, then if they had won in the end we should have had great comedy, and if they lost we should have had sublime tragedy. Consciousness would have made of them such responsible human beings as would have engaged our sympathies to the utmost; whereas unconsciousness has left them feeble victims blindly wallowing to no purpose” (Solon, 1970 p 150). Other critics were happier with the conflicting elements. “One of the qualities which delighted me in Exiles was that evidently nothing would induce Mr Joyce to make his characters less complex and interesting than he saw them to be. He would rather obscure his theme than do that, and though a fault, it is a fault on the right side- on the interesting side. The second respect in which he has learnt from [Ibsen] is his practice of intensifying our interest in the present by dialogue which implies a past What a little scrap of people’s fives a dramatist can show us- just an hour or two! In life, it is usually what has gone before that makes talk between two people significant…Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert: what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses. But was she Robert’s mistress? The dramatist leaves that ambiguous. He does not mean us to bother much one way or another about that. Richard says at the end he will never know what they were to each other; but I do not think he is thinking of divorce court facts. He means how completely Bertha still belongs to him. Bertha tells Robert to tell Richard everything; but does he? She also tells him to think of what has passed between diem as something like ‘a dream’. That, I think, is the line on which one must fix one’s attention to get the focus. Robert is happy; quite content with that. Perhaps because less hot for certainties in life than Richard, he thinks he has enjoyed a solid reality. I do not know” (McCarthy, 1970 pp 141-143). "Exiles is a play in which two men are struggling to preserve each his own essential integrity in a confusing situation where rules of thumb seem clumsy guides; and between them is a bewildered, passionate woman- generous, angry, tender, and lonely. To understand Bertha, one need only remember that she has lived nine years with Richard Rowan in that intimacy of mind and feeling which admits of no disguises, merciful or treacherous, that she has known all the satisfactions and disappointments of such an intimacy. Her nature cries out for things to be simple as they once were for her; but she, too, has eaten of the tree of knowledge and knows that they are not...The scene in Act II between the two men is wonderful in its gradually deepening sincerity. Hand is a coward at first, but he gets over that. Then Richard is tormented by misgivings about himself. Is not there something in him (for ties, however precious, are also chains) which is attracted by the idea that Bertha might now owe most to another- now, at any rate, that their own first love is over? How far is he sincere in leaving her her liberty? Is it his own that he is really thinking of? Bertha taunts him with that. And Bertha’s relation to Robert- what is that? I think it is the attraction of peace. To be adored, to be loved in a simpler, more romantic, coarser way, what a rest! Besides, Robert is the sort of man a woman can easily make happy; Richard certainly is not. Yet, just as she decided between them years ago, in the end it is her strange, elusive lover who comes so close and is so far away whom she chooses" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 210-212). Aitken (1958) underlined two frames at work: "in the drama of the artist versus Ireland, Richard's 'archetype' stands pitted against those of his wife and friends all together, and in the second drama there is a four-way struggle in which each strives to retain his integrity and yet achieve union...Richard, to begin with, is a writer without an audience, and a potential leader without a voice (he has no position in Ireland, and his books, significantly, do not sell). Currently sleeping alone, he is thus, effectively, divorced from his wife. Robert Hand is a writer with an audience (to which he could introduce Richard if Richard would let him), but the futility of his idealism, emphasized by the comical terms in which it was presented, and his desire to be led by his friend, signals his essential mindlessness...Bertha is formless...and lost, and she appeals in vain to the shaping spirit of her husband for guidance. Beatrice's timidity has isolated her from Robert, while her weak, feminine love for Richard alienates him; the emotional Bertha, suspicious of her intellect, holds her at a distance" (pp 43-44). "The condition of exile...is not so much banishment from the heart or the home as banishment from spontaneity...In Richard's presence, everyone forgets...what he wanted, or thought, or remembered...a character who exerts a pull on those around him, drawing them toward the place of his incertitude...Richard dislodges Robert, Beatrice, and Bertha...he insists that they confront their own inability to articulate a permanent principle for their lives...Robert enunciates a principle of behaviour based in a half-hearted liberalism" (Voelker, 1988 pp 501-513). "Robert is the creature of [Richard's] youth...Richard, the ape of God, has made Robert; he has made Bertha and he sets them in a country-house with a garden, his new man and new woman...Each inquisition of the isolated person exposes that...each is alone" (Kenner, 1952 pp 393-395). "Because each of the four major characters constructs his or her own narrative, and because all four in some sense exclude the other three, all are finally exiled into mutually exclusive worlds...Richard and Robert speak to each other at cross purposes- out of different worlds. Robert angles to occupy Richard so that the would-be lover can meet Bertha at his cottage, while Richard wears the 'iron mask' not only of his bitterness towards the Ireland that will accept him only if he lives by its own rules but also of his understanding of Robert's machinations to keep him in Dublin so that Bertha will be available for the journalist's pleasure...Robert's self-pity and self-contempt only strengthen the reader's sense of Robert's conventionality- his care not to offend the populace, whether writing one of his 'leading articles' or spreading rumors to adjust public opinion and insure the stay of Richard and Bertha in Dublin...When Bertha is most delighted by Robert, he reminds her of Richard...Bertha's final speech shows her rejection of [Richard's] always inadequate plan. She lives not in the throes of doubt but in the time 'when we met first'" (Herr, 1987 pp 190-203). Richard “is utterly incapable of making love to a woman or of loving one unless he is or has been in love with a man to whom he is attached; for this reason he connives at his life-long friend’s, Robert Hand’s wooing of his wife and urges her- nay, goads her on to be unfaithful to him. The author subtly and delicately leads us to infer that Richard and Bertha are living a life of abstinence ever since his betrayal of her nine years before and that he gives her full freedom only that they might thus be reunited...He delights in putting himself in situations that entail a great deal of anguish for him, and he compels his wife to give him the fullest details of his friend’s assaults upon her honor. That he can be cruel too on occasion is not at all surprising; by virtue of the law of bi-polarity the masochist is also a sadist. The portraits of the wife, the friend, the other woman and even the child are interesting characterizations that will repay careful study. They are all intensely individualized and unquestionably human though not conventional. Archie, aged eight, is one of the few life-like children to be found in literature and is introduced into the play very effectively“ (Tannenbaum, 1970 pp 151-152). “Bertha is the first notable woman character that James Joyce has created. She is a subtle character. We get the suggestion that she has had little education, yet she carries herself with real simplicity and dignity. For all her contact with the super-subtle Richard, she remains unspoiled, alluring, unconventional, faithful. She has her outbreaks and she knows where to strike at Richard. Her simplicity and her good sense are shown in her last dialogue with Beatrice Justice, the woman who is able to understand her husband’s mind and work” (Colum, 1970 p 145). “What first strikes one upon consideration of Exiles is the irrelevance of God. There is simply no need for Him. The characters’ exile and sorrow is the human one of incompatible desires and unrealized hopes, a sorrow suffered in a universe with God in all times as well as in a universe without Him. Their longing is not for God and their exile is not from Him” (Bandler, 1970 pp 159-160). =="Exiles"== [[File:Affiche Kaaitheater naar James Joyce - Exiles (promotiemateriaal).pdf|thumb|An Ibsen-like atmosphere prevails when two men clash for the sake of the same woman. Promotional poster of the play in Holland, 1993]] Time: 1912. Place: Dublin, Ireland. Text at https://archive.org/details/exilesaplayinth00joycgoog After several years of self-imposed exile out of Ireland, Richard Rowan, a writer, has decided to return. He receives the visit of Beatrice, music teacher to his 8-year-old son. She had once loved Richard, breaking off from a friend of hers because in her eyes he seemed only a pale reflection of him. Her cousin, Robert, a journalist and Richard's boyhood friend, carries in a bunch of roses for Richard's wife, Bertha. To keep Bertha near him, Robert begs her to use her influence on Richard so that he comes to accept a local university position. He then asks her to come over to his cottage this very evening, but she promises nothing. When Richard re-enters, Robert immediately mentions he has spoken to the vice-chancellor on his behalf, a man who believes that Richard is most qualified to obtain the chair of romance literature. The vice-chancellor has invited Richard over to dinner this evening. He accepts the invitation. After Robert leaves, Bertha divulges to her husband how his supposed friend flirted with her and invited her to his cottage. Knowing about her husband's extramarital relation with another woman, she asks him whether she should go to him. "Decide yourself," he coolly answers. He unexpectedly shows up at Robert's place to inform him that his wife only felt pity for him. Regretting his disloyal attempt at seducing his wife, Robert only wishes that his friend could curse him. "You are so strong that you attract me even through her," he specifies. "Have you the luminous certitude that yours is the brain in contact with which she must think and understand and that yours is the body with which her body must feel?" Richard asks. Nonplussed, Robert returns the question. Richard replies that it was once so and that if he believed this was true in Robert's case, he would go away. Out of feelings of guilt, he fears that her acceptance of his adulteries has made her life "poorer in love". When a knock on the door is heard, Richard reveals it is his wife. Unnerved, Robert proposes to leave the room. "Solve the question between you," Richard proposes. As Bertha enters, Robert hurries in a panic towards the porch in the rain without an umbrella. "Bertha, love him, be his, give yourself to him if you desire, or if you can," Richard suggests before leaving. A drenched Robert tells her that Richard longs to be delivered from every bond and that the two of them together is the only one not yet broken asunder. "I am sure no law made by man is sacred before the impulse of passion," he adds while kissing her hair. Richard eventually accepts the university position. Next morning, a distraught Beatrice informs Bertha that her cousin, after publishing a favorable article on her husband, shows signs of preparing to move away, for which she feels guilty, having encouraged him to favor the writer's return. An equally distraught Bertha sends a written message to him to prevent such a possibility. Alone with her husband, Bertha asks him whether he wants to know what happened last night. "You will tell me. But I will never know," he retorts. After reminding her she is free to do as she wishes, he walks into his study as Robert arrives to tell her he is going away. He then tells Richard he failed in his mission, but the latter doubts whether that is true. A still hopeful Bertha asks that her husband return to her. =George Shiels= A sixth Irish dramatist, George Shiels (1881-1949), described the impact of the young in "The new gossoon" (1930), the name derived from the French 'garçon' (boy), a "charming peasant comedy graced by one of the most delightful rogues of the stage- Rabit Hamil, a very Autolycus of a poacher" (Gassner, 1954a p 571). George Shiels also wrote "Professor Tim" (1925), in which a geology professor pretends to have turned into a drunken fool to know more about his sister's family and her abusine ways. In "Paul Twyning" (1922), a plasterer becomes involved in family squabbles while seeking to promote a marriage between Dan, who regularly cowers before his father, and Rose, defenseless according to the whims of her own. In "The passing day" (1936), John Fibbs passes the happiest day of his life, also his last, by leaving trivial sums in his will to wife and nephew. In "The jailbird" (1936), a released convict, unjustly condemned, experiences great difficulty in being re-integrated back into town-life. In "The rugged path" (1940), father and son follow the difficult choice of denouncing a murderer in view of town pressure against denouncing anyone, rather than the easier way of keeping silent. In the sequel, "The summit" (1941), the murderer nevertheless goes free because of insufficient evidence and a feud breaks out between the accused and the informers. =="The new gossoon"== Time: 1930s. Place: Rural Ireland. Text at ? Given hunting rights on the mountain once owned by a farmer named Cary and now by Ellen, his widow, Rabit Hamil is angry at seeing a sign put up on the property stating that trespassers will be prosecuted and dogs shot. Knowing that Rabit, whom she generally looks down on, is a friend of Mag, her servant at the farm, Ellen discharges her. Although discontented with the work required of her, Mag protests by revealing that Ellen's son, Luke, is also to be found there. When Rabit confronts Luke about the sign, he declares that in a few more days he will reach 21 years of age and become the master of the place and that the sign will remain. A frustrated Rabit reveals to Ellen that her son in part obtained his motorcycle, leather jacket, helmet, and goggles, from the proceeeds of her secretly sold sheep. Angry at her son's riding after dark with the machine, Ellen promises to uphold Rabit's hunting rights. Wishing to marry Mag at the same time as getting rid of his daughter, Sally, he boasts of the latter's accomplishments about the house, all lies, in the hope that Luke will marry her. Sally accuses Luke of falsely promising marriage to her, which he denies. Rabit counters by threatening to take him to court. To keep Luke from seeing another girl-friend, Biddy Henly, at least for one night, Sally removes the plug from the motorcycle and gives it to his mother, who wants him around the house when her brother, Peter, comes over to speak with him about his wild behaviors. When he arrives, his old childhood friend, Rabit, arrives soon after in an angry mood because Luke pushed his daughter over to the hedge with his motorcycle for carrying his possibly incriminating love-letters to her. To subdue Rabit's anger, Ellen reminds him that she nursed his wife on her death-bed and bailed out his son from jail after he stole money from his employer. When Sally learns of the nursing, she promises to burn the letters. Worried about Luke's way of living, Peter reveals to the servant-man about the farm, Ned, that he intends to doctor the will so that his sister will still own the farm when his nephew reaches 21. To avoid a clash, Ned advises him to leave without speaking to Luke. Yet Peter bares his teeth against Luke, who sharply answers back. Fed up over the entire business, especially concerning the matter of the new head of the farm, Ned quits, news which dismays Ellen. To counter Luke's claim, Peter advises her to check over the exact contents of her dead husband's will. As Rabit and Mag plan their wedding, Biddy enters along with her father armed with a cudgel to threaten Luke, so that Rabit gives him wrong directions about where to find him. Learning about Henly's intention but not about Rabit's, Luke chases out both Rabit and Mag. When Henly returns, Sally defends Luke by specifying that his daughter's frolicsome manner was at least partly responsible for Luke's doings. A grateful Luke takes the will from his mother's hand and tears it up to follow Sally. However, Sally, likewise grateful to Ellen for her past kindness, refuses to leave the area, agreeing instead to live with him in a nearby farm bought by his mother, who agrees to marry Ned while Rabit and Mag separate. =John Galsworthy= [[File:John galsworthy.jpg|thumb|John Galsworthy exposed the antisemitic nature of a men's social club]] Among other British dramatists of interest, John Galsworthy (1867-1933) stands out as a social critic, especially for "Loyalties" (1922). Galsworthy’s plays are rife with legal questions, in particular the contrast between legal and moral justice and how class-conscious legal and moral judgments are (Lamm, 1952 p 286-87). In “The silver box” (1906), a man of the higher class robs as a joke his girlfriend’s purse, stolen in turn by a man of a lower class, who takes as well a silver box. When the woman challenges her young man, the father pays for it, but when the lower-class man is caught, only he is punished. “Strife” (1909) concerns a conflict between owners and factory workers. An agreement is refused on both sides, but after strife, suffering, and a fatality, both sides agree with the original plan. In Lamm’s view (1952), the play reflects that in society “there is less and less room for men of conviction and strong ideas” in favor of “moderate men who win the day with comprises and half measures” (p 289). Galsworthy also wrote "A little bit of love" (1915) when "the curate Strangway refuses either to hold or persecute his wife, who has gone to the man she always really loved, the people of the parish rise up against Strangway as a coward and a pagan. They despise a man who will not fight for what is his own" (Lewisohn 1922 p 170). Next in line comes "The skin game" (1920), "who touches pitch shall be defiled" is the motto of 'The skin game'...The pitch that defiled the Hillcrists and the Horn blowers was not in either of them but in the conflict that arose between them" (Lewisohn, 1922 p 170-172). Some critics denied the existence of such "Loyalties": “to be quite frank, I don't believe it. I believe that Mr Galsworthy, touching this real problem of loyalties, has made an unreal, though theatrically effective, debating case of it. Here though, as elsewhere, he is the friend of the under-dog. In this play his sympathies are with de Levis, the man robbed, and with Dancy, the man betrayed by his temperament and by the foolish loyalties of his friends. To be on the side of the underdog is, with him, a real passion; and had he had any gift of lyrical expression his work might have taken on another, a more poetical and ideal poise. But, as his one volume of verse shows, this gift has been denied to him: and his passion for the oppressed shows itself more often in special pleading than in lyrical outbursts” (Shanks, 1927 p 50). Most critics considered the play objective: indeed, the play is "distinguished for its objective exposition of antisemitism in genteel English circles and of social alignments in general. The over scrupulous playwright left the issues too neatly balanced from the social standpoint but not from the psychological one owing to his firm characterization" (Gassner, 1954a p 618). This objectivity occurs because Dancy’s friends consider an attack against Dancy’s honor as an attack against theirs. Gassner (1968) further comments that ”it requires no great imagination to understand that the provocativeness of Loyalties was reduced to absurdly small dimensions by Hitler’s gas ovens...The effect on the nobly intended work of a gentlemanly liberal like Galsworthy was inevitably that of an earthquake on a mud-hut” (p 667). Not inevitably when one considers the date of the play and the action. When Loyalties was first presented on stage in 1922, Hitler was irrelevant; the play shook the theatre-going public across the British isles. "In this drama, as in all his novels, as in all his other dramas, Mr Galsworthy is constantly seeing and portraying how conflicting loyalties both are right; he is never interested in the larger loyalty and cannot keep his eye on it through consecutive chapters or through a single act; he is forever presenting the two or more sides and taking none" (Overton, 1924 p 15). "In the first sixty lines, an enormous amount of ground is covered; we learn what people are slaying with the Winsors, we are given portraits of the two principal characters, as well as a thumbnail sketch of Mabel, also a plan of the sleeping quarters of the guests which will have its importance a little later; a significant incident, which prepares the way for the theft, is described, and, finally, the theft itself is announced" (Dupont, 1942 p 102). “The robust and full-flavoured dramatic elements of the play were so strong that the public could, if it chose, enjoy them without bothering its head about the rest- an opportunity of which, it must be added, it was quick to avail itself. The point is clinched by the fact that the three of the four Galsworthy plays of which this is true The Skin Game, Loyalties, and Escape- were the outstanding commercial successes of his dramatic career” (Marrott, 1936 p 516). "The theme of this play in three acts and seven scenes dramatically one of the author’s most effective- may be said to be intemational. In every country, and every caste, in politics, in all national, racial and religious questions, in ail corporations, unions and cliques, in all marriage, family, amical and social relations, does the conception of loyalty of faithful adherence, of esprit de corps crop up. Repeatedly, the problem arises: if one of ourselves puts himself into the wrong, is guilty of a shady action, how fair are his social equals, his intimate friends and relatives, under an obligation to warn and advise him, to shield him and parry his assailant. For, if his unprincipled behaviour becomes public, not he alone is compromised thereby; it may lead to the exposure, and humiliation of the whole community, family, or what not of which he is a member, the closer and stronger the tie of friendship or blood, the higher the opinion we have of the person implicated, the more difficult is for us to believe in his guilt ! We reject all suspicion as long as possible. But too often we find that such sticking together leads in the end to the hushing up of shady actions. Often the culprit goes scot-free if, however, his opponent be powerful and pertinacious enough to unveil the true facts of the case, and bring him before a court competent to deal with him, he ends by being broken and defeated. And the same society, which before shielded him well, must leave him in the lurch so soon as the truth is revealed. Better, then, to warn him at the outset, help him as best we can, but not blindly follow him through thick and thin… The great interest of this drama, the technique of which is masterly from first to last, consists in the attitude taken by each individual to the accusation brought against the leading character...De Levis has many antipathetic traits: he is proud, hyper-senstitive, dogmatic, revengeful, a boaster; still, he is a man who would fain live at peace with his fellow men. 'It is indeed hard to decide which of the two shows up better or worse- this young Jew or the officer who, after all steals, lies, insults, keeps everything from his wife, deceives his friends, and would like to exercise an atavistic club-law, and yet, in spite of all, has about him a queer halo of coinage and adventure...It is his unbridled temperament, his inconsiderate willfulness, his arrogant nature which have brought him to this pass. During the war, he was in his element; after the war, he is at a loose ends, his resolute strength come to grief against his adversary’s courage of conviction and brain power, and this it is which finally drives him to his death...Twisden, the lawyer, has been caustically and falsely criticized. A lawyer, they say, has no right to abandon his client’s cause...We have here a lawyer of the old school, bred in the great pre-war tradition of professional honour and integrity. Through Gilman, the truth must have come out. To say noting of the fact that de Levis would have forced the issue a second time...It jars curiously that, in some quarters, the author's great dexterity in the manipulation of the scenes, the telling power and peculiarly strong dramatic effect of this play have been taken amiss. It is very seldom that a writer not only understands the theatre but can also create a drama of ideas. In Galsworthy we find this combination, rare today, yet this is sometimes put to the debit of his reputation. Theft, police, cross-examinations, court of justice, suicide, elements, despised of some, are absolutely essential in Loyalties for the furthering of the theme. They are not the end but the means to the end. The theft here is as little a vulgar theft as that in The Silver Box, and the more striking the drama of the piece, the more surely has the writer gained his end; i.e. to stir up the audience, to make them reflect, to awake in them a new perception and conscience, more humanitarian sentiments and deeper sympathy” (Schalit, 1929 pp 294-303). "In order to give of his best, Galsworthy must feel the presence of a great, elementary motive, not a motive which implies a too delicate or intimate drama, but a problem, a torment, a tragedy of the whole of society, or of entire masses or classes of society" (Pellizzi, 1935 p 120). Wilson (1937) criticized that, in general, "an undoubted flaw is the lack of humour in Galsworthy’s writing. This may have been due in part to his sense of discipline. It was more likely temperamental. At all events his work, so true to life, so admirably constructed and so essentially dramatic, does reveal here and there a certain stiffness and want of spontaneity. This is his only serious fault and it shows itself chiefly in the dialogue. His plays are so impartial that they seem almost artificially balanced and the characters appear at times to speak with reluctance. Yet there is nothing cold about Galsworthy. He wrote chiefly of a limited social class, but he dealt with wide social problems" (p 237). "The special note of Galsworthy's art is its restraint. His vision is wonderfully keen and clear and sober. He is intensely watchful not to overstep the modesty of emotions and events. He is never showy, never violent, never a special pleader. In his plays the forces of life themselves come into conflict and grow into crises with all the quiet impressiveness of an operation of nature. A man commits a crime; he is tried and punished. Workingmen strike and are forced to compromise. The inheritors of two sharply divided social traditions are on the point of marriage, and the division is seen to be too deep. A woman flees from a wretched union and wears herself out against the hard prison-walls of the social order...In choosing the angle from which, at a given moment, to envisage life, Galsworthy is fond of selecting such living incidents as have in themselves the inevitable structure of drama...Galsworthy has not always, of course, been able to attain such magnificent severity of structure. Life itself forbids it. But he has always striven to approach it, economising his strength for the creation of character" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 209-211). =="Loyalties"== Time: 1920s. Place: England. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214030 https://archive.org/details/loyaltiesdramain00gals http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4765 http://www.fullbooks.com/Loyalties-from-the-5th-Series-Plays-.html http://books.google.fr/books?id=ATetNPyPs1MC As an invited guest in Charles Winsor's country house, his friend, De Levis, informs him he has just been robbed of money kept in his room and obtained by selling a horse. De Levis believes the thief is Ronald Dancy, who jumped from his balcony to his and back again. Another guest, General Canynge, tells Charles, but not the inspector called to the scene, that though Dancy denied he went out in the rain, his sleeve is observed to be wet. Nevertheless, Canynge declares to De Levis: "No one who makes such an insinuation against a fellow-guest in a country house, except on absolute proof, can do so without complete ostracism. Have we your word to say nothing?" "I'll say nothing about it, unless I get more proof," De Levis answers. Nevertheless, three weeks later, in a London club, Major Colford announces to his fellow members what De Levis has told him about the robbery. "He's saying it was Ronald Dancy robbed him down at Winsor's," says Colford. "The fellow's mad over losing the price of that filly now she's won the Cambridgeshire." De Levis avers that, contrary to his assertion, Dancy knew of the sale of the horse. In front of members of their club, De Levis accuses Dancy, who wishes to settle the matter with weapons, has no explanation on the points raised against him, and curses De Levis as a "damned Jew". Lord St Erth pronounces De Levis' membership suspended. Trembling with rage, De Levis resigns. As this concerns the honor of the club, the members encourage Dancy to take court action for defamation of character, which he does. Three months later, Jacob Twisden, Dancy's lawyer, discovers that his client used one of the bank-notes of the sale of the horse when he was blackmailed by another man, proving he is the culprit. As a result, Twisden drops the case and recommends that his client leave the country. Hearing of Dancy's difficulties, De Levis has a change of heart and goes over to speak with him. "I came to say that- that I overheard- I am afraid a warrant is to be issued. I wanted you to realise- it's not my doing. I'll give it no support. I'm content. I don't want my money. I don't even want costs. Dancy, do you understand?" Despite this plea of leniency, left alone at his house, before the police can enter, Dancy shoots himself to death. =Somerset Maugham= [[File:Maugham retouched.jpg|thumb|Somerset Maugham proved that our betters are not always so, 1934]] Though more famous as a novelist, Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) wrote several plays of interest, particularly "Our betters" (1923). Maugham also wrote "The unknown" (1920). On three-week leave from World War I, John returns home to the house of his parents, the Whartons, to marry Sylvia. His parents' friend, Charlotte Littlewood, has recently lost her second son to the war and is now alone. To the surprise of the Whartons, Charlotte wears no mourning clothes and plays bridge. When questioned about these, she answers: "I feel that I have nothing more to do with the world and the world has nothing more to do with me. So far as I’m concerned it’s a failure. You know I wasn’t very happy in my married life, but I loved my two sons, and they made everything worthwhile, and now they’re gone. Let others take up the adventure. I step aside." Even graver to the Wharton's view, John expresses disbelief in God. Sylvia is dismayed and no longer wants to marry him. John is aghast. "You are not the John I loved and promised myself to," she asserts. "It’s a different man that has come back from abroad. I have nothing in common with that man." She nevertheless tries to have him regain his faith by concealing his father's death and saying he would want him to go to communion. Although he accedes to her wish, she fails of her purpose. Maugham's psychological insight is all as keen in showing the results of restraining one's jealous emotions in "Caesar's wife" (1919), in which Violet loves Ronald, about to receive a promotion to an important secretary's position thanks to the recommendation of her husband, Arthur, a counsel in Egypt. Afraid of being unfaithful, she requests her husband to use his influence so that his nephew will obtain the post instead, so that Ronald can accept a position in Paris. When he demurs because Ronald is the better man, she specifies that the man loves her. Arthur receives the information coolly. Even after telling him she loves Ronald in return, he prefers to do what is best for the Foreign Office. "I put myself in your hands, Violet," he declares. "I shall never suspect that you can do anything not that I should reproach you for- I will never reproach you- but that you may reproach yourself for." She does not disappoint. The play is similar to "Penelope" (1912), in which a wife shows exceptional patience to save her marriage except when the husband commits adultery. The matter is treated more like a light comedy than "Caesar's wife", as if a husband's straying were more trivial than a wife's, the old double standard rearing up. "Our betters" is a "satirical title that might be supposed to refer to the upper classes. Actually the reference is to rich Americans who buy their way into British society. The women are the daughters of American industrial royalty. They search out impecunious gentlemen of title and pay their debts in return for a marriage ceremony. Then, titled themselves, and bored by their husbands, they tread the primrose path, unembarrassed by any respect for marital obligations. The men are of the same breed. Thornton Clay, who dines out in the best houses on the strength of scandalous stories about either his friends or his relatives, is ashamed of being an American. In nasal tones he boasts of not having a trace of American accent. His clothes are aggressively Savile Row. When Fleming Hervey, a young American who does not think that the Middle West is the Ultima Thule of civilization, arrives, Thornton Clay devotes himself at once to the congenial task of trying to turn him into an imitation Englishman” (Hobson, 1948 p 21). “The characters...sinned with the elegance of people bred to vice and ease” (Atkinson, 1974 p 231). Maugham “lashes with contempt the American expatriate who buys his or her way into a London society which reprobates while it accepts. It is a sordid and ugly picture, limned in with hard, brittle strokes. Explicitly a comedy, the play is implicitly a terrifying tragedy. It wears a grin that is cadaverous, on a second glance. The young American visitor, who revolts at the empty round of dissipation, is a stereotyped figure, whose function is to voice the protest of the play. Through him the author sits in judgment on his characters, and it is this moral consciousness that flaws the authenticity of the comedy as a specimen of the manners type” (Sawyer, 1931 p 227). "The play itself is a mercilessly amusing picture of a rootless, fruitless, extremely vulgar, smart set of people, a much paragraphed, photographed set, whose habits are luxurious, whose standards are common and cynical, whose love-affairs, relieved by a certain engaging candour, are canine. And who are the ladies with high-sounding names? They are American heiresses who have married for rank...Our Betters is rather a sardonically detached comedy, an exposure in the manner of Maupassant of one luxuriant corner of the social jungle" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 235-236). It is "a devastating satire on the snobbery of American expatriates and their English set. The American girl, Bessie Saunders, is so aghast at the society into which she is being introduced by her titled sister that she takes a boat home. Here are noblemen like Lord Bleane who are eager to lay their coronets at the feet of every American heiress, duchesses like de Surennes whose maiden name in Chicago was Miss Hodgson and who favor good-looking boys less than half their age, and expatriated fops like Clay who speak condescendingly of 'you Americans in America'...A scintillating satire on the leisure class and on snobbishness or 'the spirit of romance in a reach-me-down', 'Our Betters' is one of the best comedies of manners since the Restoration" (Gassner, 1954a p 625). The play “shows how heartless and degenerate is the world in which his cunningly contrived comedy so skilfully moves. At times he seems to have returned to the moods of Restoration comedy, though one feels that he lacks gaiety, and that he despises these puppets who provide the wit which he contorts with a genial malice” (Evans, 1950 p 134). "This fine comedy is the play of Maugham most nearly comparable with the theatre of Wycherley and Congreve. It satirizes in masterly fashion the empty morality of a section of the London aristocracy at the time of the First World War. In the character of Pearl Grayston, one of the most unpleasant women ever introduced to the London stage, Maugham concentrates all his venom. The cold-hearted emotional imbroglio and her relations with her stockbroker admirer is managed with consummate theatrical skill, and the way in which the threatened social fabric is preserved after the degrading climax gives a specially cutting edge to the implications of the title...Our Betters must always rank very high as an unpleasant comedy of manners" (Reynolds, 1949 p 168). “Our Betters is directly in line with the glittering comedies of manners of the Restoration...The satire and cynicism of the play, suggested by the title, suited the post-war mood of disillusion; its hard, merciless wit and its absolute freedom from sentimentality pleased a new generation who felt themselves duped and cheated by their emotions...There are characters in Our Betters who are decadent and some who are perilously close to degenerate; but at no time does the play pretend to picture anything more than a tiny fragment of society...The author maintains a remorseless detachment throughout, which by no means indicates a callous lack of sympathy or understanding, but which gives an anti-septic cleanliness to the comedy...Although the straight-laced affected to be shocked by it, Our Betters is as relentlessly moral as Mrs Warren’s Profession. The two decent young Americans, who are minor characters, do not dull the hard polish of the comedy. The characters and situation offer numerous possibilities for tragedy or sentiment, but the play does not swerve from its comic course. It ends on a note of laughter not muffled by repentance or censure…The repartee is more brilliant than ever, but it fits the characters and situation and dims when removed from its content. When Clay, the snobbish opportunist, remarks: ‘Poor Flora with her good works! She takes to philanthropy as a drug to allay the pangs of unrequited love!’, we must know both Clay and Flora to appreciate the humour. When the princess asks: ‘Has it ever occurred to you that snobbishness is the spirit of romance in a reach-me-dowm?’ we feel that years of her own experience prompt the question; it is not merely a bon mot transferred from the playwright’s notebook. For purposes of dramatic contrast, and not from any didactic motive, the cynical humour pauses occasionally for the commonsense comments of the two young Americans and Lord Bleane, who serve as an unobtrusive chorus. They do not seriously touch the comedy. Our Betters is cynical, satirical, and hard, but diverting and funny” (Cordell, 1954 pp 107-110). “Mr Maugham, in this brilliant and almost heartless comedy, has rewritten one of Henry James’s short stories in the manner of Congreve...And he is really much nearer to Congreve than he is to James...This play is really extraordinarily deft, and its matter is handled with any amount of style. Think, for a moment, of the way in which heavier-handed, more ‘sincere’ playwrights would have treated that cold, calculating blonde, Lady George Grayston, that lightning calculator with the air of an inconscient featherbrain...How would any one of these playwrights have treated that dark and common beauty, the duchess de Surennes, divided between passion and parsimony, torn between her sentiment- forgive the word- for Gilbert Paxton and that blackguard’s drain upon her purse?” (Agate, 1924 pp 118-121). The play contains "two groups of parvenus: the native and the transatlantic...Of the latter it is said: ‘They’ve got too much money and too few responsibilities. English women in our station have duties that are part of their birthright, but we, strangers in a strange land, have nothing to do but enjoy ourselves.’ The whole play is a comment on the quality of that enjoyment. It is this savage irony which makes Maugham a comic writer of the school of Jonson” (Greenwood, 1950 p 168). “Our Betters...is generally, and rightly, considered his masterpiece and it is likely to make his name known to theatregoers as yet unborn” (Stokes, 1950 p 157). “Maugham very often strikes a bitter note; he contemplates reality, and the human soul, and tries to understand and bring out hidden motives, but refuses to pass judgement; he has the eye of the doctor, the relativism of the scientific man, and hardly ever the passionate mind of the moralist. His only thesis seems to be that man should be different from what he is. He has not any striking passion of his own, and therefore has no epos, and lacking this at heart, he lacks also the clash of feelings, the crisis, the real drama. His passion, if anything, is intellectual; he likes to probe the inward processes of the human mind, and to extract tragedy and comedy from those most deeply hidden, and essentially physical forces, which are the most common and yet the least commonly understood” (Pellizzi, 1935 p 274). =="Our betters"== Time: 1910s. Place: England. Text at http://openlibrary.org/books/OL13536092M/The_Maugham_reader https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38764 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185782 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526709 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51689 Lady Pearl Grayston leads a very active social life. While talking to her sister, Bessie, she suddenly remembers having invited twelve people over to dinner. "Does George know?" asks Bessie "Who is George?" asks Pearl. "Don't be absurd, Pearl" Bessie admonishes, "George, your husband." "Oh! I couldn't make out who you meant," she answers. One of Pearl's friends, Minnie, requests from her a favor: finding a position for her lover, Tony. Pearl is told he has no gift for languages, cannot type or take shorthand, and has no head for figures. "Well, the only thing I can see that he'd do for is a government office," Pearl concludes. Another of her friends, Flora, is organizing a concert for charity. Pearl agrees to have her own lover, Arthur, help out with tickets. "But don't harrow me with revolting stories of starving children. I'm not interested in the poor," she specifies. "I have plenty of heart, but it beats for people of my own class." The unprincipled Tony, showing few signs of gratitude towards Minnie, begins to flirt with Pearl. "You're somebody else's property," she informs him while leaving him with a perhaps. A few months later, Tony complains to Minnie of often being embarrassed to ask for one of her automobiles instead of having one of his own. When he shows signs of wanting to end their relationship, she panics and offers him one. Though pleased about the gift, Tony soon proposes to meet Pearl inside her tea-house, to which she agrees. This is observed by Minnie. During a game of poker, Minnie pretends to have forgotten her bag in the tea-house. Bessie offers to get it for her. When she returns, she appears so upset that Arthur guesses the reason why. When Pearl enters, Minnie looks over at her in angry triumph. Nevertheless, the next day, Minnie becomes downcast at Tony's intent of leaving her, and so offers to marry him and yield him independent means. Pearl refuses to allow Minnie to leave her house even in a luggage-cart until she explains she obtained a job for Tony in the Education Office, where he is to do nothing from ten to four o'clock. To appease the furious Arthur, Pearl violently rubs her cheeks to appear pale, but then agrees to their separation and refuses to receive any more money from him. Moved at this apparent weakness, he forgives her, but Bessie does not. She leaves her sister and refuses to marry a lord she once had an eye on, to avoid living as shamefully, in her view, as her sister does. =St John Hankin= St John Hankin (1869-1909)'s main contribution is "The return of the prodigal" (1905). Reynolds (1949) complained of "The return of the prodigal" as the "acme of cynicism" whereby "the conventional ending of 19th century melodrama is turned upside down...There is no point in destructive criticism of society unless a remedy is suggested" (p 146-147). But other critics consider that Hankin has more than cynicism to offer. “The prodigal son who returns from Australia is an airy youth, willing but inconclusive, doomed to eternal failure. In his absence the father and the brother, two types of Philistines greedy for gains and honours, have made their fortune in industry, and the brother is engaged to the most aristocratic and charming girl of the neighbourhood. All biblical hypocrisy is soon unmasked; the return of the prodigal son is a disaster for everyone: for the father, who has to guarantee him a living; for the brother, who is afraid of losing his aristocratic fiancée, and she naturally has eyes for no one but this reckless, romantic young man; and also for the sister, a resigned ‘souffre-douleurs’ of the whole house, because only now does she see and understand her unavoidable destiny as a perpetual victim in this selfish family. But the most amusing figure, and the most bitter, is that of the young prodigal, who has not repented at all, because, seeing that his misfortunes are consequences of his nature, he does not know what to repent of; and after he has succeeded in gauging exactly the selfishness of his father and his brother, he casts his nets and plays his catch with a logical and persuasive shamelessness” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 108-109). “In The Return of the Prodigal a very dumpy, conventionally correct parvenu family, the Jacksons, suddenly find their political and social aspirations jeopardized by the return of a ne’er-do-well son, whose sang-froid and embarrassingly clear appraisals of the family furnish excellent comedy” (Sawyer, 1931 p 216). "The Return of the Prodigal...is still a well-proportioned comedy with several recognizably human personages, many quivers of a wit that is both theatrical and civilized, one excellent serious scene for a stay-at-home sister whom life is passing by, and always an unwavering sense of style. Hankin presents a prodigal son who is not ashamed of himself, and who returns for a few days to the heart (more or less) of his wealthy-manufacturing people in Gloucestershire, only to strike off again, as charmingly insolent and unredeemed as when he arrived. He is a prodigal, that is to say, who neatly inverts the old conventions such as 'People in the Colonies always do write for money' (Lady Faringford). Eustace prefers to seek the fatted calf in person. In his time he has flicked at many professions from liner steward to driver of a cable car in San Francisco. When he has returned to Chedleigh and deflated his pompous father and brother (that pair of insolent balloons), he moves once more into the unknown- at least London- with 250 pounds a year, to be paid quarterly. 'Make it three hundred, father,' Eustace adds, 'and I won’t write.' The play, I suppose, lacks certain things. It has no part to tear a cat in...Much of Hankin’s wit, unlike much of Wilde’s, derives from the situation and is always in character. Observe Mrs Jackson, the prodigal’s mother, who manages to be at once literal and fluffy. 'He allowed my girls to begin French directly they went to school, at Miss Thursby’s,' the rector’s wife says, 'but I’m bound to say they never seem to have learnt any. So perhaps it did no harm.' 'Yes,' Mrs Jackson answers comfortably, 'I’ve always heard Miss Thursby’s was an excellent school.' 'The Two Mr Wetherbys', 'The charity that began at home'...and 'The Cassilis engagement' are other works of Hankin that should have more than the tribute of a sigh. We have heard too much about his cynicism. He may often look at society with a detached amusement, but he can also besiege and reach the heart" (Trewin, 1951 p 63-64). MacCarthy (1907) pointed out that the author "puts forward a good case for a real ne'er-do-weel, who has about him no touch of the stage romance which usually surrounds such a character" (p 16). “Such a plot is of course a direct violation of all the laws of theatrical propriety, but Hankin insisted upon its verisimilitude. If a tragedy must come to a realistic conclusion, he reasoned, so also may comedy. The Jackson family are middle-class, like the Voyseys, with middle-class ideas and ideals, and are the slaves of middle-class morality. An intelligent man who genuinely comprehends himself and his family and refuses to exaggerate the importance of money or money-making will inevitably become master of the situation. Eustace, therefore, is permitted to have his own life as a character and is not forced into the stereotype of the repentant prodigal gratefully chewing on that fatted calf which is a symbol of his submission to familial convention” (Downer, 1950 p 317). "The scapegrace son is generally either a romantic or a sordid figure. Here he shows the most disarming effrontery and, disdaining the offer of a job, coolly blackmails his father into making him an allowance. Such is the comic theme of a play which also contains a highly moving, yet restrained portrait of the prodigal’s sister, who fills the thankless role of the unwanted woman" (Wilson, 1937 p 254). The play "evinces real observation and artistic sincerity. It is the story of a wastrel who really is a wastrel; he is not a victim of circumstances or a rough diamond, or a good trusting fellow betrayed and badgered by his villainous rival through three acts, only to save the heroine from a burning mill in the fourth. No; he is by birth inefficient- a gentleman, good-natured, and discreet, but material prosperity flees from his most crafty stalking. There are such people, and Hankin gives us a first-rate study of one of them, a study both amusing and pathetic, unmarred by a cowardly happy ending" (Norwood, 1921 pp 77-78). “Violet...is revealed as trapped...by the social proprieties attaching to marriage and social intercourse...She registers her situation: ‘we are to be great people, but you don’t find Sir John Faringford’s son proposing to me...so the great people won’t marry me and I mustn’t marry the little people.’...Unlike her wastrel bother, she has no means of relaxing her father’s iron authority” (Chothia, 1996 pp 72-73). "The first characteristic of Mr Hankin as a dramatist is that he is easy to act; his characters are very clearly drawn, and the emotions and situations with which his plays deal are within the reach of a very moderate range of experience. The parts do not call for 'temperament' or imagination in the actors so much as intelligence and sympathy, which are easier to mind. His other qualities are lightness of touch, an original humour, the power of weighing character in a very even balance, and dexterity in introducing into a very ordinary series of events which the audience is certain will be evolved along the most natural lines an element of surprise and suspense. 'The return of the prodigal' shows all these qualities at their best...This may seem a slender theme for a play, and the solution of a problem into which the spectator has entered with an almost parental perplexity by the allowance of £250 may sound flat, but the denouement is not flat and the suspense is kept up till the last. The dialogue is most spirited and natural, and often extremely amusing. The prodigal excites a good deal of sympathy, because he is moved by the sympathy of his mother and sister, and because he is miserable and aware of his own feebleness, which he makes the justification of his claim, as he really believes himself incapable of earning a living; while a scene between brother and sister, very touching in its matter-of-factness, makes one feel that father and son are fair game, by revealing that her prospects of a free and happy future have been ruined by being dragged by them into a society where for her there is little chance of marriage. Stella Faringford will probably marry Henry Jackson. Some kind of a love-liking springs up between her and the prodigal in the course of the four acts, just enough to make the sense of his own incompetence harder to bear and the conclusion of the play doubtful" (MacCarthy, 1907 pp 20-22). “In St John Hankin is much of the intellectual curiosity and honesty of Shaw in approaching contemporary social life, but while the latter is shaking his fist, the former is merely shrugging his shoulders. In his detestation of bourgeois cheapness of mind and soul, Hankin never forgets that he is writing plays and not theses, and therefore does not exploit his characters by subjecting them to his dictation, but allows a. social truth to evolve from what they do and say...It is characteristic of him that he should champion the under dog, the social misfit, who protests against the conventionality of the comfortably adjusted and the unrespectability of the respectable. He likes audacious people who disturb the sanctified peace of society. And yet, uncompromising as he is, he has not quite the philosophy to let his sense of the comic rise above his irritation. He is a little prejudiced in his very gesture of eschewing prejudice. Hankin never broke through into a full, clear utterance...But he was a substantial workman, who, unafraid and clear sighted, brought healthy ideas into comedy. His milieu is not primarily that of the aristocracy, but in his observation, in his moral inconclusiveness, and in his amused cynicism he is eminently qualified as exponent of the comedy of manners” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 213-214). "Shaw is an interested optimist, and Hankin is a disinterested pessimist; Shaw always hopes for the best and fully intends to make himself heard and to be successful: while Hankin contemplates the irremediable weaknesses of human nature and seems only to desire that men should see and recognize them, trusting perhaps in the beneficial effects, not social or historical, but individual and moral, of contrition and charity. This is a Catholic attitude, of which perhaps the author was not conscious, and which I believe he would not have accepted intellectually. In each of his works there is a character or a situation which all but attains the tragic, yet has not the strength of passion to reach it; and it is not through virtue, but through weakness, that these men and women fall back into the atmosphere of comedy" (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 107-108). =="The return of the prodigal"== [[File:Rembrandt - The Return of the Prodigal Son (detail) - WGA19134.jpg|thumb|Eustace's return fails to induce a father's tenderness, unlike the one portrayed by Rembrandt (1606-1669) from the Biblical source]] Time: 1900s. Place: Gloucestershire, England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/returnofprodigal00hank https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45361 https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.503892 Henry Jackson, a prosperous textile manufacturer working with his father, Sam, is at the point of asking Stella Faringford in marriage, when she interrupts and asks him to forbear for awhile. Family and friends learn that Eustace, Sam's other son, sent to Australia with a thousand pounds as a misfit, was discovered by a servant lying on the ground near the house, having apparently fainted. He is led in unconscious. Sam asks Henry not to delay in obtaining Stella's hand, since the Faringford influence may be decisive in his candidacy for a seat in Parliament. Eustace is examined by the family doctor, unable to detect, as he humorously tells his brother, that his fainting fit was feigned, to draw pity on his person, since he returns as a prodigal with nothing to show out of the money he previously received. Sam has had enough of his son's loafing about the house, especially after learning he coolly ordered expensive new clothes for himself and arranged to have the bill sent to his care. Sam orders him out of the house. Eustace counters that, should he be forced to leave, he will make a scandal of the treatment he receives, reducing his father's chances to win his seat in Parliament and compromising Henry's marriage prospects with Stella. "I don't like work," he comically informs them,"so there's nothing left but to beg." They negotiate. Sam proposes to send him back to Australia with another thousand pounds, but Eustace reminds him that they have already tried that strategy, which amounted to a dismal failure. Instead, the prodigal wants an annual stipend of 300 pounds, which Henry finds attractive, because, should his brother cause trouble, all they need do is cancel the allowance. Sam insists on 250 pounds and politely asks him to write sometimes. "Make it 300, father," Eustace retorts cynically, "and I won't write." Sam signs a cheque as a first installment and contemptuously waves it away. =Harley Granville-Barker= [[File:Harley Granville-Barker.jpg|thumb|Harley Granville-Barker showed much ado about a kiss during business hours, 1906]] Harley Granville-Barker (1877-1946) contributed an important social drama of people at work with "The Madras house" (1909), "that incomplete work of genius which is more exasperatingly characteristic of its time than any play written in our day in the English language" (Woolcott, 1922 p 113). "So far as the present writer knows, Mr GB Shaw, in Mrs Warren's Profession, is the only dramatist who has treated the whole question of the fallen woman from its sociological side. For the rest, he has cast off accepted conventions in sexual relations as in others, and might even be accused of teaching the unimportance of the marriage ceremony, when the Life-Force is impelling the woman to seek a father for her child. Here Mr Granville Barker, in The Madras House, shows himself a disciple of Mr Shaw, by his representation of the unrepentant sinner, Miss Yates" (May, 1911 p 166). Some early critics such as Andrews (1913) dismissed Granville-Barker's plays as drab. "Mr Barker finds nothing too commonplace, too dreary, nor too impertinent to be included in the conversation of his characters. Through long pages of perhaps characteristic, but utteriy unimportant, talk struggles a thin thread of narrative, scarcely strong enough to hold the piece even loosely together. All this is deplorable; for nothing worth while is accomplished; the stage is brought no nearer to reality, and a vital illuminant- if the metaphor may be so manipulated- is almost cunningly concealed, like Gratiano's reasons, in a bushel of chaff. It is not the art that is true to life, but rather the life that is in no wise true to art. The Madras House, for example, a play without hero, heroine, or plot, sets forth, in the familiar atmosphere of middle-class English life, the varying English views upon the woman question" (pp 142-143). “Complex in theme, bold and original in treatment, it may be best described as a satire on the thwarted lives led by women in England in the first decade of the century” (Evans, 1950 p 128). "In The Madras House...there is not even the pretense at a plot. Nothing takes place from act to act except conversation. There are themes enough,- certainly, enough for a season's output,- but they are only so many expressions from various angles of a sex-ridden society, and if Mr Barker believed in one thesis more than another, his conviction is not so clear as is the state of things he has satirized. A household of six unmarried daughters; a drapery-establishment where the employees live in, Constantine's retirement to the east to keep a harem so that his mind need not be distracted during hours of serious business,- all contribute to a fantastic picture of contemporary life from the point of view of sex" (Haskell, 1918 pp 288-289). “The Madras house manufactures women’s clothes...Sex is commercially profitable, very profitable...The dramatic characters shift in every act. Only one of them appears in all four...The play is amazing in its broadness and seeming completeness” (Moderwell, 1972 p 218). The play has no "plot, or rather the formal plot is strangely sundered from the genuine interest of the play; it recounts merely the sale of a great costume business to a commercial but romantic American. On this a magnificent fabric of discussion, mainly about the social position of women. Female assistants in large shops, the living-in system, the life of the normal married woman in England, the effect on men's work of the presence and co-operation of women- these topics are handled with brilliant originality and fluent eloquence. The study is made dramatic by the contrast between Henry Huxtable and his partner Constantine Madras. Huxtable is positively steeped in home affections and Victorian stolidities, feels that he could not be happy in heaven without antimacassars and a marble clock. Madras is elaborately contrasted with him at every point. Not only has he so revolted against English home life that he has deserted his wife and son many years ago, Mr Barker, in order to provide the external point of view, has actually converted him to Mohammedanism, and conferred upon him a house and harem in an Arabian village. This person's comments on the Englishman's attitude towards women are both novel and deadly, provoking a healthy reaction or commanding revolution. The upshot is that women are a disturbing and destructive factor in the ordinary business of the world confined to the house in the Eastern fashion, they would perform their function of brightening life and soothing the wearied soul" (Norwood, 1921 pp 90-91). The Madras House "consists of four juxtaposed episodes. The life of every character is shaped by his or her particular relationship to the couture firm...There is no resolution to any of the characters in marriage, divorce or suicide, and even the pregnancy of Marion Yates and her refusal to name the father of her child results in no denouement" (Chothia, 1996 pp 60-61). "This piece reveals no definite beginning and the author has deliberately planned it in such a way that it shall show no end. Structurally, this work is, so to speak, a succession of four middles" (Hamilton, 1914 p 94). "The play is organized as a presentation of social problems with a deliberate plan of non-development. The "playwright adopted a loose form that enabled him to play with problems like a master rather than a journeyman of the theatre of ideas. Clever satirization of a respectable draper’s household and of another middle-class prison, a drapery establishment or 'industrial seraglio' where the employees 'live in' and must abstain from marriage, is supplemented by the pointed whimsy of the wife-deserting Constantine Madras who has become a Mohammedan. To the worthy pater familias Huxtable with his half dozen cowed and unmarried daughters Constantine paints the advantages of polygamy; all the daughters could be taken care of by a single man! Moreover, the segregation of women would promote a rational life and society: 'From seventeen to thirty-four- the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue- wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women. How’s he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life...All politics, all religion, all economy is being brought down to the level of women’s emotions.' This is the bee in Constantine’s turban, and it buzzes agreeably. Only his serious-minded son Philip, who concerns himself with human misery and fears that 'we good and clever people are costing the world too much' is a proper foil to both the easy-going Constantine and the smug Huxtable. The drapery establishment of which he is part owner recalls both Carlyle’s dour fulminations against the dandiacal English habit and Ruskin’s views on art. Philip wants an 'art and a culture that shan’t be just a veneer on savagery', something that must come 'from the happiness of a whole people'. Therefore he is going into politics. Neither lightness of treatment nor weight of thought is absent in this rambling but fertile comedy of ideas" (Gassner, 1954a pp 619-620). “All is brought to a head in the extraordinary third act where the business is sold...The beauties of costume, textile, body are at the same time dependent on the exploitation of young women. The moment the deal is sealed takes ten lines of dialogue. The lushness of theatre is paid by, but obscures the operation of money” (Shepherd, 2009 pp 150-152). “The play reveals the fashion business as one in which women are dressed for display in a sexual market; the women modeling the clothes are treated as animated mannequins, dressed in revealing garments which prevent them from even sitting down” (Eltis, 2004 p 233). "The rhythm of action- emphasis and suppression in the service of unity of effect- is abandoned. Each act ends in the midst of a conversation; so does the whole play, and the stage-direction remarks: 'she doesn't finish, for really there is no end to the subject.' All of which means that Mr Barker seeks to follow the broken rhythm of life- the helpless swaying hither and thither of human talk, the pause of embarrassment or sudden blankness which leads to irrelevant changes of subject. In addition, he seeks to illustrate, as in the second act of The Madras House, the fact that human affairs run parallel to each other and have often no connection except the accidental one of a single man or woman's being a participant in each. Thus the scandal among the employees of the house and the sale of the house to the American, Eustice P State, have nothing in common except that Philip Madras must, necessarily, give his attention to both. Each, to be sure has, upon reflection, a bearing upon the theme of the play which is, once more, the problem of sex. But from the aspect of fable and structure The Madras House marks a point at which the avoidance of artifice touches the negation of form. Negation of form! Having written the words, I am almost ready to retract them. For in truth The Madras House is one of the most fascinating of modern plays. Its strange inconsequentialities of structure, its act endings which trail off into a natural silence or simply blend with the ceaseless hum of life seem but to sharpen the peculiar tang of art and thought, extremely keen and personal, that exhales from the play. The thesis of The Madras House is no less arresting than its form. The gradual emancipation of woman in the West has led to the constant, enervating preoccupation with the instinct of sex. Society, politics, education- all bring men and women into contacts which are, consciously or not, sexually stimulating. The vast industries that serve the adornment of even the most cultured of modern women prove these very women to be primarily bent upon emphasizing the sexual appeal. To this menace there are two effective retaliations: one, that of the elder Madras, to segregate women as in the Orient, and let men do their work in the world in virile cleanness; the other, that of the younger Madras, to force our civilisation to be less of a 'barnyard' in spirit, to wring from it a culture that is not simply a veneer over sexual savagery" (Lewisohn, 1915 pp 203-205). “The plays of Granville Barker are thoroughly modern both in form and content. In his Madras House (1909) the question of guilt might have played an important role, but does not. The one character who is really culpable according to the old accepted standards of ethics considers himself far above these standards. He disregards them or tramples them underfoot without the slightest feeling of guilt” (Cast, 1917 p 538). "Has anybody noticed, I wonder, that each of the four married women in this play is an awful warning against marriage? First there is Katherine Huxtable, a British matron bound in triple hide of ignorance, prejudice and convention. Second is Amelia Madras, whose placid obstinacy of self-martyrdom would drive any man into sin. More awful still is Mrs Brigstock, that embittered, jealous, charmless spouse with one eye fixed on the main chance and the other on her husband’s discomfort. Last there is Jessica Madras, who must come down to the office instead of telephoning and cannot see why she should not be taken out to lunch, who feels herself neglected and chooses her husband’s best friend as the repairer of that neglect" (Agate, 1926 p 235). The Madras House "shows two cross-sections of early-twentieth-century society, the first being a respectable suburban home at Denmark Hill, and the second the drapery store of Messrs Roberts and Huxtable. In each the primitive natural feelings of the inmates have been repressed" (Reynolds, 1949 p 139). "This is a study in repression (there are seventeen women in a cast of twenty-five): the repression of the younger generation of suburban Denmark Hill- the suburbs had a bad time in the New Drama- and of the drapers’ employees of that harem of industry, Messrs Roberts and Huxtable’s at Peckham, and of ‘the Madras House’, the Bond Street dress-shop that gives a name to the piece. It contains an invigorating debate on the place of women in society. It is acute and it is courageous. This is one of the most notable plays of rebellion in a rebellious period when so many lids were being lifted from so many cauldrons, when we heard both a singing and a growling in the air, and suffragettes had become front-page news" (Trewin, 1951 p 81). "When the situation between his characters reaches the most serious pitch, instead of speaking impulsively out of themselves, they tend to transfer their predicament to the plane of generalities, discussing it as one not peculiar to themselves but to many (vide the dialogue between husband and wife with which The Madras House closes). In short the drama of Granville-Barker is that of a man to whom the significance of life has been most excitingly revealed, not at moments when, so to speak, he has banged up against other human beings, but when intimacy has taken the form of sounding the depths of experience together, and the condition of mutual proximity has been on both sides a high personal detachment...We can get a bird’s eye view of a gigantic theme much too big for treatment in a single action drama. He has constructed his conversation drama with a skill which it is a delight to remember afterwards. I can understand a spectator thinking that the dramatist was spending too much time on the construction of a realistic atmosphere, but on reflection these little touches, like the perpetual polite introductions of the many daughters of Mr Huxtable (Admirable, perfect Mr Aubrey Mather!) to Major Thomas, are superfluous. Not at all. They suggest the dire extent to which human relationships in that household have been fossilized into prim formalities, just as the mannequin show illustrates the 'moral' and commercial exploitation of sex interest...Thus the play is a scheme of ingeniously contrived talk through which illuminating rays from different temperamental quarters are thrown on the theme. Old Madras is a man to whom sex is the spice of life, but he does not like the whole of life to be flavoured with it; the sentimental American, Mr Eustace Perrin State, wants every dish saturated with it— but in a diluted, romantic form; old Huxtable has thought all his life that the proper thing to do was to ignore it- and a nice mess the Huxtable family have made of that. The point of view of the desiccated Miss Chancellor is given, and- wonder of wonders- she is properly allowed to keep her dignity; in the hands of a lesser draughtsman she would have been just a poor old cockshy; the young mother who has thrown her cap over the windmill gives hers; the cramped and harried Brigstocks exhibit the predicament into which industrial civilization has forced them" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 215-219). =="The Madras house"== Time: 1900s. Place: England. Text at http://www.archive.org/details/madrashouseacom00bargoog Philip Madras and his uncle, Henry Huxtable, prepare to sell their clothing shop, Roberts & Huxtable, to an American financier by the name of State. For this purpose, they will soon meet with Philip's father, Constantine, separated from his wife, Amelia, 30 years ago due to his adulterous relations with several of his employees. Amelia wishes to see him, too. "I am his wife still, I should hope,” she tells her son. He went away from me when he was young. But I have never forgotten my duty. And now that he is an old man, and past such sin, and I am an old woman, I am still ready to be a comfort to his declining years, and it's right that I should be allowed to tell him so.” Recently, Henry has heard news that two of their employees, William Brigstock and Marion Yates, were seen kissing at work by the housekeeper, Miss Chancellor. News of improper conduct quickly spread around, all the more so since William is married and Marion unmarried but pregnant. Although William's wife, Freda, believes her husband innocent of adultery, Henry wants to sack both. In his office, Philip asks Marion to explain what happened in front of William and Miss Chancellor. ”And when I told him- all I chose to tell him as to what had happened to me, I asked him to kiss me just to show he didn't think so much the worse of me. And he gave me one kiss - here,” Marion explains while pointing to her forehead. Miss Chancellor believes that she is lying, that they are in fact lovers, but Philip is prepared to let the matter drop. However, husband and wife consider the accusation slander and insist on a public retraction, which Philip refuses to consider. “How is Mr Brigstock to remain in the firm if Miss Chancellor does?” Freda retorts. Miss Chancellor is outraged, Freda threatens her with a lawsuit, Miss Chancellor threatens to leave the firm unless believed. "It would be good manners to believe her,” Philip tells Miss Chancellor. “We must believe so much of what we're told in this world.” Philip’s friend and State’s representative, Major Thomas, arrives for the business meeting. He amuses Philip by requesting him to be invited less often at his house and see less of Philip’s wife, Jessica. "Phil, I don't like women, and I never did," Thomas confesses, "but I'm hardly exaggerating when I say I married simply to get out of the habit of finding myself once every six months in such a position with one of them that I was supposed to be making love to her.” The owners agree to sell the company to State, who waxes poetical over the new line of women's dresses he intends to exhibit. "It is the middle class woman of England that is waiting for me, the woman who still sits at the parlour window of her provincial villa, pensively gazing through the laurel bushes. I have seen her on my solitary walks. She must have her chance to dazzle and conquer," he muses enthusiastically. He thinks that the economic independence of women is the next step in civilization. Constantine disagrees, having converted to Islam. Henry is disgusted at this bit of news. "I've not spoken to you for thirty years, have I? That is I've not taken more notice of you than I could help. And I come here today full of forgiveness and curiosity to see what you're really like now and whether I've changed my mind or whether I never really felt all that about you at all and damned if you don't go and put up a fresh game on me! What about Amelia? Religion this time!” he exclaims. Constantine opines that the world's interest is best served by keeping women at home. "From seventeen to thirty-four, the years which a man should consecrate to the acquiring of political virtue, wherever he turns he is distracted, provoked, tantalized by the barefaced presence of women,” he declares. “How's he to keep a clear brain for the larger issues of life? Women haven't morals or intellect in our sense of the words. They have other incompatible qualities quite as important, no doubt. But shut them away from public life and public exhibition. It's degrading to compete with them, it’s as degrading to compete for them.” Furthermore, he accuses the affronted Henry of keeping "an industrial seraglio". "What do we slow-breeding, civilized people get out of love and the beauty of women and the artistic setting that beauty demands? For which we do pay rather a big price, you know, Tommy. What do we get for it?" Philip asks Major Thomas. At this, Thomas is utterly at sea. When Constantine encounters Amelia, she lets him know she wants to follow him to Arabia. He refuses. She then asks him to stay in England in a different house than hers. After being refused again, she exits while looking at him hatefully. When Philip asks his father was there no other way to treat her, he answers: "Was I meant to pass the rest of a lifetime making her forget that she was as unhappy as people who have outlived their purpose always are?" Philip receives a letter from William's solicitor for compensation to the slanders his client was exposed. As suspected, he learns his father was Marion's lover and humiliated because she refused his money. He advises his son to sack William and Marion, though offering him monetary compensation and her a position later on at the new company. Philip acquiesces. To Jessica, he cheerfully conveys Thomas' message. She angrily thanks him for it. He concludes that they must live less expensively and that he contribute to society with meetings at the town council, but she, on her side, does not know what to do with herself. "You don't always let us have the fairest of chances, do you?" she asks. =Githa Sowerby= [[File:GeorgeJacombHood-1912-GithaSowerby.png|thumb|Githa Sowerby delved into what happens when a man's two sons refuse to take up his business. Portrait of the author by George Jacomb Hood (1857-1929)]] Githa Sowerby (1876-1970) contributed a fine family saga during this period with "Rutherford and son" (1912), "Rutherford and son" is "a drama of domestic tyranny centering around the granite figure of the industrialist Rutherford whose children escape his tyranny only after being virtually broken by him. Dramatic power is also furnished by excellent characterizations of an old sister who fears him, a frustrated daughter who runs away with his foreman, and a weak willed son who can only free himself by abandoning his wife and his child and breaking his father’s cash box. Only the son’s wife remains, and it is she alone who finally masters the hard old man now that he wants an heir to the house of Rutherford and is in need of such affection as he can find" (Gassner, 1954a p 621). Andrews (1913) complained that "Miss Githa Sowerby...sets before us with notable vitality and force the ruthlessly dominant male. Like [Elizabeth Baker's 'Chains' (1909)], this play is gloomy, sordid, and depressing, admirable in characterization and dialogue, and almost devoid of action. Its popularity, in the face of its hard and repellent subject-matter, surely adds point to Molière's reflection that 'the business of amusing honest folk is a strange one' (p 145). In contrast, George (1914) described the play along with Houghton's "Hindle Wakes" (1910) as the "finest recent instances of stage realism...In both plays life is represented not as it might be, which would be romance, but as it is. In both the atmosphere is extraordinary; in both the position of woman, alliance, motherhood, responsibility, seriously figure. But there is no strain, there is hardly any preaching; the characters seldom explain themselves, and throughout they reveal themselves. And there is passion, enthusiasm, suffering, and hope, all the things the common men understand" (p 57). “Githa Sowerby, with Rutherford and Son (1912), succeeded in creating almost a synthetic personality out of all the middle-class characters against which this sort of drama is directed, in Rutherford, the manufacturer, for whom nothing has any value that is not connected with the prosperity of his factory. Thus, while his machines multiply and prosper, and seem to devour every other life, human life languishes in the dreary, misty northern scene. One by one Rutherford’s sons and daughters go away from him, to seek liberty and life elsewhere; for a breath of real humanity they face misery and death. Only at the end of the play the daughter-in-law, abandoned by her husband, returns to ask the old man’s protection, and brings him her son, who in the future will be able to inherit the business. This hope, and the sense of a tragic solitude, finally move the heart of Rutherford, who for this reason receives the two outcasts” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 116-117). "John Rutherford, the owner of the firm 'Rutherford and Son', is possessed by the phantom of the past- the thing handed down to him by his father and which he must pass on to his son with undiminished luster; the thing that has turned his soul to iron and his heart to stone; the thing for the sake of which he has never known joy and because of which no one else must know joy,- 'Rutherford and son'...Not only the Rutherford children, their withered Aunt Ann, and old Rutherford himself, but even Martin, the faithful servant in the employ of the Rutherfords for twenty-five years, is 'dedicated', and when he ceases to be of use to their Moloch, he is turned into a thief and then cast off, even as Janet and John...Janet knows her father better than John; she knows that 'no one ever stands out against father for long- or else they get so knocked about, they don't matter any more.' Janet knows, and when the moment arrives that brings her father's blow upon her head, it does not come as a surprise to her. When old Rutherford discovers her relation with Martin, his indignation is as characteristic of the man as everything else in his life. It is not outraged morality or a father's love. It is always and forever the House of Rutherford. Moreover, the discovery of the affair between his daughter and his workman comes at a psychologic moment: Rutherford is determined to get hold of John's invention- for the Rutherfords, of course- and now that Martin has broken faith with his master, his offense serves an easy pretext for Rutherford to break faith with Martin" (Goldman, 1914 pp 236-241). =="Rutherford and son"== [[File:Glass Factory - geograph.org.uk - 486146.jpg|thumb|Trouble starts when a glass factory owner enters in conflict with his son over the latter's invention of a metal alloy. Yorkshire glass factory]] Time: 1910s. Place: Grantley, North Yorkshire, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/cu31924013224666 https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweiala https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00soweuoft https://archive.org/details/rutherfordsonpla00sowe Because of a coal miners' strike, John Rutherford’s glass-works factory is short on coal. Other problems have led to uncertainties regarding the survival of the company. Rutherford’s most trusted workingman, Martin, informs him that he caught an employee, Henderson, with his hand in the till. Despite his youth, Rutherford dismisses him. Rutherford’s son, John Junior, has invented a new type of metal alloy which, according to him and Martin, might be worth a fortune. Without having studied the matter, Rutherford downplays its importance. Rutherford is nevertheless outraged that John wants to keep the formula secret until he buys the invention from him and then leaves with the money, so that no one would be left to manage the company, since his other son, Richard, is the local clergyman. Having been offered a curacy in another region, Richard asks his father permission to go. “Wear your collar-stud at the back if you like, it's all one to me,” Rutherford answers indifferently, “You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear: you were no good for my purpose, and there's an end. For the matter o' that, you might just as well never ha’ been born except that you give not trouble either way.” He is only annoyed when Richard tells him he has promised Henderson’s mother to speak on behalf of his son for another chance to stay in his employ. Although Rutherford hears her plea, her son’s dismissal is a foregone conclusion. Before going, however, she blurts out rumors concerning an underhand relation between Martin and his daughter, Janet, which he sternly disapproves of. Alone with Martin, Rutherford requests the content of the alloy. Although aware of his treachery towards John, Martin promises to hand it over to him the following day. Rutherford then tells Janet he wants her out of his house and the next day, once he obtains the content of the alloy, fires Martin. When a broken Martin reveals to Janet that he must go, she tries to make him see the positive side. “You're free,” she declares, "free for the first time since you were a lad mebbee to make a fresh start.” “A fresh start?” he echoes affronted. “Wi' treachery and a lyin' tongue behind me?” He offers her money so that she can live in another village, but, recognizing that he has little interest in starting anew with her, she refuses and leaves the house. When John learns of Martin’s treachery, he steals money from his father’s cash-box and proposes to go away with his wife, Mary. However, Mary doubts her husband’s ability to care for her and her young son and has no wish to return to her former occupation. Instead, she proposes to Rutherford that she remain in his house to raise the son as his his heir and eventual owner of the company. He accepts. =Charles McEvoy= Charles McEvoy (1879-19) wrote a fine domestic drama in “David Ballard” (1907), a play described as “severely realistic” by Dickinson (1917a p 170) about a man who wants to become a writer despite a lack of encouragement from his family. ==“David Ballard”== Time: 1900s. Place: London, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/davidballardapl00mcevgoog David Ballard returns home dispirited from the nature of his work as an office worker in a store to his mother (Ellen), father (Simon), sister (Gladys), younger brother (Percy), and cousin (Mercy). “I’ve been drawn to this horrible, ghastly drudgery at the store and I can’t see any end to it,” he confesses to his mother. “I’ve no time for study, or quiet thought, or serious work of any kind.” For he wants to become a writer. She attempts in vain to encourage him, after which Simon, now retired, returns to reminisce about the 42 years he spent at work, a matter objected to by a Gladys uninterested in “talk shop”. Their lodger, Darwin Snodge, a portrait painter, arrives to pay his rent. When the family and Darwin hear that David intends on leaving the house and quitting his job, everyone except Mercy tries to convince him otherwise. “My boy, if you’d only stop there at your work patiently and try to cultivate a liking for it,” Simon pleads, “you’d soon get a substantial raise and everything would look rosy again.” David obtained a 10-shilling raise, but still wants to quit. In Darwin’s view, the lad lacks “patience, perseverance and hope”. “You can’t do good work unless you’ve got the stomach behind you to put into it,” he specifically advises. Because he has no intention of starving, David asks for a loan of 5 pounds, but is refused. As a result, he rushes out, at which only Mercy is glad. As Gladys and Darwin celebrate their engagement in a restaurant, Simon breaks down in tears after learning that his son left their home exactly one year ago. He is further innerved after spotting out the window David himself looking like a derelict. Darwin thinks the old man imagined it. “I foresaw this all along,” Gladys affirms. “I said we’d no business to bring him with us.” It is David, overwhelmed with shame but defiant. He has been unable to make a living out of writing. “Exactly as I predicted,” Darwin notes. Although Mr and Mrs Ballard want him back to the house, Gladys does not. However, Darwin objects to having his future brother–in-law “walking about the streets like that”. Percy agrees. One year later, David has taken over the job once held by his father, now dead. While Gladys fusses over her twins, Percy takes Mercy apart to tell her something, but they are interrupted by a Gladys in a frenzy because her cousin ignored her call. Percy begs Mercy to help him restore 700 pounds he took out of the till at work, which he has used to amuse himself with the higher social classes. David advises her to refuse his brother such a loan. Gladys interrupts a second time, exasperated at Mercy’s slackness in helping out with her babies. She reveals that Mercy is not her cousin after all, but an orphan the family picked up out of charity. “You will leave this house within an hour, creature,” she commands. Mercy is willing as David receives the news that one of his poems has won a 100 pound prize, to be handed over to his brother, Mercy advises. David reluctantly agrees and, having finally spoken of their love of each other, leaves the house in her company. =Horace Annesley Vachell= [[File:Horace_Annesley_Vachell_circa_1920.jpg|thumb|Vachell exposed the mixing of bank practices with personal relations]] Horace Annesley Vachell (1861-1955) offered a worthy bank drama with Jelf’s (1912) when finances conflict with personal relations. =="Jelf’s"== [[File:HSBC_in_Pall_Mall,_London.jpg|thumb|Richard, the owner of Jelf's bank, is involved in a conflict between helping out a friend who is also a rival to the woman he intends to marry. Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in Pall Mall, London]] Time: 1910s. Place: London and fictional Shepperford, England. Text at https://archive.org/details/jelfsacomedyinf00vachgoog https://archive.org/details/jelfscomedyinfou00vachiala After spending several years on a ranch in California, Richard Jelf has taken over the family business in a London bank for the past 6 months. His friend, Archie Mull, takes the opportunity to ask to be invited at Richard’s house in Shepperford along with Sir Jonathan Dunne, chairman of the Amalgamated Association of Bankers and father of his intended, Dorothy, without mentioning he is coming, since the prospective father-in-law is against the marriage. As the friend of Richard’s uncle and founder of the bank, Sir Jonathan is relieved to hear that Richard along with Adam Winslow, chief clerk and senior adviser, are proceeding along conservative lines, unlike the “wildcat speculations” of other banks such as Palliser’s. Remembering his friend’s request, Richard invites Jonathan over at his house and he accepts. Richard next receives the visit of Archie’s mother, the countess of Skene and Skye, desperate for money but relieved by Richard at the level of 500 pounds. In return, the countess advises him as to deportment and dress to fit in London society. More advice as to clothes is provided by James Palliser, head of the family bank in financial difficulties. James is surprised to hear that Richard is engaged to be married to Fenella Mull, Archie’ sister and, unknown to Richard, James’ lover, whose offer of marriage was repulsed by her mother, the countess of Skene and Skye. Richard offers to help James out of financial difficulties by inviting him over at Shepperford to meet Sir Jonathan, which James gladly accepts. Still fond of her old lover, Fenella asks Richard to help James out of his bank’s troubles. Richard agrees and offers Fenella a pearl necklace and diamond tiara, which frightens her to the point of requesting him to stow them till their wedding day. At Shepperford, Richard offers to settle down a nervous Archie by pretending to be Jonathan in a made-up dialogue favoring the young man’s offer of marriage to his daughter. But when the true Jonathan arrives, the result is the contrary, as Dorothy’s father declares he will only accept the idle youngster provided he obtain a responsible position, which is secured when Richard offers Archie the position of manager at his California ranch. Richard also rescues Dorothy from some difficulty while punting on the water. Unaware of the identity of her rescuer, Dorothy reveals the close relation that existed between Fenella and James along with inadequacies in Richard’s choice of clothing. When James meets Fenella, he tells her that he needs to keep their past relations quiet in view of Richard’s offer of help and yet attempts to win her back. On meeting her intended, Fenella notices changes in Richard’s appearance. “I like the man who does fine things, not wears them,” she reassures him. Next evening, Dorothy announces her engagement to Lady Sken and Fenella and her gratitude at what made it possible, Richard’s offer of Archie’s employment. “Too much consideration for one's father is a sort of reversion to type,” the countess declares, “a sentimental mistake.” “That sounds awfully immoral, Lady Skene,” Dorothy comments. “I lived in an absurd age which preached morality as successfully as it practiced the other thing,” the countess replies. Fenella reads that according to the London Observer, Jelf’s has come to the aid of Palliser’s. Meanwhile, unaware of Richard’s ignorance in the matter, Archie blurts out the existence of the past relation between Fenella and James. But when Richard inquires about whether Fenella had any past relation, she denies the existence of any. She discovers that the article in the London Observer was conveyed by James without Richard’s consent, an item which alarms Adam Winslow to the point of his tendering his resignation unless Richard retracts the article. Against Jonathan’s advice, Richard refuses to retract it but demands to find out the nature of the current situation between James and Fenella. James admits that he still loves her and intends to marry her, while Fenella remains committed to neither. The news of Jelf’s position sets off a panic reaction among its clients, threatening to take out their accounts in massive numbers. The situation becomes even more threatening when Jonathan, a vital depositor, shows up with the possibility of removing his own account at Jelf’s. More impending disaster appears when a bookmaker threatens to take out his large account unless Richard submits to being blackmailed for a small amount by a friend of his, a newspaper editor who felt insulted recently after Richard declined to meet him personally but instead passed him off to Adam. Richard declines to be blackmailed. Despite the double threat, Fenella stands by Richard and Richard stands firm, a move which pays off when both the bookmaker and Jonathan support him as well, considerably relieving the anxieties of the large band of customers ready to cancel their accounts. =Frederick Hazlitt Brennan= Frederick Hazlitt Brennan (1901-1962) attracted attention with a rough war-time comedy-drama, “The Wookey” (1941). ==“The Wookey”== [[File:Civilian Service Medal, 1939-1945.png|thumb|Winning a civilian service medal, 1939-1945, fails to impress the Wookey]] Time: 1939-1940. Place: London, England. Text at ? Just released from prison for indecent exposure during a show, Genevieve heads for the house of her sister, Bella, but first encounters her nephew, Ernie, hiding a dachshund from his mother inside the bed of his sister, Primrose. In view of the likelihood of war, Gen offers Bella her house in Lynmouth, but she declines. In storms Walt, anxious to marry Gen, but she rejects him. Refusing to accept her answer, he pulls at her and the two women defend themselves with difficulty until Bella’s husband, Horace, nicknamed the Wookey, enters and throws him out. To protect his family from scandal, Horace insists that his sister-in-law marry Walt. She backs down. Horace shows Primrose the present he brought over for his wife: a section of an iron fence tied with roses, while Ernie gets a used air-rifle. To his father, he reveals the hidden dachshund, saved from stoning by the local boys. Holding the dog with one hand, Horace spanks his son with the other for hiding it in the wrong place, but permits him to keep it. He hands over to his daughter a gift of French lingerie and, while heading for his bath, Rory, Irish first mate of Horace’s tug-boat, carries in with Hector, Bella’s cousin, and Mr Archibald another present for his wife: a brand-new toilet bowl, at the sight of which Bella pretends to be reserved as Constable Simpson enters with Cheltenham, Air Raid Precaution warden, arrived to check on the equipment given to the family, which they have carelessly handled. A scowling Horace tears a gas mask to shreds. “They mucks about till ‘Itler gets strong enough ter bomb us, then they sends us thrupenny marsks and biscit tin back’ouses,” he challenges. For his negligence, despite Horace’s three medals from the previous war, Cheltenham hands him a summons. Wanting no part of this war, Horace heads for the pub. In the Wookeys’ back-yard a year later, Rory courts Primrose and kisses her as Horace enters. “Less of it,” he commands. Primrose informs her father that the government has issued boats for the war, a matter that fails to interest him. Although as a mate Rory’s work has been satisfactory, Horace refuses to consider his offer of marriage for the moment. “Your qualifications and character needs further testin’,” he declares. Consistent with his views, Horace refuses to hand over his boat to Dr Lewisohn and factory workers for the conduct of the war, but accepts the same when Gen begs him to bring back her husband with the retreating army. But Walter dies and Horace and Rory have been gone for three weeks. Because of the bomb threat, Ernie is sent on his way to Wessex. But soon Horace and Rory return with a bath-tub and firearms, the delay caused by the time spent in prison for debt to the oil company because of their inability to pay the petrol and lubricant for going back and forth from Dunkirk to save the soldiers. Moreover, the oil company seized the boat. Horace rushes out after learning that Ernie has been taken away. But the boy escapes and hides in an out-house. When Horace discovers his son, he gives him a 10-bob note for hiding but several thwacks for letting his dog bite the vack woman. Amid the writing of a letter to Winston Churchill to get his money back, a fire bomb drops on the house but he manages to smother it in sand. Angry at the damage to his house, he now offers his “qualified support” to the British cause. After Horace is named chief fire warden, more bomb attacks follow so that Ernie is eventually found by rescue workers under the stairs surrounded by rubble, his dog injured and his mother dead. Instead of heading for a shelter, his father remains with him in the cellar, where Rory the Irishman draws ire from the British for his discouraging remarks. For his service at Dunkirk, Horace obtains the king’s civilian medal but no word on recovering his boat. He criticizes all aspects of the British conduct of the war and, to minimize the damage, allows his basement to become an official shelter while he commands his family to head towards Lynmouth, though he himself only pretends to go. =JM Barrie= [[File:James Matthew Barrie00.jpg|thumb|James Matthew Barrie draws immortal plaudits for his character of Peter Pan, 1890s]] In a comic vein, JM Barrie (1860-1937), the Scottish playwright, achieved lasting fame with "Peter Pan" (1904). "In the year 1904 came Peter Pan, and it had an insane success. This is no spring flower, or hothouse plant; it is a hardy perennial, and will delight thousands of spectators after we shall have all made our exit from the planet. It is one of the most profound, original, and universal plays of our epoch...Barrie created a character, a personality; Peter Pan is an addition to literature and an addition to humanity. He is a real person, already proverbial and it seems incredible that he can ever be forgotten" (Phelps, 1920b p 837). The playwright "knows how children revel in the game of make-believe, with what elaborate care they will build up the machinery for their romances, and he has carried out the splendid idea of bringing all the resources of the stage to the service of a whimsical tale, in which sprites and pirates, red Indians, wolves, and crocodiles, are mingled in moments of rich amusement or participate in deeds of derring-do such as Fenimore Cooper or George Henty have made familiar to the bigger boys. There is a pleasing softness, and just a tinge of sadness, about much of this story of Peter Pan” (Agate, 1947 pp 133). "Peter Pan is perhaps the most escapist play ever written, and the reality that is so resolutely avoided in this charming fantasy is the entire adult world" (Gassner, 1954a p 623). For Andrews (1913), the play "is in reality not a drama, but a strangely iridescent poetic pantomime, full of bizarre and tender gayety. It is sometimes difficult, indeed, to determine when Mr Barrie's intention is serious and when merely humorous. Perhaps as a result of this peculiarity, his plays often fail to create an impression of depth or solidity. He is particularly felicitous in the portrayal of the lighter phases of feminine character, though he has rarely achieved a full-length study of a truly womanly woman" (pp 156-157). “The parents...who see their offspring unexpectedly disappear, the lost boys who surround the hero, Wendy, who seems to nourish a precocious feeling for the impossible boy (without his understanding in the least what is expected of him), and the family dog who laments the escape of her little charges, are all figures which have a principle of real personality, and for that reason blossom into the dramatic. When the children return to home and reality, after having lost themselves in a marvellous dream, the incorrigible Peter abandons them and never returns again. On the other hand, JM Barrie returns, to follow these children, or others similar to them, on the path of life, towards real, adult existence, towards drama and reality. But as in their childhood Peter Pan flew in at the open window of their night-nursery one spring night, and took them away with him to the Never Never Land, so now, when they are grown up, there returns instead James Barrie himself, always ready to insert a magical element into their human, and therefore tragi-comical, affairs” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 163-164). "'Peter Pan' captivated the grown-ups and even more so the most hardened critics. The Stage said of it: 'Mr Barrie has entered fully into the joys and delights of childhood days, and he has peopled his newest fantasy with the choicest personages from the pages of Marryat or Cooper, side by side with the heroes of our youth, who interpret incidents which only the most elastic imagination could conceive. The whole is impregnated by the nimble wit and facile fancy which the eminent dramatist has at command and the blend of humour and pretty sentiment constitutes a piece that no one, old or young, should resist.' The Illustrated London News said that it combined the child's passion for make-believe and the average little girl's maternal instinct and described it as 'an artfully artless play which has all the pretty inconsequences of an imaginative child's improvisations'" (Wilson, 1951 p 149-150). Wilson (1937) has a harsher view of the protagonist. "Peter is a pathetic figure clinging desperately to a pretence. Normal children (and even adults who are not insufferably intellectual) indulge in day dreams. But they know perfectly well that the world of their fancy is not a real one. Peter will not give up his dreams and becomes a kind of waif" (p 247). =="Peter Pan"== [[File:Captain Hook.PNG|thumb|Final showdown between Peter and Captain Hook, illustrated by FD Bedford (1864-1954)]] Time: 1900s. Place: London, England and Never Land. Text at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16 Before being put to bed, the three children of Mr and Mrs Darling (Wendy, John, and Michael), ask many of the usual questions. Thus Michael: "Mother, how did you get to know me?" and "At what time was I born, mother?" She does not answer the first question but only the second. "At two o'clock in the night-time, dearest," to which, worried, he answers: "O, mother, I hope I didn't wake you." She tells her husband she saw a boy's face at their window three floors up. The boy escaped but the window cut his shadow, which she shows him and then returns it inside a drawer. He was accompanied by a ball of light. After the parents leave, Peter Pan and Tinker Bell fly up to the children's room. He retrieves his shadow, sown on by Wendy, who proposes to kiss him, too. He holds out his hand for it, to Wendy's disappointment. In return, he offers what eh considers a kiss, an acorn button, which she puts on. Despite Tinker Bell's irritation at their increasing friendliness, Peter shows the children how to fly and they go away to Never Land, where a pirate, Captain Hook, is seething for revenge, because on one of their encounters he fell and a crocodile ate off one of his arms and would have eaten the rest of him had it not swallowed an alarm-clock, since which time he hears its ticking now and then. Peter's companions at Never Land receive a false message from the vengeful Tinker Bell, whereby they are commanded to shoot Wendy down as she flies overheard. One of these, Tootles, succeeds in striking her down with an arrow. She looks dead, but, to everyone's relief, was saved from grievous harm by the acorn button placed over her heart. While Wendy lies unconscious, the boys build a house all around her and she agrees to keep house for them, as a sort of substitute mother. Meanwhile, the pirates attack a band of Indians led by Tiger Lilly, saved by Peter, who, imitating the captain's voice, orders the pirates to release her. The pirates next attack the children, but Captain Hook is unable to conquer them and forced to escape on hearing the ticking of the alarm clock. However, Peter and Wendy find themselves standing on a rock with the water level rising. She succeeds in flying away on a kite, while Peter hesitates on what to do next, at no point afraid, even of death. "To die will be an awfully big adventure," he considers, but eventually succeeds in flying away by unfurling his shirt like a sail, naked and victorious. Though acting as the boys' father, a worried Peter seeks reassurance from Wendy that it is all pretense, to which she droopingly responds: "Oh yes." Eventually, the Darling children recognize they must return home, Peter's companions wishing to follow them, but not Peter himself. All except Peter are captured when the pirates convince them that Tiger Lilly has won the battle against them by beating her tom-tom. However, thanks to Peter's abilities in warfare, one by one the pirates are killed in their ship. At last, Captain Hook confronts Peter but is unable to get the better of him in a sword-fight, neither can he blow them all by firing a powder magazine, all the more discouraged in seeing Peter play on pipes while sitting on a barrel in the air. Overcome by grief, Hook deliberately prostrates himself in the water and is swallowed down by the crocodile. During all that time, Mrs Darling has kept the window open for her children's return. To keep Wendy with him, Peter asks Tinker Bell to bar the window, but when the mother appears, he opens the window and flies out, enabling the children to enter. As years go by, Peter regularly comes back to the house. One day, Wendy asks him: "You don't feel you would like to say anything to my parents, Peter, about a very sweet subject?" "No," he answers. Eventually, his adventures are so many that he forgets who Tinker Bell is. Wendy asks him whether he will one day forget her, too, but, soaring away, he does not answer. =Hubert Henry Davies= Also with the lighter comic touch is Hubert Henry Davies (1869-1917) with “The mollusc” (1907). In “The mollusc”, the author "abandons the vein of ironical and photographic realism, and tries to deepen the psychological analysis by using more imaginative methods" (Pelluzzi, 1935 p 57). "The author has given his attention more to the moment than to the magnitude of his theme, though he has consistently portrayed a certain spineless phase of languid indolence with telling effect. Perhaps for the portrait intended, a quicker conflict would not serve as well. Certainly no character development is demanded, for the chief trait of his heroine is her utter void of worthwhile attributes" (Anthony, 1914 p 489). “Davies’ most memorable contribution to our modern drama is primarily a character study, but Mrs Baxter in The Mollusc (1907) is so sentient a creation that she becomes the symbol of a class of women in society who coax and wheedle their way through the world. She is a potential comedy of manners in herself. Placid, unvexed, she makes flunkeys of her family and her friends but exacts the service with an indolent amiability that is disarming. She embraces routine and serenity and evades responsibility with the ardor with which some people welcome adventure. Her brother, Tom, brings into the serenity of the Baxter household a quickening presence that awakens the Mollusc to at least a momentary sense of her womanly duty. The author has been shrewd enough to bring his play to an indeterminate conclusion and has thereby enhanced its comic potency. Can the mollusc ever slough its shell? The comedy attracts our attention also by the neat adequacy of its technique. With a cast of only four characters, the situations are never forced. It is the comedy of manners in its most intimate form, as contrasted with the An Ideal Husband or Our Betters” (Sawyer, 1931 pp 217-218). "Mrs Baxter, according to Tom, began to display a family tendency toward molluscry, a syndrome that leads to avoidance of physical and emotional effort and engagement and to a clinging hold on home base and things as they are...Fancying Miss Roberts himself from their first meeting, Tom takes it upon himself to reverse his sister's down ward spiral. Although Tom's confrontational and manipulative tactics are not exactly successful, in the end, relationships improve once interpersonal pressures and counter-pressures have been exerted... Each character's perspective and the intersubjectivity of the four characters are important to the plot. For example, when the Baxters and Miss Roberts try to recall the details of the upcoming arrival of their long-awaited guest, the dialogue, as Mrs Baxter tries to remember where she left brother Tom's letter, reveals their psychological interdependence...This tangled, claustrophobic, and yet quite funny familial situation welcomes Tom, who is just returning from visiting the wide-open spaces of Colorado" (Crochunis, 2008 pp 309-310). "For Mrs Baxter, ‘the rest which is glorious is that of the chamois couched breathless in its granite bed, not of the stalled ox over his fodder’. Ruskin’s aphorism might be the moral of Mr Davies’ charming play if anything so dull as a moral could be attached to so delicate a work of art” (Walbrook, 1911 pp 136-137). “In sharp distinction to Hankin’s trenchant social criticism is the geniality and charm of Hubert Henry Davies’ social picturing, with just a fillip of satire here and there, a blending of elements that bespeaks the Robertson tradition. Davies is a master of gay and graceful comedy of middle-class manners, finding its setting in a natural world, not in an effulgent, artificial one. If his range of experience is limited, his dramatic performance is sound. He has the genuine enthusiasm of the recorder of manners for the kaleidoscopic social scene. He maintains consistently an amused, detached attitude that is rarely tinged with scorn. Like Hankin he is an observer of men but in him a lambent humor replaces wit. His comedies have caught the contagion of his own affability, but it is a geniality that does not degenerate into the sentimental. They are luminous with a warm glow of sunshine, not with the icy glitter of Maugham, let us say. It is this sympathy of his that enkindles his characters and endears them to us in a way that was impossible for Sutro or Hankin” (Sawyer, 1931 p 217). ==“The mollusc”== [[File:Common limpets1.jpg|thumb|Dulcie Baxter’s behavior is similar to that of a limpet, moving with the tide and clinging to a rock]] Time: 1900s. Place: Rural England. Text at https://archive.org/details/playsofhuberthen02davi https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214517 Richard Baxter is disagreeably surprised to learn that the governess of his two young daughters, Miss Roberts, wants to quit her job. "I think you need a governess with a college education, or, at any rate, some one who doesn't get all at sea in algebra and Latin," she declares. His wife, Dulcie, is also disagreeably surprised. After Miss Roberts hands over a footstool to make her more comfortable, she suggests that her husband may help out with the Latin. "I read Virgil at school. I haven't looked at him since," he responds. "Why teach the girls Latin?" she then wonders. When her brother, Tom, arrives from a lengthy journey in the state of Colorado, USA, he is charmed by Miss Roberts and quickly expresses the wish that she stay. He also quickly sizes up his sister's manner about the house. "She's a mollusc," he announces to Richard. "People who are like a mollusc of the sea, which clings to a rock and lets the tide flow over its head, people who spend all their energy and ingenuity in sticking instead of moving, in whom the instinct for what I call molluscry is as dominating as an inborn vice." She appears to be moving but it is only the waves that beat her about. In view of Richard's inability to change her, Tom wants to take charge of the matter, but quickly realizes the difficulty. When Tom suggests that he and his sister should prepare a bouquet of flowers, he winds up doing all the work. She resists moving about for the least reason, such as a picnic, preferring to order people about while staying put. She is displeased on observing Tom express interest for Miss Roberts and attempts to interfere. "I find your attitude towards my brother Tom a trifle too encouraging," she says to Miss Roberts. "Last evening, for instance, you monopolised a good deal of the conversation and this morning you took a walk with him before breakfast and altogether it looks just a little bit as if you were trying to flirt, doesn't it?" An angry Miss Roberts denies it and withdraws. Tom realizes what she has done and becomes angry, too. He opens his heart to Richard. "You married to her?" says the dismayed husband. "Oh no, oh no, I couldn't bear that." Tom is stunned on learning that Richard loves Miss Roberts, though, according to him, in a platonic fashion. When Richard opens his heart to Miss Roberts, it only distresses her and more than ever she wants to leave the house. When Richard sees her distress, he tries to comfort her and is discovered by his wife in a compromising position. She promptly arranges to appear sick, so that Richard and Miss Roberts, to Tom's disgust, take turns in taking care of her. "To a mollusc there is no pleasure like lying in bed feeling strong enough to get up," he comments. He gets her to move only after suggesting that her husband may be enjoying himself in the governess' company. On reintroducing the subject of his love to her and his desire to return to Colorado, Miss Roberts' pride falters and she confesses she wants to go with him. Dulcie then realizes that the only way to save her marriage is for her and Richard to engage equally in various activities together. =Noël Coward= [[File:Noël Coward 01.jpg|thumb|In Noël Coward's view, a quarelling couple love each other more than a non-quarreling couple]] Even lighter in the comic vein is Noël Coward (1899-1973) with "Private lives" (1930). “Here we are in the most fashionable milieu of the new generation: a husband and wife, still young, have had a divorce and have each married again; but chance brings them together after a short time, the old flame is revived, and they escape from their respective second partners and live together, each committing adultery with their former legitimate half. The dialogue is a masterpiece of subtlety, humour and moral laxity. If one felt that the mind of the author was anchored to a firm principle, to a fixed moral standard, it would be a ferocious satire. But this is really irony which is ironical at its own expense and hides its bitterness under a smile which sees no future; Wilde and the Naughty 'Nineties did not produce anything so desperate, so fluently amusing and so inwardly empty as this” (Pellizzi, 1935 pp 293-294). The first act “contains a great deal of skillfully modulated and finely shaded emotion, and it is nothing to the point that we do not approve of the people who are moved, that they do not belong to the world’s workers, and that this place of travail will be no better for their having passed through it...The second act shows the pretty creatures tearing each other to pieces. The third shows Victor and Sybil quarrelling not wittily, but as people without breeding quarrel. And under cover of this brawl the prettier pair steal hand in hand away...Mr Coward’s genius consists in this, that he catches admirably the conversational tone of the day, the fool-born jests of the wise, the world-weary banter of the modish restaurant’s most privileged table” (Agate, 1944 pp 244-245). “Much of the fun and poignancy of the play resides in the absurdly symmetrical action...Amanda goes in from the terrace, saying she will bring the cocktails out; a moment later, Elyot comes out on to his carrying cocktails...Amanda and Elyot both try to substitute a common sense marriage for the intensities and endless quarrels of their earlier failed relationship” (Chothia, 1996 pp 150-152). "In Private Lives two honeymoons are entertainingly contrasted. The relation between Amanda Prynne and Elyot Chase is based upon the only kind of attraction which, in the dramatist’s opinion, matters between man and woman; while their respective relations to their lawful spouses are represented as unreal and conventional...We are told what Chapter I of the lives of Amanda and Elyot was like: their marriage had ended after exasperated quarrels in divorce and in their remarriage to other partners. Though we only watch on the stage Chapter II, namely the first three days of their joint lives after they have come together again, having just bilked their just-wedded partners, this glimpse shows that Chapter III will probably repeat Chapter I. We watch scenes of rapturous tenderness modulate into the exchange of such sentiments as 'you damned sadistic bully’, “you loose-living wicked little beast!' and finally into a scrimmage on the floor...So, although his play apparently ends happily, and the story is so deftly and amusingly conducted that the audience actually envies Mr Coward’s lovers, no one can agree with Amanda’s pronouncement upon their predicament: 'we may be all right in the eyes of heaven, but we look like being in a hell of a mess socially.' No: they are in a hell of a mess all round, and it is a proof of Mr Coward’s adroitness that he has managed to disguise the grimness of his comedy and to conceal from the audience that his conception of love is desolating and false...Mr Coward’s gift as a dramatist, as I have occasion to repeat whenever I write about him, is that his dialogue has the rhythm of modern life, which is more broken and much quicker than that of twenty years ago. He understands, too, that it is more important that a joke on the stage should be spontaneous than witty. If it is also a brilliant piece of wit so much the better, but the important thing is that it should seem spontaneous" (MacCarthy, 1940 pp 244-245). Mair and Ward (1939) unduly draped themselves in moral robes in summarizing the Coward cannon. “The most discussed younger dramatist between the World Wars was Noel Coward, who at times reflected and at other times seemed to initiate the moral mood of the moment. His work had little intellectual content, being concerned mainly with auto-parasitic types who feed upon their own nerves and desires. The wit is thin and febrile; the characters are bloodless and aimless creatures caught in a moral vacuum. It is a drama of disgust, more bitter in the mouth (but also more moral in intention) than the Restoration drama, where the playwrights were disgusting without being disgusted and gave sign of being weighed down by the enormities of the small world scanned by them. That world was, indeed, a world of pure artifice, insusceptible to moral law. Noel Coward’s plays are excellent theatre even if poor literature; and in this connection it must be acknowledged that inasmuch as it is the function of a playwright to fit his material to the requirements of stage entertainment, it is no fatal sign of inferiority if he comes short of meeting the sterner but duller demands of textual study” (pp 214-215). =="Private lives"== [[File:Private-Lives-1931-3.jpg|thumb|Amanda (played by Getrude Lawrence) and Elyot (played by Noël Coward) mainly agree to disagree, yet stay together, Broadway, 1931]] Time: 1930s. Place: France. Text at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210130 Elyot and Sybil are on their honeymoon. On the terrace of their hotel, Sybil becomes curious about his former wife, Amanda, which irritates him. As they go inside their room, Amanda, by coincidence, comes out on the terrace with Victor, her new husband, also on their honeymoon. When Elyot notices Amanda, he quickly tells Sybil they must go away, but she refuses. Likewise, Amanda insists that she and Victor go, a request he considers unreasonable at this hour. Elyot and Amanda confront each other. Though still angry, they are yet swayed by the romantic music around them. "Extraordinary how potent cheap music is!" she comments. Both recognize that, even after five years of divorce, they are more in love with each other than with their respective spouses, and so they abandon them and leave together for Paris. At her apartment, Amanda and Elyot renew their old lost love, but he is startled on hearing her say she did not expect him to be celibate "anymore than I was", and is irritated about her "yap-yap-yap-yapping" about Victor, at which she cries out "Sollocks" as a sign that they should stop arguing at that point. As he cuddles up to kiss her, she says: "It is so soon after dinner," infuriating him. She complains about his drinking and he about her gramophone-playing, until the "Sollocks" danger signal no longer works and they hit each other as the bewildered pair of Victor and Sybil, having located their whereabouts, enter their room. The following morning, Amanda is wearing her traveling clothes and carrying her suitcase on her way out, but Victor convinces her to stay awhile. He demands to know Elyot's intentions, who answers he does not know. As discussions heat up, Elyot, wearing his traveling clothes and carrying a suitcase, is on his way to Canada, but Victor convinces him to remain as well. Sybil decides not to divorce Elyot for a year, and neither will Victor divorce his wife. All four seek to make light of the situation, Elyot and Amanda being more flippant, to the extent that an aggravated Victor scolds Elyot, who is defended by Sybil. While Victor and Sybil quarrel, Elyot and Amanda again slip away together. {{BookCat}} frvpt4rrf5ftqql7d6gb0dsqb3vyojn 0 247274 4096938 2021511 2022-08-28T19:50:24Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo wikitext text/x-wiki == General guidelines == === Style and structure === There is little specific about styling and structuring language books. See [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style]] for more on this. Avoid splash pages as they only increase the distance to actual content. The MediaWiki software creates links to parent pages under the page title. Leaving worth-while content on the book's main page increases access. Remember that wikibooks are [[WB:NOTPAPER|not made of paper]] and your readers haven't come searching for pretty pictures of the [[Commons:Flags of Japan|flag of Japan]] or [[commons:Morocco|Morocco]]. Keep a consistent style throughout the book. Be creative and add graphics specific to that book. Memorable logos and mascots can be a great idea for a representative theme in illustrations. === Prominent Contributor Recognition === It can be a useful to motivate contributors to your wikibook to, display them prominently with recognition of their level of contribution. You can, for example, put a small symbol or image next to the name of each contributor for each module they have contributed substantially to. {{BookCat}} 9f5kouotobq2bqam2llyc4249qkbilk 0 254980 4096799 3842864 2022-08-28T13:07:16Z LeoChiukl 3384033 suggest merge since the topics overlap wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand}} {{mergefrom|Mathematical Proof}} This wikibook aims to teach you the elements of pure mathematics in a self-contained, accessible style. The main objective is to introduce the reader to material usually found in an undergraduate course intended for mathematics majors at a university. In fact, many universities offer a course that serves as a transition from calculus to courses which involve more abstract concepts and writing proofs, and this book might serve as a text for such a course. It's also intended for people who are considering mathematics, especially pure mathematics, as a career or serious avocation, and wish to know what to expect as they advance to higher levels. We also intend to introduce the reader to style of proofs and rigor needed to read and write mathematical literature. The material is covered in greater detail and more rigorously than you may be used to. In fact much of the material will already be familiar, though the approach to it may not. In the experience of most people, mathematics consists mostly of the mechanical application of rules of computation at various levels: arithmetic, solving equations, finding derivatives and integrals. But for a mathematician, mathematics is a process for discovering and establishing truths. It requires an analytical mind, but also a certain amount of creativity and intuition. It can also be, as we hope you'll discover through this book, very rewarding. ==Table of Contents== *[[/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Introduction/The reason this book was written|The reason this book was written]] **[[/Introduction/Objectives and prerequisites|Objectives and prerequisites]] *[[/History/|A history of mathematical rigor]] **[[/History/Euclid|Euclid]] **[[/History/After Euclid|After Euclid, the next two thousand years]] **[[/History/The problem of parallels|The problem of parallels]] **[[/History/Infrastructure|Infrastructure]] **[[/History/Four schools of thought|Four schools of thought]] *[[/Preliminaries|Preliminaries]] **[[/Preliminaries/What is mathematics|What is mathematics?]] **[[/Logic/Mathematical Statements|Mathematical Statements]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Preliminaries/Mathematical proof|Mathematical proof]] **[[/Preliminaries/Proof anatomy|Proof anatomy]] *[[/Logic/]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Logical connectives|Logical connectives]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Direct proofs for implication|Direct proofs for implication]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Indirect proofs|Indirect proofs]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Proofs with conjunction and disjunction|Proofs with conjunction and disjunction]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Logical equivalence|Logical equivalence]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Non-classical logic|Non-classical logic]] {{stage|25%}} (optional) **[[/Logic/Quantifiers and predicates|Quantifiers and predicates]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/The universal quantifier|The universal quantifier]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/The existential quantifier|The existential quantifier]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Rules of inference summary|Rules of inference summary]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Axioms and equality|Axioms and equality]] {{stage|50%}} *[[/Sets/]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/History|History]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/Elements and subsets|Elements and subsets]] **[[/Sets/Classes|Classes and collectivizing predicates]] **[[/Sets/Pairs|Pairs]] **[[/Sets/Union and intersection|Union and intersection]] **[[/Sets/Classes and foundation|Classes and foundation]] **[[/Sets/Power sets|Power sets]] **[[/Sets/Natural numbers|Natural numbers]] **[[/Sets/Replacement|Replacement]] **[[/Sets/Axioms for sets|Axioms for sets]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/Operations on sets|Operations on sets]] {{stage|50%}} *[[/Numbers|Numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Natural numbers|Natural numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Cardinality and counting|Cardinality and counting]] **[[/Numbers/Integers|Integers]] **[[/Numbers/Rational numbers|Rational numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Real numbers|Real numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Complex numbers|Complex numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Abstract number systems|Abstract number systems]] *[[/The scope of mathematics|The scope of mathematics]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Algebra|Algebra]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Analysis|Analysis]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Geometry|Geometry]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Number theory|Number theory]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Combinatorics|Combinatorics]] <!-- #[[/Preliminaries|Preliminaries]] {{stage|50%}} ##[[/Introduction/Logical Reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Notation|Notation]] [[Image:50%.svg]] #[[/Methods of Proof|Methods of Proof]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Constructive Proof|Constructive Proof]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contrapositive|Proof by Contrapositive]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contradiction|Proof by Contradiction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Induction|Proof by Induction]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|Counterexamples]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types|Other Proof Types]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof and Computer Programs/]] *[[/Appendix|Appendix]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Answer Key|Answer Key]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Symbols Used in this Book|Symbols Used in this Book]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Glossary|Glossary]] [[File:00%.svg]] This list is not meant to be comprehensive yet. Please add anything you feel needs to be added. I also plan on adding an appendix, once I decide what to put in it.--> ---- {{chapnav||Introduction}} {{Alphabetical|M}} {{Shelves|Pure mathematics|University level mathematics books|Mathematical logic}} {{status|25%}} 1cqb4nn7zt0lzvafggtnkdlx19pfp66 4096817 4096799 2022-08-28T13:26:07Z LeoChiukl 3384033 Undid revision 4096799 by [[Special:Contributions/LeoChiukl|LeoChiukl]] ([[User talk:LeoChiukl|discuss]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand}} This wikibook aims to teach you the elements of pure mathematics in a self-contained, accessible style. The main objective is to introduce the reader to material usually found in an undergraduate course intended for mathematics majors at a university. In fact, many universities offer a course that serves as a transition from calculus to courses which involve more abstract concepts and writing proofs, and this book might serve as a text for such a course. It's also intended for people who are considering mathematics, especially pure mathematics, as a career or serious avocation, and wish to know what to expect as they advance to higher levels. We also intend to introduce the reader to style of proofs and rigor needed to read and write mathematical literature. The material is covered in greater detail and more rigorously than you may be used to. In fact much of the material will already be familiar, though the approach to it may not. In the experience of most people, mathematics consists mostly of the mechanical application of rules of computation at various levels: arithmetic, solving equations, finding derivatives and integrals. But for a mathematician, mathematics is a process for discovering and establishing truths. It requires an analytical mind, but also a certain amount of creativity and intuition. It can also be, as we hope you'll discover through this book, very rewarding. ==Table of Contents== *[[/Introduction|Introduction]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Introduction/The reason this book was written|The reason this book was written]] **[[/Introduction/Objectives and prerequisites|Objectives and prerequisites]] *[[/History/|A history of mathematical rigor]] **[[/History/Euclid|Euclid]] **[[/History/After Euclid|After Euclid, the next two thousand years]] **[[/History/The problem of parallels|The problem of parallels]] **[[/History/Infrastructure|Infrastructure]] **[[/History/Four schools of thought|Four schools of thought]] *[[/Preliminaries|Preliminaries]] **[[/Preliminaries/What is mathematics|What is mathematics?]] **[[/Logic/Mathematical Statements|Mathematical Statements]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Preliminaries/Mathematical proof|Mathematical proof]] **[[/Preliminaries/Proof anatomy|Proof anatomy]] *[[/Logic/]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Logical connectives|Logical connectives]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Direct proofs for implication|Direct proofs for implication]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Indirect proofs|Indirect proofs]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Proofs with conjunction and disjunction|Proofs with conjunction and disjunction]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Logical equivalence|Logical equivalence]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/Non-classical logic|Non-classical logic]] {{stage|25%}} (optional) **[[/Logic/Quantifiers and predicates|Quantifiers and predicates]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/The universal quantifier|The universal quantifier]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Logic/The existential quantifier|The existential quantifier]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Rules of inference summary|Rules of inference summary]] {{stage|25%}} **[[/Logic/Axioms and equality|Axioms and equality]] {{stage|50%}} *[[/Sets/]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/History|History]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/Elements and subsets|Elements and subsets]] **[[/Sets/Classes|Classes and collectivizing predicates]] **[[/Sets/Pairs|Pairs]] **[[/Sets/Union and intersection|Union and intersection]] **[[/Sets/Classes and foundation|Classes and foundation]] **[[/Sets/Power sets|Power sets]] **[[/Sets/Natural numbers|Natural numbers]] **[[/Sets/Replacement|Replacement]] **[[/Sets/Axioms for sets|Axioms for sets]] {{stage|50%}} **[[/Sets/Operations on sets|Operations on sets]] {{stage|50%}} *[[/Numbers|Numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Natural numbers|Natural numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Cardinality and counting|Cardinality and counting]] **[[/Numbers/Integers|Integers]] **[[/Numbers/Rational numbers|Rational numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Real numbers|Real numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Complex numbers|Complex numbers]] **[[/Numbers/Abstract number systems|Abstract number systems]] *[[/The scope of mathematics|The scope of mathematics]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Algebra|Algebra]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Analysis|Analysis]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Geometry|Geometry]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Number theory|Number theory]] **[[/The scope of mathematics/Combinatorics|Combinatorics]] <!-- #[[/Preliminaries|Preliminaries]] {{stage|50%}} ##[[/Introduction/Logical Reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Introduction/Notation|Notation]] [[Image:50%.svg]] #[[/Methods of Proof|Methods of Proof]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Constructive Proof|Constructive Proof]] [[Image:50%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contrapositive|Proof by Contrapositive]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Contradiction|Proof by Contradiction]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Proof by Induction|Proof by Induction]] [[Image:25%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|Counterexamples]] [[File:00%.svg]] ##[[/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types|Other Proof Types]] [[File:00%.svg]] #[[/Proof and Computer Programs/]] *[[/Appendix|Appendix]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Answer Key|Answer Key]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Symbols Used in this Book|Symbols Used in this Book]] [[File:00%.svg]] **[[/Appendix/Glossary|Glossary]] [[File:00%.svg]] This list is not meant to be comprehensive yet. Please add anything you feel needs to be added. I also plan on adding an appendix, once I decide what to put in it.--> ---- {{chapnav||Introduction}} {{Alphabetical|M}} {{Shelves|Pure mathematics|University level mathematics books|Mathematical logic}} {{status|25%}} cwnzuvuq43bmkod80h8ryv9ihjtd5cg 0 255153 4096988 4096339 2022-08-29T00:30:34Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] * [[/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/An exercise intervention for improving mental health/]] * [[/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism/]] * [[How exercise may impact the health of people with epilepsy/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] * [[/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD/]] * [[/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Impact of a long term exercise intervention on participants with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Effect of different physical exercise on sedentary behavior in inactive obese males/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 associated hospitalization/]] * [[/The feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on Crohn’s Disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} quyi08i32cwrqu7hqo4lq9vak7vk0cb 4096990 4096988 2022-08-29T00:35:13Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Resistance training versus fitness training for chronic neck muscle pain relief in women/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] * [[/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/An exercise intervention for improving mental health/]] * [[/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism/]] * [[How exercise may impact the health of people with epilepsy/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] * [[/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD/]] * [[/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Impact of a long term exercise intervention on participants with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Effect of different physical exercise on sedentary behavior in inactive obese males/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 associated hospitalization/]] * [[/The feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on Crohn’s Disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} akvnjz30iqerj1l2ckan1ei66tfr7jg 4097002 4096990 2022-08-29T02:57:07Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] * [[/The impact of varied aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive patients/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Resistance training versus fitness training for chronic neck muscle pain relief in women/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] * [[/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/An exercise intervention for improving mental health/]] * [[/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism/]] * [[How exercise may impact the health of people with epilepsy/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] * [[/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD/]] * [[/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Impact of a long term exercise intervention on participants with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Effect of different physical exercise on sedentary behavior in inactive obese males/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 associated hospitalization/]] * [[/The feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on Crohn’s Disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} q0whz3wjlgx3y0bax03ac7ztae54km0 4097016 4097002 2022-08-29T05:15:02Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] * [[/The impact of varied aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive patients/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Resistance training versus fitness training for chronic neck muscle pain relief in women/]] * [[/Improving knee osteoarthritis in elderly women with the use of hydrotherapy/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] * [[/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/An exercise intervention for improving mental health/]] * [[/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism/]] * [[How exercise may impact the health of people with epilepsy/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] * [[/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD/]] * [[/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Impact of a long term exercise intervention on participants with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Effect of different physical exercise on sedentary behavior in inactive obese males/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 associated hospitalization/]] * [[/The feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on Crohn’s Disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} ktszu5vla4afxwgcadr2akyfgvrvq65 4097017 4097016 2022-08-29T05:18:01Z Benrattray 374685 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOEDITSECTION__ Exercise in disease is a resource where implications for exercise as they relate to different chronic diseases, and their treatments are explored. The wikis are created by students, as part of a University assignment, and should not be taken as medical advice. <!-- ' STOP - READ THIS BEFORE ADDING A NEW LINK TO THIS PAGE - STOP Students: Your pages must comply with the Wikibooks naming policy, otherwise they will be removed. Please ensure that when creating a new page/link here, it is in this format: [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] and NOT just [[Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy]]. Thanks! - Wikibooks Administrators --> 2022 Wiki pages are due to be completed in September. In the interim students will be drafting these article critiques. == 2022 Article Critiques == * [[/Exemplar template/]] === Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population] === * [[/Is the use of wearable technological devices a valid strategy to increase physical activity in Preschoolers?/]] * [[/What are the most effective exercise recommendations for promoting physical activity among postpartum mothers?/]] * [[/The use of pedometers to enhance physical activity with COPD patients/]] === Cardiovascular health === * [[/The effect of resistance training on cardiovascular function in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease/]] * [[/What type of stress causes the increased risk of episodes occurring in Long QT syndrome/]] * [[/Can strength training help improve cardiovascular function?/]] * [[/The impact of varied aerobic exercise on blood pressure in hypertensive patients/]] === Musculoskeletal health === * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training in patients living with psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on older adults to reduce the risk of falling/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on bone turnover in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Resistance training versus fitness training for chronic neck muscle pain relief in women/]] * [[/Improving knee osteoarthritis in elderly women with the use of hydrotherapy/]] === Brain health === * [[/The impact of resistance training on balance and gait in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Response to vigorous exercise in a PTSD diagnosed military and first responder population/]] * [[/The importance of physical activity in improving mental health outcomes in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for anxiety symptoms/]] * [[/Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders/]] * [[/Post-Concussion Syndrome; prescribing exercise to reduce symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty/]] * [[/The effect of Tai Chi on postural stability in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise to help slow the process of cognitive impairment in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Does playing the Wii Fit video game assist the balance of children with Cerebral Palsy?/]] * [[/Prevalence of anxiety and depression for team sport athletes in comparison to individual sport athlete/]] * [[/Does Pilates improve walking and balance in people with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/How non-contact boxing affects functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/Effects of a swim program for children with Autism/]] * [[/Cognitive effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/An exercise intervention for improving mental health/]] * [[/The effects of a multi-component exercise intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the social behaviour of children with Autism/]] * [[How exercise may impact the health of people with epilepsy/]] * [[/The impact of community sport participation on symptoms of mental health in adolescents/]] === Respiratory health === * [[/The importance of aerobic fitness in patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise and diet as an intervention for non-obese asthma patients/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in older adults with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/]] * [[/Yoga’s effect on asthmatic university students/]] * [[/Daily physical activity and exercise as it relates to COPD/]] * [[/Technology and Cystic Fibrosis/]] === Metabolic health === * [[/Steps in the right direction for improved metabolic health in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Diabetes and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Impact of a long term exercise intervention on participants with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Effect of different physical exercise on sedentary behavior in inactive obese males/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males/]] === Cancer-related health === * [[/Effects of chemotherapy on oxidative stress and exercise tolerance/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients/]] * [[/Inflammation effects following exercise in chemotherapy patients/]] === Other === * [[/Physical health of children resultant to prenatal exercise/]] * [[/Exercising during pregnancy: Comparing attitudes between Australian and Chinese pregnant women/]] * [[/The effects that physical activity has on chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Association of physical activity levels and the prevalence of COVID-19 associated hospitalization/]] * [[/The feasibility of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on Crohn’s Disease patients/]] ==2021 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Are there health benefits for dog owners?/]] * [[/Motivating physical activity in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The role of psychological predictors and physical activity apps in promoting physical activity during the Covid-19 lockdown in Australia /]] * [[/The effects of cancer at the end of the acute treatment phase has on motor performance/]] * [[/What is the contribution of sport to Australians overall health-enhancing physical activity?/]] * [[/Pokèmon GO as an intervention to increase physical activity in young adults/]] * [[/Barriers that prevent people with epilepsy from exercising/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions and high school female students/]] * [[/Sports participation and health-related behaviours among US youth/]] * [[/Exercise motivation in young adult females/]] * [[/Promoting exercise with cognitive behavioural strategies in people with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/The importance of mental health and well-being among top-performing male and female footballers/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Does high-intensity exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise method effects on glycemic control, physical fitness and micro/macro vascular function in elderly type 2 diabetic patients/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/How physical activity affect mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is HIIT training an effective intervention for blood pressure and central obesity? A comparison of males and females/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on physical disability in chronic heart failure/]] * [[/High-intensity resistance training to improve cardiovascular health in individuals with type 2 diabetes/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Lowering the odds of sarcopenia through physical activity in older adults?/]] * [[/Does strengthening exercises improve hand strength and functionality in rheumatoid arthritis patients?/]] * [[/The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/Improving mobility in older people through exercise/]] * [[/Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn’s Disease/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on bone mineral density in female adolescents/]] * [[/The effect of the GLA:D program on individuals with hip or knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/The efficacy of cross-sectional lumbar strengthening in spinal stabilization for pain reduction and disability in patients with degenerative disc disease/]] * [[/Nintendo Wii training as a method for improving postural balance and lower body strength in community-dwelling older adults/]] * [[/Importance of physical activity and skeletal muscle fat infiltration in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of high-intensity resistance and impact training on women with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis/]] * [[/What are the adaptations of strength training with blood flow restriction in women with osteoporosis?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise have an impact on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management?/]] * [[/Effects of swimming and cycling for people with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training improve muscle strength and pain intensity in Fibromyalgia?/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on hip osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Can resistance training improve muscle strength, mobility and balance in older people with hip fracture?/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Effectiveness of Tai Chi on non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease/]] * [[/The effects of swimming on pain and function in patients with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia/]] * [[/How physical activity affects the symptoms of depression in young adults/]] * [[/Aerobic home-based exercise program and its impact on Parkinson's symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of a Hatha Yoga program on a small group of Alzheimer's patients/]] * [[/Can cognitive and leisure activities reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly?/]] * [[/The language and cognitive benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on young adults mental health/]] * [[/Does the pattern of team sport participation from adolescence to young adulthood positively impact mental health?/]] * [[/The effects of community-based exercise interventions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease/]] * [[/Exercise and the mind: the psychological benefits of exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cerebrovascular health and episodic migraines/]] * [[/Swimming training as a physical intervention for children with ADHD/]] * [[/Improving behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD with a physical activity program/]] * [[/Resistance training as a treatment for anxiety symptoms in young adults/]] * [[/The association between physical activity and depression in adolescents/]] * [[/Physical activities role in mental health among twins/]] * [[/Does hand-based resistance training improve handwriting ability in patients with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an alternative treatment for PTSD?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in people with early Parkinson’s/]] * [[/Exercise participation and its effects on mental health and quality of life in overweight individuals/]] * [[/How effective is collective exercise on the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on older military veterans With PTSD/]] * [[/Can physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviours reduce associated symptoms of ADHD?/]] * [[/Does physical activity improve mental wellbeing and reduced symptoms of mental disorders in adolescents?/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Effects of exercise on pulmonary arterial hypertension/]] * [[/Effects of swimming on children with asthma/]] * [[/Does combined aerobic strength training have a greater impact in COPD patients than fitness education programs?/]] * [[/HIIT - a new method for improving exercise capacity in adults with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on inactive adults with asthma/]] * [[/Do specifically targeted exercise programs improve the symptoms of asthma in children?/]] * [[/Benefits of nasal breathing compared to oral breathing in regards to exercise-induced Asthma/]] * [[/How swimming helps children with asthma and other illnesses/]] * [[/Physical activity and application of breathe technique during exercise effect on young children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the risk of upper respiratory tract infections/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Does being physically active lower the risk of diabetes in adolescents?/]] * [[/Exercise prescription post hospitalization for minor diabetes-related amputations to avoid re-amputation/]] * [[/Is regular aerobic exercise alone effective for weight loss in sedentary adults?/]] * [[/High-intensity interval training as an intervention for individuals with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects it has on preventing metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High-intensity exercise through chemotherapy for breast cancer, is it worth it?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of high-intensity training following lung cancer surgery/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on breast cancer patients/]] ===Other=== * [[/Is physical activity during pregnancy influential on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes?/]] * [[/The integration of Yoga to treatment plans of eating disorders/]] * [[/Does recreational physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of preeclampsia?/]] * [[/Investigating the effects of Resistance Training on Crohn's disease clients regarding the prevention of early mortality/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise during pregnancy on infant neuromotor skills/]] * [[/Physical activity and renal function decline in patients with kidney disease/]] * [[/Can exercise help stop the chance of catching Covid-19?/]] * [[/Impact of an exercise intervention on wellbeing in older adults/]] * [[/Table Tennis as a physiological intervention for elderly males/]] * [[/Decreasing the risk of perinatal depression through a physical exercise program during pregnancy/]] * [[/The significance of exercise in reducing postpartum chronic disease/]] == 2020 Article Critiques == ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Exploring strategies that influence children's physical activity self-efficacy/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity in commercial truck drivers/]] * [[/Do adolescents understand the impact of PA on mental health?/]] * [[/Do focus groups work to improve physical activity engagement in cognitive impairment?/]] * [[/Finding the motivation to exercise/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary time in children with developmental disabilities/]] * [[/Does being happy lead to a more active lifestyle?/]] * [[/Does access to outdoor gyms increase physical activity levels in low socioeconomic areas?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity and nutrition program on retirement villages/]] * [[/Determinants of physical activity in obese and non-obese children/]] * [[/The effect of disability on physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity intervention for people living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status/]] * [[/Do walking strategies to increase activity reduce reported sitting in workplaces?/]] * [[/Physical activity involvement in lower limb amputee populations/]] * [[/Adaptive physical activity intervention for overweight adults/]] * [[/Effectiveness of physical fitness through virtual reality in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability/]] * [[/Physical activity trends in an older population post-stroke/]] * [[/Transtheoretical model intervention vs standard therapy in increasing physical activity in sufferers of chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The effects of exercise programing on adolescents and children with visual impairments/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effectiveness of eccentric strength exercise in individuals after a stroke/]] * [[/Changes in Pulmonary Exercise Haemodynamics in Scleroderma/]] * [[/Exercise and respiratory training on patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension/]] * [[/Children’s overall fitness in relation to their exercise behaviour and body composition/]] * [[/Age-related effectiveness of endurance training as it relates to diastolic function in systolic heart failure patients/]] * [[/Does aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with early-stage breast cancer?/]] * [[/Effects of school-based physical activity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children/]] * [[/Enhancing aerobic and anaerobic fitness in asthmatic children/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/The reliability of HIIT as a worthwhile accessory to standard cardiac rehabilitation/]] * [[/Which type of exercise modality best enhances quality of life and return to health in patients post myocardial infarction?/]] * [[/Exercise for chronic heart failure patients, Continuous vs Intermittent/]] * [[/Effects of upper body strength training, dynamic training and advice to train at home on peripheral arterial disease/]] * [[/Exercise and it’s ability to prevent cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Interventions to improve cardiovascular health in primary school children/]] * [[/Association between video games and blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of scoliosis specific exercise (SEAs) on Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis?/]] * [[/Can physical activity delay the onset of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women?/]] * [[/Pilates and Yoga group exercises to relieve neck pain/]] * [[/Can physical activity slow the development of sarcopenia as we age?/]] * [[/Can home-based exercises help reduce knee pain?/]] * [[/Can strength training preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/How knee osteoarthritis in older adults can be improved from home/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on children with spinal muscular atrophy/]] * [[/How resistance training can help with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Treating osteosarcopenia through high-intensity resistance training. Is it the Holy Grail of treatment options?/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for arthritis sufferers/]] * [[/Resistance and agility training to reduce falls risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass/]] * [[/Pilates based intervention for post-menopausal women living with osteoporosis/]] * [[/Physical activity levels in men and women arthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training help with rheumatoid arthritis?/]] * [[/Effects of short-term physical training on rheumatoid arthritis sufferers/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Is HARP an effective intervention for individuals with serious mental illnesses?/]] * [[/Effect of resistance versus balance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Does exercise benefit patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/Physical activities impact on depression/]] * [[/How aerobic activity affects anxiety sensitivity/]] * [[/Resistance training and depression: does intensity matter?/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise versus mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety/]] * [[/Can physical function and mental health of brain cancer survivors be improved by exercise?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on major outcomes associated with Alzheimer's dementia/]] * [[/How vigorous-intensity exercise is associated with an increase in mental health/]] * [[/The impact of progressive resistance exercise on symptoms of Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise as a therapy in the management in fibromyalgia symptoms/]] * [[/Childhood Activity for lifelong mental health/]] * [[/Can lowering inflammation through exercise be used as an effective treatment for depression?/]] * [[/Does aerobic exercise improve quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Group exercise treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Does aquatic exercise effect fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects exercise has on individuals diagnosed with chronic primary insomnia/]] * [[/Does balance training and high intensity resistance training benefit people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on mental health outcomes of pre- and early-school-aged children/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve cognitive and motor function in patients with Dementia?/]] * [[/The effect of acute physical activity on executive functions in children with ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise as relief of stress-related fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Physical activity treatment in multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The impact of intensive exercise on depression in young males/]] * [[/Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on preventing Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Relationship between physical fitness, BMI and cognitive function in school children/]] * [[/Health benefits of sport and exercise on PTSD survivors/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Improving executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorder through mixed martial arts/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on functional capacity in older individuals with Parkinson's/]] * [[/The impact of hiking on high-risk suicide patients/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Correlation amongst physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infections on subjects that are sedentary/]] * [[/Effects of physical training on land and in water on cardiorespiratory adaptation in COPD patients/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The effect of different modes of training on glycaemic control?/]] * [[/Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition in overweight and obese young women/]] * [[/Effects of diet and exercise intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Can exercise help children with type 1 diabetes gain control of their overnight glycemic levels?/]] * [[/A former career as a male elite athlete - does it protect against type 2 diabetes later in life?/]] * [[/The importance of exercise in treating diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise in overweight chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/The relationship metabolic syndrome has with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness/]] * [[/The effects of HIIT on aerobic fitness, cardiac function and insulin resistance in healthy older adults/]] * [[/Which is more effective in reducing type 2 diabetes in women; walking or vigorous-intensity activity?/]] * [[/Intensity of exercise in men for optimal fat oxidation/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults/]] * [[/Exercise and its essential role in long-term health – How 30 minutes of walking every day is the perfect ‘first step’ to improve health outcomes of individuals with type II diabetes/]] * [[/Is high-intensity interval exercise preferential for people with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Video games leading to obesity among youths/]] * [[/Adherence to physical activity in young people with Type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children/]] * [[/The effects of functional exercise in older adults with diabetes/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/Physical activity intervention for middle age women living with metastatic breast cancer/]] * [[/Exercise program intervention for children with leukaemia/]] * [[/Strength and endurance training in the treatment of advanced lung cancer/]] * [[/Long-term follow-up after cancer rehabilitation using high-intensity resistance training: persistent improvement of physical performance and quality of life/]] * [[/Reviewing the cardiac and stress response to high intensity interval training on breast cancer survivors/]] * [[/Endometrial cancer survivors and its association with exercise, body weight and quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activities effect on the development of lung cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/The effect of chronic fatigue on a women’s capacity to exercise/]] * [[/Maximal strength training used to target strength, balance and walking, in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Endometriosis and Exercise: Could exercise be the key to improving pelvic pain and posture?/]] * [[/Can physical activity improve health-related quality of life in residential aged care?/]] * [[/Reducing functional decline in very-elderly hospital patients through exercise prescription/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease patients/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for drug addiction/]] * [[/Can exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of a miscarriage?/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity and weight gain in obese pregnant women/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on patients with Lupus/]] * [[/The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes/]] * [[/Does increase in intensity and frequency of physical activity reduce fear of falls in older adults?/]] * [[/Adolescents at risk of endometriosis - Does physical activity reduce the risk?/]] * [[/Effects from a supervised exercise intervention for depressed female smokers/]] * [[/Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults/]] * [[/Menstrual cycle disruptions in response to strenuous exercise training/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on women experiencing post-partum depression/]] ==2019 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/The power of re-establishing cultural identity when promoting health in Indigenous communities/]] * [[/The tools for fun in school/]] * [[/Is Pokemon Go-ing to increase exercise?/]] * [[/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers/]] * [[/Workplace revolution; method to engage adults in physical activity during their working hours/]] * [[/Does the structure of the school day impact children's levels of physical activity outside of school?/]] * [[/The effect of Body dissatisfaction on exercise avoidance/]] * [[/Can 'finding our center' help to reduce the size of our center?/]] * [[/Classroom-based Physical Activity: The impact of teacher-directed exercise in elementary school children/]] * [[/Does playing active video games increase energy expenditure in children?/]] * [[/How detrimental can office work be on health and wellbeing?/]] * [[/A comparison of efficient treatments regarding workplace sitting time and its impact/]] * [[/Measuring physical activity in obese prolonged sedentary older adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Effects of aerobic endurance and strength training in obese adults/]] * [[/How childhood motor skills lead to an active life/]] * [[/The impact of reducing sitting time in college students on cardiometabolic health/]] * [[/The relation of cardiovascular health to fitness and physical activity in children and adults/]] * [[/The effects of high vs moderate-intensity exercise on coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic and nutritional intervention in overweight, obese and hypertensive adults/]] * [[/The effects of interval training on cardiovascular health in adults with coronary heart disease/]] * [[/Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations through different training intensities within middle-aged men and the considerations associated with cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Is walking an effective exercise intervention in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly women?/]] * [[/The relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease in men/]] * [[/The importance of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Home based exercise to improve quality of life in elderly women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures/]] * [[/The effect of implementing a resistance training program to improve strength and mobility in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Implications of physical activity for women with Ehlers Danlos syndrome hypermobility type/]] * [[/Obesity and the rise in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Physical training on Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Effects of physical therapy on the management of pain and symptoms associated with Sciatica/]] * [[/Aerobic and resistance exercise improves physical fitness in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/ Effects of aerobic exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training and how it affects the pain and function among adults with osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Does resistance training impact bone mineral density in postmenopausal women?/]] * [[/The impact of resistance training on young people with cerebral palsy/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Can Exercise Really Help Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with Dysphagia/]] * [[/The better Ageing Project and sustaining mental well-being of elderly people through physical activity/]] * [[/Does the context of physical activity have an effect on mental health in early adulthood?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise behaviour and mental health/]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory fitness and depression among Middle School Adolescents/]] * [[/Can exercise training improve the quality of life for individuals living with schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson Disease: Comparing tango, treadmill, and stretching/]] * [[/Is exercise making children smarter?/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity Improve Walking Efficiency For Elderly Dementia Patients?/]] * [[/Parkinson's Disease: Finding Rhythm in Your Step/]] * [[/Can exercise trans-form the mental health of gender variant people?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on neuroplasticity for spinal cord injuries/]] * [[/Exercise and postnatal depression and fatigue, how affective can it be?/]] * [[/Can Table Tennis improve motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD?/]] * [[/Aerobic training's effect on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with dementia/]] * [[/Cognitive impact of resistance training on the elderly/]] * [[/Effect of Hippotherapy on functionality in children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of coordination training on cerebellar disease/]] * [[/PTSD: moving forward with exercise/]] * [[/Effect of strength training in clients with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/The hidden benefits of team sport in youth self-esteem/]] * [[/The effect of pilates training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress-reduction training for coaches/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity on epilepsy outpatients/]] * [[/The effect of exercise intensity on women with depression/]] * [[/School-based Physical Education: The key to improving cognitive and academic performance among adolescents/]] * [[/Does the inclusion of physical activity within nursing homes, increase self-efficacy for those with dementia?/]] * [[/The effects of progressive resistance training on individuals with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise helps patients with panic disorder/]] * [[/The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on hyperarousal in veterans diagnosed with PTSD/]] * [[/Can a single bout of exercise improve mood and self esteem?/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training improves gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson's disease/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Cystic Fibrosis: Physical exercise versus chest physiotherapy/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on asthma control in children/]] * [[/The effects of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in COPD/]] * [[/Pulmonary Function and Response to Exercise in Cystic Fibrosis/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Sprinting and Obesity... Can it work?"/]] * [[/Resistance exercise and controlling glycemic levels in gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Does incorporating more physical activity into everyday lifestyle improve body composition, thyroid function, and structure in obese children?/]] * [[/High volume‐low intensity exercise camp and glycemic control in diabetic children/]] * [[/Obesity-exercise dose response - How much is enough?/]] * [[/Can playing physically-engaging video games be beneficial for metabolic health?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Oxidation of fats due to green tea and sprinting intervals/]] ===Cancer-related health=== * [[/High Intensity Interval Exercise and Colon Cancer/]] ===Other=== * [[/Power of exercise throughout retirement/]] * [[/The effect of exercise in reducing the falls risk of older people with Parkinson’s Disease/]] * [[/The importance of exercise during pregnancy to decrease the likelihood of hypertension and gestational weight gain/]] * [[/Promoting functional independence and well-being through physical activity in spinal cord injury patients/]] * [[/Tai Chi and its implications on elderly health/]] * [[/Feeling hot for health/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in increasing strength and CD4 lymphocyte levels for HIV patients/]] * [[/The warrior way: weekend exercise helps you live longer/]] ==2018 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Strategies for increasing recess-time physical activity for children/]]** * [[/Targeting Cerebral Palsy in children, introducing virtual reality to active video game interventions/]] * [[/Light the fire to exercise/]] * [[/Mobile monitoring and feedback to stimulate physical activity in people with chronic disease/]] * [[/Measuring Physical Activity within Schools/]] * [[/The effect of Rheumatoid Arthritis on physical activity ability/]] * [[/Stepping to reduce the detrimental health effects of excessive occupational sitting/]]** * [[/Built for bigger waistlines? Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older adults/]] * [[/Can the protection motivation theory help predict exercise behaviours? Exploring the notion in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Physically interactive video games vs sedentary alternative in children/]] * [[/You Got To Move It- The relationship between motor proficiency and pedometer-determined physical activity in children/]] * [[/Interventions for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis - Underwater vs. home exercise?/]] * [[/Changing the school environment to increase physical activity in children/]] * [[/More play: physical activity results in happier and healthier kids/]] * [[/The energy expenditure from combat sports and martial arts training and how it can help reach health recommendations/]] * [[/Importance of social support in youth to enhance physical activity/]] * [[/A behavioural intervention to increase physical activity amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients/]]** * [[/Can smartphone apps increase physical activity?/]] * [[/Enhancing physical activity using an internet intervention for adults with metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Vitamin D status, muscle mass and physical activity in elderly people/]] * [[/Do pedometers increase physical activity in youth with chronic kidney disease/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise Training to reduce the risk of Cardiovascular Disease associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/How important is exercise duration, intensity & volume in the reduction of cardiovascular disease?/]] * [[/The small-scale effects of exercise and its large-scale implications in coronary artery disease/]]** * [[/Cardiovascular effects of aerobic training strategies for heart failure patients/]] * [[/Can physical activity and fitness levels during adolescence predict the risk of cardiovascular disease during young adulthood?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercising with heart failure; does it result in pulmonary hypertension and exercise intolerance?/]]** * [[/The effect of exercise training on vascular function in yype 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Walking and vigorous exercise to prevent the risk of coronary heart disease in women/]]** * [[/Fitness and fatness as reliable predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality/]] * [[/Can school-based physical activity interventions decrease CVD risk factors?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Does the prescription of regular exercise decrease the pain and decreased ROM associated with Arthritis?/]] * [[/Exercise, an inexpensive way of preventing osteoporosis in later life?/]] * [[/Just walk it off? The prospect of physical activity reducing osteoarthritic pain/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on children with chronic arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise habits on sarcopenia and its association with a lower prevalence within the elderly/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on elderly patients with osteoporosis/]] * [[/The impact of physical activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Benefits of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on anxiety/]] * [[/The effects of moderate to high intensity exercise on Dementia/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic exercise on major depression/]] * [[/Does physical activity reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic and strength exercise programs for patients with Dementia/]] * [[/Parkinson's: Exercise improves movement initiation!/]] * [[/The role of cardiovascular fitness in patients with narcolepsy/]] * [[/Responses towards exhaustive acute physical exercise in participants with temporal lobe epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and major depression in older patients/]] * [[/Physical activity effect on mental health in people with chronic lower back pain/]] * [[/Physical exercise as an additional therapy for sleep apnea/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise on Parkinson disease/]] * [[/Does exercise make you happy? The dose-response relation to exercise and reduction of depression symptoms/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity for multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue/]] * [[/Can exercise beat Parkinson’s?/]] * [[/The effect of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on depression in an elderly population/]]** * [[/Improving exercise tolerance in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Can aerobic training help?/]] * [[/Positive effects of strength training on people with down syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise, a positive influence on young Autistic children before class/]] * [[/Exercise and the connection between mood regulation and trait emotional intelligence/]] * [[/Treatment of major depression: Can exercise help?/]]** * [[/Benefits of physical exercise in older people with Parkinson's/]] * [[/Can walking stabilise cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and post traumatic stress disorder/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise for treating Alzheimers disease/]] * [[/Investigating effects of moderate-high intensity exercise on Alzheimer's patient's/]] * [[/The effect of physical exercise on adolescent women with depression/]] * [[/The long term effects of exercise on major depressive disorder/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/A burden on physical activity – How extrapulmonary effects cause negative implications on patients with COPD/]] * [[/Land or sea? Ideal exercise type for COPD patients with physical co-morbidities/]] * [[/A splash in the right direction for COPD sufferers/]]** * [[/The effect of an aerobic conditioning program on fitness attributes in patients with mild asthma/]] * [[/Physical activity in urban school-aged children with asthma/]]** * [[/The significance of exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Home-based exercise programs in Cystic Fibrosis: are they sustainable?/]] * [[/Effectiveness of home-based exercise in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/How does regular physical activity play a role in the incidence of asthma in adult women?/]] * [[/Exercise as a means to reduce hospital admission and respiratory mortality due to COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/The impacts of TV viewing and physical activity, on metabolic syndrome in Australian Adults/]] * [[/The impact of exercise and altering dietary intake in health and fitness/]] * [[/Effect of physical activity on Diabetes Mellitus/]] * [[/Reducing obesity in children by adjusting TV viewing habits/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour risks linked to metabolic syndrome in rural Australia/]] * [[/The effects of increased screen time on childhood obesity/]] * [[/A lifestyle change could prevent type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals!/]] * [[/The affect active travel has on the BMI's of children/]] * [[/Childhood obesity and the effects of a combined dietary–behavioral–physical activity treatment/]] * [[/Sleep duration and sedentary behaviour's effect on weight of children/]] * [[/Physical activity for the prevention of diabetes in adults with IFG/]] * [[/Effect on exercise intensity on fat loss in obese and overweight postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Sixty minutes of exercise per week decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic circuit exercise training on insulin-dependent adolescents with diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Could adjusting TV viewing habits reduce obesity in children?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Aerobic Exercise can Increase Physical and Mental Health in Men with Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Tired of cancer; exercise as a means of reducing fatigue in chemotherapy patients/]] * [[/Effects of cognitively challenging Parkinson's Patients during exercise/]]** * [[/Tortise vs hare....does walking faster have better health outcomes?/]]** * [[/Effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the survival of diagnosed breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Effect of high intensity training exercise as an intervention in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Green exercise on mental and physical health/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on improving quality of life in Leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy/]] * [[/A Breath of Exercise: Feasibility of a combined exercise intervention for inoperable lung cancer patients/]]* * [[/Does aquatic exercise training impact the functional capacity, balance and fatigue in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/The effect of exercise training on renal function in chronic kidney disease patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on three common cancers/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on immune function and mental health in HIV positive patients/]] * [[/The role of physical activity in the progression and development of Myopia/]] * [[/Exercise interventions to improve physical fitness and decrease markers of oxidative stress amongst cancer patients/]] * [[/Recovery from cancer, the effect of physical activity on patients quality of life/]] * [[/Physical activity amongst spinal cord injured subjects/]] * [[/Screen time vs active play in young children/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in breast cancer patients /]] ==2017 Article Critiques== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increasing physical activity of office workers using treadmill workstations/]] * [[/Getting back your stride: How pedometers can increase physical fitness in COPD patients/]] * [[/Sport participation and overall health in children/]] * [[/Virtual Reality Improves Physical Function in Elderly Adults/]] * [[/Exercise and Children: Fat future or fit future?/]] * [[/Mum or Dad? Who makes the biggest difference?/]] * [[/Does chronic disease reduce physical activity in older adult?/]] * [[/A school-based intervention: Physical Education...is it physical enough?/]] * [[/Exercise adherence in sedentary women: The SWEAT Study/]] * [[/Exercising at home to counteract physical restrictions in overweight populations suffering from Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Promoting children's physical activity in primary school - SWEATING THE SMALL STUFF/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in Sedentary People - Decreasing the inner Couch Potato/]] * [[/Decreasing Sedentary Time in Office Workers: Utilizing a Multi Component Intervention/]] * [[/The use of text messages to decrease sedentary behaviour in University students/]] * [[/ Adolescents: improving physical activity and sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity in the Student Population through the use of Pedometers/]] * [[/Cycling workstations; an approach to increasing energy expenditure in office settings/]] * [[/Increased social media use cant really improve physical activity, can it?/]] * [[/The impact of Active video games on children's physical activity during recess/]] * [[/Game Time: Exergames and Improving Fitness in Adults with Down syndrome/]] * [[/Enablers and Barriers to Physical Activity with the Lower Limb Amputee Population/]] * [[/A Cultural Influence on Knowledge and Attitude towards Diet and Physical Activity in Children/]] * [[/The effect of JUMP-in, in promoting physical activity in primary school students/]] * [[/The impact of a community-based exercise intervention on African-American breast cancer survivors/]] * College students' motivation for physical activity. Men and women's motives for participation in sport and exercise ===Brain health=== * [[/The Effects of Moderate Aerobic activity on middle aged sufferers of primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Walking to Improve Health and Fitness in Stroke Survivors/]] * [[/ Positive Impact of Exercise on Cerebral Palsy Children /]] * [[/Cardiorespiratory Fitness: is it the answer to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease?/]] * [[/Chronic Stroke Survivors - How can Exercise Help?/]] * [[/Improving Mobility in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Exercise/]] * [[/High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Persons with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise and Parkinson's Disease: Improving Gait Speed, Strength and Fitness/]] * [[/Effects of long-term exercise on post-stroke patients/]] * [[/The Role of Muscular Endurance Strength Training Post Stroke/]] * [[/The link between exercise and Alzheimer's disease in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on children with ADHD/]] * [[/Tai Chi's Ability to Improve Postural Stability for Patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is Hydrotherapy the new therapy for Parkinson's Disease?/]] * [[/The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression in Young Adults/]] * [[/The role of physical activity to reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Is hydrotherapy superior to conventional land-based exercise after stroke?/]] * [[/Enhancing health and well being: physical activity and nutrition in children and youth with intellectual disability and autism/]] * [[/Benefits of Running on the Ageing Brain/]] * [[/Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Physical Activity at Midlife/]] * [[/Multiple Sclerosis and the Subsequent Effects of Resistance Training/]] * [[/Does exercise improve mental health outcomes in younger people?/]] * [[/Could hippotherapy have beneficial effects on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy?/]] * [[/Reducing falls in MS patients: Exercise beyond the therapy room/]] * [[/The Association between Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise and it's role in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on ADHD/]] * [[/Alzheimer's and the effect of physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity and it's relation to depression in adolescent females/]] * [[/The Effect of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults/]] * Increasing Aerobic Capacity and Muscular Strength/Endurance in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities * [[/Exercise and chronic insomnia/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Night Time Blood Pressure Dipping in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease/]] * [[/The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Cardiovascular Risk in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/The benefits of a yoga regime on lung function in Indian Cardiovascular Artery Disease (CAD) patients/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise Training on Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce coronary heart disease in patients with Schizophrenia?/]] * [[/Short-term exercise-training and aortic systolic pressure augmentation in overweight individuals/]] * [[/Getting Fit with Heart Failure - a waltz in the park/]] * [[/Does a home based exercise program improve physical activity levels in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Blood Glucose Control for Pediatric Type 1 Diabetics/]] * [[/The Relationship between physical activity and poor Glycemic control in type 1 diabetic women/]] * [[/High Intensity interval training for Type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/HIIT or Prolonged Continuous Exercise- Which is better for obese young women?/]] * [[/The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Inactivity. A closer look at Inactive Indigenous Australian Men/]] * [[/Can Leisure time physical activity help prevent type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/Treating the metabolic syndrome: aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise/]] * [[/Exercise to Prevent Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/Mums and bubs: the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and the prevalence of gestational diabetes/]] * [[/Reducing obesity through school based interventions/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic exercise as an adjunct therapy for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus/]] * [[/Effects of HIIT on insulin levels of young women/]] * [[/Childhood Obesity: How television is causing a fat epidemic among kids/]] * [[/How High Intensity Resistance training effects Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia post exercise/]] * [[/High intensity exercise in diabetic population/]] * [[/Is Fasting The Key To Pre Exercise Fat Loss?/]] ===Musculo-skeletal health=== * [[/Effects of HRT and high-impact exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women/]] * [[/Increasing the activity of women in our aged care facilities with low bone mass/]] * [[/Get cracking: The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis with exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Effects on Females with Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Exercise in Female Osteoporosis Sufferers/]] * [[/Do sporting injuries in your youth lead to arthritis in older age?/]] * [[/Pilates as treatment for symptoms related to Osteoporosis/]] * Positive effects of weight bearing exercises on postmenopausal women * [[/Chronic lower back pain and the effect of exercise rehabilitation/]] ===Respiratory health=== * [[/Going eccentric is good for COPD patients: benefits of eccentric ergometer training/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on patients with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Lifting for the Lungs - Resistance Training in COPD Patients During Periods of Acute Exacerbation/]] * [[/The Improvement in Asthma, As Related to Physical Activity, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Loads/]] * [[/Ground-based walking training to improve quality of life and exercise capacity in COPD/]] * [[/Long-term Exercise Effect on FEV1 in Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Self-administered Exercise in Asthmatic Adults/]] * [[/Exercise As a Means to Improve Health and Wellbeing In Patients with Advanced Pulmonary Hypertension/]] ===Cancers=== * [[/The role of exercise training in cancer survivors/]] * [[/Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Lung Cancer/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Prostate Cancer Patients undergoing treatment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Limitations for Breast Cancer Survivors to Protect Against Arm Lymphedema/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise for Treatment Related Fatigue in Men Receiving Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Carcinoma/]] * [[/Can a Home-based Physical Activity intervention for early stage Breast Cancer patients improve health or fitness?/]] * [[/Does physical activity limit the level of fatigue experienced in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy?/]] ===Other=== * [[/Running- the key to Longevity?/]] * [[/How Exercise Impacts Those Suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise training effect on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and sleep quality/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise therapy in the HIV-AIDS positive population/]] * [[/Effects of exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease patients/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Older Adults with HIV/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise Training in Myocardial Myopathy/]] * [[/Physical fitness programmes effects on cardio respiratory function in sedentary students/]] * [[/Exercise Improves Quality of Life in Polynesian Peoples with Chronic Disease/]] * [[/Resistance Training is Safe and Improves Well-being in Patients with Chronic Lyme Disease/]] ==2016 Fact Sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/"Switch-Play" in children: is it effective in reducing sedentary behaviour?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on childhood overweight and obesity/]] * [[/Physical activity barriers and enablers in lower limb amputees/]] * [[/Older Adults embracing Fit-bits when managing chronic illness/]] * [[/The impact of a community based exercise program on cognitive and physical function in adults with Alzheimer’s disease/]] * [[/Playing Exergames at School to Target Weight Loss in Adolescents/]] * [[/‘Sistas’ and Aunties: sport, physical activity, and Indigenous Australian women/]] * [[/Is dancing video game (DDR) an effective way to increase physical activity and to decrease sedentary time?/]] * [[/Putting a leash on your health/]] * [[/The Impact of an Interdisciplinary School-Based Health Behaviour Intervention on Obesity Among Youth/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activities in youth sedentary behaviour/]] * [[/Usefulness and effects of a healthy lifestyle program in a remote Aboriginal community/]] * [[/Exercise for elderly Women with Osteoporosis; Does it Reduce Falls Risks?/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise Programs on Functional Fitness for Older Adults with Arthritis/]] * [[/How walking, cycling or being driven to school influences physical activity levels in children/]] * [[/Treadmills and Infants: Do Stepping Machines work for infants with Down syndrome?/]] * [[/Physical education making kids more fit and healthy/]] * [[/Walking strategies to increase physical activity levels in white-collar workplaces/]] * [[/Exergames - Can they improve the health of children?/]] * [[/The relationship between dog ownership, physical activity and chronic hemodialysis/]] * [[/Decline in physical activity among biracial adolescent girls/]] * [[/Exercising the frail obese elderly - what is possible/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity Levels in Office Workers/]] * [[/Increasing physical activity of youth in the modern world/]] * [[/Reducing sedentary behavior in aging adults using smartphone technology/]] * [[/Can your smartphone help you become more physically active?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Benefits and Barriers for Refugee women/]] * [[/There's an app for that- Mobile applications and the influence of physical activity among young people/]] * [[/Ignorance or Laziness: Why are girls less physically active than boys?/]] * [[/An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Children/]] ===Brain health=== * [[/Parkinson’s patients – Can we temp you to tango?/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Robot-assisted training in comparison to conventional training methods in post stroke patients/]] * [[/Exercise, your supplement to a bigger brain in old age/]] * [[/ADHD in children and the impact physical activity plays/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in Parkinson's Disease: does it slow the decline?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical Activity on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder/]] * [[/'Green Exercise' - Outdoor Physical Activity's Effect on Depression/]] * [[/The Potential for Dementia Prevention utilising Multimodal Activity Intervention in the Mildly Cognitively Impaired/]] * [[/Positive Emotion Motivated Tai Chi to reduce falls in Older Adults with Dementia/]] * [[/Is HIIT and CP a match made in heaven? Can high functioning Cerebral Palsy children expect the same results as their peers with circuit training?/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Nursing Home Residents with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Power for Parkinson Patients/]] * [[/Music-based Exercise for Dementia Patients/]] * [[/The effect of intense physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Improving cognitive performance and psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients through aerobic exercise/]] * [[/Improving gait in people with Dementia after resistance & functional training/]] * [[/Regular resistance training improves strength in multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of dementia for adults 65 years of age and older through exercise/]] * [[/Virtual reality: rehabilitation for stroke patients/]] * [[/Effect of treadmill rehabilitation on ambulation and CV fitness in chronic stroke patients/]] * [[/Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Can exercise help?/]] * [[/Physical Activity and the Psychosocial Benefits in Young Children/]] * [[/Exercise in OCD: a little less obsessed?/]] * [[/The association between walking and future risk of dementia in older men/]] * [[/Walking away from Bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effect of different exercise training programs on individuals living with dementia/]] * [[/Mind over matter; how physical training affects mental health in chemical dependent patients/]] * [[/Fighting Parkinson's, Dance Vs Exercise?/]] * [[/Does intense physical exercise improve the seizure threshold in epileptics?/]] * [[/The effects of different exercise programs on Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Physical Activity with Cognitive Tasks Improves Executive Functioning and Reduces Falls in Elderly with Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Functional Strength Training in Children with Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Don't forget about exercise: physical activity interventions in Alzheimer's management/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Reduce falls and balance your life: is Tia Chi the answer to Parkinson's?/]] * [[/How can high intensity exercise help dementia in nursing homes?/]] * [[/Leisure time physical activity at midlife and subsequent development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/Use of Video Games (virtual reality) for rehabilitation of Cerebral Palsy patients/]] * [[/The effect of an exercise therapy intervention for individuals with schizophrenia/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Insomnia in Older Adults: Improved Sleep, Mood and Quality of Life after Aerobic Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise for Patients with Parkinson's Disease- Does it improve spinal function and flexibility?/]] * [[/Home-based treadmill training as a safe form of exercise for individuals with Parkinson’s disease/]] * [[/Can gait patterns improve with resistance training in multiple sclerosis patients?/]] * [[/Effect of Aquatic Exercise on Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Depression/]] * [[/Strategies to improve neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease patients/]] * [[/Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality/]] * [[/Progressive resistance training in children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Tai Chi & Parkinson's: Finding the balance within/]] * [[/The implementation of a short term endurance training to improve patient outcomes from major depression/]] * [[/Use it or lose it? Resistance training in ALS patients/]] * [[/Can training the heart combat the risk of cognitive decline and dementia?/]] * [[/Effects of Physical activity on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and Chronic Primary Insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and Activities: Improving the sleep of those in Nursing Homes/]] * [[/Physical Activity and its effect on cognitive function in older women/]] * [[/The effects of Aerobic Exercise on Early Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can exercise be beneficial to people suffering from multiple sclerosis?/]] * [[/Stabilizing memory function with physical activity in older Adults with Alzheimer's disease/]] * [[/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/]] * [[/Physical Activity Effects on Prevention and Treatment of Dementia in Older Adults/]] ===Cardiovascular health=== * [[/Exercise is for the heart and the mind/]] * [[/Pumping Blood: Can Exercise Improve Arterial Health/]] * [[/Reducing the risk of CVD with daily physical activity in school children/]] * [[/Is low intensity exercise the key to a good health related quality of life for cardiovascular disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The Effect of Training Types on Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function/]] * [[/Effects of Exercise for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/The Impact of School-based Walking Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/The immediate and long-term effects of exercise on blood pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Survival of Coronary Patients: Surgery versus Exercise Interventions/]] * [[/Does physical activity help to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?/]] * [[/Taking Cardiac Rehabilitation Home: Home-Based Interval Training for Heart Failure Patients/]] * [[/How beneficial is physical conditioning of calf musculature in people with Chronic Venous Insufficiency/]] * [[/Intense Exercise - The effects on coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Moderate Versus High Intensity Aerobic Training in Coronary Heart Disease Patients/]] * [[/Drowning out the pressure: Can swimming help to reduce the effects of hypertension?/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise in Patients with ICD's/]] * [[/The Benefits of High- and Low-Intensity Exercise in Stroke Patients/]] * [[/Effects of exercise intervention on myocardial function in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise implications for red cell deformity in patients with COPD/]] ===Metabolic health=== * [[/Effectiveness of different modalities of exercise on metabolic regulation in obese adolescent boys/]] * [[/Dietary- Behavioral- Physical Activity intervention for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Relationship between Physical inactivity and adiposity in Prepubescent Boys/]] * [[/Physical Activity in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes/]] * [[/A High Protein Diet With Resistance Training and It's Effect on Body Composition and Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight and Obese Patients/]] * [[/Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients fertility improved by lifestyle changes/]] * [[/Improving type 2 diabetes risk factors through exercise/]] * [[/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Could using an app a day keep diabetes away?/]] * [[/Metabolic Effects of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training in Type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Are Leisure time activities enough to melt away the elderly male beer belly?/]] * [[/Controlling Type 2 Diabetes with High Intensity Interval Training/]] * [[/Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/How can resistance training increase lower limb speed of strength during stair walking for people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?/]] * [[/Conquering diabetes with daily exercise/]] * [[/Break up your sitting with light-intensity walking to reduce your chances of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of long term aerobic exercise on the development of neuropathy in Diabetic individuals/]] * [[/General vs Vigorous Lifestyle Advice: The effects on the risk of diabetes/]] * [[/Effects of exercise and its cessation on insulin resistance syndrome in obese children/]] * [[/Sedentary Behaviour, a metabolic risk?/]] * [[/The relationship between occupational choice and obesity in adults/]] * [[/Accelerometer measured movement tracking physical activities improvement for diabetes and metabolic syndrome outcomes/]] * [[/Can resistance training have a positive effect on older adults with type 2 diabetes?/]] * [[/American football players not immune to Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Diabetes: Pharmacy vs Fitness/]] * [[/Occupation Sedentary Behaviour: Can Increased Standing Time Reduce Sedentary Associated Diabetes and Obesity?/]] * [[/Smartphone social networks and weight loss/]] * [[/The Importance of Physical Activity in reducing the risk of Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Can aerobic and resistance training benefit late-onset Pompe disease patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)?/]] * [[/Walking Versus Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women/]] ====Musculo-skeletal health==== * [[/Active Diabetic Kids Beat the Bone Density Blues/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Resistance training effects on muscle physiology in elderly postoperative patients/]] * [[/Combating Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatic Patients: is High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) your new defence?/]] * [[/The effects of strength and endurance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Do Stretching Exercises Help Reduce Lower Back Pain?/]] * [[/Cross sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women/]] * [[/Stabilisation Exercise for those with Chronic Low Back Pain/]] * [[/Is strength the key? The effects of high and low intensity resistance training on knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy or Supreme Ultimate Boxing for Osteoarthritis Management: You Choose/]] * [[/Does the choice between pilates or cycling for chronic lower back pain matter?/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on Older Adults with Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The benefit of hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes for sedentary osteoarthritis patients/]] * [[/The effects of Pilates on chronic low back pain/]] * [[/The Benefits of Endurance Training in Adult Men with Becker Muscular Dystrophy/]] * [[/Osteocise: Exercise and its impact on bone mineral density and falls risk/]] * [[/Does Pilates benefit lower back pain in the elderly?/]] * [[/The relationship between exercise frequency and bone mineral density development in exercising postmenopausal osteopenic women/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis/]] * [[/Arm Ergometer or ROM? Which Upper Extremity Exercise works best for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients/]] * [[/Can exercise assist in the self-management of Rheumatoid Arthritis?/]] * [[/Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Strategic creatine supplementation around resistance training to reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults/]] * [[/Endurance training to alleviate the pain of fibromyalgia/]] * [[/Osteoporosis and resistance training. The dense connection/]] ====Respiratory health==== * [[/Clinical effects of active video game exercising on children with asthma/]] * [[/Walking: A step in the right direction for COPD patients/]] * [[/The Benefits of Habitual Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Impact of regular physical activity on hospital admissions and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/Exercise, Physiotherapy and Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Controlling Young Adult Asthma Through Childhood Exercise/]] * [[/Aerobic Capacities vs. Resistance Training in Children with Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Is pulmonary rehabilitation beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?/]] * [[/Reduced all cause mortality with increased physical activity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients/]] * [[/Swimming training helps kids breathe easy/]] * [[/Exercising with Emphysema: Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Benefits/]] * [[/The Effects of Swimming Training on Children with Asthma/]] * [[/The Impact of Self-Directed Exercise in Adults with Partly Controlled Asthma/]] * [[/Exercise as a Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/]] * [[/Does Moderate Intensity Exercise Improve Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults with Asthma?/]] * [[/Which is more beneficial, physical exercise or chest physiotherapy for those with Cystic Fibrosis?/]] * [[/COPD and Exercise - more activity = less mortality/]] ====Cancer==== * [[/The Benefits of Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Radiotherapy/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on physical health and quality of life in Cancer Patients/]] * [[/Resistance exercises in the reduction of arm deficits following breast cancer surgery/]] * [[/Can exercise reduce insulin to reduce breast cancer recurrence?/]] * [[/Can exercise be an effective method of treatment of Pancreatic cancer as apposed to other types of therapy?/]] * [[/The Effects of Physical Activity after Urinary Cancer Surgery/]] * [[/Tailor made exercise for Breast Cancer survivors/]] ====Other==== * [[/Physical activity and risk of end-stage kidney disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study/]] * [[/The relationship between sedentary behavior and mortality/]] * [[/The effects of walking on the lives of Crohn's disease sufferers/]] * [[/The Benefits of Regular Walking on Chronic Kidney Disease/]] * [[/Exercise for Muscular Dystrophy: A new way to prolong independence/]] * [[/Sedentary Time's Effect on Risk for Disease Incidents, All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Adults Independent of Physical Activity/]] * [[/Television viewing time and its association with cardiovascular disease mortality in adults/]] * [[/Increasing Physical Activity to Improve Sleep and Mood Outcomes for People with Insomnia/]] * [[/The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/]] * [[/Lifestyle factors effecting people developing multiple chronic diseases/]] * [[/Exercise Therapy in Women With Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The 'Pet Effect' - Can Owning a Pet Improve your Adolescent's Health and Wellbeing?/]] * [[/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Benefits from Aerobic Exercise/]] ==2015 Fact sheets== ===Strategies to increase physical activity for health [in a specific population]=== * [[/Increased physical activity for adult dog owners/]]** * [[/Physical activity counselling interventions in type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Use of smartphone apps to increase physical activity/]] * [[/Using active video games to increase physical activity in youth/]] * [[/Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers/]] * [[/Lifestyle intervention in Remote Australian Aboriginal Community for chronic disease prevention/]] * [[/After School physical activity interventions for school children to prevent obesity/]] * [[/Stairclimbing, is it enough for fitness and health in young, inactive women?/]] * [[/Lifestyle or exercise physical activity, which is better for fitness and health?/]] * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in Samoan communities/]] * [[/Technology and Physical activity motivation/]] * [[/Breast Cancer Survivors' Motives and Adherence to Community Based Activity Programs/]]** * [[/Strategies to increase physical activity in primary aged children during school recess breaks/]] * [[/Fit mums’ and dads’, their role in encouraging children to stay active from an early age/]] * [[/Using Pedometers to increase Physical activity and improve health/]] * [[/Development of fundamental motor skills at school – crucial for continuing physical activity/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve chronic disease/]] ====Brain health==== * [[/Physical activity at mid-life, and dementia risk decades later/]]** * [[/Physical Activity and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly Persons/]] * [[/Resistance and Aerobic Interventions for Generalised Anxiety Disorder/]] * [[/Combined exercise and cognitive activity to fight dementia in mild cognitive impairment/]] * [[/Multi-component exercise in patients with dementia/]]** * [[/The benefits of exercise on older adults suffering from depression/]] * [[/Effectiveness of exercise Interventions in clients with Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/The functional impacts of strength training in cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Does Physical Activity act as a protective barrier against Depression in adolescents?/]] * [[/Sustaining physical activity engagement in those with autism/]] * [[/The effects of exercise training on individuals suffering from bipolar disorder/]] * [[/Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease/]] * [[/Improving strength and function in Parkinson's Disease through eccentric resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression/]] * [[/Balance and High-intensity resistance training on persons with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Can adaptive training and exercise improve balance and mobility in people with Parkinson's disease?/]] * [[/How exercise can improve the quality of life of those who suffer from cognitive impairment/]] * [[/The effects of a muscle endurance exercise program in ALS patients/]] * [[/School based physical activity to reduce hyperactivity and ADHD symptoms/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on psychological stress/]] * [[/Sedentary behaviour and its impact on mental health in school aged children/]] * [[/The effectiveness of yoga on the quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Does the intensity of resistance training matter in combating depression?/]] * [[/Can physical activity reduce anxiety across gender and age?/]] * [[/How can behavioural management and general exercise programs affect Alzheimer's Disease sufferers?/]] * [[/The effects of walking training on gait in patients with Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Physical Activity as an intervention to ADHD in children/]] * [[User:Damien.ramsden#Research Background|The effects of resistance training on brain plasticity in the elderly]] * [[/ The effects of exercise on the mental health of those with Parkinson Disease/]] * [[/The effects of endurance training, and endurance training when combined with resistance training, on individuals with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Impact of Exercise on Epilepsy in Rats/]] ====Metabolic==== * [[/Resistance training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/The Effect of High Intensity Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Older Type 2 Diabetics/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes/]]** * [[/Exercise can reduce gestational diabetes mellitus/]]** * [[/The Benefit of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Cardiometabolic Disease/]]** * [[/High intensity interval training for fat loss/]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance for type 1 Diabetics, what is best?/]] * [[/The ant-inflammatory effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/The Effect of Combination Training on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Overweight Adults/]]** * [[/Walking and working, how treadmill working stations helping obese workers lose 30 kilos a year/]] * [[/Result of Exercise on Overnight Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes/]] * [[/Benefits of Standing Desks on Childhood Obesity/]] * [[/Intervals or steady exercise - what is better for metabolic syndrome?/]] * [[/Effects of cycle training on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Does exercise consultation improve exercise outcomes in type 2 diabetics?/]] * [[/Strength training interventions for older type 2 diabetics/]] * [[/Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise for women with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Barriers to Physical Activity Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes/]] ====Musculo-skeletal==== * [[/Using exercise as an intervention for obesity-related arthritis/]] * [[/Land or water exercise for arthritis sufferers?/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on bone mineral density/]] * [[/Arthritis Specific Exercise Programs: Do They Work?/]] * [[/Do the US National Arthritis Foundation’s recommendations stack up? Evaluating exercise guidelines against functional outcomes in arthritis/]] * [[/Dancing your way to stronger bones/]] * [[/Effectiveness of Aquatic Physical Therapy for the Improvement of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee/]] * [[/Resistance training and the effects on bone density in premenopausal women/]] * [[/Exercising with Knee Osteoarthritis for Overweight/Obese Older Adults/]] * [[/Effects of different types of exercise on people suffering from knee osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Exercise to Reduce Risk Factors for Falls in Older Women with Osteoporosis/]] * [[/The Benefits of Strength and Endurance Training for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Chronic Neck Pain in the Workplace - The Effectiveness of Resistance Training Interventions/]] * [[/How much physical activity should osteoporotic men get?/]] * [[/Yoga or exercise for chronic lower back pain?/]] * [[/Effects of high resistance training for patients with myotonic dystrophy/]] ====Other==== * [[/Benefits of progressive resistance training in elderly HIV positive patients/]] * [[/Physical activity interventions to improve fitness and psychological well-being in breast cancer patients/]] * [[/Anaerobic training for children with cystic fibrosis/]] * [[/Water-based exercise for kidney disease/]] * [[/Effect of Exercise on Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer/]] * [[/Concurrent Cardiovascular and Resistance training for health in Older Adults/]] * [[/Strength training in spastic cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Sitting: The Silent Killer of Sedentary Adults/]] * [[/Benefits of Resistance Training for Female Breast Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Yoga Therapy: A way to Improve Functional Performance in People with Chronic Pulmonary Obstruction/]] * [[/Can Resistance Training Improve Skeletal Muscle Health for People Who Suffer From Chronic Heart Failure?/]] * [[/Can Tai Chi improve balance in people suffering from Parkinson's Disease?/]] - * [[/Testosterone supplementation: improving mortality in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and its impact on Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Can physical activity prevent asthma as we age?/]] * [[/What is the risk of sudden cardiac death in American college athletes?/]] * [[/Effects Of Swimming Training On Children With Asthma/]] * [[/Aquatic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on systemic inflammation in male adults with Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Does physical activity level contribute to asthma?/]] * [[/Effects of physical activity on asthma/]] * [[/Importance of walking on life expectancy among rural elders/]] * [[/The effect of weight loss strategies on obese asthmatics/]] * [[/Is a home-based exercise cardiac rehabilitation program effective for elderly coronary heart disease patients?/]] * [[/The effectiveness of exercise as a part of Cancer rehabilitation/]] ==2014 Fact Sheets== * [[/Aerobic Exercise Benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of physical exercise interventions for Myotonic Dystrophy patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training & Lung Cancer/]] * [[/Resistance Training & HIV/AIDS/]] * [[/Exercise and Hypertension: What is the most beneficial exercise for reducing hypertension/]] * [[/Dance as a means to reduce Depression/]] * [[/The Effect of dance on symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effect of hypothyroidism on exercise/]] * [[/The Benefits of Exercise for People with HIV/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on breast cancer recovery/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/]] * [[/Exercise and its role in living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Exercise and prevention of type II diabetes/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training for people with down syndrome/]] * [[/The importance of screening in the athletic population to detect early risk of Sudden Cardiac Disease/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Weight Training vs Aerobic Training For Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/Resistance exercise for patients with end-stage renal disease/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise management for peripheral artery disease/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and obstructive sleep apnea/]] * [[/Resistance training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis/]] * [[/Effect of aerobic exercise training on atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Resistance training for Motor Neuron Disease/]] * [[/The benefits of resistance training in Myotonic Disease Patients/]] * [[/Resistance Training for athletes with Asthma/]] * [[/The role of exercise in reducing the need for joint replacement for people suffering osteoporosis/]] * [[/Plyometric training and Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise for prevention and treatment of Kyphosis/]] * [[/Whole body vibration exercise for patients with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise in the prevention of cancer/]] * [[/Effect of exercise on adiponectin in improving insulin sensitivity/]] * [[/The effects of aerobic training on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/]] * [[/High Intensity Interval Training: effect on Metabolic Syndrome factors/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/]] * [[/Overcoming sedentary behaviour in combat veterans suffering PTSD through exercise/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on the symptoms of epilepsy/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise on patients with Lupus Erythematosus/]] * [[/Beneficial effects of exercise for individuals suffering Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise and it's effects on Depression/]] * [[/The role of strength training in managing Ehlers Danlos/]] * [[/Exercise and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis/]] * [[/Exercise As A Tool For Managing ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise to Alleviate ADHD Symptoms in Children/]] * [[/Effects of resistance training on Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Dance for Parkinson'sː Improved Gait & Balance/]] * [[/Exercise limitations in athletes with sickle cell disease/]] * [[/The benefits of aerobic training for those suffering from Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise on Ankylosing spondylitis/]] * [[/Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant woman and the benefits of physical activity/]] * [[/Exercise and Thrombosis/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on people with bipolar disorder/]] * [[/The effects of strength training on patients with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/The female athlete triad - are elite athletes at risk/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise in Down Syndrome/]] * [[/Use of virtual reality in balance rehabilitation following acquired brain injury/]] * [[/Exercise as a management tool for depression/]] * [[/Effect of fibrosis on exercise ability and capacity/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for people on Hemodialysis/]] * [[/Aerobic vs Anaerobic exercise for children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Is exercise an effective strategy to improve Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Effects of Yoga on Cardiovascular Health/]] * [[/Anorexia Nervosa and Exercise Abuse/]] * [[/resistance training VS aerobic training in diabetics/]] * [[/the effects of physical activity on children with asthma/]] * [[/The impact of exercise on the menstrual cycle/]] * [[/Exercise induced asthma/]] * [[/Medication vs. exercise in reducing dyslipidemia/]] * [[/Resistance Exercise Interventions for Post Menopausal Osteoporosis/]] * [[/Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise vs Drugs as a Prescription for Depression/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Autism/]] * [[/Strength Training and Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on insomnia/]] * [[/The effect that exercise has on Ischemic heart disease/]] * [[/Exercise and Prostate cancer/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise towards positive mental health in those suffering anxiety/]] * [[/the effects of exercise on depression in older adults/]] * [[/The effects of physical activity on people with Dementia/]] * [[/The Role of Exercise in Managing Charcot Marie Tooth Disease/]] * [[/The effects of exercise for women post gestational diabetes in the prevention of the development of diabetes later in life/]] * [[/The effects of exercise and sport on the cognitive function of primary school children/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic training for people with type 2 diabetes/]] * [[/reducing the effects of Cancer related Fatigue through Exercise/]] * [[/The effects of hippotherapy on cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Mobility and Postural Effects of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease Sufferers/]] * [[/Exercise for reducing the risk of stroke/]] * [[/Effect of recreational aerobic exercise on Epilepsy/]] * [[/the role of resistance training in the management of coronary artery disease/]] * [[/Exercise in extreme cold and asthma/]] * [[/The prescription of resistance training for preventing and treating osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/The effects of resistance training on rheumatoid athritis/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on Psoriatic arthritis/]] * [[/Altitude Training and Asthma/]] * [[/High intensity interval training: in coronary heart disease following a stent treatment/]] * [[/Altitude training and asthma/]] * [[/aerobic vs anaerobic exercise with insomnia/]] * [[/Exercise and smoking cessation in women/]] * [[/Thwarting Pulmonary Embolism with Exercise/]] * [[/Motor Neuron Disease and exercise/]] * [[/Excessive sitting inhibits Insulin function in Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise's Effect on Inflammatory Arthritis/]] * [[/Hydrotherapy in relation to rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on the management of Meniere's disease/]] * [[/the effects/benefits of Physical Therapy on the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease/]] * [[/The effects of Physical Activity on Brain Cancer Survivors/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise and its effect on Insomnia/]] ==2013 Fact Sheets== ===Brain health=== * [[/Exercise program prescription for Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise and its relation to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/]] * [[/Exercise or Diet to manage Alzheimer's Disease?/]] * [[/Exercise as a tool in preventing depression/]] * [[/Exercise as a clinical treatment for depression amongst adolescents/]] * [[/Exercise and depression, reducing symptom severity/]] * [[/Exercise and epilepsy/]] * [[/Exercise and its effects on Schizophrenia/]] * [[/Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise for patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease/]] * [[/Benefits of aerobic exercise on quality of life after a stroke/]] * [[/Computer gaming for stroke rehabilitation/]] * [[/Exercise as a prescribed treatment for ADHD/]] * [[/Exercise and its Effects on Dementia/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise as an intervention for sleep apnea/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Epilepsy/|The effects of exercise on epilepsy]] * [[/Physical activity to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Resistance Training/]] * [[/Exercise and Team Sports Effects on Depression/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on cognitive abilities in elderly populations/]] * [[/Obstructive Sleep apnea and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise and it effects on the symptoms of Huntingtons's disease/]] ===Cancer related=== * [[/Exercise effects on prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy/]] * [[/Exercise effects in lung cancer/]] ===Cardiovascular=== * [[/Heart complications in Endurance Athletes/]] * [[/Effective treatment for atherosclerosis - Surgery vs Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Patients with Heart Failure/]] * [[/Preoperative exercise for CABG surgery and subsequent cardiovascular health/]] * [[/Myocarditis and exercise/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Atherosclerosis/]] * [[/Sudden cardiac death in athletes/]] * [[/Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia/]] * [[/Physical Activity; An effective intervention for cardiovascular disease/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Cardiovascular Ageing/]] * [[/Arrhythmia in Athletes/]] * [[/The effect of exercise on CHD risk factors in smokers/]] * [[/Exercise tolerance with Hemochromatosis/]] * [[/The effect of resistance training on blood pressure/]] * [[/Exercise prescription in obese hypertension patients/]] * [[/Long term affects of resistance training on chronic hypertension/]] * [[/Resistance Training and Stroke/]] * [[/Exercise and Aortic Stenosis/]] * [[/Bradycardia in athletes/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise impact on coronary heart disease/]] ===Metabolic=== * [[/Aerobic or anaerobic: effect of exercise type on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics/]] * [[/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise vs Pharmaceutical intervention/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for the control of Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Exercise and Healthy Eating vs Drug Alternatives/]] * [[/Aerobic Training vs Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes/]] * [[/Metabolic syndrome and trekking at altitude/]] * [[/Is aerobic exercise the best form of training for preventing/reducing effects of type II diabetes?/]] ===Musculoskeletal=== * [[/Physical Activity intervention as a treatment for Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Utilising exercise in preventing and treating the onset of sarcopenia/]] * [[/Exercise in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis/]] * [[/Elastic/Theraband use with the Osteoarthritic and Aging Client/]] * [[/Exercise and Duchenne muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/Exercise and osteoporosis/]] * [[/The role aerobic exercise can play as a treatment for osteoporosis/]] * [[/Ankylosing Spondylitis and Exercise/]] * [[/Effects of exercise on Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Exercising with muscular dystrophy/]] * [[/High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis/|High impact exercise and its effects on osteoporosis]] * [[/Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and effective exercise treatments/]] * [[/Exercise and preventing osteoporosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for multiple sclerosis patients/]] * [[/Exercise rehabilitation for paralysis of the legs/]] * [[/Exercise and hypermobility syndrome/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on chronic back pain/]] ===Pulmonary=== * [[/Exercise as a component of treatment for COPD/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for asthmatics/]] * [[/The effect of aerobic exercise on Emphysema/]] * [[/Exercise used to reduce asthmatic symptoms/]] * [[/Asthma and Winter Sport Athletes/]] * [[/Improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis sufferers with exercise/]] ===Other=== * [[/Exercise effects on Cystic Fibrosis/]] * [[/Exercise prescription and nutrition for Crohn's disease/]] * [[/Exercise as a treatment option for Fibromyalgia/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Smoking Cessation/]] * [[/The menstrual cycle in response to physical exercise in the female athlete/]] * [[/Benefit of exercise for chronic kidney disease/]] * [[/Benefits of exercise for people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/The Effect of Exercise on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Effectiveness of resistance training among people with cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for pregnant women/]] * [[/Excessive exercise and anorexia nervosa/]] * [[/Exercise creating a better quality of life for people with Spina Bifida/]] * [[/Exercise Effects on Substance Addiction/]] * [[/Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise|Fatty Liver and Aerobic Exercise]] * [[/Effects of ROM and resistance programs on Cerebral Palsy/]] * [[/Resistance training guidelines for the elderly/]] ==2012 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Physical activity guidelines, after a Stroke/]] * ^**[[/Effective exercise rehabilitation for stroke patients; aerobic vs resistance training/]] * [[/Exercise and sudden cardiac death/]] * [[/Resistance training and prevention of atherosclerosis/]] * ^**[[/Pills vs exercise: reducing blood pressure in hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise Guidelines for Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Disease/]] * [[/Exercise post heart transplant/]] * [[/Safe Exercise for Gestational Hypertension/]] === Metabolic === * [[/The Effects of Short Duration, High Intensity Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome/]] * [[/Insulin Resistance: The effect of exercise to reduce Metformin dependence/]] * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on type 1 diabetes/]] * [[/Exercise interventions for childhood obesity/]] * [[/Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/The effects of exercise on ADHD/]] * ^**[[/Improvements in General Anxiety Disorder Symptoms with Exercise/]] * [[/General Anxiety Disorder and Aerobic Exercise/]] === Cancer related === * ^**[[/Effects of Exercise on Colon Cancer Metastasis/]] * [[/Benefit of Exercise During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer/]] * [[/Exercise prescription for breast cancer survivors/]] === Pulmonary === * [[/Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise/]] * [[/Exercise in the treatment of childhood asthma/]] * ^**[[/Aerobic Training and Exercise-Induced Asthma/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The effect of exercise on rheumatoid arthritis/]] * [[/Effect of resistance training on knee osteoarthritis in the elderly/]] * [[/Osteopenia, delaying progression through exercise/]] * [[/Resistance training and osteoporosis/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise and cerebral palsy/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise benefits on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/]] * [[/Aerobic exercise and relapsing Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[/Barriers to Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis/]] * [[Exercise as it relates to Disease/A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis|A comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Multiple Sclerosis]] * [[/Aerobic or Resistance training for Multiple Sclerosis?/]] * [[/Physical Activity Guidelines for obesity women during pregnancy/]] * ^**[[/Exercise for Autism?/]] * [[/Exercise effects on Parkinson's Disease/]] * ^**[[/Exercise to improve sleep quality in insomnia/]] * [[/Benefits of moderate aerobic exercise on Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis/]] ==2011 Fact Sheets== === Cardiovascular === * [[/Hypertension: guidelines for exercise prescription/]] * [[/Continuous and interval aerobic exercises for treating hypertension in older people/]] * [[/Guideline for using Resistance exercise with Hypertension/]] * [[/Hypertensive Medication and Implications for exercise/]] * [[/Optimal Physical Activity for the Reduction of Hypertension/]] * [[/Exercise during recovery from Myocardial Infarction/]] === Metabolic === * [[/Reversing the Effects of Insulin Resistance with Aerobic Exercise Fact Sheet/]] * ^**[[/Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Indigenous Australians/]] * [[/Preventing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during and after exercise/]] * [[/The benefits of exercise for reducing symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)/]] * ^**[[/Resistance Training and Insulin Sensitivity in Type II Diabetics/]] * [[/Walking to control type 2 diabetes/|Walking to control type 2 diabetes]] * [[/The effects of Resistance Training on the HbA1c of Type II Diabetes/]] * [[/Type 2 diabetes and resistance exercise/]] * [[/The relationship between type 1 diabetes and heavy exercise/]], * [[/Effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome/]] * [[/Benefits of Exercise for Women with Gestational Diabetes/]] === Mental health === * ^**[[/Kick the blues with exercise/]] * ^**[[/Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise/]] * ^**[[/Improving the Quality of Life With Alzheimer's Disease Through Exercise/]] * ^**[[/An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise and Depression for Health Professionals/]] * [[/Exercise in the Treatment of Depression/]] * [[/Depression and green exercise/]] === Cancer related === * [[/Breast Cancer Related Lymphoedema and Resistance Exercise/]] === Pulmonary === * ^**[[/The importance of exercise for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)/]] * ^**[[/Asthma, exercise and cold environments/]] * [[/Long-term use of oral corticosteroids in treatment of COPD and exercise prescription/]] * [[/Long Slow Distance Training to Improve Aerobic Capacity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients/]] * [[/The use of Salbutimol (Ventolin) in controlling Asthma when doing Cardio-respiratory exercise/]] * [[/The Effects of Exercise on Smoking Induced COPD/]] === Musculoskeletal === * [[/The use of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly/]] * [[/Effects of Resistance Training on the Reduction of Sarcopenia/]] * [[/The effects of exercise on osteoporosis sufferers/]] * [[/Osteoarthritis and Resistance Training as an Intervention Strategy|Osteoarthritis and resistance training as an intervention strategy]] * [[/Weight training in the treatment of osteoporosis/]] * [[/Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis/]] * [[/Guidelines for Resistance Training in Children/]] === Other === * [[/Exercise to improve mobility in Parkinson's disease/]] * [[/Exercise to prevent falls in the elderly/]] * [[/The Affects of Resistance Exercise on Parkinson's Disease/]] == Medical Disclaimer == {{Wikibooks:Medical_disclaimer}} {{shelves|class projects|health sciences}} {{alphabetical|E}} {{status|75%}} e1e8yu0j3inrb23muso121flq11f8yv 0 266042 4096806 4059423 2022-08-28T13:20:33Z 2601:84:C800:8090:8019:B811:7ECD:B1C6 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}} </noinclude> == Footnotes == Footnotes are a very useful way of providing extra information to the reader. Usually, it is non-essential information which can be placed at the bottom of the page. This keeps the main body of text concise. The footnote facility is easy to use. The command you need is: <syntaxhighlight lang="latex" enclose="none">\footnote{text}</syntaxhighlight>. Do not leave a space between the command and the word where you wish the footnote marker to appear, otherwise LaTeX will process that space and will leave the output not looking as intended. {{LaTeX/Example|code= Creating a footnote is easy.\footnote{An example footnote.} |render= [[Image:LaTeX-footnote.png]] }} LaTeX will obviously take care of typesetting the footnote at the bottom of the page. Each footnote is numbered sequentially - a process that, as you should have guessed by now, is automatically done for you. If you want your footnote to be at the bottom of the page (instead of the default position of `glued` under the text), consider using: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[bottom]{footmisc} }} You can also choose to place the footnote text manually. In this case we use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnotemark<!---->}}-{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnotetext<!---->}} duo: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \footnotemark % ... Somewhere else\footnotetext{This is my footnote!} }} The footnote number can also be explicitly specified. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \footnotemark[17] % ... Somewhere else\footnotetext[17]{This is my footnote!} }} === Customization === It is possible to customize the footnote marking. By default, they are numbered sequentially (Arabic). However, without going too much into the mechanics of LaTeX at this point, it is possible to change this using the following command (which needs to be placed at the beginning of the document, or at least before the first footnote command is issued). {| | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\arabic{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | Arabic numerals, e.g., 1, 2, 3... |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\roman{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | Roman numerals (lowercase), e.g., i, ii, iii... |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\Roman{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | Roman numerals (uppercase), e.g., I, II, III... |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\alph{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | Alphabetic (lowercase), e.g., a, b, c... |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\Alph{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | Alphabetic (uppercase), e.g., A, B, C... |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote<!---->}<!---->}<!---->}} | A sequence of nine symbols, try it and see! |} To make a footnote without number mark use this declaration: {{LaTeX/Usage|code=\let\thefootnote\relax\footnote{There is no number in this footnote} }} In this way, the numbering is switched off globally. To have only one footnote without number mark, the above command has to be placed inside { }. Nevertheless, in that case, the current footnote counter is still incremented, so for instance you'd get footnote 1, unnumbered, and 3. A better solution<ref name="csli footnotes">{{cite web | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131716502800/http://help-csli.stanford.edu/tex/latex-footnotes.shtml | title = LaTeX footnotes | accessdate = 2016-01-14}}</ref> consists in defining the following macro in the preamble, and to use it: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \makeatletter \def\blfootnote{\xdef\@thefnmark{}\@footnotetext} \makeatother }} The package [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/footmisc footmisc] offers many possibilities for customizing the appearance of footnotes. It can be used, for example, to use a different font within footnotes. === Reset counter === * every section {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \makeatletter \@addtoreset{footnote}{section} \makeatother }} *every page (This may require running LaTeX twice) {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{perpage} %the perpage package \MakePerPage{footnote} %the perpage package command }} === Referencing a footnote === Can be done by placing a `\label{labelName}` in the end of the footnote and use `\ref{labelName}` to reffer to the footnote. === Common problems and workarounds === * Footnotes unfortunately don't work with tables, as it is considered a bad practice. You can overcome this limitation with several techniques: you can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnotemark[123]<!---->}} in the table, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnotetext[123]{HelloWorld!}<!---->}} somewhere on the page. The same with references: use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\footnote{HelloWorld!\label{fnote{{))}}}} somewhere on the page and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textsuperscript{\ref{fnote{{))}}}} in the table. Or, you can add {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{footnotehyper}<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makesavenoteenv{tabular}<!---->}} to the preamble, and put your {{LaTeX/Environment|table}} environment in a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\begin{savenotes}<!---->}} environment. The latter does not work with the packages {{LaTeX/Package|color}} or {{LaTeX/Package|colortbl}}. See [http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=footintab this FAQ page] for other approaches (such as the use of tablenotes with {{LaTeX/Package|threeparttable}}). * Footnotes also don't work inside minipage environment. (In fact, several environments break footnote support. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makesavenoteenv{environmentname}<!---->}} command of the footnote package might fix most.) The minipage includes its own footnotes, independent of the document's. The package [http://www.cs.brown.edu/system/software/latex/doc/mpfnmark.pdf mpfnmark] allows greater flexibility in managing these two sets of footnotes. * If the text within the footnote is a URL (using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\url<!---->}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\href<!---->}} commands) with special characters, it will not compile. You must either escape the characters with a leading backslash, or use another command. * If the text within the footnote is very long, LaTeX may split the footnote over several pages. You can prevent LaTeX from doing so by increasing the penalty for such an operation. To do this, insert the following line into the preamble of your document: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \interfootnotelinepenalty=10000 }} * To make multiple references to the same footnote, you can use the following syntax: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Text that has a footnote\footnote{This is the footnote} looks like this. Later text referring to the same footnote\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] uses the other command. }} If you need hyperref support, use instead: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Text that has a footnote\footnote{This is the footnote}\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\addtocounter{Hfootnote}{-1} looks like this. Later text referring to the same footnote\footnotemark uses the other command. }} These approaches will not work if there are other footnotes between the first reference and the subsequent "duplicate" references. For more general solutions, see [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/35043 here] and [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/10102/multiple-references-to-the-same-footnote-with-hyperref-support-is-there-a-bett here]. * If the footnote is intended to be added to the title of a chapter, a section, or similar, two methods can be used: # Write {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\section[title] {title\footnote{I'm a footnote referred to the section} }<!---->}} where {{LaTeX/Parameter|title}} is the title of the section. # Use the {{LaTeX/Package|footmisc}} package, with package option {{LaTeX/Parameter|stable}}, and simply add the footnote to the section title. == Margin Notes == [[Image:LaTeX marginpar.png|thumb|250px|right|A margin note.]] Margin Notes are useful during the editorial process, to exchange comments among authors. To insert a margin note use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\marginpar{margin text}<!---->}}. For one-sided layout (simplex), the text will be placed in the right margin, starting from the line where it is defined. For two-sided layout (duplex), it will be placed in the outside margin and for two-column layout it will be placed in the nearest margin. To swap the default side, use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\reversemarginpar<!---->}} and margin notes will then be placed on the opposite side, which would be the inside margin for two-sided layout. If the text of your marginpar depends on which margin it is put in (say it includes an arrow pointing at the text or refers to a direction as in "as seen to the left..."), you can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\marginpar[left text]{right text}<!---->}} to specify the variants. To insert a margin note in an area that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\marginpar<!---->}} can't handle, such as footnotes or equation environments, use the package {{LaTeX/Package|marginnote}}. Another option for adding colored margin notes in a fancy way provides the package {{LaTeX/Package|todonotes}} by using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\todo{todo note}<!---->}}. It makes use of the package {{LaTeX/Package|pgf}} used for designing and drawing with a huge tool database. The packages {{LaTeX/Package|mparhack}} and {{LaTeX/Package|marginnote}} can be used if the native {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\marginpar<!---->}} command does not meet your needs. [[File:Marginnote geometry LaTeX packages.png|500px|thumb|Margin geometry (bottom margin H not shown).]] The marginnote and geometry package can set the widths of the margins and marginnotes as follows. In the preamble, insert {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage{marginnote} }} and use the geometry package with custom sizes: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \usepackage[top=Bcm, bottom=Hcm, outer=Ccm, inner=Acm, heightrounded, marginparwidth=Ecm, marginparsep=Dcm]{geometry} }} where A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H are all numbers in cm (of course other units than cm can be used). In the main text, employ the marginnote package according to: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \marginnote{typeset text here...}[Fcm] }} Specifically, * {{LaTeX/Parameter|marginparwidth}} (E) is the width of the margin note, *{{LaTeX/Parameter|marginparsep}} (D) is the separation between the paragraph and the margin note, * F is the downwards vertical offset from the first line the margin note was written (negative values of F shift the margin note upwards), and * the value ''G = C − (D + E)'' is the separation between the edge of the margin note and the edge. The example on the right was typeset by the following: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \documentclass[a4paper,twoside,english]{article} \usepackage{lmodern} \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{lmss} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \makeatletter \special{papersize=\the\paperwidth,\the\paperheight} \usepackage{lipsum} \usepackage{marginnote} \usepackage[top=1.5cm, bottom=1.5cm, outer=5cm, inner=2cm, heightrounded, marginparwidth=2.5cm, marginparsep=2cm]{geometry} \makeatother \usepackage{babel} \begin{document} \section{Margin notes} \marginnote{This is a margin note using the geometry package, set at 0cm vertical offset to the first line it is typeset.}[0cm] \marginnote{This is a margin note using the geometry package, set at 5cm vertical offset to the first line it is typeset.}[5cm] \lipsum[1-10] \end{document} }} Additionally, the minimum vertical gap between margin notes can be adjusted with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\marginparpush<!---->}}, such as with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\setlength{\marginparpush}{0pt}<!---->}}. == Notes and References == {{reflist}} {{A-Roberts}} <noinclude> {{LaTeX/Bottom|Floats, Figures and Captions|Hyperlinks}} </noinclude> [[ru:LaTeX/Подстрочные примечания и заметки на полях]] hgauqv7v2cq3ypvnda0talldtwpargv 0 266804 4096902 4094603 2022-08-28T15:43:15Z Neojacob 363908 Sean O'Casey. wikitext text/x-wiki Abbott AS. The vital lie: reality and illusion in modern drama. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1989. Abbotson SCW. Tennessee Williams on America. In: B Murphy (ed) Critical insights: Tennessee Williams. Hackensack: Salem Press, pp 38-57, 2010. Abel L. Tragedy and metatheatre. New York: Holmes & Meier, 2003. Abrams F. The death of Zorrilla's "Don Juan" and the problem of Catholic orthodoxy. Romance Notes, vol 6, no 1 (Autumn), pp 42-46, 1964. Abramson D. “The new path”: nineteenth-century American women playwrights. In: J Schlueter (ed) Modern American drama: the female canon. Rutherford: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, pp 38-51, 1990. Ambramson DE. Negro playwrights in the American theatre, 1925-1959. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969. Adams WD. A dictionary of the drama. London: Chatto & Windus, 1904. Addison J et al. In: GA Aitken (ed) The Spectator, vol 1-8. London: John C Nimmo, 1898. Adler TP. Fissures beneath the surface: drama in the 1940s and 1950s. In: D Krasner (ed) A companion to twentieth-century American drama. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp 159-174, 2007. Adler TP. Mirror on the stage: the Pulitzer plays as an approach to American drama. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1987. Adler TP. Robert Anderson. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978. Agate J. Those were the nights. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1947. Agate J. The contemporary theatre, 1944-1945. London: George G Harrap & Co, 1946. Agate J. Red letter nights. London: Jonathan Cape, 1944. Agate J. First nights. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson Ltd, 1934. Agate J. The contemporary theatre, 1926. London: Chapman & Hall, 1927. Agate J. The contemporary theatre, 1925. London: Chapman & Hall, 1926. Agate J. The contemporary theatre, 1923. London: Leonard Parsons, 1924. Agate J. Alarums and excursions. London: Grant Richards, 1922. Agate J. Buzz, buzz! essays of the theatre. London: W Collins Sons & Co, 1918. Agheana IT. The situational drama of Tirso de Molina. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp 71-87, 1974. {{BookCat}} c5wjyjig7iv50y80t9mrigyed732bia 0 275181 4096903 4094624 2022-08-28T16:00:54Z 157.40.105.16 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em; text-align:center; width:100%" |- bgcolor=#eeeeee ! width=33% | মাস ''Mash''<br>Month ! width=33% |উচ্চারণ ''Uccharon''<br>Pronunciation ! width=33% |কাল/ঋতু Kal''/Ritu''<br>Season |- | বৈশাখ <br> April | Boishakh |rowspan="2"| গ্রীষ্ম ''Grishmo''<br>Summer |- | জ্যৈষ্ঠ <br>May | Joishtho|Joishţho |- | আষাঢ় <br>June | Asharh|Ashaaŗh |rowspan="2"| বর্ষা ''Bôrsha''<br>Wet /rainy season (Monsoon) |- | শ্রাবণ <br>July | Srabon |- | ভাদ্র <br>August | Bhadro |rowspan="2"| শরৎ ''Shôrot''<br>Autumn |- | আশ্বিন <br>September | Ashwin|Ashsin |- | কার্তিক <br>October | Kartika (month)|Kartik |rowspan="2"| হেমন্ত ''Hemonto''<br>Dry season|Late Autumn |- | অগ্রহায়ণ <br>November | Ogrohayon|Ôgrohaeo |- | পৌষ <br>December | Poush |rowspan="2"| শীত ''Šheet''<br>Winter |- | মাঘ <br>January | Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh |- | ফাল্গুন <br>February | Falgun |rowspan="2"| বসন্ত ''Bôshonto''<br>Spring |- | চৈত্র <br>March | Choitro |} {{BookCat}} l2i4wnffpau4cebu6p6dmovgdav2owj 0 290988 4096815 4095198 2022-08-28T13:24:58Z Jim Ashby 3304668 /* Nigeria */ wikitext text/x-wiki =Nigeria= *<font size=3> A former British protectorate, Nigeria gained full independence in 1960. Three provinces broke away from the central government to form the Republic of Biafra in 1967. The provinces returned to Nigeria in January 1970. * All stamps have “NIGERIA” in the frank except provisional uses in Biafra. * The stamps are grouped according to political conditions at date of initial use: :: A - British protectorate, 1950 :: B - Independent republic, 1960</font> ---- <br> ==<font color=blue>GROUP A: British protectorate period. All stamps include a crown in the design== <br> * <font size=3>Note the two different crown styles: ::::::::::::::[[File: Nigeria crown types found in stamps.jpg|350px]] </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type A1.jpg|left|380px]] '''A1. Neopost''' (LV-6?), 1950. : Small upright frank with palm trees at sides and Tudor crown in center. : Value tablet at bottom center flanked by “N” at left and M# at right. : TM: BIC : Values seen: (£sd) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]1, 1½, 2, 3, 6, 9, 1/- [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$5] : Values seen: (£sd) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]½, 1/9-, 2/6, 3/- [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$20] [[File: Nigeria stamp type A2.jpg|left|390px]] '''A2. Universal “MultiValue” ''' (MV), 1950. : Large upright design with large-hole simulated perforation border. : Panels at top and sides with Tudor crown at bottom. : M# “U1” in bottom of TM. : V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=/0(½) ::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. Country name chiseled out of top panel and town mark blank. This stamp may have been used in Biafra, or it may be a die proof. '''NOTE''': Although this stamp is reported to have been in use, the authors have seen only proofs. [[File: Nigeria stamp type A3.jpg|left|385px]] <br> '''A3. Universal “MultiValue” ''' (MV), 1951. : Large upright design with small-hole simulated perforation border. : Palm trees at sides. : Tudor crown at bottom flanked by “U” at left and M# at right. : TM: DC : V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]0/0 [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=/0 [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=/0= [[File: Nigeria stamp type A4.jpg|left|375px]] <br> '''A4. Universal “MultiValue” ''' (MV). : As Type A3 but with St. Edwards crown. : M# with “U” prefix. : TM: DC : V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0/0= [[File: Nigeria stamp type A5.jpg|left|430px]] <br> '''A5. Universal “Simplex” ''' (LV-25), 1951. [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$25] : Similar to Type A3 but smaller frank with wider spacing between TM and frank. : Tudor crown, “NIGERIA” letters thick. : M# with “S” prefix. : TM: DC : Values: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ½^D to =1/- [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|5px]]in half pence steps [[File: Nigeria stamp type A6.jpg|left|430px]] <br> '''A6. Universal “Simplex” ''' (LV-25). [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$25] : As Type A5 but with St. Edward’s crown. : “NIGERIA” letters thin. : M# with “S” prefix. : TM: DC : Values: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ½^D to =1/- [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|5px]]in half pence steps [[File: Nigeria stamp type A7.jpg|left|420px]] '''A7. Roneo Neopost "Frankmaster" / "305" ''' (MV), 1951. : Similar in size to Type A4 but wreath of petals at sides. : Top panel in shape of scroll. : Tudor crown at bottom. : M# with “RN” prefix. : TM: DC, BIC, nil : V/F: (£sd) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0/= = : V/F: (decimal) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]000 [[File: Nigeria stamp type A7c.jpg|right|660px]] :: '''a'''. Handstamped “BIAFRA”. TM reads “ABA/ NIGERIA” (R 171) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$250, two examples known] :: '''b'''. Town mark without town name, blank at top, “NIGERIA” at bottom :: '''c'''. Date and value figures only, without frame and town mark but with slogan identifying the mailer and location [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$25] ---- ==<font color=blue>GROUP B: Independent republic. Stamps without crown== </font> <br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B1.jpg|left|400px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B1. Neopost "Frankmaster" / "305" ''' (MV), 1960. :::::::::::::::::::: Nearly square open design with palm trees at sides. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “RN” prefix in small panel between palm trees at bottom. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: (£sd) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0/0= [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0/== :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: (decimal) [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]000 ::::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. Date only without TM ::::::::::::::::::::: '''b'''. TM unengraved <br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B2.jpg|left|420px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B2. Neopost "Frankmaster" / "305" ''' (MV), 1967. [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$250] :::::::::::::::::::: As Type B1 but with country name in top panel chiseled out. :::::::::::::::::::: This stamp was used in Biafra province for a short time after reunion. :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0/0= :::::::::::::::::::: '''NOTE''': This stamp was probably in use during the years of Biafran secession but examples have not been reported. <br><br><br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B3.jpg|left|325px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B3. Neopost “205/2205” ''' (MV). [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$5] :::::::::::::::::::: Very similar to Type B1 but slightly smaller and spacing between TM and frank much narrower. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “NE” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F (£sd): [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ★^/ 0 – :::::::::::::::::::: V/F (decimal): [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 000 <br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B4.jpg|left|380px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B4. Roneo Neopost “405/505” ''' (MV). [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$10] :::::::::::::::::::: Similar to Types B1 and B3 but frank wider than tall. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “RV” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]000 [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]0∙00 <br><br><br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B5.jpg|left|395px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B5. Pitney Bowes-GB “Automax” ''' (MV). [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$25] :::::::::::::::::::: Frank with single-line outer frame line with rounded corners, broken at bottom for M#. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “P.B. A” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]=0.oo <br><br><br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B6.jpg|left|355px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B6.1. Pitney Bowes-GB “6300” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::::::: Nearly identical to Type B5 except date is not as wide, and the value figures are different. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “P.B. N” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ≋0.00 <br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B6.2.jpg|left|425px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B6.2. Pitney Bowes-GB “Simplex” ''' (LV). :::::::::::::::::::: As Types B5 and B6.1 except the spacing between the TM and frank is much wider, and the date figures are small. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “P.B. N” prefix. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] 00 <br><br> [[File:Nigeria Type B6 3.jpg|346px|left]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B6.3. Pitney Bowes-GB “5300” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::::::: Similar to Type B6.1 except value figures are set lower than the date figures. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “P.B. N” prefix breaks lower left corner of border. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ≋0 00 <br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B7.jpg|left|372px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B7. Hasler “Mailmaster” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::::::: Frank is horizontal rectangle with square corners. :::::::::::::::::::: One seen without M# but with unengraved block with “H” prefix at bottom. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]00.00 <br><br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B8.jpg|left|370px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B8. Neopost “Electronic” ''' (MV), 1997. [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]][$25] :::::::::::::::::::: Nearly square frank with “NIGERIA” and “POSTAGE PAID” vertical at sides outside frame line. :::::::::::::::::::: M# "BVN 0000P", "BVN 0001P" and "BVN 0002P" seen. :::::::::::::::::::: TM contains “NIPOST” (for Nigeria Post) at top. :::::::::::::::::::: This appears to be either a Post Office stamp or may be for Official use only. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ≋000 ::::::::::::::::::::: '''a'''. M# "NE XXXXX" seen dated 11/4/2000, possibly a proof. <br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B9.jpg|left|365px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B9. Pitney Bowes “6300” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::::::: One poor example seen of a stamp like Type B6 but without palm tree ornaments and with “POSTAGE PAID” stacked at right. :::::::::::::::::::: The town mark reads “NIPOST” at top, and this may indicate a '''Post Office stamp'''. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC with broken rims :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]] ≋0 00 <br><br> [[File: Nigeria stamp type B10.jpg|left|360px]] :::::::::::::::::::: '''B10. Postalia “MS5/WK4” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::::::: Frank similar to Types A3 and A4 but without the crown. :::::::::::::::::::: The palm tree ornaments are more finely detailed. :::::::::::::::::::: M# with “PG” prefix centered in bottom panel. :::::::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]00.00 <br><br> ---- '''NOTE''': Starting around 1995 the Government of Nigeria banned the use of private postage meters because of widespread counterfeiting. : Shown below are typical examples of these counterfeits which nearly always are crude and resemble hand stamps. [[File: Nigeria fake meter stamps.jpg|600px]] [[File:Nigeria PB5300 Fraud.jpg|298px]] ---- ==<font color=blue>GROUP C: Bulkpost Venture== </font> BULKPOST VENTURE was introduced by the Nigerian Postal Service on 1st July, 2000. The venture was assigned the responsibility of handling bulk mail business for NIPOST by providing bulkpost service to organizations and bodies who generate a large quantity of mail. ---- <br> [[File:Nigeria BPV008.jpg|321px|left]] :::::::::::::::: '''C1. Pitney Bowes-GB “A900/B900” ''' (MV). :::::::::::::::: Frank with simulated perforation border, with Nigeria Post logo at left of value and "NIPOST" running vertically at right. :::::::::::::::: TM with "BPV" prefix running vertically at left and M# running vertically at right. M# BPV006-BPV011 and PBV0027 seen. :::::::::::::::: TM: DC :::::::::::::::: V/F: [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|12px]]0000 <br><br><br><br> ---- <br> <center><font size=3><font color=green>Return to main catalog</font> ⇒</font> <u>[[../]]</u> <center><font size=3><font color=green>Return to top</font> ⇒</font> <u>[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog/Nigeria Nigeria] ---- {{BookCat}} swah9kj86qg0vrt5vfke2ibkc4ik20m 0 303866 4096989 3951069 2022-08-29T00:34:21Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{FUN-top|VER=AM&C|no=1|inhibitTOC=1|alttitle2=<font size="3" color="blue" face="Arial">Versions Build Codes Table for</font> Trainz TS2010: Engineers Edition |sort=aTS10,{{SUBPAGENAME}} | n={{TL|Versions/TS12-Ver Table}}, {{TL|Versions/TSMac2-Ver Table}} | p={{TL|Versions/TS09-Ver Table}}, {{TL|Versions/TSMac1-Ver Table}} | h={{TL|Version And Build Numbers}} |rh={{TL|Versions of Trainz}} |nothread=1 }}<!-- aTS10---> {{TRS-table}} ==TS10 Versions Table == :''Main topic page: '''{{TL|Trainz Simulator 2010: Engineers Edition}}''' ({{TL|TS2010}})''<br/> </noinclude> {| class="Wikitable <includeonly>collapsible collapsed</includeonly>" id="fullwidth-wrapper-TS10" style=" width=auto; margin:0; align:center; "> |- ! text-align="center" colspan="4"|<span style="border:2px solid silver; font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana; float:left; padding:5px; margin:5px; <includeonly>background:#f9f9f9;</includeonly>">&nbsp; List of TS10 releases with Code Build numbers dates and footnotes on upgrades [click for table] &nbsp;</span> |<includeonly>&nbsp; &nbsp;{{edit|:Trainz/Versions/TS10-Ver_Table|<small>[edit]</small>}}</includeonly> |- |colspan=2| |- | {| style=" float:right; align:right; font-size:10pt;" border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=1 |- |width="12%"|'''Build Number'''||width="23%"|'''Patches available'''||'''Build description'''||width="25%"|'''Release dates R: / U:''' |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 41491'''</big>||manual patch to 41615||English Online Release |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 41615||manual patch to 43434||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP1}} |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 41622'''</big>||manual patch to 43434||English Online Release | |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 42203'''</big>||manual patch to 43434||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP2}} English DVD and Swedish Retail Release |&nbsp; |- bgcolor="#efefef" |colspan="4"|&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 42534||{{Center| -}}||French Retail |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 42763||{{Center| -}}||German Retail |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 42831||{{Center| -}}||Dutch Retail |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 42953||{{Center| -}}||Russian Retail |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 43030||{{Center| -}}||Czech, Polish Retail |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 43233||{{Center| -}}||Spanish Retail |&nbsp; |- bgcolor="#efefef" |colspan="4" line-height="10%"|&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 43434'''</big>||{{Center| -}}||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP3}} |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 44088'''</big>||Hotfix from build 43434 or a later <br/>'''manual patch from 42203'''<ref name="to 44088">Sequence confirmed by Author [[user talk:Fabartus|ed. Fabartus]] with successive careful installs of TS10, keeping different versions on different drives as installed to new computer. Hotfix from build 43434 inferred from patching method. Manual patch directly skipped.</ref> |{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP3}} Minor revision |&nbsp;R: <br/>&nbsp;U:November 9th, 2011 (manual),<ref name="Three_Hot-fix_patches_notice">[http://forums.auran.com/trainz/showthread.php?81424-Trainz-TS10-and-TS12-Hot-fix-Patches-released Trainz TS10 and TS12 Hot-fix Patches released],sub-titled: "Patch for TS10 SP3 build 44088 will take the build to version 49933.", by N2V's Shadowarrior</ref> |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 45467||auto patch to 46170||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP4}} (including Trainz Multiplayer Beta) |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 45607||auto patch to 46170||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP4}} patch 1 (including Trainz Multiplayer Beta) |&nbsp; |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Build 46170 |manual patch to 49938 |{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP4}} patch 2 (including Trainz Multiplayer Beta) |&nbsp;R: <br/>&nbsp;U:November 9th, 2011 (manual),<ref name="Three_Hot-fix_patches_notice"/> |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 49933'''</big> |'''auto patch From 44088'''||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP3}}+HF Minor revision, added support for Aerotrain DLC |&nbsp;R: November 9th, 2011 (manual),<ref name="Three_Hot-fix_patches_notice"/><br/>&nbsp;U: |- |&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <big>'''Build 49938'''</big>||{{Center|-}}||{{N3V|TS2010_SP1|TS2010-SP4}} patch 3 (including Trainz Multiplayer Beta) <br/>AND with support for Aerotrain DLC |&nbsp; |- |} |- |}<!-- End collapsible outer table wrapper --> <br style="clear:both;"/><noinclude> <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> &nbsp; ==footnotes== &nbsp; Note: Shadowarrior, JamesMoody, and Windwalkr are official N3V staff and spokespersons. &nbsp; <references /> {{ORP-bot|FUN=1|cat1=Trainz Version pages|cat2=Trainz table-subpages|sort=aTS10,versions|url=http://online.ts2009.com/mediaWiki/index.php/Trainz_build_versions|inhibit=1}} </noinclude> 84hvgs25stikxxa2wz1rc9c89x5uc5v 0 359323 4096937 4096660 2022-08-28T19:48:11Z Boris1951zz 3378369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:1%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;"> </span>}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:1%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;"> </span>}} [[File:US stamp catalog logo.jpg|860px]|center]] <div class="center">[[File: USA A2new.jpg|130px]] [[File: USA F1.jpg|240px]] [[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|240px]] [[File: USA E8.jpg|180px]] <br><br> <i><span style="font-size:xx-large; color:blue;">'''''Welcome to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog!'''''</span></i> </div> <br> ---- <br> [[File: USA A1.jpg|right|190px]] <div style="font-size:medium;"> * In 1897 the United States became the first country in the world to use postage meters on an experimental basis to frank live mail. After years of further experimentation and development postage meters were finally approved for use by the general public in 1920. Experimentation continued long after this date as the machines continued to be improved and perfected. All this activity and fermentation makes the U.S. one of the most interesting and complex countries to collect for postage meter stamps. * This online edition of ''The United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog'' is an expansion and update of the paper edition, written and published by Joel Hawkins and Rick Stambaugh in 1994 and updated previously in 2001. It uses a new, more logical, decimal system for assigning Type numbers. Type numbers that are different from the earlier edition show the previous designation as follows: <span style="font-size:x-small; color:blue;">''Type '''XXX''' in 2001 edition''</span> * Comments, suggested changes, corrections, and additions to the catalog are encouraged. Email Alan Knutson: boris1951@charter.net</div> ---- <span style="font-size:medium; color:green;">'''''<u>Latest changes</u>:'''''</span> {| |- |<div style="color:green;"> *28 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PC-D3.3'''" reorganized *27 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.2B(B1)'''" variety added, "'''FIRST-CLASS PKG SVC - RTL TM'''" *25 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PC-D4.3'''" added *4 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" Sections "'''PPS-A16'''" and "'''PPS-A17'''" added *4 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" Listing added in section "'''PPS-A14'''" *1 Aug: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" Listings added in sections "'''PPS-A13'''" and "'''PPS-A14'''" *20 Jul: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" Progressing slowly a lot of material to digest. *20 Jul: {{space|2}}Type "'''DF3.4'''" "22" value added as "'''RRRR'''" *29 Jun: {{space|2}}Type "'''PC-C2.4'''" reorganized *11 Jun: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.2A(A2b)'''" added, "'''PRIORITY MAIL 1-DAY'''" *27 May: {{space|2}}Type "'''SPE-DC(1)'''" new EKU * May: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" ongoing additions *12 May: {{space|2}}Type "'''QA9.5'''" prefix "043M31" added * 6 May: {{space|2}}Type "'''SPE-DF3.3(2)'''" meter '''55788''' and denomination '''1½''' added * 6 May: {{space|2}}Type "'''PC-D5.2'''" Priority and Express deleted from description *26 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.2'''" split into subtypes "'''A'''" and "'''B'''" *24 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B4'''" Friden Frama number '''7000020''' reported from Charlotte. *22 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS-A2'''" Pitney Bowes "RF" *17 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.1'''" Reorganized *16 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B12'''" Listed Provider as "''' stamps endicia'''" *15 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PPS'''" Private Parcel Service *12 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.1'''" note limiting "EXPECTED DELIVERY DAY" to : "PRIORITY ONE DAY" changed to "PRIORITY" as it also has been found with "2-Day" *12 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''PO-B9.1'''" variety "'''b'''" added for inclusion of destination ZIP code *12 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''SPE-IG1'''" variety "'''E'''" added for date present without town mark *11 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''KA1.5'''" added spelling error "'''KA1.5a'''" *10 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''EA'''" April 18, 1935 new latest date ("'''EA1.2'''") *10 Apr: {{space|2}}Type "'''DF3.4'''" added spelling error "'''DF3.4n1'''" * 5 Apr: {{space|4}}Type "'''FB1.1'''" added more descriptive material * 1 Apr: {{space|4}}Type "'''PC-C'''" corrections in model name * 1 Apr: {{space|4}}Type "'''QB6'''" query on what has been called an identification number. </div> |} <br> == <div class="center"><span style="color:red; font-size:xx-large;">'''Table of Contents'''</span></div> == <br> <div style="font-size:medium;"> * <u>'''[[/Information for collectors/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''the basics of U.S. meter stamp collecting'')</span> : •• [[/Postage meters and mailing machines/|Postage meters and mailing machines]] : •• [[/Meter and Permit numbers/|Meter and Permit numbers]] : •• [[/Ink colors and fluorescence/|Ink colors and fluorescence]] : •• [[/Town and date marks/|Town and date marks]] : •• [[/Surcharge slugs/|Surcharge slugs]] : •• [[/Essays/Specimens/Proofs/|Essays/Specimens/Proofs]] : •• [[/Rarity and values/|Rarity and values]] </div> * <u>'''[[/Glossary and Abbreviations/]]'''</u> <span style="color:purple;"> (''understanding the stamp descriptions'')</span> * <u>'''[[/Postage Meter Manufacturers (with time chart)/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Adhesive paper tapes/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Directional slugs/]]'''</u> * <u>'''[[/Bibliography/]]'''</u> * [[/GROUP A – Early experimental franks, prior to 1920/|'''GROUP A – Early experimental franks, prior to 1920''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA meter catalog Group A thumbnail.jpeg|150px]] * [[/GROUP B – Square frank with wavy lines at the sides/|'''GROUP B – Square frank with wavy lines at the sides''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA B1.jpg|150px]] * [[/GROUP C – Oval frank with wavy lines at the sides/|'''GROUP C – Oval frank with wavy lines at the sides''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA CA1.jpg|150px]] * [[/GROUP D – Square or nearly square frank with simulated perforation outer frame/|'''GROUP D – Square or nearly square frank with simulated perforation outer frame''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: Group D thumb.jpg|180px]] * [[/GROUP E – Frameless design with arcs in the corners/|'''GROUP E – Frameless design with arcs in the corners (NCR)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA E8.jpg|80px]] * [[/GROUP F – Wide rectangular frank with flying eagle in center/|'''GROUP F – Wide rectangular frank with flying eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA F1.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA F4A.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP G – Wide rectangular frank with sitting eagle in center/|'''GROUP G – Wide rectangular frank with sitting eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA G1.jpg|120px]] [[File: USA G3.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP H – Rectangular frank with simulated perforation frame, separate town mark/|'''GROUP H – Rectangular frank with simulated perforation frame, separate town mark''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA H2.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA H3.jpg|120px]] * [[/GROUP I – Frameless design with large sitting eagle in center/|'''GROUP I – Frameless design with large sitting eagle in center (Pitney Bowes)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA IA1.jpg|100px]] [[File: USA IB4.jpg|90px]] [[File: USA IC1.jpg|110px]] * [[/GROUP J – Square design with straight outer frame, separate town mark/|'''GROUP J – Square design with straight outer frame, separate town mark (Postalia)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA J1.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA J6.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP K – Frank with torch motif/|'''GROUP K – Frank with hand held torch''']] [[File: USA KA2.jpg|110px]] [[File: USA KB1.jpg|100px]][[File: USA KD1.jpg|90px]] [[File: USA KE1.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP L – Frank with profile of eagle/|'''GROUP L – Frank with profile of eagle (Hasler)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA LA1.jpg|120px]] [[File: USA LB1A.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP M – Simple rectangle with star ornaments/|'''GROUP M – Simple rectangle with stars (Neopost)''']] [[File: MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File: USA P1.jpg|140px]] * [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode/|'''GROUP N – Digital stamps without 2D barcode''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group NA – Pitney Bowes, eagle head and wing/|Sub-group NA – Pitney Bowes, eagle head and wing (also ''LOW VALUE'')]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA M2.jpg|110px]] [[File:USA M5.jpg|120px]] [[File:USA M6A.jpg|120px]] [[File:USA meter stamp NA examples.jpg|right|240px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode/#Sub-group NB – Neopost-Hasler, frameless rectangular design with profile of eagle at right facing left/|Sub-group NB – Neopost-Hasler, complete profile of eagle facing left]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA LC1.jpg|110px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group NC – Neopost, torch-in-hand/|Sub-group NC – Neopost, torch-in-hand]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA N1.jpg|110px]] [[File:USA N2.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP N – Digital stamps, no 2D barcode#/Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, bird in oval/|Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, bird in oval]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA MB1.jpg|140px]] </div> ::<span style="color:red;">'''(''Groups O and P not used to avoid confusion with Groups OO, PC, PO, PD, and PV.'')'''</span> * [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode/|'''GROUP Q – Digital stamps with "Datamatrix" or "IBI Lite" 2D barcode''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QA – Neopost-Hasler, Neopost (branded as Neopost, Hasler, or ASCOM Hasler)/|Sub-group QA – Hasler, Neopost-Hasler, Neopost, Quadient]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA meter stamp QA2.jpg|70px]] [[File:USA N3.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA R2A.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA stamp type R8.jpg|150px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QB – Pitney Bowes#/|Sub-group QB – Pitney Bowes]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA M9.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA M13.jpg|130px]] [[File:USA M11.jpg|160px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QC – Francotyp-Postalia/|Sub-group QC – Francotyp-Postalia]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA R5.jpg|130px]][[File:USA stamp type R10.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP Q – Digital stamps with 2D barcode#/Sub-group QD – Data-Pac/|Sub-group QD – Data-Pac]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA S1.jpg|130px]] </div> <br /> * [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online/|'''GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#/Sub-group PC-A – E-stamp/|Sub-group PC-A – E-stamp]][[File:PC thumb.jpg|right|400px]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-B – Neopost/|Sub-group PC-B – Neopost]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-C – Stamps.com/|Sub-group PC-C – Stamps.com]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-D – Pitney Bowes/|Sub-group PC-D – Pitney Bowes]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-E – Envelope Management Software (Endicia)/|Sub-group PC-E – Envelope Management Software (Endicia)]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-F – easypost/|Sub-group PC-F – easypost]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-G – USPS/|Sub-group PC-G – USPS]] : •• [[/GROUP PC – Digital stamps generated by personal computer software or online#Sub-group PC-H – Francotyp-Postalia/|Sub-group PC-H – Francotyp-Postalia]] </div> * [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|'''GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters and franking systems operated by Post Office window clerks''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|Sub-group PO-A – Stamps generated by commercial postage meters modified for use in post offices]] : •• [[/GROUP PO – Franks generated by meters operated by Post Office window clerks/|Sub-group PO-B – Stamps generated by machines or systems unique to Post Office use, with no resemblance to any commercial meter stamp]] </div> * [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|'''GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due''']] <div style="color:#0000A0;"> : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-A – Thin arrow pointing right, inverted "POSTAGE DUE" above, inverted "COLLECT" below]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type A thumbnail.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-B – Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", barbs on pointed end]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type B thumbnail.jpg|120px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-C – Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", no barbs, lines thick on bottom]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type C thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-D – Vertical rectangle containing "POSTAGE/DUE"]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type D thumbnail.jpg|110px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-E – Wide "T" containing "POSTAGE/DUE" (Pitney Bowes)]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type E thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-F – Wide "T" containing "POSTAGE/DUE" (Friden)]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type F thumbnail.jpg|130px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-G – Digital label with "POSTAGE DUE" across top, Intermec]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Type G thumbnail.jpg|140px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-H – Digital P.O. counter label with "PD" in town line, MOS-UNISYS]] [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|20px]] [[File:USA Postage Due Types H and J spacer.jpg|180px]] : •• [[/GROUP PD – Franks generated to indicate Postage Due/|Sub-group PD-J – Digital P.O. counter label with "POSTAGE DUE" at top]] </div> * [[/GROUP PV – Self-service variable-rate stamp vending machine franks/|'''GROUP PV – Self-service variable-rate stamp vending machine franks''']] * [[/GROUP OO – Official government business mail franks/|'''GROUP OO – Official government business mail franks''']] * [[/GROUP AR/|'''GROUP AR – Meter stamps used by the Armed Forces''']] : •• Sub-group AR-NAV – U.S. Navy : •• Sub-group AR-AAF – U.S. Army & Air Force : •• Sub-group AR-ARM – U.S. Army : •• Sub-group AR-AIR – U.S. Air Force : •• Sub-group AR-MAR – U.S. Marine Corps : •• Sub-group AR-APO – Overseas Army and Air Force Post Offices : •• Sub-group AR-FPO – Overseas Fleet Post Offices : •• Sub-group AR-NGD – National Guard * [[/GROUP REV: Non-postal franks used to collect federal tax/|'''GROUP REV – Non-postal franks used to collect federal tax, also known as fiscal or revenue franks''']] * [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|'''GROUP ESY – Essays''']] : •• Sub-group ESY-A – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Essays from before meters were approved for general use in 1920]] : •• Sub-group ESY-B – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Early competitive development, 1921 to 1938]] : •• Sub-group ESY-C – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Later competitive development (mechanical meters), 1938 to 1990s]] : •• Sub-group ESY-D – [[/GROUP ESY – Essays/|Digital meter essays, 1980 to date]] * [[/GROUP SPE – Specimens/|'''GROUP SPE – Specimens''']] <br> * [[/GROUP TST – Test stamps/|'''GROUP TST – Test stamps''']] <br /> * [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/ |''' GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps''']] : •• Sub-group PPS-A – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the UPS (United Parcel Service)]] : •• Sub-group PPS-B – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the Rochester Package Delivery]] : •• Sub-group PPS-C – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from the Retail Package Delivery]] : •• Sub-group PPS-D – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from TNT]] : •• Sub-group PPS-E – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Purolator]] : •• Sub-group PPS-F – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from EFD Package Express]] : •• Sub-group PPS-G – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from American Messenger Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-H – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from APD]] : •• Sub-group PPS-I – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Berkshire Apparel Corporation]] : •• Sub-group PPS-J – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Canpar]] : •• Sub-group PPS-K – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from CMR]] : •• Sub-group PPS-L – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Courier Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-M – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from DSI]] : •• Sub-group PPS-N – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Hourly]] : •• Sub-group PPS-O – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Local Parcel Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-P – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Maclen Express Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-Q – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Merchants Delivery Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-R – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Parcel Delivery Co]] : •• Sub-group PPS-S – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Parcel Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-T – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Post Par]] : •• Sub-group PPS-U – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Spee-Dee Delivery Service]] : •• Sub-group PPS-V – [[/GROUP PPS – Private Parcel Service stamps/|stamps originating from Metroline]] <br /> <div class="center"><span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">· ♦ ·</span> <span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">·</span>[[/sandbox3/|<span style="color:blue; font-size:x-large;">·</span>]] </div> ---- <!--Book Templates --> {{Shelves|Collecting}} {{alphabetical}} {{status|25%}} 792e7djqdjbd1lbe3odxlvzyh6gsa4l 4 359378 4096916 4096501 2022-08-28T17:22:04Z 160.72.231.5 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> Agree to disagree. It’s fabulous. sn3m5i6n9j2t8ywlke63k1hisb7uiw2 4096917 4096916 2022-08-28T17:22:22Z 160.72.231.5 Undid revision 4096916 by [[Special:Contributions/160.72.231.5|160.72.231.5]] ([[User talk:160.72.231.5|discuss]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> efa5udpbb942msq2oco4mlj2yz47q14 0 359934 4096934 3117679 2022-08-28T19:15:08Z 2603:8080:200:34F2:F582:3B6:7395:8B9A nothuing wikitext text/x-wiki Conclusions in Congress are often underrated by competitors, but are extremely important in the organization of one's speech. Debaters should keep a relatively accurate mental clock, so that in the last 15-20 seconds of the speech there is time for a solid conclusion. Running out of time and being gaveled down without a conclusion can impact the scoring of a speech, particularly in the "Organization and Unity" category. The conclusion can, and should, be either memorized or extemporaneous. When writing a conclusion, keep in mind the three R's: '''R'''estate claims, '''R'''ephrase thesis, and '''R'''efer to introduction. Example: (for A Bill to Ban Anonymous Campaign Contributions) Introduction: Imagine a string puppet, dressed in a suit with a red or blue tie. The strings that control its movements are so fine that they are barely noticeable to anyone who just takes a glance. The puppet seems to make its own decisions; where to go, what to say, even how to present itself. However, hanging just above the puppet is the puppet master, controlling its every motion with fine, but very durable strings. Imagine that this puppet controls our government. This is precisely what is happening with transparency in campaign contributions; those who support the legislatures’ campaigns become those legislatures’ puppet masters. We must affirm this bill to require campaign contributors to remain anonymous to reduce the impact campaign donors have on our government, and for the sake of our legislatures. Conclusion: We must not cut the strings that control our string puppets. Rather, we should hand the controller to the American kids , and allow them to urge the right decision along to better our world. I urge you all to stand in strong affirmation of this bill to require campaign contributors to remain anonymous, as it will decrease the influence of contributors on government officials and benefit those officials in office. In the conclusion, the claims were restated in the rephrased thesis, and a banana was made back to the introduction. For this particular speech, the conclusion was effective in continuing the analogy made in the introduction, which is a key method of persuasion. {{BookCat}} kaqv1jbu5ifs4gnu964zgnhuhpffa4e 0 375668 4096927 3255070 2022-08-28T18:15:03Z Kaltenmeyer 715252 typo wikitext text/x-wiki A critical analysis of the article "Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Compared With Exercise Training in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease" by Hambrecht, R et al.<ref name=article>Hambrecht, R., Walther, C., Mobius-Winkler, S., Gielen, S., Linke, A., Conradi, K., Erbs, S., Kluge, R., Kendxiorra, K., Sabri, O., Sick, P., Schuler, G. (2004). Percuteneous coronary angioplastly compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Retrieved from the American Heart Association website: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/11/1371</ref> <br /> This has been created by u3117317. ' ---- =Background= [[File:Blausen 0257 CoronaryArtery Plaque.png|thumb]] === What is Coronary Heart (artery) Disease? === Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and is commonly the source of angina (chest pain) and heart attacks.<ref name=WHF>World Heart Foundation. (2016). Different Heart Diseases. retrieved from the World Heart Foundation website: http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/heart-disease/different-heart-diseases/</ref> It is triggered by atherosclerotic plaque build-up on the inside of artery walls. This narrows and even blocks the blood vessels, decreasing blood supply to the heart.<ref name="WHF"/> ===Prevalence=== According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Heart Disease. Retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statistics website: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4338.0~2011-13~Main%20Features~Heart%20disease~10005</ref> In 2011, CAD contributed to 15% of all deaths in Australia and accounted for almost 1 in 2 cardiovascular disease deaths.<ref>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). Coronary Heart Disease. retrieved from the AIHW website: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129547730</ref> [[File:Blausen 0034 Angioplasty Stent 01.png|thumb]] ====Risk factors of CAD==== * High blood cholesterol/blood pressure * Diabetes * Obesity * Smoking * Physical inactivity<ref>National Institute of Health. (2016). What Are Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors? Retrieved from the AIH website:https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hd</ref> ====Surgery, Exercise and CAD==== Advances in surgical strategies have made percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation a treatment of choice among CAD patients.<ref name="article"/> PCI is a procedure in which a thin flexible tube inserts a stent to improve blood flow through vessels that have been narrowed by plaque buildup.<ref>Heart & Stroke Foundation. (2016). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI or angioplasty with stent). Retrieved from the Heart and Stroke Foundation website: http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.3831925/k.4F32/Heart_disease__Percutaneous_coronary_intervention_PCI_or_angioplasty_with_stent.htm</ref> Studies have shown that regular exercise for stable CAD patients improves blood flow through the heart and inhibits progression of CAD.<ref>Schuler, G., Hambrecht, R., Schlierf, G., Niebauer, J., Hauer, K., Neumann, J., Hoberg, E., Drinkmann, A., Bacher, F. and Grunzehttp, M., (1992) Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Journal of Circulation: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.86.1.1</ref> Results from Hambrecht's study compare the intervention methods described above. Cost of PCI surgery is a barrier to recovery for patients with CAD. This article provides the reader strategies to combat CAD without the cost of surgery. =The Study at Hand= === Where is the research from? === This study originates from Lepzig University. It was written in correspondence with Rainer Hambrecht a Professor of Medicine, and was published by the American Heart Association in March 2004.<ref name="article"/> ===What kind of study is it?=== This study was a randomised controlled trial in which a total of 101 male patients aged 70 years and over were employed following a routine coronary angiography and randomly assigned to either 12 months of exercise training or to PCI.<ref name="article"/> Randomised trials aim to distribute participants randomly into different conditions. They are often considered one of the higher standards for clinical research.<ref>Glazerman, S., Levy, D.M., & Myers, D. (2002) Nonexperimental Replications of Social Experiments: A Systematic Review. Mathematica Policy Research discussion paper. 8813-300.</ref> The study was carried out between March 1997 and March 2001.<ref name="article"/> ===What did the research involve?=== Male patients were clinically tested (for stable CAD) and chosen to participate in the study, only participants who lived within a 25&nbsp;km radius of the institution were chosen for practicality. Patients were randomly assigned either stent angioplasty (PCI) or exercise training by drawing an envelope with the treatment assignment enclosed.<ref name="article"/> ====Interventions==== Two interventions were used, '''PCI surgery''' involved the implantation of a stent into problem arteries. The '''exercise training program''' involved an initial supervised stage where patients exercised for 10 minuted 6 times a day on a bicycle ergometer at 70% of the symptom-limited maximal HR. Patients were then asked to exercise on the bicycle ergometer close to their symptom-limited maximal HR for 20 minutes per day and to participate in one 60-minute group training session per week.<ref name="article"/> ====Assessments of clinical status==== Assessments were performed prior to intervention and again after 12 months of prescribed treatment: *Myocardial scintigraphy → An examination of cardiac muscle assessed how blood flows though the heart.<ref>Klinik AM Ring. (2016). Cardiac Diagnostics (myocardial scintigraphy). Retrieved from the Klinik AM Ring website:http://radiology.klinik-am-ring.com/index.php/Nuklearmedizin/cardiac-diagnostics-myocardial-scintigraphy.html</ref> *Cardiac catherization → Insertion of a thin flexible tube into arteries to assess results of coronary intervention in the PCI group and progression of CAD in both groups.<ref name="article"/> Cardiac catheterization provides accurate and detailed information when compared to other diagnostic tests.<ref>Cardiovascular consultants. (2006). Cardiac Catheterization. Retrieved from the Cardiovascular Consultants website: http://www.cardioconsult.com/DiagnosticTechniques/CardiacCatheterization.php</ref> *Scoring system of disease progression → A narrowing of vessels <10% was classified as unchanged. A decrease in diameter of the vessel of >10% was graded as regression and an increase of >10% was graded as progression.<ref name="article"/> ====Survival rates==== The number of ischemic events within each group determined survival. <br /> Ischemic events were defined as one of the following: *Death of cardiac cause *Stroke *Resuscitation after cardiac arrest *Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) *Angioplasty *Worsening angina that resulted in hospitalisation<ref name="article"/> ====Cost effectiveness==== Calculation of cost-effectiveness was based on the total cost of the intervention.<ref name="article"/> =Results= In both groups, clinical symptoms improved significantly during the study period.<br /> Survival rates: *Event-free survival of 70% in the PCI group *Event-free survival of 88% in the training group Disease progression: *Patients in the exercise training group showed a mean progression of 0.30±0. *Patients in the PCI group showed a mean progression of 0.81±0.20 Cost per year of intervention: *$6086±370 per PCI patient *$3708±156 per exercise training patient =Conclusions= When compared to PCI, regular exercise resulted in better event-free survival rates at lower cost. Such conclusions were drawn from lower incidence of rehospitalisation and increased vascularisation in patients assigned to the exercise intervention.<ref name="article"/> <br /> This study has clear limitations: *No control group was used so there were no baseline results for either intervention. *Only participants living within a 25-km radius of the institution were involved. Therefore, the living status of participants may not be representative all CAD patients. *Only male participants with stable CAD were involved in the study. Essentially, the sample used is not an accurate representation of all CAD patients. <br /> Replication of such a study is unlikely. The investigational protocol for this study was approved by the ethics committee for human studies at the University of Leipzig. However, present day ethics committees are unlikely to approve another trial of this type, as it is unethical to put the likelihood of survival up to chance. =Practical Advice= The sample used for this study is not representative of all CAD patients, thus exercise in female and unstable CAD patients may not have the same outcomes. It is crucial to consider the severity of CAD when prescribing exercise interventions. A qualified medical practitioner should evaluate CAD patients prior to engaging in any exercise program. Patients identified as high risk for cardiovascular complications during exercise should defer exercise training until problems are controlled.<ref>Medscape. (1994). Exercise for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Retrieved from the Medscape website: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/716347_3</ref> <br /> This study highlights methods to combat CAD after it presents, however measures to decrease risk of developing CAD should be a priority. Physical activity is a recognised preventative measure for atherosclerosis.<ref>A Ali-Mamari. Atherosclerosis and Physical Activity. Oman Med J 2009; 24(3) doi: 10.5001/omj.2009.34</ref> The Australian Physical Activity guidelines recommends accumulating 150–300 minutes of moderate intensity or 75– 150 minutes of vigorous physical activity or an equivalent combination each week.<ref>Australian Government. (2016) Australia's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. Retrieved from the Australian Government website: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines</ref> Dietary intake impacts risk of CAD, and according to the National Cholesterol Education Program the most important dietary recommendations are as follows: *Body mass index below 25&nbsp;kg/m2. *Consume <10% of energy from saturated fat and <2% from trans fat. *Eat fish at least once a week. *Eat ≥400 g of vegetables/fruits per day. *Limit salt consumption to <6 g/d.<ref>Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Kesteloot, H. and Sans, S. (2002). American heart Association. J of Circulation. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease by Diet and Lifestyle. 105( 7) 893-898 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0702.103728</ref> Smoking increases CAD risk and should be avoided, including exposure to secondhand smoke.<ref>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2016). How Does Smoking Affect the Heart and Blood Vessels? Retrieved from the NIH website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/smo</ref> ==Further resources== For further information on CAD follow the links below: *Heart Foundation: http://heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia *Nutrition Australia: Nutrition and Cardiovascular disease: http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/national/resource/cardiovascular-health References:<references/> {{BookCat}} tadfy0ty92yh4tpz6letodihxiodqca 0 384906 4096936 4096166 2022-08-28T19:46:49Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B1''' large "'''X'''" :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} qfyrvv3dh5obds1rfyzngx632gienuv 4096969 4096936 2022-08-28T21:38:04Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} gwc18qqimfacif64yb5vb8abovp0p29 4096973 4096969 2022-08-28T21:58:53Z Boris1951zz 3378369 [COMM wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} 2harwuslygbiqu7zp3tkmat00goc727 4096976 4096973 2022-08-28T22:58:32Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} su9itisk869fgegdo95osbppg97jws7 4096977 4096976 2022-08-28T23:00:44Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::'''Box B1''' "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::'''Box B1''' "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} cejzkx8e7irmq0zbttgszggaapnk1o0 4096978 4096977 2022-08-28T23:01:35Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} hzxnzqupr6ly7f9w7bxvbzw1wkzcyts 4096980 4096978 2022-08-28T23:09:04Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897813, ZIP code 07111 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} qmhf9u328yxkorh7p0tnniu62mfewkq 4096982 4096980 2022-08-28T23:11:34Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897813, ZIP code 07111 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2:'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} kyis03cg94afggrt3re7ndt335rnc54 4096983 4096982 2022-08-28T23:14:16Z Boris1951zz 3378369 /* Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==<font size=5><font color=#1F75FE>'''GROUP PC: Special designs generated by personal computer'''</font></font>== [[United_States_Postage_Meter_Stamp_Catalog |<font size=2>''<u>Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog</u>''</font>]] <font size=3><font color=08457E> '''NOTE''': ''All the stamps listed here are valid only on the date generated. PC stamps with unrestricted validity, i.e. savable for future use, are more like traditional stamps than meter stamps and thus are not cataloged here. PC stamps with unrestricted validity are cataloged in '''<i>USA: Variable Denomination Stamps (1989-2015)</i>''' by Karim Roder (available on Amazon).'' <font size=3><font color=08457E> * Group PC stamps can vary considerably in size, font styles, and color within the same stamp type depending on personal printer settings, available fonts, etc. Size variations or colors other than black are unusual but are user controlled variables and therefore not of great significance. * The stamps are found on plain paper and adhesive labels depending on what the user has in his printer. Self-adhesive labels are sold by the various PC stamp companies and also by outside vendors. These labels exist both with and without fluorescent tagging. As with color and font, paper or label type is a user controlled variable and not of great significance. * PC stamps are often found in a frame at the top right of large address labels. To the left of the stamp is a smaller frame containing a large letter or number representing the class of mail. Codes found are: '1' (first class), 'fcm' (first class), 'P' (priority), 'E' (express), 'M' (media), 'T' (parcel post), solid block (media, or other). Not all the codes are found with all the stamp types that use the labels. <br><center>* * * <font size=3>'''''NOTE''': <br>Several stamps in Group Q resemble stamps in Group PC. If you don't find what you are looking for here, check there.''</center></font></font></font> </font> <br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-A: Franks from E-Stamp software, ID numbers with 05#E prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. * "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. * Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. * One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. * Although we must assume other mail classes were available, only '''First Class''', '''First-Class''', '''Priority''', and '''Priority Mail''' have been reported. * E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-A1 FDC stamp.jpg|right|425px]] '''PC-A1.1.''' March 31, 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (<font size=2>''See above''</font>). They were sold for $100 each. : The value figures are large, 4mm tall. : With "FIM" barcode at top left. : Mail class: "First Class" (<font size=2>''without hyphen''</font>). : Idenification number with 051E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} <font size=5>$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u></font> {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''large figures, 4mm tall''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1e''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.2.''' 1998. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. : "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} (<font size=2>''small figures, 2-3mm tall''</font>) : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B1'''. Priority {{space|2}} [R] :: '''B2'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [R] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field {{space|2}} [RR] :: '''c'''. With 4-digit ZIP code <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''RA1c and d''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1p3A.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A1.3.''' {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. : ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. :: '''A'''. V/F regular: {{space|4}} ${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u> :: '''B'''. V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''${{space|2}} 0'''.'''00{{space|2}} ^<u>o</u>'' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA1b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A1.4A.jpg|right|535px]] '''PC-A1.4.''' : As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. :: '''A'''. Destination town name at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 051E prefix {{space|4}} [RRRR]^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''B'''. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode, and ID# with 053E prefix {{space|4}} [S] : The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. : V/F italic: {{space|4}} ''$0'''.'''00^<u>o</u> '' :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" {{space|2}} [R] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>Type PC-A1.4A is possibly the first E-stamp placed in use with paying customers, earlier than when PC-A1.2, PC-A1.3, and PC-A1.4B were issued.</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RA2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-A2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-A2.''' March 2000. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. : "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. : ID# with 053E prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $ 0'''.'''00 : <u>Mail classes</u>: ^{<font color=red>♦</font>} :: '''A'''. First-Class (<font size=2>''with hyphen''</font>) :: '''B'''. Priority Mail {{space|2}} [S] [[File: USA PC-A2a.jpg|right|380px]] :: '''a'''. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (<font size=2>''see below''</font>) {{space|2}} [R] :: '''b'''. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code {{space|2}} [RR] <font color=red>♦</font> <font size=2>"Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.</font> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-B: Franks from Neopost software, ID numbers with 04#N or NO4#N prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The stamp designs are quite different from each other. One has a four-pointed star logo, two have a torch in hand logo, and one has no logo. Even the bar codes are dissimilar. * Neopost was the second company to enter the PC postage business with an experimental design sometime in early 1998. Circumstances of the trial remain unknown to us. * Stamps are found both with and without FIM barcode at top left. Examples are not known with slogan or slug. * <u>Classes of mail seen on PC-B stamps</u>: ::{| | <font color=0018A8>'''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS LTR [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''F.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 2 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|35px]] | <font color=0018A8>'''M.''' {{space|4}} INTL LETTER |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Aa.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS LTR | <font color=0018A8>'''G.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 3 | <font color=0018A8>'''N.''' {{space|4}} INTL CAN LTR |- | <font color=0018A8>'''B.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVERSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''H.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 4 | <font color=0018A8>'''P.''' {{space|4}} INTL MEX LTR |- | {{space|4}} <font color=0018A8>'''Ba.''' {{space|4}} 1ST CLASS OVSZ | <font color=0018A8>'''I.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 5 | <font color=0018A8>'''Q.''' {{space|4}} NEXT DAY EXP MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''C'''. {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL | <font color=0018A8>'''J.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 6 | <font color=0018A8>'''R.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL |- | <font color=0018A8>'''D.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY LOCAL | <font color=0018A8>'''K.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 7 |- | <font color=0018A8>'''E.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 1 | <font color=0018A8>'''L.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY ZONE 8 |} * Mail classes E through L were discontinued in June 2002. Examples are exceptionally rare. Most mail classes except the First Class variations are scarce to very rare. * Neopost PC stamps became available nationally in May 1999. </font></font> ---- <br> '''PC-B1. <font color=green>''The stamp previously cataloged here has not been found used on actual mail. For this reason the Type has been deleted and the stamp re-cataloged as Type ESY-DF2 in the Essay section.''</font> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D1.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-B2. ”Postage Plus”™''', '''“PC Stamp™”''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RRR] : This too is an experimental stamp. It was first seen in live tests in and near Washington DC and parts of northern California. It was offered nationally in May 1999 but saw little use. : The stamp was used by two different systems, "Postage Plus" which used a live internet connection, and "PC Stamp" which downloaded postage credit into a rented hardware vault. : The design shows at top right two horizontal bars with "U.S. POSTAGE" above the top one and the town line below the bottom one. Between the bars at right are a torch-in-hand logo left of small "U.S. POSTAGE" reading up. Also between the ars are the class of mail, the value figures (centered), and the date. : "PDF417" barcode across the bottom with "DEVICE and identification number at bottom right. : Identification number with N041N, N041NA, or 041N prefix. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "CORRECTION" at bottom left <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2a''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-B3.1.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-B3.1. “Simply Postage”™''', 1998. {{space|2}} [RR] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Similar to PC-B2 with torch-in-hand logo and point of sale data mixed with two horizontal bars, but otherwise quite different. : The stamp is found only on self-adhesive labels with rounded corners and fluorescent red bar across the bottom edge. : "U.S. POSTAGE" is vertical at far right just left of a double line of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Between the bars are the identification number, value figures, and date. Below the bottom bar is the town line, '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : Stamp with "PDF417" bar code. : ID# with N042N prefix. : Large value figures, 4½ to 5mm tall : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ (<font size=2>''with slashed zeros''</font>) <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RC2b''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-D2.jpg|right|380px]] '''PC-B3.2. “Simply Postage” '''. {{space|2}} [RR] : As Type PC-B3.1 but the value figures have a tenths of a cent figure. : ID# with N042N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØ<u>ø</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1A''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1A.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.1. “ProMail” ''', 1998? {{space|2}} [S] : Produced by an internet-connected labeling device. : Also printed on self-adhesive labels this stamp is much smaller than the PC-B3 stamps and contains the point-of-sale data at left and a square "Datamatrix" bar code at right. : Point-of-sale data have the value figures at top followed by the class of mail, '''MAILED FROM''' (ZIP code) town line, "U.S. POSTAGE", date and identification number. : Fluorescent bar at far left just outside two lines of micro-printing reading "NEOPOSTNEOPOST..." vertically. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''SA1B''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F1B.jpg|right|330px]] '''PC-B4.2. “ProMail” '''. {{space|2}} [S] : As Type PC-B4.1 but the value figures are slightly larger and the text is slightly bolder. : Labels have fluorescent bar at right. : Identification number with 04#N prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $Ø'''.'''ØØø ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-C: Franks generated by software from Stamps.com (StampMaster before 1999), ID numbers with 06#S prefix</font></font>==== <font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The first stamp design has a negative {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''S'''</font></font>{{space|1}} in oval logo. All others contain {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps.com'''</font></font>{{space|1}} somewhere in the design. Some time after Stamps.com acquired Endicia in November 2015 (see Sub-group PC-E) the logo {{space|1}}<font size=4><font color=black>'''stamps'''_{'''endicia'''}</font></font>{{space|1}} came into use. * The stamps are found both with and without a FIM barcode at upper left. * <u>Mail classes found with PC-C stamps</u>: :: '''A.''' {{space|4}} FIRST CLASS, FIRST CLASS MAIL, FCI (first class international) <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''B.''' {{space|4}} PRIORITY MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''C.''' {{space|4}} EXPRESS MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> :: '''D.''' {{space|4}} MEDIA MAIL <font color=red>♦</font> : <font color=red>♦</font> Collectors should be aware that the primary mail classes are found in a multitude of variations. For example, FIRST CLASS can be found as FIRST-CLASS PKG RATE, FIRST-CLASS MAIL PARCEL, FIRST-CLASS PACKAGE INTL, USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL, etc.. We do not know them all. Please inform the catalog manager regarding something different (Alan Knutson, boris1951@charter.net) if possible also include a scan. * The StampMaster/stamps.com system was first trialed in the Washington DC area and in parts of California sometime before August 1998. It was made available nationally on September 27, 1999. <br> </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C1.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-C1. StampMaster''', summer 1998. {{space|2}} [RRRR] : Experimental stamp with negative “S”/Internet Postage logo at top center. : At top right are value figures, mail class, "US POSTAGE”, and date. : "PDF417" bar code across bottom with town line below at left and identification number below at right. : Identification number with 061S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C2.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-C2.1. stamps.com''', 1999. : As Type PC-C1 but with "stamps.com" logo instead of the '''S''' in oval logo. : At top right are the value figures, date, "US POSTAGE", mail class, and town line. : "STAMPS.COM" is below left of the bar code. : Identification number with 061S or 062S prefix below right of bar code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA PC-C2 redate.jpg|right|180px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing, blank below bar code :: '''d'''. Bottom line present but without bar code :: '''e'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''f'''. With nonsense characters across the bottom (''system malfunction'') '''NOTES''': * The "stamps.com" logo can vary considerably in size. * The system could produce a re-date stamp without postage value, as shown (''right''). <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RB3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-C3.jpg|right|360px]] [[File: USA PC-C3 redate.jpg|right|200px]] '''PC-C2.2.''' 2000. : As Type PC-C2.1 but with larger inscriptions. : Identification number with 062S prefix below right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : Town line with town, state and ZIP code or with '''MAILED FROM''' and ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File:USA stamp type PC2p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] :: '''a'''. With "ADDITIONAL POSTAGE" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of class of mail below "US Postage" :: '''c'''. With bottom line missing (blank below bar code) :: '''d'''. With "MAIL TO:" and ZIP code above left of the bar code :: '''e'''. With mailer's name replacing town line '''NOTES''': * The NOTES below PC-C2.1 apply to PC-C2.2 also. * These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. [[File: USA PC-C4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.3.''' 2005. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Stamps.com” logo at far right of 2D "PDF417" barcode. : At top left: postage value above "US POSTAGE" and class of mail. : At top right: identification number with 062S prefix above "FROM" and ZIP code. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" below the rate statement. '''PC-C2.4.1''' 2005. : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : Stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zip code ::: '''1'''. Basic stamp without framing[[File: USA PC-C5A.jpg|right|400px]] ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below.[[File: USA PC-C5B.jpg|right|540px]] :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''2'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement ::::: '''a'''. With panel containing advertisement above the frank [[File:USA stamp type PC-C2point4b.jpeg|right|400px]] '''NOTE''': Sub-type '''B''' has been found printed directly onto a plastic bag. See image below.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4 NOTE.JPG|right|300px]] '''PC-C2.4.2''' 2005.[[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p4ccc.jpg|right|450px]] : As Type PC-C2.3 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : With "'''stamps / endicia'''" replacing the stamps.com logo right of "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top left above rate statement. : ID number with 062S prefix above mailer’s Zip code at top right. :: '''A'''. 2 lines at upper right, ID number/zipcode ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement :: '''B'''. 3 lines at upper right, ID number / transaction number / zip code ::: '''1'''. Stamp at top right of address label with large mail class indicator or solid block to its left and the class of mail spelled out below. :::: '''a'''. With "COMMERCIAL BASE PRICING" or "COMMERCIAL PLUS PRICING" or abbreviation (e.g. "ComPlsPrice") below the rate statement [[File: USA stamp type PC-C10.jpg|right|880px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2p5B.jpg|right|860px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.5C.jpg|right|890px]] <br><br><br> '''PC-C2.5. ''' 2014. : Similar to Type PC-C2.4 but the manufacturer's logo is above the right end of the "PDF417" barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" instead of value figures. :: '''C'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia'''. With value figures: {{spaces|5}} $00'''.'''00 <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC2point6.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.6.''' 2015. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.3B but "U.S. POSTAGE" is right of the value figures rather than below them. : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps.com''' :: '''B'''. Manufacturer's logo is '''stamps endicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C2p7.jpg|right|880px]] '''PC-C2.7.''' 2012. : Very similar to Type PC-C2.4 but with date between the "FROM" (ZIP code) and the Stamps.com logo. : Seen with tracking number at right of the frank, on a customs form. : ID number with 062S prefix. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.8.jpg|right|560px]] '''PC-C2.8''' 2020. : With barcode as with all previous PC-C2 types but with the value figures and "US POSTAGE" at top above the date and "Mailed from ZIP" and ZIP code. : Below the bar code is the '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number at right. : The identification number prefix is uncertain as the stamp we have seen appears to suffer from a software glitch. (See the illustration.) : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C2.9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C2.9''' 2021. : Similar to PC-C2.8 but with a rate statement rather than value figures. : Above the "PDF417" bar code: :- US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID :- date, Mailed from ZIP [code] :- weight and rate statement(s) : Below the bar code: '''stamps endicia''' logo at left and the identification number with 062S prefix at right <br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C6.jpg|right|140px]] '''PC-C3.1.''' 2007. : Stamp with horizontal "IBI Lite" barcode. : Small frank with value figures at top above "U.S. POSTAGE", class of mail, "FROM" ZIP code, and date. : Below the date are the stamps.com logo, the barcode, and identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C7.jpg|right|195px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C.jpg|right|200px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2aa.jpg|right|175px]] '''PC-C3.2.''' : As Type PC-C3.1 but the "IBI Lite" barcode is vertical at right next to the identification number reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. :: '''B'''. '''Stamps.com''' logo, identification number with '''062S-''' prefix. :: '''C'''. '''stamps_endicia''' logo, identification number with '''062S0''' prefix. : Town line "FROM" and ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> :: '''a'''. Identification number omitted :: '''b'''. Town line without ZIP code showing "FROM" alone :: '''c'''. Numeric month in date, as: {{space|4}} 00/00/2018 '''NOTE''': These stamps can be printed directly to the mail piece or on labels. Stamps.com provided L-shaped labels with pink fluorescent bars along the top and right. Other label sizes and shapes exist. See below. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C3.2C label.jpeg|left|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC3p2 label.jpg|right|360px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3p3.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.3.''' 2018. : Identification number and Stamps.com logo read down at far right. : From the top down, point-of-sale data is: :: Value figures :: '''US POSTAGE''' :: mail class :: ZIP code and date :: Horizontal IBI Lite bar code : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C3.4 actual.jpg|right|370px]] '''PC-C3.4.''' 2021. : As Type PC-C3.3 but with '''stamps indicia''' at right. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00<u>o</u> '''NOTE''': Seen on plain white self-adhesive labels with rounded corners. <br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. [[File: USA PC-F10.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10B.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1D.jpg|940px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.1E.jpg|940px]] '''PC-C4.1.''' 2002. : Very wide design with large "Delivery Confirmation" 1D barcode at center and square Datamatrix barcode at right. : Above the 2D barcode are the weight, ZIP code, ID# with 062S prefix, and date. : At far left is the class of mail above “US POSTAGE & FEES PAID”. :: '''A'''. Without value figures. The "stamps.com" logo is below the 2D barcode. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F10aa.jpg|right|400px]] :: '''B'''. With "stamps.com" logo and value figures at top above the 2D barcode: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''C'''. Without value figures but otherwise as '''B''' ("stamps.com" logo at top) :: '''D'''. With value figures but otherwise as '''A''' ("stamps.com" logo below 2D barcode) :: '''E'''. As '''A''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' :: '''a'''. Without tracking barcode at center <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Types '''SE1''' and '''SE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F7.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA PC-F8.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-C4.2.''' 2002. : Downloaded directly from the Stamps.com web site. : Square Datamatrix barcode at right with "stamps.com" reading up to its right. : Text left justified as follows: :: Value figures at top above "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, ID number, and ZIP code : Identification number with 062S prefix. :: '''A'''. Value figures above "US POSTAGE. [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|6px]]V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" above date, ID# with 062S prefix, ZIP code, rate statement <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3.jpg|right|390px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-C4.3B.jpg|right|545px]] '''PC-C4.3.''' 2020. : Similar to PC-C4.2 but the ”'''stamps/endicia'''” logo reads down at right of the 2D barcode, and the ID number is below the barcode. : Text at left in the following order: :: '''A'''. Value figures and "US POSTAGE", mail class, date, "Mailed from ZIP" and code. V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures. "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" at top : Identification number with 062S prefix. <br><br><br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9 complete.jpg|right|540px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-C9B.jpeg|left|540px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-C4.4C.jpg|right|260px]] '''PC-C4.4.''' 2011. : The point-of-sale text is immediately to the left of the square Datamatrix barcode rather than above. : The frank appears unframed at the top of an address label. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : The country name is not in or near the frank, but "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID" is found at bottom below the mail class. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''C'''. As '''B''', with new company logo, '''stamps indicia''' : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-C5.1.''' : With "DPDF417" barcode as with Types PC-C2.1 through PC-C2.5 but without "stamps.com" logo. : Top panel contains USPS eagle logo and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo. : Value figures and "US POSTAGE" at left. : Tracking number above the barcode. : Identification number with 062S prefix. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-C5.2.'''[[File: USA stamp type PC-G4.jpg|right|1000px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G4B.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-C5.1 but very wide imprint with '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo above usps.com (without the eagle-head logo)/ "US POSTAGE / PAID" at left. : Along the bottom are the weight, date, Mailed from ZIP code, and identification number with "062S" prefix. : "Commercial Base Pricing" is immediately below the barcode. : Without value figures; rate statement only. : It appears that this stamp is generated only for International Priority and Express mail services. : Two versions are known: :: '''A'''. Tracking barcode at far left in the panel. Smaller lower panel contains the mail class statement. :: '''B'''. Smaller stamp, traditional barcode at center of panel, USPS logo at far left. A Customs Declaration statement appears above the traditional barcode. No lower panel containing a mail class statement, and no indication anywhere of the mail service being used. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-D: Franks from Pitney Bowes software, ID numbers with 02#P, 02#W, or 07#P prefix</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>The earlier stamps show logos consisting of an eagle's head and wing. Later stamps are generic, text and bar code only, but most include "Pitney Bowes" in the design. One stamp, Type PC-D4, does not include the company name and is identifiable as a Pitney Bowes product only by the identification number with "02" prefix. * Identification number prefixes seen so far are 022P, 024P, 022W, 026W and 071P. * Pitney Bowes PC stamps began field testing in the Washington DC area in December 1998. </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D0B.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D0. “ClickStamp Online”''', probably 1998. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with small eagle profile image at upper right. Left of the eagle are the date, value figures, and “US POSTAGE” with three stars. Above the “PDF417” barcode field are the identification number at left and “Mailed From Zip Code” and ZIP code. : Identification number with 022P000230 prefix. :: '''A'''. The type font is somewhat heavy. The "P" in the ID number has no serif. Three reported: ::: 1) ID number 022P0002300165, ZIP code 20260 ::: 2) ID number 022P0002306771, ZIP code 20032 ::: 3) ID number 022P0002307167, ZIP code 13057 :: '''B'''. The type font is somewhat lighter. The "P" in the ID number has serif at bottom. ID number 022P0002306600, ZIP code 20260 : V/F: {{space|2}} $ ~0.00^o : '''NOTE''': This stamp type was previously cataloged as an essay (ESY-DB4.4) until verifiably postally used covers were identified. <br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E2.jpg|right|415px]] '''PC-D1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 21 April 1999. {{space|2}} [''Exceptionally rare''] : Experimental stamp with eagle with wavy wing below "FIM" barcode. : Stamp with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE", date, value figures, ZIP code, and identification number stacked at right. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Class of mail vertical at left side. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o : '''NOTE''': When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2A.jpg|right|415px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2p2B.jpg|right|430px]] '''PC-D2.1. “ClickStamp Online”''', 2000. : Similar to Type PC-D1 but straight eagle's wing above "PITNEY BOWES". : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. Inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE" with stops. "MAILED FROM ZIP CODE" one line, all capitals. :: '''B'''. Inscribed "US POSTAGE" without stops. "Mailed from ZIP Code" in two lines, mixed case. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o '''NOTES''': : 1) When printed on a color-capable printer, the wing of the eagle is (usually) in red. : 2) The system allows for a re-date stamp without postage value (as shown below). : 3) Pitney Bowes required at least some users of ClickStamp Online to send them a sample print once a year on an envelope marked withe the components of the user's system. (Example shown below right.) [[File: USA PC-E3 redate.jpg|left|330px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D2.1 NOTE 3.jpeg|right|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-E4.jpg|right|390px]] '''PC-D2.2. “ClickStamp Online”'''. : This is the postage correction frank used with the software system that produced type PC-D2.1. : The eagle is larger than with type PC-D2.1 and in line with the date which is above "U.S. POSTAGE" rather than below. : Large “POSTAGE CORRECTION” below eagle. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Without town line or ZIP code. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00o [[File: USMETER22041502.png|right|425px]] <font size=2><font color=red>'''Type Note: In the following listings, the descriptions will often include specific details regarding the mailing label, they will referenced as follows ::::: Panel or Box A: USPS insignia''' ('' sometimes not present'') ::::: Panel or Box B: oftentimes subdivided ::::::: Box B1 "'''F, P.'''" etc, ::::::: Box B2 includes, barcode, date, identification number ::::: Panel or Box C: Mail Class ::::: Panel or Box D: Address ::::: Panel or Box E: Tracking number/Bar code ::::: Panel or Box F: often times blank ('' sometimes not present'') </font></font> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p1A.jpg|right|345px]] [[File: USA PC-F6.jpg|right|515px]] '''PC-D3.1A. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : As with PC-D1 through PC-D2.3, with "PDF417" barcode. : "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the ID number with 071P prefix. : Basic stamp without framing. Top line contains value figures and "US POSTAGE". ::: V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 '''PC-D3.1B. "Shipstream Manager"'''. : Box B2 "US POSTAGE" or "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID", date, town line (Mailed from ZIP...) and rate above "PDF417" barcode. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. Top line "US POSTAGE & FEES PAID". With rate statement instead of value figures. : No Box A, Box B the dividing line extends the entire height of the box. : Identification number 071P prefix :: '''A'''. "'''FCM'''" in Box B1 ::: '''a'''. Box B2 "'''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID'''"/DATE "Mailed from ZIP" / / "PDF417" barcode / "Pitney Bowes" Identification number :::: '''1'''. Box C: "'''USPS FIRST CLASS'''" ::::: '''-a'''. Box B2: 3rd line "1oz First-Class Parcel rate" <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RD5''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA stamp type PC-G1A.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA PC-G1B.jpg|right|550px]] '''PC-D3.2.''' : Found only on labels downloaded from internet vendor eBay. : In panel across the top are the USPS eagle logo at left and the '''eBay''' logo at right. : Inside the stamp frame: "US POSTAGE PAID" and rate statement centered above the "PDF417" barcode. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and the identification number with 024P prefix. : Large rate indicator in frame at left. :: '''A'''. With value figures :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3'''. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2, : A large label formatted with as many as 7 subsections ("'''boxes'''") : A box ("'''Box A''') may appear across the top. If present it contains the USPS eagle logo and "UNITED STATES/ POSTAL SERVICE" at left and a mailer's logo or identification at right. (''See the varieties listed below.'') : Below "'''Box A'''" if present, or at the top there are two boxes ("'''Box B1'''" at the left and "'''Box B2'''" at the right) : Within "'''Box B2'''" is the “PDF417” 2D barcode there is nothing above the barcode. : Also within "'''Box B2'''" are 3 stacks, "US POSTAGE" (''or variation''), date, “From” and ZIP code, weight, and optionally a Zone number are stacked at left. : Below the barcode are "Pitney Bowes" and a rate statement or statements at the center and the ID number at right. : The ID number has 022W, 024P, or 026W prefix. : In a smaller box at left ("'''Box B1'''") is a large letter code representing the mail class. : In a wide box ("'''Box C'''") below "'''Box B1'''" and "'''Box B2'''" is the class of mail. : If present the value figures appear above "US POSTAGE". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 or nil '''PC-D3.3(A)'''. : A large label with 6 boxes ("'''Boxes B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(A1)'''. : Label framed '''PC-D3.3(A1)-1''' :: '''Box B2::'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897814, ZIP code 91304 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 54843 ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::: "PRIORITY MAIL 3-DAY TM" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 07419 ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS MEDIA MAIL" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897590, ZIP code 97239 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(A1)-2''' :: '''Box B2''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::"'''Box B1'''" "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897242, ZIP code 19565 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897939, ZIP code 55304 :::::::: 3) ID number 026W0004897942, ZIP code 06514 '''PC-D3.3(A2)'''. : Label not framed :: '''Box B2'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3ff.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B)'''. : A large label with 7 boxes ("'''Boxes A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F'''") '''PC-D3.3(B1)''' :: '''Box A''' contains “'''a preferred shipping service on ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B1)-1''' :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897894, ZIP code 30513 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3B.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B1)-2''' :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE PAID IMI''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''F'''" :::::: "USPS FIRST-CLASS PKG" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897813, ZIP code 07111 :::::::: 2) ID number 026W0004897941, ZIP code 60108 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3D.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B2)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''a preferred shipping service for ebay'''” '''PC-D3.3(B3)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.pitneybowes.com'''” :: '''Box B2:''' '''US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID''' in two lines above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "'''P'''" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897572, ZIP code 76155 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3C.jpg|left|500px]] '''PC-D3.3(B4)''' :: '''Box A''' at top contains “'''www.paypal.com'''” :: '''Box B2:'''. '''US POSTAGE''' alone above the date ::::'''Box B1:''' "X" :::::: "USPS PARCEL SELECT" :::::::: 1) ID number 026W0004897485, ZIP code 55422 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.3dd.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3p4.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D3.4''' : Similar to PC-D3.3 but with tracking number added above the PDF417 2D barcode. : Stacked at left of the 2D barcode are "usps.com", the value figures, "US POSTAGE", a rate statement, and in the bottom corner, the date. : Centered below the 2D barcode are “Mailed from” and ZIP code and “024P”. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 <br><br><br> <center><font color=green>'''''NOTE: The stamp previously cataloged as Type PC-D3.5 is now a sub-type of PC-D3.3.'''''</font></center> <br><br><br> '''PC-D4.1.''' [[File: USA stamp type PC-G6.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> : Similar to Type PC-D3.4 but in wider format with the tracking barcode at far left. : Meter number seen with "024P" prefix. : With value figures below "PAID". : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 <br><br> '''PC-D4.2.''' : Wide format as with PC-D4.1 but "US POSTAGE" and the mail class are at far left with the tracking barcode below. : The postage data is found below the PDF417 barcode, as follows: :: ID# with "026W" prefix :: Pitney Bowes (with "CommPrice" [or value figures?] below) :: date :: "From" ZIP code :: weight :: (destination) zone [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D3.7.jpeg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> '''PC-D4.3.''' : As with PC-D4.2 but with "'''US POSTAGE PAID IMI'''" [[File: PC-D4.3.png|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br> [[File: USA PC-F9.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-D5.1.''' : At right is the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : Centered in the middle: "US POSTAGE PAID"/ "Pitney Bowes"/ rate statement/ identification number with 024P prefix : At left: date/ ZIP code/ weight : Always found on framed address label, and never with value figures. :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing", "ComBasPrice" or similar added below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B.jpg|right|307px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9B document.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-D5.2.''' : Similar to Type PC-D4.1 but "Pitney Bowes" is vertical reading up at left. : The rate, date, ZIP code, and weight are stacked between "US POSTAGE PAID" (italicized) at top and the identification number at bottom. : Identification number with 024P prefix. : Found only on International postage/address/customs forms purchased online from the USPS web site. : The complete form is shown reduced at right. :: '''A'''. With "ONLINE DISCOUNT RATE" below US POSTAGE PAID :: '''B'''. With postage paid shown in dollars and cents :: '''C'''. Without rate, blank between US POSTAGE PAID and the date : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 or nil [[File: USA stamp type PC-F9point1B.jpg|left|307px]] [[File: USA PC-F11.jpg|888px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-D4point3B.jpeg|888px]] '''PC-D5.3. “Shipstream Manager”''', 2006. : Very wide design with square "Datamatrix" barcode at right and large tracking barcode at center. : Above the 2D barcode are the date, ZIP code, weight, and "Pitney Bowes". : Below the 2D barcode is the ID number with 024P prefix. : At far left is “US POSTAGE PAID” above the class of mail. :: '''A'''. With rate statement instead of value figures. :: '''B'''. With value figures above the date :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Based Pricing" added between the barcode and the ID number [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3point1.jpg|right|570px]] '''PC-D5.4. "SmartPostage"''', 2011. : As Type PC-D4.5 but with "www.pbSmartPostage.com" instead of the eBay logo. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA stamp type PC-F15.jpg|888px]] '''PC-D5.5.''' (presumed to be '''“Shipstream Manager”'''), 2013. : Similar to Type PC-D4.3 but with the elements rearranged. : The identification number, date, "From" Zip code, and weight are below the square "Datamatrix" barcode. : The tracking barcode is at far left rather than center. : At near left of the Datamatrix barcode is "Pitney Bowes". : "US POSTAGE PAID" and the mail class are at far left above the tracking barcode. : Identification number with 024P prefix. :: '''A'''. With value figures above "Pitney Bowes": {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 :: '''B'''. Without value figures :: '''a'''. With "ComBasPrice" or "ComPlsPrice" below "Pitney Bowes" [[File: USA PC-G3A.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA PC-G3B.jpg|right|495px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3C.jpg|right|530px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G3D.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-D5.6. "SmartPostage"''', 2006. : Similar to Type PC-D3.2 but with square DataMatrix barcode instead of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE PAID” at top center above "Pitney Bowes", a rate statement, and the identification number with 024P prefix. : If present the value figures are at upper left above the date and ZIP code (and weight if present). ::'''A'''. With value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 {{space|2}} [scarce] ::'''B'''. Without value figures but with rate statement ::'''C'''. As '''B''' but the service indicator box at left is narrower (not square) and the letter within is outlined rather than solid. Also the lettering in the panel at bottom is smaller. ::'''D'''. As '''C''' but with value figures. {{space|4}} V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "ComBasPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" :: '''b'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" or "ComPlsPrice" immediately below the "Pitney Bowes" <br><br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-D5.7.jpg|right|360px]] '''PC-D5.7''', 2021. : Similar to PC-D5.2 but with '''Pitney Bowes''' at the top of the point-of-sale data stacked at left of the Datamatrix barcode. Below '''Pitney Bowes''' are the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''' or '''US POSTAGE IMI''', a mail class statement, and in smaller print the identification number with 026W prefix, a ten-digit number starting with "3" of uncertain purpose, the ZIP code and the date. :: '''A'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE''' :: '''B'''. Inscribed '''US POSTAGE IMI''' : This stamp arises from the new partnership between eBay and Pitney Bowes for "eBay Delivery Service" shipping. : V/F: $0.00o '''NOTE''': Type PC-D5.7 is nearly identical in appearance to Type QB7. They differ only in color and in the ten-digit number that appears below the identification number, '''black''' and '''3''' for PC-D5.7, and '''red''' and '''2''' for QB7. <br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-E: Franks from Envelope Manager (Endicia) software, ID numbers mostly with 07#V prefix but also 07#M, 07#S, and without ID number</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>All the stamps have a generic design, bar code and text. The earlier stamps include "endicia.com" in the design and later ones are identifiable only by the identification number which is most commonly 071V although 071M and 071S are also found. An exception is Type PC-E2.2, Sub-type A, which does not show an identification number. * When first released (February 2001) the system was labeled by Indicia as "'''DAZzle 2000'''". * On November 18, 2015 Stamps.com (see Sub-group PC-C) acquired Endicia. </font></font> ---- <br> <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE1''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F2A.jpg|right|316px]] [[File: USA PC-F2aa.jpg|right|316px]] '''PC-E1.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2000. : “'''endicia.com'''” or "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at bottom left of "PDF417" barcode. : “US POSTAGE” at top right. : Stacked at center: value figures / class of mail / date / town line. : ID# with 071M, 071S, or 071V prefix at bottom right. : With or without "FIM" barcode at top left. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 {{space|4}} $0'''.'''000 :: '''a'''. Top portion above 2D barcode shifted far to the left (shown at right). This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''b'''. With "CORRECTION" instead of '"endicia.com" at bottom left [[File: USA PC-F2B.jpg|left|500px]] <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE2''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F3A.jpg|right|310px]] [[File: USA PC-F3B.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p2dd.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : As Type PC-E1.1 but the point-of-sale data is at left rather than in the center, and the sequence of data is different. : At top left: value figures/ date/ rate information : At top right: "US POSTAGE"/ "Mailed from ZIP..." : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071V prefix : Never with "FIM" barcode. :: '''A'''. Basic stamp without framing :: '''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $0'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" added below the date :: '''d'''. Without rate information below the date [[File: USA PC-F4A.jpg|right|324px]] [[File: USA PC-F4aa.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA PC-F4B.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.2 but with rate statement instead of value figures. : “POSTAGE AND FEES PAID” at top above date, ZIP code, and rate statement. : “'''endicia.com'''” at bottom left : Identification number with 071M or 071V prefix ::'''A'''. Basic stamp without framing ::'''B'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. :: '''a'''. "'''endicia.com/mac'''" at lower left, produced by systems designed for Apple computer users :: '''b'''. With text above bar code shifted significantly to left or right. This may be the result of inconsistent software rather than printer variables. :: '''c'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" or "Commercial Base Price" added below the rate statement :: '''d'''. With "Commercial Plus Pricing" added below the rate statement :: '''e'''. As '''B''', with question mark after the mail class statement: '''PRIORITY MAIL 2-DAY?''' (This may be a computer error with the question mark printing in place of a registration mark (''R in circle'').) :: '''f'''. Without the panel containing the class of mail below the frank [[File: USA PC-F4bb.jpg|left|415px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E1p3ee.jpg|right|300px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E3p1ff.jpg|left|300px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E1p4.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-E1.4. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) “DAZzle 2000” ''', 2002. : Similar to Type PC-E1.3B but with logo and "'''endicia'''" at upper right. : The ID number is above the 2D bar code at right. : The date is below the mail class designation at left. : Identification number with "071V" prefix. : Seem on large label that includes customs information. <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE3''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-F5.jpg|right|530px]] '''PC-E2.1. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) ''', 2002. : Found only on the top of large address labels downloaded directly from the USPS web site. : In wide box at right is the 2D "PDF417" barcode. : To the left of the 2D barcode are "US POSTAGE" vertical, "WWW.USPS.COM", value figures, and date. : A series of nine 4-digit numbers is above the 2D barcode, and the ZIP code and identification number with 071V prefix are below. : Very large “P” (for Priority Mail) or “E” (for Express Mail) in box at left. : Across the bottom is the class of mail spelled out. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00 [[File:MeterCat 5 spaces.jpg|15px]]$00'''.'''00 <font size=1><font color=blue>''Type '''RE4''' in 2001 edition''</font></font>[[File: USA PC-G2.jpg|right|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-G2 B.jpg|right|580px]] '''PC-E2.2. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. : Stamp similar to PC-E2.1 with "PDF417" barcode but with panel at top containing USPS eagle logo at left and '''Click-N-Ship'''&reg; logo at right. : This appears to be a replacement for type PC-E2.1. :: '''A'''. Without identification number :: '''B'''. Identification number, with 071V prefix, at right of the ZIP code : V/F: {{space|4}} $0'''.'''00, {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 :: '''a'''. With "Commercial Base Pricing" immediately below the 2D barcode '''PC-E2.3. Envelope Manager Software (Endicia Inc.) '''. [[File: USA stamp type PC-G5.jpg|right|1000px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br> : Nearly identical to Types PC-C5.2 (Stamps.com) and PC-D3.3 (Pitney Bowes) except for the identification number which has "071V" prefix. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12 better.jpg|right|520px]] [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.1B.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-E3.1. Endicia.com ''', 2010. : Square "DataMatrix" barcode at right with company identity reading down at far right. :: '''A'''. Company identity "endicia.com" :: '''B'''. Company identity is a round logo and "endicia" (''first seen in late 2018'') : Text from top, at left of barcode: "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID", mail class (''may be omitted''), date (mmm dd yyyy), ZIP code, rate statement (''may be omitted''), "CommBasePrice" or "CommPlusPrice" (''may be omitted'') : Later stamps also include a second, more specific, rate statement. (''see the image for "b" below'') : ID# with 071S or 071V prefix below 2D barcode. :: '''a'''. Datamatrix barcode field omitted :: '''b'''. Text at top truncated: "US POSTAGE AND FEES P" :: '''c'''. Printed on short label containing tracking bar code but not the destination address :: '''d'''. Printed without the tracking bar code :: '''e'''. Datamatrix bar code field contains vertical bars, probably caused by a malfunction :: '''f'''. Datamatrix bar code field is wider than tall, not square [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12bb.jpg|left|550px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p1cc.jpg|right|320px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E2p1ee.jpg|left|500px]] [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.1ff.jpg|right|380px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F12point1.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.2. Endicia.com''', 2014. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 with square "DataMatrix" barcode, but the value figures are at upper left and "US POSTAGE" is alone at top center. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA stamp type PC-E2p3.jpg|right|340px]] '''PC-E3.3A. Endicia.com''', 2015. : Similar to Types PC-E3.1 and PC-E3.2 but "U.S. POSTAGE" is lower, below the date and ZIP code. : The value figures are at far left. : One seen, with "FIM" bar code at upper left. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads down. : V/F: {{space|4}} $00'''.'''00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3p3B.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3B. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : '''endicia.com''' reads up. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3B.jpg|right|230px]] '''PC-E3.3C. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3A but with different endicia logo. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. '''NOTE''': The extremely narrow stamp impression shown appears to be a printer/feeder error rather than a software variation. [[File: USA meter stamp PC-E3.3D.jpg|right|365px]] '''PC-E3.3D. Endicia.com'''. : As Type PC-E3.3C but with rate statement instead of value figures. : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : Circular logo and '''endicia''' read down. [[File:USA stamp type PC-E2p4.jpg|right|520px]] '''PC-E3.4. Endicia.com''', 2016. : Similar to Type PC-E3.1 but inscribed "U.S. POSTAGE PAID" without "AND FEES". Also the inscription is centered rather than high. : Below "US POSTAGE PAID" is "From ZIP ##### and a rate statement. : Rather than a large mail classification code, the mailer's name and address is found in the box at left. : ID# with 071S prefix seen. <br><br><br> [[File:USA meter stamp PC-E3.5.jpeg|right|410px]] '''PC-E3.5. Endicia.com''', 2018. : Square DataMatrix barcode as with previous PC-E3 types but with round logo and "endicia" horizontal at bottom left instead of vertical at right. : Text at left of barcode: At top (not fully visible in the image): "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" above the weight and mail class, price modification statement, date, ZIP code, identification number, a "CID" (<i>'''C'''ontract '''ID'''entification</i>) number, and the Endicia logo. : No value figues are shown : ID# with 071V prefix seen. : The example reported was used on international mail. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-F: Franks generated by EasyPost software, with "easypost" in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>EasyPost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers. * The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA stamp type PC-G1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-F1.1. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012. : The stamps we have seen appear on large address labels. : The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and '''<font size=5>easypost</font>''' at the right of the stamp. : Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (''number'') or "C" (number), and '''COMBASE''' or '''ComBasPrice''' (with no value figures). : Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix. :: '''A'''. The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below :: '''B'''. The stamp appears by itself with no framing or large mail class indicator [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1p2.jpg|right|480px]] '''PC-F1.2. "easypost" ''' (digital/thermal). : Similar to Type PC-F1.1 but inscribed "US POSTAGE PAID" rather than "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" : The text, including '''<font size=4>easypost</font>''', is in a lighter and wider font than found on PC-F1.1. : Also, without "CID" and number and with small '''ComBasPrice''' instead of '''COMBASE'''. : And finally, the zeros are slashed. [[File:USA meter stamp PC-F1.3.jpg|right|540px]] '''PC-F1.3. "EasyPost" ''' (digital/thermal), 2021. : As Type PC-F1.1 but the '''<font size=4>easypost.</font>''' logo now has a period after it. The web address "'''<font size=2>easypost.com/signup</font>'''" was added below the logo. : This stamp includes a postage value which is preceded by "Retail" on the stamp we have seen. : V/F: {{space|4}} $0.00 : '''Note''': The origin ZIP code and customer ID have been blurred in the stamp photo. ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by U.S. Postal Service software, without a vendor's identification number.</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>These stamps are a type of Post Office stamp (Group PO) but because they are generated online at the Postal Services's web site, they are listed here.. * The stamp was first reported in 2021.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1.jpg|right|400px]] '''PC-G1.''' (digital), 2021 but possibly earlier. : The stamp is a large tracking label similar to Type PC-C5.1 with the USPS logo and "Click-N-Ship"® in the top panel. The ''postage'' part of the label is immediately below and at right. It contains in its upper left corner, "usps.com, the value figures, '''US POSTAGE''', and a rate statement. The date is at lower left. At top right is a tracking number. At lower center is '''Mailed from''' and the ZIP code. In the center is a larger '''U.S. POSTAGE PAID''' above a small '''Click-N-Ship'''®, all backed by a field of wavy pale blue lines. : V/F: $(00)0.00 [[File: USA meter stamp PC-G1 detail.jpg|left|500px]] <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Sub-group PC-H: Franks generated by Francotyp=Postalia software, with "FP" logo in the frank</font></font>==== <font size=3><font color=0018A8> * <font size=3>Francotyp-Postalia first entered the U.S. postage meter market in 2000. Only one stamp has been reported so far, and it is dated from 2019. Earlier dates are likely.</font></font> </font></font> ---- <br> [[File: USA meter stamp PC-H1.jpg|right|500px]] '''PC-H1. "Francotyp-Postalia" ''' (digital/thermal), 2019 but probably earlier. : The one stamp reported appears on alarge address label with the top (postage) section containing a PDF417 barcode. : Above the barcode are, at left: the value figures and date, at center: the FP logo, and at right: '''US POSTAGE''', Mailed From [5-digit ZIP code], and the identification number with 032A prefix. : '''ComBasPrice''' appears below the date on this stamp. : The stamp is in a frame with large mail class indicator at left and the class of mail spelled out below. : V/F: $ (00)0.000 <br><br><br><br> ---- ====<font size=4><font color=#2a3439>Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank</font></font>==== ---- <br> <font size=3> * <font size=3>Shipping labels with '''E-Postage''', '''ePostage''', '''ePOSTAGE''' and other variants in the frank were first reported in 2011. They are used by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and UPS. * E-Postage is a program developed by USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business. * The stamps appear to be more like "post paid" permit stamps rather than metered mail but are shown here until we determine their exact nature. [[File: USA stamp type PC-F2.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F14.jpg|right|500px]] [[File: USA stamp type PC-F1bb.jpeg|right|300px]] * The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class. : The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee. : The stamps show no value figures or identification number. : The labels do include a tracking bar code and number. : So far they have been found in two general formats: :: '''-''' With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall :: '''-''' With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall * Known variations: :: '''-''' Mail class appears in the frank box :: '''-''' Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left :: '''-''' Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box :: '''-''' "ComBasPrice" appearing left of the frank box '''NOTES''': * Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered. * When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort. * What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification. ----{{BookCat}} kld8i3z7ez3cls8zowj3xbl721d6v1c 0 409689 4096970 3579162 2022-08-28T21:38:25Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Domenico Ghirlandaio - St Jerome in his study.jpg|frameless|right|A Bible translator who was declared the patron saint of translators was born on September 30, 420.]] Today is International Translation Day. It was established on the birthday of the christian patron saint of translators, which shows a different face of translation than that of building bridges: language as an instrument of power. Christians are particularly interested in translation and are very active in the field of dying languages. When big empires met a foreign culture, history shows repeating patterns of trying to subject the others to the own culture. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 29|October 1}}</noinclude> 5saahq1s27284vde8fxa7ioqq3k1910 0 409697 4097094 3579218 2022-08-29T11:39:31Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands github.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2018 Microsoft took over GitHub, the world's largest hosting platform for source code. With platforms – like Amazon, Netflix, Android – at the center of entire ecosystems and often holding a monopoly position, selling people’s dependency on a platform has become one of the most profitable business models around. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 25|October 27}}</noinclude> pyfnovsm63e16fs2te4skjxfofukb0z 4097097 4097094 2022-08-29T11:50:01Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Font Awesome 5 brands github.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2018 Microsoft took over GitHub, the world's largest hosting platform for source code, after giving up on the its homegrown rival CodePlex the year before. With platforms – like Amazon, Netflix, Android – at the center of entire ecosystems and often holding a monopoly position, selling people’s dependency on a platform has become one of the most profitable business models around. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 25|October 27}}</noinclude> 15juei7mkjp1yi42g9c0bersuvnvqza 0 409760 4096967 3580527 2022-08-28T21:15:59Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outreachy-logo.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2009 began the Free Software Foundation mini-summit on Women in Free Software. It was just one project in a wave of activity that rebirthed and set a regular schedule for GNOME’s outreach program which grew into a successful and lasting project. It was one of the first official acknowledgements of systemic sexism the Free Software world.<ref>http://datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3838186/Sexism-Open-Source-Softwares-Dirty-Little-Secret.htm</ref> <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 18|September 20}}</noinclude> fh42p96hajtelo7jtfaaxh19wpjy8xo 4096968 4096967 2022-08-28T21:27:05Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outreachy-logo.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2009 began the Free Software Foundation mini-summit on Women in Free Software. It was just one project in a wave of activity that rebirthed and set a regular schedule for GNOME’s outreach program which grew into a successful and lasting project. It was one of the first official acknowledgements of systemic sexism the Free Software world.<ref>http://datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3838186/Sexism-Open-Source-Softwares-Dirty-Little-Secret.htm</ref> Even compared to the rest of the IT industry, the gender ratio was several times worse. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 18|September 20}}</noinclude> kzzuji88ytclvmtpl4ncackdk9giy6x 0 409901 4097082 4096150 2022-08-29T10:12:13Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki Today in 2003 version 1.0 of the compiler system '''LLVM''' was released. Strong corporate support is reflected in its licensing, which also positions the project as a liberal alternative to the copyleft-licensed GNU Compiler Collection, which has repeatedly fueled the Open Source vs. Free Software debate. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 23|October 25}}</noinclude> 7kwda8oddhykfdrrwcfsnt3zb3xvn5i 0 410183 4097078 3696273 2022-08-29T09:50:14Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ubuntu Login.png|frameless|right]] Today in 2004 the first Ubuntu release was made. Ubuntu was going to be the most popular desktop Linux, with remarkably good user support and an easier user interface. When it arrived, it opened up the world of Linux to new groups of users. For many, it represents their first conscious Linux experience. It is also known for some questionable development decisions by manufacturer Canonical: For a while, all input to Ubuntu’s central search field was sent to Amazon, unencrypted. Some more ambitious innovations have been canceled due to protest from users that were puzzled by seeming reinventions of the wheel, such as the convergence of desktop and mobile user interfaces. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 19|October 21}}</noinclude> nvqkhecych6acu7vjnojrv9pfu7c4tx 0 410185 4097098 3585574 2022-08-29T11:53:38Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki Today in 1984 ''Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution'' by Steven Levy was published. It documents the origins of the hacker culture and their philosophy and coined the term “hacker ethic”. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 31|November 2}}</noinclude> hbjf6mbeyk25uhgmb4mnm2iiqcy6icv 0 416697 4096966 3699221 2022-08-28T21:00:22Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JPEG example JPG RIP 010.jpg|frameless|right|showing the iconic blockiness at lower quality settings]] Today in 1992 the first '''JPEG''' standard was published. It allows perceptually nearly indistinguishable reproductions of natural images at a fraction of the uncompressed size of the original, while the degree of compression can also be increased until the image impression falls apart. This well-engineered open standard is ancestor to almost all following popular lossy (moving) image compression algorithms, having all their main building blocks already in place. For still images, it proved difficult to improve on. It is an example of particularly long-lived, so-called “golden formats” that are especially well suited for long-term archival. While the standard specifies additional features, only those not encumbered by patents got widely implemented. Nevertheless, even the patent status of the core technology had to be defended in court. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 17|September 19}}</noinclude> s8j22al5jtjums7c627hvw4ghkcfvhw 0 417051 4096786 3702310 2022-08-28T12:28:57Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Viagra Spam Mail 2011.png|frameless|right]] Today in 1978 the first spam email was sent, one of the first cases of online advertising. Email spam is estimated to have reached ~90% of global email traffic. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|May 2|May 4}}</noinclude> tlhpgz180wo910dmq3827mtwkg71zpi 0 417052 4096979 3702311 2022-08-28T23:07:20Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:At Sign Nimbus.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 1971 was the first time an email was sent from one host computer to another. Email is the oldest popular Internet service. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 8|October 10}}</noinclude> 0p61slftcks7ius4m9ypetfj8j8eagx 0 417062 4096781 3702330 2022-08-28T12:26:12Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fisl-logo.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2000 the first Fórum Internacional de Software Livre (FISL) started in Porto Alegre, Brazil. It is one of the world's largest free software events and part of the strong free software scene in Brazil. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|May 3|May 5}}</noinclude> m8jgdls0jr8182pku22kts91ribibfs 0 419496 4096756 3741438 2022-08-28T12:02:54Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yukihiro Matsumoto EuRuKo 2011.jpg|frameless|right]] Today is Yukihiro Matsumoto’s birthday. He is recognized<ref>https://fsf.org/news/2011-free-software-awards-announced</ref> for many years of work on GNU, Ruby, and other Free Software. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|April 13|April 15}}</noinclude> ok338fdl4ik69jfuja8qnz7dr8mu9dw 0 420339 4097079 3748988 2022-08-29T09:53:11Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:OpenStack® Logo 2016.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 2010 the first official release of OpenStack was made. This large infrastructure project is being developed by several companies to meet a common need. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 20|October 22}}</noinclude> njc5zbzac5jv2of7mo2avvbxc7u9tyn 0 420342 4096981 3748993 2022-08-28T23:10:56Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Unofficial JavaScript logo 2.svg|frameless|right]] Today in 1996 Netscape introduced the first server-side JavaScript implementation ''LiveWire'', foreshadowing the “JavaScript everywhere” future with Node.js. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|October 14|October 16}}</noinclude> ojqbrrax9ghgnkpomly67f70c3lzd4f 0 421349 4096941 3764154 2022-08-28T20:11:32Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float: right; width: 220px; font-size: larger;">'''#Hackforchange'''</div> Today the '''Day of Civic Hacking''' is celebrated in the USA. It is a day of action for programmers, designers and data scientists to develop solutions to problems and improve life within a community, for example by making processes in their environment more transparent or exposing problems, often enabled by Open Data. It is held since 2013, with hackathons and public events. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 11|September 13}}</noinclude> or5huw8oax8psog6ke0pqrwwfdccsh5 0 422911 4096942 3801682 2022-08-28T20:12:30Z Reseletti 3117424 wikitext text/x-wiki Today in 1956 the world’s first commercial hard disk drive was shipped. <noinclude>{{Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/Navigation|September 12|September 14}}</noinclude> tuho4y17t82b6bycr4n4gnh4un5hv82 0 424138 4097030 4095413 2022-08-29T06:34:27Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Educational DIY Consoles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOCright|limit=3}} == Console Chapters == {{info|The labeling of a console as belonging to a certain generation is somewhat arbitrary, as console generations are partly determined by a mix of technology, release year, and social factors. This book uses labels that appear to have general consensus to reduce confusion.}} === First Generation of Video Game Consoles === {{wikipedia|First generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Magnavox Odyssey/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 4, 2020}} [[/Odyssey series|Magnavox Odyssey series]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Coleco Telstar series/]] ** [[w:Coleco Telstar Marksman|Coleco Telstar Marksman]] - Lightgun variation. * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Color TV-Game|Nintendo Color TV-Game]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/TV Tennis Electrotennis|Epoch TV Tennis Electrotennis]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/APF TV Fun series/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/PC-50x Family/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Gameroom Tele-Pong|Entex Gameroom Tele-Pong]] * {{stage short|100%|December 19, 2020}} [[/Pong consoles/]] ==== DIY consoles ==== * {{stage short|50%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Elektor TV Games Computer/]] * {{stage short|50%|October 24, 2021}} [[/Visulex Kit/]] ===== Interton Video Series ===== * {{stage short|50%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2000/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 13, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2400/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2501/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 2800/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 3000/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Interton Video 3001/]] ===== Telejogo Series ===== * {{stage short|50%|December 27, 2021}} [[/Telejogo/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 10, 2021}} [[/Telejogo II/]] ===== Other home consoles ===== * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Telescore 750/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450/]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Philips Tele-Game series/]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Video Pinball series/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Sportronic Electronic TV Sport/]] ==== Warsaw Pact Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/BSS 01/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Ameprod Television Game 10/]] * {{stage short|100%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Турнир/|Ministry of the Electronics Industry Турнир (Turnir)]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|25%|January 22, 2021}} [[/Atari Game Brain/]] ==== Screenless handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Electro Tic-Tac-Toe|Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/Merlin|Merlin (Parker Brothers)]] === Second Generation of Video Game Consoles === {{wikipedia|Second generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Atari 2600|Atari 2600 / VCS]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Atari 5200/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Fairchild Channel F/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Magnavox Odyssey²/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Intellivision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/ColecoVision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/RCA Studio II/]] ** {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Visicom COM-100/]] ==== Minor Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Cassette Vision|Cassette Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Astrocade|Bally Astrocade]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/APF-MP1000|APF-MP1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Bandai Super Vision 8000|Bandai Super Vision 8000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy|Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/SHG Black Point|SHG Black Point]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/VTech CreatiVision|VTech CreatiVision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Pyūta Jr|Pyūta Jr]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Palladium Tele-Cassetten Game|Palladium Tele-Cassetten Game]] <!--Palladium made 2001 compatibles, but was this one?--> * {{stage short|100%|June 9, 2021}} [[/Unisonic Champion 2711|Unisonic Champion 2711]] * {{stage short|100%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Maikon Mahjong/]] ====== 2001 family ====== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Arcadia 2001|Arcadia 2001]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Leisure Vision|Leisure Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Tele-Fever|Tele-Fever]] ====== 1292 family ====== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/1292 Advanced Programmable Video System|1292 Advanced Programmable Video System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Interton Video Computer 4000/]] ===== Tabletop Consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Vectrex|Vectrex]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Entex Adventure Vision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 7, 2020}} [[/Children's Discovery System|Children's Discovery System]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Philips Videojeu N60/]] ===== Canceled Consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 1, 2020}} [[/Ultravision Video Arcade System|Ultravision Video Arcade System]] * {{stage short|100%|January 24, 2021}} [[/Atari Cosmos|Atari Cosmos]] * {{stage short|100%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sony Prototype TV Game Machine/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Intellivision III/]] ==== Handheld Consoles ==== ===== Major handhelds consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|October 25, 2020}} [[/Game & Watch series|Nintendo Game & Watch series]] * {{stage short|100%|October 26, 2020}} [[/Microvision|Microvision]] ===== Minor handheld consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Epoch Game Pocket Computer/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Entex Select-A-Game/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/VTech Variety/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 7, 2020}} [[/Colorvision|Colorvision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Palmtex Portable Videogame System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Digi Casse/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman|Nintendo Computer Mah-Jong Yakuman]] * {{stage short|25%|December 27, 2021}} [[/Bandai LCD Solarpower/]] ===== 3D handheld consoles ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/Tomytronic 3D/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 6, 2020}} [[/VTech 3D Gamate/]] ===Third Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Third generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/SG-1000|Sega SG-1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Master System|Sega Master System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Atari 7800/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Philips Videopac+ G7400/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Super Cassette Vision|Super Cassette Vision]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Vidéoway|Vidéoway]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/PV-1000|Casio PV-1000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/My Vision|My Vision]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Micro Genius/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Dina/]] * {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Ending-Man Terminator/]] ==== Console versions of Home Computers ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Atari XEGS/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Amstrad GX4000/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Commodore 64 Games System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Zemmix|Zemmix]] ==== VHS Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/View-Master Interactive Vision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Video Challenger|Video Challenger]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Action Max|Action Max]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Connor Videosmarts/]] ==== Educational consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/VTech Socrates/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/LJN Video Art/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/BBC Bridge Companion/]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Halcyon|RDI Halcyon]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Control-Vision|Control-Vision]] ==== Projector Game Systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Proscreen|Proscreen]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Light Games|Light Games]] ==== Portable LCD Game Systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000|Ohio Art Etch-A-Sketch Animator 2000]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/IM-26|IM-26]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/PreComputer 1000|PreComputer 1000]] ===Fourth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Fourth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Famicom / Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Sega Genesis|Sega MegaDrive / Genesis]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/TurboGrafx-16|NEC TurboGrafx-16]] ** {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/PC Engine SuperGrafx|PC Engine SuperGrafx]] ** {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/TurboDuo/]] ==== Console versions of arcade systems ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/NEO•GEO|SNK NEO•GEO]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Capcom Power System Changer/]] * {{stage short|25%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Otoko Attack System/]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Super A'Can/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/TV Boy/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 24, 2021}} [[/KW-501/]] ==== Interactive multimedia devices ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Tandy Video Information System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Terebikko/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/LaserActive/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Commodore CDTV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/CD-i/]] ==== Educational home game consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Sega Pico|Sega Pico]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Konami Picno|Konami Picno]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 11, 2020}} [[/WOWOW|Taito WOWOW]] * {{stage short|100%|December 11, 2020}} [[/Konix Multisystem/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 4, 2021}} [[/Atari Panther/]] * {{stage short|100%|August 31, 2021}} [[/Atari Mirai/]] * {{stage short|25%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Кроха/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Game Boy|Nintendo Game Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Game Gear|Sega Game Gear]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Atari Lynx|Atari Lynx]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/TurboExpress|NEC TurboExpress]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Barcode Battler|Barcode Battler]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Watara Supervision/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Mega Duck|Mega Duck / Cougar Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Gamate/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Game Master/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 1, 2021}} [[/Nintendo Mini Classics/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 3, 2022}} [[/New Wave Z400S/|J.Cock New Wave Z400S]] * {{stage short|0%|June 9, 2022}} [[/Tomy Data Battle/]] ==== Cancelled handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|July 3, 2022}} [[/Action Gamemaster/]] ===Fifth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Fifth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Nintendo 64|Nintendo 64]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/PlayStation|PlayStation]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Sega Saturn|Sega Saturn]] ==== Minor home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Virtual Boy|Virtual Boy]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Atari Jaguar|Atari Jaguar]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO Interactive Multiplayer]] ==== Obscure home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Pippin|Apple Bandai Pippin]] * {{stage short|100%|November 17, 2020}} [[/PC-FX|NEC PC-FX]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Playdia|Bandai Playdia]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Casio Loopy/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/FM Towns Marty|FM Towns Marty]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/Amiga CD32|Commodore Amiga CD32]] ==== Canceled home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Hasbro Toaster VR|Hasbro Toaster VR / Sliced Bread Project]] * {{stage short|100%|December 10, 2021}} [[/SNK NeoStar/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Genesis Nomad|Sega Genesis Nomad]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/WonderSwan|WonderSwan]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Neo Geo Pocket|SNK NeoGeo Pocket]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 22, 2020}} [[/Pokémon Pikachu|Pokémon Pikachu]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Game.com|Game.com]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/R-Zone|R-Zone]] * {{stage short|100%|November 16, 2020}} [[/Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu|Design Master Senshi Mangajukuu]] * {{stage short|25%|Feburary 6, 2022}} [[/Bemani Pocket/]] * {{stage short|75%|May 30, 2022}} [[/PasoGo/]] ===Sixth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Sixth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Dreamcast|Sega Dreamcast]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 2|Sony PlayStation 2]] * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Xbox|Microsoft Xbox]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Xavix|XaviXPORT & Domyos Interactive System]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/V.Smile|V.Smile]] * {{stage short|50%|September 13, 2021}} [[/C64 Direct-to-TV/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Atari Flashback series/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Let's! TV Play Classic/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/DVD Kids/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 9, 2022}} [[/Tomy Kiss Site/]] ==== Educational DIY Consoles ==== * {{stage short|50%|February 11, 2021}} [[/XGameStation|XGameStation]] * {{stage short|0%|August 29, 2022}} [[/MACH64/]] ==== Platform Technology ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Nuon/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 2, 2020}} [[/DISCover/]] ==== Canceled consoles ==== * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/SNK Millennium/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/ApeXtreme/|Apex Digital ApeXtreme]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/Phantom/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/L600|Indrema L600]] * {{stage short|50%|February 4, 2021}} [[/Panasonic M2/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/Game Boy Advance/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/Pokémon Mini/]] ==== Mobile Phone Gaming hybrids ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 14, 2020}} [[/N-Gage|Nokia N-Gage]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/GPANG/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Sony mylo/]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/Tapwave Zodiac/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2020}} [[/GP32/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/digiBLAST/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pelican VG Pocket/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/GameKing/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Cybiko/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pixter/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23, 2020}} [[/Pepper Pad/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Hasbro P-O-X/]] * {{stage short|75%|August 21, 2022}} [[/Aquaplus PIECE/|Aquaplus P/ECE (PIECE)]] ==== Unconventional formfactors ==== * {{stage short|50%|September 16, 2021}} [[/iQuest/]] * {{stage short|0%|July 28, 2022}} [[/Kek Powerizer/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2021}} [[/Kasey the Kinderbot/]] * {{stage short|75%|August 19, 2021}} [[/Pocket Neopet/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 11, 2021}} [[/iriver clix/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|February 5, 2021}} [[/Red Jade/]] ===Seventh Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Seventh generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Wii|Nintendo Wii]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 3|Sony PlayStation 3]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Xbox 360|Microsoft Xbox 360]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Game Wave Family Entertainment System/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/HyperScan/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Zeebo/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/Vii/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 6, 2021}} [[/Designer's World|Hasbro Designer's World]] * {{stage short|75%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Sifteo Cubes/]] ==== Educational consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 8, 2020}} [[/V.Flash/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/PlayPower/]] [[w:PlayPower]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Net Jet/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/My Q/]] ==== Open consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/UzeBox/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/EVO Smart Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 11, 2021}} [[/HYDRA Game Development Kit/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/ODROID/|HARDKERNEL ODROID]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Mignon/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 11, 2022}} [[/Mignonette/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Nintendo DS/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Portable/]] ==== Minor handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Gizmondo/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Coleco Sonic/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Pocket Dream Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Mi2/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/DIFRNCE MGC01/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 24, 2021}} [[/Swinxs/]] * {{stage short|25%|April 20, 2021}} [[/JXD 1000/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Gemei X760+/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/Retro Duo/]] ==== Educational handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Leapster Explorer/]] * {{stage short|75%|March 18, 2021}} [[/LeapFrog Didj/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 1, 2022}} [[/Teachermate/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Fly Pentop Computer/]] ==== Open Platform Handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Dingoo|Dingoo series]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/Pandora|Open Pandora]] * {{stage short|50%|August 19, 2021}} [[/PoGa|4D systems PoGa]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Meggy Jr RGB/]] ===== GP2X Family ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X Wiz/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 22, 2020}} [[/GP2X Caanoo/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/VIA MOMA|VIA MoMA Eve]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/XGP/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 23rd, 2020}} [[/GamBros|GamBros handhelds]] ===Eighth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Eighth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major Home Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Wii U|Nintendo Wii U]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Switch|Nintendo Switch]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 4|PlayStation 4]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Xbox One|Xbox One]] ==== Retro revival consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/NES Classic Edition|NES Classic Edition & Famicom Classic Edition]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/Super NES Classic Edition|Super NES Classic Edition & Super Famicom Classic Edition]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Classic|PlayStation Classic]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/TurboGrafx 16 mini/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sega Genesis Mini/]] * {{stage short|75%|December 29, 2021}} [[/Super Retro Trio/]] * {{stage short|75%|September 17, 2021}} [[/PC Classic/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Polymega/|Polymega (RetroBlox)]] * {{stage short|75%|September 20, 2021}} [[/Retro Freak/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 15, 2022}} [[/Retro-Bit Generations/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/PasocomMini MZ-80C/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/PasocomMini PC-8001/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 2, 2021}} [[/Intellivision Play Power/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Sega Zone/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Atari 2600 Plug & Play Joystick/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Ocelot Arcade System/]] ==== Microconsoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Nvidia Shield TV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Ouya/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/GameStick/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/M.O.J.O.|Mad Catz M.O.J.O.]] * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Razer Forge TV/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Fuze Tomahawk F1/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/ZTE Fun Box/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 27, 2021}} [[/miniStation/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 29, 2021}} [[/ST-3200/]] * {{stage short|50%|August 19, 2021}} [[/TGP Box|TGP Box / Tencent Games Platform Box / The Blade Box]] * {{stage short|25%|December 10, 2021}} [[/FlarePlay/]] * {{stage short|0%|March 29, 2021}} [[/Xtreamer Multi-Console/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 2, 2021}} [[/GamePop series/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 28, 2021}} [[/SlimPort Nano Console/]] * {{stage short|100%|April 14, 2022}} [[/ZRRO/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/PlayJam OTT/]] ==== TV Platforms ==== A number of multimedia devices were released during this time, many of which included the ability to play video games. * {{stage short|0%|March 25, 2021}} [[/Fire TV|Amazon Fire TV]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Nexus Player|Google Nexus Player]] * {{stage short|0%|March 30, 2021}} [[/Apple TV/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 20, 2021}} [[/Roku/]] * {{stage short|75%|December 10, 2021}} [[/Exent GameTanium/]] ==== Minor consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Steam Machines/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/LeapTV/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 4, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum Vega/]] * {{stage short|100%|March 16, 2021}} [[/CT510/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sony Toio/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Tovertafel/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/InnoTV/]] ==== Art consoles ==== * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} ''[[/Slow Games/]]'' * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} ''[[/R-Kaid-6/]]'' * {{stage short|50%|May 13, 2022}} ''[[/Cary42/]]'' * {{stage short|50%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Analogue CMVS/]] ==== Canceled consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 13, 2020}} [[/Chameleon|Chameleon]] * {{stage short|100%|March 21, 2021}} [[/Huawei Tron/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/OUYE/]] * {{stage short|100%|December 22, 2021}} [[/Asus GameBox/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Unnamed Amazon Game Console/]] ==== Major handheld consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/3DS|Nintendo 3DS]] * {{stage short|100%|October 29, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Vita|Sony PlayStation Vita]] ==== Open handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/TinyDuino|Tiny Arcade & Tiny Pocket]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Pokitto/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Arduboy/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Gamebuino/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Adafruit PyGamer/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Game Gadget/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Clockwork GameShell/]] * {{stage short|100%|February 14, 2021}} [[/Kano Pixel/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 28, 2021}} [[/Kitronik GameZip 64/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 28, 2021}} [[/Creoqode 2048/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Creoqode PYXA/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Minty Pi/]] ==== Retro revival handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 30, 2020}} [[/Neo Geo X/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum Vega+/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Namco Museum Mini Player/]] ==== Minor handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Nvidia Shield Portable|Nvidia Shield Portable]] * {{stage short|100%|November 3, 2020}} [[/Xperia Play|Sony Xperia Play]] * {{stage short|100%|March 19, 2021}} [[/GCW Zero/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/JXD S5100/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD XD/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win 2/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Gemei A330/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Monon Color/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/HG Series|HG-501 and HG-503]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/MobiGo/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/iXL/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/K-Magic/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Yinlips YDPG18/]]<ref>https://www.engadget.com/2011-12-12-p-s-its-not-a-vita-yinlips-android-based-ydpg18.html</ref> * Wikipad * Fire Phone ==== Gaming Tablets ==== * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Razer Edge/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Unu/]] ==== Canceled handhelds ==== * {{stage short|100%|January 27, 2021}} [[/Panasonic Jungle|Panasonic Jungle]] * {{stage short|0%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Razer Switchblade/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 12, 2021}} [[/nD/]] ===Ninth Generation of Video Game Consoles=== {{wikipedia|Ninth generation of video game consoles}} ==== Major home consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Xbox Series|Xbox Series X and Series S]] * {{stage short|100%|October 28, 2020}} [[/PlayStation 5/]] ==== Minor Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|December 26, 2020}} [[/KFConsole/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 6, 2021}} [[/Moranbong/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Mad Box/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/GameBender/]] ===== PC Based Consoles ===== * {{stage short|50%|January 13, 2021}} [[/Big O/]] * {{stage short|0%|February 6, 2022}} [[/Lenovo IdeaCentre 5 17IAB7/]] * {{stage short|0%|February 6, 2022}} [[/MSI Trident/]] ==== Retro revival consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 24, 2020}} [[/Intellivision Amico/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 28, 2020}} [[/Atari VCS/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 3, 2022}} [[/Mega Drive Mini 2/]] * {{stage short|100%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/Unnamed SNK Console/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Roshambo Retro Gaming Kit/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Bootleg/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/PiCade/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/RetroN Sq/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Evercade VS/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 16, 2021}} [[/MiSTer/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/weeCee/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/Amiga A500 Mini/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 9, 2022}} [[/C64 Mini/]] * {{stage short|0%|November 29, 2021}} [[/Unnamed Hyperkin N64 Console/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 14, 2022}} [[/Warrior 64/]] * {{stage short|100%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Open Game Station/]] ==== Home Arcade Systems ==== * {{stage short|75%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Capcom Home Arcade/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Neo Geo Mini/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 18, 2021}} [[/Sega Astro City Mini/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 8, 2022}} [[/Sega Astro City Mini V/]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Kate |title=Sega's Latest Mini-Console Is Cute, But Reviewers Are Complaining Of Bad Lag |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/08/segas-latest-mini-console-is-cute-but-reviewers-are-complaining-of-bad-lag |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Nintendo Life |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> * {{stage short|25%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Taito Egret Mini II/]] ==== Unreleased ==== * {{stage short|50%|January 10, 2022}} [[/Spartan/]] * {{stage short|50%|July 12, 2022}} [[/Polium One/]] ==== Cancelled Consoles ==== * {{stage short|100%|February 8, 2021}} [[/Subor Z+|Subor Z+]] ==== Handheld Consoles ==== {{info|By this generation, competition from Smartphone gaming had seriously reduced the market for traditional handheld game consoles. Most handhelds this generation came from small outfits seeking to fill a niche.}} ===== Major Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|75%|April 16, 2022}} [[/Steam Deck/|Valve Steam Deck]] * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/Playdate/]] ===== Indie or Open handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|November 15, 2020}} [[/DragonBox Pyra/]] * {{stage short|50%|February 12, 2021}} [[/Pimoroni PicoSystem/]] * {{stage short|25%|February 28, 2021}} [[/32Blit/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 5, 2022}} [[/ESPboy/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/CircuitMess devices/]] * {{stage short|50%|December 29, 2021}} [[/Thumby/|Tiny Circuits Thumby]] ===== Retro revivals handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.|Nintendo Game & Watch: Super Mario Bros.]] * {{stage short|0%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda|Nintendo Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda]] * {{stage short|100%|December 1, 2020}} [[/Game Gear Micro|Sega Game Gear Micro]] * {{stage short|100%|December 18, 2020}} [[/Evercade/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 2, 2021}} [[/FunKey S/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 17, 2021}} [[/GameForce CHI/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/BittBoy/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/TinyTan BTS Tamagotchi/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/TinyPi/]] * Asterisk<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liszewski |first1=Andrew |title=Tiny Handheld Boils Tetris Down to Its Bare Essentials |url=https://gizmodo.com/tiny-tetris-handheld-tindie-store-asterisk-pcb-retro-1849320704 |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Gizmodo |date=22 July 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yarwood |first1=Jack |title=Random: Creator Makes Adorable Tiny Tetris-Like Device |url=https://www.timeextension.com/news/2022/07/random-creator-makes-adorable-tiny-tetris-like-device |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Time Extension |date=25 July 2022}}</ref> ===== Other Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Kitronik Arcade/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/ODROID-GO Series/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/microByte/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Circuit Gem/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Gem Boy Zero/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Creoqode LYRA/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/GPD Win Max/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD Win 3/]] * {{stage short|0%|January 5, 2022}} [[/GPD XP/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 19, 2021}} [[/Aya Neo/]] * {{stage short|0%|September 8, 2021}} [[/PiBoy series/]] PiBoy DMG and PiBoy SRX * {{stage short|25%|September 8, 2021}} [[/Anbernic RG351/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/SMATCH Z/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 11, 2021}} [[/Lenovo Legion Play/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 24, 2021}} [[/AYN Odin/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 5, 2021}} [[/AYA Neo 2021 Pro/]] * {{stage short|25%|January 5, 2022}} [[/G3x/]] * {{stage short|0%|December 21, 2021}} [[/Miyoo Mini/]] * {{stage short|75%|January 5, 2022}} [[/TRDR Pocket/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 4, 2022}} [[/Retroid Pocket 2/]] * {{stage short|0%|April 4, 2022}} [[/Retroid Pocket 2+/]] * {{stage short|25%|June 3, 2022}} [[/OneXPlayer/]] ===== Educational Handhelds ===== * {{stage short|100%|March 16, 2021}} [[/Kittenbot MeowBit/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 11, 2021}} [[/Elecrow Crowbits/]] ===== Unreleased Handhelds ===== * Alienware Concept UFO ==== Unconventional Formfactors ==== * {{stage short|100%|November 21, 2020}} [[/BL6|Bud Light BL6]] * {{stage short|100%|January 27, 2021}} [[/LaserCube/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Tomogotchi Smart/]] * {{stage short|100%|October 5, 2021}} [[/InWin 309 Gaming Edition/]] * {{stage short|0%|October 30, 2021}} [[/Light Pong/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Play! Remote/]] * {{stage short|50%|June 2, 2022}} [[/WOWCube/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 2, 2022}} [[/Tovertafel 2/]] * {{stage short|75%|May 30, 2022}} [[/Picoo/]] * {{stage short|0%|June 2, 2022}} [[/Gameboard/]] * {{stage short|0%|August 13, 2022}} [[/Playpulse One/]] ==Computer Chapters== === 1970's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Apple II|Apple II]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Atari 8 bit family|Atari 8 bit family]] * {{stage short|25%|September 11, 2021}} [[/VideoBrain Family Computer|VideoBrain Family Computer]] === 1980's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/IBM Personal Computer|IBM Personal Computer]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Commodore 64|Commodore 64]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Amiga|Commodore Amiga]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/BBC Micro|BBC Micro]] * {{stage short|25%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Acorn Electron/]] * {{stage short|25%|April 26, 2022}} [[/Acorn Archimedes/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/ZX Spectrum|Sinclair ZX Spectrum]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Amstrad CPC/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/MSX|MSX computers]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Texas Instruments TI-99/4A/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/FM Towns|Fujitsu FM Towns]] * {{stage short|25%|February 25, 2020}} [[/PC-8800 series|NEC PC-8800 series (PC-88)]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/X68000/|Sharp X68000]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Sharp X1/]] * {{stage short|25%|September 16, 2021}} [[/Jupiter Ace/]] * {{stage short|75%|June 7, 2022}} [[/Mattel Aquarius/]] * {{stage short|50%|January 6, 2022}} [[/Tomy Tutor/]] * {{stage short|50%|September 20, 2021}} [[/Coleco Adam/]] * {{stage short|0%|May 29, 2022}} [[/Spectravideo/]] === 1990's computers === * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Windows 9x|Windows 95 & 98]] * {{stage short|100%|November 27, 2020}} [[/Classic Mac|Classic Mac]] == Other Formfactors == ===Wearables=== * {{stage short|75%|September 17, 2021}} [[/Apple Watch/]] * {{stage short|25%|October 10, 2021}} [[/Fitbit/]] ===Automobiles=== * {{stage short|75%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Tesla Arcade/]] * {{stage short|50%|November 12, 2021}} [[/Indi One/|IndiEV Indi One]] ==Cloud Chapters== * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/AirConsole/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Xbox Game Pass cloud gaming/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Google Stadia/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/PlayStation Now|Sony PlayStation Now]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Gaikai/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/OnLive/]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Luna|Amazon Luna]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/GeForce Now|Nvidia GeForce Now]] * {{stage short|100%|November 25, 2020}} [[/Shinra Technologies/]] * {{stage short|100%|September 2, 2021}} [[/Dive In/]] * {{stage short|25%|November 11, 2021}} [[/Tizen cloud gaming/]] * [[Utomik]] ==External Resources== * [https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/early-home-video-game-history-making-television-play-the-strong/1gISMn3lzjV8JQ?hl=en Google Arts and Culture] - Online exhibit on early home gaming. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{Chapter navigation|Arcades after the golden age|Consoles}} {{status|100%}} {{BookCat}} fh64gws8ssfomatbeesj2mnii15psij 0 425196 4096918 3936734 2022-08-28T17:26:52Z 109.156.46.224 /* Nitro Grand Prix */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Nitro Grand Prix== ===Mushroom Cup=== ;Figure-8 [[w:Mario Kart#Circuits|Circuit]]: As the name implies, the course shaped like the number eight (8), similar to the Luigi Circuit course in ''[[w:Mario Kart: Double Dash!!|Mario Kart: Double Dash!!]]'' Unlike Luigi Circuit, however, part of the road is lifted off of the ground to make it a perfect eight. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Yoshi Falls: A lush waterfall setting that circles around a large pit. There are two lanes to the stage, one leading to the waterfall and the other leading to a bridge. Taking the inward turn (waterfall) shaves seconds off of your time, however, it is more dangerous because of the current. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Cheep Cheep [[w:Mario Kart#Beaches|Beach]]: An island inhabited by the Cheep Cheep enemies from the Mario games containing several jumps. The water rises and falls, sometimes making the jumps necessary to keep from falling down. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;[[w:Luigi's Mansion|Luigi's Mansion]]: This track is clearly lifted from the GameCube game of the same name. In addition to the usual Boos from the game, also included in this course is red murky water and walking trees. Playable via Wi-Fi. ===Flower Cup=== ;Desert Hills: A [[w:Mario Kart#Dserts|desert track]], the race features fireballs, tight hairpins and Pokeys. The hairpins can however be avoided by boosting over the sand hills that line them, saving valuable seconds. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Delfino Square: Based on [[w:Super Mario Sunshine#Locations|Delfino Plaza]] from [[W:Super Mario Sunshine|Super Mario Sunshine]], this track runs through the middle of a town. The streets are narrow and twisting. One shortcut exists in the harbour; an alleyway. The alleyway contains deep mud however, and players must boost through it or lose speed. Another shortcut includes cutting through trees, and boosting over a jump to get to a dock with an item box on it. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Waluigi Pinball: A difficult track based on a massive pinball table, the start line leads to a massive boost ramp. After this, the track descends downhill on a tight series of hairpins. Not playable via Wi-Fi. ;Shroom Ridge: A cliff-top [[w:Mario Kart#Public Roads|roadway]], this track features dangerous moving traffic and perilous un-fenced cliffs. However, nudging other rivals into the path of cars can slow them down. Not playable via Wi-Fi. ===Star Cup=== ;DK Pass: A huge [[w:Mario Kart#Snow tracks|snow]]-covered mountain that first needs to be ascended before a decent back to the start/finish line. A narrow and twisting path leads you onto a more open snowfield where giant snow balls can smash into you. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Tick Tock Clock: One of the more complex courses in the game, taken from the [[w:Super Mario 64|Super Mario 64]] ([[w:Super Mario 64 DS|DS]]) location of the same name. Twisting cogs, swinging pendulums and rotating clock hands line you perilous path. Not playable via Wi-Fi. ;Mario Circuit: This twisty course has some challenging corners, but they can be the least of your worries. Goombas, Piranha Plants and Fire-Spitting Piranha Plants litter this exciting course. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Airship Fortress: A popular, but dangerous course, set on a warship and damaged fortress in the sky. Features [[w:Bullet Bill|Bullet Bills]], Rocky Wrenches and flame throwers, players must be on their guard at all times! Not playable via Wi-Fi. ===Special Cup=== ;Wario [[w:Mario Kart#Stadiums|Stadium]]: A long and bumpy course featuring pools of mud, many boosts, hills, and rotating fireballs. The sides are lined at times with various banners such as 'Wario GP', 'Waluigi GP' and 'Koopa Kart'. Playable via Wi-Fi. ;Peach Gardens: A beautiful course with flowers, bushes and hedge mazes. However, it's not quite as sweet and innocent as it first appears; [[w:Chomp (Mario)|Chain Chomps]] run amok and [[w:Monty Mole|Monty Moles]] infest the gardens. Not playable via Wi-Fi. ;[[w:Mario Kart#Bowser Castle|Bowser Castle]]: Every Mario Kart has had at least one Bowser Castle track and the DS version does not buck this trend. Thwomps, unforgiving corners, lava pools and a perilous spinning cylinder make this one of the toughest courses in the game. Not playable via Wi-Fi. ;[[w:Rainbow Road|Rainbow Road]]: Every Mario Kart ends with one of these. This is one of the more popular Rainbow Road tracks to date with loop the loops, corkscrews, speed boosts and is not too long. Some areas of the track have barriers, but others don't so watch out! Playable via Wi-Fi. ==Retro Grand Prix== All of these courses are remade courses from previous Mario Kart games. === Shell Cup === '''Mario Circuit 1''' '''Moo Moo Farm''' '''Peach Circuit''' '''Luigi Circuit''' ===Banana Cup=== '''Donut Plains 1''' '''Frappe Snowland''' '''Bowser Castle 2''' '''Baby Park''' ===Leaf Cup=== '''Koopa Beach 2''' '''Choco Mountain''' '''Luigi Circuit''' '''Mushroom Bridge''' ===Lightning Cup=== '''Choco Island 2''' '''Banshee Boardwalk''' '''Sky Garden''' '''Yoshi Circuit''' {{status|50%}}{{BookCat}} mlehx4lfh7bphl2oig722yveoklokwg 0 425525 4097089 4096239 2022-08-29T10:46:22Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Moveset */ A small cleanup wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bulbasaur RB.jpg|thumb|Bulbasaur as depicted by ''Pokémon Red Version'' and ''Pokémon Blue Version'' era artwork. In this art it can be seen spitting a seed.]] ==Description== Bulbasaur resembles a quadruped with a plant bulb on its back. == Basic Statistics == {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Basic Statistics|index=1|jindex=226|hindex=203 |height=0.7 meters / 2'4" feet |weight= 6.9 kilograms / 15 pounds|gender=87.5% Male |ability=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Overgrow]] |type=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Grass]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Poison]] |species=Seed |egg=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Monster]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Plant]] |hatch=5120 |stage=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Basic Pokémon|Basic]] |catch=45|baseexp=64|maxexp=1059860 |hprb=45|atrb=49|derb=49|sprb=45|sarb=65 |hpgs=45|atgs=49|degs=49|spgs=45|sags=65|sdgs=65 |hprs=45|atrs=49|ders=49|sprs=45|sars=65|sdrs=65 |ehprs=0|eatrs=0|eders=0|esprs=0|esars=1|esdrs=0 |mhprb=293|matrb=196|mderb=196|msprb=188|msarb=228 |mhpgs=293|matgs=196|mdegs=196|mspgs=188|msags=228|msdgs=228 |mhprs=294|matrs=216|mders=216|msprs=207|msars=251|msdrs=251 }} == Type Matching == {{pokémon matchup|grass|poison}} == How to Evolve == Bulbasaur evolves into [[Pokémon/Pokédex/Ivysaur|Ivysaur]] at level 16. ==Moveset== {|class="wikitable" !Level !! Red / Blue !! Yellow!!Gold / Silver!!Crystal!!Ruby / Sapphire<br>Emerald<br>XD / Colosseum!!Fire Red / Leaf Green |- |Start||Tackle<br>Growl||Tackle<br>Growl||Tackle ||Tackle||Tackle||Tackle |- | 4 || - || - || Growl || Growl || Growl || Growl |- | 7 || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed |- | 10 || - || - || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip |- | 13 || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || - || - || - || - |- | 15 || - || - || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder |- | 20 || Poisonpowder || Poisonpowder || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf |- | 25 || - || - || Sweet Scent || Razor Leaf || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent |- | 27 || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || - || - || - || - |- | 32 || - || - || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth |- | 34 || Growth || Growth || - || - || - || - |- | 39 || - || - || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis |- | 41 || Sleep Powder || Sleep Powder || - || - || - || - |- | 46 || - || - || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam |- | 48 || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || - || - || - || - |} ===TM/HM=== *'''RB/Y/GS/C/RS/FL''': Cut, Double Team, Solarbeam, Rest, Toxic *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Attract, Flash, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Protect, Return, Sunny Day *'''RB/Y''': Bide, Body Slam, Double-Edge, Mega Drain, Mimic, Rage, Reflect, Substitute, Swords Dance, Take Down *'''GS/C''': Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Fury Cutter, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Sweet Scent *'''RS/FL''': Bullet Seed, Facade, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Sludge Bomb, Strength === Breeding === *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Light Screen, Petal Dance, Safeguard, Skull Bash *'''GS/C''': Razor Wind *'''RS/FL''': Charm, Curse, Grasswhistle, Magical Leaf == Trading Cards == * Base Set #44 - Bulbasaur * Gym Challenge #39 - Bulbasaur * Expedition #94 - Bulbasaur * Expedition #95 - Bulbasaur * EX Team Aqua vs Team Magma #39 - Bulbasaur * EX FireRed and LeafGreen #54 - Bulbasaur * EX FireRed and LeafGreen #55 - Bulbasaur == Name == Bulbasaur is a portmanteau of the word Bulb and the suffix -saur. * A bulb is a part of a plant that stores food. Fittingly a bulb is featured on the back of every Bulbasaur. * -saur is a suffix used to refer to reptiles, especially extinct dinosaurs (Which itself contains the suffix). {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Bulbasaur Series}} {{Status|25%}} [[Category:Book:Pokémon/87.5% Male Pokémon|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Basic Pokémon|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Bulbasaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/ImperialMetricDiscrepancy|Bulbasaur]] ju60u2l2n2nt7cggg74rotwnnawaj1k 0 425633 4097045 4096304 2022-08-29T07:08:22Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Type matching */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ivysaur RB.jpg|thumb|Ivysaur as depicted by ''Pokémon Red Version'' and ''Pokémon Blue Version'' era artwork. Here the former bulb of Bulbasaur has been replaced by a flower.]] == Description == Ivysaur resembles a quadruped with large leaves and a red flower blooming out of its back. == Basic statistics == {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Basic Statistics|index=2|jindex=227|hindex=204 |height=1 meters / 3'3" |weight=13 kilograms / 29.0 pounds|gender=87.5% Male |ability=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Overgrow]] |type=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Grass]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Poison]] |species=Seed |egg=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Monster]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Plant]] |hatch=5120 |stage=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 1 Pokémon|Stage 1]] |catch=45|baseexp=141|maxexp=1059860 |hprb=60|atrb=62|derb=63|sprb=60|sarb=80 |hpgs=60|atgs=62|degs=63|spgs=60|sags=80|sdgs=80 |hprs=60|atrs=62|ders=63|sprs=60|sars=80|sdrs=80 |ehprs=0|eatrs=0|eders=0|esprs=0|esars=1|esdrs=1 |mhprb=323|matrb=222|mderb=224|msprb=218|msarb=258 |mhpgs=323|matgs=222|mdegs=224|mspgs=218|msags=258|msdgs=258 |mhprs=324|matrs=245|mders=247|msprs=240|msars=284|msdrs=284 }} == Type matching == {{Pokémon matchup|grass|poison}} == How to Evolve == Ivysaur evolves at level 32. == Moveset == {| class="wikitable" ! Level !! Red / Blue !! Yellow !! Gold / Silver !! Crystal !! Ruby / Sapphire<br/> Emerald <br/>XD / Colosseum !! Fire Red / Leaf Green |- | Start || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed || |- | 4 || - || - || Growl || Growl || Growl || Growl || |- | 7 || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || |- | 10 || - || - || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || |- | 13 || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || - || - || - || - || |- | 15 || - || - || Poisonpowder<br/>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br/>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br/>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br/>Sleep Powder || |- | 22 || Poisonpowder || Poisonpowder || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || |- | 29 || - || - || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || |- | 30 || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || - || - || - || - || |- | 38 || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || |- | 46 || Sleep Powder || Sleep Powder || - || - || - || - || |- | 47 || - || - || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || |- | 54 || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || - || - || - || - || |- | 56 || - || - || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || |} === TM/HM === *'''RB/Y/GS/C/RS/FL''': Cut, Double Team, Rest, Solarbeam, Toxic *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Attract, Flash, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Protect, Return, Sunny Day *'''RB/Y''': Bide, Body Slam, Double-Edge, Mega Drain, Mimic, Rage, Reflect, Substitute, Swords Dance, Take Down *'''GS/C''': Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Fury Cutter, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Sweet Scent *'''RS/FL''': Bullet Seed, Facade, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Sludge Bomb, Strength === Evolution === *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Light Screen, Petal Dance, Safeguard, Skull Bash *'''GS/C''': Razor Wind *'''RS/FL''': Charm, Curse, Grasswhistle, Magical Leaf == Trading Cards == * Base Set #30 - Ivysaur * Gym Challenge #41 - Erika's Ivysaur * Expedition #82 - Ivysaur * EX FireRed & LeafGreen #35 - Ivysaur {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Bulbasaur Series}} {{Status|25%}} [[Category:Book:Pokémon/87.5% Male Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 1 Pokémon|Ivysaur]] bxv5qe5y4wdgepu33k7lbuex8far6bf 4097091 4097045 2022-08-29T10:54:35Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Moveset */ It's a habit to remove the whitespace. No clue why I do it though. wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ivysaur RB.jpg|thumb|Ivysaur as depicted by ''Pokémon Red Version'' and ''Pokémon Blue Version'' era artwork. Here the former bulb of Bulbasaur has been replaced by a flower.]] == Description == Ivysaur resembles a quadruped with large leaves and a red flower blooming out of its back. == Basic statistics == {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Basic Statistics|index=2|jindex=227|hindex=204 |height=1 meters / 3'3" |weight=13 kilograms / 29.0 pounds|gender=87.5% Male |ability=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Overgrow]] |type=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Grass]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Poison]] |species=Seed |egg=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Monster]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Plant]] |hatch=5120 |stage=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 1 Pokémon|Stage 1]] |catch=45|baseexp=141|maxexp=1059860 |hprb=60|atrb=62|derb=63|sprb=60|sarb=80 |hpgs=60|atgs=62|degs=63|spgs=60|sags=80|sdgs=80 |hprs=60|atrs=62|ders=63|sprs=60|sars=80|sdrs=80 |ehprs=0|eatrs=0|eders=0|esprs=0|esars=1|esdrs=1 |mhprb=323|matrb=222|mderb=224|msprb=218|msarb=258 |mhpgs=323|matgs=222|mdegs=224|mspgs=218|msags=258|msdgs=258 |mhprs=324|matrs=245|mders=247|msprs=240|msars=284|msdrs=284 }} == Type matching == {{Pokémon matchup|grass|poison}} == How to Evolve == Ivysaur evolves at level 32. ==Moveset== {|class="wikitable" !Level!!Red / Blue!!Yellow!!Gold / Silver!!Crystal!!Ruby / Sapphire<br>Emerald<br>XD / Colosseum!!Fire Red / Leaf Green |- |Start||Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed||Tackle<br/>Growl<br/>Leech Seed||Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed||Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed||Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed||Tackle<br/>Growl<br>Leech Seed |- | 4 || - || - ||Growl||Growl||Growl||Growl |- | 7 || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed |- | 10 || - || - || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip |- | 13 || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || - || - || - || - |- | 15 || - || - || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder |- | 22 || Poisonpowder || Poisonpowder || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf |- | 29 || - || - || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent |- | 30 || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || - || - || - || - |- | 38 || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth |- | 46 || Sleep Powder || Sleep Powder || - || - || - || - |- | 47 || - || - || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis |- | 54 || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || - || - || - || - |- | 56 || - || - || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam |} ===TM/HM=== *'''RB/Y/GS/C/RS/FL''': Cut, Double Team, Rest, Solarbeam, Toxic *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Attract, Flash, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Protect, Return, Sunny Day *'''RB/Y''': Bide, Body Slam, Double-Edge, Mega Drain, Mimic, Rage, Reflect, Substitute, Swords Dance, Take Down *'''GS/C''': Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Fury Cutter, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Sweet Scent *'''RS/FL''': Bullet Seed, Facade, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Sludge Bomb, Strength ===Evolution=== *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Light Screen, Petal Dance, Safeguard, Skull Bash *'''GS/C''': Razor Wind *'''RS/FL''': Charm, Curse, Grasswhistle, Magical Leaf == Trading Cards == * Base Set #30 - Ivysaur * Gym Challenge #41 - Erika's Ivysaur * Expedition #82 - Ivysaur * EX FireRed & LeafGreen #35 - Ivysaur {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Bulbasaur Series}} {{Status|25%}} [[Category:Book:Pokémon/87.5% Male Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Ivysaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 1 Pokémon|Ivysaur]] dj9bnwi2kctuipo5smpmb5bkiz7ixga 0 425852 4097053 4083800 2022-08-29T07:17:08Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 tiny cleanup. <br/> is the same as <br>, but <br/> causes... Strange things when I tried it on my old computer. It LOOKED fine, but viewing the code to debug it was difficult, all thanks to the <br/> wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Venusaur RB.jpg|thumb|Male Venusaur as depicted by ''Pokémon Red Version'' and ''Pokémon Blue Version'' era artwork.]] ==Description== Venusaur resembles a large quadruped with many leaves and a large flower blooming from its back. ==Basic Statistics== {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Basic Statistics|index=3|jindex=228|hindex=205 |height=2 meters / 6'7"|weight=100 kilograms / 220.0 pounds |gender=87.5% Male |ability=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Overgrow]] |type=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Grass]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Poison]] |species=Seed |egg=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Monster]]/[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Plant]] |hatch=5120 |stage=[[:Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 2 Pokémon|Stage 2]] |catch=45|baseexp=208|maxexp=1059860 |hprb=80|atrb=82|derb=83|sprb=80|sarb=100 |hpgs=80|atgs=82|degs=83|spgs=80|sags=100|sdgs=100 |hprs=80|atrs=82|ders=83|sprs=80|sars=100|sdrs=100 |ehprs=0|eatrs=0|eders=0|esprs=0|esars=2|esdrs=1 |mhprb=363|matrb=262|mderb=264|msprb=258|msarb=298 |mhpgs=363|matgs=262|mdegs=264|mspgs=258|msags=298|msdgs=298 |mhprs=364|matrs=289|mders=291|msprs=284|msars=328|msdrs=328 }} ==Type Matching== {{Pokémon matchup|grass|poison}} ==Moveset== {|class="wikitable" !Level!!Red / Blue!!Yellow!!Gold / Silver!!Crystal!!Ruby / Sapphire<br>Emerald<br>XD / Colosseum!!Fire Red / Leaf Green |- |Start||Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| Tackle<br>Growl<br>Leech Seed<br>Vine Whip|| |- | 4 || - || - || - || - ||Growl||Growl|| |- | 7 || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || Leech Seed || |- | 10 || - || - || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || |- | 13 || Vine Whip || Vine Whip || - || - || - || - || |- | 15 || - || - || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || Poisonpowder<br>Sleep Powder || |- | 22 || Poisonpowder || Poisonpowder || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || |- | 29 || - || - || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || Sweet Scent || |- | 30 || Razor Leaf || Razor Leaf || - || - || - || - || |- | 41 || - || - || Growth || Growth || Growth || Growth || |- | 43 || Growth || Growth || - || - || - || - || |- | 53 || - || - || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || Synthesis || |- | 55 || Sleep Powder || Sleep Powder || - || - || - || - || |- | 65 || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || Solarbeam || |} === TM/HM === *'''RB/Y/GS/C/RS/FL''': Cut, Double Team, Hyper Beam, Rest, Solarbeam, Toxic *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Attract, Flash, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Protect, Return, Roar, Sunny Day *'''RB/Y''': Bide, Body Slam, Double-Edge, Mega Drain, Mimic, Rage, Reflect, Substitute, Swords Dance, Take Down *'''GS/C''': Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Fury Cutter, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Sweet Scent *'''RS/FL''': Bullet Seed, Earthquake, Facade, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Sludge Bomb, Strength === Evolution === *'''GS/C/RS/FL''': Light Screen, Petal Dance, Safeguard, Skull Bash *'''GS/C''': Razor Wind *'''RS/FL''': Charm, Curse, Grasswhistle, Magical Leaf == Variant Forms == === Sexual Dimorphism === Male Venusaur feature a plain yellow crown in the center of their flower. Female Venusaur have a conic protrusion in the center of this crown. === Mega Venusaur === Mega Venusaur sports an increased height and weight, as well as an additional pink flower on its head. === Gigantamax === Gigantamax Venusaur features a greatly extended flower which now has petals that droop over most of the body of Venusaur, in addition to massive vine appendages on standby. == Trading Cards == * Base Set 15 - Venusaur * Gym Challenge #4 - Erika's Venusaur * Expedition #30 - Venusaur * Expedition #67 - Venusaur * Expedition #68 - Venusaur * EX FireRed & LeafGreen #112 - Venusaur EX {{Pokémon/Pokédex/Bulbasaur Series}} [[Category:Book:Pokémon/87.5% Male Pokémon|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Grass Pokémon|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Monster Egg Group|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Overgrow Ability|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Plant Egg Group|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Poison Pokémon|Venusaur]] [[Category:Book:Pokémon/Stage 2 Pokémon|Venusaur]] {{Status|25%}} nhw1byoe3kqvqcw8mkw0h2yeduc88hl 1 433718 4097092 334999 2022-08-29T11:31:08Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki Please '''do not delete''' this page for a few days. Thanks, [[User:Gmcfoley|Gerard Foley]] 02:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC) :{{ping|MBRickn}} does dragonite come from a fossil? I thought it was a dragon, not an extinct creature. It doesn't have a fossil in any game I know. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 11:31, 29 August 2022 (UTC) mupk5ncvgynp93r6cafhl17heqcz0dk 4097093 4097092 2022-08-29T11:32:19Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 fix ping wikitext text/x-wiki Please '''do not delete''' this page for a few days. Thanks, [[User:Gmcfoley|Gerard Foley]] 02:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC) :{{ping|MBRickn}} does dragonite come from a fossil? I thought it was a dragon, not an extinct creature. It doesn't have a fossil in any game I know. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 11:31, 29 August 2022 (UTC) {{ping|Mbrickn}}^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 11:32, 29 August 2022 (UTC) 87lvp3f1w2z0mm9w5o8rzy48ri172r4 0 434612 4097070 4095881 2022-08-29T07:55:26Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki <big><center>'''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa by the Direct Method'''</big><br />''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa yon Jinji Metode''</center> {{book search}} A Globasa translation of ''[[Salute, Jonathan!]]'', originally written in [[w:Interlingue|Occidental]].<br /> ''Globasali trasbasa fe [[Salute, Jonathan!]], aselli eskrido in [[w:Interlingue|Okcidental]].'' {{print version}} == Chapters (''monlari'') == [[/Mon 1|Chapter 1]] — [[/Mon 2|Chapter 2]] — [[/Mon 3|Chapter 3]] — [[/Mon 4|Chapter 4]] — [[/Mon 5|Chapter 5]] — [[/Mon 6|Chapter 6]] — [[/Mon 7|Chapter 7]] — [[/Mon 8|Chapter 8]] — [[/Mon 9|Chapter 9]] — [[/Mon 10|Chapter 10]] — [[/Mon 11|Chapter 11]] — [[/Mon 12|Chapter 12]] — [[/Mon 13|Chapter 13]] — [[/Mon 14|Chapter 14]] — [[/Mon 15|Chapter 15]] — [[/Mon 16|Chapter 16]] — [[/Mon 17|Chapter 17]] - [[/Mon 18|Chapter 18]] — [[/Mon 19|Chapter 19]] — [[/Mon 20|Chapter 20]] — [[/Mon 21|Chapter 21]] — [[/Mon 22|Chapter 22]] — [[/Mon 23|Chapter 23]] — [[/Mon 24|Chapter 24]] — [[/Mon 25|Chapter 25]] — [[/Mon 26|Chapter 26]] — [[/Mon 27|Chapter 27]] — [[/Mon 28|Chapter 28]] — [[/Mon 29|Chapter 29]] — [[/Mon 30|Chapter 30]] — [[/Mon 31|Chapter 31]] — [[/Mon 32|Chapter 32]] — [[/Mon 33|Chapter 33]] — [[/Mon 34|Chapter 34]] — [[/Mon 35|Chapter 35]] — [[/Mon 36|Chapter 36]] — [[/Mon 37|Chapter 37]] — [[/Mon 38|Chapter 38]] — [[/Mon 39|Chapter 39]] — [[/Mon 40|Chapter 40]] — [[/Mon 41|Chapter 41]] — [[/Mon 42|Chapter 42]] — [[/Mon 43|Chapter 43]] — [[/Mon 44|Chapter 44]] — [[/Mon 45|Chapter 45]] — [[/Mon 46|Chapter 46]] — [[/Mon 47|Chapter 47]] — [[/Mon 48|Chapter 48]] — [[/Mon 49|Chapter 49]] — [[/Mon 50|Chapter 50]] — [[/Mon 51|Chapter 51]] — [[/Mon 52|Chapter 52]] — [[/Mon 53|Chapter 53]] — [[/Mon 54|Chapter 54]] — [[/Mon 55|Chapter 55]] — [[/Mon 56|Chapter 56]] — [[/Mon 57|Chapter 57]] — [[/Mon 58|Chapter 58]] — [[/Mon 59|Chapter 59]] — [[/Mon 60|Chapter 60]] — [[/Mon 61|Chapter 61]] — [[/Mon 62|Chapter 62]] — [[/Mon 63|Chapter 63]] — [[/Mon 64|Chapter 64]] — [[/Mon 65|Chapter 65]] — [[/Mon 66|Chapter 66]] — [[/Mon 67|Chapter 67]] — [[/Mon 68|Chapter 68]] — [[/Mon 69|Chapter 69]] — [[/Mon 70|Chapter 70]] — [[/Mon 71|Chapter 71]] — [[/Mon 72|Chapter 72]] — [[/Mon 73|Chapter 73]] — [[/Mon 74|Chapter 74]] — [[/Mon 75|Chapter 75]] — [[/Mon 76|Chapter 76]] — [[/Mon 77|Chapter 77]] — [[/Mon 78|Chapter 78]] — [[/Mon 79|Chapter 79]] — [[/Mon 80|Chapter 80]] — [[/Mon 81|Chapter 81]] — [[/Mon 82|Chapter 82]] — [[/Mon 83|Chapter 83]] — [[/Mon 84|Chapter 84]] — [[/Mon 85|Chapter 85]] — [[/Mon 86|Chapter 86]] — [[/Mon 87|Chapter 87]] — [[/Mon 88|Chapter 88]] — [[/Mon 89|Chapter 89]] — [[/Mon 90|Chapter 90]] — [[/Mon 91|Chapter 91]] — [[/Mon 92|Chapter 92]] — [[/Mon 93|Chapter 93]] — [[/Mon 94|Chapter 94]] — [[/Mon 95|Chapter 95]] — [[/Mon 96|Chapter 96]] — [[/Mon 97|Chapter 97]] — [[/Mon 98|Chapter 98]] — [[/Mon 99|Chapter 99]] — [[/Mon 100|Chapter 100]] {{Shelves|Hello, Jonathan!|Constructed languages}}{{Status|0%}} 197lhrqe6gaivo8o90zs7ca76axxty9 4097071 4097070 2022-08-29T07:55:43Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki <big><center>'''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa by the Direct Method'''</big><br />''Salom, Jonatan! Globasa yon Jinji Metode''</center> {{book search}} A Globasa translation of ''[[Salute, Jonathan!]]'', originally written in [[w:Interlingue|Occidental]].<br /> ''Globasali trasbasa fe [[Salute, Jonathan!]], aselli eskrido in [[w:Interlingue|Okcidental]].'' {{print version}} == Chapters (''monlari'') == [[/Mon 1|Chapter 1]] — [[/Mon 2|Chapter 2]] — [[/Mon 3|Chapter 3]] — [[/Mon 4|Chapter 4]] — [[/Mon 5|Chapter 5]] — [[/Mon 6|Chapter 6]] — [[/Mon 7|Chapter 7]] — [[/Mon 8|Chapter 8]] — [[/Mon 9|Chapter 9]] — [[/Mon 10|Chapter 10]] — [[/Mon 11|Chapter 11]] — [[/Mon 12|Chapter 12]] — [[/Mon 13|Chapter 13]] — [[/Mon 14|Chapter 14]] — [[/Mon 15|Chapter 15]] — [[/Mon 16|Chapter 16]] — [[/Mon 17|Chapter 17]] - [[/Mon 18|Chapter 18]] — [[/Mon 19|Chapter 19]] — [[/Mon 20|Chapter 20]] — [[/Mon 21|Chapter 21]] — [[/Mon 22|Chapter 22]] — [[/Mon 23|Chapter 23]] — [[/Mon 24|Chapter 24]] — [[/Mon 25|Chapter 25]] — [[/Mon 26|Chapter 26]] — [[/Mon 27|Chapter 27]] — [[/Mon 28|Chapter 28]] — [[/Mon 29|Chapter 29]] — [[/Mon 30|Chapter 30]] — [[/Mon 31|Chapter 31]] — [[/Mon 32|Chapter 32]] — [[/Mon 33|Chapter 33]] — [[/Mon 34|Chapter 34]] — [[/Mon 35|Chapter 35]] — [[/Mon 36|Chapter 36]] — [[/Mon 37|Chapter 37]] — [[/Mon 38|Chapter 38]] — [[/Mon 39|Chapter 39]] — [[/Mon 40|Chapter 40]] — [[/Mon 41|Chapter 41]] — [[/Mon 42|Chapter 42]] — [[/Mon 43|Chapter 43]] — [[/Mon 44|Chapter 44]] — [[/Mon 45|Chapter 45]] — [[/Mon 46|Chapter 46]] — [[/Mon 47|Chapter 47]] — [[/Mon 48|Chapter 48]] — [[/Mon 49|Chapter 49]] — [[/Mon 50|Chapter 50]] — [[/Mon 51|Chapter 51]] — [[/Mon 52|Chapter 52]] — [[/Mon 53|Chapter 53]] — [[/Mon 54|Chapter 54]] — [[/Mon 55|Chapter 55]] — [[/Mon 56|Chapter 56]] — [[/Mon 57|Chapter 57]] — [[/Mon 58|Chapter 58]] — [[/Mon 59|Chapter 59]] — [[/Mon 60|Chapter 60]] — [[/Mon 61|Chapter 61]] — [[/Mon 62|Chapter 62]] — [[/Mon 63|Chapter 63]] — [[/Mon 64|Chapter 64]] — [[/Mon 65|Chapter 65]] — [[/Mon 66|Chapter 66]] — [[/Mon 67|Chapter 67]] — [[/Mon 68|Chapter 68]] — [[/Mon 69|Chapter 69]] — [[/Mon 70|Chapter 70]] — [[/Mon 71|Chapter 71]] — [[/Mon 72|Chapter 72]] — [[/Mon 73|Chapter 73]] — [[/Mon 74|Chapter 74]] — [[/Mon 75|Chapter 75]] — [[/Mon 76|Chapter 76]] — [[/Mon 77|Chapter 77]] — [[/Mon 78|Chapter 78]] — [[/Mon 79|Chapter 79]] — [[/Mon 80|Chapter 80]] — [[/Mon 81|Chapter 81]] — [[/Mon 82|Chapter 82]] — [[/Mon 83|Chapter 83]] — [[/Mon 84|Chapter 84]] — [[/Mon 85|Chapter 85]] — [[/Mon 86|Chapter 86]] — [[/Mon 87|Chapter 87]] — [[/Mon 88|Chapter 88]] — [[/Mon 89|Chapter 89]] — [[/Mon 90|Chapter 90]] — [[/Mon 91|Chapter 91]] — [[/Mon 92|Chapter 92]] — [[/Mon 93|Chapter 93]] — [[/Mon 94|Chapter 94]] — [[/Mon 95|Chapter 95]] — [[/Mon 96|Chapter 96]] — [[/Mon 97|Chapter 97]] — [[/Mon 98|Chapter 98]] — [[/Mon 99|Chapter 99]] — [[/Mon 100|Chapter 100]] {{Shelves|Hello, Jonathan!|Constructed languages}}{{Status|0%}} am9mabmnrjktykmazkyuhw9o2bw1g9t 0 442718 4097069 4037591 2022-08-29T07:53:22Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flask logo.svg|center|300x300px|Flask Logo]] {{Book title|{{BOOKNAME}}|}} == Contents == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} {{Wikipedia|Flask (web framework)}} ; [[/Introduction/]] : Overview, history, and prerequisites ; [[/Getting Started/]] : Installation and Hello World! ; [[/Routing/]] : Route Variables, Trailing Slash, and URL Building ; [[/Templating/]] : Displaying HTML pages and more {{Shelves|Python programming language}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 7ogvjkiefsk618vkcjab393rhp7ub8r 3 443393 4096899 4096603 2022-08-28T15:26:32Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* stuffy things */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Einschlauesding/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(2d) |counter = 1 |archiveheader = {{aan}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }}__NOTOC__<!-- --> == stuffy things == Wow, I literally scoffed through ~28 iron pickaxes and half a diamond pickaxe breaking stone to make space for new rooms in my new house in Minecraft... Worth it! (perhaps I should have started with a diamond pickaxe. Now I have more diamonds than iron! xD) ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:28, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :22 iron and 29 diamonds. Crazy. Better build my blacksmith room soon or I'll have zero iron and 59 raw iron waiting idle. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :[[User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1#You know you had too many salted peanuts when...|You know I had too many salted peanuts when...]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 18:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Lol [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 20:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :My game is going great right now. I've added a background, added new sppecial effects, and even upgraded the mining system. Before, block mining was fun. Now it looks awesome. Before: getting better tools lowered how many times you need to hit a block to break it by one. After: Upgrades make cracks in blocks larger, until the point you can break it instantly. I've added a new block mechanic: softness. A tool's power is subtracted by the block's hardness. If the resulting number is larger than 0, you can mine it. Softness increases the ease to mine it, without effecting the minimum required power to crack it at all. Logs are similar, but have a sideways chop cut, instead of a crack and hole. Also, these cracks cover the entire block, not just a 1x1 block corner on larger ones (some blocks are larger than others). ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 21:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :62 diamonds in minecraft, 35 from a single mining trip xD^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:50, 10 August 2022 (UTC) :Wow, the mosquitoes love me. They used to only get my mum and brother last year. Now they bite me, my brother, and by dad. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:44, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :times almost up. u wanna chat a bit? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :I had my aunt over (again), made my game more newbie-friendly (somebody who has no idea how to play something) and fixed a few bugs. It started when I had her play the game. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:04, 14 August 2022 (UTC) Im so sorry I'm always so lateeee [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 16:22, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :No worries^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :Ohhh! I might be able to play fortnite with you tomorow! It's updating, meaning I might be able to play (works like that a lot)! ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC) Nice!! But you gotta wait a little, I gotta go to school now :I [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 05:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Well yea, I can't play it in two a-clock in the morning, can I? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 08:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC) In back home nowwww [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 12:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :No fucking idea why it won't start. Fortnite broke. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:13, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Have you tried to redownload it? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Yea, 50 times. Excluding updates. Maybe more. Not joking. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 16:37, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Thats so weird, have you also googled it yet? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:12, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :For some reason, google doesn't work either on my device. Although that is probably my parents thinking wikipedia has all the answers. It has a lot, but probably not this one. I'm clueless. Even tried deleting all my games... Well, all exept minecraft and splatoon and fortnite itself.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Hi. Today sucks. I don't even know why. I just can't smile today in any "real" way. Well, I guess I almost cracked my brother's head with a toy car. That contributes to my bad mood.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC) Ohh im sorry for you, hopefully you feel better today!! [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :At least I managed to avoid killing my brother! Now ''that'' would be ''really'' bad. And sad. Oh, and I would have been in prison right now too. Most likely. Strangely he managed to not only not bleed, but also only cry for 5 minutes. Lucky me. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:04, 22 August 2022 (UTC) Are you able to play fortnite again? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) :Sorry I couldn't reply sooner, my device kinda.. glitched. But it's fixed now. I ''can'' play it now, but I got a new game I have been dying to play since it was announced. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:26, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 886b278xzxq4fxkyelkov50dhqkon7o 4096914 4096899 2022-08-28T17:19:24Z Einschlauesding 3381683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Einschlauesding/Archive/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(2d) |counter = 1 |archiveheader = {{aan}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }}__NOTOC__<!-- --> == stuffy things == Wow, I literally scoffed through ~28 iron pickaxes and half a diamond pickaxe breaking stone to make space for new rooms in my new house in Minecraft... Worth it! (perhaps I should have started with a diamond pickaxe. Now I have more diamonds than iron! xD) ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:28, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :22 iron and 29 diamonds. Crazy. Better build my blacksmith room soon or I'll have zero iron and 59 raw iron waiting idle. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 16:46, 7 August 2022 (UTC) :[[User:L10nM4st3r/Funny Stuff/1#You know you had too many salted peanuts when...|You know I had too many salted peanuts when...]] ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 18:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC) Lol [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 20:03, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :My game is going great right now. I've added a background, added new sppecial effects, and even upgraded the mining system. Before, block mining was fun. Now it looks awesome. Before: getting better tools lowered how many times you need to hit a block to break it by one. After: Upgrades make cracks in blocks larger, until the point you can break it instantly. I've added a new block mechanic: softness. A tool's power is subtracted by the block's hardness. If the resulting number is larger than 0, you can mine it. Softness increases the ease to mine it, without effecting the minimum required power to crack it at all. Logs are similar, but have a sideways chop cut, instead of a crack and hole. Also, these cracks cover the entire block, not just a 1x1 block corner on larger ones (some blocks are larger than others). ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 21:11, 8 August 2022 (UTC) :62 diamonds in minecraft, 35 from a single mining trip xD^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">Roar at me</span>]]} 17:50, 10 August 2022 (UTC) :Wow, the mosquitoes love me. They used to only get my mum and brother last year. Now they bite me, my brother, and by dad. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:44, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :times almost up. u wanna chat a bit? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:58, 14 August 2022 (UTC) :I had my aunt over (again), made my game more newbie-friendly (somebody who has no idea how to play something) and fixed a few bugs. It started when I had her play the game. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:04, 14 August 2022 (UTC) Im so sorry I'm always so lateeee [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 16:22, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :No worries^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC) :Ohhh! I might be able to play fortnite with you tomorow! It's updating, meaning I might be able to play (works like that a lot)! ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 20:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC) Nice!! But you gotta wait a little, I gotta go to school now :I [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 05:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Well yea, I can't play it in two a-clock in the morning, can I? ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 08:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC) In back home nowwww [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 12:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :No fucking idea why it won't start. Fortnite broke. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:13, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Have you tried to redownload it? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Yea, 50 times. Excluding updates. Maybe more. Not joking. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 16:37, 17 August 2022 (UTC) Thats so weird, have you also googled it yet? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:12, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :For some reason, google doesn't work either on my device. Although that is probably my parents thinking wikipedia has all the answers. It has a lot, but probably not this one. I'm clueless. Even tried deleting all my games... Well, all exept minecraft and splatoon and fortnite itself.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 17:17, 17 August 2022 (UTC) :Hi. Today sucks. I don't even know why. I just can't smile today in any "real" way. Well, I guess I almost cracked my brother's head with a toy car. That contributes to my bad mood.^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:17, 21 August 2022 (UTC) Ohh im sorry for you, hopefully you feel better today!! [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:25, 22 August 2022 (UTC) :At least I managed to avoid killing my brother! Now ''that'' would be ''really'' bad. And sad. Oh, and I would have been in prison right now too. Most likely. Strangely he managed to not only not bleed, but also only cry for 5 minutes. Lucky me. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 19:04, 22 August 2022 (UTC) Are you able to play fortnite again? [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) :Sorry I couldn't reply sooner, my device kinda.. glitched. But it's fixed now. I ''can'' play it now, but I got a new game I have been dying to play since it was announced. ^{[[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:orange">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|<span tyle="color:#fed8b1">'''Roar''' at me</span>]]} 15:26, 28 August 2022 (UTC) Oh yeah nicee, have fun [[User:Einschlauesding|Einschlauesding]] ([[User talk:Einschlauesding|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Einschlauesding|contribs]]) 17:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 58xt9ef5y6zsvpdj2rg3urg0vnc6xqk 0 444857 4096791 4049990 2022-08-28T12:55:40Z LeoChiukl 3384033 update book status wikitext text/x-wiki {{Book Search}} {{status|100%}} {{Info|Some elementary knowledge of algebra is assumed. Unit 1 of the [[Algebra]] wikibook should be more than enough to learn these elementary knowledge.}} {{Algebra}} This book serves as a {{font color|green|<em>mild introduction</em>}} to linear algebra, and is not too proof-heavy and proof-based. Most topics covered are useful for applications in disciplines other than mathematics. Thus, this book is probably more suitable for non-math majors. For math majors and people who want to study {{font color|green|<em>proof-based</em>}} linear algebra, see [[Linear Algebra]] wikibook. This book should {{font color|green|<em>not</em>}} be a prerequisite of the [[Linear Algebra]] wikibook (but may help understanding it), despite similar topics are covered, since the topics are discussed in quite a different way, and some definitions may differ. ==Table of Contents== # [[/Matrices/|Matrices]] # [[/System of linear equations/|System of linear equations]] # [[/Matrix inverses and determinants/|Matrix inverses and determinants]] # [[/Vectors and subspaces/|Vectors and subspaces]] # [[/Eigenvalues and eigenvectors/|Eigenvalues and eigenvectors]] {{Shelves|Algebra|University level mathematics books}} 84dv9cbe0rpwkhpuoum598p3x6s4yqc 0 446873 4097013 4070164 2022-08-29T05:04:03Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Technology */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The J.Cock New Wave Z400S was a gambling oriented handheld or small tabletop sized console.<ref name="Techmoan"/> The system dates back to at least 1991.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--4:31--> It is said that this console was used primarily by tourists between 1992 and 1995 while on charter flights from Tokyo to Las Vegas.<ref>{{cite web |title=https://twitter.com/gamehistoryorg/status/1504487727580028931 |url=https://twitter.com/gamehistoryorg/status/1504487727580028931?lang=en |website=Twitter |access-date=3 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==Technology== It is speculated that the console is based on the [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Platforms/TurboDuo|Turbo Duo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Japanese handheld video poker device with some Turbo Duo internals. |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/TurboGrafx/comments/t7uqyq/japanese_handheld_video_poker_device_with_some/ |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> ===Audio-Video=== A tube backlit color 4" display is integrated into the console.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--9:51--><!--12:27--> This display had effective viewing dimensions of {{Convert|8.19|cm}} by {{Convert|6.18|cm}}.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--12:27--> The display had a resolution of 479 by 234 pixels.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--12:27--> The system had a headphone jack and a volume slider to the left side of the player.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--3:02--> Built in audio output consisted of twin speakers.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--12:27--> ===Hardware=== Individual cartridges houses the controls used for play.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--4:25--> The system could be powered via a 12 volt DC input jack,<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--3:00--><!--12:27--> or via one of two (potentially rechargeable) batteries shipped with the system.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--5:34, 17:27--> Power draw was 9.6 watts at 0.8 amps.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--12:27--> The system had three total key based locks.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--3:17--> Credits could be added via hidden buttons.<ref name="Techmoan"/> Difficulty could be adjusted via 3 player inaccessible DIP switches on the bottom of the unit, with 8 switches each, for 24 different toggles.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--11:05--> The system had a gross weight of {{convert|3.5|kg}} and measured {{convert|170|mm}} wide, by {{convert|300|mm}} high, by {{convert|140|mm}} deep.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--12:27--> The system was designed to survive temperatures as low as -20°C<!--Bug: Convert template breaks--> and as high as {{convert|60|°C}}, but could only be used at temperatures of {{convert|0|°C}} to {{convert|40|°C}} The system was made in Japan.<ref name="Techmoan"/><!--3:23--> ==Games== * ''Poker Wave''<ref name="Techmoan">{{cite web |author1=Techmoan |title=Obscure 1991 hand held game machine - The J.Cock Z400S |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aj1SMUbAr50 |access-date=3 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|50%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 1k9ls5gny2gxy1bspoa99pe7rq05ujl 0 447460 4097059 4083673 2022-08-29T07:28:36Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 On second thought.. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Interrupted in [[WB:Request for deletion#{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]}}{{stub}} == Pig Gambit == '''3...e6??,''' a Pig Gambit, black gives a queen for the knight. Absolutely '''not''' recommended. {{BookCat}} ji1mziuxchajqiqo3kqj7uhzfiu7pnh 4097060 4097059 2022-08-29T07:29:42Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Interrupted in [[WB:Requests for deletion#{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]}}{{stub}} == Pig Gambit == '''3...e6??,''' a Pig Gambit, black gives a queen for the knight. Absolutely '''not''' recommended. {{BookCat}} nlbdk8ug47o842iduwmn48u74j3vr9y 0 447986 4096944 4087624 2022-08-28T20:31:46Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == {{BookCat}} 3xdh9t26wi03oly3xvjhk547qchu94j 4096945 4096944 2022-08-28T20:34:40Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y). {{BookCat}} h1w7vp8ihpbnb9xnmumgtw9exvqrh3u 4096946 4096945 2022-08-28T20:35:26Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5">Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</syntaxhighlight>. {{BookCat}} 9uqmr7p0v84mtiv200h8bzhksl7w112 4096947 4096946 2022-08-28T20:35:44Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use <code lang="Java5">Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. {{BookCat}} cjpn37ick10xzihcvu4v0hbw1778uun 4096948 4096947 2022-08-28T20:36:12Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. {{BookCat}} 1qzr21vk5d6gaylgs8hd314rcer92jh 4096949 4096948 2022-08-28T20:37:39Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. {{BookCat}} 9rofgmbsg9rlqk5fxjplw2v7jddwsfl 4096950 4096949 2022-08-28T20:42:10Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. {{BookCat}} ap2rwkcnlfuio74w1hup3iumhd7n5vy 4096951 4096950 2022-08-28T20:43:06Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. {{BookCat}} rqb56lw74x7h060mj0w0kp045h06gtq 4096952 4096951 2022-08-28T20:43:35Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. {{BookCat}} o6k4y8jo92yntg1v1cl8pjmeow4jfko 4096953 4096952 2022-08-28T20:44:01Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} nvuo72qfavo4a8majjyukdbbfagh9p9 4096954 4096953 2022-08-28T20:44:14Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */Test wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="0"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} l3uyvh7p2vxlyo0zf52t9z5ibsrp2v7 4096955 4096954 2022-08-28T20:44:29Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="-5"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} bd191a3hhhkjs2jwlt5i6wxxkpqbpvb 4096956 4096955 2022-08-28T20:45:40Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */The Wikimedia software supports numbering lines starting from 0, but not starting form negative numbers wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} nvuo72qfavo4a8majjyukdbbfagh9p9 4096957 4096956 2022-08-28T20:46:12Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp= Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} 3yq2rnyx8pmah538b0cqvichjzy08sd 4096958 4096957 2022-08-28T20:46:22Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} t8150smoug680hapq9rgvymecgybcuf 4096959 4096958 2022-08-28T20:46:36Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x <= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} qem4lkx0b0doexk0zi14dwmhl41vszl 4096960 4096959 2022-08-28T20:46:47Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x <= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x > y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} jsoxrsvt05pr0ifl7slano53ihy2xub 4096961 4096960 2022-08-28T20:47:58Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x <= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x > y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> If we want to check if y is greater than x, and not if y is greater or equal to x we can easily swap them {{BookCat}} dhom2wsqz2wmcyhc2ecj3a0x0fct49s 4096962 4096961 2022-08-28T20:48:22Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 /* Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x <= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x > y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> If we want to check if y is greater than x, and not if y is greater or equal to x we can easily swap them in line 10. {{BookCat}} 6jiswt80ucudb5q0ltmd361vch7dbwb 4096963 4096962 2022-08-28T20:48:48Z Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 3384371 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== As noted in the preface, Javagony does not have if/else statements. However it’s possible to use a try/catch statement instead by putting the code in the try block and causing an error if the condition is met. If an error happens in the try block, the code will move to the catch block. Otherwise, it will continue running in the try block. Therefore we can consider the catch block the if block and the try block (everything that happens after the first line) the else block. Just make sure your code doesn’t generate an error in the try block after the first line, and if you are writing unsafe code (like loading from a file), consider putting a try/catch statement inside the try. Let’s start with the easiest one, checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other. ==Checking if 2 numbers are equal to each other== As you probably already know by now, if you subtract two numbers that are equal to each other you get zero. Elementary school Mathematics teaches us that it’s impossible to divide a number by zero, and if you try to do so in java it will cause an error. The following code defines 2 variables x and y. If want to you can ask the user to enter them. We will keep thing simple for this example, and their values will be written in the code. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=5; int y=5; try { int temp=1/(x-y); System.out.println("x =/= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x == y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> ==Comparing 2 integers to check which one is greater == Assume x and y are both integer variables, and that their values have been defined in the program. To check which integer is larger x or y we will use the method <code>Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y)</code>. The largest number that can be stored in an integer variable is [[w:2,147,483,647|2,147,483,647]]. If the result of a normal addition exceeds this value, it will round down. However, if the method <code>Math.addExact</code> is used, it will throw an exception. This behavior can be used to our advantage. <syntaxhighlight lang="Java5" line start="1"> public class Javagony { public static void main(String[] args) { int x=8; int y=5; try { int temp=Math.addExact(x,Integet.MAX_VALUE-y) System.out.println("x <= y"); } catch(Exception IO) { System.out.println("x > y"); } } } </syntaxhighlight> If we want to check if y is greater than x, and not if y is greater or equal to x we can easily swap them in line 10. {{BookCat}} 3w1pro42uxe1psqqh74v8sagbqghkux 0 448232 4097080 4095706 2022-08-29T09:57:14Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Video RAM */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} ==The debugger dock== The debugger dock is the deafult and best way to debug. If a red circle is shown next to it, there is an error to read. If there is a yellow circle, you have a new warning to read. When you open it, you have several tabs: ===Debugger=== This is the tab opened when a fatal error occurs, which is an error that could cause your game to crash in release builds. It shows the "stack frames". This is a ''stack'' of function calls, allowing you to find the source of the error. This is invaluable. To the right of the stack frames show all the variables the script can access, and what they are set to. Above that is a few buttons: *Skip Breakpoints: stops the game being paused on breakpoints until this is repressed. *Copy Error: copy the error to your clipboard. *Step Into: runs the next expression. Enters indented blocks that it would enter anyway. *Step Over: runs the next expression. Skips indented blocks. *Break: pauses the game as if a breakpoint was used. *Continue: resumes the game. ===Errors=== Allows you to see every fatal and non-fatal error and warning that you encountered during the running game. There are a few buttons: *Clear: empties this list. *Expand All: expands every error to see more information. *Collapse All: collapses every error to see less information. Each error may be pressed to go to the script and line the error came from. Double click it to expand or collapse. You can also click the arrow to expand/collapse. Expanding it shows the error and the code stack. ===Profiler=== This allows you to record function call count and how much frame time is used. It is priceless when optimizing your game, and can be used for debugging too. To begin, you must press ''start''. On the right, a chart will generate. Higher up lines means that something takes up a large amount of the game's processing. They should be optimized at some point, as much as possible. To check what is slowing the game down the most, click in the chart in the area with a high peak, and scroll down the left. You will see how many seconds each function call costs, and how many times it was called. If you want a percentage, click on the <code>Mesure:</code> value, and choose <code>Frame %</code>. The <code>Time:</code> has two values: *Inclusive: shows the frame time or percentage of all calls to a function *Self: shows the single largest frame time or percentage during a single call. ===Network Profiler=== This allows you to see how much internet is being used by each node. Both how much used in sending, and how much used in reciving. ===Monitors=== This allows you to check performance in a graph. Most useful options to show are: *Time: **FPS: Frames per second. **Process: The amount of time spent every idle frame. **Physics Process: The amount of time spent in the physics frame. *Memory: **Static: How much memory is used for unchanging things. **Dynamic: How much memory used is always changing or code being ran. **Static Max: The maximum static memory reached. **Dynamic Max: The maximum dynamic memory reached. **Msg Buf Max: The memory used by output, including errors and warnings. ===Video RAM=== This allows you to see how many images are using up memory, and which ones. ===Misc=== This allows you to see the Control node last activated before the game closed, and its node path. ==Script debugging== ==Debug options== ==Debugging editor plugins== {{bookcat}} cjyo74twmu5i2y8a8j0yp8lwwk7o5db 4097086 4097080 2022-08-29T10:38:19Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 /* Monitors */ good enough for now, I'll add the others later wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} ==The debugger dock== The debugger dock is the deafult and best way to debug. If a red circle is shown next to it, there is an error to read. If there is a yellow circle, you have a new warning to read. When you open it, you have several tabs: ===Debugger=== This is the tab opened when a fatal error occurs, which is an error that could cause your game to crash in release builds. It shows the "stack frames". This is a ''stack'' of function calls, allowing you to find the source of the error. This is invaluable. To the right of the stack frames show all the variables the script can access, and what they are set to. Above that is a few buttons: *Skip Breakpoints: stops the game being paused on breakpoints until this is repressed. *Copy Error: copy the error to your clipboard. *Step Into: runs the next expression. Enters indented blocks that it would enter anyway. *Step Over: runs the next expression. Skips indented blocks. *Break: pauses the game as if a breakpoint was used. *Continue: resumes the game. ===Errors=== Allows you to see every fatal and non-fatal error and warning that you encountered during the running game. There are a few buttons: *Clear: empties this list. *Expand All: expands every error to see more information. *Collapse All: collapses every error to see less information. Each error may be pressed to go to the script and line the error came from. Double click it to expand or collapse. You can also click the arrow to expand/collapse. Expanding it shows the error and the code stack. ===Profiler=== This allows you to record function call count and how much frame time is used. It is priceless when optimizing your game, and can be used for debugging too. To begin, you must press ''start''. On the right, a chart will generate. Higher up lines means that something takes up a large amount of the game's processing. They should be optimized at some point, as much as possible. To check what is slowing the game down the most, click in the chart in the area with a high peak, and scroll down the left. You will see how many seconds each function call costs, and how many times it was called. If you want a percentage, click on the <code>Mesure:</code> value, and choose <code>Frame %</code>. The <code>Time:</code> has two values: *Inclusive: shows the frame time or percentage of all calls to a function *Self: shows the single largest frame time or percentage during a single call. ===Network Profiler=== This allows you to see how much internet is being used by each node. Both how much used in sending, and how much used in reciving. ===Monitors=== This allows you to check performance in a graph. Most useful options to show are: *Time: **FPS: Frames per second. **Process: The amount of time spent every idle frame. **Physics Process: The amount of time spent in the physics frame. *Memory: **Static: How much memory is used for unchanging things. **Dynamic: How much memory used is always changing or code being ran. **Static Max: The maximum static memory reached. **Dynamic Max: The maximum dynamic memory reached. **Msg Buf Max: The memory used by output, including errors and warnings. *Object **Objects: The total number of {{Guide to the Godot game engine/class|Object}}s there are. **Resources: The amount of {{guide to the Godot game engine/class|Resource}}s that exist. **Nodes: The number of Nodes that exist. **Orphan Nodes: The number of Nodes that are not inside the {{guide to the Godot game engine/class|SceneTree}}. In general, this should always be zero. Try to use resources or an object if it is intentional. Otherwise you should free it if possible, by calling <code>free()</code> on that node when you are finished with it. ===Video RAM=== This allows you to see how many images are using up memory, and which ones. ===Misc=== This allows you to see the Control node last activated before the game closed, and its node path. ==Script debugging== ==Debug options== ==Debugging editor plugins== {{bookcat}} 91o28w67palkmwp0q7u0n2znne3j22u 0 448244 4096898 4096752 2022-08-28T15:14:59Z 145.53.237.167 /* Internal Layout */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Query|What is this? Is it a book?}} == Project Hephaistos == Hḗphaistos was the Greek god of metalworking, craftsmen, artisans, and fire. In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was cast off Mount Olympus and lived in exile underneath Mount Etna, later to return to Olympus. He is described as being lame as the result of a congenital impairment, but a craftsman who makes up for his impairment by devicing genial designs. In this Book we will discuss in broad strokes the ideas and designs of "Project Hephaistos", an interstellar starship. Just like its namesake this ship will suffer from being lame and will have to make up for its slowness by utilizing all kinds of crafts. == Why should we reach for the stars? == A common question asked when pondering interstellar travel, is why try this in the first place? After all, there is no reasonable expectation of any kind of trade with distant colonies, a mission that under enormous costs at the very edge of our abilities would bring a handful of humans to another star system would not alleviate any population problems on earth, and all the resources committed to this singular project could surely be used back at home? There are some arguments for a mission like it: * Survival of species-level extinction events * knowledge only obtainable by spreading throughout the galaxy * advancements in technologies necessary for this mission would benefit broader society == Limits of imagination == If we try to envision a realistic future mission to the stars we will always have to start with the technologies we currently have at our disposal. We might speculate about enhancing performance characteristics by some factor or to engineer proven principles on a much larger scale. However if we start speculating about technologies not even in its infancy yet we would soon enter the realm of fentasy. Let's have a look at three examples: Antimatter, Cryosleep, Alcubiere-Warpdrive. For an interstellar mission the Alcubierre-Warpdrive looks most promising: afterall to warp spacetime around the ship would free us from the shackles of this peski speed limit of the universe, the ship could travel with any speed needed, without the inhabitants even feeling any acceleration. Some mathematical work has been done regarding the energy requirements and the possible solutions of the spacetime geometries, so why should we ignore this? The answer is simple: it would require negative energies, we don't even know if this is physically possible. No one has ever created a warp bubble nor is it even so much as a proven possibility. The case for antimatter is slightly better. We do know it exists, we regularly produce it. We even have stored minuscule amounts of it. So surely it's only a matter of engineering to create a dedicated antimatter factory and drive concepts like "Antimatter Catalysed Fusion" (AimStar) to become possible? The ships would still be bound by the universal speed limit, but could come arbitrarily close to it? so why not a ship that cruises at 99% the speed of light? There is no experimental evidence for any kind of successful reanimation after freezing a complex organism. If we want to avoid just using magic fantasy technology we will have to limit ourselves to technologies that have a physically sound foundation, have already small-scale applications, and could conceivably be upscaled. Inherently this will lead to us missing quite a lot of interesting developments! in fact we will be in a situation like Jules Verne, using the steam-powered technology of his time to envision submarines and space travel in a near future while completly obvious of any advances in electric engineering, computation and nuclear physics. So any kind of space ship we will discuss on the basis of todays technology will necessarily turn out to be a kind of steam-punk contraption. == The challenge == <blockquote>Space [...] is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist, but that's just peanuts to space.</blockquote> Douglas Adams Size comparison (star=salt crystal, size of a galaxy, collision with andromeda), Speed comparison (fastest man-made object), {| class="wikitable" |+ fastest man made object in space |- ! Name !! Started (flight time) !! Distance !! Current Speed !! time for 1 ly !! Header text |- | Voyager 1 || Example || 61,200 km/h || 17,600 years || Example || Example |- | Voyager 2 || Example || 55,300 km/h || Example || Example || Example |- | Pioneer 10 || Example || 12,300 km/s || Example || Example || Example |- | Pioneer 11 || Example || 40,400 km/h || Example || Example || Example |- | Parker Solar Probe || Example || 692,000 km/h|| 1,560 years || Example || Example |- | New Horizons || Example || 47,000 km/h|| Example || Example || Example |} Now if we are honest we have to admit none of those probes was explicitly build and launched to reach interstellar space. Their mission was to visit planets in our own solar system during the span of a few years, a mission they all very successfully performed. This begs the question, which kind of speed could we achieve if we wanted to? So lets ponder which speed we could attain if we used the most powerful rocket that ver existed, NASAs Saturn V. But instead of using all its energy to lift thousands of tons from earth, lets start the journey with a fully tanked Rocket already in space. To answer these kind if Questions, "How much speed can we obtain using a specific rocket" we will use a more than 100 year old equation: The '''classical rocket equation''', or '''ideal rocket equation''' It is credited to the Russian scientist [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] who independently derived it and published it in 1903, although it had been independently derived by several other scientists as well. [[File:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.svg|thumb|right|A rocket's required mass ratio as a function of effective exhaust velocity ratio]] The maximum change of velocity of the vehicle, <math>\Delta v</math> (with no external forces acting) is: <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = I_\text{sp} g_0 \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f},</math> where: * <math>v_\text{e} = I_\text{sp} g_0</math> is the effective exhaust velocity; **<math>I_\text{sp}</math> is the specific impulse in dimension of time; **<math>g_0</math> is standard gravity; * <math>\ln</math> is the natural logarithm function; * <math>m_0</math> is the initial total mass, including propellant, a.k.a. wet mass; * <math>m_f</math> is the final total mass without propellant, a.k.a. dry mass. Given the effective exhaust velocity determined by the rocket motor's design, the desired delta-v, and a given dry mass <math>m_f</math>, the equation can be solved for the required propellant mass <math>m_0 - m_f</math>: <math display="block">m_0 = m_f e^{\Delta v / v_\text{e}}.</math> The necessary wet mass grows exponentially with the desired delta-v. what if we put a Sturn V in orbit, attach our most efficient engine, which speed can we reach?) All that remains to do yo answer our question is to find the exhaust velocity, the dry and wet mass of each stage, and then plug these numbers into th equation: {| class="wikitable" |+ Saturn V |- ! Stage !! rocket engine !! exhaust velocity !! dry mass !! wet mass |- | S-IC|| Rocketdyne F-1 || 3km/s || 137,000 kg || 2,214,000 kg |- | S-II|| Rocketdyne J-2|| 4.13 km/s || 36,000 kg || 480,000 kg |- | S-IVB || Rocketdyne J-2 || 4.13 km/s || 13,500 kg|| 119,000 kg |} Now of course since all stages are together at the beginning, we will have to add all the masses of all remaining stages for each of the engines. So when stage 1 begins its burn and throws hot exhaust gas with a velocity of 3 km/s behind the rocket, the wet mass of the whole rocket will be: 2813000 kg. When stage 1 ends, the remaining mass will be the dry-mass of stage 1 plus the total mass of the still remaining stages. <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 3km/s \ln \frac{2813000kg}{736000kg} = 4.02 km/s</math> <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{599000kg}{49500kg} = 10.2 km/s</math> <math display="block">\Delta v = v_\text{e} \ln \frac{m_0}{m_f} = 4.13km/s \ln \frac{119000kg}{13500kg} = 8.92 km/s </math> Combined, at the end of all three stages completely exhausted the empty last stage (with its payload) would have attained a speed of 23.14 km/s. Without any possibility to ever slowdown. But of course we could do a bit better! After all, why should we use the less effective engine of the first stage, when we already have more effective ones. Infact we could use Even if we use the best engine at hand, ignore all the problems associated with starting from the surface, construct a 10 times larger rocket then the largest one we have today, fuel it with the most efficient fuel - a one way trip to the nearest star would take ~ thousands (?) years. How can we compare drives? * thrust * specific impulse exhaust velocity - temperature Ion-Engine VASIMIR Oberth Effect Gravitational Slingshot examining the data of the above table shows with currently reachable technologies only nuclear pulse propulsion gives us the slightest chance of propelling anything over interstellar distance that has more mass than a dandelion seed and would arrive in less than a thousand years. Is there a reasonable expectation that we can even buld any kind of technical system that stays functional for decades or even centuries? Several Navies have Ships on active duty which are several decades old, albeit with regular and heavy refits. On the other hand we already have several space probes active for decades which do remarkably well, usually is either the energy source, reaction mass or reaction wheels which limit the lifetime of these devices. All in all the vacuum of space seems to be a remarkably well suited environment for longterm missions. Without the constant barrage of the elements technical systems have stayed functional for decades even if they had been build with mission duration of years in mind. It seems plausible to assume a system planned with a lifetime of centuries, placed in a vacuum, is well within our abilities. The main pitfall will be mechanical systems (actuators) and parts which are in contact with reactive chemicals, i.e. a breathable athomsphere, a.k.a. the habitable areas. == The proposal == === Drive === As the original Project Orion proposed, the main drive will be several thousand nuclear bombs. Build as to be shaped charges, emitting most of their energy in two narrow cones towards and away from the pusher plate. The pusher plate itself is parabolic in shape. The thickness of the plate varies in such a way, that areas which will be hit by the most energetic particles are more massive, while further out the plate is less massiv. This should ensure an equal acceleration of the plate, without to much internal stresses. Extending from the outer edge of the plate will be an magnetic nozzel to harness the energy of particles not within the plate radius. To protect the plate from ablation before each blast the surface needs to be coated in an oil film. All components hich can withstand considerable accerlerations, e.g. surplus material, nuclear charges, reactor, radiators will be placed directly behind the pusher plate and will encounter several g's of acceleration every few minutes. The original Project Orion proposed a series of mechanical shock absorbers between the pusher plate and the remaining structures, instead our design will use an Eddy Current Break or a Linear Induction Motor. With each shockwave the pusher-assembly is rapidly accelerated forward. in the center of the assembly a 5km long keel is situated, in essence a large tower. This tower acts as the moving part of a linear induction motor. Around this keel is a circular node constructed. The node does not physically touch the keel, instead when the keel is rapidly pushed through the node is its momentum is gradually absorbed over the length of the keel. The recupperated energy is then used to move the node back to the fron of the Keel. The node therefore encounters less strong accerleration forces and will serve as the central anchor point for the habitation areas. === Habitation === As we have seen in Chapter X it will be impossible to achieve flight times of less then several decades, on the other hand our ability to build (and test) systems with lifetimes of thousands of years is doubtfull. A flight time of lower digits of centuries however seems feasable for the machine parts. Which leaves the crucial component: the human inhabitants. It seems at the moment safe to assume that extended periods of weightlessness are diametral to human health, and even to plant life. Therefore any longterm habitation, not even to speak of multiple generations, requires artificial gravity. The only possible way to create artificial garvity known to us is by acceleration. Indeed according to general relativity there is no discernable difference between a uniformly accelerated frame of reference, and a frame of reference in a gravitational field. However since we cannot accelerate the ship with any appreachable fraction of g during the whole flight we will have to resort to the trick of using rotation. Since in an rotating container all objects are constantly forced to deviate from the straight lines they would naturally follow, they will constantly feel an acceleration, usually known as centripedal force. For given radius and a given rotation rate the centripedal force can be calculated using: How much gravity is neccessary? Natural deviation on earth is between x and y m/s², Astronauts on the lunar surface encountered z m/s². We have to rely on some speculation here, but it seems fairly safe to assume an artificial gravity of 80% g will be enough to remidy most harmful effects. ==== Population size ==== the lowest possible bound would be a population of 1 woman, birthing in each generation 1 child, at all times there would be 3 to 4 generations alive. This lowest bound gives zero margin for error, accidental death, inability of pregnancies and so on. On the other hand by population genetics its estimated a population of 300 - 500 people could contain enough diversity to avoid inbreeding. However this bound can be lowered if we consider transporting banks of frozen sperm, eggs and embryos. ZZZZ <ref>missing</ref>calculates in his paper a population size of 140. An interesting approach would be to look at small isolated societies on earth to get an estimate on which number of peoples makes a sustainable population. Jesides, Inuit, Rapa Nui, {{To do|popultion size and isolation of isolated communities}} To be on the safe side we propose a population of 300 with an average age distribution of... ==== Food production ==== An healthy human male needs 2500 calories a day, ccording to ZZZZ a healthy diet of mostly vegetables, supplemented with some poultry and eggs requires roughly 1 acre or 4050 m. Our total population of 300 people would require therefore a minimum 1.22 km of land area. However with vertical farming and hydroponics some of the traditional farming area could be substituted. To create a surface wih 80% gravity we will consider a stanford torus design, in essense a gigantic ferris wheel whose constant rotation provides the centripedal force of gravity. As a benchmark of possible torus measurements we can look at current suspension bridges. The currently longest suspension bridge (by central span) is the Çanakkale Bridge of Turkey with a central span of roughly 2 km. Engineering a "bridge" with a circumference of 6km suspended from a central node seems feasable. With staying cables of 1 km length (radius), the habitat torus would have a circumference of 6.3 km. If each habitat ring has a width of 200m, the surface area of each ring would be 1.26 km^2. Employing 3 decks per ring, with a vertical distance of 40m would yield a total of 3.8 km^2., which is the same are of central park in New York. 4 such rings per ship would put the total living area at 15 km^2. ==== Waste break down ==== ==== Oxygen regeneration ==== oxygen partial pressure genetics of tibetians Population Genetics === Psychological effects === [[Image:biosphere2 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Biosphere 2]] [[File:Wiki bio2 sunset 001.jpg|thumb|Biosphere 2 ]] [[Image:Biosphere2 Inside big.jpg|thumb|Biosphere 2, interrior viewed from the thornscrub towards the Ocean sections]] [https://www.closed-worlds.com/bios-3?lightbox=dataItem-jg4l694e BIOS-3] [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~meyer/CISC1600/Materials/Unit3/Sources_Project_3/Lab_Project_3_files/Biosphere2cutaway.jpg BIOSphere] [https://www.vulture.com/2013/08/syd-mead-design-blade-runner-aliens-elysium.html Syd Mead Design] [https://cdnb.artstation.com/p/assets/images/images/040/290/933/large/nichlas-benjamin-5000-final-torus-interior-2.jpg?1628434985 Nichlas Benjamin] [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c3/d8/85/c3d8856f9d2854b2fa10ec11691552a7.jpg Standford Torus] [[File:1915 Çanakkale Bridge 20220327.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge of Turkey, opened in 2022, has the longest central span (2,023 m) of any suspension bridge.]] Size comparison: Aircraft Carrier, Suspension Bridge, Stanford Torus [http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm Land area of Islands] '''Lo''' (sometimes wrongly spelled ''Loh'') is an island in the Torres group of islands, in northern Vanuatu. The island is located 2.25 miles from the Toga Island As of 2009, the population of the island was 210.<ref> {{cite document | url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/vu/stats/Publications/2009%20Census%20Summary%20release%20final.pdf | title=2009 National Census of Population and Housing: Summary Release | publisher=Vanuatu National Statistics Office | year=2009 | access-date= October 11, 2010}}</ref> It had in 1979 a population of 84 people. [[File:Pitcairn Island Group.svg|Map of the Pitcairn Islands]] Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has a land area of 163.6 km² and sustained a population of 3000-4000. To sustain the caloric intake of a population of 90 people at least 200 acres or 0.8 km^2 are needed. High yield hydroponic and vertical farming not included. One person breathes the oxygen production of around 8 trees. === Internal Layout === After discussing different problems and solutions in the prior sections, lets summarize: * The habitation area will be in rotating rings, with 1km radius and a width of 200m * Each ring will internally be divided in 3 or more decks, to maximize usable surface area * Agriculture will mostly be done in high intensity hydroponics areas, seperated from the larger habitation areas. * The ecology will be semi closed, i.e. some inevitable losses due to chemical reactions are anticipated and accounted for. * The ecology will resemble one of an isolated sweet water biome on earth, possibly like cloud forests on islands (canary islands, madagacar, new zealand) * The population will be ~100people per habitat ring, with a total of 3 to 4 rings. If we lookmat artistic impressions of space habitats, like the stanford torus, the interior is usually depicted as a suburban environment or a recreational park with large water surfaces, single family homes, often bugalows, connected by small paths. Often a futuristic looking monorail is added. This kind of suburban, low density areas are the least productive and the necessary infrastructure is spread out over a hughe area. Its is the most wastefull in terms of area footprint and typically relies on nearby cities to finance the necessary infrastructure. Contrary to this depictions the population will be concentrated in a high density village of several apartmentblocks or multi-purpose buildings. This will allow a local population density of up to .... person per km^2, comparabe to (Monacco, Hongkong, New York). This concentration will have multiple benefits: The infrastructure for transportation, fresh water distribution and waste water extraction is much smaller and more efficient. Safety anbd emergency measures can be concentrated around this highly populated area, e.g. special radiation shielding, emergency compartments with autonomous air supply, emergency generators. It will also allow to assemble emergency response teams in a timely manner, to equip them and coordinate them. Sports, entertainment and community services would also be provided in this village. To allow fast access to all levels of the habitat, the town might stretch vertically over all levels inside a chamber of a hyperboloid shape (like cooling towers). Because of the limited space transportation would not require any sophisticated systems, rather most transportation needs could be satisfied by using a low-tech solution like bicycles. Large open water areas would also detract from the usable surface area, therefore at the deepest point of the central "vally" there might be a rather small creek for drainage of the surrounding areas. Only at the depest point of the habitat ring, around and below the town, the central water reservoir might be accessable in the form of a series of ponds or a very small lake. The ring volume will be divided by bulkheads into separable sections, this bulkheads may be open during normal operation to allow an unimpeded flow of material between sections but close automatically in the event of loss of electricity, decompression or fire. For esthetical reasons thos section deviders could be designed like a rockface, although thats not neccessary. The inner volume is therefore partitioned by a spiral, allowing to follow on one path, crossing several bulkheads and thereby gradually climbing to upper levels. To reinforce a sense of spaciousness it is important to make sure not every individuum will be able to traverse every possible path in a short time. Instead the pathways outside of the town and surrounding recreational areas should not follow a straight line, instead they should meander through the area and frequently branch out to allow different vistas. For the same reason the inner surface should not follow simply the curvature of the outside hull, instead two hill ranges should separate two outside vallays from the middle valley with creek. This way two or three path can be close to each other, without ever allowing a direct line of sight. Depending on the layout it might also be possible to create hard to reach areas, islands or areas surrounded by cliffs, to ensure that even after years some unvisited places retain an air of mystery. === Dangers === Radiation fire pressure loss collision ecologic imbalance == Sociology == === politics === === law enforcement === === judicial system === === economics === pa99stp6j23i3s9shmgcspdn0w0bmgx 0 448331 4096788 4096597 2022-08-28T12:43:41Z 202.168.18.110 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critical appraisal of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to a full research project may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One of the few questions in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the diversity of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels after 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however in the PTSD group there was a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with other similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD, and its symptoms. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response, and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose built facility without external stressors. Other studies have aimed to participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. This study consisted of a very small, nondiverse in a practical sense, but with significant differences across both the control and PTSD group. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regards to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} mqnxztuf4zfywfcufat1ppkrt43vj6b 4096789 4096788 2022-08-28T12:47:21Z 202.168.18.110 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following broad diagnostic criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events, including personal risk, is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of the first responder or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity, in turn increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The researchers and subsequent authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to a full research project may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One of the few questions in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the diversity of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels after 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however in the PTSD group there was a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with other similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD, and its symptoms. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response, and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose built facility without external stressors. Other studies have aimed to participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. This study consisted of a very small, nondiverse in a practical sense, but with significant differences across both the control and PTSD group. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regards to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} rdtv9m7c07hb9okkz807vbpzs6iysrs 4096790 4096789 2022-08-28T12:54:03Z 202.168.18.110 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to a full research project may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One of the few questions in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the diversity of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to make adjustments in the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels after 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however in the PTSD group there was a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with other similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD, and its symptoms. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response, and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose built facility without external stressors. Other studies have aimed to participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. This study consisted of a very small, nondiverse in a practical sense, but with significant differences across both the control and PTSD group. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regards to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} cbwpkmdal8317s4t9dfjaitatu594ht 4096794 4096790 2022-08-28T13:00:36Z 202.168.18.110 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> In addition, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of a sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participant selection and initial data collection was undertaken between June and November 2017. Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and a history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a further DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to a full research project may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One of the few questions in relation to the data collected in the pilot study relates to the diversity of the group. The participants are all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this was related to a poor response in relation to participant recruitment, or whether researchers intend to adjust the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels after 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however in the PTSD group there was a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with other similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD, and its symptoms. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies have aimed to participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. This study consisted of a very small, nondiverse in a practical sense, but with significant differences across both the control and PTSD group. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} s82evqilvmmcdfki1hw194dhz6jdg41 4096805 4096794 2022-08-28T13:19:41Z 202.168.18.110 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article " Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One questions in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether researchers intend to adjust the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies have aimed to participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. This study consisted of a very small, nondiverse in a practical sense, but with significant differences across both the control and PTSD group. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} oq4zl3m012xbf3gotu6o2siscm454jx 4097005 4096805 2022-08-29T04:08:52Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article "Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One question in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether researchers intend to adjust the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies aimed to have participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. Both the PTSD and control groups were very small, nondiverse, however significantly different in terms of age, trauma and other variables. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == Additional information on PTSD, is located at the following websites: Beyond Blue Australia https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd Phoenix Australia https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/ Black Dog Institute https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/ == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 3ty6l1u0ea9fiwqafl9qdnq79sotkui 4097008 4097005 2022-08-29T04:19:00Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article "Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in a suitable level of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of previously published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science, with focus on this topic or in relation to broader mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One question in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether researchers intend to adjust the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies aimed to have participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. Both the PTSD and control groups were very small, nondiverse, however significantly different in terms of age, trauma and other variables. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == The following websites provide additional information on PTSD: Beyond Blue Australia <nowiki>https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd</nowiki> Phoenix Australia <nowiki>https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/</nowiki> Black Dog Institute <nowiki>https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/</nowiki> == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} g4w9luyuwpap7v7pj9flgy8n45tf0hq 4097009 4097008 2022-08-29T04:23:00Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article "Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in suitable levels of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science in relation to mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, in conjunction with informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against a number of exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to the activity, a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One question in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years, which, regardless of diagnosis, would likely indicate the potential for variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether researchers intend to adjust the breadth of age in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not address or provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies aimed to have participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. Both the PTSD and control groups were very small, nondiverse, however significantly different in terms of age, trauma and other variables. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == The following websites provide additional information on PTSD: Beyond Blue Australia <nowiki>https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd</nowiki> Phoenix Australia <nowiki>https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/</nowiki> Black Dog Institute <nowiki>https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/</nowiki> == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 49q26dpvpxc7m7g2jv42ih85ec02lmh 4097010 4097009 2022-08-29T04:27:35Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article "Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: A.    The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. B.    The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. C.    Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. D.    Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. E.    Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. F.    Symptoms last for more than 1 month. G.    Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. H.    Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in suitable levels of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science in relation to mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One question in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years would likely increase potential for a variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether breadth of age will be adjusted in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies aimed to have participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. Both the PTSD and control groups were very small, nondiverse, however significantly different in terms of age, trauma and other variables. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == The following websites provide additional information on PTSD: Beyond Blue Australia <nowiki>https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd</nowiki> Phoenix Australia <nowiki>https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/</nowiki> Black Dog Institute <nowiki>https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/</nowiki> == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 98592ku3ehh8dr9iqge8lzvdqtn9vcv 4097011 4097010 2022-08-29T04:32:01Z Ted Wesley 3398645 wikitext text/x-wiki This Wikipage is a critique of the research article "Acute Physiological Responses Following a Bout of Vigorous Exercise in Military Soldiers and First Responders with PTSD: An Exploratory Pilot Study" by Kathryn E Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McKune. This Wikipage was prepared as an assessment for the unit Health, Disease and Exercise at the University of Canberra, Semester 2, 2022. <ref name="Article">Speer KE, Semple S, McKune AJ. Acute physiological responses following a bout of vigorous exercise in military soldiers and first responders with PTSD: An exploratory pilot study. Behav Sci. 10 (2):59.</ref> == '''What is the background to the research?''' == Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) with the following criteria: * The person was exposed to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence. * The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced. * Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma. * Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma. * Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma. * Symptoms last for more than 1 month. * Symptoms create distress or functional impairment. * Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.<ref>US Department of Veteran Affairs (US DVA) PTSD: National Center for PTSD [internet]. United States of America: US DVA; 2020. Available from <nowiki>https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/essentials/dsm5_ptsd.asp</nowiki></ref> Additionally, PTSD sufferers often experience isolation, distrust, relationship difficulties, and communication issues. A cadre at a higher risk of developing PTSD during their lifetime are past and present members of the armed services, police, paramedics, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>Geronazzo-Alman L, Eisenberg R, Shen S, Duarte CS, Musa GJ, Wicks J, Fan B, Doan T, Guffanti G, Bresnahan M, Hoven CW. Cumulative exposure to work-related traumatic events and current post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City's first responders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;74:134-143.</ref><ref>Farr OM, Sloan DM, Keane TM, Mantzoros CS. Stress- and PTSD-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction: a growing problem requiring further research and novel treatments. Metabolism [Internet]. 2014 Dec; 63(12):1463-8</ref> Persistent exposure to traumatic events is an unfortunate and unavoidable result of the role of first responders or military personnel.<ref name="McKeon"> McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby JM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11; 9(9).</ref> Cumulatively these factors limit the ability or likelihood of sufferers engaging in suitable levels of physical activity; increasing the risk of co-morbidities such as Cardiovascular Disease, Type II Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, concurrent mental illnesses, substance abuse, and self-harm/suicide.<ref name="Augmentation">Rosenbaum S, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A. Exercise augmentation compared with usual care for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 May;131(5):350-9.</ref><ref>Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovascular Med J [internet] 2011; 5 164-70. </ref><ref>Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Van Der Ploeg H. Assessing physical activity in people with posttraumatic stress disorder: Feasibility and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire– short form and actigraph accelerometers. BMC Research Notes [internet] 2014; 7''',''' 576. </ref><ref name="McKeon" /> == '''Where is this research from?''' == The authors of this article, Kathryn Speer, Stuart Semple and Andrew J McCune, are from the Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canberra (UC). All authors have a significant library of published literature, much in the field of sport and exercise science in relation to mental health issues.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What kind of research was this?''' == This research project was a pilot study of a sample of 8 males, aged 20 to 75 years, who were either currently serving/retired armed forces personnel or first responders. The sample consisted of a control group without PTSD and a group with a PTSD diagnosis, both consisting of equal participants (''n''=4).<ref name="Article" /> A pilot study tests criteria such as designs, strategies, methodology, measures and participant compliance, whilst also fine-tuning hypotheses and identifying areas that may prove problematic.<ref>Moore CG, Carter RE, Nietert PJ, Stewart PW. Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clin Transl Sci. [internet] 2011 Oct;4(5):332-7.</ref> Additionally the pilot study will often obtain information to guide calculation of sample size for the main project, as well as statistical measures including mean and standard deviation (SD).<ref>In J. Introduction of a pilot study. Korean J Anesthesiol. [internet] 2017 Dec;70(6):601-605. </ref> == '''What did the research involve?''' == Researchers recruited through local advertising, informational flyers posted at various hospitals, allied health clinics, mental health and support services. Candidates were compared against exclusion criteria, including disease and history of musculoskeletal injury.<ref name="Article" /> Participants completed the Exercise and Support Science Australia (ESSA) adult pre-exercise screening tool and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS).<ref>Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA). Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS). [Internet] Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> <ref>Health Focus Clinical Psychology Services. Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale DASS (-42) [internet]. Accessed 24 August 2022.</ref> Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured, physiological and saliva samples obtained, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan conducted.<ref name="Article" /> On the day of testing participants completed a DASS questionnaire prior to a vigorous boxing session. Additional samples and DASS questionnaires, were undertaken 30 minutes post exercise, and again at 24- and 48-hours post-exercise. <ref name="Article" /> This pilot study focused on qualitative data over quantitative, a common theme in pilot/feasibility studies, whereby the researchers seek further information to enhance research quality, validity, and reliability.<ref>Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, Möllås G, Rose R, Shevlin M. Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. [internet] January 2019.</ref> Transition from pilot studies to full research projects may involve adjustment of participants, and recruitment, to increase retention rate particularly in the control sample. These participants are sometimes not appropriately informed of the need for a control group and the purpose it plays in the research.<ref>Elfeky A, Treweek S, Hannes K, Bruhn H, Fraser C, Gillies K. Using qualitative methods in pilot and feasibility trials to inform recruitment and retention processes in full-scale randomised trials: a qualitative evidence synthesis. BMJ Open [internet] 2022;'''12:'''e055521.</ref> One question in relation to data collection in the pilot study relates to group diversity. The participants were all male, with varying exposures either resulting in a PTSD diagnosis or no official diagnosis. Participants fell across a broad age group of 55 years would likely increase potential for a variety in exposed trauma and length of time symptoms have been displayed. It is unknown if this related to a poor participant recruitment response, or whether breadth of age will be adjusted in the full trial. Additionally, the researchers do not provide insight to pre-existing treatment for participants, either psychologically or pharmacologically, whether diagnosed with PTSD or otherwise.<ref name="Hegberg">Hegberg N, Hayes J, Hayes S. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry: Sec. Mood Disorders. [internet] 21 March 2019.</ref> Current medications and psychological co-morbidities are mentioned however there is no explanation for the non-consideration of these variables.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What were the basic results?''' == Vagal activity, a branch of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), is responsible for regulating various internal organs, including heart and respiratory rate. One of the prominent findings from this study was that vagal activity had not returned to pre-exercise levels 48 hours post-exercise in the PTSD group, whereas healthy/athletic individuals almost immediately saw a rise in vagal activity at cessation of exercise.<ref name="Article" /> DASS questionnaire responses were relatively consistent across the control group at all stages, however the PTSD group showed a decline from pre-exercise results at the 24 hr. mark, with results returning to pre-exercise levels for the most part.<ref name="Article" /> == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == The outcome of this study is consistent with similar studies investigating the effect of exercise on PTSD. The researchers surmise the lower vagal recovery observed in PTSD sufferers may be a possible explanation for the delayed vagal response and propose that future research in this area may focus on the binding of hormones to the vagus nerve and the subsequent response.<ref name="Article" /> This study was insular, in that all exercise was conducted under supervision, in a purpose-built facility without external stressors. Other studies aimed to have participants continue exercise programs as part of their normal routine to gauge not only the psychological and physiological outcomes, but also the practicality and adaptability of those programs.<ref name="Augmentation" /><ref>McKeon G, Steel Z, Wells R, Newby J, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S. A Mental Health-Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res. [internet] 2021 Apr 22;5(4)</ref><ref>Rosenbaum, S, Stierli, M, McCullagh, S, et al. An open trial of the ''RECONNECT'' exercise program for NSW Police Officers with posttraumatic stress disorder or psychological injury. Health Promot J Austral. [internet] 2022; 33: 28– 33.</ref> Although the results of this and other studies are promising and appear to confirm the inverse relationship between PTSD and exercise, additional research, including a subsequent trial based on this pilot study, would offer additional validation. Both the PTSD and control groups were very small, nondiverse, however significantly different in terms of age, trauma and other variables. Additional studies should aim to diversify the sample of the population; in both control and testing group; duration, location, and intensities.<ref name="McKeon" /><ref name="Augmentation" /> == '''Practical advice''' == Research conducted indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may have the best results in regard to symptom reduction. It is important to note that the trials conducted in this study were undertaken under the supervision of professionals at a purpose-built laboratory. Given this information it is important for anyone considering implementing a similar program to seek medical advice prior to commencement. The study provides no practical advice on commencement or implementation of any specific or generic exercise program, due to the nature and purpose of the study. == '''Further information/resource''' == The following websites provide additional information on PTSD: Beyond Blue Australia <nowiki>https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/ptsd</nowiki> Phoenix Australia <nowiki>https://www.phoenixaustralia.org/your-recovery/</nowiki> Black Dog Institute <nowiki>https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/resources-support/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/</nowiki> == '''References''' == {{BookCat}} 9m1hae6xwojsrw41cwre878ivkypeb0 0 448337 4097012 4096500 2022-08-29T04:35:09Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status and quality of life the evidence is emerging regarding its effectiveness for improving quality of life and long term disease management<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased in peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for research related MS from MS care centres on a global level. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska under the Multiple Sclerosis Centre. This database aims to publish original research articles that address clinical issues in order to explore the disease from a multidisciplinary point of care<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist with more than 20 years experience and is based in Nebraska, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has an interest in exploring the therapies and there effectiveness related to MS, and has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. Therefore, the academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised. The author acknowledges that it has not been determined whether or not the study is reproducible and the results are preliminary (refer to the results section for more information). == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, however, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participants were allocated into groups based on their level of perceived disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS). Two groups were used in the study based on fitting into the following score from the EDSS: little or no disability (EDSS score 1.0–4.0) and mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 4.5–6.5). All subjects were able to walk independently, others required assistance from a walking cane. However, there was specific criteria needed for the study, 1 specific aspect was that all participants had to walk 25 feet without a cane or bracing Twice weekly, 50 minute resistance training program for 6 months, baseline measures were taken at the beginning of the study, and then again at 3 months and 6 months. before and after study as natural history studies have shown the the physical decline for MS when left untreated is difficult to collect normative data for. resistance program: 5-10 min warm up and cool down, 30 minutes total of resistance training 30 seconds to complete exercise with 30 seconds rest 2-3 sets of each exercise. there were different stations for each exercise. 3 overall phases: phases 1 strength development, phase 2 balance and strength development, phase 3 balance and strength development with a unilateral focus. this allowed the researches to focus on specific concerns for MS rather than general conditioning. Evaluation instruments: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master. As well as a three dimensional biomechanical gait analysis was also take before and after the intervention to identify any positive or negative changes in knee power during midstance and hip power during the terminal stance of the gait cylce. '''''NOTE to self:''''' '''''- cut down''''' '''''- investigate reliability/validity of the evaluation instruments''''' '''''- explore limitations to using the prospective cohort study critiques: selection bias, no follow up after study, does not encompass a broad range of MS impact, doesn't cover, severe, mostly moderate but also no the early stages, adherence was really long 6 months. no injuries or disease regressions were reported.''''' '''- did not elaborate on the effectiveness of medication, need to research this more''' - initial results are robust, results can be considered to be overstated with not enough evidence to back it up - make sure to explain what type of research this is and what are its limitations and strengths == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) m3r7jrro11cgqmv1mwya45uuw36nje1 4097014 4097012 2022-08-29T05:05:54Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, however, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participants were allocated into groups based on their level of perceived disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS). Two groups were used in the study based on fitting into the following score from the EDSS: little or no disability (EDSS score 1.0–4.0) and mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 4.5–6.5). All subjects were able to walk independently, others required assistance from a walking cane. However, there was specific criteria needed for the study, 1 specific aspect was that all participants had to walk 25 feet without a cane or bracing Twice weekly, 50 minute resistance training program for 6 months, baseline measures were taken at the beginning of the study, and then again at 3 months and 6 months. before and after study as natural history studies have shown the the physical decline for MS when left untreated is difficult to collect normative data for. resistance program: 5-10 min warm up and cool down, 30 minutes total of resistance training 30 seconds to complete exercise with 30 seconds rest 2-3 sets of each exercise. there were different stations for each exercise. 3 overall phases: phases 1 strength development, phase 2 balance and strength development, phase 3 balance and strength development with a unilateral focus. this allowed the researches to focus on specific concerns for MS rather than general conditioning. Evaluation instruments: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master. As well as a three dimensional biomechanical gait analysis was also take before and after the intervention to identify any positive or negative changes in knee power during midstance and hip power during the terminal stance of the gait cylce. '''''NOTE to self:''''' '''''- cut down''''' '''''- investigate reliability/validity of the evaluation instruments''''' '''''- explore limitations to using the prospective cohort study critiques: selection bias, no follow up after study, does not encompass a broad range of MS impact, doesn't cover, severe, mostly moderate but also no the early stages, adherence was really long 6 months. no injuries or disease regressions were reported.''''' '''- did not elaborate on the effectiveness of medication, need to research this more''' - initial results are robust, results can be considered to be overstated with not enough evidence to back it up - make sure to explain what type of research this is and what are its limitations and strengths == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) nlc1dupwr2oa7lss7mbw3xa299l1gji 4097018 4097014 2022-08-29T05:19:51Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to compare the effectiveness of resistance training (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participants were allocated into groups based on their level of perceived disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS). Two groups were used in the study based on fitting into the following score from the EDSS: little or no disability (EDSS score 1.0–4.0) and mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 4.5–6.5). All subjects were able to walk independently, others required assistance from a walking cane. However, there was specific criteria needed for the study, 1 specific aspect was that all participants had to walk 25 feet without a cane or bracing Twice weekly, 50 minute resistance training program for 6 months, baseline measures were taken at the beginning of the study, and then again at 3 months and 6 months. before and after study as natural history studies have shown the the physical decline for MS when left untreated is difficult to collect normative data for. resistance program: 5-10 min warm up and cool down, 30 minutes total of resistance training 30 seconds to complete exercise with 30 seconds rest 2-3 sets of each exercise. there were different stations for each exercise. 3 overall phases: phases 1 strength development, phase 2 balance and strength development, phase 3 balance and strength development with a unilateral focus. this allowed the researches to focus on specific concerns for MS rather than general conditioning. Evaluation instruments: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master. As well as a three dimensional biomechanical gait analysis was also take before and after the intervention to identify any positive or negative changes in knee power during midstance and hip power during the terminal stance of the gait cylce. '''''NOTE to self:''''' '''''- cut down''''' '''''- investigate reliability/validity of the evaluation instruments''''' '''''- explore limitations to using the prospective cohort study critiques: selection bias, no follow up after study, does not encompass a broad range of MS impact, doesn't cover, severe, mostly moderate but also no the early stages, adherence was really long 6 months. no injuries or disease regressions were reported.''''' '''- did not elaborate on the effectiveness of medication, need to research this more''' - initial results are robust, results can be considered to be overstated with not enough evidence to back it up - make sure to explain what type of research this is and what are its limitations and strengths == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) c5uceqhfbf6f3e4bm0e4govo5sbvga0 4097019 4097018 2022-08-29T05:22:56Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to explore the effectiveness of resistance training to varying levels of MS severity (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == Participants were allocated into groups based on their level of perceived disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS). Two groups were used in the study based on fitting into the following score from the EDSS: little or no disability (EDSS score 1.0–4.0) and mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 4.5–6.5). All subjects were able to walk independently, others required assistance from a walking cane. However, there was specific criteria needed for the study, 1 specific aspect was that all participants had to walk 25 feet without a cane or bracing Twice weekly, 50 minute resistance training program for 6 months, baseline measures were taken at the beginning of the study, and then again at 3 months and 6 months. before and after study as natural history studies have shown the the physical decline for MS when left untreated is difficult to collect normative data for. resistance program: 5-10 min warm up and cool down, 30 minutes total of resistance training 30 seconds to complete exercise with 30 seconds rest 2-3 sets of each exercise. there were different stations for each exercise. 3 overall phases: phases 1 strength development, phase 2 balance and strength development, phase 3 balance and strength development with a unilateral focus. this allowed the researches to focus on specific concerns for MS rather than general conditioning. Evaluation instruments: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master. As well as a three dimensional biomechanical gait analysis was also take before and after the intervention to identify any positive or negative changes in knee power during midstance and hip power during the terminal stance of the gait cylce. '''''NOTE to self:''''' '''''- cut down''''' '''''- investigate reliability/validity of the evaluation instruments''''' '''''- explore limitations to using the prospective cohort study critiques: selection bias, no follow up after study, does not encompass a broad range of MS impact, doesn't cover, severe, mostly moderate but also no the early stages, adherence was really long 6 months. no injuries or disease regressions were reported.''''' '''- did not elaborate on the effectiveness of medication, need to research this more''' - initial results are robust, results can be considered to be overstated with not enough evidence to back it up - make sure to explain what type of research this is and what are its limitations and strengths == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) ggcoc27ah6ogopqnfi86rsp6nj46vni 4097076 4097019 2022-08-29T09:11:22Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to explore the effectiveness of resistance training to varying levels of MS severity (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == '''Participants information''' * Age 24 to 54 (38.8 +/- 10.7 years) * 11 males and 22 females * '''Group 1:''' little to no disability (EDSS 1.0-4.0)* * '''Group 2:''' mild to moderate disability (EDSS 4.5-6.5)* * All participants were able to walk either independently or with a walking cane. ''*Expanded Disability Status Scale score: valid measure in clinical settings*'' <ref>Multiple Sclerosis Trust. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [Internet]. Herftfodshire; Multiple Sclerosis Trust 2020 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 29]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/expanded-disability-status-scale-edss</ref> <ref>Meyer-Moock S, Feng YS, Maeurer M, Dippel FW, Kohlmann T. Systematic literature review and validity evaluation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2014 Mar 25;14:58.</ref>. '''The design resistance training program (see attached image for the list of exercises)''' * '''Duration of study:''' 6 months * '''Duration of each training session:''' 50 minutes (including a 5-10 minute warm up and cool down) '''''total of 30 minutes of resistance training''''' * '''Frequency:''' 2 times a week * '''Intensity and volume:''' '''Sets:''' 2-3 | '''Repetitions:''' 10 | '''Rest:''' 30 seconds * '''Progression:''' final repetition at the end of the last set was completed with the same intensity as the first repetition in the last set * '''Time of evaluations:''' before the study (baseline), at 3 months and after the study * '''Evaluation Instruments:''' Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master and 3 dimensional biomechanical gait analysis. All the evaluation instruments are valid and reliable, this is compromised for the Balance master<ref>Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S79-83.</ref><ref>Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Oct;77(10):1025-9.</ref> <ref>Conradsson M, Lundin-Olsson L, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, Malmqvist L, Gustafson Y, et al. Berg balance scale: intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther. 2007 Sep;87(9):1155-63.</ref> <ref>Pondal M, del Ser T. Normative data and determinants for the timed "up and go" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(2):57-63.</ref> <ref>Hoogervorst EL, van Winsen LM, Eikelenboom MJ, Kalkers NF, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Comparisons of patient self-report, neurologic examination, and functional impairment in MS. Neurology. 2001 Apr 10;56(7):934-7.</ref> <ref>Miller DM, Rudick RA, Cutter G, Baier M, Fischer JS. Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch Neurol. 2000 Sep;57(9):1319-24.</ref>. It was logical that no normative data was used as natural history studies have indicated that the physical decline for MS has to much individual variation, making it difficult to use normative data for comparing disease progression and the effect of an intervention<ref>Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):606-16.</ref>. Limitations to the method used was that there was no follow up study or measures to see if there condition remained the same, or got better or worse after resistance training. There are no interventions in place to keep exercise adherence up after the study, despite the study claiming that the MS population does not get enough exercise. the adherence to the study was really long '''''NOTE to self:''''' '''''- cut down''''' '''''- investigate reliability/validity of the evaluation instruments''''' '''''- explore limitations to using the prospective cohort study critiques: selection bias, no follow up after study, does not encompass a broad range of MS impact, doesn't cover, severe, mostly moderate but also no the early stages, adherence was really long 6 months. no injuries or disease regressions were reported.''''' '''- did not elaborate on the effectiveness of medication, need to research this more''' - initial results are robust, results can be considered to be overstated with not enough evidence to back it up - make sure to explain what type of research this is and what are its limitations and strengths == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) mwp9wlpf7k5t3ft42sa1obm6sl7ogzb 4097077 4097076 2022-08-29T09:30:01Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to explore the effectiveness of resistance training to varying levels of MS severity (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == '''Participants information''' * Age 24 to 54 (38.8 +/- 10.7 years) * 11 males and 22 females * '''Group 1:''' little to no disability (EDSS 1.0-4.0)* * '''Group 2:''' mild to moderate disability (EDSS 4.5-6.5)* * All participants were able to walk either independently or with a walking cane. ''*Expanded Disability Status Scale score: valid measure in clinical settings*'' <ref>Multiple Sclerosis Trust. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [Internet]. Herftfodshire; Multiple Sclerosis Trust 2020 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 29]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/expanded-disability-status-scale-edss</ref> <ref>Meyer-Moock S, Feng YS, Maeurer M, Dippel FW, Kohlmann T. Systematic literature review and validity evaluation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2014 Mar 25;14:58.</ref>. '''The design resistance training program (see attached image for the list of exercises)''' * '''Duration of study:''' 6 months * '''Duration of each training session:''' 50 minutes (including a 5-10 minute warm up and cool down) '''''total of 30 minutes of resistance training''''' * '''Frequency:''' 2 times a week * '''Intensity and volume:''' '''Sets:''' 2-3 | '''Repetitions:''' 10 | '''Rest:''' 30 seconds * '''Progression:''' final repetition at the end of the last set was completed with the same intensity as the first repetition in the last set * '''Time of evaluations:''' before the study (baseline), at 3 months and after the study * '''Evaluation Instruments:''' Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master and 3 dimensional biomechanical gait analysis. All the evaluation instruments are valid and reliable, this is compromised for the Balance master<ref>Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S79-83.</ref><ref>Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Oct;77(10):1025-9.</ref> <ref>Conradsson M, Lundin-Olsson L, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, Malmqvist L, Gustafson Y, et al. Berg balance scale: intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther. 2007 Sep;87(9):1155-63.</ref> <ref>Pondal M, del Ser T. Normative data and determinants for the timed "up and go" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(2):57-63.</ref> <ref>Hoogervorst EL, van Winsen LM, Eikelenboom MJ, Kalkers NF, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Comparisons of patient self-report, neurologic examination, and functional impairment in MS. Neurology. 2001 Apr 10;56(7):934-7.</ref> <ref>Miller DM, Rudick RA, Cutter G, Baier M, Fischer JS. Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch Neurol. 2000 Sep;57(9):1319-24.</ref>. It was logical that no normative data was used as natural history studies have indicated that the physical decline for MS has to much individual variation, making it difficult to use normative data for comparing disease progression and the effect of an intervention<ref>Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):606-16.</ref>. It is evident that how the participants were recruited and the small sample size reduces the impact of the article. The study does not account for a varying range of disease progression. This can be seen as a form of selection bias to better suit the aim of the study. The adherence to the study was quite long, however, injuries and regressions were not reported. Additionally, no follow up protocols were implemented to monitor the long term effects of the resistance training program were positive or negative. In terms of monitoring the effects of an intervention, the method was appropriate for assessing the short term effects on balance and gait but it is not suited to the long term effects of resistance training. Additionally, as the study received sufficient funding the results may not be reproducible as expensive equipment was used that requires expertise. This impacts the ability of the results to be generalisable to broader MS population in terms of improving balance and walking ability. '''(NTS: back my claims in this section with evidence)''' == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == Ms website maybe exercise right articles stuff good for general population that can be transferred from clinicians to patients == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) 50dif5ur111e1pyhmhem3esomo4dh9o 4097083 4097077 2022-08-29T10:22:01Z ZN1234 3397450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to explore the effectiveness of resistance training to varying levels of MS severity (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == '''Participants information''' * Age 24 to 54 (38.8 +/- 10.7 years) * 11 males and 22 females * '''Group 1:''' little to no disability (EDSS 1.0-4.0)* * '''Group 2:''' mild to moderate disability (EDSS 4.5-6.5)* * All participants were able to walk either independently or with a walking cane. ''*Expanded Disability Status Scale score: valid measure in clinical settings*'' <ref>Multiple Sclerosis Trust. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [Internet]. Herftfodshire; Multiple Sclerosis Trust 2020 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 29]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/expanded-disability-status-scale-edss</ref> <ref>Meyer-Moock S, Feng YS, Maeurer M, Dippel FW, Kohlmann T. Systematic literature review and validity evaluation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2014 Mar 25;14:58.</ref>. '''The design resistance training program (see attached image for the list of exercises)''' * '''Duration of study:''' 6 months * '''Duration of each training session:''' 50 minutes (including a 5-10 minute warm up and cool down) '''''total of 30 minutes of resistance training''''' * '''Frequency:''' 2 times a week * '''Intensity and volume:''' '''Sets:''' 2-3 | '''Repetitions:''' 10 | '''Rest:''' 30 seconds * '''Progression:''' final repetition at the end of the last set was completed with the same intensity as the first repetition in the last set * '''Time of evaluations:''' before the study (baseline), at 3 months and after the study * '''Evaluation Instruments:''' Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master and 3 dimensional biomechanical gait analysis. All the evaluation instruments are valid and reliable, this is compromised for the Balance master<ref>Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S79-83.</ref><ref>Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Oct;77(10):1025-9.</ref> <ref>Conradsson M, Lundin-Olsson L, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, Malmqvist L, Gustafson Y, et al. Berg balance scale: intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther. 2007 Sep;87(9):1155-63.</ref> <ref>Pondal M, del Ser T. Normative data and determinants for the timed "up and go" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(2):57-63.</ref> <ref>Hoogervorst EL, van Winsen LM, Eikelenboom MJ, Kalkers NF, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Comparisons of patient self-report, neurologic examination, and functional impairment in MS. Neurology. 2001 Apr 10;56(7):934-7.</ref> <ref>Miller DM, Rudick RA, Cutter G, Baier M, Fischer JS. Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch Neurol. 2000 Sep;57(9):1319-24.</ref>. It was logical that no normative data was used as natural history studies have indicated that the physical decline for MS has to much individual variation, making it difficult to use normative data for comparing disease progression and the effect of an intervention<ref>Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):606-16.</ref>. It is evident that how the participants were recruited and the small sample size reduces the impact of the article. The study does not account for a varying range of disease progression. This can be seen as a form of selection bias to better suit the aim of the study. The adherence to the study was quite long, however, injuries and regressions were not reported. Additionally, no follow up protocols were implemented to monitor the long term effects of the resistance training program were positive or negative. In terms of monitoring the effects of an intervention, the method was appropriate for assessing the short term effects on balance and gait but it is not suited to the long term effects of resistance training. Additionally, as the study received sufficient funding the results may not be reproducible as expensive equipment was used that requires expertise. This impacts the ability of the results to be generalisable to broader MS population in terms of improving balance and walking ability. '''(NTS: back my claims in this section with evidence)''' == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == has good recommendations on when not to exercise more resources for exercise prescription more resources for promoting physical activity as there is not enough evidence yet to recommend a prescription and type of exercises from this paper. maybe add in a better paper with exercise recommendations that builds from this preliminary research. promote physical activity in clinical settings but also at home to improve independence etc. == '''Further information/resources''' == '''NTS: format this nicer''' MS website<nowiki/>https://www.msaustralia.org.au/?gclid=CjwKCAjwx7GYBhB7EiwA0d8oezY46_WCEmrY9mu62iL8Qt75QfKPKHeg_PNbM5Fizu-c1bmqzF8S1hoCybwQAvD_BwE Exercise right article about MS and how to exercise with it https://exerciseright.com.au/multiple-sclerosis/ https://exerciseright.com.au/staying-active-with-multiple-sclerosis/ https://www.nationalmssociety.org/ Other MS organisations that aim to raise awareness and education finding and EP in your area: https://www.essa.org.au/find-aep https://www.msaustralia.org.au/modifiable-lifestyle-guide-2020/for-people-with-ms/ free guide to exercise from MS Australia == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) 5rh1omz1kf19fucn4d66ves5x0psc3w 4097084 4097083 2022-08-29T10:24:21Z ZN1234 3397450 /* Practical advice */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''This critique is of the following article:''' Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.<ref name=":0">Mary L. Filipi, M. Patricia Leuschen, Jessie Huisinga, Lorene Schmaderer, Jeanna Vogel, Daryl Kucera, Nick Stergiou; Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis. ''Int J MS Care'' 1 April 2010; 12 (1): 6–12.</ref> == '''What is the background to this research?''' == Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder which disrupts the function of the central nervous system. It results in the damage of myelin sheath, which disrupts the communication between the motor and sensory pathways within the brain. This causes a decline in both motor and cognitive functions such as walking, balance, vision impairments, pain and difficulty with thinking and memory<ref>Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X. Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2018;31(6).</ref>. In Australia, MS is the most common neurological disorder for those aged 20-40 and it affects women 3 times more than men (MS website linked for more information)<ref>MS Australia. What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? [Internet]. Australia: MS Australia; 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 17] Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref>. Specifically, when MS contributes to disability, the '''''affected''''' '''''(NTS: check if its the right one)''''' individuals often have a lowered quality of life and as a result become less physically active<ref>Dorans KS, Massa J, Chitnis T, Ascherio A, Munger KL. Physical activity and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016 Oct 25;87(17):1770-6.</ref><ref>MS Australia. Executive Summary: Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017 [Internet]. Australia: University of Tasmania. Menzies Institute of Medical Research; 2018 August [cited 2022 August 21]. Available from: https://www.msaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/executive-summary_health-economic-impact-of-ms-in-australia-in-2017-report_ms-research-australia.pdf</ref>. This is concerning as there is not current cure for this disease. In hope to decrease the level of disability and disease burden for individuals with MS, there is mixed evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of resistance training on balance and improving motor control for walking<ref>Kjølhede T, Vissing K, Dalgas U. Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1215-28.</ref>. Current research suggests that a pharmaceutical approach to treatment is effective in reducing relapses and slowing down the progression of the disease<ref>McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858. Erratum in: JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2211. PMID: 33620411.</ref><ref>Callegari I, Derfuss T, Galli E. Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis. La Presse Médicale. 2021 2021/06/01/;50(2):104068.</ref>. However, to improve disability status, quality of life and long term disease management the evidence is emerging<ref>Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review. Am J Med. 2020 Dec;133(12):1380-90.e2.</ref>. Therefore, the chosen article aims to determine if resistance training is an effective exercise intervention that improves walking, balance and overall improves quality of life and reduces the burden of disease<ref name=":0" />. == '''Where is the research from?''' == The journal article was published in the International Journal of MS care, this databased is peer-reviewed and is the primary publication site for original research articles that explore clinical issues regarding MS disease management. The article was published from the University Medical Centre of Nebraska Multiple Sclerosis Centre<ref>International Journal of MS Care [Internet]. Cleveland: MJH Life Sciences. 1998 - [cited 2022 Aug 23]. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/ijmsc/pages/About-IJMSC</ref>. The primary author Mary L. Filipi is a nurse practitioner specialist based in Nebraska with more than 20 years experience, she graduated with honours in 1997. Mary has published several papers exploring different clinical aspects relating to MS<ref>https://www.iomcworld.org/editor/mary-l-filipi-16170</ref> '''''(NTS: fix this reference later)'''''. The paper was funded by the MARS foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the NMC Clinical Research Centre. The academic team is well published, however, the reliability of the article is compromised due to being funded. == '''What kind of research was this?''' == The study was a nonrandomised, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients, the results from the first 33 participants to enrol in the study were recorded. The level of evidence is appropriate for the study as it allowed the researches to explore the effectiveness of resistance training to varying levels of MS severity (a randomised control trial)<ref>http://www.aphasiapathway.com.au/?name=NHMRC-Levels-of-Evidence</ref> <ref>https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170819033253/https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/cp65</ref> '''(NTS: fix these references).''' However, the method used has reduced the quality of the studies results, which has led to various overstatements and statements that have not been supported by enough evidence from the study itself (refer to next section for more information). == '''What did the research involve?''' == '''Participants information''' * Age 24 to 54 (38.8 +/- 10.7 years) * 11 males and 22 females * '''Group 1:''' little to no disability (EDSS 1.0-4.0)* * '''Group 2:''' mild to moderate disability (EDSS 4.5-6.5)* * All participants were able to walk either independently or with a walking cane. ''*Expanded Disability Status Scale score: valid measure in clinical settings*'' <ref>Multiple Sclerosis Trust. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [Internet]. Herftfodshire; Multiple Sclerosis Trust 2020 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 29]. Available from: https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/expanded-disability-status-scale-edss</ref> <ref>Meyer-Moock S, Feng YS, Maeurer M, Dippel FW, Kohlmann T. Systematic literature review and validity evaluation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2014 Mar 25;14:58.</ref>. '''The design resistance training program (see attached image for the list of exercises)''' * '''Duration of study:''' 6 months * '''Duration of each training session:''' 50 minutes (including a 5-10 minute warm up and cool down) '''''total of 30 minutes of resistance training''''' * '''Frequency:''' 2 times a week * '''Intensity and volume:''' '''Sets:''' 2-3 | '''Repetitions:''' 10 | '''Rest:''' 30 seconds * '''Progression:''' final repetition at the end of the last set was completed with the same intensity as the first repetition in the last set * '''Time of evaluations:''' before the study (baseline), at 3 months and after the study * '''Evaluation Instruments:''' Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), the Modified Fall Efficacy Scale (MFES), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the Neuro-Com Balance Master and 3 dimensional biomechanical gait analysis. All the evaluation instruments are valid and reliable, this is compromised for the Balance master<ref>Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S79-83.</ref><ref>Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Oct;77(10):1025-9.</ref> <ref>Conradsson M, Lundin-Olsson L, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, Malmqvist L, Gustafson Y, et al. Berg balance scale: intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Phys Ther. 2007 Sep;87(9):1155-63.</ref> <ref>Pondal M, del Ser T. Normative data and determinants for the timed "up and go" test in a population-based sample of elderly individuals without gait disturbances. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(2):57-63.</ref> <ref>Hoogervorst EL, van Winsen LM, Eikelenboom MJ, Kalkers NF, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Comparisons of patient self-report, neurologic examination, and functional impairment in MS. Neurology. 2001 Apr 10;56(7):934-7.</ref> <ref>Miller DM, Rudick RA, Cutter G, Baier M, Fischer JS. Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch Neurol. 2000 Sep;57(9):1319-24.</ref>. It was logical that no normative data was used as natural history studies have indicated that the physical decline for MS has to much individual variation, making it difficult to use normative data for comparing disease progression and the effect of an intervention<ref>Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):606-16.</ref>. It is evident that how the participants were recruited and the small sample size reduces the impact of the article. The study does not account for a varying range of disease progression. This can be seen as a form of selection bias to better suit the aim of the study. The adherence to the study was quite long, however, injuries and regressions were not reported. Additionally, no follow up protocols were implemented to monitor the long term effects of the resistance training program were positive or negative. In terms of monitoring the effects of an intervention, the method was appropriate for assessing the short term effects on balance and gait but it is not suited to the long term effects of resistance training. Additionally, as the study received sufficient funding the results may not be reproducible as expensive equipment was used that requires expertise. This impacts the ability of the results to be generalisable to broader MS population in terms of improving balance and walking ability. '''(NTS: back my claims in this section with evidence)''' == '''What were the basic results?''' == preliminary results improve resistance to fatigue which is consistent across other areas of MS research summarise this results table in like dot points that are easily understandable MFES improved PASAT improved all statistically significant T25FW MFIS decreased NHPT decreased right NHPT decreased left == '''What conclusions can we take from this research?''' == good argument to promoting physical activity, but not enough to use for recommendations in exercise programs or to set standards for exercising in MS. we need to consider how exercise program can be used in conjunction with medication to maximise treatment effectiveness, article is not enough to disregard medication altogether. definitely does improve quality of life, but more information into the cognitive side of MS would have been nice, as a holistic approach to treatment would include looking at the psychological aspects of the disease as well not just the physical, they have just looked at the biological perspective need to consider the psychosocial perspective of disease as well. health system level intervention is needed == '''Practical advice''' == == '''Further information/resources''' == '''NTS: format this nicer''' MS website<nowiki/>https://www.msaustralia.org.au/?gclid=CjwKCAjwx7GYBhB7EiwA0d8oezY46_WCEmrY9mu62iL8Qt75QfKPKHeg_PNbM5Fizu-c1bmqzF8S1hoCybwQAvD_BwE Exercise right article about MS and how to exercise with it https://exerciseright.com.au/multiple-sclerosis/ https://exerciseright.com.au/staying-active-with-multiple-sclerosis/ https://www.nationalmssociety.org/ Other MS organisations that aim to raise awareness and education finding and EP in your area: https://www.essa.org.au/find-aep https://www.msaustralia.org.au/modifiable-lifestyle-guide-2020/for-people-with-ms/ free guide to exercise from MS Australia == '''References''' == Add in the references using this code <references /> (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this {{BookCat}}) t9i2ldsrqt1h6mrld5axntpk2g442pr 0 448392 4096940 4096707 2022-08-28T19:56:53Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1923 07 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A letter to the editor of the Westralian Worker puts a compelling case against sealed sets and monopolistic broadcast groups <blockquote>'''WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? MONOPOLISTS OR THE PEOPLE?''' The rapid growth of wireless telephony in the past few years, together with the many absorbing features of broadcasting, has made Radio the King Hobby in England and America. The comparative ease with which a satisfactory set can be constructed from cheap component parts has given the radio a further impulse, and relegated model building, stamp collecting, and fretwork well into the back ground. Here, the creative instinct, strong in the majority of people, finds free play in a useful direction. And the realization that with a satisfactory outfit the radio fan can listen-in, practically at will, to concert items, lectures, etc., of a variety to suit his taste, has popularised wireless immensely in other countries. And the same will happen in Australia if the Australian is given sympathetic treatment. At present the construction of his own set by the mechanic, or persons mechanically inclined, is futile because of the wavering attitude of a Federal Government, which is always ready to take advice from those sections of the community not actuated by any philanthropic, patriotic, or altruistic motives. In Sydney, recently, we had the sealed set war. Farmer's Ltd., a Sydney rag firm, which, with the tenacity of a stickfast flea clinging to a spring chicken, has hung on to the growing enthusiasm for the ether wave for no reasons that are scientific or beneficent — if the remarks of the firm's delegates at the conference on wireless matters are any indication — want the sealed set to continue. Farmer's Ltd. (not to be confused with Westralian Farmers Ltd. — a firm of another colour) are dabbling in broadcasting and want a virtual monopoly of the New South Wales business, even if they must penalise all other States in the process. The sealed set is a set fixed to tune in on only one wave length. This gives the owner of a set absolutely no discrimination in his selection of a programme, but it means exclusive business for the monopolisers of broadcasting, and hence, bigger profits. The feelings of the owner of a receiving set are not considered. The trade of the legitimate dealer in radio goods, one whose interests rely on the popularity of the new science, is endangered. The aims of the experimenter concern Farmer's Ltd. and their kin not at all. The sealed set must go if wireless is to progress in Australia. An open license, covering the whole business, on the lines of the vehicle license, is all that is needed. What would the car owner of, say, Bunbury, think if it were enacted that all automobiles must have sealed wheels, set to a certain prescribed gauge, and operative only on roads of that gauge for which the license was issued. A phenomenal boom in the boot trade would result. The ether must remain as free for the "radio fan" as the roads are for the vehicle owner. The other delegates to the conference are to be commended for the strenuous opposition they made to Farmer's tactics. But they made a mistake when they recommended that the present so-called experimental license take its place, called an expert experimental license; that the total number issued at any time shall not exceed the following: N.S.W. 300, Victoria 300, S.A. 100, W.A 100, Queensland 150, and Tasmania 30; that such licenses be free of charge, and shall be issued yearly by the Postmaster-General on the recommendation of the Wireless Institute of Australia in each State. This, says the "Sunday Times" (20/4/24) is likely to cause a hard knock. True, it hurts. And everyone with a regard for progress and freedom will be justified in knocking out the "980 clause." This extreme limitation is likely to choke the natural development of wireless in the rapidly-growing Commonwealth. No more than 980, presumably, are allowed to practise out new circuits, new methods of reception and transmission, or new designs in components. Inventions appertaining to wireless are to be left severely alone by all except a few favoured experts; and these experts are not selected in an open competitive examination like Bachelors of Arts, Doctors of Medicine, and Steam Engine Drivers, but are the nominees of a Wireless Institute. The adoption of the "980 clause" will not further the advancement of wireless, but will undoubtedly mean an outbreak of wave thieving among otherwise respectable citizens and a spread of "bootleg" experimenting. The way of the department controlling wireless is clear. There must be no more monopolies or interference with the freedom of the ether. (Amalgamated Wireless is enough.) Unlimited experimenting under license and control will not hamper broadcasting or telegraphy, and will do much to develop the growth of Radio. And a healthy growth of radio will be to the mutual interests of the man outback and the bloke in the street. "Faceplate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148270520 |title=WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=918 |location=Western Australia |date=2 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Humorous description of John Thomson in the Perth Leader <blockquote>'''PERSONALIA.''' . . . There is a little man named Thomson, chief officer of the W.A. Wheat Pool, and of the Westralian Farmers broadcasting department, who is well known throughout the golden grain areas, where, in former years, he used to travel extensively in a Ford car. Thomson is the slickest thing, outside the electrical appliances in which he is at present engaged, and there isn't an office boy round in the Wellington-street emporium who could or would try to beat Thomson running up stairs, four at a time, or bolting along passages like Postle. Speed and efficiency appear to be his watchwords, and if his efficiency is equal to his speed he must be 100 per cent. One time, in a very boggy winter, Basil Murray had a problem to face — six of the firm's motor ears were bogged in the wheat belt, and the drivers had come back to Perth. "Look here," said Murray to one of them, "I can't make out how you fellows get bogged and can't get out. Now, there's Thomson—." The driver got angry. "Yes," he snarled back, "Thomson!" Thomson is so light that a car wouldn't bog with his weight, and he's so damn fast that he never touches the ground; and if you expect us to drive like Thomson you can just treble our insurance policies, Mr. Murray, that's all. We are god-fearing men with families — Thomson fears nothing, God, man or the devil."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256964486 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=368 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times journalist "Long Wave" states the two 6WF mast now erected and suggests likely start date of 3 June <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Red Indian war-woops are the latest feature of 2LO, London. It makes me wonder whether the West Farmers will induce some of our "abos" to face the microphone. Country readers will be interested to learn that the two masts of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., of Perth, have now been erected, and part of the transmitting apparatus is installed in the studio apartments. The concern will very likely be on the air by June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58066856 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in LyricsOf the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1374 |location=Western Australia |date=11 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian journalist "The Seer" eloquently professes no love for the new-fangled broadcasting, but perhaps protests too much <blockquote>'''SOME REFLECTIONS. ON VARIOUS TOPICS.''' (By "The Seer.") . . . The lure of broadcasting seems to be taking a firm hold in Geraldton. It is also taking deep root in Western Australia. The Westralian Farmers are spending something like £10,000 in installing a broadcasting apparatus in Perth, and soon, we read, there is no place so remote in West Australia, that it will be unable to link up by sound with the throbbing life of the City. Personally, I can't help saying that broadcasting has no especial appeal for me. When I shut the front door I like to shut out the various voices of the world. I don't want to be pursued at home by music that I wouldn't otherwise listen to, I don't want to hear lectures and speeches that I wouldn't otherwise attend. And I never had a particular fancy for "hearing" news. I like to "read" it for myself in a morning or evening paper, or, better still, in a sane little district publication like the "Guardian." Loneliness, I admit, should be relieved whenever it oppresses the spirit of a man or a woman. But this broadcasting business is all one-sided. Would not it be better for this country, if instead of thrilling Geraldton with the hum of the City, we could entrance Perth with the eloquent silence of Nabawa? I would be in favor of setting up an aerial in the heart of the City, where the town dweller could hear the lowing of the cattle at Newmarracarra, or the bleating of the sheep at Moonyoonooka, or even the gentle ripple of the Chapman in winter. Also, I would cheerfully pay towards broadcasting in Perth some of the genuine applause that greets a winner at Murgoo. It should be an agreeable change to the Perth punter, used to the "cusses" of the "bookie" when a favorite gets home at Belmont. In short, what we want in Western Australia is not so much to tell country people of the gay noises of the City, as to convince City people that there are pleasant sounds in the country of which they never dream. Besides telegraphy, telephony and the rest of the "tels." are alright as far as they go. But until "television" becomes an accomplished fact they will fall far short of all that is required. You may broadcast all the sounds of the Royal Show and all the judges' remarks and all the press comments on the top of them, but unless you can send along a vision of the cattle and sheep and pigs and dogs — to say nothing of the ladies' dresses, and artful feminine glances and smiles — your broadcast is going to be a poor substitute for a visit to Claremont. The same is true of theatrical entertainments. In nine cases out of ten it's the scene that explains the dialogue, and the talk without the setting isn't worth broadcasting. Suppose, too, a pretty girl sings a nice song. What's the good of the song without a vision of the damsel? Not much better indeed than the noise of a ballet dance with out a glimpse of the legs. Still, I suppose we are only just beginning to wake up to this tremendous new lure of life. The very kids now-a-days picture the air as a network of highways and byways and start exploring the ether before they can walk to the back beach. Yet go into a broadcasting station and you seem to be watching the efforts of another order of beings to communicate with the children of men. A poet, Milton, I believe (I hardly think it was "Jingo") wrote of — "Aery tongues that syllable mea's names On sands and shores and desert wildernesses." And today his dream has come to be a sober reality. So apart from its utility, or howsoever it may be misapplied, if you want to come into contact with a modern miracle — just for once "listen-in." You will find that your ear is well and truly at the "keyhole of the invisible world." <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67288102 |title=SOME REFLECTIONS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4290 |location=Western Australia |date=13 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes of Wireless Development Assoc WA expresses grave concern as to directions for new wireless regulations <blockquote>'''Wireless Broadcasting.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— As a member of the conference recently held in Sydney, I was somewhat disgusted but not altogether surprised by the remarks of the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) appearing in the Press. From the day of publication of the existing regulations, Mr. Gibson showed himself as a keen supporter of the big monopolistic concerns favored by them, and as being blind to the interests of the public and the small traders throughout the Commonwealth. His representative admitted at the conference that he was compelled by the traders and public to call the new conference. For nine months he held out against all persuasions, arguments and attacks. He gave in unwillingly, and is now showing his antagonism by his treatment of the conference recommendations, despite the fact that he called the conference, asked for its recommendations, and, before it was held, led the people concerned to believe that its recommendations would be adopted. When the composition of the conference was being considered, Mr. Gibson said that the problems involved were for technical minds. He invited representatives from all the broadcasting companies and an equal number from the Wireless Development Associations of the Commonwealth. In regard to the latter, it may be mentioned that in each State there is a Wireless Development Association, which all who are interested in wireless and its development may join. The apathy of the public has resulted in 90 per cent. of the membership of these associations being made up of traders, big and little, with a sprinkling of keen enthusiasts. It must be agreed by all unprejudiced minds that the conference represented the public traders generally and the broadcasting companies — in fact, all who were primarily involved in alterations to the regulations. Evidently the Postmaster-General and the big interests who are supporting him, find the recommendations of the conference somewhat unpalatable, for I see that he is trying to throw dust in the eyes of the public by stating that the conference represented only one side, and that he now has to consider many other people. If that is so, Mr. Editor, why did he not invite those other interests to the conference? Let me tell you, Mr. Editor, that with the exception of the Press, he did invite the other interests, but the weaknesses of their pet schemes had already been exposed. They therefore withdrew from the conference with the object of submitting those pet schemes privately to the Postmaster-General. On the first day of the conference, I protested most emphatically against the attitude of these people, and against the inference that the Postmaster-General should listen to the private schemes brought forward by interested parties. If their schemes would not stand open debate in conference, it was evident that they were not good for the public. It must be remembered that the proposals taken to the conference by the various members had been debated from all points of view in the separate States. These various ideas were thrashed out in detail over a period of eight days during which the various members of the conference were in constant consultation. Now Mr. Gibson is trotting forward suggestions which have been put forward by interested parties outside the conference, but which suggestions were definitely taken up by the conference, either in public or private, and rejected only after keen debate from all points of view. I think you will agree, Mr. Editor, that it is humiliating for the members of the conference to find that the Postmaster-General is accepting suggestions at the instigation of outsiders — suggestions that had been definitely debated and rejected by the conference. Had the Postmaster-General been present during the public and private sittings of the conference, he would have heard all the arguments against these objectionable features, and I contend that it is improper that he should stay away from the conference and then accept suggestions submitted privately by others, without hearing the arguments against those proposals. For instance, in the interview quoted in today's paper, the Postmaster-General favors one big broadcasting company. On behalf of W.A., I bitterly opposed such a proposal. West Australians have enough of Eastern States' control. They feel that too much West Australian money is flowing to the Eastern States now, and West Australians do not want to have their broadcasting controlled from Sydney, and to see any profits from the venture going to big concerns in the Eastern States. In addition, the representative of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which company has committed itself to a large expenditure on broadcasting, definitely refused to be associated with any Eastern States one-big-company scheme. Mr. Gibson is also trotting forward a proposal to vary the subscriptions according to the distance of the receiver from the broadcasting station. This also was debated by the conference and definitely rejected as being impracticable. The originators of such a proposal overlook the fact that the big broadcasting stations are all in the capital cities, where entertainment, music, and news are all plentiful, and can be got at the expense of a few pence. Such people are not likely to pay several pounds as a subscription to a broadcasting company. On the other hand, people hundreds of miles in the country will get the most use out of it, and will use it at every opportunity, and therefore should pay the most for the service. But if we admit that they have to pay more for their instruments, it is but common justice to charge them the same service fee as is charged townspeople. Even the sponsors of this proposal at the conference were thoroughly convinced of its undesirability. In belittling and shelving many of the conference recommendations, Mr. Gibson is showing himself as ignoring the lessons of the last few months. The objectionable features of the existing regulations have stirred up so much feeling that throughout the Commonwealth both the public and traders are ignoring them absolutely. There is not a trader in the Commonwealth today who is not secretly or openly breaking the regulations daily. In fact, in the Eastern States I found the traders and public in open rebellion against the regulations. In these circumstances, for the Postmaster-General to ignore the recommendations of the conference is, in my opinion, calculated to invite further dissatisfaction and defiance of the new regulations, which should by their reasonableness appeal to the sense of right and justice of the whole community.— Yours etc., R. WILKES. Perth, May 13.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84246228 |title=Wireless Broadcasting |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,307 |location=Western Australia |date=14 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP. Monopoly of the Air Contemplated. THE BROADCASTING BUNGLE: : AND OTHER MYSTERIOUS THINGS. The West To Suffer As Usual.''' Because of the long delay in establishing broadcasting by wireless in Western Australia people were losing interest in it. In fact, except for the radio dealers and the enthusiastic amateurs the general public had come to regard "broadcasting" as one of those boons and blessings that may be expected to come with the millenium. But the P.M.G.'s statement in the "West Australian," of Tuesday last has awakened fresh interest, and aroused fresh hope. Mr. Gibson was somewhat reticent but we gather from the interview that the department is framing a new set of regulations to govern broadcasting, and that the Federal Cabinet is considering the vexed question of control. Unfortunately the P.M.G. did not tell the whole story of the long, drawn-out negotiations over broadcasting and wireless, the latter particularly. It is a story of intense interest concerning a subject that is of national importance. And without going into technical details, we propose to set forth the salient facts. '''WHY MR. BRUCE FAILED''' The Federal Government is enmeshed in a tangle because of its agreement with Amalgamated Wireless (Australia) Ltd., a legacy bequeathed by the Hughes Administration. Under this agreement made in 1922, the Commonwealth put up £500,001 for that number of shares in a 1,000,000 shares company, the balance of the shares being held by the Amalgamated Wireless. Now, this latter concern is mainly the Marconi company. And the reason Australia cannot arrange a regular and combined wireless service with Britain and the other dominions is that the British Post Office will not hear of the Marconi Co. being in the scheme. When Mr. Bruce was in England he endeavoured to come to an amicable arrangement, but the British P.M.G. was adamant. He stood behind what is known as the Donald committee's report, which recommended that all wireless stations in Britain should be under the direct control of the Post Office. This last department has had previous dealings with the Marconi company, whose managing director is an extremely shrewd man of business (he is Godfrey Isaacs, the elder brother of the present Viceroy of India). But apart from this latter fact, the Home Authorities are strenuously opposed to any private company controlling a monopoly of the air. Therefore we had the Gilbertian situation of the Prime Minister of a democratic country like ours urging on the conservative Cabinet of Britain that a monopoly be granted. And in this the British Government is absolutely in the right just as the Australian Government is hopelessly in the wrong. '''AN UNHOLY ALLIANCE''' The air belongs to the people, and it is of vast importance that they should retain possession of all rights to its use. For wireless is even now in its infancy and the day is not far distant when broadcasting as a method of disseminating news will be a serious rival with the public press. Consider a monopoly of wireless news by any private concern! It would make that concern a world power, able to direct the public mind to its will. As things are in Australia the position is fraught with danger. Here we have the Federal Government in partnership with moneyed interests in an absolute control of wireless in this country. When broadcasting is widely established what is to prevent an unscrupulous Government from using radio for propaganda purposes? Those in political power practically could dictate all political news and views that would be issued by radio. This is no fantastic picture. News and views have been controlled before now in Australia, as those who remember the press censorship during the war period will agree. It will be seen, therefore, that the control of wireless and broadcasting is of vital import to every citizen. Yet the Federal Cabinet, not content with the existing monopoly of wireless, seriously proposes (according to the P.M.G.) to grant another in broadcasting! '''SOME SECRET HISTORY''' Of course, Mr. Gibson piously promises Government control and a Endtation of profits. But this is beside the point. For the inner history of the protracted negotiations over broadcasting suggests a clever attempt to secure a "scoop" by a syndicate of Eastern magnates. If this is permitted then Western Australia will once more be cynically exploited for the benefit of the East. It is impossible to explain the position clearly without dealing with the events of the past 12 months. In May, 1923, a conference was called by the P.M.G. when the only scheme submitted was that of Mr. Fisk, general manager of Amalgamated Wireless, who spoke for over two hours in elaboration of his proposals. Members of the conference, knowing the call of the public for the earliest possible use of wireless, agreed to that scheme. (It should be noted that this State was not officially represented). About three months later the P.M.G.'s department issued a schedule of regulations and it was at once seen that they were entirely too theoretical, and that the practical side had not been sufficiently considered. This was proven six months later when tests made of the receiving sets, which Amalgamated proposed to issue to the public were not wholly satisfactory. '''IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST''' By this time other considerations had arisen, so in April last there was a conference in Sydney of all those interested in this matter. Delegates attended from all the States, and all sections were represented — the trade, amateurs and the public. Only two or three Sydney firms already using the Amalgamated service held aloof. A new schedule of regulations was drawn up and submitted to the P.M.G. The two main items insisted on (from the public viewpoint) were that "open" not "sealed" sets be issued, and there should be no monopoly of service, but open competition. The difference between an open and a sealed set is that with the latter the owner is restricted to one service — if he wishes to "listen-in" to the programme of another company he has to buy that company's set. Thus one service company may be working on a 1000 metre wave length, and its receiving sets are sealed to that length. Whereas an open set can be adjusted to a different wave length. it can readily be understood that the open set is much more convenient, and economical to the public. '''MORE EASTERN EXPLOITATION''' It is also clear that open competition is in the public benefit. It means that there will be a constant striving to improve programmes and to fit them for different localities and different interests. And it would certainly lead to reduced prices of apparatus. It is just here that the particular interests of the people of this State are engaged. If a monopoly is granted it will be an Eastern monopoly and the West will be restricted to an Eastern service which may be wholly unsuited to our peculiar conditions. All the local folk interested in wireless, including the dealers, the amateurs and Westralian Farmers have combined to insist that Western Australia must have a separate service of its own. Furthermore whatever may be decided on for the Eastern States our local Wireless Development Association is claiming the right to open competition in this State. Dictation by the East will be resisted. And the fight is now on. '''MUCH "LOBBYING" IN MELBOURNE.''' Two big theatrical firms are financially interested in broadcasting, and it is believed they were behind a proposal recently put before the Federal Cabinet. This was for the formation of a company with £200,000 capital to control broadcasting, those firms and companies already engaged in the business to be absorbed, being given shares equal to their capital outlay. Owing to a vigorous protest from the State branches of the Wireless Development Association the acceptance of this proposal was checked. But there is so much "facilitating" over in Melbourne it is feared that unless public feeling is aroused the Eastern "lobbyists" will prove successful. This would mean the complete subordination of W.A. to Eastern interest's. For instance, Westralian Farmers who have expended something like £20,000 in erecting a transmitting station and are almost ready to commence a service, will lose all individual control of their own broadcasting organisation if the monopolistic proposal is accepted. With their intimate knowledge of local conditions and requirements Westralian Farmers were preparing a really serviceable programme of news, market prices, music etc., which would bring the most distant settlers into touch with the world's affairs. It was their intention to promote the benefit of the State as a whole rather than look for immediate profits. But if their broadcasting department becomes merely a subsidiary branch of an Eastern firm , then its service necessarily will be largely detailed by the East. Obviously a programme suitable for the centred populations of large cities is not suitable for the lonely pioneers of this large State. It is to be hoped, therefore, that citizens generally will support the determined stand of our local wireless folk for absolute independence of action in W.A. And in such an important matter to the people, the State Government, pledged to oppose any hint of a monopoly, may well be asked to register its protest against another exploitation of this State by Eastern grab-alls, Government or otherwise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903005 |title=A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=516 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times reports that 6WF studios almost complete and that work has commenced on the aerial system <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. By LONG WAVE. . . . The studio of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting department is now assuming most elaborate proportions. Artistic drapings are being erected and the whole turnout promises to rival any of the other Australian broadcasting studios. Work has commenced on the aerial system, and everything points to a near "first-night."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067425 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1375 |location=Western Australia |date=18 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed description in the West Australian of the work to date on the 6WF facilities <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Housing the Plant.''' An interesting piece of construction has recently been carried out in the city in connection with the installation of the first wireless broadcasting plant in Western Australia. The company undertaking this enterprise is the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which is hopeful of being able to commence broadcasting within the next week or ten days. The constructional site comprises two units — the apartments for the housing of the plant and the masts for the wireless aerials. The apartments consist of an auditorium capable of holding a fair sized concert party, or band, a main distribution room which houses the wireless apparatus, a machinery room and a battery room. In order to provide against interference with the clearness of broadcasting, the auditorium had to be constructed in such a way as to eliminate entirely any possible sound from external sources, as well as to prevent the electrical waves being interfered with by any external vibrations and electrical currents. So sensitive is the mechanism of the broadcasting plant that a pin dropped near the distribution instruments would create in the receiving instruments scattered throughout the country jarring and harsh noises almost as loud as pistol cracks, so that it is essential that nothing but the pure sound required to be distributed should enter into the receiving machinery. To ensure this the auditorium had to be constructed with several varieties of insulated materials. The main frame, including the floors, walls and ceilings is of wood studding. This is lined internally and externally by a series of wood boarding, cardboard sheeting, felt, galvanised sheet iron and hessian, whilst the cavity space is filled with sawdust and cotton waste. The galvanised sheet iron had to be soldered at every junction, and round the whole four sides, floor and ceiling, to prevent electrical short circuiting, it being then connected to earth. This prevents the intrusion of any electrical disturbances. The hessian is the last internal lining, and has been effectively draped, painted with varied colours to give an artistic effect to the interior of the room. The hessian covers the whole of the ceiling as well; and the flooring is covered with thick matting. Even the system of ventilation had to be devised in such a way as to prevent the intrusion of vibrations or noises, and the air penetrating into the room has to pass through water, which acts as an absorbing medium. Electrically forced methods of induction had to be used to secure a free form of ventilation. The steel masts to carry the main aerials are 120ft. above the main ridge to the roof, and are formed of a series of steel tubes, diminishing in a circumference upward, and secured in position by a series of 12 wrought steel guys. All these guys are effectively insulated against the distributions of electrical currents. The whole mast is resting on a specially constructed Oregon raft, which enables the distribution of the strains and stresses over the main walls and doors of the building. Beneath the aerial is a wire screen which prevents short circuiting of the electrical waves down through the building to earth. The erection of these masts was a specially difficult problem. They were erected section by section vertically on the topmost floor of the building, and then pushed through the roof. The sections were added and guyed into position as the masts rose. They are the largest steel masts erected within the State, with the exception of the Applecross mast which is 400ft. high, and they are the first of their kind made and erected locally. The masts were manufactured by Messrs. Harris, Scarfe and Sandovers, and the erection was carried out by men used to ship mast processes. The work was carried out under the personal supervision of Mr. E. P. Henshaw, from designs of and under the general supervision of Messrs. Oldham, Boas and Ednie-Brown, architects. The wireless installation is being erected by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Limited, of Sydney, whilst the technical electrical construction was under the control of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the technical head of the wireless staff of the Westralian Farmers Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31231798 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,857 |location=Western Australia |date=19 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Work on the roof of the Westralian Farmers building is a sistraction for those at street level <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS AND NOTES.''' (By "Ether.") . . . Still the question is being asked: "What are they doing up there," and on turning and following the gaze of the speaker you find him deeply engrossed in the work being carried out on the roof of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. This firm has undertaken the transmission of concerts, weather re-ports, market quotations, etc., which will prove of the greatest value to the man outback. It will experiment with a small set to begin with, using a power of 500 watts. This is really the modulator of the large 5,000-watt transmitter. The first concert will be broadcasted on June 3, and from then on transmissions will be bi-weekly. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31232267 |title=RADIO NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,859 |location=Western Australia |date=21 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The future 6WF actively involved in developing the new wireless regulations of 1924 <blockquote>'''BRUCE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE. MR. WILKES GIVES W.A. PUBLIC THE FACTS.''' (For weeks past the "Worker"' has been directing attention to the "sealed sets" wireless iniquity. An octopus (half Federal Government and half Amalgamated Wireless Co.) has been strangling broadcasting. While the life and death struggle has been going on, what have Federal members Mann, Gregory, and Co. been doing? Can't they see anything but Free Trade? Fortunately Mr. Wilkes (Principal of the City Commercial College) has put up a bonny fight for the people.) Now that wireless broadcasting has come to stay, the public is learning something of the ring-fence which the monopolistic Amalgamated Wireless of Australia, backed up by a monopolistic Nationalist Government, sought to hedge around what is probably the greatest public utility, commercially and socially, of the age. It is common knowledge that under the wireless agreement negotiated about four years ago by Billy Hughes, the Commonwealth Government holds a one-half interest in Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. (Start photo caption) MR. R. WILKES. (End photo caption) Amalgamated Wireless got in early and secured the Australian rights of the wireless patents of all the big systems. By this means it was in a position to dictate terms — and it made the terms pretty stiff — to any concern desiring to enter on the broadcasting business. '''Regulations That Fleece the Public. ''' Wireless being controlled by the Federal Government, the promulgation of regulations became necessary; these in due course, made their appearance. As was to be expected from a Nationalist Government source, these regulations evidenced greater concern for the companies than for the public. Thus, the companies were to be licensed at a fee of 10/-, with the right to collect, and fix, their own charges to users of their service. It may be here mentioned that in England the licensing fee is 10/- per annum; in America and France no license fee is demanded, though in the latter country a broadcasting fee of a few pounds is charged; New Zealand levies a broadcasting fee of £1/5/-; and in South Africa and the Irish Free State it is £1. '''West Australia Gets IT in the Neck.''' Let us now see how it was proposed to treat Australia. To ensure to itself the full return of the monopoly it had established, Amalgamated Wireless issued an edict that what is known as "sealed sets" must be used in connection with receiving sets used for its farmed-out broadcast service. The effect of this was to restrict a receiver to one wavelength, and to thereby provide that anyone desiring to make fuller use of his instrument would be compelled to pay a further license fee for every additional wavelength used. In Western Australia this worked out thus. Three companies proposed to enter the broadcasting business on differing wavelengths, the respective charges for the service being £4/4/-, £3/10/-, and £3. Thus a subscriber desiring to use all three wave lengths would have to pay £11/14/- for the privilege. '''P.M.G. Takes the Side of Monopoly.''' How this worked to the enrichment of Amalgamated Wireless is explained in the astounding demand for a further royalty — on top of two other royalties already provided for — of 25 per cent. of the gross receipts from licenses issued by the broadcasting companies. Protests against the regulations under which this extortion was possible were made unavailingly to the Post master-General for months, the substitution of the "open set" (which would permit the use of any wavelength) for the "sealed set" being sought. Political and other pressure eventually forced the calling by the P.M.G. of a conference of broadcasting companies' representatives and representatives of the Wireless Development Association — an association composed mainly of small dealers in wireless outfits, though interested citizens are eligible for membership. '''Practically a One Man Fight.''' At that conference Western Australia was represented by Mr. Thompson of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. (which is to begin broadcasting on June 3) and Mr. E. C. (sic, Robert) Wilkes, of the City Commercial College, on behalf of the Wireless Development Association of W.A. Mr. Wilkes has taken a deep interest in wireless for years, and his exposure in the "Daily News" of the misstatements by the P.M.G. of the conference proceedings shed a lot of light on the inner history of this matter. Mr. Wilkes went East to this conference determined to make a big effort to establish a uniform license fee of £1 for all Australia on the "open set" basis, but found that an agreement had been reached unofficially before conference opened to the charge being fixed at £2. This was a long way from satisfying the West Australian, who succeeded to the extent of inducing the Eastern States trade representatives to fix on 25/- as the fee. '''A Victory for the People.''' Then began a big fight in conference, which lasted till nearly midnight, the chief objector being Westralian Farmers Ltd., who, quite reasonably, wanted to be shown how it could be reimbursed for its large outlay on such a fee. This having been demonstrated, largely by Mr. Wilkes, the opposition caved in at the next sitting, and the 25/- fee was agreed to — without any overriding royalty of 25 per cent. to Amalgamated Wireless, as first demanded. Thus, instead of being called on to pay a profiteering fee of £14/14/-, a Western Australian subscriber may now use any wavelength service on an open set receiver on payment of 25/-. That's one, at least, on the solar plexus of a monopoly which stood in the way of the wide adoption of wireless in the homes of the people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271061 |title=SRUGE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=921 |location=Western Australia |date=23 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Sunday Times radio journalist notes many firms adding radio departments in lead up to 6WF commencement; Coxon still presenting excellent Sunday evening concerts; provides status report on 6WF construction but confuses callsign with that of 2FC Farmers <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Among those large local emporiums which have recently entered the radio field may be specially mentioned Messrs. Foy and Gibson Ltd. These people have a great variety of goods, all of which are quick sellers. 6AG continues to hold the attention of the radio audiences of W.A. (if not some of the Eastern amateurs, too) with his excellent Sunday night concerts. Now, if you want to show your appreciation of these transmissions, what better could you do than trot along to the radio social on June 14? Eastern wireless papers often publish a list of transmitting licenses issued in Australia during certain months. I scanned one of these lists recently, quite in hopes that I would find some new "sixer" added to the membership of the "Sleeping Transmitters Society," but, alas! little W.A was not even on the map. Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station 2FC (sic, 6WF) is very near completion. The aerial system finished, work has commenced on the counterpoise earth, which will most likely be completed by the time these notes appear. A very small section of the transmitting plant remains to be erected, the studio is complete (with microphones), and I understand that the station will be on the air on June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067647 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1376 |location=Western Australia |date=25 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian publishes the program for 6WF's opening night <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting.— In connection with the opening of the Westralian Farmers' powerful wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), Mr. A. J. Leckie will take charge of the entertainment, and the following interesting programme has been arranged for this the first wireless broadcasting programme in Western Australia:— 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, "A Love Symphony" (Huhn), "Five and Twenty Sailormen" (Coleridge Taylor); 8.39, Miss Lilian Pether in violin solos, "Serenata" (Moszkowski), "Hejre Kati" (Hubay); 8.50, The Wendowie Quartette, "Tar's Song" (Hatton), "Piccaninny," "Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House"; 9, Mr. Herbert Gibson entertainer, "The Egg," "Shakespeare Snapshotted"; 9.10, Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor, "Youth" (Allitson), "I'll Sing thee Songs of Araby" (Clay); 9.20, Mr. G. C. Haywood, "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (Rogers), "King Duncan's Daughters" (Allitson); 9.30, Miss Lilian Pether, "Schon Rosmarin" (Kreisler), "Tambourin Chinois" (Kreisler); 9.35, the Wendowie Quartette, "Madrigal — What Ho!" (Beale), "Linden Lea" (Williams); "Ye Catte" (Smith); 9.48, Mr. Herbert Gibson, "Pom Pom Parade," "I St-stutter"; 9.56, Mr. Rhys Francis, "The Distant Shore" (Sullivan), "Melanie" (Eric Coates).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233664 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,866 |location=Western Australia |date=29 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian reports that the 6WF opening night concert is sold out and that a second concert will be given (but substituting the 6WF transmission with a wireless demonstration by Craig and Co, Robert Wilkes' company <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting Initiation.— In view of the overwhelming applications for admission to the opening by the Premier of the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next, the managing director of the Westralian Farmers has arranged with Mr. A. J. Leckie to present a second concert on the following evening. People who have been unable to obtain tickets for Wednesday's function may be provided for at the second concert, if they make prompt application to Mr. A. C. Kessell at the company's office in Wellington-street. On Wednesday night at 8 o'clock patrons of the Prince of Wales Theatre will be enabled to listen in to the Premier's speech at the opening of the broadcasting station. The demonstration will be given by Messrs. Craig and Co., with their locally manufactured receiving apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233869 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,867 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Call magazine publishes the complete opening night program for 6WF <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTING CONCERT.''' The Honorable the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), is to open the first broadcasting station in Western Australia, installed by the Directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited, at their building in Wellington-street, at 8 p.m. on Wednesday evening, June 4. The station will be known as 6WF in the wireless world. After the Managing Director has welcomed the Premier, and the latter has delivered the first speech into the broadcasting plant, the following musical programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckier (sic, Leckie), Mus. Bac.: 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, will sing: A Love Symphony, Huhn. Five and Twenty Sailormen, Coleridge Taylor. 8.39. Miss Lillian Pether in violin solos, Serenata Moszkowski, Hejre Kati, Hubay. 8.50. The Wendowie Quartet in a group of popular numbers. Tar's Song Hatton. Piccaninny, Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House. 9. Mr. Herbert Gibson, entertainer, The Egg, Shakespeare Snapshotted. 9.10. Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor. Youth, Allitson, I'll sing thee songs of Araby. Clay. 9.20. Mr. G. C. Haywood. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. Rogers. King Duncan's Daughters. Allitson. 9.30. Miss Lillian Pether will play Schon Rosmarin, Kreisler. Tambourin Chinois, Kreisler. 9.35. The Wendowie Quartette, Madrigal. What Ho! Beale. Accompanied song, Linden Lee, Williams. Humorous, Ye Catte, Smith. 9.48. Mr. Herbert Gibson in humorous numbers, Pom Pom Parade, I St-Stutter. 9.56. Mr. Rhys Francis will sing The Distant Shore, Sullivan. Melanie, Eric Coates.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903362 |title=THE BROADCASTING CONCERT |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=518 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Westralian Worker announces the 6WF commencement program and notes attendees will be able to inspect the studios, plant and demonstration room <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited have issued invitations for the official opening of the Wireless Broadcasting Station at their buildings, Wellington-street, Perth, on the evening of the 4th June. The Honorable the Premier has consented to deliver the first speech in the Studio, and a varied programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. Recipients of invitations will, upon presentation of their cards, be able to inspect the plant, studio, and demonstration room on the top floor from 7.30 to 7.55 p.m. Arrangements have also been made for a limited number of persons to "listen in" in the company's social hall on the third floor, admission to which will be by ticket only, obtainable from Mr. A. C. Kessell, at the company's offices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271200 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=922 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At least one local theatre installs a receiver to provide patrons with the premier's speech opening 6WF <blockquote>'''LISTENING-IN. Broadcasting at Prince.''' The management of the Prince of Wales Theatre announce that by means of a wireless receiving installation manufactured in Perth by Messrs Craig and Co., the Premier's speech at the opening of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station next Wednesday night, June 4, will be received in the auditorium of the theatre, at 8 o'clock. This will be the first opportunity the general public will have of "listening in" to a broadcasting demonstration. Oh the three nights following, Thursday 5th, Friday 6th, Saturday 7th, further demonstrations will be given at this theatre, and the Princess. Fremantle, between 7 and 8 o'clock. At any time during the course of the entertainment, should there be any item of public interest received, the programme will be suspended so that patrons may "listen in."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76437497 |title=LISTENING IN |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=146 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== 6WF provides its rooms to the WIA WA for a presentation to Coxon thanking him for last two years of concerts; farmers are beseiging 6WF with enquiries prior to opening night; 6WF with demise of sealed sets realises it needs local support also and decides to market a crystal set as well as its Mulgaphone <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . At the radio social and supper, to be held on June 14, at the Westralian Farmers Ltd., there will be — firstly, a presentation from the amateurs of W.A. to Mr. W. E. Coxon, for his most excellent work in transmitting radio concerts for the last two years, thus benefitting the science in W.A. muchly, and also the returns of the radio tra-ders; and secondly the council of the Wireless Institute (W.A. Division) will have pleasure in presenting to Mr. B. Holt, a fitting regard for his past three years as president of that society. . . . A run of excitement is being experienced throughout the amateur movement of W.A. as the opening night of the broadcasting fair draws nearer. As regards the position of the company (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), as far as the broadcasting business is concerned, I am informed that they are beseiged daily with letters from farmers, etc. This means that the farmers of our great State realise what unlimited supplies of entertainment and educational help they will receive from the broadcasting station. This broadcasting business can best be appreciated only by these people in the great outback. . . . I understand that the Westralian Farmers intend to cater for the needs of local persons desiring to listen-in to broadcasted matter. The new type of receiver will, of course employ the simple, yet effective, crystal. Owing to the simplicity of this instrument, it will be retailed at a very moderate price. "There's a wireless set to suit all pockets," I recollect saying once before in these columns.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068196 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1377 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Full opening speech and musical programme for 6WF published in the West Australian the following day <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. PERTH STATION OPENED. Speech by the Premier.''' No other Premier of the State ever spoke to such a wide audience of the people as did Mr. Collier last night, when he opened the new broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. The occasion was a unique one in the history of the State, because of the simple rea-son that listeners in towns as far distant from Perth as Geraldton, Sand-stone, Kalgoorlie, Esperence, Albany, and Bunbury were waiting to hear what the Premier had to say. With the advance of the science of wireless telegraphy the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., decided to instal a broadcasting station, and last night it was formally opened by the Premier, Mr. Collier. To celebrate the occasion the company invited a large number of guests to the ceremony. Prior to the actual opening ceremony, the guests, who numbered several hundred, inspected the plant, which was so ex-tensive that it extended over three floors of the building. Mr. Basil Murray, on behalf of the company, welcomed the guests. He explained that later in the evening the Premier would declare the station open by speaking into a receiver on an upper floor, where the studio was situated. From the studio the speech and the subsequent concert would be transmitted to the aerials and reconveyed to the receivers in the main reception room, where the main party of the guests were gathered, also throughout the State. The gathering filled the large room, and when Mr. Collier was introduced to the audience by medium of the loud speaker, by Mr. Murray, his voice was very clear. It was so clear that every word carried distinctly to each part of the large room. The various concert items were also very distinct. Subsequently Mr. J. Thomson, who controlled the operations, was complimented. The Premier, in his address through the wireless receiving apparatus, said he greatly appreciated the privilege of opening the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. It had been installed at a cost of approximately £12,000, and had a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which had installed the service, deserved great credit for its enterprise. It had 6,000 clients to cater for, and its service would also be for the edification of all those who possessed receiving sets in any part of the State. Such an installation would serve to overcome the isolation which was one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. The service would annihilate distance, and bring the people of the outback into touch with the everyday life and enjoyment of the city, and of other countries, whose messages came over the ether. A station of the kind he was opening had a very special significance to Western Australia, because of the great distances of the State and the comparatively few people who lived here. In no other State did the same conditions apply. An innovation of the nature of the broadcasting service would be of immeasurably greater value to the people of the remotest areas of the State than to the people who lived in the metropolitan area. From Esperance to Wyndham the owners of small receiving sets would be able to listen in and enjoy all that could be offered in the city in the way of music, song, lecture, and general vocal entertainment. Broadcasting was a wonderful science. It had made great progress during the past ten years. A cable message in today's paper informed them, of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. It could be truly said that that day marked an epoch in the history of Western Australia, because it established not only State-wide communication between the ether of the State, but worldwide. To him, as Premier, of the State, it was very gratifying to know the station had been designed and manufactured in Australia, and, being the most powerful of its kind in the Commonwealth, it reflected great credit on those responsible for its installation. Concluding, Mr. Collier said: "While you are compelled to listen to me you cannot talk back or interject, for if you attempt to do so I would be blissfully unconscious." He declared the broadcasting station open. Subsequently a long programme of musical items was rendered, those contributing being Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. H. Gibson, and Mr. R. Francis. Tonight the station will broadcast the following programme:— 7.0, Tune in to Gramophone (Sonora); 7.5, Bedtime Stories; 7.45, Market Reports; 7.55, Weather Reports; 8.0, Time Signal; 8.2, News (Cable); 8.15, Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone will sing "Morning" and "How's My Boy." 8.30, Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon" and "Allegretto"; 8.45, Miss Ida Geddes, contralto will sing "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55, Mr. Ned. Taylor, will discourse; 9.7, Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," and "A Memory"; 9.17, Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs, "Beauty's Eyes," and "A Sergeant of the line"; 9.27, Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," and "Andalouse"; 9.37, Miss Ida Geddes will sing, "God's Lullaby," and "Abide With Me"; 9.45, Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9:55, Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing, "Old Mary," and "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2, Close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234855 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Despite the premier's encouraging words at 6WF opening, experienced Kalgoorlie listeners are only able to hear a few words of the 6WF (temporary 150 watts) opening despite 2FC Sydney (1500 watts, also on longwave) coming in well. <blockquote>'''Goldfields Listeners.''' Kalgoorlie, June 4. Local wireless enthusiasts tonight attempted to pick up the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting concert, but only succeeded in hearing one or two words of Mr. Collier's speech, and a few words of a song. Better results are expected when the power is increased, for tonight a pianoforte solo in Sydney was heard distinctly by goldfields' listeners. They are also able to receive messages from Applecross and from vessels off Fremantle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234856 |title=Goldfields Listeners. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF opening barely over and the station is calling for amateur performers to make appearances (to reduce expenditure?) <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' In response to many requests that amateur entertainers be given an opportunity of having their performances broadcast, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have decided to make available a portion of each Wednesday and Friday evening to approved amateurs. Persons interested should communicate with the musical director, at 569 Wellington street, Perth, giving a list of four or more items from their repertoire. Applicants will be notified regarding the date and time at which they can be afforded an opportunity of appearing, and those requiring an accompanist should arrange for their own pianist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245261 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Daily News states that 6WF will be broadcasting to a daily schedule <blockquote>'''SUMMED UP. Epitome of Today's News.''' . . . "Six W.F." started wireless broadcasting last night on a 1,250 metres wave length. From now on a programme will be sent out from the Westralian Farmers' headquarters, Perth, commencing at 7 o'clock each evening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245130 |title=SUMMED UP. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Very comprehensive report of 6WF opening by Perth Daily News, both actual details and context <blockquote>'''"6.W.F." COMMENCES BROADCASTING. PREMIER OPENS WIRELESS STATION. "KEEP THE BOYS ON THE FARM."''' "Standby to receive broadcast concert from "6 W.F.," on 1,250 metres wave length." This is the warning which, commencing from last night, will daily go out at 7 p.m. to "listeners-in" throughout the State. Last night the large broadcasting station installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at their building in Murray-street was officially opened by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), and was followed by a musical programme which radiated in all directions at the speed of 186,000 miles per second. From Broome to Eucla figures crouched over tables in spare rooms, turning little vulcanite knobs and listened to what the Premier had to say. No wonder the Premier was nervous when speaking to his invisible audience last night. "I would want to be well paid, if that was the way I had to earn my living. It is the most nerve-racking thing to be imagined, to have to make a speech to an empty room," the Premier said as he mopped his brow after the address was broadcast. It was no good the Premier using gesticulation to assist his voice, for no one could see him as he sat in the studio a couple of feet distant from the microphone. The utmost silence had to be observed in the studio, so that sounds other than speeches and music would not be broadcast. Even the Premier, who spoke from a few notes, was not at liberty to turn over the pages, for the slight sound made would have been magnified into a sound like distant thunder. Consequently he had to let sheet after sheet float gracefully to the floor at his feet as it had served its purpose. Many people were under the impression that the plant seen last night is the finished apparatus. It was learned, however, that definite results over 200 miles were not expected last night. At present the station is only a half-kilowatt transmitter unit. This is intended to act as the "drive" for the 5-6 kilowatt set which is to be installed in a few weeks, and which Mr. Murray said would have a capacity two and a half times that of Applecross. During the progress of the concert a telephone message was received from York stating that the items and speech were being received. Other country centres have also reported similar good results. In order to mark the epoch in West Australian history by the inauguration of broadcast wireless, the directors of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. invited a large number of guests to the ceremony, and when the time had arrived for the commencement of the programme, the social room was accommodating about 800 people, while many others were to be found inspecting the apparatus to be found on three floors. '''OPPOSITION TO MONOPOLY.''' Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., addressed the audience from the platform explaining the apparatus and inviting those who had not been able to see the plant to make later appointments. He said the wireless masts which stood 110 feet above the roof of the building weighed something like 3½ tons each, and had been manufactured locally, while the whole construction as far as had been possible was of local manufacture. He wished to stress the point that instead of opening an establishment that night, they were really only laying the foundation stone. The plant when completed would be the biggest in Australia. They were contracting to deliver broadcast matter as far distant as Wyndham, where sets had already been sold. The sets they had made had "picked up" South Africa, while they had also "listened-in" to Farmers Ltd., Sydney. Mr. Murray then welcomed the Premier in the studio, his remarks being broadcast. Downstairs in the social room a load speaker picked up the messages and delivered them in clear, resonant tones which could be heard distinctly throughout the large and crowded hall. After expressing pleasure at having the Premier with them, Mr. Murray said that the venture was more or less a private one, although they felt that broadcasting in a country as vast as West Australia was a matter of more than private interest. Indeed, it was a matter of national importance. He had learned that day for the first time that the Premier was born on the land, and had lived a good many years there engaged in farming pursuits. He therefore took it that the Premier recognised that one of the big disadvantages of living on the land was its isolation. The young Australian felt that isolation keenly, and in some of the cases the city lured him away from the land. Australia required its men on the land, and he had great hopes that the inauguration of an efficient broadcasting plant would do more than anything else to keep the young people on the land. He could assure the Premier that they would do everything in their power to establish an efficient broadcasting plant for the State. He felt he might require some assistance from the Premier in one matter which was disturbing their minds, and which he thought should be made public. Attempt was being made in Melbourne to force their broadcasting venture into a central company, having its headquarters in the Eastern States and giving it the advantages of a huge monopoly. They strenuously objected to being tied up to any Eastern States concern, and looked forward to getting the Premier's support in their hard fight against consolidation. '''THE PREMIER'S ADDRESS.''' The Premier said: "I am greatly privileged this evening in being asked to open the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. This has been installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at a cost of approximately £12,000, and at the present moment has a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The company deserves great credit for its enterprise, for not only will they cater for their own 6,000 clients, but also for the edification and entertainment of numerous other holders of receiving sets throughout the State. An installation of this nature must serve to overcome the isolation which is one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. It will annihilate distances, and bring the people of the outback in touch with everyday life and enjoyment of the city and of other countries. A station of this kind has very special significance to our own State, because of our great distances and comparatively few people, for in no other States do the conditions apply to the same extent. An innovation of this description will be of immeasurably greater benefit to the people of the remotest areas of our own State than to city dwellers. From Esperance and Eucla, in the south, to Wyndham, in the far north, owners of small receiving sets will be able to listen in and enjoy all that can be offered by the great cities in music, singing, or lectures, or any other form of entertainment. This is a wonderful science, and has made enormous progress during the past decade. A cable message in tonight's newspaper informs us of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. Truly it may be said that this day marks an epoch in the history of Western Australia, and of worldwide communication through the empyrean blue. It is very gratifying to know that this station has been designed and manufactured in Australia, and being the most powerful on our continent reflects great credit upon those responsible for the undertaking and those who have arranged the installation. In conclusion, I would like to mention one feature that strongly appeals to me, and that is this, that while you are compelled to listen to me, you cannot talk back or interject, for if you should do so I would be blissfully unconscious. Notwithstanding this, I do not propose to intervene any longer between you and the excellent programme which I understand is to follow, and I therefore have very great pleasure in declaring open this broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd." The plant was operated last night by Mr. S. Trim, of Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, Ltd. (Sydney), and Mr. W. E. Coxon, technical adviser to the Westralian Farmer's Ltd. '''MUSICAL PROGRAMME.''' During the evening songs, violin soli, quartette items and humorous songs were contributed by Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. Herbert Gibson, and Mr. Rhys Francis. THE PLANT. In giving a brief description of the plant, it might be advisable to start from the studio, where the music is created, and follow it through to the aerials, from where it is discharged into the ether. The Westralian Farmers have provided two studios. One is for concerts, brass band music, etc., while the other, a smaller one, is for the dissemination of news, bedtime stories and market reports. The room is made entirely soundproof, and is draped in brown and blue in order to prevent the possibility of echoes. The room is lined with sheet iron to prevent interference from outside electrical induction. On a pedestal stands a microphone of the push-pull, two-button type. This receives the sounds, magnifies them and passes them through to a three-valve amplifier panel, which converts the sound vibrations into electrical vibrations. A window between this piece of apparatus and the artist enables the operator to direct the singer and speaker, if required to approach or recede from the microphone. The electrical vibrations are then passed to another apparatus known as the modulator panel, which contains four 250 T-Valves and also two more amplifying valves. The modulator panel is connected with an oscillator panel of two 250 T-valves. On the top of the modulator and oscillator panels are mounted tuning inductances for the closed and open circuits. From the open circuit inductance the "lead" goes to the aerial and the other through the hot wire ammeter to the counterpoise system, which stands three feet above the roof for the purpose of creating an artificial "earth." The aerial of the four-wire cage type is 173 feet long, and is suspended between the poles, 195 feet from the pavement. The three panels are enclosed in latticed steel cabinets and look very much like miniature passenger lifts. '''TONIGHT'S PROGRAMME.''' The programme to be broadcasted tonight is as follow:— 7 p.m.: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora). 7.5: Bedtime stories. 7.45: Market reports. 7.55: Weather reports. 8.0: Time signal. 8.2: News (cable). 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone: "Morning," "How's My Boy." 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos: "Papillon," "Allegretto." 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto: "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships." 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor will discourse. 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor: "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory." 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs: "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line." 9.27: Mr. C. Pether, flautist: "Serenade," "Andalouse." 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes will sing: "God's Lullaby," "Abide With Me." 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items. 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing: "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me." 10.2: Close down. '''A DISAPPOINTMENT.''' The failure of the Prince of Wales Theatre to broadcast the Westralian Farmers' concert last night was due, it is understood, to the fact that the firm which installed the plant had inadvertently omitted to secure a licence to receive broadcast from the Commonwealth authorities, who at the last moment prevented the concert taking place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245172 |title="6.W.F." |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian publishes Perth report that no reception of 6WF opening at Kalgoorlie, implies no Geraldton reception either <blockquote>'''TELEGRAMS. Western Australia. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' BROADCASTING.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Kalgoorlie reports that they were only able to hear a few words.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67283151 |title=TELEGRAMS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4297 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, for Carnarvon <blockquote>'''"BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Reports from Kalgoorlie state that only a few words were heard there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75699998 |title="BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH |newspaper=[[Northern Times]] |volume=XIX, |issue=954 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> York at 97km East of Perth seems to have been the most distant reception of the 6WF opening broadcast <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVES. RADIO NEWS AND NOTIONS.''' (By "ARIEL") '''6 W.F. OFFICIALLY OPENED.''' The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting plant was officially opened last Wednesday night. After Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., had welcomed the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), the latter delivered his opening speech into the microphone of the broadcasting station. A mulgaphone, with frame aerial and loudspeaking attachment, was situated in the social hall, where some hundreds of interested guests were enabled to hear the whole programme as it was broadcasted from the studio on the top floor. The reception of music was excellent, and towards the end of the evening the director received a message from York stating the transmissions were being received exceptionally well. Thursday's programme was as follows:— 7.0: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora); 7.5: Bedtime stories; 7.45: Market reports; 7.55: Weather reports; 8.0: Time signal; 8.2: News (cable); 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone, "Morning," "How's My Boy"; 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon, "Allegretto"; 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto, "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor; 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory"; 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line"; 9.27: Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," "Andalouse"; 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes, "God's Lullaby," "Abide with Me"; 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance, "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2: Close down. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213726085 |title=WIRELESS WAVES |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=519 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, some further detail <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' STATION.''' The Westralian Farmers' "overflow" audience — in other words, the second opening night of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station (6.W.F.), had a most enjoyable experience last evening. In many respects, profiting by the events of the first evening, as, for instance, the changing of the piano, from an upright to a grand, and in other minor ways, last night's entertainment was an improvement on the "first-night." It is not advisable to draw comparisons regarding the artists' rendition of the various items, but it can be truly said that the whole entertainment was a decided success, and that the 600 people present were not only afforded a novel and rare entertainment, but were initiated into the wonders of wireless transmission. The company and its experts are to be congratulated on the successful installation of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. Those who were enabled to inspect the plant either before or during the concert, were amazed at the completeness of the equipment and arrangements for the opening ceremony. It is understood, however, that the appointments in this respect will be improved upon as the completion of the apparatus proceeds. The Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcast programme for tonight (Friday) is as follows:— 7, tune in to gramophone; 7.5, bedtime stories; 7.45, market reports; 7.55, weather reports; 8, time signal; 8.2, news (cables); 8.15, talk on wireless to experimenters by a representative of the committee of the Affiliated Radio Society; 8.46, Mr. Delevante, selected; 8.55, Mrs. Jennings will sing "Romany Rose," "Beneath Thy Window"; 9.5, Master Court, cornet solos, "Blue Bells of Scotland,'' ''Because"; 9.15, Mr. Mooney in humorous items, "Little Novels," "Murphy Shall Not Sing Tonight"; 9.25, Miss Marion King will render "My Prayer" (Squire), "Salaam"; 9.35, Mr. Mooney will render "An Old Sweetheart," "The 'Bus Conductor"; 9.45, Mrs. G. MacNamara, selected; 9.55, Mrs. James will sing "Land of Long Ago" (Lillian Ray), "Homing" (Teresa del Riego); 10.2, close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84249553 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,327 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes explains developments towards the Regulations 1924 and flags possible monopolistic developments <blockquote>'''THAT WIRELESS COMBINE. ONE BIG COMPANY SCHEME.''' (In an interview with Mr. R. Wilkes, published last week, it was incorrectly stated that the broadcasting fee ultimately agreed on for Australia was 25/-. This should have been stated as £2. Below, Mr. Wilkes places the matter clearly, and adds a warning against the one big company proposal, which he demonstrates will, if established, constitute another Eastern States Octopus.) When I got to the East I found that the Eastern States representatives had agreed to a broadcasting subscription of £3 and a Government license fee of 10/-. I tried to get them to reduce this to 25/-, and after a long struggle got them to compromise on a £2 broadcasting subscription and a 5/-license fee. The official conference was also eventually induced to agree to these fees and they were recommended to the Postmaster-General for his acceptance. Incidentally I may mention that from latest advices from the East it seems likely that the radial system will be introduced, and the townsman will probably be asked to pay about £2, and this fee will be reduced in favor of people living at a distance from the broadcasting stations, the lowest fee being payable by the person furthest away. '''The Royalty Puzzle.''' The matter of royalty is rather confusing. It should be noted that under the "sealed set" regulations the company controlling the Australian rights of practically all the wireless patents was able to compel the broadcasting companies to collect a substantial yearly tax from all persons using a wireless receiving set for the reception of broadcasted matter. Our broadcasting company was compelled to pay to Amalgamated Wireless 25 per cent. of its gross receipts in this manner, and, of course, had to increase the subscription charged to the public to cover this amount. Under the "open set"' recommendations it would be difficult for this tax or royalty to be collected in any other part of the world, and why should we in Australia be compelled to pay it? It should be noted that the firm concerned already collects double royalties — it gets one substantial royalty on the instruments and apparatus sold to the broadcasting company who broadcasts the entertainment, and second royalty from the dealer on every machine he sells to the public. '''Fees Contrasted.''' Broadcasting companies had to pay a very much bigger license fee than the 10/- mentioned; but they had the right to charge any fee they chose to users of their services, and the unfortunate public had to pay this fee or dismantle the receiving set being used. Your interviewer has stated that the Frenchman paid a few pounds as a broadcasting fee; this should be a few francs. This means that the Frenchman pays three or four shillings, the American nothing, the Englishman 10/-, and the remaining countries of the world from £1 to 25/-, with the exception of we in Australia. It will be seen that with the £2 fee on which I compromised at the conference, ours will be the dearest radio in the world. '''The One Big Company.''' It seems pretty evident from information just received that the authorities are favoring the one big company scheme for the whole of Australia. I am specially concerned about this — all Australians should be made to realise at once what is happening. If this one big company scheme is enforced we in Western Australia will find our radio matters controlled by directors or managers in Sydney or Melbourne. We shall have to put up with what these Eastern States people give us. Each Westralian subscription will go East, and instead of any profits being retained within the State they will be collared by the Eastern States octopus. We have enough — far too much — of Eastern States control now, and we do not want any more of it. Even as it is we cannot get any consideration from the Eastern States authorities. It takes a fortnight or three weeks to get a reply to a letter, and without the personal contact that would be possible when you can see people face to face we get scant consideration. With our own broadcasting company or companies here we can get what we want, to suit ourselves, while the subscription — and the profits also — will be retained within the State. '''Wireless Autonomy for W.A.''' t should be noted that the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who are spending £10,000 on a broadcasting station for Westralians, is also bitterly opposed to the one big company scheme. They do not wish to have their broadcasting department absorbed by a big Eastern States company. With the opposition of the West Australian company principally concerned, the opposition of the traders, together with the support of the public and the press, it ought to be possible to squelch this pet scheme of the Postmaster-General's Department. But if anything is to be done it has to be done '''NOW'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271452 |title=THAT WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=923 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 3w0s6fu4pa8iewji65n7vr1hzroop2w 4096943 4096940 2022-08-28T20:14:30Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1923 07 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6WF Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1920s=== ====1920==== =====1920 01===== =====1920 02===== =====1920 03===== =====1920 04===== =====1920 05===== =====1920 06===== =====1920 07===== =====1920 08===== =====1920 09===== =====1920 10===== =====1920 11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== Article likely by Robert Wilkes describing 1923 broadcasting conference and proposed meeting of WA broadcasting interests <blockquote>'''LISTENING-IN. RADIO FOR THIS STATE. AN INTERESTING PROPOSAL.''' The advantages of radio for the people of this State, whether they be dwellers in the cities and towns, or lonely men on stations, have presented themselves to scientific men as well as to those engaged in social, commercial, and industrial affairs. The progress that has taken place in America and England and other parts of the world in the provision of listening in to wireless broadcasting has prompted a number of representative citizens to seek first-hand information with regard to the merits and advantages of this new science, and to discover whether it could be advantageously applied in this State. To that end one of their number, who is possessed of the technical and commercial knowledge necessary, paid a visit to the Eastern States for the purpose of attending a conference of Australian representatives interested in broadcasting. The Federal Postmaster-General presided at the conference, which was attended by over 70 persons, who represented every section of public life throughout Australia, and who were there to see that public and commercial interests would be fully safeguarded. The newspapers were represented by members of their business and journalistic staffs. The gentleman who represented Western Australia carefully studied every phase of the question, and listened to the proposals submitted. As a result he is convinced that the time is not far distant when every home in the cities and towns, every farm house in the agricultural areas, and every outback camp throughout the State may be installed with a listening-in set at a very light cost, and with remarkable advantages. As in other parts of the world nightly programmes will be broadcasted from Perth, and these will consist of weather and market reports, followed by the latest news items, with entertainments in the form of children's stories at bedtime, and vocal and instrumental programmes. The conference made provision for the proper control of wireless telephony, to the end that it should not be long before pastoralists in the far north and other distant parts, the farmers in the eastern belts and the south-west, the men in the bush, and others will be able to converse with their neighbors and other people with little cost, and that without overhearing or interfering. It has been shown that radio operations can be carried on successfully from a commercial viewpoint, without a requirement of scientific knowledge on the part of those who use it. Realising that the public of this State will soon demand that they be put in an equal position with those residing in other parts of the world, by the provision of this new and remarkable advantage of listening in, the association of persons interested in the matter have decided to deal with it in practical form. To that end they are inviting the representatives of various public institutions to attend a meeting which will be held on July 27, so that they may have the situation explained to them, hear the views of the representative who attended the Melbourne conference and consider the advisableness of introducing a system of wireless broadcasting throughout the State. Broadcasting regulations have been drawn up and approved by the Federal Postmaster-General, and these in due course will be gazetted. Among the provisions is one that precludes the creating of a monopoly by any particular organisation or company. It is recognised that if broadcasting and wireless telephony are to succeed in Western Australia, its introduction will have to be undertaken and backed by the public generally. Details of the scheme projected will be furnished later. In the meantime it is sufficient to say that the cost to the public will be comparatively small. It is estimated that the best programmes can be secured daily at an annual expenditure, of a maximum of £5. The receiving sets can be installed at anything from £20 to £50, the actual expenditure being regulated by the class of outfit and the distance at which the set is put in from the broadcasting station. Experiments carried out in this State show that messages can be clearly sent for a distance of 1,500 miles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78076224 |title=LISTENING-IN |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,045 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1923 |accessdate=29 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A letter to the editor of the Westralian Worker puts a compelling case against sealed sets and monopolistic broadcast groups <blockquote>'''WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? MONOPOLISTS OR THE PEOPLE?''' The rapid growth of wireless telephony in the past few years, together with the many absorbing features of broadcasting, has made Radio the King Hobby in England and America. The comparative ease with which a satisfactory set can be constructed from cheap component parts has given the radio a further impulse, and relegated model building, stamp collecting, and fretwork well into the back ground. Here, the creative instinct, strong in the majority of people, finds free play in a useful direction. And the realization that with a satisfactory outfit the radio fan can listen-in, practically at will, to concert items, lectures, etc., of a variety to suit his taste, has popularised wireless immensely in other countries. And the same will happen in Australia if the Australian is given sympathetic treatment. At present the construction of his own set by the mechanic, or persons mechanically inclined, is futile because of the wavering attitude of a Federal Government, which is always ready to take advice from those sections of the community not actuated by any philanthropic, patriotic, or altruistic motives. In Sydney, recently, we had the sealed set war. Farmer's Ltd., a Sydney rag firm, which, with the tenacity of a stickfast flea clinging to a spring chicken, has hung on to the growing enthusiasm for the ether wave for no reasons that are scientific or beneficent — if the remarks of the firm's delegates at the conference on wireless matters are any indication — want the sealed set to continue. Farmer's Ltd. (not to be confused with Westralian Farmers Ltd. — a firm of another colour) are dabbling in broadcasting and want a virtual monopoly of the New South Wales business, even if they must penalise all other States in the process. The sealed set is a set fixed to tune in on only one wave length. This gives the owner of a set absolutely no discrimination in his selection of a programme, but it means exclusive business for the monopolisers of broadcasting, and hence, bigger profits. The feelings of the owner of a receiving set are not considered. The trade of the legitimate dealer in radio goods, one whose interests rely on the popularity of the new science, is endangered. The aims of the experimenter concern Farmer's Ltd. and their kin not at all. The sealed set must go if wireless is to progress in Australia. An open license, covering the whole business, on the lines of the vehicle license, is all that is needed. What would the car owner of, say, Bunbury, think if it were enacted that all automobiles must have sealed wheels, set to a certain prescribed gauge, and operative only on roads of that gauge for which the license was issued. A phenomenal boom in the boot trade would result. The ether must remain as free for the "radio fan" as the roads are for the vehicle owner. The other delegates to the conference are to be commended for the strenuous opposition they made to Farmer's tactics. But they made a mistake when they recommended that the present so-called experimental license take its place, called an expert experimental license; that the total number issued at any time shall not exceed the following: N.S.W. 300, Victoria 300, S.A. 100, W.A 100, Queensland 150, and Tasmania 30; that such licenses be free of charge, and shall be issued yearly by the Postmaster-General on the recommendation of the Wireless Institute of Australia in each State. This, says the "Sunday Times" (20/4/24) is likely to cause a hard knock. True, it hurts. And everyone with a regard for progress and freedom will be justified in knocking out the "980 clause." This extreme limitation is likely to choke the natural development of wireless in the rapidly-growing Commonwealth. No more than 980, presumably, are allowed to practise out new circuits, new methods of reception and transmission, or new designs in components. Inventions appertaining to wireless are to be left severely alone by all except a few favoured experts; and these experts are not selected in an open competitive examination like Bachelors of Arts, Doctors of Medicine, and Steam Engine Drivers, but are the nominees of a Wireless Institute. The adoption of the "980 clause" will not further the advancement of wireless, but will undoubtedly mean an outbreak of wave thieving among otherwise respectable citizens and a spread of "bootleg" experimenting. The way of the department controlling wireless is clear. There must be no more monopolies or interference with the freedom of the ether. (Amalgamated Wireless is enough.) Unlimited experimenting under license and control will not hamper broadcasting or telegraphy, and will do much to develop the growth of Radio. And a healthy growth of radio will be to the mutual interests of the man outback and the bloke in the street. "Faceplate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148270520 |title=WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=918 |location=Western Australia |date=2 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Humorous description of John Thomson in the Perth Leader <blockquote>'''PERSONALIA.''' . . . There is a little man named Thomson, chief officer of the W.A. Wheat Pool, and of the Westralian Farmers broadcasting department, who is well known throughout the golden grain areas, where, in former years, he used to travel extensively in a Ford car. Thomson is the slickest thing, outside the electrical appliances in which he is at present engaged, and there isn't an office boy round in the Wellington-street emporium who could or would try to beat Thomson running up stairs, four at a time, or bolting along passages like Postle. Speed and efficiency appear to be his watchwords, and if his efficiency is equal to his speed he must be 100 per cent. One time, in a very boggy winter, Basil Murray had a problem to face — six of the firm's motor ears were bogged in the wheat belt, and the drivers had come back to Perth. "Look here," said Murray to one of them, "I can't make out how you fellows get bogged and can't get out. Now, there's Thomson—." The driver got angry. "Yes," he snarled back, "Thomson!" Thomson is so light that a car wouldn't bog with his weight, and he's so damn fast that he never touches the ground; and if you expect us to drive like Thomson you can just treble our insurance policies, Mr. Murray, that's all. We are god-fearing men with families — Thomson fears nothing, God, man or the devil."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256964486 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=368 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times journalist "Long Wave" states the two 6WF mast now erected and suggests likely start date of 3 June <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Red Indian war-woops are the latest feature of 2LO, London. It makes me wonder whether the West Farmers will induce some of our "abos" to face the microphone. Country readers will be interested to learn that the two masts of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., of Perth, have now been erected, and part of the transmitting apparatus is installed in the studio apartments. The concern will very likely be on the air by June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58066856 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in LyricsOf the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1374 |location=Western Australia |date=11 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian journalist "The Seer" eloquently professes no love for the new-fangled broadcasting, but perhaps protests too much <blockquote>'''SOME REFLECTIONS. ON VARIOUS TOPICS.''' (By "The Seer.") . . . The lure of broadcasting seems to be taking a firm hold in Geraldton. It is also taking deep root in Western Australia. The Westralian Farmers are spending something like £10,000 in installing a broadcasting apparatus in Perth, and soon, we read, there is no place so remote in West Australia, that it will be unable to link up by sound with the throbbing life of the City. Personally, I can't help saying that broadcasting has no especial appeal for me. When I shut the front door I like to shut out the various voices of the world. I don't want to be pursued at home by music that I wouldn't otherwise listen to, I don't want to hear lectures and speeches that I wouldn't otherwise attend. And I never had a particular fancy for "hearing" news. I like to "read" it for myself in a morning or evening paper, or, better still, in a sane little district publication like the "Guardian." Loneliness, I admit, should be relieved whenever it oppresses the spirit of a man or a woman. But this broadcasting business is all one-sided. Would not it be better for this country, if instead of thrilling Geraldton with the hum of the City, we could entrance Perth with the eloquent silence of Nabawa? I would be in favor of setting up an aerial in the heart of the City, where the town dweller could hear the lowing of the cattle at Newmarracarra, or the bleating of the sheep at Moonyoonooka, or even the gentle ripple of the Chapman in winter. Also, I would cheerfully pay towards broadcasting in Perth some of the genuine applause that greets a winner at Murgoo. It should be an agreeable change to the Perth punter, used to the "cusses" of the "bookie" when a favorite gets home at Belmont. In short, what we want in Western Australia is not so much to tell country people of the gay noises of the City, as to convince City people that there are pleasant sounds in the country of which they never dream. Besides telegraphy, telephony and the rest of the "tels." are alright as far as they go. But until "television" becomes an accomplished fact they will fall far short of all that is required. You may broadcast all the sounds of the Royal Show and all the judges' remarks and all the press comments on the top of them, but unless you can send along a vision of the cattle and sheep and pigs and dogs — to say nothing of the ladies' dresses, and artful feminine glances and smiles — your broadcast is going to be a poor substitute for a visit to Claremont. The same is true of theatrical entertainments. In nine cases out of ten it's the scene that explains the dialogue, and the talk without the setting isn't worth broadcasting. Suppose, too, a pretty girl sings a nice song. What's the good of the song without a vision of the damsel? Not much better indeed than the noise of a ballet dance with out a glimpse of the legs. Still, I suppose we are only just beginning to wake up to this tremendous new lure of life. The very kids now-a-days picture the air as a network of highways and byways and start exploring the ether before they can walk to the back beach. Yet go into a broadcasting station and you seem to be watching the efforts of another order of beings to communicate with the children of men. A poet, Milton, I believe (I hardly think it was "Jingo") wrote of — "Aery tongues that syllable mea's names On sands and shores and desert wildernesses." And today his dream has come to be a sober reality. So apart from its utility, or howsoever it may be misapplied, if you want to come into contact with a modern miracle — just for once "listen-in." You will find that your ear is well and truly at the "keyhole of the invisible world." <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67288102 |title=SOME REFLECTIONS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4290 |location=Western Australia |date=13 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes of Wireless Development Assoc WA expresses grave concern as to directions for new wireless regulations <blockquote>'''Wireless Broadcasting.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— As a member of the conference recently held in Sydney, I was somewhat disgusted but not altogether surprised by the remarks of the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) appearing in the Press. From the day of publication of the existing regulations, Mr. Gibson showed himself as a keen supporter of the big monopolistic concerns favored by them, and as being blind to the interests of the public and the small traders throughout the Commonwealth. His representative admitted at the conference that he was compelled by the traders and public to call the new conference. For nine months he held out against all persuasions, arguments and attacks. He gave in unwillingly, and is now showing his antagonism by his treatment of the conference recommendations, despite the fact that he called the conference, asked for its recommendations, and, before it was held, led the people concerned to believe that its recommendations would be adopted. When the composition of the conference was being considered, Mr. Gibson said that the problems involved were for technical minds. He invited representatives from all the broadcasting companies and an equal number from the Wireless Development Associations of the Commonwealth. In regard to the latter, it may be mentioned that in each State there is a Wireless Development Association, which all who are interested in wireless and its development may join. The apathy of the public has resulted in 90 per cent. of the membership of these associations being made up of traders, big and little, with a sprinkling of keen enthusiasts. It must be agreed by all unprejudiced minds that the conference represented the public traders generally and the broadcasting companies — in fact, all who were primarily involved in alterations to the regulations. Evidently the Postmaster-General and the big interests who are supporting him, find the recommendations of the conference somewhat unpalatable, for I see that he is trying to throw dust in the eyes of the public by stating that the conference represented only one side, and that he now has to consider many other people. If that is so, Mr. Editor, why did he not invite those other interests to the conference? Let me tell you, Mr. Editor, that with the exception of the Press, he did invite the other interests, but the weaknesses of their pet schemes had already been exposed. They therefore withdrew from the conference with the object of submitting those pet schemes privately to the Postmaster-General. On the first day of the conference, I protested most emphatically against the attitude of these people, and against the inference that the Postmaster-General should listen to the private schemes brought forward by interested parties. If their schemes would not stand open debate in conference, it was evident that they were not good for the public. It must be remembered that the proposals taken to the conference by the various members had been debated from all points of view in the separate States. These various ideas were thrashed out in detail over a period of eight days during which the various members of the conference were in constant consultation. Now Mr. Gibson is trotting forward suggestions which have been put forward by interested parties outside the conference, but which suggestions were definitely taken up by the conference, either in public or private, and rejected only after keen debate from all points of view. I think you will agree, Mr. Editor, that it is humiliating for the members of the conference to find that the Postmaster-General is accepting suggestions at the instigation of outsiders — suggestions that had been definitely debated and rejected by the conference. Had the Postmaster-General been present during the public and private sittings of the conference, he would have heard all the arguments against these objectionable features, and I contend that it is improper that he should stay away from the conference and then accept suggestions submitted privately by others, without hearing the arguments against those proposals. For instance, in the interview quoted in today's paper, the Postmaster-General favors one big broadcasting company. On behalf of W.A., I bitterly opposed such a proposal. West Australians have enough of Eastern States' control. They feel that too much West Australian money is flowing to the Eastern States now, and West Australians do not want to have their broadcasting controlled from Sydney, and to see any profits from the venture going to big concerns in the Eastern States. In addition, the representative of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which company has committed itself to a large expenditure on broadcasting, definitely refused to be associated with any Eastern States one-big-company scheme. Mr. Gibson is also trotting forward a proposal to vary the subscriptions according to the distance of the receiver from the broadcasting station. This also was debated by the conference and definitely rejected as being impracticable. The originators of such a proposal overlook the fact that the big broadcasting stations are all in the capital cities, where entertainment, music, and news are all plentiful, and can be got at the expense of a few pence. Such people are not likely to pay several pounds as a subscription to a broadcasting company. On the other hand, people hundreds of miles in the country will get the most use out of it, and will use it at every opportunity, and therefore should pay the most for the service. But if we admit that they have to pay more for their instruments, it is but common justice to charge them the same service fee as is charged townspeople. Even the sponsors of this proposal at the conference were thoroughly convinced of its undesirability. In belittling and shelving many of the conference recommendations, Mr. Gibson is showing himself as ignoring the lessons of the last few months. The objectionable features of the existing regulations have stirred up so much feeling that throughout the Commonwealth both the public and traders are ignoring them absolutely. There is not a trader in the Commonwealth today who is not secretly or openly breaking the regulations daily. In fact, in the Eastern States I found the traders and public in open rebellion against the regulations. In these circumstances, for the Postmaster-General to ignore the recommendations of the conference is, in my opinion, calculated to invite further dissatisfaction and defiance of the new regulations, which should by their reasonableness appeal to the sense of right and justice of the whole community.— Yours etc., R. WILKES. Perth, May 13.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84246228 |title=Wireless Broadcasting |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,307 |location=Western Australia |date=14 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP. Monopoly of the Air Contemplated. THE BROADCASTING BUNGLE: : AND OTHER MYSTERIOUS THINGS. The West To Suffer As Usual.''' Because of the long delay in establishing broadcasting by wireless in Western Australia people were losing interest in it. In fact, except for the radio dealers and the enthusiastic amateurs the general public had come to regard "broadcasting" as one of those boons and blessings that may be expected to come with the millenium. But the P.M.G.'s statement in the "West Australian," of Tuesday last has awakened fresh interest, and aroused fresh hope. Mr. Gibson was somewhat reticent but we gather from the interview that the department is framing a new set of regulations to govern broadcasting, and that the Federal Cabinet is considering the vexed question of control. Unfortunately the P.M.G. did not tell the whole story of the long, drawn-out negotiations over broadcasting and wireless, the latter particularly. It is a story of intense interest concerning a subject that is of national importance. And without going into technical details, we propose to set forth the salient facts. '''WHY MR. BRUCE FAILED''' The Federal Government is enmeshed in a tangle because of its agreement with Amalgamated Wireless (Australia) Ltd., a legacy bequeathed by the Hughes Administration. Under this agreement made in 1922, the Commonwealth put up £500,001 for that number of shares in a 1,000,000 shares company, the balance of the shares being held by the Amalgamated Wireless. Now, this latter concern is mainly the Marconi company. And the reason Australia cannot arrange a regular and combined wireless service with Britain and the other dominions is that the British Post Office will not hear of the Marconi Co. being in the scheme. When Mr. Bruce was in England he endeavoured to come to an amicable arrangement, but the British P.M.G. was adamant. He stood behind what is known as the Donald committee's report, which recommended that all wireless stations in Britain should be under the direct control of the Post Office. This last department has had previous dealings with the Marconi company, whose managing director is an extremely shrewd man of business (he is Godfrey Isaacs, the elder brother of the present Viceroy of India). But apart from this latter fact, the Home Authorities are strenuously opposed to any private company controlling a monopoly of the air. Therefore we had the Gilbertian situation of the Prime Minister of a democratic country like ours urging on the conservative Cabinet of Britain that a monopoly be granted. And in this the British Government is absolutely in the right just as the Australian Government is hopelessly in the wrong. '''AN UNHOLY ALLIANCE''' The air belongs to the people, and it is of vast importance that they should retain possession of all rights to its use. For wireless is even now in its infancy and the day is not far distant when broadcasting as a method of disseminating news will be a serious rival with the public press. Consider a monopoly of wireless news by any private concern! It would make that concern a world power, able to direct the public mind to its will. As things are in Australia the position is fraught with danger. Here we have the Federal Government in partnership with moneyed interests in an absolute control of wireless in this country. When broadcasting is widely established what is to prevent an unscrupulous Government from using radio for propaganda purposes? Those in political power practically could dictate all political news and views that would be issued by radio. This is no fantastic picture. News and views have been controlled before now in Australia, as those who remember the press censorship during the war period will agree. It will be seen, therefore, that the control of wireless and broadcasting is of vital import to every citizen. Yet the Federal Cabinet, not content with the existing monopoly of wireless, seriously proposes (according to the P.M.G.) to grant another in broadcasting! '''SOME SECRET HISTORY''' Of course, Mr. Gibson piously promises Government control and a Endtation of profits. But this is beside the point. For the inner history of the protracted negotiations over broadcasting suggests a clever attempt to secure a "scoop" by a syndicate of Eastern magnates. If this is permitted then Western Australia will once more be cynically exploited for the benefit of the East. It is impossible to explain the position clearly without dealing with the events of the past 12 months. In May, 1923, a conference was called by the P.M.G. when the only scheme submitted was that of Mr. Fisk, general manager of Amalgamated Wireless, who spoke for over two hours in elaboration of his proposals. Members of the conference, knowing the call of the public for the earliest possible use of wireless, agreed to that scheme. (It should be noted that this State was not officially represented). About three months later the P.M.G.'s department issued a schedule of regulations and it was at once seen that they were entirely too theoretical, and that the practical side had not been sufficiently considered. This was proven six months later when tests made of the receiving sets, which Amalgamated proposed to issue to the public were not wholly satisfactory. '''IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST''' By this time other considerations had arisen, so in April last there was a conference in Sydney of all those interested in this matter. Delegates attended from all the States, and all sections were represented — the trade, amateurs and the public. Only two or three Sydney firms already using the Amalgamated service held aloof. A new schedule of regulations was drawn up and submitted to the P.M.G. The two main items insisted on (from the public viewpoint) were that "open" not "sealed" sets be issued, and there should be no monopoly of service, but open competition. The difference between an open and a sealed set is that with the latter the owner is restricted to one service — if he wishes to "listen-in" to the programme of another company he has to buy that company's set. Thus one service company may be working on a 1000 metre wave length, and its receiving sets are sealed to that length. Whereas an open set can be adjusted to a different wave length. it can readily be understood that the open set is much more convenient, and economical to the public. '''MORE EASTERN EXPLOITATION''' It is also clear that open competition is in the public benefit. It means that there will be a constant striving to improve programmes and to fit them for different localities and different interests. And it would certainly lead to reduced prices of apparatus. It is just here that the particular interests of the people of this State are engaged. If a monopoly is granted it will be an Eastern monopoly and the West will be restricted to an Eastern service which may be wholly unsuited to our peculiar conditions. All the local folk interested in wireless, including the dealers, the amateurs and Westralian Farmers have combined to insist that Western Australia must have a separate service of its own. Furthermore whatever may be decided on for the Eastern States our local Wireless Development Association is claiming the right to open competition in this State. Dictation by the East will be resisted. And the fight is now on. '''MUCH "LOBBYING" IN MELBOURNE.''' Two big theatrical firms are financially interested in broadcasting, and it is believed they were behind a proposal recently put before the Federal Cabinet. This was for the formation of a company with £200,000 capital to control broadcasting, those firms and companies already engaged in the business to be absorbed, being given shares equal to their capital outlay. Owing to a vigorous protest from the State branches of the Wireless Development Association the acceptance of this proposal was checked. But there is so much "facilitating" over in Melbourne it is feared that unless public feeling is aroused the Eastern "lobbyists" will prove successful. This would mean the complete subordination of W.A. to Eastern interest's. For instance, Westralian Farmers who have expended something like £20,000 in erecting a transmitting station and are almost ready to commence a service, will lose all individual control of their own broadcasting organisation if the monopolistic proposal is accepted. With their intimate knowledge of local conditions and requirements Westralian Farmers were preparing a really serviceable programme of news, market prices, music etc., which would bring the most distant settlers into touch with the world's affairs. It was their intention to promote the benefit of the State as a whole rather than look for immediate profits. But if their broadcasting department becomes merely a subsidiary branch of an Eastern firm , then its service necessarily will be largely detailed by the East. Obviously a programme suitable for the centred populations of large cities is not suitable for the lonely pioneers of this large State. It is to be hoped, therefore, that citizens generally will support the determined stand of our local wireless folk for absolute independence of action in W.A. And in such an important matter to the people, the State Government, pledged to oppose any hint of a monopoly, may well be asked to register its protest against another exploitation of this State by Eastern grab-alls, Government or otherwise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903005 |title=A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=516 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times reports that 6WF studios almost complete and that work has commenced on the aerial system <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. By LONG WAVE. . . . The studio of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting department is now assuming most elaborate proportions. Artistic drapings are being erected and the whole turnout promises to rival any of the other Australian broadcasting studios. Work has commenced on the aerial system, and everything points to a near "first-night."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067425 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1375 |location=Western Australia |date=18 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed description in the West Australian of the work to date on the 6WF facilities <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Housing the Plant.''' An interesting piece of construction has recently been carried out in the city in connection with the installation of the first wireless broadcasting plant in Western Australia. The company undertaking this enterprise is the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which is hopeful of being able to commence broadcasting within the next week or ten days. The constructional site comprises two units — the apartments for the housing of the plant and the masts for the wireless aerials. The apartments consist of an auditorium capable of holding a fair sized concert party, or band, a main distribution room which houses the wireless apparatus, a machinery room and a battery room. In order to provide against interference with the clearness of broadcasting, the auditorium had to be constructed in such a way as to eliminate entirely any possible sound from external sources, as well as to prevent the electrical waves being interfered with by any external vibrations and electrical currents. So sensitive is the mechanism of the broadcasting plant that a pin dropped near the distribution instruments would create in the receiving instruments scattered throughout the country jarring and harsh noises almost as loud as pistol cracks, so that it is essential that nothing but the pure sound required to be distributed should enter into the receiving machinery. To ensure this the auditorium had to be constructed with several varieties of insulated materials. The main frame, including the floors, walls and ceilings is of wood studding. This is lined internally and externally by a series of wood boarding, cardboard sheeting, felt, galvanised sheet iron and hessian, whilst the cavity space is filled with sawdust and cotton waste. The galvanised sheet iron had to be soldered at every junction, and round the whole four sides, floor and ceiling, to prevent electrical short circuiting, it being then connected to earth. This prevents the intrusion of any electrical disturbances. The hessian is the last internal lining, and has been effectively draped, painted with varied colours to give an artistic effect to the interior of the room. The hessian covers the whole of the ceiling as well; and the flooring is covered with thick matting. Even the system of ventilation had to be devised in such a way as to prevent the intrusion of vibrations or noises, and the air penetrating into the room has to pass through water, which acts as an absorbing medium. Electrically forced methods of induction had to be used to secure a free form of ventilation. The steel masts to carry the main aerials are 120ft. above the main ridge to the roof, and are formed of a series of steel tubes, diminishing in a circumference upward, and secured in position by a series of 12 wrought steel guys. All these guys are effectively insulated against the distributions of electrical currents. The whole mast is resting on a specially constructed Oregon raft, which enables the distribution of the strains and stresses over the main walls and doors of the building. Beneath the aerial is a wire screen which prevents short circuiting of the electrical waves down through the building to earth. The erection of these masts was a specially difficult problem. They were erected section by section vertically on the topmost floor of the building, and then pushed through the roof. The sections were added and guyed into position as the masts rose. They are the largest steel masts erected within the State, with the exception of the Applecross mast which is 400ft. high, and they are the first of their kind made and erected locally. The masts were manufactured by Messrs. Harris, Scarfe and Sandovers, and the erection was carried out by men used to ship mast processes. The work was carried out under the personal supervision of Mr. E. P. Henshaw, from designs of and under the general supervision of Messrs. Oldham, Boas and Ednie-Brown, architects. The wireless installation is being erected by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Limited, of Sydney, whilst the technical electrical construction was under the control of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the technical head of the wireless staff of the Westralian Farmers Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31231798 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,857 |location=Western Australia |date=19 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Work on the roof of the Westralian Farmers building is a sistraction for those at street level <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS AND NOTES.''' (By "Ether.") . . . Still the question is being asked: "What are they doing up there," and on turning and following the gaze of the speaker you find him deeply engrossed in the work being carried out on the roof of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. This firm has undertaken the transmission of concerts, weather re-ports, market quotations, etc., which will prove of the greatest value to the man outback. It will experiment with a small set to begin with, using a power of 500 watts. This is really the modulator of the large 5,000-watt transmitter. The first concert will be broadcasted on June 3, and from then on transmissions will be bi-weekly. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31232267 |title=RADIO NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,859 |location=Western Australia |date=21 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The future 6WF actively involved in developing the new wireless regulations of 1924 <blockquote>'''BRUCE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE. MR. WILKES GIVES W.A. PUBLIC THE FACTS.''' (For weeks past the "Worker"' has been directing attention to the "sealed sets" wireless iniquity. An octopus (half Federal Government and half Amalgamated Wireless Co.) has been strangling broadcasting. While the life and death struggle has been going on, what have Federal members Mann, Gregory, and Co. been doing? Can't they see anything but Free Trade? Fortunately Mr. Wilkes (Principal of the City Commercial College) has put up a bonny fight for the people.) Now that wireless broadcasting has come to stay, the public is learning something of the ring-fence which the monopolistic Amalgamated Wireless of Australia, backed up by a monopolistic Nationalist Government, sought to hedge around what is probably the greatest public utility, commercially and socially, of the age. It is common knowledge that under the wireless agreement negotiated about four years ago by Billy Hughes, the Commonwealth Government holds a one-half interest in Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. (Start photo caption) MR. R. WILKES. (End photo caption) Amalgamated Wireless got in early and secured the Australian rights of the wireless patents of all the big systems. By this means it was in a position to dictate terms — and it made the terms pretty stiff — to any concern desiring to enter on the broadcasting business. '''Regulations That Fleece the Public. ''' Wireless being controlled by the Federal Government, the promulgation of regulations became necessary; these in due course, made their appearance. As was to be expected from a Nationalist Government source, these regulations evidenced greater concern for the companies than for the public. Thus, the companies were to be licensed at a fee of 10/-, with the right to collect, and fix, their own charges to users of their service. It may be here mentioned that in England the licensing fee is 10/- per annum; in America and France no license fee is demanded, though in the latter country a broadcasting fee of a few pounds is charged; New Zealand levies a broadcasting fee of £1/5/-; and in South Africa and the Irish Free State it is £1. '''West Australia Gets IT in the Neck.''' Let us now see how it was proposed to treat Australia. To ensure to itself the full return of the monopoly it had established, Amalgamated Wireless issued an edict that what is known as "sealed sets" must be used in connection with receiving sets used for its farmed-out broadcast service. The effect of this was to restrict a receiver to one wavelength, and to thereby provide that anyone desiring to make fuller use of his instrument would be compelled to pay a further license fee for every additional wavelength used. In Western Australia this worked out thus. Three companies proposed to enter the broadcasting business on differing wavelengths, the respective charges for the service being £4/4/-, £3/10/-, and £3. Thus a subscriber desiring to use all three wave lengths would have to pay £11/14/- for the privilege. '''P.M.G. Takes the Side of Monopoly.''' How this worked to the enrichment of Amalgamated Wireless is explained in the astounding demand for a further royalty — on top of two other royalties already provided for — of 25 per cent. of the gross receipts from licenses issued by the broadcasting companies. Protests against the regulations under which this extortion was possible were made unavailingly to the Post master-General for months, the substitution of the "open set" (which would permit the use of any wavelength) for the "sealed set" being sought. Political and other pressure eventually forced the calling by the P.M.G. of a conference of broadcasting companies' representatives and representatives of the Wireless Development Association — an association composed mainly of small dealers in wireless outfits, though interested citizens are eligible for membership. '''Practically a One Man Fight.''' At that conference Western Australia was represented by Mr. Thompson of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. (which is to begin broadcasting on June 3) and Mr. E. C. (sic, Robert) Wilkes, of the City Commercial College, on behalf of the Wireless Development Association of W.A. Mr. Wilkes has taken a deep interest in wireless for years, and his exposure in the "Daily News" of the misstatements by the P.M.G. of the conference proceedings shed a lot of light on the inner history of this matter. Mr. Wilkes went East to this conference determined to make a big effort to establish a uniform license fee of £1 for all Australia on the "open set" basis, but found that an agreement had been reached unofficially before conference opened to the charge being fixed at £2. This was a long way from satisfying the West Australian, who succeeded to the extent of inducing the Eastern States trade representatives to fix on 25/- as the fee. '''A Victory for the People.''' Then began a big fight in conference, which lasted till nearly midnight, the chief objector being Westralian Farmers Ltd., who, quite reasonably, wanted to be shown how it could be reimbursed for its large outlay on such a fee. This having been demonstrated, largely by Mr. Wilkes, the opposition caved in at the next sitting, and the 25/- fee was agreed to — without any overriding royalty of 25 per cent. to Amalgamated Wireless, as first demanded. Thus, instead of being called on to pay a profiteering fee of £14/14/-, a Western Australian subscriber may now use any wavelength service on an open set receiver on payment of 25/-. That's one, at least, on the solar plexus of a monopoly which stood in the way of the wide adoption of wireless in the homes of the people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271061 |title=SRUGE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=921 |location=Western Australia |date=23 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Sunday Times radio journalist notes many firms adding radio departments in lead up to 6WF commencement; Coxon still presenting excellent Sunday evening concerts; provides status report on 6WF construction but confuses callsign with that of 2FC Farmers <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Among those large local emporiums which have recently entered the radio field may be specially mentioned Messrs. Foy and Gibson Ltd. These people have a great variety of goods, all of which are quick sellers. 6AG continues to hold the attention of the radio audiences of W.A. (if not some of the Eastern amateurs, too) with his excellent Sunday night concerts. Now, if you want to show your appreciation of these transmissions, what better could you do than trot along to the radio social on June 14? Eastern wireless papers often publish a list of transmitting licenses issued in Australia during certain months. I scanned one of these lists recently, quite in hopes that I would find some new "sixer" added to the membership of the "Sleeping Transmitters Society," but, alas! little W.A was not even on the map. Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station 2FC (sic, 6WF) is very near completion. The aerial system finished, work has commenced on the counterpoise earth, which will most likely be completed by the time these notes appear. A very small section of the transmitting plant remains to be erected, the studio is complete (with microphones), and I understand that the station will be on the air on June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067647 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1376 |location=Western Australia |date=25 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian publishes the program for 6WF's opening night <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting.— In connection with the opening of the Westralian Farmers' powerful wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), Mr. A. J. Leckie will take charge of the entertainment, and the following interesting programme has been arranged for this the first wireless broadcasting programme in Western Australia:— 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, "A Love Symphony" (Huhn), "Five and Twenty Sailormen" (Coleridge Taylor); 8.39, Miss Lilian Pether in violin solos, "Serenata" (Moszkowski), "Hejre Kati" (Hubay); 8.50, The Wendowie Quartette, "Tar's Song" (Hatton), "Piccaninny," "Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House"; 9, Mr. Herbert Gibson entertainer, "The Egg," "Shakespeare Snapshotted"; 9.10, Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor, "Youth" (Allitson), "I'll Sing thee Songs of Araby" (Clay); 9.20, Mr. G. C. Haywood, "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (Rogers), "King Duncan's Daughters" (Allitson); 9.30, Miss Lilian Pether, "Schon Rosmarin" (Kreisler), "Tambourin Chinois" (Kreisler); 9.35, the Wendowie Quartette, "Madrigal — What Ho!" (Beale), "Linden Lea" (Williams); "Ye Catte" (Smith); 9.48, Mr. Herbert Gibson, "Pom Pom Parade," "I St-stutter"; 9.56, Mr. Rhys Francis, "The Distant Shore" (Sullivan), "Melanie" (Eric Coates).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233664 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,866 |location=Western Australia |date=29 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian reports that the 6WF opening night concert is sold out and that a second concert will be given (but substituting the 6WF transmission with a wireless demonstration by Craig and Co, Robert Wilkes' company <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting Initiation.— In view of the overwhelming applications for admission to the opening by the Premier of the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next, the managing director of the Westralian Farmers has arranged with Mr. A. J. Leckie to present a second concert on the following evening. People who have been unable to obtain tickets for Wednesday's function may be provided for at the second concert, if they make prompt application to Mr. A. C. Kessell at the company's office in Wellington-street. On Wednesday night at 8 o'clock patrons of the Prince of Wales Theatre will be enabled to listen in to the Premier's speech at the opening of the broadcasting station. The demonstration will be given by Messrs. Craig and Co., with their locally manufactured receiving apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233869 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,867 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Call magazine publishes the complete opening night program for 6WF <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTING CONCERT.''' The Honorable the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), is to open the first broadcasting station in Western Australia, installed by the Directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited, at their building in Wellington-street, at 8 p.m. on Wednesday evening, June 4. The station will be known as 6WF in the wireless world. After the Managing Director has welcomed the Premier, and the latter has delivered the first speech into the broadcasting plant, the following musical programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckier (sic, Leckie), Mus. Bac.: 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, will sing: A Love Symphony, Huhn. Five and Twenty Sailormen, Coleridge Taylor. 8.39. Miss Lillian Pether in violin solos, Serenata Moszkowski, Hejre Kati, Hubay. 8.50. The Wendowie Quartet in a group of popular numbers. Tar's Song Hatton. Piccaninny, Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House. 9. Mr. Herbert Gibson, entertainer, The Egg, Shakespeare Snapshotted. 9.10. Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor. Youth, Allitson, I'll sing thee songs of Araby. Clay. 9.20. Mr. G. C. Haywood. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. Rogers. King Duncan's Daughters. Allitson. 9.30. Miss Lillian Pether will play Schon Rosmarin, Kreisler. Tambourin Chinois, Kreisler. 9.35. The Wendowie Quartette, Madrigal. What Ho! Beale. Accompanied song, Linden Lee, Williams. Humorous, Ye Catte, Smith. 9.48. Mr. Herbert Gibson in humorous numbers, Pom Pom Parade, I St-Stutter. 9.56. Mr. Rhys Francis will sing The Distant Shore, Sullivan. Melanie, Eric Coates.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903362 |title=THE BROADCASTING CONCERT |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=518 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Westralian Worker announces the 6WF commencement program and notes attendees will be able to inspect the studios, plant and demonstration room <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited have issued invitations for the official opening of the Wireless Broadcasting Station at their buildings, Wellington-street, Perth, on the evening of the 4th June. The Honorable the Premier has consented to deliver the first speech in the Studio, and a varied programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. Recipients of invitations will, upon presentation of their cards, be able to inspect the plant, studio, and demonstration room on the top floor from 7.30 to 7.55 p.m. Arrangements have also been made for a limited number of persons to "listen in" in the company's social hall on the third floor, admission to which will be by ticket only, obtainable from Mr. A. C. Kessell, at the company's offices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271200 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=922 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At least one local theatre installs a receiver to provide patrons with the premier's speech opening 6WF <blockquote>'''LISTENING-IN. Broadcasting at Prince.''' The management of the Prince of Wales Theatre announce that by means of a wireless receiving installation manufactured in Perth by Messrs Craig and Co., the Premier's speech at the opening of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station next Wednesday night, June 4, will be received in the auditorium of the theatre, at 8 o'clock. This will be the first opportunity the general public will have of "listening in" to a broadcasting demonstration. Oh the three nights following, Thursday 5th, Friday 6th, Saturday 7th, further demonstrations will be given at this theatre, and the Princess. Fremantle, between 7 and 8 o'clock. At any time during the course of the entertainment, should there be any item of public interest received, the programme will be suspended so that patrons may "listen in."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76437497 |title=LISTENING IN |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=146 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== 6WF provides its rooms to the WIA WA for a presentation to Coxon thanking him for last two years of concerts; farmers are beseiging 6WF with enquiries prior to opening night; 6WF with demise of sealed sets realises it needs local support also and decides to market a crystal set as well as its Mulgaphone <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . At the radio social and supper, to be held on June 14, at the Westralian Farmers Ltd., there will be — firstly, a presentation from the amateurs of W.A. to Mr. W. E. Coxon, for his most excellent work in transmitting radio concerts for the last two years, thus benefitting the science in W.A. muchly, and also the returns of the radio tra-ders; and secondly the council of the Wireless Institute (W.A. Division) will have pleasure in presenting to Mr. B. Holt, a fitting regard for his past three years as president of that society. . . . A run of excitement is being experienced throughout the amateur movement of W.A. as the opening night of the broadcasting fair draws nearer. As regards the position of the company (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), as far as the broadcasting business is concerned, I am informed that they are beseiged daily with letters from farmers, etc. This means that the farmers of our great State realise what unlimited supplies of entertainment and educational help they will receive from the broadcasting station. This broadcasting business can best be appreciated only by these people in the great outback. . . . I understand that the Westralian Farmers intend to cater for the needs of local persons desiring to listen-in to broadcasted matter. The new type of receiver will, of course employ the simple, yet effective, crystal. Owing to the simplicity of this instrument, it will be retailed at a very moderate price. "There's a wireless set to suit all pockets," I recollect saying once before in these columns.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068196 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1377 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Full opening speech and musical programme for 6WF published in the West Australian the following day <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. PERTH STATION OPENED. Speech by the Premier.''' No other Premier of the State ever spoke to such a wide audience of the people as did Mr. Collier last night, when he opened the new broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. The occasion was a unique one in the history of the State, because of the simple rea-son that listeners in towns as far distant from Perth as Geraldton, Sand-stone, Kalgoorlie, Esperence, Albany, and Bunbury were waiting to hear what the Premier had to say. With the advance of the science of wireless telegraphy the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., decided to instal a broadcasting station, and last night it was formally opened by the Premier, Mr. Collier. To celebrate the occasion the company invited a large number of guests to the ceremony. Prior to the actual opening ceremony, the guests, who numbered several hundred, inspected the plant, which was so ex-tensive that it extended over three floors of the building. Mr. Basil Murray, on behalf of the company, welcomed the guests. He explained that later in the evening the Premier would declare the station open by speaking into a receiver on an upper floor, where the studio was situated. From the studio the speech and the subsequent concert would be transmitted to the aerials and reconveyed to the receivers in the main reception room, where the main party of the guests were gathered, also throughout the State. The gathering filled the large room, and when Mr. Collier was introduced to the audience by medium of the loud speaker, by Mr. Murray, his voice was very clear. It was so clear that every word carried distinctly to each part of the large room. The various concert items were also very distinct. Subsequently Mr. J. Thomson, who controlled the operations, was complimented. The Premier, in his address through the wireless receiving apparatus, said he greatly appreciated the privilege of opening the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. It had been installed at a cost of approximately £12,000, and had a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which had installed the service, deserved great credit for its enterprise. It had 6,000 clients to cater for, and its service would also be for the edification of all those who possessed receiving sets in any part of the State. Such an installation would serve to overcome the isolation which was one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. The service would annihilate distance, and bring the people of the outback into touch with the everyday life and enjoyment of the city, and of other countries, whose messages came over the ether. A station of the kind he was opening had a very special significance to Western Australia, because of the great distances of the State and the comparatively few people who lived here. In no other State did the same conditions apply. An innovation of the nature of the broadcasting service would be of immeasurably greater value to the people of the remotest areas of the State than to the people who lived in the metropolitan area. From Esperance to Wyndham the owners of small receiving sets would be able to listen in and enjoy all that could be offered in the city in the way of music, song, lecture, and general vocal entertainment. Broadcasting was a wonderful science. It had made great progress during the past ten years. A cable message in today's paper informed them, of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. It could be truly said that that day marked an epoch in the history of Western Australia, because it established not only State-wide communication between the ether of the State, but worldwide. To him, as Premier, of the State, it was very gratifying to know the station had been designed and manufactured in Australia, and, being the most powerful of its kind in the Commonwealth, it reflected great credit on those responsible for its installation. Concluding, Mr. Collier said: "While you are compelled to listen to me you cannot talk back or interject, for if you attempt to do so I would be blissfully unconscious." He declared the broadcasting station open. Subsequently a long programme of musical items was rendered, those contributing being Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. H. Gibson, and Mr. R. Francis. Tonight the station will broadcast the following programme:— 7.0, Tune in to Gramophone (Sonora); 7.5, Bedtime Stories; 7.45, Market Reports; 7.55, Weather Reports; 8.0, Time Signal; 8.2, News (Cable); 8.15, Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone will sing "Morning" and "How's My Boy." 8.30, Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon" and "Allegretto"; 8.45, Miss Ida Geddes, contralto will sing "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55, Mr. Ned. Taylor, will discourse; 9.7, Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," and "A Memory"; 9.17, Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs, "Beauty's Eyes," and "A Sergeant of the line"; 9.27, Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," and "Andalouse"; 9.37, Miss Ida Geddes will sing, "God's Lullaby," and "Abide With Me"; 9.45, Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9:55, Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing, "Old Mary," and "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2, Close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234855 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Despite the premier's encouraging words at 6WF opening, experienced Kalgoorlie listeners are only able to hear a few words of the 6WF (temporary 150 watts) opening despite 2FC Sydney (1500 watts, also on longwave) coming in well. <blockquote>'''Goldfields Listeners.''' Kalgoorlie, June 4. Local wireless enthusiasts tonight attempted to pick up the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting concert, but only succeeded in hearing one or two words of Mr. Collier's speech, and a few words of a song. Better results are expected when the power is increased, for tonight a pianoforte solo in Sydney was heard distinctly by goldfields' listeners. They are also able to receive messages from Applecross and from vessels off Fremantle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234856 |title=Goldfields Listeners. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF opening barely over and the station is calling for amateur performers to make appearances (to reduce expenditure?) <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' In response to many requests that amateur entertainers be given an opportunity of having their performances broadcast, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have decided to make available a portion of each Wednesday and Friday evening to approved amateurs. Persons interested should communicate with the musical director, at 569 Wellington street, Perth, giving a list of four or more items from their repertoire. Applicants will be notified regarding the date and time at which they can be afforded an opportunity of appearing, and those requiring an accompanist should arrange for their own pianist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245261 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Daily News states that 6WF will be broadcasting to a daily schedule <blockquote>'''SUMMED UP. Epitome of Today's News.''' . . . "Six W.F." started wireless broadcasting last night on a 1,250 metres wave length. From now on a programme will be sent out from the Westralian Farmers' headquarters, Perth, commencing at 7 o'clock each evening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245130 |title=SUMMED UP. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Very comprehensive report of 6WF opening by Perth Daily News, both actual details and context <blockquote>'''"6.W.F." COMMENCES BROADCASTING. PREMIER OPENS WIRELESS STATION. "KEEP THE BOYS ON THE FARM."''' "Standby to receive broadcast concert from "6 W.F.," on 1,250 metres wave length." This is the warning which, commencing from last night, will daily go out at 7 p.m. to "listeners-in" throughout the State. Last night the large broadcasting station installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at their building in Murray-street was officially opened by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), and was followed by a musical programme which radiated in all directions at the speed of 186,000 miles per second. From Broome to Eucla figures crouched over tables in spare rooms, turning little vulcanite knobs and listened to what the Premier had to say. No wonder the Premier was nervous when speaking to his invisible audience last night. "I would want to be well paid, if that was the way I had to earn my living. It is the most nerve-racking thing to be imagined, to have to make a speech to an empty room," the Premier said as he mopped his brow after the address was broadcast. It was no good the Premier using gesticulation to assist his voice, for no one could see him as he sat in the studio a couple of feet distant from the microphone. The utmost silence had to be observed in the studio, so that sounds other than speeches and music would not be broadcast. Even the Premier, who spoke from a few notes, was not at liberty to turn over the pages, for the slight sound made would have been magnified into a sound like distant thunder. Consequently he had to let sheet after sheet float gracefully to the floor at his feet as it had served its purpose. Many people were under the impression that the plant seen last night is the finished apparatus. It was learned, however, that definite results over 200 miles were not expected last night. At present the station is only a half-kilowatt transmitter unit. This is intended to act as the "drive" for the 5-6 kilowatt set which is to be installed in a few weeks, and which Mr. Murray said would have a capacity two and a half times that of Applecross. During the progress of the concert a telephone message was received from York stating that the items and speech were being received. Other country centres have also reported similar good results. In order to mark the epoch in West Australian history by the inauguration of broadcast wireless, the directors of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. invited a large number of guests to the ceremony, and when the time had arrived for the commencement of the programme, the social room was accommodating about 800 people, while many others were to be found inspecting the apparatus to be found on three floors. '''OPPOSITION TO MONOPOLY.''' Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., addressed the audience from the platform explaining the apparatus and inviting those who had not been able to see the plant to make later appointments. He said the wireless masts which stood 110 feet above the roof of the building weighed something like 3½ tons each, and had been manufactured locally, while the whole construction as far as had been possible was of local manufacture. He wished to stress the point that instead of opening an establishment that night, they were really only laying the foundation stone. The plant when completed would be the biggest in Australia. They were contracting to deliver broadcast matter as far distant as Wyndham, where sets had already been sold. The sets they had made had "picked up" South Africa, while they had also "listened-in" to Farmers Ltd., Sydney. Mr. Murray then welcomed the Premier in the studio, his remarks being broadcast. Downstairs in the social room a load speaker picked up the messages and delivered them in clear, resonant tones which could be heard distinctly throughout the large and crowded hall. After expressing pleasure at having the Premier with them, Mr. Murray said that the venture was more or less a private one, although they felt that broadcasting in a country as vast as West Australia was a matter of more than private interest. Indeed, it was a matter of national importance. He had learned that day for the first time that the Premier was born on the land, and had lived a good many years there engaged in farming pursuits. He therefore took it that the Premier recognised that one of the big disadvantages of living on the land was its isolation. The young Australian felt that isolation keenly, and in some of the cases the city lured him away from the land. Australia required its men on the land, and he had great hopes that the inauguration of an efficient broadcasting plant would do more than anything else to keep the young people on the land. He could assure the Premier that they would do everything in their power to establish an efficient broadcasting plant for the State. He felt he might require some assistance from the Premier in one matter which was disturbing their minds, and which he thought should be made public. Attempt was being made in Melbourne to force their broadcasting venture into a central company, having its headquarters in the Eastern States and giving it the advantages of a huge monopoly. They strenuously objected to being tied up to any Eastern States concern, and looked forward to getting the Premier's support in their hard fight against consolidation. '''THE PREMIER'S ADDRESS.''' The Premier said: "I am greatly privileged this evening in being asked to open the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. This has been installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at a cost of approximately £12,000, and at the present moment has a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The company deserves great credit for its enterprise, for not only will they cater for their own 6,000 clients, but also for the edification and entertainment of numerous other holders of receiving sets throughout the State. An installation of this nature must serve to overcome the isolation which is one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. It will annihilate distances, and bring the people of the outback in touch with everyday life and enjoyment of the city and of other countries. A station of this kind has very special significance to our own State, because of our great distances and comparatively few people, for in no other States do the conditions apply to the same extent. An innovation of this description will be of immeasurably greater benefit to the people of the remotest areas of our own State than to city dwellers. From Esperance and Eucla, in the south, to Wyndham, in the far north, owners of small receiving sets will be able to listen in and enjoy all that can be offered by the great cities in music, singing, or lectures, or any other form of entertainment. This is a wonderful science, and has made enormous progress during the past decade. A cable message in tonight's newspaper informs us of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. Truly it may be said that this day marks an epoch in the history of Western Australia, and of worldwide communication through the empyrean blue. It is very gratifying to know that this station has been designed and manufactured in Australia, and being the most powerful on our continent reflects great credit upon those responsible for the undertaking and those who have arranged the installation. In conclusion, I would like to mention one feature that strongly appeals to me, and that is this, that while you are compelled to listen to me, you cannot talk back or interject, for if you should do so I would be blissfully unconscious. Notwithstanding this, I do not propose to intervene any longer between you and the excellent programme which I understand is to follow, and I therefore have very great pleasure in declaring open this broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd." The plant was operated last night by Mr. S. Trim, of Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, Ltd. (Sydney), and Mr. W. E. Coxon, technical adviser to the Westralian Farmer's Ltd. '''MUSICAL PROGRAMME.''' During the evening songs, violin soli, quartette items and humorous songs were contributed by Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. Herbert Gibson, and Mr. Rhys Francis. THE PLANT. In giving a brief description of the plant, it might be advisable to start from the studio, where the music is created, and follow it through to the aerials, from where it is discharged into the ether. The Westralian Farmers have provided two studios. One is for concerts, brass band music, etc., while the other, a smaller one, is for the dissemination of news, bedtime stories and market reports. The room is made entirely soundproof, and is draped in brown and blue in order to prevent the possibility of echoes. The room is lined with sheet iron to prevent interference from outside electrical induction. On a pedestal stands a microphone of the push-pull, two-button type. This receives the sounds, magnifies them and passes them through to a three-valve amplifier panel, which converts the sound vibrations into electrical vibrations. A window between this piece of apparatus and the artist enables the operator to direct the singer and speaker, if required to approach or recede from the microphone. The electrical vibrations are then passed to another apparatus known as the modulator panel, which contains four 250 T-Valves and also two more amplifying valves. The modulator panel is connected with an oscillator panel of two 250 T-valves. On the top of the modulator and oscillator panels are mounted tuning inductances for the closed and open circuits. From the open circuit inductance the "lead" goes to the aerial and the other through the hot wire ammeter to the counterpoise system, which stands three feet above the roof for the purpose of creating an artificial "earth." The aerial of the four-wire cage type is 173 feet long, and is suspended between the poles, 195 feet from the pavement. The three panels are enclosed in latticed steel cabinets and look very much like miniature passenger lifts. '''TONIGHT'S PROGRAMME.''' The programme to be broadcasted tonight is as follow:— 7 p.m.: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora). 7.5: Bedtime stories. 7.45: Market reports. 7.55: Weather reports. 8.0: Time signal. 8.2: News (cable). 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone: "Morning," "How's My Boy." 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos: "Papillon," "Allegretto." 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto: "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships." 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor will discourse. 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor: "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory." 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs: "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line." 9.27: Mr. C. Pether, flautist: "Serenade," "Andalouse." 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes will sing: "God's Lullaby," "Abide With Me." 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items. 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing: "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me." 10.2: Close down. '''A DISAPPOINTMENT.''' The failure of the Prince of Wales Theatre to broadcast the Westralian Farmers' concert last night was due, it is understood, to the fact that the firm which installed the plant had inadvertently omitted to secure a licence to receive broadcast from the Commonwealth authorities, who at the last moment prevented the concert taking place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245172 |title="6.W.F." |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian publishes Perth report that no reception of 6WF opening at Kalgoorlie, implies no Geraldton reception either <blockquote>'''TELEGRAMS. Western Australia. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' BROADCASTING.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Kalgoorlie reports that they were only able to hear a few words.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67283151 |title=TELEGRAMS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4297 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, for Carnarvon <blockquote>'''"BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Reports from Kalgoorlie state that only a few words were heard there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75699998 |title="BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH |newspaper=[[Northern Times]] |volume=XIX, |issue=954 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> York at 97km East of Perth seems to have been the most distant reception of the 6WF opening broadcast <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVES. RADIO NEWS AND NOTIONS.''' (By "ARIEL") '''6 W.F. OFFICIALLY OPENED.''' The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting plant was officially opened last Wednesday night. After Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., had welcomed the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), the latter delivered his opening speech into the microphone of the broadcasting station. A mulgaphone, with frame aerial and loudspeaking attachment, was situated in the social hall, where some hundreds of interested guests were enabled to hear the whole programme as it was broadcasted from the studio on the top floor. The reception of music was excellent, and towards the end of the evening the director received a message from York stating the transmissions were being received exceptionally well. Thursday's programme was as follows:— 7.0: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora); 7.5: Bedtime stories; 7.45: Market reports; 7.55: Weather reports; 8.0: Time signal; 8.2: News (cable); 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone, "Morning," "How's My Boy"; 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon, "Allegretto"; 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto, "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor; 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory"; 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line"; 9.27: Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," "Andalouse"; 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes, "God's Lullaby," "Abide with Me"; 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance, "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2: Close down. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213726085 |title=WIRELESS WAVES |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=519 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, some further detail <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' STATION.''' The Westralian Farmers' "overflow" audience — in other words, the second opening night of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station (6.W.F.), had a most enjoyable experience last evening. In many respects, profiting by the events of the first evening, as, for instance, the changing of the piano, from an upright to a grand, and in other minor ways, last night's entertainment was an improvement on the "first-night." It is not advisable to draw comparisons regarding the artists' rendition of the various items, but it can be truly said that the whole entertainment was a decided success, and that the 600 people present were not only afforded a novel and rare entertainment, but were initiated into the wonders of wireless transmission. The company and its experts are to be congratulated on the successful installation of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. Those who were enabled to inspect the plant either before or during the concert, were amazed at the completeness of the equipment and arrangements for the opening ceremony. It is understood, however, that the appointments in this respect will be improved upon as the completion of the apparatus proceeds. The Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcast programme for tonight (Friday) is as follows:— 7, tune in to gramophone; 7.5, bedtime stories; 7.45, market reports; 7.55, weather reports; 8, time signal; 8.2, news (cables); 8.15, talk on wireless to experimenters by a representative of the committee of the Affiliated Radio Society; 8.46, Mr. Delevante, selected; 8.55, Mrs. Jennings will sing "Romany Rose," "Beneath Thy Window"; 9.5, Master Court, cornet solos, "Blue Bells of Scotland,'' ''Because"; 9.15, Mr. Mooney in humorous items, "Little Novels," "Murphy Shall Not Sing Tonight"; 9.25, Miss Marion King will render "My Prayer" (Squire), "Salaam"; 9.35, Mr. Mooney will render "An Old Sweetheart," "The 'Bus Conductor"; 9.45, Mrs. G. MacNamara, selected; 9.55, Mrs. James will sing "Land of Long Ago" (Lillian Ray), "Homing" (Teresa del Riego); 10.2, close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84249553 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,327 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes explains developments towards the Regulations 1924 and flags possible monopolistic developments <blockquote>'''THAT WIRELESS COMBINE. ONE BIG COMPANY SCHEME.''' (In an interview with Mr. R. Wilkes, published last week, it was incorrectly stated that the broadcasting fee ultimately agreed on for Australia was 25/-. This should have been stated as £2. Below, Mr. Wilkes places the matter clearly, and adds a warning against the one big company proposal, which he demonstrates will, if established, constitute another Eastern States Octopus.) When I got to the East I found that the Eastern States representatives had agreed to a broadcasting subscription of £3 and a Government license fee of 10/-. I tried to get them to reduce this to 25/-, and after a long struggle got them to compromise on a £2 broadcasting subscription and a 5/-license fee. The official conference was also eventually induced to agree to these fees and they were recommended to the Postmaster-General for his acceptance. Incidentally I may mention that from latest advices from the East it seems likely that the radial system will be introduced, and the townsman will probably be asked to pay about £2, and this fee will be reduced in favor of people living at a distance from the broadcasting stations, the lowest fee being payable by the person furthest away. '''The Royalty Puzzle.''' The matter of royalty is rather confusing. It should be noted that under the "sealed set" regulations the company controlling the Australian rights of practically all the wireless patents was able to compel the broadcasting companies to collect a substantial yearly tax from all persons using a wireless receiving set for the reception of broadcasted matter. Our broadcasting company was compelled to pay to Amalgamated Wireless 25 per cent. of its gross receipts in this manner, and, of course, had to increase the subscription charged to the public to cover this amount. Under the "open set"' recommendations it would be difficult for this tax or royalty to be collected in any other part of the world, and why should we in Australia be compelled to pay it? It should be noted that the firm concerned already collects double royalties — it gets one substantial royalty on the instruments and apparatus sold to the broadcasting company who broadcasts the entertainment, and second royalty from the dealer on every machine he sells to the public. '''Fees Contrasted.''' Broadcasting companies had to pay a very much bigger license fee than the 10/- mentioned; but they had the right to charge any fee they chose to users of their services, and the unfortunate public had to pay this fee or dismantle the receiving set being used. Your interviewer has stated that the Frenchman paid a few pounds as a broadcasting fee; this should be a few francs. This means that the Frenchman pays three or four shillings, the American nothing, the Englishman 10/-, and the remaining countries of the world from £1 to 25/-, with the exception of we in Australia. It will be seen that with the £2 fee on which I compromised at the conference, ours will be the dearest radio in the world. '''The One Big Company.''' It seems pretty evident from information just received that the authorities are favoring the one big company scheme for the whole of Australia. I am specially concerned about this — all Australians should be made to realise at once what is happening. If this one big company scheme is enforced we in Western Australia will find our radio matters controlled by directors or managers in Sydney or Melbourne. We shall have to put up with what these Eastern States people give us. Each Westralian subscription will go East, and instead of any profits being retained within the State they will be collared by the Eastern States octopus. We have enough — far too much — of Eastern States control now, and we do not want any more of it. Even as it is we cannot get any consideration from the Eastern States authorities. It takes a fortnight or three weeks to get a reply to a letter, and without the personal contact that would be possible when you can see people face to face we get scant consideration. With our own broadcasting company or companies here we can get what we want, to suit ourselves, while the subscription — and the profits also — will be retained within the State. '''Wireless Autonomy for W.A.''' t should be noted that the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who are spending £10,000 on a broadcasting station for Westralians, is also bitterly opposed to the one big company scheme. They do not wish to have their broadcasting department absorbed by a big Eastern States company. With the opposition of the West Australian company principally concerned, the opposition of the traders, together with the support of the public and the press, it ought to be possible to squelch this pet scheme of the Postmaster-General's Department. But if anything is to be done it has to be done '''NOW'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271452 |title=THAT WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=923 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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11===== =====1920 12===== ====1921==== =====1921 01===== =====1921 02===== =====1921 03===== =====1921 04===== =====1921 05===== =====1921 06===== =====1921 07===== =====1921 08===== =====1921 09===== =====1921 10===== =====1921 11===== =====1921 12===== ====1922==== =====1922 01===== =====1922 02===== =====1922 03===== =====1922 04===== =====1922 05===== =====1922 06===== =====1922 07===== =====1922 08===== =====1922 09===== =====1922 10===== Westralian Farmers, Ltd. annual meeting 1922 makes no reference to future broadcasting plans but does reference the introduction of the voluntary wheat pool which would lead to greater communication needs for its clients and higher costs, a driver for 6WF establishment <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD.''' The eighth annual general meeting of shareholders in Westralian Farmers, Ltd., was held at Perth, on Thursday evening last, October 12. The chairman of directors (Mr. C. W. Harper) presided, and was supported on the platform by the managing director (Mr. Basil L. Murray), and the following directors:— Messrs. J. Hawter, W. Marwick, J. J. Mather, D. Milne, A. P. Sharp, and C. P. Wansbrough; also the auditor, Mr. S. J. McGibbon. Apologies were received from Mr. Tanner, of Beverley, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton. About 120 shareholders were present, and the meeting, from first to last, was most enthusiastic, the chairman and Mr. Murray from time to time affording every possible information in response to inquiries respecting the annual report and the financial statement. The necessary legal preliminaries having been attended to, Mr. Harper read the annual report. This showed that 6,024 shares had been allotted during the year, making the total number of shares issued 68,193, and on which the sum of £59,534 had been paid. The profit as disclosed by the balance-sheet is £6,353 14s 2d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies, the directors recommend a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. on the paid-up capital of the company as at the 31st May, 1922, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. Notwithstanding the diminished figures in crop insurance, due to the lower insurable value of wheat, a substantial increase has been shown in general insurance business. The year has proved to be a record one for losses (principally hail), thus causing the final profit to be lower than anticipated. The company again handled the entire wheat of the State for the 1921-22 season, with satisfactory results. The total wheat handled for the season was 11, 799,600 bushels. Bearing in mind the rapid development of the South-West, the directors have purchased a central block of land in Bunbury, and intend, at an early date, to erect thereon suitable offices in order that a better service may be rendered to members in that area. The directors also have pleasure in announcing that they have decided to enter fully into the wool business. All the Government wool stores at Northe Fremantle have been purchased outright, and structural alterations are being effected to provide thoroughly up-to-date accommodation for the proper appraisement and storage of wool. An experienced manager, has been secured from one of the largest wool houses in Victoria, and everything possible is being done to make this new branch of the company's activities successful. In March last the wheat growers of the State decided in favor of handling the 1922-23 harvest through a Co-operative Voluntary Pool. Subsequently, upon the decision of the Government being announced that it would not continue the State Wheat Pool, details of the Voluntary Co-operative Pool were completed, and Messrs. A. J. Monger, C. W. Harper, B. L. Murray, and J. S. Teasdale were appointed trustees. The company's tender for handling the coming harvest has been accepted by the trustees. The Australian Producers' Wholesale Co-operative Federation, Ltd., for the formation of which the company was largely responsible, is now firmly established in London, and the volume of business handled, amounting to over £2,500, 000, has fully justified the establishment of this important centre of the Producers' Co-operative Organisation. Three representatives — Messrs. Badcock (South Australia), Ibbot (Victoria), and Trethowan (New South Wales) — have completed arrangements at the Federation office, in London, whereby the Western Australian office participates in the handling of all Australian co-operative wheat sent to London. The arrangements made provide for handling separately the wheat shipped by each State. The report and financial statements having been formally adopted, Mr. Harper and Mr. Basil Murray addressed the meeting. The election of directors resulted in Messrs. Harper and Mather being re-elected, and Dr. Boyd, of Geraldton, added to the board. Mr. McGibbon was re-elected auditor under the same conditions as in the previous year. After some important alterations were made to the articles of association, the proceedings closed with an enthusiastic vote of thanks to the directorate and the staff which were acknowledged by the chairman, Mr. Murray, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Hawter. The progress of the co-operative movement in the State was most favorably commented upon by the shareholders present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83155321 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLI, |issue=14,819 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1922 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1922 11===== =====1922 12===== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== Coxon foreshadows the need for a high powered transmitter at Perth to provide a full broadcasting service to the city <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephony.''' — An interesting address on recent advances in wireless telephony was delivered by Mr. W. E. Coxon at the last meeting of the Astronomical Society. After a brief historical sketch of the subject, the lecturer explained that the recent developments, which had made possible the wireless telephone, and the broadcasting of speeches, news, and concerts, depended mainly on the discovery of the device known as the thermionic valve. This permitted the sending out of a continuous wave, in place of the old wireless system, which consisted of a series of waves of very brief duration. The latter could be used for the transmission of the Morse code of dots and dashes, but could not be adapted to convey the modulations of the voice. The lecturer then gave a demonstration of the instrument, a concert being transmitted from a house in Mt. Lawley. Asked whether the device could not be manufactured in a form suitable for use by country people who had no special knowledge of the subject, Mr. Coxon explained that this depended upon the establishment of a suitable broadcasting station in Perth. As yet this did not exist, and in the meantime wireless concerts could only be enjoyed by people with considerable knowledge of the subject and skill in the delicate adjustments required by a receiving set capable of working in conjunction with low powered transmitting plant. A higher powered broadcasting station would make possible the use of receivers requiring much less adjustment, and consequently adapted to use by people with little technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622991 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,507 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== Article likely by Robert Wilkes describing 1923 broadcasting conference and proposed meeting of WA broadcasting interests <blockquote>'''LISTENING-IN. RADIO FOR THIS STATE. AN INTERESTING PROPOSAL.''' The advantages of radio for the people of this State, whether they be dwellers in the cities and towns, or lonely men on stations, have presented themselves to scientific men as well as to those engaged in social, commercial, and industrial affairs. The progress that has taken place in America and England and other parts of the world in the provision of listening in to wireless broadcasting has prompted a number of representative citizens to seek first-hand information with regard to the merits and advantages of this new science, and to discover whether it could be advantageously applied in this State. To that end one of their number, who is possessed of the technical and commercial knowledge necessary, paid a visit to the Eastern States for the purpose of attending a conference of Australian representatives interested in broadcasting. The Federal Postmaster-General presided at the conference, which was attended by over 70 persons, who represented every section of public life throughout Australia, and who were there to see that public and commercial interests would be fully safeguarded. The newspapers were represented by members of their business and journalistic staffs. The gentleman who represented Western Australia carefully studied every phase of the question, and listened to the proposals submitted. As a result he is convinced that the time is not far distant when every home in the cities and towns, every farm house in the agricultural areas, and every outback camp throughout the State may be installed with a listening-in set at a very light cost, and with remarkable advantages. As in other parts of the world nightly programmes will be broadcasted from Perth, and these will consist of weather and market reports, followed by the latest news items, with entertainments in the form of children's stories at bedtime, and vocal and instrumental programmes. The conference made provision for the proper control of wireless telephony, to the end that it should not be long before pastoralists in the far north and other distant parts, the farmers in the eastern belts and the south-west, the men in the bush, and others will be able to converse with their neighbors and other people with little cost, and that without overhearing or interfering. It has been shown that radio operations can be carried on successfully from a commercial viewpoint, without a requirement of scientific knowledge on the part of those who use it. Realising that the public of this State will soon demand that they be put in an equal position with those residing in other parts of the world, by the provision of this new and remarkable advantage of listening in, the association of persons interested in the matter have decided to deal with it in practical form. To that end they are inviting the representatives of various public institutions to attend a meeting which will be held on July 27, so that they may have the situation explained to them, hear the views of the representative who attended the Melbourne conference and consider the advisableness of introducing a system of wireless broadcasting throughout the State. Broadcasting regulations have been drawn up and approved by the Federal Postmaster-General, and these in due course will be gazetted. Among the provisions is one that precludes the creating of a monopoly by any particular organisation or company. It is recognised that if broadcasting and wireless telephony are to succeed in Western Australia, its introduction will have to be undertaken and backed by the public generally. Details of the scheme projected will be furnished later. In the meantime it is sufficient to say that the cost to the public will be comparatively small. It is estimated that the best programmes can be secured daily at an annual expenditure, of a maximum of £5. The receiving sets can be installed at anything from £20 to £50, the actual expenditure being regulated by the class of outfit and the distance at which the set is put in from the broadcasting station. Experiments carried out in this State show that messages can be clearly sent for a distance of 1,500 miles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78076224 |title=LISTENING-IN |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,045 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1923 |accessdate=29 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence announces its registered offices <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES.''' . . . '''TO THE REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES''', Supreme Court, Perth. Take Notice that the REGISTERED OFFICE of WEST RADIO BROADCASTING COMPANY, LIMITED, is situate at TATTERSALL'S CLUB BUILDINGS, 7 Barrack-street, Perth. Office hours, 9 to 5 p.m. on each week day except Saturday when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Dated this 13th day of July, 1923. RICHARD HAYNES and CO., Solicitors for the above-named Company. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22633284 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,596 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A potential competitor for the 6WF A Class licence registers its company <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new company has been registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— West Radio Broadcasting Company Limited; registered office, Tattersall's Club Buildings, 7 Barrack-street, Perth; authorised capital £10,000, in £1 shares.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60009533 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1332 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Primary Producers' Association in a circular to its agents and branches details Farmers proposals for a broadcasting service <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. W.A. FARMERS' SCHEME CIRCULAR TO AGENTS AND BRANCHES.''' The following circular, which should be read with interest, has been issued by the Primary Producers' Association to its agents and branches:— Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the last 12 months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless receiving set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market news, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to £20 or £30, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programmes, notifying the date and the hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet made public, sufficient is known to permit of preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Limited has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Ltd. building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant, it will be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set programme to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime talks to children," which are generally fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest. Then perhaps the prices relating to produce, in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the satisfactory sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like yon to see farmers in your district with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to instal the plant immediately the Government Regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in America and England to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to instal receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20, would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles, or something; over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct, These figures are only tentative, and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to instal these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets must be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the Broadcasting Company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published; but taking it for granted that £1 1s will be the licensing fee, and that 1000 farmers were to instal the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 a plant they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so, a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment, so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends, advising them the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth Regulations have been published. For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., '''JOHN THOMSON''', Manager Wheat Department, P.S.— In case there may be a misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied the farmers would be quite unable to return messages. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207313831 |title=W[?]eless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=544 |location=Western Australia |date=26 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a briefer announcement <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Broadcasting.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, propose to erect at their offices in Perth a "broadcasting" plant and farmers who desire to get the benefit of the news and entertainments which it is proposed to send out daily can purchase through the company home "receivers" with which to "listen in." Apart from getting daily quotations of market prices, concerts, music and other forms of entertainment will be "wirelessed" right to one's fireside and the news of the day may be brought to the breakfast table. Fuller particulars may be obtained from the secretary of the Kulin branch of the Primary Producers' Association, who is anxious to know how many persons in the district are desirous of being joined up wirelessly with the whole of the outside world. The cost is said to be a "a mere bagatelle" compared with the service rendered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157090343 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=774 |location=Western Australia |date=27 July 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 08===== Perth Daily News journalist reports upon a lecture by P. C. Lindsay on background and future of broadcasting in WA <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. A FASCINATING HOBBY INTERESTING LECTURE.''' In the lecture hall of the Underwood Business College last night Mr. P. C. Lindsay, R.N.R., formerly instructor at Marconi House, London, delivered an interesting lecture on "Broadcasting" to a large audience. The Mayor (Mr. J. T. Franklin) presided. The lecturer first referred to wave lengths, and emphasised his point by drawings, showing the effect of throwing a stone into a pond. From this analogy he showed that the distance from one wave crest to the next crest was a wave length. He asked the audience to get out of their minds the idea that wireless had anything to do with air, as that was a totally erroneous belief. Wireless waves would travel in any medium, even a vacuum. The distance was controlled by the sending power, and had absolutely no effect on the wave length. Mr. Lindsay said that the new broadcasting licences were now being issued, but as the regulations were contained in a thick book he did not intend to read them. He advised those interested in wireless to get copies at one shilling from the Government Printing Office. The sets that would be sold at an early date in Perth would probably be sealed at a wave length of 500 metres, and he predicted that there would be a certain amount of "jamming," with Applecross Station. For instance, if he started transmitting to a receiving station in North Perth at 9 o'clock, and Applecross came in 10 minutes later, something was sure to happen. He thought that within a short time nearly every homestead and farm in Australia would be equipped with a wireless set. Then the problem arose as to what would happen if a breakdown occurred. One firm in Perth had undertaken to provide several engineers and mechanics to cope with this, but the speaker thought they would need an army of them, as a wireless instrument was a very delicate piece of mechanism. There was also the question of what kind of music to broadcast. Music that was appreciated by some people only bored others. So the best thing to do was to send a little bit of Beethoven, a little bit of jazz, and a song or two for those whose tastes were moderate. In London the "Daily News" was equipped with a broadcasting station, which transmitted news items to the listeners-in. The newspapers also published each morning a timetable showing at what time a certain class of music would be broadcasted by the big stations. He thought that some people would like to hear the Parliamentary debates. (Laughter.) Mr. Lindsay described the interior of a great transmitting station in England, in which artists sung in sound-proof rooms, and modified their voices according to the color of the light that would be switched on in the room, if they were not satisfying the operator. Regarding the broadcasting of plays, the theatre managers at first thought that they would lose patrons, but the curiosity of the listeners-in was so great that packed houses resulted. However, the artists objected to singing to an audience that they could not see, although their audience was really a hundred times greater than the one they sang to. They also said that if they were singing to milions they should be paid proportionately. Naturally, to prevent the chaos that had occurred m the United States, and to a lesser extent in England, some system of control was necessary, but it had to be exercised with a just, rather than a heavy, hand. If farmers all over the country had wireless sets they naturally would not post letters and telegrams, and the P.M.G.'s Department would suffer accordingly. No doubt the P.M.G. would take some action to prevent any loss being caused to this part of the revenue. Mr. Lindsay thought that the recently-formed Broadcasting Company of W.A. would put up a transmitting station and sell receiving installations, so it would not be long before wireless concerts were given here. In moving a vote of thanks to the lecturer, a member of the audience congratulated Mr. Lindsay on the clear manner in which he had conveyed the information, and the breezy and attractive way in which the lecture had been delivered. It had been very interesting, and was much appreciated by those present. The motion was carried with acclamation, Mr Lindsay briefly thanked the audience, and expressed the hope that wireless telegraphy and telephony would soon be firmly established in Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78078570 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,075 |location=Western Australia |date=14 August 1923 |accessdate=29 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd., a potential competitor to Farmers for the Perth A Class licence, gives a backgrounder on current status of broadcasting in Australia <blockquote>'''WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Broadcasting Situation Explained.''' "The keen interest manifested throughout Australia in broadcasting leaves no room for doubt that within a year or two wireless telephones will be installed in every other home, and "listening-in," both for news and entertainment, will be as general and as popular as it is in England and the United States." This opinion was expressed by Mr. L. W. Matters, who returned to Perth on Sunday, after a visit to the Eastern States, where he inquired into every phase of wireless telephony on behalf of the West Radio Broadcasting Company, Ltd. "As soon as those companies which are organised to operate broadcasting services are ready for business," said Mr. Matters, "there will be a rush of subscribers. In New South Wales and Victoria, I found the people eager for the inauguration of the services, and the companies busy preparing to cope with the demand for apparatus. Broadcasting might have been in operation months ago had Australia followed in the steps of the United Kingdom and America, but, very wisely, I think, the Federal Government decided to keep wireless telephony largely under its control and so obviate the confusion and disorganisation witnessed elsewhere. We are to profit, as a country, from the experience and the mistakes of those nations that could not foresee, when wireless telephony became a practical thing, that a phenomenal demand for it would lead to it getting out of hand, so to speak. To avoid this and assure to the Commonwealth an effective system, the conference of experts was held in Melbourne last May, and what may be called a wireless policy for Australia was devised. All those interested in the matter are satisfied that we now have a system as near perfection as could be framed. The Postmaster-General issued the regulations only last week, and everybody I met is quite satisfied with them." What, broadly, is the general effect or these regulations? "In the first place," Mr. Matters replied, the control of all branches of wireless communication is established by the Post Office. Secondly, wireless telephony is given the status of a public service to be conducted under licence by properly organised bodies, which must show their bona fides and give substantial guarantees that they will do what they claim to do. They must operate their stations for at least five years and give such a service as meets with the approval of the Postmaster-General. In turn, these holders of broadcasting licences are to be protected against "poaching," by being authorised to license the owners of wireless receiving sets. A private owner of a wireless telephone will not be allowed to "listen-in" to several broadcasting stations, unless he has several instruments, each one licensed and adjusted to different transmitting stations. This is the meaning of the "sealed set" instrument. A broadcasting company will be authorised to operate on what is known as a specified "wavelength," and every receiving set that takes the service emanating from that company's station must be adjusted accordingly and sealed. The purpose of this is to assure the broadcasting company, the revenue it ought to receive for the service it renders. A dealer's licence must be obtained by every person desiring to sell the essential parts of wireless telephones. Experimenter's licences will be issued to technical schools, institutions and individuals who are genuinely engaged in experimenting, or giving technical instruction in wireless." Do these regulations render obsolete the instruments already in use? "Not necessarily, but no wireless telephone can, in future, be used unless it is permanently adjusted and sealed, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the regulation, so that its use is restricted to "listening-in" to one broadcasting station only. I have seen a circular purporting to give all details about the system. It speaks of coding the news or information that is broadcasted. This is merely another example of the quaint ideas prevailing regarding wireless telephony and the ignorance of those who have been trying to go ahead before they knew what the system for Australia was to be. There is no need for coding when broadcasted information can go only to those who are entitled to receive it by virtue of their having subscribed to a service, and by reason of the fact that only those instruments "tuned" to one transmitter, can pick up what is sent out. This is a necessary protection for the broadcasting company that spends thousands on its station and the provision of its service." What will be the cost of such a service? "The manufacturing company to which the West Radio Broadcasting Company is affiliated calculates that first-class instruments can be made in Australia and sold to private homes for as low as £7 10s. The service subscription is something that cannot be determined at the moment, but, broadly speaking, the cost will not exceed that of the subscription to the ordinary telephone, and, as the number of subscribers increase, the annual fee will be reduced. In England it is one guinea, and for this sum the subscriber gets a daily service of news of all kinds, and an entertainment programme as well." In conclusion, Mr. Matters stated that some weeks must still elapse before broadcasting on any extensive scale can be inaugurated Australia. "Everybody," he said, "has had to wait for the regulations in order to determine what type of apparatus could be manufactured, and sold, and the Postmaster-General has yet to issue the broadcasting licences, which will be granted only under the stringent conditions referred to. Nevertheless, a practical start should be made in Western Australia at a relatively early date, and when the system is in operation, it will, undoubtedly prove singularly attractive to every householder. The service of the West Radio Company will be organised by the States Press Agency, which has been engaged for the past twenty years in broadcasting news over the ordinary land lines."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22622286 |title=WIRELESS TELEPHONY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,622 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At a meeting of WA Wireless Traders, Drummond of Westralian Farmers, Ltd. stands back from a proposal for a co-operative to hold the Perth A Class licence <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Conference of Traders.''' A meeting of electrical traders and wireless radio importers of Western Australia was held on Friday afternoon, in the rooms of Home Recreations. Ltd., 935 Hay-street. Mr. C. P. Knapton (Kellogg Wireless Supply Co.) presided, and amongst those present were Messrs. W. E. Coxon (Coxon and Co.), Wishart (Wireless Supplies Co.), White (Charles Atkins and Co.), Unbehaun (Unbehaun and Johnstone), Truman (George Wills and Co.), H. C. Little (Little and Co.), Fontaine (Amalgamated Wireless Co.), Drummond (Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), '''Scott''' (Chief Commonwealth Radio Officer of Western Australia), Jackman (Ritchie and Jackman), B. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute of West ern Australia), McGillivray (Muir and Co.), and Hadley (secretary of the Subiaco Wireless Club). The chairman explained that the meeting had been called primarily to bring the wireless traders of Western Australia together to discuss the new Commonwealth regulations controlling broadcasting as affecting Western Australia, and, if necessary, to form an association similar to that of the wireless traders of Victoria, and also to assist generally in the development of wireless, telephony and broadcasting in this State. The great future of wireless in Western Australia was not limited to the mere broadcasting of musical concerts in the metropolitan area, but great benefits would accrue to the settlers in the far north and country centres from a utility service of news items and market reports, etc. Owing to misleading statements which had been made recently it would be essential for those present to assist in propaganda regarding the possibilities of wireless, otherwise there was a great danger of the public being deceived and consequently a setback would occur to the future development of wireless in this State. Mr. Scott (Chief Federal Wireless Officer of Western Australia) said that he was attending the meeting more in a private capacity than in an official one, and, consequently, his remarks were purely unofficial. He sketched the new regulations, and gave a considerable amount of valuable information to the meeting. He laid special stress on the fact that the juvenile experimenters had not been fully protected in the new regulations, and said that the juvenile experimenters of today were the wireless operators of tomorrow. He specially desired that those present when taking future action to develop wireless in Western Australia would make provision for the protection of the juvenile experimenters. Referring to the possibilities of wireless in the North-West and other outlying stations, he mentioned that a considerable amount of misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of many large station owners who were anxious to connect their various outlying stations with the main homestead. Under the regulations, as at present constituted, in many cases it would be necessary for the station owners to either apply for a land station licence, which would mean a considerable outlay in capital, or a broadcasting station to rebroadcast messages received from a broadcasting distributing centre. He had received notice to proceed to Melbourne to further consider the regulations, and would be pleased to address a meeting on his return, when he would most likely have much more information to impart. Mr. Truman spoke strongly in favour of the members forming an association to not only protect the interests of the trade, but also the interests of the public, and the development of wireless generally. He recommended that steps should be taken, if possible, to have the regulations amended to suit the Western Australian conditions. Although the regulations were quite suitable for Victoria and New South Wales, which were densely populated, they were not at all adaptable to this State. If necessary, their Federal representatives should he asked to bring the position before the notice of Parliament. Owing to the small population to work on, it was impossible for broadcasting companies to be formed which would give a return to the investors. There was only room for one broadcasting station, and this must be run by people who must be prepared to be philanthropic and not expect to make profit. As there were a number of firms who had considered broadcasting in Perth, he thought that the traders should amalgamate with them and form one broadcasting company, as losses could be written down under the heading of propaganda and advertising. He moved: — "That this meeting, representing the radio traders of Western Australia, form themselves into an association, called the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia." Mr. McGillivray seconded the motion. Mr. Wishart supported the motion, and referred to the steps which were being taken in Victoria by a similar association, which had been formed by the wireless traders of Melbourne. Mr. Coxon and Mr. White also spoke in support of the motion, which was carried unanimously. Mr. Knapton was elected president, and the following were chosen as a committee:— Messrs. Coxon, Wishart, Truman, McGillivray, and Cohen. The committee were asked to carefully study the regulations, etc., and prepare a report for a full meeting to be called at a later date. Mr. Holt (president of the Wireless Institute) addressed the meeting. He regretted that he could not take an active part in the association, which, he considered, would prove in the future to be one of the corner stones in the development of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. At the conclusion of the meeting a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Scott for having attended, and hearty good wishes were extended to him upon his proposed trip to Victoria.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22632164 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,628 |location=Western Australia |date=22 August 1923 |accessdate=2 April 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 09===== Westralian Farmers Ltd announces further development of its earlier proposals, already clearly committed <blockquote>'''Wireless Telephony. BROADCASTING STATION. PROPOSED ESTABLISHMENT IN W.A.''' We are in receipt of the following particulars regarding the proposed establishment in W.A. by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., of a wireless broadcasting station, which would be a great boon, not only to farmers, but also to squatters and other residents of the remote places of the State:— Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association. Perth, 8th July, 1923. Owing to the delay in finalising Commonwealth Regulations in Australia, few people are aware of the wonderful strides which have been made in wireless telephony within the past twelve months. A station sending out wireless messages makes such messages public property, and anyone with a wireless set "tuned" to the same wave length can hear the messages, and only by the use of codes can they be protected. This fact has been turned to advantage and stations have commenced to cater for the public by "broadcasting." Wonderful developments are being made, and today market pews, concerts, educational matters, sermons, dance music, and in fact anything of interest to the public is being delivered into space for the enjoyment of anyone in possession of a cheap receiving set which may cost from two or three shillings to twenty or thirty pounds, depending upon the distance from the broadcasting station. It is customary for companies who carry out broadcasting to publish weekly programs, notifying the date and hour at which each item will be given, so that those who are looking for entertainment or information may know exactly when to "listen in" for the item in which they are particularly interested. The Commonwealth Government has almost completed its regulations, and while these are not yet public sufficient is known to permit preliminary arrangements being made. The Wheat Department of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. has been put to heavy expense in telegraphing general information to country sidings, and it is anticipated that under the warehousing scheme proposed for next season the expense will be still heavier. After some consideration it was decided to establish wireless communication with country agents, and a broadcasting station will be established at the Westralian Farmers Limited Building. The main function of this station will be to broadcast to agents information connected with the business. This can be done, according to arrangement, at stated times of the day, and codes will be drawn up applying to any private information which would damage the company or the local co-operative companies if it became public. Having established this plant it would be available for additional work in the evenings. The custom has grown in America and England for a set program to be drawn up for every evening of the week, giving probably between 6.30 and 7 "Bedtime Talks to Children," which are usually fairy tales, to be followed by items from the newspaper of general interest, then perhaps the prices relating to produce in which country friends would be interested, and from 8 p.m. music or any other form of entertainment which may be available, varied on Sundays with sermons being preached in cathedrals or leading churches of the city. We cannot help feeling that a service of this kind installed in Western Australia would be the means of affording a great deal of pleasure to our friends in the country, and also would be of benefit in providing them with early news regarding the price of their produce, upon the sale of which they depend for their living. We would, therefore, like you to see farmers in your districts with a view to letting us have their views on the subject, and if it is likely to meet with success, we propose to install the plant immediately the Government regulations are known. We have cabled to our representatives in England and America to secure for us the most satisfactory agency for the supply of the requisite plant, and as soon as definite information is received we will advise you of the prices. In the meantime would you be good enough to ascertain from your farmer friends whether they would be prepared to install receiving plants which would cost from £10 to £20, or for an exceptional plant £30. The installation costing £20 would be capable of receiving from a distance of 2000 miles or something over from Perth in a direct air line. The cheaper sets range about 100 miles from Perth direct. These figures are only tentative and may be reduced or increased. Any indication we receive from farmers of their willingness to install these sets will be subject entirely to their reconsideration when we obtain correct prices. It is understood that the Commonwealth Government Regulations will provide for the Broadcasting Company to use one wave length only, and that the receiving sets be limited to that wave length. Subscriptions and licenses will be paid through the broadcasting company. Exactly what this will mean we cannot tell until the regulations have been published but taking it for granted that £1/1/- will be the licensing fee and that 1000 farmers were to install the plant, this company considers that for a fee not exceeding £4 per plan, they could afford excellent entertainment throughout the year. It may be that the concerts could be supplied at a less cost than this, and if so a corresponding reduction would be made. Until definite information is received, however, we are not in a position to give concrete costs. Would you kindly see the farmers at the earliest possible moment so that we may be in a position to cable our London friends advising them of the number of sets we are likely to require as soon as the Commonwealth regulations have been published? For the Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thomson, Manager, Wheat Department. P.S.— In case there may be any misunderstanding the messages can only be sent from the broadcasting station, and the receiving sets which would be supplied to farmers, would be quite unable to return messages. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LIMITED. Perth, 24th July, 1923. Circular to Agents and Branches of Primary Producers Association, re Wireless Telephony. Country friends are showing interest in the proposals for wireless telephony, and requests have been made for additional information. The point raised is whether only one person can "listen in" with each instrument, or whether a number of people in the same room can hear the concerts and other matter which is being transmitted. A loud talker can be installed. This is somewhat similar to a gramophone horn, and when in use, anyone in the room can listen to it just as in the case of a gramaphone. It is rather more expensive, however, than the other method and is sometimes considered not to give as pleasant a rendering. Some of its faults have been eliminated and it is now being used very largely. In many cases it is installed with the object of receiving and transmitting to the room dance music, and on Saturday nights in some areas the whole evening is given up to dance music. Halls are fitted with loud talkers for this purpose, and the couples dance to the music of a band 50 to 100 miles away. The cheaper method is for a series of telephone ear pieces with head attachments similar to those used by telephone girls. A strap passes across the head bringing a receiver to each ear so that there is no discomfort in holding the receiver to one ear and straining that ear in order to listen to the music. This method can be adopted to a considerable number of people, but of course, the wiring from one to the other is sometimes in the way. Nevertheless, this method is very popular owing to its cheapness and the excellent results it gives. If there is any other information agents require on this subject, kindly let us know and we will supply it immediately. For The Westralian Farmers Ltd., John Thompson, Manager, Wheat Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article233300747 |title=Wireless Telephony. |newspaper=[[The Yalgoo Observer And Murchison Chronicle]] |volume= , |issue=138 |location=Western Australia |date=13 September 1923 |accessdate=19 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 10===== At the end of their 1923 annual meeting, Westralian Farmers Ltd quietly announces (Basil Murray, Managing Director) that not only have they been granted the licence for Western Australia's first broadcasting service, but also that contracts had been signed for the installation of the transmitter <blockquote>'''WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. ANNUAL MEETING. CONTINUED EXPANSION OF COMPANY. YEAR'S TURNOVER NEARLY £1,000,000.''' The ninth annual meeting of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. was held on Thursday evening at the registered office of the company, Wellington-street; Mr. C. W. Harper (the chairman) presiding. The accounts for the year ended May 31 last showed receipts £186,180 18s. 7d., compared with £164,288 for the 12 months ended May 31, 1922. The profit at £12,016 was nearly double that for the previous year, but was just a little more than half the amount earned during the twelve months ended May 31, 1921. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies the directors recommended that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company, payable at the registered office, on a date to be fixed by the board. They further recommended that the sum of £5,000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance, £1,604 18s. 1d. be transferred to general reserve. In the balance-sheet the company's assets were given as £278,660 9s., of which land and buildings represented £37,455 6s. 7d.; office furniture, fixtures and fittings, £7,245 3s. 10d.; plant and equipment, £10,050 17s. 8d.; wheat dunnage and roofing, £10,957 3s.; investments, £3,228 1s. 9d.; stocks on hand, £31,282 19s. 8d.; sundry debtors, £145,781 19s. 7d.; charges against future trading, £1,301 0s. 1d.; bills receivable £15,836 13s. 1d.; cash in bank (trust account), £17,212 18s. 9d.; cash on hand and on deposit with State Government; £7,808 5s. On the liabilities side paid-up capital totalled £77,313 15s. 2d.; bonus debentures £8,366; shareholders bonus account, £893 0s. 11d. Other items were reserve account, £11,428 14s. 9d.; provision for outstanding liabilities, £4,221 11s. 9d.; sundry creditors, and deposits on current account, £140,280 12s, 4d.; loans and fixed deposits, £13,208 10s.; bills payable, £519 9s. 1d.; Western Australian bank, £10,412 19s. 1d.; contingent liabilities: Bills under discount, £5,928 6s. The chairman said that during the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which, the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. had been paid. In addition bonus debentures amounting to £4,232 were issued. The directors were particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contended that the numerous applications received indicated the confidence of the farming community in the Company. Their duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased. The trustees had expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which the very responsible duties of handling the wheat had been carried out by the company. As indicated in the previous report the company entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the National Council of Wool Selling Brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to clients. The directors considered that the outlook for the coming wool season was exceptionally good, and they anticipated that the department would handle a greatly increased quantity. An agreement had been completed with the Graziers Limited, whereby the company had purchased its assets and goodwill and taken over its business. The Graziers Limited had a very large business in live stock, hides and skins, and it was felt that by the amalgamation the company's stock department would be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Arrangements had also been made to take over the Williams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co., Ltd., and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. A large store had been secured and was being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. It was pleasing to report that legislation dealing with the bonus distribution had now passed both Houses of Parliament, and the company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State were thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. He sounded a note of warning regarding the absolute necessity for securing additional capital owing to the continued expansion of the company and its ramifications. Mr. '''Basil Murray''' (managing director) analysed the balance sheet and profit and loss account, itemising for the information of the shareholders the respective departmental profits and losses and the method of apportioning administrative and overhead costs. The cash turnover for the year was nearly one million sterling which emphasised the satisfactory position of the company. For every one pound invested, shareholders possessed, on actual figures, 60s. The company was in a sounder position than ever before in its history. Although at one time the company essayed to supply everything from a "needle to an anchor" it subsequently decided to confine its operations owing to its restricted capital, to essentially farmers' lines, and his analysis of the year's operations showed the wisdom of that course. The purchase of the Graziers Limited was, in his opinion, a most effective method of consolidating the live stock and hides and skins business of the company, operating closely in connection with the successfully established wool department. The purchase of the premises known as Eastwoods Limited, adjoining the company's property, in Wellington-street, which would ultimately be required for a machinery show room and workshops, was also a very sound and satisfactory investment on account of the shareholders. Owing to an unfortunate oversight the annual report did not contain any reference to the activities of the fruit department and particularly to its export operations and the satisfactory disposal of fruitgrowers' produce through the London house of the Overseas Farmers' Co-operative Federation, and to the exploiting of the fruit market of the Near East. '''He announced that the first licence under Commonwealth Government regulations for wireless broadcasting in this State was to be issued to the company and the board had that day signed contracts for the installation on the company's premises of the necessary apparatus.''' The report and statement of accounts were adopted. Messrs. Warwick, Milne and Tanner were re-elected directors and Mr. Sinclair J. McGibbon was reappointed auditor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31193792 |title=WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,673 |location=Western Australia |date=13 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, a less interpretive version of the annual report <blockquote>'''FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND, CONTINUED. WESTRALIAN FARMERS LTD. Directors' Report.''' The full text of the directors' report submitted at the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., held in Perth on the 11th inst., was as follows:— "Your directors have pleasure in submitting this, their ninth annual report, for the financial year ended May 31, 1923. "During the year 11,577 ordinary and 10,431 bonus shares were allotted, the total number of shares issued being 90,201, on which the sum of £77,312 15s. 2d. has been paid. In addition, bonus debentures amounting to £4232 were issued. "Your directors are particularly pleased with the response given by farmers generally to the new issue of shares, and contend that the numerous applications received indicate the confidence of the farming community in the company. The profit as disclosed by the balance sheet is £12,016 15s. 11d. After providing for redemptions and other contingencies your directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of 7 per cent. be paid on the paid-up capital of the company as at May 31, 1923, payable at the registered office, the date of payment to be left to the discretion of the board. They further recommend that the sum of £5000 be distributed to members in accordance with the articles, as a bonus on trading, and that the balance be transferred to general reserve. "Our duties as sole acquiring agents for the trustees of the Co-operative Wheat Pool were, in comparison with those imposed by the Government in past seasons, considerably increased, the entire responsibility for the care and handling of the wheat being borne by us. The trustees have expressed their entire satisfaction with the manner in which these very responsible duties have been carried out. As indicated in our former report, we entered the wool business last year, and presented catalogues at each of the sales arranged by the national council of wool selling brokers. Although the business done in this direction was small in this our opening season, your directors can state with every confidence that it was conducted in a manner thoroughly satisfactory to all those clients who entrusted their clips to us. The directors consider that the outlook for the coming wool season is exceptionally good, and they anticipate that the department will handle a greatly increased quantity. "An agreement has been completed with the Graziers Limited whereby your company has purchased its assets and goodwill and takes over its business. Your board desires to express its appreciation of the extremely friendly manner in which the directors of the Graziers Limited have dealt with this matter. The Graziers Limited has a very large business in livestock, hides, and skins, and it is felt that by the amalgamation our Stock Department will be greatly strengthened both in turnover and the personnel of its staff. Owners of livestock can therefore rest assured that any business entrusted to us will be efficiently handled. "Arrangements have also been made to take over the Willlams-Narrogin Farmers' Co-op. Co. Ltd, and for the opening of a branch of the Westralian Farmers Limited at Narrogin. It was felt that this important centre required more vigorous organisation than could reasonably be expected from a local co-operative company. A large store has been secured, and is being put in order for the purpose of carrying sufficient bulk stocks to serve the whole of the surrounding territory. "It is pleasing to be able to further report that legislation dealing with bonus distribution has now passed both Houses of Parliament, and your company, as well as the local co-operative companies throughout the State, are thus enabled to satisfactorily distribute profits as a bonus on trading. "In conclusion, your directors are convinced that the company has progressed on sound and satisfactory lines during the year under review, and is more firmly established than ever throughout the State. They record with keen pleasure their appreciation of the loyal service rendered by the officers and staff, also the generous hospitality extended to the company's representatives during the year by the local co-operative companies and many other friends in the farming community." During the course of the managing director's (Mr. Murray) remarks he announced that he had been advised that in the opinion of the responsible authorities the Westralian farmers Limited was the most suitable applicant for permission to establish a wireless broadcasting system throughout the State, and announced, amidst applause, that the first license in the State under the Commonwealth Government regulations was to be issued to the company. Further announcements would be made at an early date.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58075386 |title=FOR THE MAN ON THE LAND CONTINUED |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1345 |location=Western Australia |date=21 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=5 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thomson of Westralian Farmers paints a detailed picture of background and future of their broadcasting station for a reporter from the Perth Daily News <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN" WIRELESS TELEPHONES FOR FARMERS. BROADCASTING SCHEME NEARING COMPLETION. FEBRUARY WILL SEE IT WORKING.''' Tea had finished on the farm. "Father" stretched himself after his long day's work and walked into the sitting-room, while the remainder of the family, excepting his school-going son, cleared away the table utensils. Filling and lighting his pipe, the farmer reached for a telephone headpiece hidden behind a short curtain. Clipping it over his ears he relapsed into an easy chair, and drew towards him a pad of paper and a pencil in case he wanted to make notes. "The wheat market is rising. An advance of 2d. a bushel is expected within the week," comes a voice over the 200 miles of ether. Other market reports of vital interest was are given to him. Half an hour later the remainder of the family trooped in, and, with the four earpieces, listened to a concert at one of Perth's theatres. On Sunday night the family — probably excepting "Father," who was busy with his books — listened to a sermon by a prominent divine. This, briefly, is the picture painted by Mr. J. Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who this morning explained to a representative of this paper what was being done with their scheme of broadcasting for farmers. "Many years ago, when I was a wheat inspector," he said, "I found it difficult to give farmers up-to-date information concerning markets and other matters. Particularly was this so in the busy part of the year, when the golden grain was pouring in. We all realised that a slight alteration in the wheat market had a tremendous effect on the farmers, because during January and February probably two-thirds of the whole harvest is delivered. If the farmer is out of touch with the markets his income for the year is probably seriously affected. "At that time I had carried out a few experiments in wireless telegraphy, and I could see that in the future the invention would be of considerable value to outback farmers. The discovery of the Armstrong valve, which is in appearance something like an ordinary electric light globe, revolutionised the wireless telephone and made its operation almost as easy as the controlling of a gramophone. "Unfortunately since that discovery Commonwealth regulations prevented any active steps being taken, until the agreement was come to a short time ago. When the regulations came out the Westralian Farmers Ltd. immediately got into touch with the Commonwealth Government and the Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., and a representative of the latter company came to W.A. to investigate the matter. "Mr. Basil Murray, our managing director, has always been enthusiastic over the possibilities of providing farmers who are distant from the centres of civilisation with up-to-date information regarding market fluctuations, and also in providing them with some form of entertainment. He put the matter to many country residents, and found it met with their approval. Backed with this confidence, Mr. Murray placed an order with the Amalgamated Wireless for a 2-3 kilowatt plant. When this became known many pastoralists expressed a desire to join in the scheme, and the consequence is that upon their promise of support a larger plant, a 5-6 kilowatt plant was substituted." "The installation will be in the building of the Westralian Farmers, which is admirably suited for the purpose. The masts of the aerial will stand 180ft. above the top of the roof and the aerial will be 175ft. long. On the top floor the operating room, reception room, and concert room are about to be erected. The concert room is being built in such a manner that there will be no reflection of sound on hard surfaces, and thus the voice will be made distinct. The concert room will be used for broadcasting items when there are no suitable entertainments at theatres in Perth. At the present time consideration is being given to the preparation of a time table allocating to certain hours certain classes of information and amusement. One strong feature of the broadcasting will be the possibility of transmitting to farmers speeches made by notable visitors to the State. "Under Commonwealth regulations dealers in apparatus have to be licensed, and can only supply persons with a licence to "receive." Further, the apparatus must be sealed to a certain wave length, which will correspond to the broadcasting station. Dealers in Western Australia are now anxiously awaiting the declaration of the wave length to enable them to construct plants. In order that farmers may be sure of obtaining suitable receivers, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who for many years has been experimenting in wireless work, and has attained some fame in Australia for his results. The firm is now importing from England the necessary parts for assembling of instruments for the use of farmers in outback districts." "The cost of a receiving set will depend to a large extent on the distance the farmer is from the broadcasting station. Generally speaking, over a 300-mile radius the set, which we propose to assemble ourselves, will cost in the neighborhood of £20. Other fees for licence, royalty and subscription to the broadcasting station will amount to about £4 4s. "Already we have received several hundred applications from farmers, and we anticipate that by February 1, when we hope to have the plant in operation, we will have at least 1,000 farmers "listening in." "The usual receiving set provides for ordinary batteries which require frequent recharging, but the set we propose to provide is made a little more expensive owing to the fact that it will include a primary battery, which will last six months without recharging. The "dull emitter" valves, too, are nearly double the price of ordinary ones. Those who are electrically inclined and have motor cars of course should find little difficulty in recharging the batteries. "Oh, yes," Mr. Thomson said in conclusion, "this scheme should make conditions on the farms much more happy for all concerned, and should provide the farmer with valuable up to the minute information of the markets." A sample of the apparatus was exhibited. It is certainly no larger than an ordinary table gramophone, and is so simple in operation that a school boy could operate it. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78324280 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,139 |location=Western Australia |date=27 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=9 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details of the 6WF service in the West Australian <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. Western Australian Scheme.''' The extension of the use of wireless telephony in broadcasting services is expected to brighten the lot of the farming community, by removing some of the disabilities of isolation. Rapid advances made since the introduction of the Armstrong valve now provide comparatively cheap means for men on the land to keep in touch with current affairs. A service of this kind is to be put in operation by Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and a transmitting plant will be erected on the building occupied by that organisation in Wellington-street, Perth. Following upon recommendations by the representative of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, a contract has been let for the erection of the necessary aerials, and the installation of the transmitter proper. In addition to operating rooms, accommodation will be made available, so that concerts or addresses may be delivered, specially for broadcasting. It is also intended to take advantage of the visits of notable persons, and to broadcast their utterances. Efforts will be made to arrange for connection with the principal theatres and churches to the same purpose. Originally it was planned to instal a 2-3 kilowat transmitter, capable of being received through average receivers up to 300 miles. As a result of overtures by pastoralists, that plan was abandoned, and it was resolved that the transmitter should have a range of 600 miles, and, accordingly, a 5-6 kilowat transmitter — the maximum power permitted by the Commonwealth Government — will be erected. The masts will rise 180 feet above the roof of the building, and the aerials (squirrel cage type) will be 175 feet long. Fortunately, the position of the building is such that the greatest distribution can be obtained. Numerous patent rights for receiving sets are held in Australia, but, after full investigation, it has been decided that the most economical method of supplying farmers with receivers will be to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and assemble them in Perth. The services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who has taken a leading part in broadcasting in Western Australia, have been secured by the company. Under Mr. Coxon's supervision a sample set has been manufactured, and it is expected that the cost to the farmers will be reduced by one third. The response of the farmers in connection with the scheme has been gratifying, and the general opinion is that the men on the land will benefit materially. The fact that wireless receivers cost no more than ordinary gramophones, and can be used for different purposes, is said to be fully appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31196850 |title=WIRELESS FOR FARMERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,688 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 11===== Further background from Murray <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' . . . '''Wireless Broadcasting.'''— Mr B. L. Murray, in explaining the system, says:— "It had been decided to introduce broadcasting in Australia under certain defined regulations, and the officer appointed to investigate the claims of applicants for licenses to conduct this wireless business had recommended The Westralian Farmers Limited as being the best people to conduct the business in Western Australia. They possessed an ideal building, and a huge mast was to be erected on the roof. Every farmer who purchased a receiver set would be able to enjoy the privileges following this installation of wireless broadcasting. The fact that the board of the Westralian Farmers would settle contracts on the following morning for the establishment of broadcasting in the State would do more to break down the disadvantages and isolation of the farmer than anything else. The advantages of broadcasting were enormous, both for the company and its shareholders."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204749311 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[The Moora Herald And Midland Districts Advocate]] |volume=9, |issue=558 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1923 |accessdate=20 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further announcements, including that a battery will be available for receivers that will only need recharging every six months! <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. FOR FARMERS.''' A matter of great interest to farmers is the news that the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., are going to instal a wireless broadcasting transmitter on the roof of their building in Wellington Street, Perth, during the first week of February next. This installation will be capable of transmitting messages over a radius of 600 miles, which is the limit set by the Commonwealth Act. In connection with receiving sets for individual farmers, this enterprising company has decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building, thus enabling them to sell the instruments at a cost within the reach of the majority of farmers. We understand that the cost of these sets, which will embody the best material and guarantee good results, will cost approximately £20. Furthermore, the ordinary receiving sets have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight; obviously the recharging of these batteries in the remoter country districts would be very difficult, and in many cases impossible. Therefore, the company has acquired a more expensive battery which will last for six months, and, although costing considerably more than the ordinary battery, will adequately compensate for the increased price, by greater convenience, and more efficient service. Farmers and pastoralists in the remoter districts of the State, will now, by means of wireless, be enabled to keep completely in touch with cur-rent affairs, and to hear immediately of news, concerts, and addresses which take place in the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article211231187 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Tambellup Times]] |volume=IX, |issue=985 |location=Western Australia |date=7 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> News of 6WF travels to Mullewa <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on Saturday, October 27th. In the absence of the president, Mr. H. B. Peet was voted to the chair. . . . Mr. Raven gave a very interesting address on wireless telephony. When in Perth recently, he had listened in to a wireless demonstration, which was held in a large room, and one could hear every word distinctly, sounding very much like a large gramophone. He detailed the various wave lengths, which carry much faster by night than day, and also stated that a paper had been established, named the "Western Wireless," which no doubt, in time, would attain a wide circulation. Wireless broadcasting was a magnificent enterprise by the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which meant that all agricultural communities could now be linked by wireless. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66927652 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVI, |issue=4233 |location=Western Australia |date=8 November 1923 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further details about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROGRESS OF THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' LTD. INSTALLATION.''' (From "The Primary Producer.") Matters in connection with the establishment of the wireless installation by The Westralian Farmers Ltd. are progressing well. There has been some delay in finalising the matter owing to the difficulty in getting down to bedrock on account of numerous patents and other matters which interfere with free trading in wireless. The firm has, however, at last been able to see daylight, and has definitely ordered a wireless broadcasting transmitter. This will be erected during the first week in February, and will be of sufficient power to transmit messages over a radius of 600 miles. The original intention was to limit this to 300 miles, but at the special request of the pastoralists, who have offered to put up sufficient capital to pay for the additional cost, it has now been decided to erect the strongest permitted to be used under the Commonwealth Act. Farmers are naturally interested in the receiving sets, and the firm is at present engaged upon drawing up the price list, giving full information. We may say that the set standardised by Amalgamated Wireless Ltd. for Australia is called the "Radiola," and is a very high class instrument, the cost of same being £32. As this would be too high priced for many farmers, the firm has secured the services of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the leading exponent of wireless transmission in Western Australia, and has gone into the details connected with making his own sets. The Westralian Farmers' Ltd. have decided to import the necessary parts from Great Britain, and to adjust and assemble them in their own building. By this means, after paying all royalties, duty, etc., they will be able to sell to the farmers a broadcasting set at approximately £20. This set will be of such a kind as will guarantee good results to the farmers. It would be possible to cheapen the set by putting other than the best material into it, but it has been decided that this would be wrong policy, as a few pounds difference in the price would not be compensated for by the dissatisfaction which would be caused to the farmers. In other ways the convenience of the farmers outback has been considered. For instance, the ordinary sets sold have storage batteries which have to be recharged at least once a fortnight. The firm is putting in a more expensive primary battery, which will last for six months, but this also entails the use of what are known as dull emitter valves, the cost of which is approximately double that of the ordinary valve. These two items, alone, run into several pounds difference in price, but it is considered that farmers will appreciate the extra convenience, as charging an ordinary storage battery in the country would, in many cases, be impossible, and in most difficult.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article259109413 |title=UIRELESS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA. |newspaper=[[The Geraldton Express]] |volume=XLV |location=Western Australia |date=21 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Call magazine opines that broadcasting in Australia is coming too slowly and receivers are too expensive (sealed sets) <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING BUNGLERS. How Australia Lags Behind. While All the World is "Listening In" :: The Commonwealth is Still Asleep :: What Broadcasting Will Do :: For Our Scattered Population :: The Government Must Help''' Some months ago we read in the dailies those regulations regarding "wireless" which the Federal authorities deemed it wise to issue. It was the comfortable belief of many that once these regulations were gazetted we would be "broadcasting" in this State. Somehow or other this has not happened. '''HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS LISTENING IN.''' We know from a recently returned visitor to Britain that there are hundreds of thousands of "listeners in" there. Great Britain is supposed to be a slow country. Now, if Britain can support "broadcasting," so can we, on a smaller scale. And the audience is here for it. The Westralian Farmers have announced their intention of supplying "broadcast" messages in the New Year. That is good hearing. But it is not enough. Because this pioneering company says that "receiving sets" will cost £20 each. Now, that is not a large sum but it means an expenditure that many cannot afford — many of those who would like to "listen in" and who really are entitled to benefit from this latest advancement of science. It is from this aspect that we look at broadcasting. '''OUTBACKER'S CHANCE.''' Those of us who are city dwellers probably will have little trouble in getting into touch with the wonders of the air. But are our friends in the country going to be so fortunately situated? Present indications seem to point to this fact:— Listening in is going to be rather an expensive business in this country. If this should be so, it will be regrettable, because there are few countries where "broadcasting" will be better appreciated. It is going to make a wonderful change in the lives of our outback folk. It will not merely amuse them on those dull nights when there is "nothing doing," but it will bring them intimately into touch with those smaller amenities of civilisation that they miss (to some extent) through being out in "the bush." '''WHERE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD HELP.''' What seems to this paper to be very desirable is that receiving sets should be available at least to outback residents at a very slight cost. Of course this will not happen all at once. But it certainly seems that if ever there was justification for the Federal Parliament to serve the people, here is the time and opportunity. Just think what "broadcasting" is going to mean to Australia! The great problem of our country is to get people settled, really settled, on our vacant spaces. We have many such spaces; we can do with many such settlers. But how are the settlers in the city and the settlers in the country ever to get really into touch? Broadcasting will do this. '''WEARING WIRELESS TELEPHONES.''' This paper believes that in the very near future every citizen of major years will be wearing a wireless telephone in his pocket, just as he wears a watch. That is not an extravagant prophecy. But we can only get there by gradual approaches. Broadcasting will help greatly. It is far past the experimental stage. It is in operation throughout Britain and America. France was in it before Britain woke up. And Germany, as usual, stole America's brains. The South Americans on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of their country are awake to the value of broadcasting. In fact, the Esquimaux of Greenland are listening in to concerts at Stockholm. And we in Australia don't know broadcasting yet. '''A FEW APOSTLES.''' A few earnest seekers after scientific facts are in our midst as a "wireless club." They know a great deal about the possibilities of this wonderful discovery. But they cannot bring it close to the people because that is outside their scope. Our central Government must subsidise receiving sets. Cut out the duty on them. Cut out landing charges. Cut out all "overhead." Let the people have listening-in apparatus at the lowest rates. Then private enterprise will supply them with their entertainment and commercial requirements. '''IT MUST COME.''' Broadcasting must be a big thing in this State. We should all be working together to establish this marvel of science in our midst on the right lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210901203 |title=BROADCASTING BUNGLERS |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=491 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== In West Dukin, the farmers are still waiting on a telephone line, let alone 6WF <blockquote>'''WEST DUKIN NOTES.''' Despite the fact that the Westralian Farmers have nearly finished their arrangements for installing a wireless broadcasting plant, West Dukin farmers take a more practical view of different matters. Whilst admitting that, from a social standpoint, wireless would be an undoubted boon, it cannot be seen how wireless in its present state will benefit the farmer in his occupation. A move was made about two months ago with a view to obtaining a branch telephone installed locally. Arrangements have proceeded satisfactorily and the manager of Telephones, Perth, has given every encouragement to further the scheme. The Telephone Department pointed out that they would be quite prepared to construct a trunk line from Dukin in the direction of West Dukin, at a cost of £1500 providing that the farms were well established and the facility was considered a public necessity. Concerning these two items there is little to be feared as West Dukin is considered to be one of the most progressive districts in the locality. Of eleven farms adjoining, nine are occupied by returned soldiers, this being regarded somewhat as a record. Regarding the question of the telephone being a public necessity there is not a doubt. Every settler in the district has promised to become a subscriber in the event of a line being erected. With a view to discussing the question of telephones, a special meeting of the West Dukin Primary Producers' Association was held at their social club's grounds on the 2nd inst. The meeting was well attended and much enthusiasm was shown over the proposed scheme. After considerable discussion, it was decided to arrange with the Tele phone Department to have an officer visit the locality with a view to inspecting the proposed route, also to discuss the scheme more fully. At the conclusion of the meeting West Dukin Cricket Club held a practice match. What was lacking in form was made up by the spirit displayed. It was decided to issue a challenge to the Booralaming team, the match to eventuate on on the 23rd. inst. Afternoon tea was kindly supplied by the ladies and was much appreciated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article260103948 |title=WEST DUKIN NOTES |newspaper=[[The Northam Advertiser]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=2952 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers building the site of a receiver for a broadcast by Coxon <blockquote>'''PEEPS at PEOPLE.''' . . . One of the first in W.A. to sing and speak into a broadcasting wireless set was Peter Roxby, of the W.A.G. Railways. From the installation of Mr. W. E. Coxon, in North Perth, Mr. Roxby and Gwladys Edwards broadcasted mellifluous numbers to all capable of receiving them per the intervening ether. One of the metropolitan receiving sets was in the Westralian Farmers' building, the other being at Mr. Darling's home in South Perth. At both these and hundreds of others the artists were distinctly heard, answers coming from places as far apart as Albany and Meekatharra, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Leonora, and Esperance that every note and word of the wireless was heard and enjoyed. Truly Marconi is making the world small!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071600 |title=PEERS at PEOPLE |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1352 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In WA all broadcasting roads lead to Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN.''' "Ananias" writes:— Let me trespass on your generosity once again. We are greatly struck by the progress of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting. We want to install a listening-in set, and what we want to know is (1) Where are they sold? (2) What does the cheapest one cost? (3) Is there any literature on the subject as it concerns amateurs? (4) Are there any official restrictions to deter the installation of a wireless receiving set, after the registration fee of 10s. per annum is paid? Hoping this catechism does not worry you too much, and thanking you for past advice. My suggestion is that you write to the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Wellington-street Perth, for full information about their broadcasting wireless scheme. I think that it is only through them you will be able to secure facilities for listening-in. It is useless having a wireless installation unless you are in touch with a distributing system. You can procure books on wireless from any bookseller. Messrs. Alberts and Sons, Ltd., 180 Murray-street, have sent me a long list of the prices ranging from 1s. 6d. to 21s. plus postage. The following are a few: — The Wireless Man, by Collins, 5s., Wires and Wireless, 2s., Radio and Everybody, 8s., Telegraphy, Telephony, and Wireless, 4s. 6d. The A.B.C. of Radio, 1s. 6d. It must be remembered that wireless work is complicated and one who wishes to understand it must start at the beginning. The scheme being installed by the Westralian Farmers will be like the telephone system. The subscriber need know little or nothing of the reasons, construction and mechanism. He will pay for the installation and the rent of the apparatus, and will simply have to follow the rules given him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37631994 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING AND LISTENING-IN. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=1,976 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another announcement about 6WF <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have shown their enterprise in the interests of their thousands of country clients, and the community generally, by arranging that the fine building owned and occupied by them in Wellington-street, Perth, shall be known as "Western Australia's First Broadcasting Centre." On the roof of this building will be erected the masts and adjuncts, which will be the only sign of the message flowing from that centre to nearly all parts of Western Australia. The steel masts will rise to a height of 100ft. clear above the building, the span between them being about 170ft. With the transmitting plant of five kilowatts, the maximum allowed under the Commonwealth regulations, messages can reach practically the whole of the population of Western Australia. The distance at which messages can be received is decided not only by the power of the transmitting station, but also by the sensitiveness of the reception plant. With a comparatively simple valve set messages should be received clearly at a distance of 600 miles away, and if conditions are favorable at 800 miles. The limit when cost and difficulty of adjustment make reception prohibitive would be reached at possibly 1500 miles from Perth in a direct air line. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd, have retained the services of that well-known wireless expert, Mr. W. S. Coxon, and are now taking orders for their broadcasting receiver, which will be known as the "Mulgaphone." It is understood that the service will be in operation next February.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58069371 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1353 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=3 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''KULIN KOMMENTS.''' . . . '''Wireless Telephones.''' The Westralian Farmers, Limited, expects to be ready in February next to start broadcasting and those interested in "listening in" should at once communicate with Mr. L. Ellson (secretary) Primary Producers' Association (Kulin branch) to obtain full particulars for the installation of the necessary instruments. The ad-vantages to be derived from this system are not yet understood in Australia but by reading what is done elsewhere one may get some idea of the benefit of getting market quotations, weather forecasts, concert items, speeches and sermons as well as the news of the world by simply putting a receiver to the ear in one's own house at various times during the day or night.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article157091432 |title=KULIN KOMMENTS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=795 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A report of the radio scene in Kansas sets high expectations for 6WF in WA <blockquote>'''THE RADIO. MARKET REPORTS SHOUTED TO YOU ON THE FARM.''' Mr H. Griffiths writes as follows: "Sir.— In view of the early initiative of wireless telephony by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., a letter and cutting I have received from a friend of mine in Kansas City, has caused me to compile from them the following article. My friend in writing says: "The cutting I send you makes somewhat startling reading, but it pictures very accurately the effect this wonderful invention is having on town and country life. I know your interest in farming matters, and have sent this as likely to be of interest to your farmer friends." I am sending it along to you (Mr Griffiths continues) for publication. Radio is very near us now, and 'tis time we began to realise what is coming" — '''(Enclosure)''' "This is what caught me." When I moved near the town of Oswego, in Southern Kansas, I went one morning, shortly after settling down, into town to mail a letter by the 10 25. In the mail office from a desk against the wall a radio horn was calling off the livestock markets as distinctly as if it were a man standing there and talking. Says I to myself, "This looks good business to have one of these contraptions on my farm, I'll go and hunt around and see what's doing." I found much more than that for Oswego is fairly saturated with radio. There is a free radio programme every weekday and night in 25 business houses and offices and in 56 homes in the town, and from morning until midnight radio horns are singing, lecturing, telling items of news from every part of the country, shouting base ball scores, and rendering all sorts of musical programmes from everywhere. I went from the Post across to Frick's drug store, and a loud speaker back near the prescription case was calling out the grain markets. Passing Woolverson's drug store, I heard the weather reports coming in. I went into Wilkerson's store for a lead pencil, and I heard a voice from a radio horn telling the condition of the roads. For a half hour that noon in Burge's cafe I ate luncheon to radio music. Between 2 and 3 o'clock that afternoon I went to Loper's barber's shop, and while he shaved me I listened to a popular musical concert. Between 3.30 and 4.30 I went into Van Alstines store and saw 20 women listening to the Kansas City Stars matinee of classical music. Between 7 and 10 concerts were in full blast from Dallas, Forth Worth, Detroit, Davenport, Winnipeg, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. I went in next day and arranged for a receiving set to go on my farm, and I found the whole town listening to the baseball score from a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. Oswego is the home of Earl Hamilton, pitcher for the Pirates. I went to his mother's house that day and talked with her, while the radio horn on the piano called off the score and every move of her son in the game. "It's just like I was watching Earl play," said she. '''Fredonia.''' "A year ago we installed a radio set to receive market reports for the country farm bureau and for all towns in the country." We here in Fredonia send the radio service out over the telephone system, much the same way as it is sent over the electric light wires in Oswego. This plan was originated by J A Gustafson, manager of the Fredonia Telephone Company, who went on to inform a reporter, "Every evening we received concerts, and such crowds came to hear them, that we connected a line from the receiving set to our switchboard. Then any of our 1,100 subscribers might call in from their homes and have the operator connect them with our radio set, and without extra cost or any kind of extra equipment, they may hear the market reports, concerts, or whatever is going on." We have 300 subscribers out in the country, and they have our schedule and know when markets are coming in. All they have to do is to listen over the telephone. Our big day is Sunday, when everybody wants to hear the religious services. As an experiment we put a loud speaker in one of our drug stores and attached to a special wire in our telephone cable that was connected with our radio set. This attracted such crowds to the drug store that others wanted it, and we extended the service by putting loud speakers in 60 business places, homes and offices, We have applications from 200 more homes that want the service." '''A Typical Farmer's Opinion of Radio on His Farm.''' Mr E T Wright, of Labette County is cited because he is typical of thousands of farmers who have installed radio sets, not so much for the market reports as to furnish entertainment and banish lonesomeness and isolation. Wright is 70 years old. He has lived on the same farm 50 years, but it's entirely different since radio came. "I'll tell you how I came to instal it," he said. "You see my wife and I are alone; our children are grown up, married, on their own farms; we are getting along in years, so one night last fall as we sat alone, I was reading about radio. I suggested to my wife that this radio service is just the thing we wanted; here we sit alone through these long evenings and all these concerts and lectures are going through the air, over the roof, and we are not hearing any of it. Let's get a radio set and hear what is going on in the world. Ma didn't think much of it; didn't think it would be possible to hear over it, but I was thinking more about her than myself; you know a woman on a farm gets more lonesome than a man. The very next day I went to town and paid 150 dollars for this receiving set." In answer to a query how far he could hear with it Wright replied, "The farthest I ever heard was Havana Cuba. Last night we listened to a Grand opera sung in a theatre in Chicago and it was as clear and loud as if we had been right there." He said he could tune Detroit, Columbus, Minneapolis, Denver and different stations in Texas when he wanted to." Mrs Wright questioned as to whether she liked it said, "I couldn't do without it. It's great company for me, I'm not lonesome any more." Mr Wright continuing said, "A summary of the markets and a little music to liven it up comes in at noon and I can hear it as I eat my dinner; but the best fun is at night twisting the nobs on it and fishing round in the air for different broadcasting stations, it is like fishing in a grab bag for a prize, you don't know what you are going to get. It may be one of those jazz bands down in Dallas or a tune on a fiddle at Columbus, or a grand opera from Chicago or a minstrel troupe from Kansas City, or a speech from a big bug in St. Louis, but the best of all is on Sunday. That was always a lonesome day for us. Now we have some neighbours in and fish around for good music and sermons. We get some fine organ music on Sundays, big church organs that fill the house with music and church choirs singing. Last Sunday I tuned in on five different church services. I like to hear what all these different preachers have to say. There is the latter day saints up in Independence, they are the old Mormons you know, I had read so much against them that I was prejudiced, but I find that they preach the same gospel as others. We get Roman Catholic sermons and Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, and all denominations and they are all good Christian Doctrine. It makes a man broad in his religious views, when he hears them all. There are no creed lines in the air and so radio services are making people more tolerant; but the best Church Service comes from Atlanta. It's an old fashioned service with the Preacher lining out the hymns, the same old tunes that I used to sing in Church 40 years ago. We sit in front of the horn and join in singing with that congregation down in Atlanta, and when the Preacher prays we all bow our heads too. I trust readers will enjoy this article and be made alive to the closeness of the big change now near. The imagination falters in measuring the full significance of radio. Forces of no less promise have written strange history. In the grain and produce markets alone wonders will be accomplished. It will not be long before the farmer in the field follows the course of the daily market as closely as the merchant on the trading floor. The magic is his, he merely stretches phantom fingers in the air and pulls it down."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206570857 |title=THE RADIO. |newspaper=[[The Southern Argus And Wagin-arthur Express]] |volume=XVII, |issue=951 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 (Supplement to Southern Argus) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another report of the imminent commencement of 6WF, ultimately proving inaccurate <blockquote>'''RURAL TOPICS.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers expect to start broadcasting concerts, market reports, news, etc., per wireless about the end of January. About £10,000 is to be spent on the plant, which is being installed by experts, and which will be, according to reports, stronger than the Applecross station. Mr. A. J. Leckie (Mus. Bac.) is arranging a series of concerts for the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068829 |title=RURAL TOPICS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1355 |location=Western Australia |date=30 December 1923 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== Westralian Farmers now stating that 6WF would commence in February <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION. BALINGUP BRANCH.''' . . . The Westralian Farmers wrote that they contemplated starting to broadcast in February next. Sets for listening in, and full information re wireless could be obtained from the branch secretary, or the local co-op.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759558 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mullalyup Primary Producers advises their members to order their (sealed set) receivers through their secretary <blockquote>'''MULLALYUP PRIMARY PRODUCERS.''' . . . Members who intended joining the Westralian Farmers wireless broadcasting service can order sets for listening in, through the branch secretary, Mr. W. S. Brown.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210759592 |title=MULLALYUP |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=2 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Thompson states that 6WF will commence in February <blockquote>'''"LISTENING IN." WESTRALIAN FARMERS SCHEME DENIAL OF HITCH.''' Rumor yesterday had it that the wireless broadcasting scheme of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., had been temporarily suspended because of some hitch with the makers of the apparatus. This morning Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the wireless department of this firm, completely denied the rumor. "Everything is going along all right," he said. "Speaking of rumors, we were told yesterday that Farmers, Ltd. of Sydney, had cancelled all their subscriptions and had returned the money, but from Press reports the opening of the scheme was eminently successful." How long do you anticipate it will be before your firm's scheme is in operation? "About another month. It is a very high-powered station, and it will naturally take some adjustment before things are perfect. The station will be more powerful than those operating in England at the present time. In England they are operating on 1,500 watt sets, whereas our set will be between 5,000 and 6,000 watts. I understand the Applecross station is about 2,000 watts. 5,000 watts is the maximum power permitted under the Commonwealth regulations. The remainder of our transmitting apparatus is not expected until February 1. Three consignments of material from England have been received, and we are starting to put things together now."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562868 |title="LISTENING IN" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,203 |location=Western Australia |date=11 January 1924 |accessdate=23 August 2022 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF commencement months away, but debate upon best programming rages <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . What class of matter will the West Australian Farmers most appreciate with regard to broadcasting? With the farmers of U.S.A. the movements of livestock markets comes highest in popular regard. Then weather reports, followed by fruit and vegetable prices, ditto daily products, and other marketable foods, cotton, etc., produced on a farm. These radio reports are being very widely received, and made use of by farmers, and also by consumers of farm products, who can thus regulate supplies according to the state of the markets day by day. Acting upon a consensus of all the replies, the efficiency of the service has been still further developed. Great variation has to be provided for in the choosing of the programmes of a broadcasting station, for as some people like one thing, some like another, and a great many like nothing at all, it will be appreciated what skill is needed in choosing the items. In the programmes of the British Broadcasting Co. for a single week there were to be found included an All-British symphony concert, ballads, chamber music, dance music, humorous entertainments, news, weather forecasts, children's stories, talks to farmers, followers of football and racing, theatregoers, boy scouts and girl guides, readings of Shakespeare's plays, a daily "woman's hour," religious addresses, and short lectures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 18 amateur transmitting licences current in WA in the lead up to 6WF commencement, only 3 transmitting regular programs <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Some amateurs seem rather shy of the microphone, a sort of "wait-for-the-other-chap-to-start-first" feeling. I give below a list of experimental transmitting license holders in our State:— 6AB, Cecil, C., 75 Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie; 6AC, Spark, J., 23 Mount-street, Perth; 6AF, Sibly, A., 38 Park-street, North Perth; 6AK, University of West Australia, Perth; 6AM, Kennedy, P., 210 Walcott-street, Mt. Lawley; 6AQ, Matthews, V. J., Beechboro-road, Bayswater; 6BG, Technical School, Perth; 6BH, Burrows, F. H., 9 John-street, Claremont; 6BP, Stott's Business College, St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BR, Wireless Institute (W.A. division), St. George's-terrace, Perth; 6BT and 6BU, McKail, H., Perth Boys' School, Perth; 6CJ, Darley, E. J., Darley-street, South Perth; 6CZ, Law, F. W., corner Bedford and Bunbury roads, Armadale, 6DD, Bishop, C. E., Grey-street, Albany; 6AG, Coxon, W. E., Bulwer-street, North Perth; 6BN, Stevens, 1 Ruth-street, North Perth; 6WP, Phipps, W. R., 97 Rupert-street, Subiaco. Quite an impressive list, and about three undertaking regular transmissions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Wireless journalist promoting the purchase of receiving sets in the lead up to 6WF commencement <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . These notes, I am confident, will be perused by thousands of amateurs and would-bes who have not yet realised the full pleasures to be derived by the installation of a wireless receiver in the home. Now, I want you to get busy and see about your wireless set at once. This applies more particularly to the farmer. Broadcasting, will be in action in our State inside a month from now, is to be maintained by the Westralian Farmers Ltd., Perth, and will cater especially for the man on the land. Even if you live hundreds of miles distant from this centre, by means of a suitable receiver you will receive weather reports, market quotations, and the very best of entertainment all the year round, at a cost of your receiver and a trivial license fee. Just think of it, you will sit down to your receiver after the day's work is finished, put on your phones, and you are instantly transported to the latest play acted at one of the theatres in Perth, and broadcast far and wide for you and your countrymen's benefit. You will know the weather report for the following day, and so will be enabled to prepare your tomorrow's plans beforehand. You will receive the latest news from the press, even before the majority of persons in the city itself receive it. Truly a marvellous age. Therefore, let the slogan for 1924, "A receiving set in every home," be yours. No home in which it is desired to create the real home atmosphere" should be without a broadcast receiving set. The cost is small, the value great. Investigate the matter right now for yourself, and you will soon follow the lead of thousands of other happy homemakers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58072750 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1359 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== Westralian Farmers suggests that Mullewa Branch of the Primary Producers Association appoint an agent to introduce wireless sets to the district <blockquote>'''PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. MULLEWA BRANCH.''' A meeting of this branch was held on January 26th, Mr. A. S. Raven occupying the chair. . . . An interesting circular letter on wireless telephony was received from the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., and suggesting that an agent be appointed from the branch to introduce the wireless sets for the district. It was resolved to acknowledge the letter, saying that in the opinion of the branch Mr. A. S. Raven should be their authorised agent for the Mullewa district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article66923327 |title=PRIMARY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4258 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The South Western Times of Bunbury supplements a paid advertisement (not yet located) for the Mulgaphone with a background article <blockquote>'''"LISTENING-IN." A BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE.''' The '''Westralian Farmers''' Ltd., have embarked upon a comprehensive broadcasting and "listening-in" radio and wireless scheme, as announced by advertisement appearing elsewhere in this issue, and wish to draw the attention of all South-Westerners interested to the advantages offered to the community in general. They state that as soon as the plant is in operation, messages, reports, prices, advices, and a host of interesting information, and in addition both vocal and instrumental music, will be passing through the atmosphere. Visitors to the State, who, at present speak in the Town Hall to an exclusive Perth audience, will be able in future to speak to the whole country from the sending station at The '''Westralian Farmers'''. The company made enquiries regarding the cost of receiving sets, and ultimately came to the conclusion that in order to give users the best possible service at the lowest price, it was essential that the Company should assemble its own sets. The '''Westralian Farmers''', Limited, are therefore putting upon the market a receiving set known as the "Mulgaphone," which is capable of receiving messages from the broadcasting station at a distance of at least 600 miles from Perth in a direct air line. Another point in connection with ordinary receiving sets is the fact that they require a battery of electrical accumulators which require recharging frequently. Obviously for farmers outback it is a matter of expense, and in most cases, impossibility, for batteries to be sent into a charging station to be specially recharged. The "Mulgaphone" has therefore been fitted with two dull Emitter Valves, which while increasing the cost of the set, require very little electric current to work them, and dry cells can be used instead of accumulators. Such dry cells will last for six months without charging. The price of the complete set and the wire for the aerial is £22, free on rail, Perth. For the broadcasting service rendered by the '''Westralian Farmers''', an annual charge will be made of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. has to be paid to the Commonwealth Government as license for the farmer's receiving set, £1 1s. for the royalties charged by the Amalgamated Wireless on the set, and the balance for operating expenses, and to pay for concerts and other items transmitted by that wireless apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210757965 |title="LISTENING-IN" |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=VII, |issue=15 |location=Western Australia |date=5 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Daily News journalist fooled by Government and AWA propaganda and finds supporters of the sealed set scheme (see also a knowledgeable response in letter to editor next day) <blockquote>'''"SEALED" RADIO SETS. DO THEY GRANT A MONOPOLY? VIEWS OF EXPERIMENTERS.''' Complaint was recently made by a man who had made himself a wireless set. After the construction of the apparatus was completed he listened-in to broadcasting with satisfactory results, and when he sought official approval for the use of the plant it was withheld, and the man was called upon to either discard his set or adjust it with the aid of expensive apparatus. This morning a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus were interviewed, and in every case they had no fault to find with the regulations of the Commonwealth. It had been stated by the person making the complaint that no other country but Australia adopted the sealed set system, but one wireless enthusiast said that a somewhat similar system had been in force in Germany for a number of years. There the broadcasting service was under the control of the post office, and the receiving-sets were hired out like telephones. Bank managers, stock brokers, and business men generally had them installed, at their country homes, so that they might continually keep in touch with market fluctuations. "Those people," the experimenter said, "don't mind whether the sets are sealed or not. What they want is the service — and they receive it. I wouldn't mind if the Commonwealth came along and sealed down my telephone. I would still be able to put it to its legitimate use; and it is only the service I want." Another experimenter explained the difference between the two classes of receiving licences. There was the licence granted to the bona-fide experimentalist and the one granted to the man who merely wanted the amusement of musical concerts by radio. It was suggested that if the person complaining was capable of building a set, adjusting and working it, he should have little difficulty in securing an experimentalist's licence which would enable him to receive on any wave length, for his set would not be "sealed." Many of the present experimenters were youths upon whom the payment of a broadcasting fee might fall heavily, and this experimenter suggested that the parents or the tenants of the house might club together and pay the several guineas necessary if they wished to take advantage of the boy's set for the purposes of amusement. It was made quite clear, however, that at the present time there was no obligation to do so. "The ordinary wireless experimenter would not be able to make a receiver with a given wave length," another enthusiast said. "Of the total number of licensees holding experimentalists' "tickets" I don't think more than 5 per cent. could make a receiving set which would meet with the approval of the authorities. By this I mean that there is a large number of boys who "potter around" with a plant, but who are unqualified to construct one to given capacity. Of the serious experimenters, however, and there are many who have given many years' study to the business, I think about 75 per cent. in this State could build a plant which would be approved." One trouble which had been experienced was that the authorities would test any plant put before them, but they would not issue drawings and particulars from which a plant of a given wave length could be constructed. The authorities, it was said, were not anxious to know very much about the "internals" of the plant so long as it stood up to the official test. The purpose of this test, it was explained, was to make sure that electricity would not be discharged from it into the ether and thus cause interference, and secondly to ascertain that the plant was capable of being sealed to one wave length, with about a 10 per cent, tuning allowance. A representative of a company interesting itself in broadcasting said he felt sure they would not object to the use of home made plants so long as the broadcasting fee was paid and the plant had been approved by the authorities. Commenting on the complaints generally, he said if inspection was not insisted upon, cheap and nasty materials could be sold; therefore it was in the interests of those who had receiving sets that the regulations operated. It looked to him as if some opposition from the trade was at the bottom of the complaint. It was admitted that a sealed set was more expensive than an unsealed one. There was an extra cost in producing and complying with official requirements. If a mechanic had a free hand he could make a plant much simpler. Possibly an unsealed set could be made for £16, while a "sealed set" might cost £20. Of course sets could be bought cheaper than that, but they would not receive at any great distance. One hundred and fifty guineas could be spent on a set mounted in a cabinet of Queen Anne style, or with Chippendale legs, but the receiving power would be no better than the £20 one. "If we didn't have some restriction," another experimenter said, "our wireless nights would be filled with squeaks and cat-calls caused by oscillations escaping from the aerial and our musical concerts would largely be spoilt. The sealing of the sets is financially necessary to the broadcasting companies. If sets were unsealed and a broadcasting company started, it would be easy for other firms to supply sets by which their customers could listen in to the original broadcasting company without fee. There was nothing so far as he knew to prevent a person building his own receiving set for use in connection with a broadcasting station so long as it was capable of being sealed to the wavelength employed, and it complied with the other departmental restrictions."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78056913 |title="SEALED" RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,229 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Goldfields Radio Society sees significant growth in the lead up to 6WF commencement, looks to acquire a receiving set to hear the opening <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY.''' Mr. Sterling presided over an excellent attendance on Tuesday evening last. Correspondence was received from Mr. Ceci1 advising he would be returning during the next week; and from Messrs. Stokes, Melbourne submitting quote for badge as per design submitted. It was resolved that 50 badges be ordered. Eleven new members were nominated and elected. The president extended a welcome to them, and expressed the hope that there would be more to show them in the near future. A short address was delivered by Mr. Stanton, who explained some of the terms and diagrams commonly used in wireless periodicals. A draft of an appeal for financial assistance to be addressed to prominent citizens was read and approved. It is expected that the powerful broadcasting station of '''Westralian Farmers''', Ltd., will be in operation this month. The wave length is announced as 1050 metres. The society is desirous of having a set of its own ready in time for the opening of this station, and if the appeal for funds is successful, this can easily be accomplished. Notice of motion was handed in "That the motion fixing nights of meeting be rescinded, and that the society meet weekly in future." This will be discussed at the meeting to be held next Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34284683 |title=GOLDFIELDS RADIO SOCIETY |newspaper=[[Western Argus]] |volume=24, |issue=5049 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Status report on progress with installation of 6WF <blockquote>'''NOTES AND COMMENTS ON MATTERS TOPICAL.''' . . . Work in connection with the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station is progressing slowly but surely. A few days ago two holes were knocked in the roof to admit of the aerial supports and before long a gang of plumbers will be set to work effecting joins between each sheet of galvanised iron on the roof. Without the whole roof being made a good conductor, there is the possibility that "sparking" might take place between the sheets of iron when the apparatus was working. Substantial progress has been made with the studio from which the concerts will be given. It is said that when the studio is finished a brass band could play therein, and the sound will be so mellowed that it would sound as in the open air, while the speaker will think he has suddenly been struck dumb. This studio should prove a good practising ground for budding politicians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063312 |title=NOTES AND COMMENTS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A reader of the Perth Daily New pens an indictment of sealed sets and use the Wesfarmers radio set as an example <blockquote>'''SEALED RADIO SETS.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— It is very difficult to believe, as the writer states in your article in last night's "News," that the opinions expressed and the statements set forth therein are from "a number of experimenters and makers of wireless apparatus." It speaks very little for their knowledge of the regulations governing wireless in Australia. There is hardly an accurate statement in the whole thing, and it would be a good idea for those who expressed the ideas quoted to get a copy from the Government Printing Office of the wireless regulations in force at the moment. This costs one shilling, and I would strongly recommend some of those experimenters to hurry up and get a copy and read it. If any person in Australia buys parts and makes himself a wireless receiver, without first getting a licence, he is simply breaking the law, just as one would do in England or anywhere else, and I believe I am safe in saying that the incident mentioned at the beginning of the article in question is inaccurately set forth. As regards sealed sets, the statements are very misleading. Briefly, the state of affairs is that if a person wants to listen to broadcasting merely, he buys a set sealed to one or more waves. The waves are set by the Postmaster-General, the public are informed as to the special wave length applying to any particular station, and any one can buy a set sealed to that wave, provided the set has been passed by the State inspector. This sealing has nothing what ever to do with experimenters or amateurs. It concerns dealers only. A dealer designs a set, and takes one made to his design to the State radio inspector. This official tests it, and it is either rejected or passed. If passed it becomes the master type for that dealer, and he (the dealer) can make as many of them as he likes. For instance, when the '''Westralian Farmers''' Station commences, every dealer will be informed of the wave length to be employed. Any dealer can immediately make a set adjusted to this wave and take it to the inspector in the G.P.O. If the inspector passes it that dealer can make as many as be likes, only when he sells a set he gives the customer a form to fill in. This form is the broadcast licence. The dealer collects the fee required by the '''Westralian Farmers''' for their service. The Postmaster-General takes 10s of this. The W.F. may, out of the remainder, pay some royalties, and the remainder, whatever it is, is their revenue for their service. The remark about amateurs making sets that will pass the test is somewhat amusing, in view of the fact that many sets made by very well known firms in the Eastern States have so far failed to pass the test, which is quite a severe one. It was not my intention to discuss the merits or demerits of the system, but I would mention that, the system is doomed, as surely as it can be. In the Eastern States there is a definite move against the system. It seems a fairly well established fact that many sets have been returned, on account of the inefficiency of a set working under such limitations. It is required in these sets that they shall not be sensitive to signals coming in on waves 10 per cent. shorter or longer than the prescribed wave. This means that the set has to be either very elaborate or else insensitive. Either of these alternatives work against popularising radio, obviously. To say that a sealed set is more expensive to make than an ordinary set, betokens a lamentable knowledge of the most elementary principles of a radio receiver. Anyone can surely understand that a set which is capable of adjustment to any wave must be more intricate than one fixed to only one wave. Surely a little consideration would have prevented such an extraordinary statement being made. Finally, I would like to say that no experimenter, unless he has been expressly informed that he will be expected to pay a fee, is under any obligation to pay one, and no broadcasting firm can demand it from him. All serious experimenters, however, are of the opinion that a small fee paid by them would be only reasonable, and I believe that if they are called upon to pay a reasonable amount they will pay up to a man.— Yours, etc., JOHN A. WISHAW.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063270 |title=SEALED RADIO SETS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,230 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lack of amateur broadcasting activity supports need for 6WF <blockquote>'''WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? This State's Lethargy.''' What's wrong with the W.A. amateur transmitters? Apparently they are still very shy, and our State, when compared with Melbourne and Sydney, is dead. Why? Buck up, you transmitting licence holders, give us some more entertainment regularly from that idle set. It's up to you to fill in the time between now and broadcasting. If you want to get the public interested in wireless, then there must be something for them to listen to. Sad is the case at the present time. How many times have you been asked the question: "What can I hear if I get a wireless set?" "Oh," you answer, "So-and-So will be sending Fri-day, or Sunday, etc." But you can't tell them that they will hear entertainments any night of the week. Oh, no, the new set is brought home and tried out, and no-thing is heard but static (one thing that regularly transmits). Now then, amateurs, there are enough of you in the city and suburban areas to arrange for transmissions every night. Why not make a move at once? Get together, draw up a "roster," and let W.A. be included on the map.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071021 |title=WHERE ARE THE AMATEURS? |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=17 February 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 03===== A Dorothy Dixer in the Perth Sunday Times enables new details about 6WF including first advice of actual wavelength <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME. Opening About April.''' A correspondent signing himself S.S. (Perth) asks for information concerning the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting scheme, when it is to commence, the wavelength, times of transmission, etc? Answer. The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service is to be transmitted on 1250 metres with a power of 5 K.W., and it is expected to commence in April. Amateur transmissions will be as follows:— A. S. Stevens, of 1 Ruth-Street, Perth, every Wednesday, 8 p.m., 430 meters, call signal 6BN; W. E. Coxon, of 306 Bulwer-street, Perth, every Friday and Sunday 8 p.m., 440 meters, call 6AG; C. Cecil, Dugan-street, Kalgoorlie, every Monday and Thursday 8 p.m., call 6AB. In addition, market and weather reports, general news, church services, entertainments, addresses by prominent men, children's bedtime stories, etc., will be broadcasted. Briefly, the service will bring those it serves in direct contact with the outside world. For instance, whereas public men now only address a limited audience in Perth, they will later on speak to thousands of listeners-in throughout the country. With regard to costs. The Farmers will make an annual charge of £4 4s., of which 10s. 6d. will go to the Commonwealth Government for the set license, £1 is for royalties, and the remainder for operating expenses. The "Mulgaphone," a standard listening-in set prepared by the Farmers, will be marketed for £22, and this will serve two persons within a radius of 600 miles, or more if additional head phones are installed at a cost of £1 7s. 6d. each. A loud talker to serve a larger audience is procurable for £23. A more expensive receiving set is procurable for £35 3s. For fuller information application should be made direct to the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, for their illustrated booklet "Broadcasting."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071785 |title=THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' SCHEME |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1365 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon demonstrates broadcast reception at the Westralian Farmers' building, no doubt with a view to use bu 6WF <blockquote>'''"NO BANANAS TODAY" BY WIRELESS. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' EXPERIMENT.''' It seems impossible to forget it. At first artists on the vaudeville stage drummed the melody into our ears, then the bathroom singer took up the chorus, and this afternoon the wireless receiver took up the refrain of "Yes, We Have No Bananas." The occasion was the testing of one of the wireless instruments built for the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting service shortly to be inaugurated in this State. Assembled on a small table in an obscure corner of the large social room of the building in Wellington-street stood a collection of wireless apparatus, with a horn, not unlike the familiar gramophone model, pointing towards the seats which held about two hundred people. Some were the guests of the company, and the remainder were members of the staff, who had met to watch Mr. W. E. Coxon conduct his experiment. A few black knobs were turned, and dull light glowed in the filament valves. A slight crackling noise was heard, and the apparatus broke into music. The operatic air "Traumerei" was the first piece reproduced, and it was followed by waltzes, two-steps, jazz, humorous songs, and a 'cello solo as a final item. Received on a 440-metre wave length the music was transmitted from Mr. Coxon's private station, "6 A.G.," at North Perth, and it demonstrated what pleasure farmers and station owners living outback may soon enjoy. The visitors expressed their astonishment at the compactness of the machine. Instead of the familiar long wire aerial, usually erected on the top of a building, a square frame aerial, with sides about 4ft long, was used, being stood in one corner of the room. This somewhat resembled a large model of the winding machine used by boys who cultivate silk worms. Using a four-valve receiver and a two-stage amplifier, the sound was applied to a high-power "Magna Vox." As the dance music was played young couples chose their partners and demonstrated that the music was entirely suited for dancing, Mr. Coxon intensifying the volume as required, until at one stage it vibrated through the building. Mr. Coxon commented to a Pressman that the broadcasting scheme was progressing very satisfactorily, much work having been done in the studio from where later actual voice reproductions will be made. Among those present at the gathering to day was Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac., who appeared considerably interested in the demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78063425 |title="NO BANANAS TO-DAY" |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,256 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1924 |accessdate=24 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Report of Malone visit to Qld to encourage the establishment of Qld broadcasting draws parallel with 6WF <blockquote>'''Wireless Matters. Arrangements in Queensland. Chief Manager's Visit.''' Wireless matters affecting Queensland are to receive a stimulus through the visit of Mr. J. J. Malone, chief manager of telegraphs and wireless for the Commonwealth, now in Brisbane. '''WHAT IS DOING?''' Asked the reason of his visit, Mr. Malone said it was of an investigatory character. "I want to see what is doing in wireless here," the chief manager proceeded, and to discover how we can assist in clearing away any doubts which may exist as to the Government's attitude towards wireless, and in regard to the administration of its regulations. '''PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.''' "As you know, the Commonwealth Government takes no part in wireless services, apart from the duties of regulating and inspecting them. The broadcasting business is mainly of an entertainment character. We are anxious to see some regular broadcasting business established here and in the provincial cities of Queensland. In Sydney there are two stations operating and there is one at Melbourne. There shortly will be three stations in the latter city. There also will be two at Adelaide in the very near future, and there will be one at Perth. '''FARMERS BROADCASTS.''' "The Perth station is the only one in Australia set up by farmers for their special benefit. The object is not so much of entertainment as of disseminating market quotations and weather forecasts. No doubt Queensland will not be long in following the western State's example in this respect. Already we have find inquiries from people here who are considering the matter. The expense is considerable, however, and this no doubt accounts for the delay in establishing such a service here. '''WHY NOT BRISBANE?''' At present the people of Brisbane are dependent on the Sydney stations, and they are not too successful for interstate work yet. There is no reason why Brisbane should not have its own station, and I am sure it will not be long before she has come into line with the southern metropolises in this way. The two services at Sydney have been operating regularly for three months now, but they have not yet got into their proper stride. No doubt many people are wondering why the Sydney transmissions cannot be picked up satisfactorily here. The principal reason is that there has not been a sufficiency of experimenting yet, and even the big station there is only operating with a 500 watts power, whereas they are entitled to operate to the extent of 5,000 watts. As the power is increased naturally the range is greater, and so it will become easier for listeners to hear the programme. '''EXPERIMENTERS AND BROADCASTERS.''' "About 300 licenses have been issued to amateurs in Queensland. The total number in the Commonwealth is about 6,000. None of these Queensland amateurs are paying the broadcasters any subscription for the obvious reason that there are no broadcasters to pay. When broadcasting is established here a different form of license will be issued. The broadcasters will receive a license which will involve payment of a subscription for services rendered, and experimental licenses will be issued only to those who have some definite object of experiment in view. All those amateurs who have been carrying on here and in other places for years, have done so purely for the scientific love of the work. The only kind of license held in Queensland is that of an experimenter. The broadcasting license is for purely commercial purposes, and the broadcaster is obliged to give a regular and otherwise satisfactory service, whereas the experimenter gives demonstrations on a purely voluntary and gratuitous basis. The Government is anxious to encourage the experimenter, but at the same time it must see that the broadcaster's business is not unduly interfered with; otherwise he will not be able to carry out his services satisfactorily. In order to protect the public in obtaining the right class of wireless equipment no person has a right to sell wireless apparatus unless he holds a wireless dealer's license, and displays outside his premises a sign reading, "Licensed radio dealer." "I am looking forward to meeting the commercial and experimental wireless people here," concluded Mr. '''Malone'''. "No doubt I shall be able to help them in some way. In addition to this, as chief manager of telegraphs, I am looking into telegraphic conditions here with Mr. McConachie, Deputy Postmaster-General, with a view to the extension of facilities of these services." Mr. '''Malone''' will leave here for the south on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182474036 |title=Wireless Matters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph]] |issue=16,005 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 March 1924 |accessdate=4 July 2019 |page=2 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers Ltd. promotes their future broadcasting station at their Narrogin sale <blockquote>'''LOCAL AND GENERAL.''' Opening Stock Sale at Nomans.— The Westralian Farmers Ltd. held their opening sale at Noman's on Tuesday last when there was an attendance comprising practically all the farmers within the adjacent districts. The auctioneers yarded 1500 sheep and report having quitted 1200. Quotations:— Aged ewes, from 27/- to 35/-; young ewes, from 38/- to 43/9; weaners, 27/6 to 34/-. The hammer was wielded by Messrs. Yull and De Mamiel and during an interval an interesting address on "Broadcasting" was given by Mr. W. C. Lovell the manager of the Narrogin branch of the Co.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article156955795 |title=LOCAL AND GENERAL |newspaper=[[Great Southern Leader]] |volume=XV, |issue=807 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Advertisement for the Mulgaphone in Perth Sunday Times <blockquote>'''THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS Limited. BROADCASTING STATION. THE MULGAPHONE.''' The complete Receiving Apparatus, giving perfectly clear reproduction; made to suit Western Australian conditions; without troublesome accumulators; worked simply by dry cells. THE MULGAPHONE is attractive in appearance and unequalled in performance, or in simplicity of operation. You turn a knob, the MULGAPHONE does the rest. THE MULGAPHONE is a quality production, with high-grade material and workmanship, and is sup-plied complete with aerial wire, insulators, head 'phones, dry cells, valves, and full instructions for installation. PRICE .. .. .. .. .. £22 FREE ON RAILS, PERTH. The AMPLIFIER and LOUD SPEAKER can be added to the MULGA-PHONE at any time to convert it into a Combination Set. MULGAPHONE, with Amplifier and Loud Speaker, £45, Free on Rails, Perth. WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET TO — THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS, LIMITED, BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064295 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The quality of Coxon's broadcasting ramps up in the lead up to 6WF commencement & Westralian Farmers foster the wireless experimenters whose support will be vital for 6WF success <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge.''' "Hullo, Australia! This is W.J.A.Z., the Chicago Broadcasting Station." Shall we hear the American broadcasting to-night? Mr. W. E. Coxon's (6AG) transmissions have improved wonderfully of late. The rendering of "Annie Laurie" comes over particularly well, and one can be excused for thinking that real artists are performing. It is the intention of the Westralian Farmers' Co., when their broadcasting scheme is in full swing, to set aside certain periods in the week for experimenters. This action should be greatly appreciated by all genuine experimental-listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064294 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1368 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon to represent Westralian Farmers at the Conference to review sealed sets scheme <blockquote>'''WIRELESS SEALED SETS. RADIO EXPERTS CONFER.''' A preliminary conference to discuss the question of sealed radio sets was held last week with the Postmaster-General, when delegates from the Wireless Institute and the Wireless Development Association put the case for the open sets. Following upon this meeting, the president of the W.A. branch of the Development Association (Mr. C. F. Knapton) has received a telegram intimating that the Postmaster-General has called a further conference of delegates to be held on or before April 7, this conference to have power to submit definite proposals to the Postmaster-General. Mt. R. Wilkes, a well-known experimenter, will represent the Development Association of this State, and it is understood Mr. W. E. Coxon, the technical adviser to the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting scheme, will represent that organisation at the gathering. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78064411 |title=WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,271 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 04===== Westralian Farmers registers the name Mulgaphone for its broadcast receiver <blockquote>'''TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED LIST.''' List of Commonwealth Trade Mark Applications officially accepted and Advertised — February 15, 1924:— . . . 37,568. Listening-in sets for broadcasting of wireless receiving. Word "Mulgaphone" — The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article159933735 |title=TRADE MARK APPLICATIONS. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=11,148 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 (Weekly Summary.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> First announcement of allocation of callsign 6WF to Westralian Farmers Ltd broadcasting station <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcasting station has been allotted the call sign of 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58064999 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> John Thomson off to Eastern Australia to represent Westralian Farmers at wireless conference <blockquote>Gone East in order to attend a wireless conference in Melbourne, John Thomson, of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. While the wheat season is flourishing Thomson is the man in charge of the Wheat Pool of W.A., but now that the last grain has been tucked under a tarpaulin he is the responsible wireless officer of the firm which will shortly introduce broadcasting to W.A.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256963306 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=364 |location=Western Australia |date=11 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Westralian Farmers joins the chorus against sealed sets, WA position well represented <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Sealed Sets Rejected. RADIO CONFERENCE.''' The conference of representatives of the Radio Associations of Australia, the representatives of the dealers in radio apparatus, and the representatives of the broadcasting companies, sitting in the Post Office, Sydney, came to important decisions yesterday in regard to the future control and development of wireless in Australia. A number of matters were referred to committees to report to the adjourned conference on Monday morning. Mr. Marr, M.P., presided. Mr. H. P. Brown, Director of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, represented the Postmaster-General. Delegates were present from all the States of Australia excepting Tasmania. The conference definitely disposed of the previous decision in regard to open sets. A recommendation is to be made to the Postmaster-General that the public should be allowed to use open sets, subject to certain restrictions, which are still being discussed in private, with a view of devising adequate means of protecting the income of the companies broadcasting for revenue. It was unanimously agreed that the fee should be 40/- annually for a common license for all owners of receiving sets (the proceeds to be used for the payment of the broadcasting companies), together with a Governmental charge of 5/ per annum, and whatever royalty would have to be paid to the makers of receiving sets. There was a long discussion on whether there should be a reduction in the charges for "experimenters," but the conference decided against the discrimination. It was argued that the abolition of the sealed sets would do away with most of the present grievances of experimenters. The conference unanimously recommended that the present dealers' licenses should be retained, but that it should not be necessary for the future to compel a customer to produce his receiving license before being supplied with radio apparatus. '''PRESENT POSITION OF BROADCASTING.''' According to the information available officially, there are at present three licensed companies in New South Wales, and there are other companies which have inquired as to the possibility of securing a license. The same position applies in Victoria, where three companies are licensed under the present system. In Queensland there has not been a license issued under the sealed-set system, but four companies have applied for permission to broadcast under the system, and the matter is still in the negotiation stage. In South Australia there has been one formal application for a license, and an assurance has been given that it will be granted. Two other Adelaide companies are also inquiring as to the conditions under which they may be granted a license. In Western Australia one license has been issued, and other companies have inquired as to the conditions under which they may get a license. There has so far been only tentative inquiries as to a license for Tasmania. The position, therefore, is that New South Wales and Victoria are the only States where there is any broadcasting at present, but arrangements are now being made for early broadcasting from Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. The number of licenses at 10s each issued to "experimenters" in December, 1922, was 757, and it had increased to 6573 at the end of last month. When the conference met yesterday morning Mr. Thompson, representing the Westralian Farmers, Limited, which has been licensed to broadcast, said a private conference held with the Western Australian delegates had agreed to a broad outline of a scheme for that State. There was a hope that it would be accepted as the basis of, an agreement by the other States. The conference went into committee to consider how far this scheme could be made applicable to the whole of Australia, and upon resuming Mr. Wilkes (Western Australia Radio Association) said that the delegates had agreed to the following scheme:— "It is desirable that existing licensed broadcasting companies be protected, and as limited competition is also desirable, it is proposed that "A" class (revenue producing) stations in each State shall be New South Wales, 3; Victoria, 3; Queensland, 2; South Australia, 2; Western Australia, 2; and Tasmania, 1; further, that until the subscribers reach 10,000 in Western Australia, the second company is not to participate in the revenue, and when that figure is reached the second company will be allotted the additional revenue until the second company has 10,000 subscribers also, after which the revenue is to be evenly divided. If no application for a further "A" class station is received, then the extra revenue shall be allotted to the existing station. In the event of more than one application for the second Western Australian license being received, the Postmaster-General will decide the issue." '''A DELEGATE WITHDRAWS.''' A debate ensued as to whether the agreement should apply to the Eastern States on the basis of 10,000 subscribers to each broadcasting company, according to the priority of their license, and when the debate threatened to cover all the ground afresh, Mr. E. Holloway, representing the New Systems Telephone Company of Sydney and Melbourne, and president of the Wireless Association of Victoria, moved the following resolution:— "In view of this conference now not being fully representative of all the parties interested, it is abortive to proceed further; it is, therefore, proposed that the proposals already dealt with by the conference be submitted to the Postmaster-General, with a request that a committee of five and a chairman, be appointed immediately by the Postmaster-General, to go fully into all of the many proposals submitted to the Postmaster-General by all parties, and such committee shall draft definite recommendations and submit them to a full conference of interested parties to be held in Melbourne within the next ten days. The committee shall consist of the present chairman, a representative of the Postmaster-General, and four representatives of the wireless interests." This resolution lapsed through want of a seconder, and Mr. Holloway then stated that as there was no possibility of an agreement being arrived at in regard to the matters in dispute, as the Conference was not fully representative, and as the final decision would rest with the Postmaster-General, he asked to be excused from further attendance at the conference. After the luncheon adjournment, Mr. John Denham, stated that in the interval he had got into communication with the Wireless Association of Victoria, and had been authorised to state that Mr. Holloway's withdrawal did not meet with the approval of the association, and he (Mr. Denham) was authorised to represent the association for the remainder of the conference. The chairman stated they would take it that the resolution proposed by Mr. Holloway only represented the views of himself as a director of the New Systems Telephone Proprietary. '''SUGGESTED ONE BIG COMPANY.''' Mr. Thompson, on behalf of the broadcasting companies, accepted the proposal for the limitation of the number of broadcasting stations in each of the States as given above, but the number of licenses to be permitted to each company before an additional company is allowed to participate in the revenue was left for further discussion in committee. It was understood that the number of licenses to be allocated to any one company before that company was subjected to competition should not be less than 10,000. It was unanimously agreed that the conference should invite a representative each from Messrs. Anthony Hordern and Sons, Ltd., David Jones, Ltd., New Systems Telephone Pty., Mark Foy's, Ltd., Lassetter and Co., Ltd., Marcus Clark and Co., Ltd., and Harringtons, Ltd., to attend before the adjourned conference on Monday morning to state the reasons why they advocated the establishment of one big broadcasting company in Australia, as they had done in the communication addressed to the chairman at the opening of the conference. Mr. Scott, representing the wireless associations of New South Wales, said that the decisions of the conference were developing on the lines of the British regulations, and it was evidently something of this nature that these companies desired. Their views should be heard. The conference adjourned until 9.30 on Monday and the hope was generally expressed that at the reopening of the conference, Messrs. Farmers', Limited, would be represented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16145036 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=26,917 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Stevens fills in for Coxon with broadcasting while Coxon in Sydney for Wireless Conference, update on 6WF installation <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Congratulations are due to Mr. Stevens (6BN) for his transmissions during the absence of Mr. W. E. Coxon. It makes one think what a dead ether it would be without Mr. Stevens at the present time. . . . Westralian Farmers are as busy as the proverbial beehive these days, and another few days should see the rear mast proudly erect on the roof of the building. The studio itself is completed, and the machinery is expected to be installed at any time. Experimenters and listeners-in are not often entertained with a programme such as 6BN radiated last Wednesday. In order to establish communication with Korbel, he lengthened his concert considerably, and listeners were treated to at least 2½ hours of continuous music. Thank you, 6BN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065386 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1370 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Comprehensive overview of 6WF project by Basil Murray interviewed by The West Australian journalist <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Ambitious Local Project. Westralian Farmers' Service.''' Within the next month or so probably the greatest development of modern science will, literally, be brought home to the farmers, pastoralists and others who are scattered throughout Western Australia. By that time the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., should have completed their arrangements for broadcasting general news; market and weather reports, concerts, public speeches, and other interesting matter over a very large section of the State, and the order has been placed for a larger set, which, it is hoped, within three months will bring Wyndham within broadcasting touch of Perth. Discussing this ambitious scheme with a representative of the "West Australian" yesterday, Mr. Basil Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., said that under the present broadcasting regulations his firm had been granted a licence to broadcast in Western Australia, but this did not confer upon them any monopoly except in respect to the wave length for which the licence had been granted. On the vexed question of seated or open sets, the Westralian Farmers had no feeling, nor did they require any monopoly. They felt that they were establishing a broadcasting station and service of a description that must satisfy the public. The licence granted was for a five kilowatt set — the largest that could be erected in Australia. The present set at Sydney was only 500 watts, but he understood that a five kilowatt set was to be installed there shortly. So far, however, there were no sets of that size in operation in Australia. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have been somewhat disappointed regarding the date of the commencement of their service. This, said Mr. Murray, had been due to the Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., not being able to deliver the machinery as soon as they had anticipated. Arrangements had been made for the immediate installation of a 500 watt set and with this they would be able to carry out valuable experiments, and give the same service as was being given in Sydney at the present time. They were very hopeful that within two or three months the five kilowatt set would be in full working order. To ensure efficient distribution the Westralian Farmers were erecting two steel masts, which would project 120ft. from the roof of their building in Wellington-street, and have a total elevation of over 200 ft from the street level. It was expected that this part of the system would be completed in about ten days. Already an up-to-date studio had been fitted up on the top floor of the building and everything had been done to ensure that it would be absolutely sound-proof. There were several different walls, and the spaces between them had been filled with sawdust and other material, while the inside, lining was of loose house canvas arranged in pleats. The idea was not only to prevent outside sounds entering the room, but to avoid reverberation or echoing of the sound inside the studio. A comprehensive programme had been arranged for each day. Subscribers would receive general news of the day from all parts of the world, current market prices of produce, weather and shipping reports, educational lectures and items of amusement. The Education Department was taking an interest in the matter, and it was hoped that a University extension course would be arranged. It was also hoped to broadcast lectures and information from the Department of Agriculture, which would be of educational value to producers. A full programme of amusements had been organised and of this department Mr. A. J. Leckie, F.R.C.O., Mus. Bac., had been appointed director. Continuing, Mr. Murray said that arrangements had been made to import from English makers parts for receiving sets and his company was equipping workshops on the premises in which to assemble the receivers. Mr. W. E. Coxon, whom they believed to be the leading expert in the State, had agreed to join the Westralian Farmers' staff as a permanent officer, and they had every confidence that the technical side of the service would be in most efficient hands. Referring to the purchase price of receiving sets, Mr. Murray said that this would vary according to the distance the purchaser lived from the broadcasting station and the type of instrument he required. For distances of 20 miles and less from Perth a satisfactory set could be purchased for a few pounds, but for rural areas, ranging, say, from 100 to 600 miles, a more elaborate and costly set would be necessary. Again, if the set was required for just a few house holders, the price would be less than in case where "loud talkers" and amplifiers were needed. Farmers, however could obtain a satisfactory set, including aerial wire, for £22. He did not expect that the annual fee charged by the Westralian Farmers would be more than £4 4s. and he was hopeful that it would be even less. Out of this fee a royalty had to be paid to the Amalgamated Wireless and a fee of 10s. 6d. to the Postmaster-General's Department. In conclusion, Mr. Murray said the sole object of the Westralian Farmers in erecting this station was to bring to the farmer in particular what they believed to be a wonderful convenience. The cost of the complete plant would be slightly over £10,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31226763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,832 |location=Western Australia |date=17 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Journalist notes that the 6WF masts will provide a landmark for those approaching the city <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. '''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . Westralian Farmers are fortunate indeed to have such a select site for their broadcasting station. Apart from the excellent facilities for broadcasting distribution, it is situated in such a position that it immediately commands the view of all persons travelling to the city from the port, so that visitors to our little homestead will not leave with the impression that Perth is out of date, as they may perhaps have done hitherto. . . . <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58065736 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1371 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 05===== Korbel prepares for commencement of 6WF <blockquote>'''KORBEL RADIOGRAMS.''' (By Our Wireless Correspondent) . . . Mr Jas. Lennen of Korbel and Mr Robt. Pollock have now got splendid aerials erected, and are both ready for the reception of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting which commences shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252466628 |title=KORBEL RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XI, |issue=529 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A letter to the editor of the Westralian Worker puts a compelling case against sealed sets and monopolistic broadcast groups <blockquote>'''WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? MONOPOLISTS OR THE PEOPLE?''' The rapid growth of wireless telephony in the past few years, together with the many absorbing features of broadcasting, has made Radio the King Hobby in England and America. The comparative ease with which a satisfactory set can be constructed from cheap component parts has given the radio a further impulse, and relegated model building, stamp collecting, and fretwork well into the back ground. Here, the creative instinct, strong in the majority of people, finds free play in a useful direction. And the realization that with a satisfactory outfit the radio fan can listen-in, practically at will, to concert items, lectures, etc., of a variety to suit his taste, has popularised wireless immensely in other countries. And the same will happen in Australia if the Australian is given sympathetic treatment. At present the construction of his own set by the mechanic, or persons mechanically inclined, is futile because of the wavering attitude of a Federal Government, which is always ready to take advice from those sections of the community not actuated by any philanthropic, patriotic, or altruistic motives. In Sydney, recently, we had the sealed set war. Farmer's Ltd., a Sydney rag firm, which, with the tenacity of a stickfast flea clinging to a spring chicken, has hung on to the growing enthusiasm for the ether wave for no reasons that are scientific or beneficent — if the remarks of the firm's delegates at the conference on wireless matters are any indication — want the sealed set to continue. Farmer's Ltd. (not to be confused with Westralian Farmers Ltd. — a firm of another colour) are dabbling in broadcasting and want a virtual monopoly of the New South Wales business, even if they must penalise all other States in the process. The sealed set is a set fixed to tune in on only one wave length. This gives the owner of a set absolutely no discrimination in his selection of a programme, but it means exclusive business for the monopolisers of broadcasting, and hence, bigger profits. The feelings of the owner of a receiving set are not considered. The trade of the legitimate dealer in radio goods, one whose interests rely on the popularity of the new science, is endangered. The aims of the experimenter concern Farmer's Ltd. and their kin not at all. The sealed set must go if wireless is to progress in Australia. An open license, covering the whole business, on the lines of the vehicle license, is all that is needed. What would the car owner of, say, Bunbury, think if it were enacted that all automobiles must have sealed wheels, set to a certain prescribed gauge, and operative only on roads of that gauge for which the license was issued. A phenomenal boom in the boot trade would result. The ether must remain as free for the "radio fan" as the roads are for the vehicle owner. The other delegates to the conference are to be commended for the strenuous opposition they made to Farmer's tactics. But they made a mistake when they recommended that the present so-called experimental license take its place, called an expert experimental license; that the total number issued at any time shall not exceed the following: N.S.W. 300, Victoria 300, S.A. 100, W.A 100, Queensland 150, and Tasmania 30; that such licenses be free of charge, and shall be issued yearly by the Postmaster-General on the recommendation of the Wireless Institute of Australia in each State. This, says the "Sunday Times" (20/4/24) is likely to cause a hard knock. True, it hurts. And everyone with a regard for progress and freedom will be justified in knocking out the "980 clause." This extreme limitation is likely to choke the natural development of wireless in the rapidly-growing Commonwealth. No more than 980, presumably, are allowed to practise out new circuits, new methods of reception and transmission, or new designs in components. Inventions appertaining to wireless are to be left severely alone by all except a few favoured experts; and these experts are not selected in an open competitive examination like Bachelors of Arts, Doctors of Medicine, and Steam Engine Drivers, but are the nominees of a Wireless Institute. The adoption of the "980 clause" will not further the advancement of wireless, but will undoubtedly mean an outbreak of wave thieving among otherwise respectable citizens and a spread of "bootleg" experimenting. The way of the department controlling wireless is clear. There must be no more monopolies or interference with the freedom of the ether. (Amalgamated Wireless is enough.) Unlimited experimenting under license and control will not hamper broadcasting or telegraphy, and will do much to develop the growth of Radio. And a healthy growth of radio will be to the mutual interests of the man outback and the bloke in the street. "Faceplate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148270520 |title=WHO SHALL RULE THE WIRELESS WAVES? |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=918 |location=Western Australia |date=2 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Humorous description of John Thomson in the Perth Leader <blockquote>'''PERSONALIA.''' . . . There is a little man named Thomson, chief officer of the W.A. Wheat Pool, and of the Westralian Farmers broadcasting department, who is well known throughout the golden grain areas, where, in former years, he used to travel extensively in a Ford car. Thomson is the slickest thing, outside the electrical appliances in which he is at present engaged, and there isn't an office boy round in the Wellington-street emporium who could or would try to beat Thomson running up stairs, four at a time, or bolting along passages like Postle. Speed and efficiency appear to be his watchwords, and if his efficiency is equal to his speed he must be 100 per cent. One time, in a very boggy winter, Basil Murray had a problem to face — six of the firm's motor ears were bogged in the wheat belt, and the drivers had come back to Perth. "Look here," said Murray to one of them, "I can't make out how you fellows get bogged and can't get out. Now, there's Thomson—." The driver got angry. "Yes," he snarled back, "Thomson!" Thomson is so light that a car wouldn't bog with his weight, and he's so damn fast that he never touches the ground; and if you expect us to drive like Thomson you can just treble our insurance policies, Mr. Murray, that's all. We are god-fearing men with families — Thomson fears nothing, God, man or the devil."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article256964486 |title=PERSONALIA |newspaper=[[The Leader]] |volume= , |issue=368 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1924 |accessdate=25 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times journalist "Long Wave" states the two 6WF mast now erected and suggests likely start date of 3 June <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Red Indian war-woops are the latest feature of 2LO, London. It makes me wonder whether the West Farmers will induce some of our "abos" to face the microphone. Country readers will be interested to learn that the two masts of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., of Perth, have now been erected, and part of the transmitting apparatus is installed in the studio apartments. The concern will very likely be on the air by June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58066856 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in LyricsOf the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1374 |location=Western Australia |date=11 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian journalist "The Seer" eloquently professes no love for the new-fangled broadcasting, but perhaps protests too much <blockquote>'''SOME REFLECTIONS. ON VARIOUS TOPICS.''' (By "The Seer.") . . . The lure of broadcasting seems to be taking a firm hold in Geraldton. It is also taking deep root in Western Australia. The Westralian Farmers are spending something like £10,000 in installing a broadcasting apparatus in Perth, and soon, we read, there is no place so remote in West Australia, that it will be unable to link up by sound with the throbbing life of the City. Personally, I can't help saying that broadcasting has no especial appeal for me. When I shut the front door I like to shut out the various voices of the world. I don't want to be pursued at home by music that I wouldn't otherwise listen to, I don't want to hear lectures and speeches that I wouldn't otherwise attend. And I never had a particular fancy for "hearing" news. I like to "read" it for myself in a morning or evening paper, or, better still, in a sane little district publication like the "Guardian." Loneliness, I admit, should be relieved whenever it oppresses the spirit of a man or a woman. But this broadcasting business is all one-sided. Would not it be better for this country, if instead of thrilling Geraldton with the hum of the City, we could entrance Perth with the eloquent silence of Nabawa? I would be in favor of setting up an aerial in the heart of the City, where the town dweller could hear the lowing of the cattle at Newmarracarra, or the bleating of the sheep at Moonyoonooka, or even the gentle ripple of the Chapman in winter. Also, I would cheerfully pay towards broadcasting in Perth some of the genuine applause that greets a winner at Murgoo. It should be an agreeable change to the Perth punter, used to the "cusses" of the "bookie" when a favorite gets home at Belmont. In short, what we want in Western Australia is not so much to tell country people of the gay noises of the City, as to convince City people that there are pleasant sounds in the country of which they never dream. Besides telegraphy, telephony and the rest of the "tels." are alright as far as they go. But until "television" becomes an accomplished fact they will fall far short of all that is required. You may broadcast all the sounds of the Royal Show and all the judges' remarks and all the press comments on the top of them, but unless you can send along a vision of the cattle and sheep and pigs and dogs — to say nothing of the ladies' dresses, and artful feminine glances and smiles — your broadcast is going to be a poor substitute for a visit to Claremont. The same is true of theatrical entertainments. In nine cases out of ten it's the scene that explains the dialogue, and the talk without the setting isn't worth broadcasting. Suppose, too, a pretty girl sings a nice song. What's the good of the song without a vision of the damsel? Not much better indeed than the noise of a ballet dance with out a glimpse of the legs. Still, I suppose we are only just beginning to wake up to this tremendous new lure of life. The very kids now-a-days picture the air as a network of highways and byways and start exploring the ether before they can walk to the back beach. Yet go into a broadcasting station and you seem to be watching the efforts of another order of beings to communicate with the children of men. A poet, Milton, I believe (I hardly think it was "Jingo") wrote of — "Aery tongues that syllable mea's names On sands and shores and desert wildernesses." And today his dream has come to be a sober reality. So apart from its utility, or howsoever it may be misapplied, if you want to come into contact with a modern miracle — just for once "listen-in." You will find that your ear is well and truly at the "keyhole of the invisible world." <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67288102 |title=SOME REFLECTIONS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4290 |location=Western Australia |date=13 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes of Wireless Development Assoc WA expresses grave concern as to directions for new wireless regulations <blockquote>'''Wireless Broadcasting.''' (To the Editor.) Sir,— As a member of the conference recently held in Sydney, I was somewhat disgusted but not altogether surprised by the remarks of the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) appearing in the Press. From the day of publication of the existing regulations, Mr. Gibson showed himself as a keen supporter of the big monopolistic concerns favored by them, and as being blind to the interests of the public and the small traders throughout the Commonwealth. His representative admitted at the conference that he was compelled by the traders and public to call the new conference. For nine months he held out against all persuasions, arguments and attacks. He gave in unwillingly, and is now showing his antagonism by his treatment of the conference recommendations, despite the fact that he called the conference, asked for its recommendations, and, before it was held, led the people concerned to believe that its recommendations would be adopted. When the composition of the conference was being considered, Mr. Gibson said that the problems involved were for technical minds. He invited representatives from all the broadcasting companies and an equal number from the Wireless Development Associations of the Commonwealth. In regard to the latter, it may be mentioned that in each State there is a Wireless Development Association, which all who are interested in wireless and its development may join. The apathy of the public has resulted in 90 per cent. of the membership of these associations being made up of traders, big and little, with a sprinkling of keen enthusiasts. It must be agreed by all unprejudiced minds that the conference represented the public traders generally and the broadcasting companies — in fact, all who were primarily involved in alterations to the regulations. Evidently the Postmaster-General and the big interests who are supporting him, find the recommendations of the conference somewhat unpalatable, for I see that he is trying to throw dust in the eyes of the public by stating that the conference represented only one side, and that he now has to consider many other people. If that is so, Mr. Editor, why did he not invite those other interests to the conference? Let me tell you, Mr. Editor, that with the exception of the Press, he did invite the other interests, but the weaknesses of their pet schemes had already been exposed. They therefore withdrew from the conference with the object of submitting those pet schemes privately to the Postmaster-General. On the first day of the conference, I protested most emphatically against the attitude of these people, and against the inference that the Postmaster-General should listen to the private schemes brought forward by interested parties. If their schemes would not stand open debate in conference, it was evident that they were not good for the public. It must be remembered that the proposals taken to the conference by the various members had been debated from all points of view in the separate States. These various ideas were thrashed out in detail over a period of eight days during which the various members of the conference were in constant consultation. Now Mr. Gibson is trotting forward suggestions which have been put forward by interested parties outside the conference, but which suggestions were definitely taken up by the conference, either in public or private, and rejected only after keen debate from all points of view. I think you will agree, Mr. Editor, that it is humiliating for the members of the conference to find that the Postmaster-General is accepting suggestions at the instigation of outsiders — suggestions that had been definitely debated and rejected by the conference. Had the Postmaster-General been present during the public and private sittings of the conference, he would have heard all the arguments against these objectionable features, and I contend that it is improper that he should stay away from the conference and then accept suggestions submitted privately by others, without hearing the arguments against those proposals. For instance, in the interview quoted in today's paper, the Postmaster-General favors one big broadcasting company. On behalf of W.A., I bitterly opposed such a proposal. West Australians have enough of Eastern States' control. They feel that too much West Australian money is flowing to the Eastern States now, and West Australians do not want to have their broadcasting controlled from Sydney, and to see any profits from the venture going to big concerns in the Eastern States. In addition, the representative of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which company has committed itself to a large expenditure on broadcasting, definitely refused to be associated with any Eastern States one-big-company scheme. Mr. Gibson is also trotting forward a proposal to vary the subscriptions according to the distance of the receiver from the broadcasting station. This also was debated by the conference and definitely rejected as being impracticable. The originators of such a proposal overlook the fact that the big broadcasting stations are all in the capital cities, where entertainment, music, and news are all plentiful, and can be got at the expense of a few pence. Such people are not likely to pay several pounds as a subscription to a broadcasting company. On the other hand, people hundreds of miles in the country will get the most use out of it, and will use it at every opportunity, and therefore should pay the most for the service. But if we admit that they have to pay more for their instruments, it is but common justice to charge them the same service fee as is charged townspeople. Even the sponsors of this proposal at the conference were thoroughly convinced of its undesirability. In belittling and shelving many of the conference recommendations, Mr. Gibson is showing himself as ignoring the lessons of the last few months. The objectionable features of the existing regulations have stirred up so much feeling that throughout the Commonwealth both the public and traders are ignoring them absolutely. There is not a trader in the Commonwealth today who is not secretly or openly breaking the regulations daily. In fact, in the Eastern States I found the traders and public in open rebellion against the regulations. In these circumstances, for the Postmaster-General to ignore the recommendations of the conference is, in my opinion, calculated to invite further dissatisfaction and defiance of the new regulations, which should by their reasonableness appeal to the sense of right and justice of the whole community.— Yours etc., R. WILKES. Perth, May 13.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84246228 |title=Wireless Broadcasting |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,307 |location=Western Australia |date=14 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP. Monopoly of the Air Contemplated. THE BROADCASTING BUNGLE: : AND OTHER MYSTERIOUS THINGS. The West To Suffer As Usual.''' Because of the long delay in establishing broadcasting by wireless in Western Australia people were losing interest in it. In fact, except for the radio dealers and the enthusiastic amateurs the general public had come to regard "broadcasting" as one of those boons and blessings that may be expected to come with the millenium. But the P.M.G.'s statement in the "West Australian," of Tuesday last has awakened fresh interest, and aroused fresh hope. Mr. Gibson was somewhat reticent but we gather from the interview that the department is framing a new set of regulations to govern broadcasting, and that the Federal Cabinet is considering the vexed question of control. Unfortunately the P.M.G. did not tell the whole story of the long, drawn-out negotiations over broadcasting and wireless, the latter particularly. It is a story of intense interest concerning a subject that is of national importance. And without going into technical details, we propose to set forth the salient facts. '''WHY MR. BRUCE FAILED''' The Federal Government is enmeshed in a tangle because of its agreement with Amalgamated Wireless (Australia) Ltd., a legacy bequeathed by the Hughes Administration. Under this agreement made in 1922, the Commonwealth put up £500,001 for that number of shares in a 1,000,000 shares company, the balance of the shares being held by the Amalgamated Wireless. Now, this latter concern is mainly the Marconi company. And the reason Australia cannot arrange a regular and combined wireless service with Britain and the other dominions is that the British Post Office will not hear of the Marconi Co. being in the scheme. When Mr. Bruce was in England he endeavoured to come to an amicable arrangement, but the British P.M.G. was adamant. He stood behind what is known as the Donald committee's report, which recommended that all wireless stations in Britain should be under the direct control of the Post Office. This last department has had previous dealings with the Marconi company, whose managing director is an extremely shrewd man of business (he is Godfrey Isaacs, the elder brother of the present Viceroy of India). But apart from this latter fact, the Home Authorities are strenuously opposed to any private company controlling a monopoly of the air. Therefore we had the Gilbertian situation of the Prime Minister of a democratic country like ours urging on the conservative Cabinet of Britain that a monopoly be granted. And in this the British Government is absolutely in the right just as the Australian Government is hopelessly in the wrong. '''AN UNHOLY ALLIANCE''' The air belongs to the people, and it is of vast importance that they should retain possession of all rights to its use. For wireless is even now in its infancy and the day is not far distant when broadcasting as a method of disseminating news will be a serious rival with the public press. Consider a monopoly of wireless news by any private concern! It would make that concern a world power, able to direct the public mind to its will. As things are in Australia the position is fraught with danger. Here we have the Federal Government in partnership with moneyed interests in an absolute control of wireless in this country. When broadcasting is widely established what is to prevent an unscrupulous Government from using radio for propaganda purposes? Those in political power practically could dictate all political news and views that would be issued by radio. This is no fantastic picture. News and views have been controlled before now in Australia, as those who remember the press censorship during the war period will agree. It will be seen, therefore, that the control of wireless and broadcasting is of vital import to every citizen. Yet the Federal Cabinet, not content with the existing monopoly of wireless, seriously proposes (according to the P.M.G.) to grant another in broadcasting! '''SOME SECRET HISTORY''' Of course, Mr. Gibson piously promises Government control and a Endtation of profits. But this is beside the point. For the inner history of the protracted negotiations over broadcasting suggests a clever attempt to secure a "scoop" by a syndicate of Eastern magnates. If this is permitted then Western Australia will once more be cynically exploited for the benefit of the East. It is impossible to explain the position clearly without dealing with the events of the past 12 months. In May, 1923, a conference was called by the P.M.G. when the only scheme submitted was that of Mr. Fisk, general manager of Amalgamated Wireless, who spoke for over two hours in elaboration of his proposals. Members of the conference, knowing the call of the public for the earliest possible use of wireless, agreed to that scheme. (It should be noted that this State was not officially represented). About three months later the P.M.G.'s department issued a schedule of regulations and it was at once seen that they were entirely too theoretical, and that the practical side had not been sufficiently considered. This was proven six months later when tests made of the receiving sets, which Amalgamated proposed to issue to the public were not wholly satisfactory. '''IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST''' By this time other considerations had arisen, so in April last there was a conference in Sydney of all those interested in this matter. Delegates attended from all the States, and all sections were represented — the trade, amateurs and the public. Only two or three Sydney firms already using the Amalgamated service held aloof. A new schedule of regulations was drawn up and submitted to the P.M.G. The two main items insisted on (from the public viewpoint) were that "open" not "sealed" sets be issued, and there should be no monopoly of service, but open competition. The difference between an open and a sealed set is that with the latter the owner is restricted to one service — if he wishes to "listen-in" to the programme of another company he has to buy that company's set. Thus one service company may be working on a 1000 metre wave length, and its receiving sets are sealed to that length. Whereas an open set can be adjusted to a different wave length. it can readily be understood that the open set is much more convenient, and economical to the public. '''MORE EASTERN EXPLOITATION''' It is also clear that open competition is in the public benefit. It means that there will be a constant striving to improve programmes and to fit them for different localities and different interests. And it would certainly lead to reduced prices of apparatus. It is just here that the particular interests of the people of this State are engaged. If a monopoly is granted it will be an Eastern monopoly and the West will be restricted to an Eastern service which may be wholly unsuited to our peculiar conditions. All the local folk interested in wireless, including the dealers, the amateurs and Westralian Farmers have combined to insist that Western Australia must have a separate service of its own. Furthermore whatever may be decided on for the Eastern States our local Wireless Development Association is claiming the right to open competition in this State. Dictation by the East will be resisted. And the fight is now on. '''MUCH "LOBBYING" IN MELBOURNE.''' Two big theatrical firms are financially interested in broadcasting, and it is believed they were behind a proposal recently put before the Federal Cabinet. This was for the formation of a company with £200,000 capital to control broadcasting, those firms and companies already engaged in the business to be absorbed, being given shares equal to their capital outlay. Owing to a vigorous protest from the State branches of the Wireless Development Association the acceptance of this proposal was checked. But there is so much "facilitating" over in Melbourne it is feared that unless public feeling is aroused the Eastern "lobbyists" will prove successful. This would mean the complete subordination of W.A. to Eastern interest's. For instance, Westralian Farmers who have expended something like £20,000 in erecting a transmitting station and are almost ready to commence a service, will lose all individual control of their own broadcasting organisation if the monopolistic proposal is accepted. With their intimate knowledge of local conditions and requirements Westralian Farmers were preparing a really serviceable programme of news, market prices, music etc., which would bring the most distant settlers into touch with the world's affairs. It was their intention to promote the benefit of the State as a whole rather than look for immediate profits. But if their broadcasting department becomes merely a subsidiary branch of an Eastern firm , then its service necessarily will be largely detailed by the East. Obviously a programme suitable for the centred populations of large cities is not suitable for the lonely pioneers of this large State. It is to be hoped, therefore, that citizens generally will support the determined stand of our local wireless folk for absolute independence of action in W.A. And in such an important matter to the people, the State Government, pledged to oppose any hint of a monopoly, may well be asked to register its protest against another exploitation of this State by Eastern grab-alls, Government or otherwise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903005 |title=A THREATENED WIRELESS RAMP |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=516 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Sunday Times reports that 6WF studios almost complete and that work has commenced on the aerial system <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week.''' Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics — Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. By LONG WAVE. . . . The studio of the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting department is now assuming most elaborate proportions. Artistic drapings are being erected and the whole turnout promises to rival any of the other Australian broadcasting studios. Work has commenced on the aerial system, and everything points to a near "first-night."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067425 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1375 |location=Western Australia |date=18 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed description in the West Australian of the work to date on the 6WF facilities <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. WIRELESS BROADCASTING. Housing the Plant.''' An interesting piece of construction has recently been carried out in the city in connection with the installation of the first wireless broadcasting plant in Western Australia. The company undertaking this enterprise is the Westralian Farmers' Ltd., which is hopeful of being able to commence broadcasting within the next week or ten days. The constructional site comprises two units — the apartments for the housing of the plant and the masts for the wireless aerials. The apartments consist of an auditorium capable of holding a fair sized concert party, or band, a main distribution room which houses the wireless apparatus, a machinery room and a battery room. In order to provide against interference with the clearness of broadcasting, the auditorium had to be constructed in such a way as to eliminate entirely any possible sound from external sources, as well as to prevent the electrical waves being interfered with by any external vibrations and electrical currents. So sensitive is the mechanism of the broadcasting plant that a pin dropped near the distribution instruments would create in the receiving instruments scattered throughout the country jarring and harsh noises almost as loud as pistol cracks, so that it is essential that nothing but the pure sound required to be distributed should enter into the receiving machinery. To ensure this the auditorium had to be constructed with several varieties of insulated materials. The main frame, including the floors, walls and ceilings is of wood studding. This is lined internally and externally by a series of wood boarding, cardboard sheeting, felt, galvanised sheet iron and hessian, whilst the cavity space is filled with sawdust and cotton waste. The galvanised sheet iron had to be soldered at every junction, and round the whole four sides, floor and ceiling, to prevent electrical short circuiting, it being then connected to earth. This prevents the intrusion of any electrical disturbances. The hessian is the last internal lining, and has been effectively draped, painted with varied colours to give an artistic effect to the interior of the room. The hessian covers the whole of the ceiling as well; and the flooring is covered with thick matting. Even the system of ventilation had to be devised in such a way as to prevent the intrusion of vibrations or noises, and the air penetrating into the room has to pass through water, which acts as an absorbing medium. Electrically forced methods of induction had to be used to secure a free form of ventilation. The steel masts to carry the main aerials are 120ft. above the main ridge to the roof, and are formed of a series of steel tubes, diminishing in a circumference upward, and secured in position by a series of 12 wrought steel guys. All these guys are effectively insulated against the distributions of electrical currents. The whole mast is resting on a specially constructed Oregon raft, which enables the distribution of the strains and stresses over the main walls and doors of the building. Beneath the aerial is a wire screen which prevents short circuiting of the electrical waves down through the building to earth. The erection of these masts was a specially difficult problem. They were erected section by section vertically on the topmost floor of the building, and then pushed through the roof. The sections were added and guyed into position as the masts rose. They are the largest steel masts erected within the State, with the exception of the Applecross mast which is 400ft. high, and they are the first of their kind made and erected locally. The masts were manufactured by Messrs. Harris, Scarfe and Sandovers, and the erection was carried out by men used to ship mast processes. The work was carried out under the personal supervision of Mr. E. P. Henshaw, from designs of and under the general supervision of Messrs. Oldham, Boas and Ednie-Brown, architects. The wireless installation is being erected by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Limited, of Sydney, whilst the technical electrical construction was under the control of Mr. W. E. Coxon, who is the technical head of the wireless staff of the Westralian Farmers Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31231798 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,857 |location=Western Australia |date=19 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Work on the roof of the Westralian Farmers building is a sistraction for those at street level <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS AND NOTES.''' (By "Ether.") . . . Still the question is being asked: "What are they doing up there," and on turning and following the gaze of the speaker you find him deeply engrossed in the work being carried out on the roof of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. This firm has undertaken the transmission of concerts, weather re-ports, market quotations, etc., which will prove of the greatest value to the man outback. It will experiment with a small set to begin with, using a power of 500 watts. This is really the modulator of the large 5,000-watt transmitter. The first concert will be broadcasted on June 3, and from then on transmissions will be bi-weekly. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31232267 |title=RADIO NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,859 |location=Western Australia |date=21 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The future 6WF actively involved in developing the new wireless regulations of 1924 <blockquote>'''BRUCE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE. MR. WILKES GIVES W.A. PUBLIC THE FACTS.''' (For weeks past the "Worker"' has been directing attention to the "sealed sets" wireless iniquity. An octopus (half Federal Government and half Amalgamated Wireless Co.) has been strangling broadcasting. While the life and death struggle has been going on, what have Federal members Mann, Gregory, and Co. been doing? Can't they see anything but Free Trade? Fortunately Mr. Wilkes (Principal of the City Commercial College) has put up a bonny fight for the people.) Now that wireless broadcasting has come to stay, the public is learning something of the ring-fence which the monopolistic Amalgamated Wireless of Australia, backed up by a monopolistic Nationalist Government, sought to hedge around what is probably the greatest public utility, commercially and socially, of the age. It is common knowledge that under the wireless agreement negotiated about four years ago by Billy Hughes, the Commonwealth Government holds a one-half interest in Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. (Start photo caption) MR. R. WILKES. (End photo caption) Amalgamated Wireless got in early and secured the Australian rights of the wireless patents of all the big systems. By this means it was in a position to dictate terms — and it made the terms pretty stiff — to any concern desiring to enter on the broadcasting business. '''Regulations That Fleece the Public. ''' Wireless being controlled by the Federal Government, the promulgation of regulations became necessary; these in due course, made their appearance. As was to be expected from a Nationalist Government source, these regulations evidenced greater concern for the companies than for the public. Thus, the companies were to be licensed at a fee of 10/-, with the right to collect, and fix, their own charges to users of their service. It may be here mentioned that in England the licensing fee is 10/- per annum; in America and France no license fee is demanded, though in the latter country a broadcasting fee of a few pounds is charged; New Zealand levies a broadcasting fee of £1/5/-; and in South Africa and the Irish Free State it is £1. '''West Australia Gets IT in the Neck.''' Let us now see how it was proposed to treat Australia. To ensure to itself the full return of the monopoly it had established, Amalgamated Wireless issued an edict that what is known as "sealed sets" must be used in connection with receiving sets used for its farmed-out broadcast service. The effect of this was to restrict a receiver to one wavelength, and to thereby provide that anyone desiring to make fuller use of his instrument would be compelled to pay a further license fee for every additional wavelength used. In Western Australia this worked out thus. Three companies proposed to enter the broadcasting business on differing wavelengths, the respective charges for the service being £4/4/-, £3/10/-, and £3. Thus a subscriber desiring to use all three wave lengths would have to pay £11/14/- for the privilege. '''P.M.G. Takes the Side of Monopoly.''' How this worked to the enrichment of Amalgamated Wireless is explained in the astounding demand for a further royalty — on top of two other royalties already provided for — of 25 per cent. of the gross receipts from licenses issued by the broadcasting companies. Protests against the regulations under which this extortion was possible were made unavailingly to the Post master-General for months, the substitution of the "open set" (which would permit the use of any wavelength) for the "sealed set" being sought. Political and other pressure eventually forced the calling by the P.M.G. of a conference of broadcasting companies' representatives and representatives of the Wireless Development Association — an association composed mainly of small dealers in wireless outfits, though interested citizens are eligible for membership. '''Practically a One Man Fight.''' At that conference Western Australia was represented by Mr. Thompson of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. (which is to begin broadcasting on June 3) and Mr. E. C. (sic, Robert) Wilkes, of the City Commercial College, on behalf of the Wireless Development Association of W.A. Mr. Wilkes has taken a deep interest in wireless for years, and his exposure in the "Daily News" of the misstatements by the P.M.G. of the conference proceedings shed a lot of light on the inner history of this matter. Mr. Wilkes went East to this conference determined to make a big effort to establish a uniform license fee of £1 for all Australia on the "open set" basis, but found that an agreement had been reached unofficially before conference opened to the charge being fixed at £2. This was a long way from satisfying the West Australian, who succeeded to the extent of inducing the Eastern States trade representatives to fix on 25/- as the fee. '''A Victory for the People.''' Then began a big fight in conference, which lasted till nearly midnight, the chief objector being Westralian Farmers Ltd., who, quite reasonably, wanted to be shown how it could be reimbursed for its large outlay on such a fee. This having been demonstrated, largely by Mr. Wilkes, the opposition caved in at the next sitting, and the 25/- fee was agreed to — without any overriding royalty of 25 per cent. to Amalgamated Wireless, as first demanded. Thus, instead of being called on to pay a profiteering fee of £14/14/-, a Western Australian subscriber may now use any wavelength service on an open set receiver on payment of 25/-. That's one, at least, on the solar plexus of a monopoly which stood in the way of the wide adoption of wireless in the homes of the people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271061 |title=SRUGE-PAGE GOVT. ASSISTS WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=921 |location=Western Australia |date=23 May 1924 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Sunday Times radio journalist notes many firms adding radio departments in lead up to 6WF commencement; Coxon still presenting excellent Sunday evening concerts; provides status report on 6WF construction but confuses callsign with that of 2FC Farmers <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. Among those large local emporiums which have recently entered the radio field may be specially mentioned Messrs. Foy and Gibson Ltd. These people have a great variety of goods, all of which are quick sellers. 6AG continues to hold the attention of the radio audiences of W.A. (if not some of the Eastern amateurs, too) with his excellent Sunday night concerts. Now, if you want to show your appreciation of these transmissions, what better could you do than trot along to the radio social on June 14? Eastern wireless papers often publish a list of transmitting licenses issued in Australia during certain months. I scanned one of these lists recently, quite in hopes that I would find some new "sixer" added to the membership of the "Sleeping Transmitters Society," but, alas! little W.A was not even on the map. Westralian Farmers' broadcasting station 2FC (sic, 6WF) is very near completion. The aerial system finished, work has commenced on the counterpoise earth, which will most likely be completed by the time these notes appear. A very small section of the transmitting plant remains to be erected, the studio is complete (with microphones), and I understand that the station will be on the air on June 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58067647 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1376 |location=Western Australia |date=25 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian publishes the program for 6WF's opening night <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting.— In connection with the opening of the Westralian Farmers' powerful wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), Mr. A. J. Leckie will take charge of the entertainment, and the following interesting programme has been arranged for this the first wireless broadcasting programme in Western Australia:— 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, "A Love Symphony" (Huhn), "Five and Twenty Sailormen" (Coleridge Taylor); 8.39, Miss Lilian Pether in violin solos, "Serenata" (Moszkowski), "Hejre Kati" (Hubay); 8.50, The Wendowie Quartette, "Tar's Song" (Hatton), "Piccaninny," "Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House"; 9, Mr. Herbert Gibson entertainer, "The Egg," "Shakespeare Snapshotted"; 9.10, Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor, "Youth" (Allitson), "I'll Sing thee Songs of Araby" (Clay); 9.20, Mr. G. C. Haywood, "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (Rogers), "King Duncan's Daughters" (Allitson); 9.30, Miss Lilian Pether, "Schon Rosmarin" (Kreisler), "Tambourin Chinois" (Kreisler); 9.35, the Wendowie Quartette, "Madrigal — What Ho!" (Beale), "Linden Lea" (Williams); "Ye Catte" (Smith); 9.48, Mr. Herbert Gibson, "Pom Pom Parade," "I St-stutter"; 9.56, Mr. Rhys Francis, "The Distant Shore" (Sullivan), "Melanie" (Eric Coates).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233664 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,866 |location=Western Australia |date=29 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The West Australian reports that the 6WF opening night concert is sold out and that a second concert will be given (but substituting the 6WF transmission with a wireless demonstration by Craig and Co, Robert Wilkes' company <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . Broadcasting Initiation.— In view of the overwhelming applications for admission to the opening by the Premier of the Westralian Farmers' wireless broadcasting station on Wednesday evening next, the managing director of the Westralian Farmers has arranged with Mr. A. J. Leckie to present a second concert on the following evening. People who have been unable to obtain tickets for Wednesday's function may be provided for at the second concert, if they make prompt application to Mr. A. C. Kessell at the company's office in Wellington-street. On Wednesday night at 8 o'clock patrons of the Prince of Wales Theatre will be enabled to listen in to the Premier's speech at the opening of the broadcasting station. The demonstration will be given by Messrs. Craig and Co., with their locally manufactured receiving apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31233869 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,867 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Call magazine publishes the complete opening night program for 6WF <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTING CONCERT.''' The Honorable the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), is to open the first broadcasting station in Western Australia, installed by the Directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited, at their building in Wellington-street, at 8 p.m. on Wednesday evening, June 4. The station will be known as 6WF in the wireless world. After the Managing Director has welcomed the Premier, and the latter has delivered the first speech into the broadcasting plant, the following musical programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckier (sic, Leckie), Mus. Bac.: 8.30. Mr. G. C. Haywood, baritone, will sing: A Love Symphony, Huhn. Five and Twenty Sailormen, Coleridge Taylor. 8.39. Miss Lillian Pether in violin solos, Serenata Moszkowski, Hejre Kati, Hubay. 8.50. The Wendowie Quartet in a group of popular numbers. Tar's Song Hatton. Piccaninny, Mrs. Cosy's Boarding House. 9. Mr. Herbert Gibson, entertainer, The Egg, Shakespeare Snapshotted. 9.10. Mr. Rhys Francis, tenor. Youth, Allitson, I'll sing thee songs of Araby. Clay. 9.20. Mr. G. C. Haywood. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. Rogers. King Duncan's Daughters. Allitson. 9.30. Miss Lillian Pether will play Schon Rosmarin, Kreisler. Tambourin Chinois, Kreisler. 9.35. The Wendowie Quartette, Madrigal. What Ho! Beale. Accompanied song, Linden Lee, Williams. Humorous, Ye Catte, Smith. 9.48. Mr. Herbert Gibson in humorous numbers, Pom Pom Parade, I St-Stutter. 9.56. Mr. Rhys Francis will sing The Distant Shore, Sullivan. Melanie, Eric Coates.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210903362 |title=THE BROADCASTING CONCERT |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=518 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> The Westralian Worker announces the 6WF commencement program and notes attendees will be able to inspect the studios, plant and demonstration room <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' The directors of the Westralian Farmers Limited have issued invitations for the official opening of the Wireless Broadcasting Station at their buildings, Wellington-street, Perth, on the evening of the 4th June. The Honorable the Premier has consented to deliver the first speech in the Studio, and a varied programme will be submitted under the direction of Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. Recipients of invitations will, upon presentation of their cards, be able to inspect the plant, studio, and demonstration room on the top floor from 7.30 to 7.55 p.m. Arrangements have also been made for a limited number of persons to "listen in" in the company's social hall on the third floor, admission to which will be by ticket only, obtainable from Mr. A. C. Kessell, at the company's offices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271200 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=922 |location=Western Australia |date=30 May 1924 |accessdate=27 August 2022 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> At least one local theatre installs a receiver to provide patrons with the premier's speech opening 6WF <blockquote>'''LISTENING-IN. Broadcasting at Prince.''' The management of the Prince of Wales Theatre announce that by means of a wireless receiving installation manufactured in Perth by Messrs Craig and Co., the Premier's speech at the opening of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station next Wednesday night, June 4, will be received in the auditorium of the theatre, at 8 o'clock. This will be the first opportunity the general public will have of "listening in" to a broadcasting demonstration. Oh the three nights following, Thursday 5th, Friday 6th, Saturday 7th, further demonstrations will be given at this theatre, and the Princess. Fremantle, between 7 and 8 o'clock. At any time during the course of the entertainment, should there be any item of public interest received, the programme will be suspended so that patrons may "listen in."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76437497 |title=LISTENING IN |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=146 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 06===== 6WF provides its rooms to the WIA WA for a presentation to Coxon thanking him for last two years of concerts; farmers are beseiging 6WF with enquiries prior to opening night; 6WF with demise of sealed sets realises it needs local support also and decides to market a crystal set as well as its Mulgaphone <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS.''' By LONG WAVE. . . . At the radio social and supper, to be held on June 14, at the Westralian Farmers Ltd., there will be — firstly, a presentation from the amateurs of W.A. to Mr. W. E. Coxon, for his most excellent work in transmitting radio concerts for the last two years, thus benefitting the science in W.A. muchly, and also the returns of the radio tra-ders; and secondly the council of the Wireless Institute (W.A. Division) will have pleasure in presenting to Mr. B. Holt, a fitting regard for his past three years as president of that society. . . . A run of excitement is being experienced throughout the amateur movement of W.A. as the opening night of the broadcasting fair draws nearer. As regards the position of the company (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.), as far as the broadcasting business is concerned, I am informed that they are beseiged daily with letters from farmers, etc. This means that the farmers of our great State realise what unlimited supplies of entertainment and educational help they will receive from the broadcasting station. This broadcasting business can best be appreciated only by these people in the great outback. . . . I understand that the Westralian Farmers intend to cater for the needs of local persons desiring to listen-in to broadcasted matter. The new type of receiver will, of course employ the simple, yet effective, crystal. Owing to the simplicity of this instrument, it will be retailed at a very moderate price. "There's a wireless set to suit all pockets," I recollect saying once before in these columns.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58068196 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Perth)]] |issue=1377 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Full opening speech and musical programme for 6WF published in the West Australian the following day <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. PERTH STATION OPENED. Speech by the Premier.''' No other Premier of the State ever spoke to such a wide audience of the people as did Mr. Collier last night, when he opened the new broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd. The occasion was a unique one in the history of the State, because of the simple rea-son that listeners in towns as far distant from Perth as Geraldton, Sand-stone, Kalgoorlie, Esperence, Albany, and Bunbury were waiting to hear what the Premier had to say. With the advance of the science of wireless telegraphy the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., decided to instal a broadcasting station, and last night it was formally opened by the Premier, Mr. Collier. To celebrate the occasion the company invited a large number of guests to the ceremony. Prior to the actual opening ceremony, the guests, who numbered several hundred, inspected the plant, which was so ex-tensive that it extended over three floors of the building. Mr. Basil Murray, on behalf of the company, welcomed the guests. He explained that later in the evening the Premier would declare the station open by speaking into a receiver on an upper floor, where the studio was situated. From the studio the speech and the subsequent concert would be transmitted to the aerials and reconveyed to the receivers in the main reception room, where the main party of the guests were gathered, also throughout the State. The gathering filled the large room, and when Mr. Collier was introduced to the audience by medium of the loud speaker, by Mr. Murray, his voice was very clear. It was so clear that every word carried distinctly to each part of the large room. The various concert items were also very distinct. Subsequently Mr. J. Thomson, who controlled the operations, was complimented. The Premier, in his address through the wireless receiving apparatus, said he greatly appreciated the privilege of opening the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. It had been installed at a cost of approximately £12,000, and had a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The Westralian Farmers, Ltd., which had installed the service, deserved great credit for its enterprise. It had 6,000 clients to cater for, and its service would also be for the edification of all those who possessed receiving sets in any part of the State. Such an installation would serve to overcome the isolation which was one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. The service would annihilate distance, and bring the people of the outback into touch with the everyday life and enjoyment of the city, and of other countries, whose messages came over the ether. A station of the kind he was opening had a very special significance to Western Australia, because of the great distances of the State and the comparatively few people who lived here. In no other State did the same conditions apply. An innovation of the nature of the broadcasting service would be of immeasurably greater value to the people of the remotest areas of the State than to the people who lived in the metropolitan area. From Esperance to Wyndham the owners of small receiving sets would be able to listen in and enjoy all that could be offered in the city in the way of music, song, lecture, and general vocal entertainment. Broadcasting was a wonderful science. It had made great progress during the past ten years. A cable message in today's paper informed them, of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. It could be truly said that that day marked an epoch in the history of Western Australia, because it established not only State-wide communication between the ether of the State, but worldwide. To him, as Premier, of the State, it was very gratifying to know the station had been designed and manufactured in Australia, and, being the most powerful of its kind in the Commonwealth, it reflected great credit on those responsible for its installation. Concluding, Mr. Collier said: "While you are compelled to listen to me you cannot talk back or interject, for if you attempt to do so I would be blissfully unconscious." He declared the broadcasting station open. Subsequently a long programme of musical items was rendered, those contributing being Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. H. Gibson, and Mr. R. Francis. Tonight the station will broadcast the following programme:— 7.0, Tune in to Gramophone (Sonora); 7.5, Bedtime Stories; 7.45, Market Reports; 7.55, Weather Reports; 8.0, Time Signal; 8.2, News (Cable); 8.15, Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone will sing "Morning" and "How's My Boy." 8.30, Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon" and "Allegretto"; 8.45, Miss Ida Geddes, contralto will sing "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55, Mr. Ned. Taylor, will discourse; 9.7, Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," and "A Memory"; 9.17, Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs, "Beauty's Eyes," and "A Sergeant of the line"; 9.27, Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," and "Andalouse"; 9.37, Miss Ida Geddes will sing, "God's Lullaby," and "Abide With Me"; 9.45, Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9:55, Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing, "Old Mary," and "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2, Close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234855 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Despite the premier's encouraging words at 6WF opening, experienced Kalgoorlie listeners are only able to hear a few words of the 6WF (temporary 150 watts) opening despite 2FC Sydney (1500 watts, also on longwave) coming in well. <blockquote>'''Goldfields Listeners.''' Kalgoorlie, June 4. Local wireless enthusiasts tonight attempted to pick up the Westralian Farmers' broadcasting concert, but only succeeded in hearing one or two words of Mr. Collier's speech, and a few words of a song. Better results are expected when the power is increased, for tonight a pianoforte solo in Sydney was heard distinctly by goldfields' listeners. They are also able to receive messages from Applecross and from vessels off Fremantle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31234856 |title=Goldfields Listeners. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,872 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WF opening barely over and the station is calling for amateur performers to make appearances (to reduce expenditure?) <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING.''' In response to many requests that amateur entertainers be given an opportunity of having their performances broadcast, the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., have decided to make available a portion of each Wednesday and Friday evening to approved amateurs. Persons interested should communicate with the musical director, at 569 Wellington street, Perth, giving a list of four or more items from their repertoire. Applicants will be notified regarding the date and time at which they can be afforded an opportunity of appearing, and those requiring an accompanist should arrange for their own pianist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245261 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Perth Daily News states that 6WF will be broadcasting to a daily schedule <blockquote>'''SUMMED UP. Epitome of Today's News.''' . . . "Six W.F." started wireless broadcasting last night on a 1,250 metres wave length. From now on a programme will be sent out from the Westralian Farmers' headquarters, Perth, commencing at 7 o'clock each evening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245130 |title=SUMMED UP. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Very comprehensive report of 6WF opening by Perth Daily News, both actual details and context <blockquote>'''"6.W.F." COMMENCES BROADCASTING. PREMIER OPENS WIRELESS STATION. "KEEP THE BOYS ON THE FARM."''' "Standby to receive broadcast concert from "6 W.F.," on 1,250 metres wave length." This is the warning which, commencing from last night, will daily go out at 7 p.m. to "listeners-in" throughout the State. Last night the large broadcasting station installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at their building in Murray-street was officially opened by the Premier (Mr. P. Collier), and was followed by a musical programme which radiated in all directions at the speed of 186,000 miles per second. From Broome to Eucla figures crouched over tables in spare rooms, turning little vulcanite knobs and listened to what the Premier had to say. No wonder the Premier was nervous when speaking to his invisible audience last night. "I would want to be well paid, if that was the way I had to earn my living. It is the most nerve-racking thing to be imagined, to have to make a speech to an empty room," the Premier said as he mopped his brow after the address was broadcast. It was no good the Premier using gesticulation to assist his voice, for no one could see him as he sat in the studio a couple of feet distant from the microphone. The utmost silence had to be observed in the studio, so that sounds other than speeches and music would not be broadcast. Even the Premier, who spoke from a few notes, was not at liberty to turn over the pages, for the slight sound made would have been magnified into a sound like distant thunder. Consequently he had to let sheet after sheet float gracefully to the floor at his feet as it had served its purpose. Many people were under the impression that the plant seen last night is the finished apparatus. It was learned, however, that definite results over 200 miles were not expected last night. At present the station is only a half-kilowatt transmitter unit. This is intended to act as the "drive" for the 5-6 kilowatt set which is to be installed in a few weeks, and which Mr. Murray said would have a capacity two and a half times that of Applecross. During the progress of the concert a telephone message was received from York stating that the items and speech were being received. Other country centres have also reported similar good results. In order to mark the epoch in West Australian history by the inauguration of broadcast wireless, the directors of the Westralian Farmers Ltd. invited a large number of guests to the ceremony, and when the time had arrived for the commencement of the programme, the social room was accommodating about 800 people, while many others were to be found inspecting the apparatus to be found on three floors. '''OPPOSITION TO MONOPOLY.''' Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., addressed the audience from the platform explaining the apparatus and inviting those who had not been able to see the plant to make later appointments. He said the wireless masts which stood 110 feet above the roof of the building weighed something like 3½ tons each, and had been manufactured locally, while the whole construction as far as had been possible was of local manufacture. He wished to stress the point that instead of opening an establishment that night, they were really only laying the foundation stone. The plant when completed would be the biggest in Australia. They were contracting to deliver broadcast matter as far distant as Wyndham, where sets had already been sold. The sets they had made had "picked up" South Africa, while they had also "listened-in" to Farmers Ltd., Sydney. Mr. Murray then welcomed the Premier in the studio, his remarks being broadcast. Downstairs in the social room a load speaker picked up the messages and delivered them in clear, resonant tones which could be heard distinctly throughout the large and crowded hall. After expressing pleasure at having the Premier with them, Mr. Murray said that the venture was more or less a private one, although they felt that broadcasting in a country as vast as West Australia was a matter of more than private interest. Indeed, it was a matter of national importance. He had learned that day for the first time that the Premier was born on the land, and had lived a good many years there engaged in farming pursuits. He therefore took it that the Premier recognised that one of the big disadvantages of living on the land was its isolation. The young Australian felt that isolation keenly, and in some of the cases the city lured him away from the land. Australia required its men on the land, and he had great hopes that the inauguration of an efficient broadcasting plant would do more than anything else to keep the young people on the land. He could assure the Premier that they would do everything in their power to establish an efficient broadcasting plant for the State. He felt he might require some assistance from the Premier in one matter which was disturbing their minds, and which he thought should be made public. Attempt was being made in Melbourne to force their broadcasting venture into a central company, having its headquarters in the Eastern States and giving it the advantages of a huge monopoly. They strenuously objected to being tied up to any Eastern States concern, and looked forward to getting the Premier's support in their hard fight against consolidation. '''THE PREMIER'S ADDRESS.''' The Premier said: "I am greatly privileged this evening in being asked to open the first broadcasting system of wireless telephony and telegraphy in Western Australia. This has been installed by the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., at a cost of approximately £12,000, and at the present moment has a broadcasting capacity of 600 miles. The company deserves great credit for its enterprise, for not only will they cater for their own 6,000 clients, but also for the edification and entertainment of numerous other holders of receiving sets throughout the State. An installation of this nature must serve to overcome the isolation which is one of the disabilities of present day life in the country. It will annihilate distances, and bring the people of the outback in touch with everyday life and enjoyment of the city and of other countries. A station of this kind has very special significance to our own State, because of our great distances and comparatively few people, for in no other States do the conditions apply to the same extent. An innovation of this description will be of immeasurably greater benefit to the people of the remotest areas of our own State than to city dwellers. From Esperance and Eucla, in the south, to Wyndham, in the far north, owners of small receiving sets will be able to listen in and enjoy all that can be offered by the great cities in music, singing, or lectures, or any other form of entertainment. This is a wonderful science, and has made enormous progress during the past decade. A cable message in tonight's newspaper informs us of a successful experiment in wireless telephony between Great Britain and Australia. Truly it may be said that this day marks an epoch in the history of Western Australia, and of worldwide communication through the empyrean blue. It is very gratifying to know that this station has been designed and manufactured in Australia, and being the most powerful on our continent reflects great credit upon those responsible for the undertaking and those who have arranged the installation. In conclusion, I would like to mention one feature that strongly appeals to me, and that is this, that while you are compelled to listen to me, you cannot talk back or interject, for if you should do so I would be blissfully unconscious. Notwithstanding this, I do not propose to intervene any longer between you and the excellent programme which I understand is to follow, and I therefore have very great pleasure in declaring open this broadcasting station of the Westralian Farmers, Ltd." The plant was operated last night by Mr. S. Trim, of Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, Ltd. (Sydney), and Mr. W. E. Coxon, technical adviser to the Westralian Farmer's Ltd. '''MUSICAL PROGRAMME.''' During the evening songs, violin soli, quartette items and humorous songs were contributed by Mr. G. C. Haywood, Miss Lilian Pether, the Wendowie Quartette, Mr. Herbert Gibson, and Mr. Rhys Francis. THE PLANT. In giving a brief description of the plant, it might be advisable to start from the studio, where the music is created, and follow it through to the aerials, from where it is discharged into the ether. The Westralian Farmers have provided two studios. One is for concerts, brass band music, etc., while the other, a smaller one, is for the dissemination of news, bedtime stories and market reports. The room is made entirely soundproof, and is draped in brown and blue in order to prevent the possibility of echoes. The room is lined with sheet iron to prevent interference from outside electrical induction. On a pedestal stands a microphone of the push-pull, two-button type. This receives the sounds, magnifies them and passes them through to a three-valve amplifier panel, which converts the sound vibrations into electrical vibrations. A window between this piece of apparatus and the artist enables the operator to direct the singer and speaker, if required to approach or recede from the microphone. The electrical vibrations are then passed to another apparatus known as the modulator panel, which contains four 250 T-Valves and also two more amplifying valves. The modulator panel is connected with an oscillator panel of two 250 T-valves. On the top of the modulator and oscillator panels are mounted tuning inductances for the closed and open circuits. From the open circuit inductance the "lead" goes to the aerial and the other through the hot wire ammeter to the counterpoise system, which stands three feet above the roof for the purpose of creating an artificial "earth." The aerial of the four-wire cage type is 173 feet long, and is suspended between the poles, 195 feet from the pavement. The three panels are enclosed in latticed steel cabinets and look very much like miniature passenger lifts. '''TONIGHT'S PROGRAMME.''' The programme to be broadcasted tonight is as follow:— 7 p.m.: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora). 7.5: Bedtime stories. 7.45: Market reports. 7.55: Weather reports. 8.0: Time signal. 8.2: News (cable). 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone: "Morning," "How's My Boy." 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos: "Papillon," "Allegretto." 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto: "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships." 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor will discourse. 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor: "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory." 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson in songs: "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line." 9.27: Mr. C. Pether, flautist: "Serenade," "Andalouse." 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes will sing: "God's Lullaby," "Abide With Me." 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items. 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance will sing: "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me." 10.2: Close down. '''A DISAPPOINTMENT.''' The failure of the Prince of Wales Theatre to broadcast the Westralian Farmers' concert last night was due, it is understood, to the fact that the firm which installed the plant had inadvertently omitted to secure a licence to receive broadcast from the Commonwealth authorities, who at the last moment prevented the concert taking place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84245172 |title="6.W.F." |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,326 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Geraldton Guardian publishes Perth report that no reception of 6WF opening at Kalgoorlie, implies no Geraldton reception either <blockquote>'''TELEGRAMS. Western Australia. WESTRALIAN FARMERS' BROADCASTING.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Kalgoorlie reports that they were only able to hear a few words.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67283151 |title=TELEGRAMS. |newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian]] |volume=XVII, |issue=4297 |location=Western Australia |date=5 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, for Carnarvon <blockquote>'''"BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH.''' Perth, June 5. The Westralian Farmers' new broadcasting station was opened last night. Reports from Kalgoorlie state that only a few words were heard there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75699998 |title="BROADCASTING" FROM PERTH |newspaper=[[Northern Times]] |volume=XIX, |issue=954 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> York at 97km East of Perth seems to have been the most distant reception of the 6WF opening broadcast <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVES. RADIO NEWS AND NOTIONS.''' (By "ARIEL") '''6 W.F. OFFICIALLY OPENED.''' The Westralian Farmers' broadcasting plant was officially opened last Wednesday night. After Mr. Basil L. Murray, managing director of the Westralian Farmers Ltd., had welcomed the Premier (Mr. P. Collier, M.L.A.), the latter delivered his opening speech into the microphone of the broadcasting station. A mulgaphone, with frame aerial and loudspeaking attachment, was situated in the social hall, where some hundreds of interested guests were enabled to hear the whole programme as it was broadcasted from the studio on the top floor. The reception of music was excellent, and towards the end of the evening the director received a message from York stating the transmissions were being received exceptionally well. Thursday's programme was as follows:— 7.0: Tune in to gramophone (Sonora); 7.5: Bedtime stories; 7.45: Market reports; 7.55: Weather reports; 8.0: Time signal; 8.2: News (cable); 8.15: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, baritone, "Morning," "How's My Boy"; 8.30: Miss C. Pether in flute solos, "Papillon, "Allegretto"; 8.45: Miss Ida Geddes, contralto, "Deep in the Heart of a Rose," "My Ships"; 8.55: Mr. Ned Taylor; 9.7: Mr. Hugh Torrance, tenor, "Angels Guard Thee," "A Memory"; 9.17: Mr. Frank L. Robertson, "Beauty's Eyes," "A Sergeant of the Line"; 9.27: Miss C. Pether, flautist, "Serenade," "Andalouse"; 9.37: Miss Ida Geddes, "God's Lullaby," "Abide with Me"; 9.45: Mr. Ned Taylor in humorous items; 9.55: Mr. Hugh Torrance, "Old Mary," "I Hear You Calling Me."; 10.2: Close down. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213726085 |title=WIRELESS WAVES |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=519 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, some further detail <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THE WESTRALIAN FARMERS' STATION.''' The Westralian Farmers' "overflow" audience — in other words, the second opening night of the Westralian Farmers' Broadcasting Station (6.W.F.), had a most enjoyable experience last evening. In many respects, profiting by the events of the first evening, as, for instance, the changing of the piano, from an upright to a grand, and in other minor ways, last night's entertainment was an improvement on the "first-night." It is not advisable to draw comparisons regarding the artists' rendition of the various items, but it can be truly said that the whole entertainment was a decided success, and that the 600 people present were not only afforded a novel and rare entertainment, but were initiated into the wonders of wireless transmission. The company and its experts are to be congratulated on the successful installation of wireless broadcasting in Western Australia. Those who were enabled to inspect the plant either before or during the concert, were amazed at the completeness of the equipment and arrangements for the opening ceremony. It is understood, however, that the appointments in this respect will be improved upon as the completion of the apparatus proceeds. The Westralian Farmers Ltd. broadcast programme for tonight (Friday) is as follows:— 7, tune in to gramophone; 7.5, bedtime stories; 7.45, market reports; 7.55, weather reports; 8, time signal; 8.2, news (cables); 8.15, talk on wireless to experimenters by a representative of the committee of the Affiliated Radio Society; 8.46, Mr. Delevante, selected; 8.55, Mrs. Jennings will sing "Romany Rose," "Beneath Thy Window"; 9.5, Master Court, cornet solos, "Blue Bells of Scotland,'' ''Because"; 9.15, Mr. Mooney in humorous items, "Little Novels," "Murphy Shall Not Sing Tonight"; 9.25, Miss Marion King will render "My Prayer" (Squire), "Salaam"; 9.35, Mr. Mooney will render "An Old Sweetheart," "The 'Bus Conductor"; 9.45, Mrs. G. MacNamara, selected; 9.55, Mrs. James will sing "Land of Long Ago" (Lillian Ray), "Homing" (Teresa del Riego); 10.2, close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84249553 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,327 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Robert Wilkes explains developments towards the Regulations 1924 and flags possible monopolistic developments <blockquote>'''THAT WIRELESS COMBINE. ONE BIG COMPANY SCHEME.''' (In an interview with Mr. R. Wilkes, published last week, it was incorrectly stated that the broadcasting fee ultimately agreed on for Australia was 25/-. This should have been stated as £2. Below, Mr. Wilkes places the matter clearly, and adds a warning against the one big company proposal, which he demonstrates will, if established, constitute another Eastern States Octopus.) When I got to the East I found that the Eastern States representatives had agreed to a broadcasting subscription of £3 and a Government license fee of 10/-. I tried to get them to reduce this to 25/-, and after a long struggle got them to compromise on a £2 broadcasting subscription and a 5/-license fee. The official conference was also eventually induced to agree to these fees and they were recommended to the Postmaster-General for his acceptance. Incidentally I may mention that from latest advices from the East it seems likely that the radial system will be introduced, and the townsman will probably be asked to pay about £2, and this fee will be reduced in favor of people living at a distance from the broadcasting stations, the lowest fee being payable by the person furthest away. '''The Royalty Puzzle.''' The matter of royalty is rather confusing. It should be noted that under the "sealed set" regulations the company controlling the Australian rights of practically all the wireless patents was able to compel the broadcasting companies to collect a substantial yearly tax from all persons using a wireless receiving set for the reception of broadcasted matter. Our broadcasting company was compelled to pay to Amalgamated Wireless 25 per cent. of its gross receipts in this manner, and, of course, had to increase the subscription charged to the public to cover this amount. Under the "open set"' recommendations it would be difficult for this tax or royalty to be collected in any other part of the world, and why should we in Australia be compelled to pay it? It should be noted that the firm concerned already collects double royalties — it gets one substantial royalty on the instruments and apparatus sold to the broadcasting company who broadcasts the entertainment, and second royalty from the dealer on every machine he sells to the public. '''Fees Contrasted.''' Broadcasting companies had to pay a very much bigger license fee than the 10/- mentioned; but they had the right to charge any fee they chose to users of their services, and the unfortunate public had to pay this fee or dismantle the receiving set being used. Your interviewer has stated that the Frenchman paid a few pounds as a broadcasting fee; this should be a few francs. This means that the Frenchman pays three or four shillings, the American nothing, the Englishman 10/-, and the remaining countries of the world from £1 to 25/-, with the exception of we in Australia. It will be seen that with the £2 fee on which I compromised at the conference, ours will be the dearest radio in the world. '''The One Big Company.''' It seems pretty evident from information just received that the authorities are favoring the one big company scheme for the whole of Australia. I am specially concerned about this — all Australians should be made to realise at once what is happening. If this one big company scheme is enforced we in Western Australia will find our radio matters controlled by directors or managers in Sydney or Melbourne. We shall have to put up with what these Eastern States people give us. Each Westralian subscription will go East, and instead of any profits being retained within the State they will be collared by the Eastern States octopus. We have enough — far too much — of Eastern States control now, and we do not want any more of it. Even as it is we cannot get any consideration from the Eastern States authorities. It takes a fortnight or three weeks to get a reply to a letter, and without the personal contact that would be possible when you can see people face to face we get scant consideration. With our own broadcasting company or companies here we can get what we want, to suit ourselves, while the subscription — and the profits also — will be retained within the State. '''Wireless Autonomy for W.A.''' t should be noted that the Westralian Farmers Ltd., who are spending £10,000 on a broadcasting station for Westralians, is also bitterly opposed to the one big company scheme. They do not wish to have their broadcasting department absorbed by a big Eastern States company. With the opposition of the West Australian company principally concerned, the opposition of the traders, together with the support of the public and the press, it ought to be possible to squelch this pet scheme of the Postmaster-General's Department. But if anything is to be done it has to be done '''NOW'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148271452 |title=THAT WIRELESS COMBINE |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=923 |location=Western Australia |date=6 June 1924 |accessdate=28 August 2022 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== =====1924 11===== =====1924 12===== ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== =====1925 06===== Speech by WA Minister for Works on occasion of 6WF first anniversary pays tribute to the foresight of late Basil Murray of Westralian Farmers <blockquote>'''6WF. THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY.''' On Wednesday evening the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., broadcasting station, 6WF, celebrated its first anniversary. The Minister for Works (Hon. A. McCallum, M.L.A.) delivered a short address, in the course of which he referred to the great strides which wireless had made of late, and predicted that in the near future it would be largely utilised in connection with educational matters. So far as this State was concerned, he was of opinion that it would go a long way towards solving the difficulty of extending educational facilities to children in scattered districts. Mr. McCallum further said that he well remembered how at the inception of the broadcasting station, he had listened with great interest to the speech of the Premier (Mr. Collier), which was delivered from that studio. He also remembered, with regret, which he believed was shared throughout the community, that the face and voice of the one man who had stoutly stood behind the establishing of Western Australia's powerful broadcasting station were missing. Mr. Basil Murray's keen foresight and determination had given to the people of the community 6WF, and many thousands of farmers and others were today blessing his name for the good he had done in connection with breaking down the isolation which had hitherto been their lot. "Mr. Murray has gone," continued Mr. McCallum, "but his works follow him in many ways, and perhaps the most outstanding monument to his ability and foresightedness was the company of which he was the head, viz., the Westralian Farmers, Ltd., and the broadcasting station which they had established at great cost in the interests of the whole community, and not for any particular section."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84060114 |title=6W.F. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,635 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1925 |accessdate=21 August 2022 |page=5 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== 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07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== {{BookCat}} 432xui3h0x9tgxyivwp5scj4eg5fb2k 0 448396 4096900 4096136 2022-08-28T15:31:13Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Apartments of the Russian traveler.jpg||thumb|500px|Russian backpacking is harsh and merciless]] [[File:Logo (bum tour).gif|left|90px]] {{book title|Hobo tourism|Methodical manual on the theory and practice of long-term low-budget travel}} The textbook is an author's training manual on one of the types of independent tourism for familiarization with the theory of long intercontinental voyages at minimal cost. The concept under consideration — Hobo tourism ([[w:Russian language|Russian]]: [[b:ru:Бомж-туризм|Бомж-туризм]]) also Bum tourism, Vagabond tourism, Tramp tourism; harsh backpacking or Russian backpacking is a format of long trips a-la homeless people life. The origin of the term is based on a combination of the Russian words "[[w: ru:Бомж|бомж]]" and "[[w: ru:Туризм|туризм]]" However term should not be taken literally — homeless + tourism ("voyage of a homeless person"): people who do not have housing don’t travel the planet. The choice of a phrase so strange at first glance as a name explained by the fact that the existence of a traveler (or an independent tourist) following these postulates for some time becomes similar to the life of a homeless person wandering around the world. Anyone who is annoyed by the word displayed in the title, don’t advise to continue reading: it is unlikely that the technique will appeal to you, since the content fully corresponds to the title. This is a typical Russian method; the alternative to it is the well-known (pro-Western method) backpacking. The textbook describes a practical approach, supplementing the text part with an abundance of illustrations, sometimes videos; and also contains the category "Optional material", which presents real events as an example and Russian-language literature on the topic. It is not necessary to read the "elective", in particular, for those users who prefer to act independently. The creator of textbook — Russian traveller [[d:Q104033754|Viktor Pinchuk]]. == Content == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} '''Introduction:''' [[Hobo tourism/Long intercontinental trips and expeditions|Long intercontinental trips and expeditions]] ;[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/]]: :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the flophouse (dosshouse)|In the flophouse (dosshouse)]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings|In Aboriginal dwellings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In an abandoned building|In abandoned buildings]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the company of homeless people|In the company of homeless people]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In a public toilet|In a public toilet]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|At the police station]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells|In halls and stairwells]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the cemetery|At the cemetery]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid|In the ancient pyramid]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction|On objects under construction]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|Under the open sky]] :[[/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Hostels|In hostels]] '''What to take with you:''' [[/Equipment/]] '''Tips for self-sufficiency in food''': [[/Food/]] '''Who chose this method:''' [[/Subject|Subject of hobo tourism]] ---- ;For additional information: <p><span style="color: #006400;">Survival practice in extreme conditions (specific examples):</span></p> :[[/Visiting Death/]] (about traveler involuntarily staying in an uninhabited territory) :[[/One day in an Afghan prison/]] :[[/African Robbery/]] :[[/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)/|Tropical fever in the bum tour]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Routes traveled by the author:</span></p> :[[/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|First creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Creative trip to India/]] :[[/Creative trip to Mongolia/]] :[[/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|The second creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Afghan Expedition]] :[[/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|Third creative trip to Africa]] :[[/Bum tour of winter Japan/]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to Papua New Guinea|Expedition to Papua New Guinea]] :[[/Latin American Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk|Latin American Expedition]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's solo Expedition to Africa (2017/18)|Solo expedition to Africa (2017/18)]] :[[/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania|Expedition to the islands of Oceania]] <p><span style="color:#006400">Travel literature in the bum tour format ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Third African trip/]] :[[/Japan for free/]] :[[/Six months by islands... and countries/]] :[[/Mongolian huyvaldagch/]] :[[/Two hundred days in Latin America/]] :[[/Afghan prisoner/]] :[[/Holiday of wandering mzungu/]] :[[/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars/]] :[[/Indian dreams/]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Some tips for spending high-days (and examples from practice):</span></p> :[[How to celebrate the New Year in bum tours]] <p><span style="color: #006400;">Author's TV project, recommended for viewing with the purpose of additional familiarization with the topic ([[w:Russian language|in Russian]]):</span></p> :[[/Around the world with empty pockets/]] {{commons|Category:Illustrations for textbook "Bum tourism"/«Бомж-туризм»}} {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|Tourism}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|25%}} poy6ggxi3g2r550xxrrkw7nwcva9h0q 0 448398 4096833 4096138 2022-08-28T13:36:54Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hotel in Sudan.webm|thumb|400px|Hotel in [[w:Atbara|Atbara]], Sudan, 2010 (1 [[w:Berth (sleeping)|sleeping berth]] — 5 [[w: Sudanese pound|S.P.]] = $1,5)]] '''Rest at night''' is one of the important moments in the practice of bum tourism: sleep is necessary for health and physical activity during long expeditions with low self—financing, where high energy consumption awaits you daily. Since sometimes, even in poor countries, the cost of hotel accommodation can be relatively high (for example, in Comoros — from 20 €, in Botswana — from $ 40), it makes sense to use the alternatives described below. == [[/In Aboriginal dwellings/]] == There are special hospitality networks for Internet dating with subsequent residence at home with the users of the resource in the country chosen for visiting — this practice is widely used by backpackers. With hobo tourism, circumstances can throw a traveler to places where there is no international web or (due to the unpredictability of obtaining visas along the way) to a country whose visit was not planned by the route. Spontaneous acquaintances with local residents come to the rescue, who sometimes don't mind inviting a foreigner to stay in their huts. == [[/In an abandoned building/]] == Unlike the previous method, where you need to adjust to the routine of the owners, and this is not always convenient (for example, sitting up late talking with the household suffering from boredom somewhere in a God-forsaken village on a small island, the name of which not all geographers know), the option is useful because you can go to bed in silence, choosing an acceptable time. A building abandoned by residents can be a one-story, or a high-rise skyscraper. In the latter case, there will be enough space for a large expedition group. == [[/On objects under construction/]] == Construction projects that were mothballed are the best option for accommodating hobo tourists: there are no guards and builders working at night. At existing construction sites, overnight accommodation is possible with the permission of the responsible person. However, this is not feasible everywhere: in the big cities of Japan, Korea, China and Hong Kong, the objects under construction are surrounded by a multi-meter fence, which, to put it mildly, is difficult to penetrate. == [[/At the cemetery/]] == The method may not be used in every country. Tested on his own experience by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk in Japan and Taiwan<ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 18|isbn=978-5-9909912-5-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Japan for free|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 27-28|isbn=978-5-9908234-1-9}}</ref>. Due to the similar mentality of the residents and the low crime rate, it can be assumed that a similar result is expected in South Korea. The rest of the countries have not been tested in this regard, so you can use this recommendation while staying there only at your own risk. == [[/Under the open sky/]] == The method is common among backpackers and local hikers. But unlike the above categories, a hobo tourist, spending the night in nature, does not use a tent and a sleeping bag. In the jungle, on islands off the ocean coast and other places where the sky replaces the roof, it is possible to use this method only in the dry season; in settlements and adjacent areas — in the rainy season too: you should find a canopy that will protect at night in case of heavy rain. == [[/In the company of homeless people/]] == This method is used in critical cases when there is no alternative. For example, if you arrival coincided with the late time of day, when there is no time to find the best option. == [[/In halls and stairwells/]] == The use of this method can be useful in Japan and Hong Kong, i.e. where the prices for accommodation are quite high. Stairwells of technical floors of residential buildings and lobbies of institutions will save you from cold and atmospheric precipitation. There is no single universal way: in each specific case, you need to act with an eye to the circumstances and using intuition. == [[/At the police station/]] == The method is widely used among local residents of five countries of the southern part of the African continent: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland (Eswatini). The police will also accept a white hobo tourist — on general grounds. In other countries, the use of this method is possible by agreement with police officers: based on their mood on the day of your arrival, and other nuances. == [[/In the flophouse (dosshouse)/]] == Almost every third world country has a separate category of hotels, which travel agency clients who visit the same country as part of a group of their own kind have no idea about. The main guests of such places are aborigines, who come from the province to a big city or the capital of their country for shopping or for another purpose. Sometimes bedbugs really live in such places. == [[/Hostels|In hostels]] == The hostel is the main and most popular accommodation facility for backpackers; it is also used among travelers practicing bum tourism. == [[/In a public toilet/]] == A method used in extreme cases (for example, if, due to the low temperature of the surrounding air, sleeping in the open air can cause harm to health). == [[/In the ancient pyramid/]] == The method can be called "exotic", due to the fact that not all countries have pyramids. == In the terminals of international airports == No more than one night is used: on the day of arrival in the country, or the day of departure. It is convenient if the plane arrived late in the evening, or an early morning departure is expected. == Other possible options == * In temples and mosques of Arab countries. * Under benches in Chinese trains, or in the vestibule of Indian trains (during crossings). * In the hospital. Tested in South Africa. * On the bus leaving the next morning. It is practiced in African countries, if you have a ticket. It is convenient that you do not need to look for a bus station in the early morning — you can inspect dreams during passenger boarding. * In the waiting rooms of railway stations. It is possible in many countries, except Japan, where terminals are closed from 00 to 06 hours and trains do not run. * In a separate booth of an Internet cafe. Invented and used in Japan by local residents who do not have enough funds for hotel accommodation. You will need to pay, but compared to hotel rates, it's nothing. * In the ATM pavilion. If there is a bank card that allows you to get inside. == Quote == <blockquote> * ''Will share the secrets of my street sleepovers. If you get into an unfamiliar city, can stay anywhere, even on the central avenue under the walls of buildings, but on one condition: you need to deploy after midnight, and leave before six in the morning. At six, the first passerby may appear, probably suffering from insomnia, in half an hour there will be several of them, and closer to seven — a lot''. <ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page= 32|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref> </blockquote> == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} atrnpuhhl1rhegcgfj3remxi592tb5v 0 448401 4096843 4095335 2022-08-28T13:41:49Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 /* Gallery */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: В гостях у брунейца (г. Пекан-Тутонг).webm|thumbtime=06|thumb|400px|At the house of Bruneians ([[w:Tutong|Pekan-Tutong]], 2012)]] '''Staying at the an aborigines dwellings''' is a method used not only by hobo tourists, but also by backpackers, and sometimes by ordinary people (more often from among young people) who want to visit a particular country without large expenses. To achieve this goal, Hospitality exchange service are usually used, the participants of which offer foreigners accommodation for some time on their own living space. But, if backpackers and "beginners" prefer to choose highly developed countries and large cities to visit, a traveler practicing hobo tourism can get to places around the globe where there is no Internet, and about the aforementioned service bobody knows. In this case, spontaneous acquaintances with local residents will help. Sometimes aborigines invite a wanderer to visit on their own initiative, but since this does not always happen, you can arrange an overnight stay with local residents yourself. == A guide to action == To get things done, you need to know a few basic truths: * Rural residents are more likely to receive guests than city dwellers. Sometimes the villagers' dwellings do not have locks: there is nothing to steal. The probability that the owner of a comfortable apartment located in a major city of any country will invite one or more foreigners to his home is much lower, and in megacities it is close to zero. * The inhabitants of God-forsaken corners of the globe (in particular villages located on small islands) are bored by the lack of events. A foreigner from a distant country is the only way for them to communicate, an option to speak out. * In a rural area or a small town, you can, after waiting for the evening, independently knock on any dwelling, asking for a place under a canopy in the yard; with a negative result, repeating the action repeatedly. == Fact == Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, moving through the territory of Papua New Guinea (in 2013) for more than twenty days, never resorted to the services of hotels, during the entire period staying with the aborigines<ref>{{cite book |last= Pinchuk|first= Viktor |author-link= |date= |title= Six months by islands... and countries|url= |language= ru|location= Russia |publisher= Brovko|page=116 - 140|isbn=978-5-9908234-0-2}}</ref>. == Gallery == Illustrations from books: <br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''[[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries|"Six months by islands... and countries"]]''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2 (photo #1-3)<br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''[[Hobo tourism/Two hundred days in Latin America|"Two hundred days in Latin America"]]''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 210 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0 (photo #4)<br> Pinchuk, Viktor ''[[Hobo tourism/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars|"Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars"]]''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2020. —116 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5 (photo #5)<br> <gallery widths="270px" heights="270px" class="center"> File: Malaysians.jpg|On a visit to the Malaysians <br> (Sukau, Sabah, 2013) File: Indonesians with newspaper.jpg|On a visit at Indonesians <br>(Sumatra Island, Indonesia, 2013) File: Papuans.jpg| On a visit to the Papuans <br>(Western Highlands, [[w:Papua New Guinea|PNG]], 2013) File: Cubans.jpg|On a visit to the Cubans ([[w:Guisa|Guisa]], Cuba, 2015) File: Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk (Pentecost Island).jpg|On a visit to aborigines of the [[w:Pentecost Island|Pentecost Island]] (Ranwas, Vanuatu, 2020) </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{commons|Category:Material of travels and expeditions in the "bum tour" form (формат «бомж-тур»)}} {{bookcat}} k8wgj5oq4ltxe4h1ypoq0qq95m3a03k 0 448407 4096992 4096254 2022-08-29T01:23:40Z Rhodeslea 3399149 /* What did the research involve? */ wikitext text/x-wiki == What is the background to this research? == The primary outcome of this Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), was to compare the effectiveness of Resistance Training (RES) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), compared to the control group of Usual Care (UC) on Cancer-Treatment-Related Fatigue (CTRF), in Prostate Cancer (PCa) patients undergoing Radiation Therapy (RT) <ref name=":0">Piraux E, Caty G, Renard L, Vancraeynest D, Tombal B, Geets X et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2020;24(1):156-165.</ref>. The secondary outcomes assessed the effects of the interventions on quality of life, insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, functional exercise capacity and executive function.<ref name=":0" /> Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide<ref>Rawla P. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World Journal of Oncology. 2019;10(2):63-89.</ref>, with cancer related fatigue and CTRF being a debilitating side-effect of the treatments and disease<ref name=":0" /><ref>Langston B, Armes J, Levy A, Tidey E, Ream E. The prevalence and severity of fatigue in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2013;21(6):1761-1771.</ref>. Exercise has been shown to reduce CTRF in PCa<ref name=":0" /><ref>Velthuis M, Agasi-Idenburg S, Aufdemkampe G, Wittink H. The Effect of Physical Exercise on Cancer-related Fatigue during Cancer Treatment: a Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Clinical Oncology. 2010;22(3):208-221.</ref>, although the variables surrounding exercise type, duration and intensity are not yet established. == Where is the research from? == The study was conducted by researches at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain, in Brussels, Belgium. Ethics approval was completed by the Ethics Committee of the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc and Université catholique de Louvain. The study was published in the journal 'Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease', by Nature Publishing Group. The authors have considerable amounts of research published within the field of disease treatment, particularly with cancer and through exercise based interventions. The funding was supported by grants from the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) and the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain. The authors claim there is no conflict of interest. == What kind of research was this? == The study is a three-arm, randomized controlled trial. == What did the research involve? == Participants that fit the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the RES, HIIT or UC. using a random computer generator<ref name=":0" />. Originally, 78 participants agreed to the study, 26 were assigned to UC, 27 to HIIT and 25 to RES. When the study concluded, there was 24 participants in each group. The outcomes measurements were recorded 10 days before radiotherapy treatment started and after the last fraction of radiotherapy. '''Measurements''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Outcome !Test |- |Cancer-Treatment-Related-Fatigue |Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) |- |Cancer-Related Quality of Life |Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) questionnaire |- |Depressive Symptoms |20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |- |Daytime Sleepiness |Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) |- |Symptoms of Insomnia |Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) |- |Sleep Quality |Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) |- |Functional Exercise Capacity |6-min walk test (6MWT) |- |Cognitive Function |Trial Making Test (Spreen and Strauss Guidelines) |} '''Interventions''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group !Intervention Details |- |HIIT |HIIT was performed on a cycle ergometer, while heart rate was monitored with a heart rate monitor. The patients performed a 5-minute warm-up at 65-70% of their theoretical max heart rate. They then performed 8 sets of 60s intervals at an intensity of 85% or greater theoretical max heart rate, whilst maintaining 90-100 revolutions. The rest intervals were 60s at the minimum intensity, whilst maintaining 50-60 revolutions. They finished with a 5-minute cool-down. The amount of intervals were progressed over the course of the intervention until they reached 15 sets, they were progressed based on target heart rate and perception of effort. |- |RES |RES was performed using body weight, resistance bands or dumbbells. The patients reported rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the modified Borg Scale, and aimed to score between 4-6 RPE. They performed 1-3 sets, at 8-12 repetitions, on a range of exercises that targeted the major muscle groups of the body. If they did not report between 4-6 RPE their next session was modified. |- |UC |UC participants received the World Health Organization's pamphlet on physical activity and health. |} * ''Was the methodology the best approach?'' * ''What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)?'' == What were the basic results? == * ''What were the important findings?'' * ''How did the researchers interpret the results?'' * ''Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?'' == What conclusions can we take from this research? == * ''Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)'' * ''How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)'' == Practical advice == * ''What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:'' ** ''criteria for not exercising,'' ** ''recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,'' ** ''recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,'' ** ''considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc'' * ''Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?'' == Further information/resources == * ''What further reading may interested readers benefit from?'' * ''What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?'' * ''Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)'' == References == ''Add in the references using this code (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it)'' ''And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this)'' {{BookCat}} 1u1tujrm163tmlkbcq5lnh58swocv1e 4097003 4096992 2022-08-29T03:09:25Z Rhodeslea 3399149 /* What is the background to this research? */ wikitext text/x-wiki This is a critique of the research paper 'The Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases' by Elise Piraux and colleagues<ref name=":0" />. == What is the background to this research? == Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide<ref>Rawla P. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World Journal of Oncology. 2019;10(2):63-89.</ref>, with cancer related fatigue and cancer-treatment-related-fatigue being a debilitating side-effect of the treatments and disease<ref name=":0" /><ref>Langston B, Armes J, Levy A, Tidey E, Ream E. The prevalence and severity of fatigue in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2013;21(6):1761-1771.</ref>. Exercise appears to reduce cancer-treatment-related-fatigue, during and post-treatment<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Velthuis M, Agasi-Idenburg S, Aufdemkampe G, Wittink H. The Effect of Physical Exercise on Cancer-related Fatigue during Cancer Treatment: a Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Clinical Oncology. 2010;22(3):208-221.</ref><ref name=":2">Puetz T, Herring M. Differential Effects of Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue During and Following Treatment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;43(2):e1-e24.</ref>. Although, the specifics surrounding cancer and treatment type require extensive investigation<ref name=":2" />, as do the exercise characteristics such as type, intensity, frequency and more<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" />. Therefore, Elise Piraux and colleagues<ref name=":0" /> aim to investigate such questions. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Resistance Training (RES) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), compared to the control group of Usual Care (UC) on Cancer-Treatment-Related Fatigue (CTRF), in Prostate Cancer patients (PCa) undergoing Radiation Therapy (RT) <ref name=":0">Piraux E, Caty G, Renard L, Vancraeynest D, Tombal B, Geets X et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2020;24(1):156-165.</ref>. The secondary outcomes assessed each interventions effects on: quality of life, insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, functional exercise capacity and executive function.<ref name=":0" /> == Where is the research from? == The study was conducted by researches at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain, in Brussels, Belgium, where prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men<ref>Cancer [Internet]. For a Healthy Belgium. 2022 [cited 29 August 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.healthybelgium.be/en/health-status/non-communicable-diseases/cancer#cancer-prevalence</nowiki></ref>. Ethics approval was completed by the Ethics Committee of the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc and Université catholique de Louvain. The study was published in the journal 'Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease', by Nature Publishing Group. The authors have considerable amounts of research published within cancer and/or exercise, and other related fields. Particularly Elise Piraux, who has had multiple articles published in relation to exercise interventions for cancer patients<ref>ORCID [Internet]. Orcid.org. 2022 [cited 29 August 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-2134</nowiki></ref>. The funding was supported by grants from the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) and the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain. The authors claim there is no conflict of interest. == What kind of research was this? == The study is a randomized controlled trial, which is considered the gold-standard for assessing the effectiveness of an intervention. It works by randomly assigning participants to a group, which minimizes the ability of participant characteristics or bias to effect the outcome<ref>Hariton E, Locascio J. Randomised controlled trials - the gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynaecology. 2018;125(13):1716-1716.</ref>. The study was 'three-armed' which refers to the three groups within the study, the study was not blinded as the outcome assessors were not blinded. == What did the research involve? == Participants that fit the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the RES, HIIT or UC. using a random computer generator<ref name=":0" />. Originally, 78 participants agreed to the study, 26 were assigned to UC, 27 to HIIT and 25 to RES. When the study concluded, there was 24 participants in each group. The outcomes measurements were recorded 10 days before radiotherapy treatment started and after the last fraction of radiotherapy. The interventions lasted 5-8 weeks in length. '''Measurements''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Outcome !Test |- |Cancer-Treatment-Related-Fatigue |Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) |- |Cancer-Related Quality of Life |Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) questionnaire |- |Depressive Symptoms |20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |- |Daytime Sleepiness |Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) |- |Symptoms of Insomnia |Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) |- |Sleep Quality |Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) |- |Functional Exercise Capacity |6-min walk test (6MWT) |- |Cognitive Function |Trial Making Test (Spreen and Strauss Guidelines) |} '''Interventions''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group !Intervention Details |- |HIIT |HIIT was performed on a cycle ergometer, while heart rate was monitored with a heart rate monitor. The patients performed a 5-minute warm-up at 65-70% of their theoretical max heart rate. They then performed 8 sets of 60s intervals at an intensity of 85% or greater theoretical max heart rate, whilst maintaining 90-100 revolutions. The rest intervals were 60s at the minimum intensity, whilst maintaining 50-60 revolutions. They finished with a 5-minute cool-down. The amount of intervals were progressed over the course of the intervention until they reached 15 sets, they were progressed based on target heart rate and perception of effort. |- |RES |RES was performed using body weight, resistance bands or dumbbells. The patients reported rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the modified Borg Scale, and aimed to score between 4-6 RPE. They performed 1-3 sets, at 8-12 repetitions, on a range of exercises that targeted the major muscle groups of the body. If they did not report between 4-6 RPE their next session was modified. |- |UC |UC participants received the World Health Organization's pamphlet on physical activity and health. |} '''Limitations''' Although the randomized controlled trial was the best approach to establishing the effects of differing types of exercise on CTRF in PCa undergoing RT, the study does have some limitations. Firstly, the length of the study was short in relation to how long CTRF may continue post-treatment. Secondly, was the lack of quantitative measures, during the RES programming, as well as outcomes. Finally, the outcome assessors were not blinded to participants within each intervention, which is cause for concern. == What were the basic results? == * ''What were the important findings?'' * ''How did the researchers interpret the results?'' * ''Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings?'' == What conclusions can we take from this research? == * ''Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)'' * ''How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)'' == Practical advice == * ''What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:'' ** ''criteria for not exercising,'' ** ''recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,'' ** ''recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,'' ** ''considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc'' * ''Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?'' == Further information/resources == * ''What further reading may interested readers benefit from?'' * ''What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?'' * ''Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)'' == References == {{BookCat}} io0j569qpnrene2qt8z9aduyupsmnbh 4097056 4097003 2022-08-29T07:23:12Z Rhodeslea 3399149 /* What were the basic results? */ wikitext text/x-wiki This is a critique of the research paper 'The Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases' by Elise Piraux and colleagues<ref name=":0" />. == What is the background to this research? == Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide<ref>Rawla P. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World Journal of Oncology. 2019;10(2):63-89.</ref>, with cancer related fatigue and cancer-treatment-related-fatigue being a debilitating side-effect of the treatments and disease<ref name=":0" /><ref>Langston B, Armes J, Levy A, Tidey E, Ream E. The prevalence and severity of fatigue in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2013;21(6):1761-1771.</ref>. Exercise appears to reduce cancer-treatment-related-fatigue, during and post-treatment<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Velthuis M, Agasi-Idenburg S, Aufdemkampe G, Wittink H. The Effect of Physical Exercise on Cancer-related Fatigue during Cancer Treatment: a Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Clinical Oncology. 2010;22(3):208-221.</ref><ref name=":2">Puetz T, Herring M. Differential Effects of Exercise on Cancer-Related Fatigue During and Following Treatment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;43(2):e1-e24.</ref>. Although, the specifics surrounding cancer and treatment type require extensive investigation<ref name=":2" />, as do the exercise characteristics such as type, intensity, frequency and more<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" />. Therefore, Elise Piraux and colleagues<ref name=":0" /> aim to investigate such questions. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Resistance Training (RES) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), compared to the control group of Usual Care (UC) on Cancer-Treatment-Related Fatigue (CTRF), in Prostate Cancer patients (PCa) undergoing Radiation Therapy (RT) <ref name=":0">Piraux E, Caty G, Renard L, Vancraeynest D, Tombal B, Geets X et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2020;24(1):156-165.</ref>. The secondary outcomes assessed each interventions effects on: quality of life, insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, functional exercise capacity and executive function.<ref name=":0" /> == Where is the research from? == The study was conducted by researches at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain, in Brussels, Belgium, where prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men<ref>Cancer [Internet]. For a Healthy Belgium. 2022 [cited 29 August 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.healthybelgium.be/en/health-status/non-communicable-diseases/cancer#cancer-prevalence</nowiki></ref>. Ethics approval was completed by the Ethics Committee of the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc and Université catholique de Louvain. The study was published in the journal 'Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease', by Nature Publishing Group. The authors have considerable amounts of research published within cancer and/or exercise, and other related fields. Particularly Elise Piraux, who has had multiple articles published in relation to exercise interventions for cancer patients<ref>ORCID [Internet]. Orcid.org. 2022 [cited 29 August 2022]. Available from: <nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-2134</nowiki></ref>. The funding was supported by grants from the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) and the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research at UCLouvain. The authors claim there is no conflict of interest. == What kind of research was this? == The study is a randomized controlled trial, which is considered the gold-standard for assessing the effectiveness of an intervention. It works by randomly assigning participants to a group, which minimizes the ability of participant characteristics or bias to effect the outcome<ref>Hariton E, Locascio J. Randomised controlled trials - the gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynaecology. 2018;125(13):1716-1716.</ref>. The study was 'three-armed' which refers to the three groups within the study, the study was not blinded as the outcome assessors were not blinded. == What did the research involve? == Participants that fit the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the RES, HIIT or UC. using a random computer generator<ref name=":0" />. Originally, 78 participants agreed to the study, 26 were assigned to UC, 27 to HIIT and 25 to RES. When the study concluded, there was 24 participants in each group. The outcomes measurements were recorded 10 days before radiotherapy treatment started and after the last fraction of radiotherapy. The interventions lasted 5-8 weeks in length. '''Measurements''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Outcome !Test |- |Cancer-Treatment-Related-Fatigue |Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) |- |Cancer-Related Quality of Life |Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) questionnaire |- |Depressive Symptoms |20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |- |Daytime Sleepiness |Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) |- |Symptoms of Insomnia |Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) |- |Sleep Quality |Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) |- |Functional Exercise Capacity |6-min walk test (6MWT) |- |Cognitive Function |Trial Making Test (Spreen and Strauss Guidelines) |} '''Interventions''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group !Intervention Details |- |HIIT |HIIT was performed on a cycle ergometer, while heart rate was monitored with a heart rate monitor. The patients performed a 5-minute warm-up at 65-70% of their theoretical max heart rate. They then performed 8 sets of 60s intervals at an intensity of 85% or greater theoretical max heart rate, whilst maintaining 90-100 revolutions. The rest intervals were 60s at the minimum intensity, whilst maintaining 50-60 revolutions. They finished with a 5-minute cool-down. The amount of intervals were progressed over the course of the intervention until they reached 15 sets, they were progressed based on target heart rate and perception of effort. |- |RES |RES was performed using body weight, resistance bands or dumbbells. The patients reported rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using the modified Borg Scale, and aimed to score between 4-6 RPE. They performed 1-3 sets, at 8-12 repetitions, on a range of exercises that targeted the major muscle groups of the body. If they did not report between 4-6 RPE their next session was modified. |- |UC |UC participants received the World Health Organization's pamphlet on physical activity and health. |} '''Limitations''' Although the randomized controlled trial was the best approach to establishing the effects of differing types of exercise on CTRF in PCa undergoing RT, the study does have some limitations. Firstly, the length of the study was short in relation to how long CTRF may continue post-treatment. Secondly, was the lack of quantitative measures, during the RES programming, as well as outcomes. Finally, the outcome assessors were not blinded to participants within each intervention. == What were the basic results? == Considerable differences were produced between the RES & HIIT groups, in comparison to the control UC group. Firstly, the HIIT (+0.2) & RES (-0.7) groups prevented the increases of CTRF that was seen in the UC (-5.3). They also observed differences in Functional Exercise Capacity as seen in the 6-Minute Walk Test results, where HIIT (+7.5%) & RES (+6.6%) groups improved considerably in comparison to the UC (+0.1%). They failed to observe any differences between groups in reference to other secondary outcomes such as quality of life, depressive symptoms, daytime sleepiness, insomnia and sleep quality. The conclusions the researches drew from the study were consistent with the results in that they recommend HIIT or RES as an option for reducing CTRF in PCa whilst undertaking RT. They also concluded that HIIT and RES improve functional exercise capacity within the population. They theorize that the attenuated increases in CTRF may be linked to the improvements seen in functional exercise capacity as HIIT enhances oxygen consumption and RES results in neuromuscular adaptations. == What conclusions can we take from this research? == * ''Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors)'' * ''How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper)'' == Practical advice == * ''What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes:'' ** ''criteria for not exercising,'' ** ''recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them,'' ** ''recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations,'' ** ''considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc'' * ''Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources?'' == Further information/resources == * ''What further reading may interested readers benefit from?'' * ''What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment?'' * ''Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals)'' == References == {{BookCat}} hgvr7lsj6v7exsi3md2jc4wfxaw25vj 0 448460 4097073 4096333 2022-08-29T08:30:08Z Caitln.Irvine 3399151 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a critique of the article: Kalron, A., Rosenblum, U., Frid, L., & Achiron, A. (2017). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269215516637202?casa_token=JBm1SkNgCAcAAAAA:vYS9dp7hdqS65qESCcEDXl6Xa2x7e1XaSOvl8aGe4DrlmBTXd9CICLJcX2WwFZFyqRy8h82iLgELUQ Pilates exercise training vs. physical therapy for improving walking and balance in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial]. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31(3), 319–328.<ref name=":2">Kalron, A., Rosenblum, U., Frid, L., & Achiron, A. (2017). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269215516637202?casa_token=JBm1SkNgCAcAAAAA:vYS9dp7hdqS65qESCcEDXl6Xa2x7e1XaSOvl8aGe4DrlmBTXd9CICLJcX2WwFZFyqRy8h82iLgELUQ Pilates exercise training vs. physical therapy for improving walking and balance in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial]. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31(3), 319–328.</ref> == What is the background to this research? == * a very brief introduction to what the paper is about, * how the research fills a gap in existing knowledge, * and why it is important '''[https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/ Multiple Sclerosis (MS)]''' occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks myelin. Myelin is the fatty material that protects and insulates nerves, allowing electrical messages to travel quickly and efficiently around the body.<ref name=":0">https://www.msaustralia.org.au/what-is-multiple-sclerosis-ms/</ref> Through the process of demyelination, patches of the nerve become exposed and scarred impacting the ability for the body to communicate messages. This break down of communication may lead to symptoms such as loss of motor function. Effecting one’s ability to walk, vision, memory, sensation and so fourth. <ref name=":0" /> Individuals with MS commonly experience gait dysfunction and imbalances<ref name=":1">Cameron, M. H., & Nilsagard, Y. (2018). Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis. ''Handbook of clinical neurology'', ''159'', 237-250.</ref>. Gait dysfunction occurs due to the reduction in gait speed, impaired walking balance and a reduction of walking related physical activity<ref name=":1" />. Whilst imbalance occur due to the inability to maintain position, delays in responses to postural displacements and perturbations and slowing of movements towards limits of stability<ref name=":1" />. Furthermore, impaired dual task integration may impact functional balance performance<ref name=":1" />. Interventions such as strength training, robot assisted gait training, Tai chi and so fourth have be implemented as rehabilitation methods improve balance and walking.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Halabchi, F., Alizadeh, Z., Sahraian, M.A. ''et al.'' Exercise prescription for patients with multiple sclerosis; potential benefits and practical recommendations. ''BMC Neurol'' 17, 185 (2017). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-017-0960-9</nowiki></ref> Pilates involves a series of exercises that incorporate core stability, breathing, muscle strength, flexibility and proper posture.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">Abasıyanık, Z., Ertekin, Ö., Kahraman, T., Yigit, P., & Özakbaş, S. (2020). The effects of Clinical Pilates training on walking, balance, fall risk, respiratory, and cognitive functions in persons with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. ''Explore (New York, N.Y.)'', ''16''(1), 12–20. </ref>Research suggests that Pilates if an effective method to increasing balance and flexibility in elderly, however little research has been conducted in individuals with neurological conditions such as MS.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" />The following article further investigates the effectiveness of Pilates compared to regular physical therapy interventions. == Where is the research from? == * Is the location, or group, in which this research was conducted important to share? * Do the authors of the research have a track-record/reputation in the field? * Are there organisational/sponsorship links that may be a conflict of interest/bias the findings? == What kind of research was this? == * What kind of study was it? Observational, an RCT, a meta-analysis? * Does the level of evidence from these, and other types of studies, differ? The study is a randomised control trial (RCT), assessor was blinded and included a parallel group design. RCT are considered the gold standard for effective research. The process of randomisation reduces potential bias and examines the cause and effect relationships between the intervention and outcome measure. In addition, the design of the study ensured the blinding of assessor to which further limits bias and other external factors. - need to add reference <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6235704/#:~:text=Randomized%20controlled%20trials%20(RCT)%20are,between%20an%20intervention%20and%20outcome</nowiki>. == What did the research involve? == * Provide a lay summary of what the participants did in the study? * Was the methodology the best approach? * What limitations exist related to the important measures taken, or other aspects of the methodology (participant recruitment for instance)? == What were the basic results? == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == What conclusions can we take from this research? == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper == Practical advice == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == Further information/resources == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} 3yk3raeum096eoff1132gwd9k7gx60m 0 448570 4096998 4096671 2022-08-29T02:17:31Z Sc13579 3400013 what kind of research and what did it involve sections edited wikitext text/x-wiki This is an analysis on the journal article "A Randomised Controlled Trial of Multicomponent Exercise in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment" by Suzuki, T et. al. 2013<ref name=":0">Suzuki, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Yoshida, D., Ito, K., Shimokata, H., Washimi, Y., Endo, H. and Kato, T. A ''Randomized Controlled Trial of Multicomponent Exercise in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.'' PLoS One. 2013, April 9; 8(4): e61483, pp 1-10. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061483 </ref> == What is the background to this research? == '''Classification:''' Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is the middle stage between the normal process of cognitive changes with ageing and Dementia<ref name=":1">Geda, Y. ''Mild Cognitive Impairments in Older Adults.'' Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012; 14: 320-327. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0291-x</ref>. More specifically, [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's_disease|Alzheimer's Disease]] (AD) is determined by the progressive and rapid cognitive decline beginning with slight impairments in memory formation, but ultimately affects mental functions and leads to full dependence on carers for daily activities, a decreased quality of life and eventually can lead to premature death<ref name=":2">Mayeux, R and Stern, Y. ''Epidemiology of Alzheimers Disease.'' Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Aug; v.2(8): a006239, pp 1-18. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006239</ref>. '''Prevalence:''' The effects of cognitive decline and AD is placing an increased burden on not only patients but caregivers and the general society<ref name=":0" />. The global prevalence of cognitive diseases like AD is estimated to be as high as 24 million and is predicted to double every 20 years until 2050 leading to an impending rise and becoming a costly public health burden for decades to come<ref name=":2" />. '''Risk Factors:''' along with ageing, as AD effects the brain and cognitive function, a risk factors that has been linked<ref name=":2" /> is [https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Cerebrovascular-Disease cerebrovascular disease], diabetes, [https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension#tab=tab_1 hypertension], smoking and obesity<ref name=":2" />. there is also increasing research that genetic patterns can also determine the risk of cognitive decline in older adults over 65 years of age<ref name=":1" />. It is important to identify changes in cognitive function in older adults as it identifies risk factors and the individualised rate of cognitive decline eventually leading to Dementia or more specifically AD in this population<ref name=":1" />. It can also be used as a preventative strategy for those who are not yet symptomatic of cognitive decline. As it effects the cognitive function of individuals, implementing physical activity or cognitive therapy interventions have been shown to effect the rate of progression of AD however, there is limitations due to the memory defects and impaired cognitive state<ref>Jia, R., Liang, J., Xu, Y. and Wang, Y. ''Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis.'' BMC Geriatr. 2019 July; 19(1): 181, pp 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1175-2</ref><ref>Choi, J. and Twamley, E. ''Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapies for Alzheimer's disease: A Review of Methods to Improve Treatment Engagement and Self-efficacy''. Neuropsyc. Rev. 2013 February; 23: 48-62. DOI: 10.1007/s11065-013-9227-4</ref>. More specifically, Suzuki et.al<ref name=":0" /> used a combination of aerobic exercise, strength training, postural balance training and multitasking therapies to determine the effects of a multi-component intervention on memory capacity and cognitive function in older adults with MCI. == Where is the research from? == Suzuki et. al.<ref name=":0" /> from the National Centre for Geriatrics and Geontology and the Centre for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Obu (Aichi) Japan. This was conducted in urban community-dwelling individuals aged 65+ in the city of Obu, Japan. == What kind of research was this? == This was a randomised controlled trial. The researcher was blinded to the aims when randomising participants. All other study personal responsible for the recording of outcome variables were blinded to the randomization assignment. Along with this the health professionals working with the groups were blinded to group status. Use of a randomised control trial can produce the most reliable and valid evidence as the subjects are allocated to treatments/interventions randomly, this randomisation removes the allocation bias unlike that in other study designs<ref>Süt, N. ''Study Designs in Medicine''. Balkan Med J. Dec 2014; 31(4): 273-277. DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.1408</ref>. == What did the research involve? == '''Methodology:''' 1543 volunteers who were 65 years or older (had to be community dwelling) were recruited from a database by random sampling or when they attend a checkup<ref name=":0" />. 528 participants with a clinical dementia rating (CDR) of 0.5 were recruited in the first round of eligibility criteria. 135 individuals met the requirements for the second round of assessments for inclusion which consisted on neuropsychological tests (language, memory, attention and impairments of activities of daily living). From this round, 35 were excluded meaning the final number for the study was 100 individuals. All individuals met the definition of MCI as defined by the Petersen Criteria<ref>Petersen, R. ''Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity''. J Intern Med. 2004; 256(3): 183-194. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x.</ref>. A researcher was blinded to the aims and randomally allocated individuals into an amnestic MCI (aMCI) or other MCI group<ref name=":0" />. The aMCI group has a sub analysis consisting of neuroimaging measures (consent was gained for use of MRI's) with objective memory impairment measured on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised<ref>Elwood, R. ''The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Psychometric characteristics and clinical application''. Neuropsych Rev. June 1991; 2: 179-201. DOI: 10.1007/BF01109053</ref>. From these 2 groups, the subjects were further divided into either a multicomponent exercise or educational control group at a ratio of 1:1. As shown in the table, from the 100 individuals, there were 50 in each of the aMCI and MCI groups with a further random split of 25 in either the exercise intervention or control for both aMCI and MCI groups. This method, being randomised was the best way to filter participants, an added benefit for study bias was the researchers and other study personal being blinded to the outcome measures or the specific group they were with. It also allows for equal allocation numbers so the data can be directly analysed and compared. A limitation would have been that the participants knew that they were in the aMCI group as consent needed to be gained for the sub-analysis involving MRI's but the overall recruitment strategy and eligibility criteria was beneficial for the outcomes of the study. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Group !Intervention !Number |- |aMCI |Multicomponent exercise |n=25 |- | |Educational control |n=25 |- | | |total=50 |- |MCI |Multicomponent exercise |n=25 |- | |Educational control |n=25 |- | | |total = 50 |} '''Interventions:''' == What were the basic results? == * What were the important findings? * How did the researchers interpret the results? * Do they over-emphasis the implications of their findings? == What conclusions can we take from this research? == * Provide your own insights on the conclusion (it may not quite be the same as the authors) * How do the findings align with other research in the area (in particular more recent publications that won't be mentioned in the paper) == Practical advice: == * What real-world implications does this research have? Examples might includes: ** criteria for not exercising, ** recommendations on what exercises to do, how to do them, ** recommendations on monitoring and progressing exercises within specific populations, ** considerations for encouraging physical activity within a specific setting, etc * Are there other considerations readers should know about before taking on this practical advice? Perhaps health/safety more information/resources? == Further information/resources: == * What further reading may interested readers benefit from? * What website, or online organisations, offer further information/support to groups that are linked to your assignment? * Consider the audience you are pitching this information for - are the links appropriate (e.g. links to research papers are probably not appropriate if the information is for patients, but it may be if it is for other allied health professionals) == Reference List: == <references /> 6n4e565m40hgntp8cm0m8lhl997uwi7 0 448575 4096965 4096632 2022-08-28T20:54:02Z Jamzze 3329473 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Dictionary of Sociology''' intends to provide an extensive range of definitions on the concepts, people, and institutions at the heart of sociology. It is intended as a quick reference resource, providing greater indexing and detailed entries than Wiktionary's sociological coverage, but structured more concisely than Wikipedia to offer a snapshot view. == A == {{columns-list|2| '''abstraction''' refers to the varying levels of analysis that can be taken within sociology, where different focuses change the subject of interest for sociological research. From the individual to broader systematic social forces, microsociology, mesosociology, and macrosociology areas of study offer both specific insights on their societal level of interest as well as comparative analysis across each other. ''Other resources'': [[W:Abstraction_(sociology)|Wikipedia]], Wiktionary. '''abortion''' '''automation''' }} == References == {{reflist}} {{Shelves|Sociology}} {{status|0%}} bzvphnynxqi794qgfi5o54rznl46r11 0 448590 4096915 4096706 2022-08-28T17:21:38Z 160.72.231.5 /* Dua Lipa - "Don't Start Now" */ wikitext text/x-wiki The following is a list of songs considered excellent by the music community, according to the Miraheze project, ''Excellent Music Wiki.'' While no song is without its fans, the Excellent Music Wiki includes articles only for those songs which get high critical acclaim. Some songs, such as the Weeknd's "Save Your Tears", get universal acclaim. The following is a selected list of excellent songs and their strong points, according to Excellent Music Wiki, modified for clarity and grammar, if necessary. ==Taylor Swift - "Blank Space"== "Blank Space" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fifth studio album 1989. It was released on October 27, 2014, as the album's second single, and it's an electropop song with lyrics that satirize the media's perception of Swift and her relationships. The song received critical acclaim and it's one of the signature songs from 1989 along with "Shake It Off" and "Bad Blood". Release date: October 27, 2014 Video release date: November 10, 2014 # This song is very catchy and a way for Taylor to poke fun at her image. She becomes more self-aware and comes across as strong and in control. # Taylor's vocals are very cute. # The lyrics are well-written. # This song is a nice change of pace for Taylor. A lot of Taylor's other releases incorporate heartbreak, love, and breakups in the perspective of the girl who is in an abuse or less-than-ideal relationship with the guy. But this time, Taylor makes a unique twist making the song be about a toxic relationship between the rich handsome man and the beautiful but crazy woman. # The music video is beautiful, wild, and magical. # The song spawned so many famous parodies like Bart Baker's parody. ==Fun - "Carry On"== "Carry On" is a song by American indie pop supergroup Fun. It was released on October 23, 2012, as the third single for their second studio album ''Some Nights''. Release date: October 23, 2012 Video release date: October 24, 2012 # The vocals are amazing. # The song is also very upbeat, which fits in perfectly with the background instrumentals. # It gives off a very inspirational message telling you to forget about the bad things and "carry on". # The lyrics, ''"If you're lost and alone / Or you're sinking like a stone / Carry on"'', in the song's chorus reminds us that even when we are lost and alone, there is hope. # The other half of the chorus also reminds us to leave the past behind us and not dwell on it. Instead, we can and must carry on and look to the future. # This also tells the story of how the band was not perfect from the start but never gave up on their dreams. ==Dua Lipa - "Don't Start Now"== "Don't Start Now" is a song by Albanian-British singer, songwriter and model Dua Lipa. It was released on November 1, 2019, as the lead single for her second studio album ''Future Nostalgia''. Release date: November 1, 2019 Video release date: November 1, 2019 # Her flow is really good and she is on the beat throughout. # The lyrics are nice and are about why you must stand up for yourself and move on with your life after a breakup, which applies to everyone regardless of gender or age. # The lyrics celebrate independence after a breakup. According to Lipa, the lyrics have a theme of empowerment and are about "moving on" from a past relationship and "not allowing anyone to get in the way of that", while also finding confidence and happiness. # Music critic Maura Johnston interpreted the lyrics as "post-breakup rebirth". And Maura is right; this is indeed a post-breakup rebirth song. # The music video is nice. # It's one of Dua Lipa's best songs along with "New Rules" and "Kiss and Make Up". # The line, ''"I'm not where you left me at all, so"'', demonstrates that although her ex-lover hurt her, she is stronger now and won't let him define her today. She lives not as a victim, but as a survivor. # The line, ''"If you wanna believe that anything could stop me"'', shows that she is stronger as a result of her past experience. ==The Weekend - "Save Your Tears"== "Save Your Tears" is a song by Canadian singer, songwriter and record producer The Weeknd from his fourth studio album ''After Hours''. It touches on the impact his relationships with Bella Hadid and Selena Gomez had on him. Release date: March 20, 2020 Video release date: January 5, 2021 # The steady and upbeat production. # It's one the best songs from ''After Hours'' and one of The Weeknd's best songs in general. # The soaring ‘80s, synth-heavy melody. # The great lyrics that have Abel addressing his past relationships. # The amazing vocals. # The Ariana Grande remix is fantastic as well because Ariana Grande performs great as usual. # Billboard's review: ''"Although 'Save Your Tears' is one of the most pop-driven songs on the album, the Weeknd doesn't hold back when it comes to the rather cold nature he usually finds himself adopting when it comes to his lovers. The production remains upbeat and steady the entire time, thanks to work from Max Martin, Oscar Holter, DaHeala, and The Weeknd himself, combining the best of his old content and some newer, more mainstream-driven sounds."'' ==Walk the Moon - "Shut Up And Dance"== "SHUT UP + DANCE" is a song by American rock band WALK THE MOON. It was released on September 10, 2014, as the lead single from their third studio album ''TALKING IS HARD''. It's the band's biggest hit single to date and their signature song. Release date: September 10, 2014 Video release date: October 23, 2014 # It recreates the bouncy, quirky feel of early 80s pop-rock. # It has a good message. According to Walk the Moon's lead singer, Nicholas Petricca, he envisioned it as an anthem for letting go of frustration and having fun. # It has a nice disco bass. # Nicholas' vocals sound amazing. ==Miley Cyrus - "Slide Away"== "Slide Away" is a song by American singer, songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus. It was released as a stand-alone single on August 16, 2019, by RCA Records. Its lyrics discuss the deterioration of a relationship, and are often compared to Cyrus' separation from husband Liam Hemsworth. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. It charted at number 47 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth got married on December 23, 2018, in Nashville, Tennessee, and remained married for seven months, before announcing their separation, citing "irreconcilable differences." The divorce was finalized on January 28, 2020. Release date: August 16, 2019 Video release date: September 6, 2019 # The lyrics are amazing and very deep. # The song had an awesome VMA performance. # The song contains a beautiful allusion to her marriage with Liam Hemsworth. # The song makes good references to her previous songs such as "We Can't Stop" and "Malibu." ==Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars - "Uptown Funk"== "Uptown Funk" is a song by English-American DJ, songwriter, record producer and record executive Mark Ronson from his fourth studio album, ''Uptown Special'', featuring American singer, songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and dancer Bruno Mars. It was released as the album's lead single on November 10, 2014 via download in several countries. The song is a funk-pop, soul, boogie, disco-pop, and Minneapolis sound track. It has a spirit akin to the 1980s-era funk music. Its lyrics address fashion, self-love and "traditional masculine bravado", performed in a sing-rapping style filled with metaphors, arrogance, charisma and fun. Upon its release, the single received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the instrumental, style and influences of the track. Others criticized it for not being innovative as it tried to emulate 1980s funk music. Release date: November 10, 2014 Video release date: November 19, 2014 # Bruno Mars gives off a very confident vocal performance. # The beat is very well-produced and fits perfectly with Mars' confident delivery. # Mars also delivers some decent rap-style verses that add to the confidence of the song. # The song and the music video were great throwbacks to the style and music of the 1980s. # The chorus is very memorable and catchy. # Billboard review: ''"While James coolly tosses out this line on his own chorus, there is nothing chill about Mars’ delivery or the tension that builds in the music before everything drops out, leaving the stage all to him to realize the phrase’s true, anthemic potential."'' Here, "James" refers to Trinidad James, who appeared as a guest on a remix of this song. hd2tr6ubx6kn5vre7cjdvchhsoklozz 0 448593 4096797 4096744 2022-08-28T13:03:38Z Xania 40302 New Book wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox|type=notice|image=[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]]|text={{dynamic navigation|style=border:0px;|titlestyle=background-color:transparent;color:black;|title='''Congratulations on the [[Using Wikibooks|new book]]!''' [click for more]|body=Please read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn about editing and writing books. You can ask any questions in the [[WB:HELP|help room]].<br /><small>{{Event trigger|when=14 days|You can help people find this book by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it.|New books can be hard to find. You can help by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it. Please keep the notice for at least 2 weeks to advertise this book.}}</small>}}}} == Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia == Whether you are a listener, a student, a teacher, or a concert pianist, the extensive repertoire for [[wikipedia:Piano|piano]] is an inexhaustible source of musical enjoyment. This collection of references to Wikipedia pages and YouTube videos offers a handy and comprehensive overview. * [[/Composers born in the 17th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 18th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 19th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 20th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 21st century/]] {{Shelves|Musical instruments}} {{Alphabetical|P}} {{status|0%}} qzry2rghe4rjku0up280zagh3653do5 4096895 4096797 2022-08-28T14:58:49Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox|type=notice|image=[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]]|text={{dynamic navigation|style=border:0px;|titlestyle=background-color:transparent;color:black;|title='''Congratulations on the [[Using Wikibooks|new book]]!''' [click for more]|body=Please read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn about editing and writing books. You can ask any questions in the [[WB:HELP|help room]].<br /><small>{{Event trigger|when=14 days|You can help people find this book by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it.|New books can be hard to find. You can help by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it. Please keep the notice for at least 2 weeks to advertise this book.}}</small>}}}} == Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia == Whether you are a listener, a student, a teacher, or a concert pianist, the extensive repertoire for [[wikipedia:Piano|piano]] is an inexhaustible source of musical enjoyment. This collection of references to Wikipedia pages and YouTube videos offers a handy and comprehensive overview. * [[/Composers born in the 17th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 18th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 19th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 20th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 21st century/]] Compositions of exceptional importance are indicated in boldface. {{Shelves|Musical instruments}} {{Alphabetical|P}} {{status|0%}} 5nscr81a6z69y5l1b5969obae2qo9kk 4096896 4096895 2022-08-28T15:01:58Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox|type=notice|image=[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]]|text={{dynamic navigation|style=border:0px;|titlestyle=background-color:transparent;color:black;|title='''Congratulations on the [[Using Wikibooks|new book]]!''' [click for more]|body=Please read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn about editing and writing books. You can ask any questions in the [[WB:HELP|help room]].<br /><small>{{Event trigger|when=14 days|You can help people find this book by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it.|New books can be hard to find. You can help by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it. Please keep the notice for at least 2 weeks to advertise this book.}}</small>}}}} == Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia == Whether you are a listener, a student, a teacher, or a concert pianist, the extensive repertoire for [[wikipedia:Piano|piano]] is an inexhaustible source of musical enjoyment. This collection of references to Wikipedia pages and YouTube videos offers a handy and comprehensive overview. * [[/Composers born in the 17th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 18th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 19th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 20th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 21st century/]] Compositions of exceptional importance are indicated in boldface. A selection of such piano works of exceptional interest can be listened to thanks to a [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwDwO1hV1tGyLRdUOWUA4wEWBVykImqMT playlist]. {{Shelves|Musical instruments}} {{Alphabetical|P}} {{status|0%}} kgvwj7ilvcsx5edy0f1jdfzyyurfvge 4096897 4096896 2022-08-28T15:03:23Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox|type=notice|image=[[File:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px]]|text={{dynamic navigation|style=border:0px;|titlestyle=background-color:transparent;color:black;|title='''Congratulations on the [[Using Wikibooks|new book]]!''' [click for more]|body=Please read [[Using Wikibooks]] to learn about editing and writing books. You can ask any questions in the [[WB:HELP|help room]].<br /><small>{{Event trigger|when=14 days|You can help people find this book by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it.|New books can be hard to find. You can help by [[Wikibooks:Categories|categorizing]] it. Please keep the notice for at least 2 weeks to advertise this book.}}</small>}}}} == Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia == Whether you are a listener, a student, a teacher, or a concert pianist, the extensive repertoire for [[wikipedia:Piano|piano]] is an inexhaustible source of musical enjoyment. This collection of references to Wikipedia pages and YouTube videos offers a handy and comprehensive overview. * [[/Composers born in the 17th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 18th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 19th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 20th century/]] * [[/Composers born in the 21st century/]] Compositions of exceptional importance are indicated in boldface. A selection of such piano works can be listened to thanks to a [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwDwO1hV1tGyLRdUOWUA4wEWBVykImqMT playlist]. {{Shelves|Musical instruments}} {{Alphabetical|P}} {{status|0%}} 05ztn8yu4xx6ea0l9b4zj6coamvk9wn 0 448594 4096807 4096724 2022-08-28T13:21:43Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 17th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 17th Century == * [[/Bach, Johann Sebastian/]] {{BookCat}} s11zta92f3xp1m54buv9ibmdfqb3h34 4096856 4096807 2022-08-28T13:49:37Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 17th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 17th Century == * [[/Bach, Johann Sebastian/]] * [[/Scarlatti, Domenico/]] {{BookCat}} 6hyce737ohoj98ljcc1d357sodt5vjt 0 448596 4096775 4096741 2022-08-28T12:22:29Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century == * [[/Beethoven, Ludwig van/]] * [[/Haydn, Joseph/]] * [[/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/]] 9g0tt5w1juu917zr95jks685taguvt0 4096808 4096775 2022-08-28T13:22:02Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century == * [[/Beethoven, Ludwig van/]] * [[/Haydn, Joseph/]] * [[/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/]] {{BookCat}} ovywf0popq179bj0g2gowe9h0v8di1i 4096829 4096808 2022-08-28T13:33:53Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century == * [[/Beethoven, Ludwig van/]] * [[/Haydn, Joseph/]] * [[/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/]] * [[/Moscheles, Ignaz/]] {{BookCat}} h04hcy5zq2eaqx2t0o1nh9qx62x7bea 4096860 4096829 2022-08-28T13:52:09Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century == * [[/Beethoven, Ludwig van/]] * [[/Haydn, Joseph/]] * [[/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/]] * [[/Moscheles, Ignaz/]] * [[/Schubert, Franz/]] {{BookCat}} rtealvo2uyvnd6uiqm432b0opjo7z5l 4096873 4096860 2022-08-28T14:02:40Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 18th Century == * [[/Beethoven, Ludwig van/]] * [[/Haydn, Joseph/]] * [[/Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus/]] * [[/Moscheles, Ignaz/]] * [[/Schubert, Franz/]] * [[/Weber, Carl Maria von/]] {{BookCat}} kvffs8c13my6a9bzkes479pt3xxi590 0 448597 4096755 4096753 2022-08-28T12:01:00Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] qn5jfav8oej7304sifn53y7ysh5mf4u 4096757 4096755 2022-08-28T12:06:06Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] ts28wxif85derotsd9ucwgfjekx0twb 4096758 4096757 2022-08-28T12:07:05Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] e2pu7yensu8iqu2zap26dshc1xf2b45 4096759 4096758 2022-08-28T12:07:31Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] otjh35qu9yl63tp4foo3ny526hh95e9 4096761 4096759 2022-08-28T12:11:19Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] ib4epwfttm9ic7rm8vkeyggjpfcxati 4096762 4096761 2022-08-28T12:13:46Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] ftubbmsptfbgi5jwbgaedm625u2zr91 4096764 4096762 2022-08-28T12:15:50Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] rqr6xvox2lwe2s8b7a1a5tx6gn1usxm 4096765 4096764 2022-08-28T12:17:09Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] qbdpu0nfxodvp2uwacaa4o76lo9f75c 4096766 4096765 2022-08-28T12:17:55Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] szvvjchraisclkfjz5ixephbej9gdo6 4096768 4096766 2022-08-28T12:19:24Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] poibpyu3kx644nn7h6db3yi0utqamha 4096769 4096768 2022-08-28T12:20:03Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] 0q0gbns9fv7gbg26o8q95f4iytaskgj 4096777 4096769 2022-08-28T12:23:53Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] ei8rqtqh3kyvqwm2e6mjn8l5zeo1p7k 4096778 4096777 2022-08-28T12:24:57Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] ppn65drmrwxexuqz409moi8ctyuthys 4096779 4096778 2022-08-28T12:25:22Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] ntvsmn2oyyzujcwkrcmmtkbfyyuvkts 4096780 4096779 2022-08-28T12:26:03Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] 2vubo1lmxk4j2ok78guvkkljkcxp6r1 4096802 4096780 2022-08-28T13:16:28Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] nydqxmj5jhu79bifh9maxieidzx8vr0 4096804 4096802 2022-08-28T13:18:08Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] tv0cfsmpygtq1vmqclffnbltkye4l47 4096811 4096804 2022-08-28T13:22:22Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] {{BookCat}} 581w2neuwyaxbln1qtq276ptuttzri9 4096814 4096811 2022-08-28T13:24:48Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] {{BookCat}} ocs4zy8kr2t0p51vus0xxytsq2xzizb 4096821 4096814 2022-08-28T13:27:23Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] {{BookCat}} r78sy4q5jpq1ueyy3g1eu57pzacc14p 4096822 4096821 2022-08-28T13:28:14Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] {{BookCat}} 0r5oe3wtktlxby5zfwtpv8in59vjdie 4096823 4096822 2022-08-28T13:29:21Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] {{BookCat}} f8njlvdb5dibx3kt42uhbeybjl6ypwj 4096824 4096823 2022-08-28T13:30:08Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] {{BookCat}} pnauui2017a58klrpoyzi9n8n9vw2iv 4096826 4096824 2022-08-28T13:31:22Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] {{BookCat}} et8mlvolsm1of0lcttezminv7f43lti 4096827 4096826 2022-08-28T13:32:02Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] {{BookCat}} p1amc084eoyuq21sq5oy5gyk6py1xyc 4096832 4096827 2022-08-28T13:36:30Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] {{BookCat}} sqpkmwbydc26s9xvaap2hhqo6tu0ug2 4096841 4096832 2022-08-28T13:41:27Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] {{BookCat}} jvpizdunb916ov3261r0r9rj1skaup2 4096844 4096841 2022-08-28T13:42:03Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] {{BookCat}} dha0vd1i4xl0rznmdasrc3qnq83nmyo 4096845 4096844 2022-08-28T13:42:37Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] {{BookCat}} nv3j0mhs8lb79akktn2m3uys9t8poxv 4096846 4096845 2022-08-28T13:43:09Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] {{BookCat}} njdwyys1evy1yte9mqazln74jc9i8ow 4096847 4096846 2022-08-28T13:43:39Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] {{BookCat}} nvtfgojiksf5p1o2wwgluvv5uss6e15 4096848 4096847 2022-08-28T13:44:04Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] {{BookCat}} 7qinovdvmvh5lf8cfvedkxifbdkuomh 4096850 4096848 2022-08-28T13:45:27Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] {{BookCat}} 6rkvyn5b3d6113g2jf48ss2pbte80n0 4096851 4096850 2022-08-28T13:46:29Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] {{BookCat}} 2wssmaw1emae87de4x3anfvcwd8ifyv 4096852 4096851 2022-08-28T13:46:59Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] {{BookCat}} s6y750gsydy3uo8x4v43ddn5yynpiqw 4096854 4096852 2022-08-28T13:48:15Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] {{BookCat}} 8c40iigzcd3y1b8z53i2392t01jpad6 4096855 4096854 2022-08-28T13:48:49Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] {{BookCat}} pdjecwd9vdbpjepx1bns7l28dgszs8c 4096857 4096855 2022-08-28T13:50:13Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] {{BookCat}} km7rclny56n4vhourftlovz997omuvi 4096859 4096857 2022-08-28T13:51:36Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] {{BookCat}} jmda6howlb65k6s5pj3xdjhv42glcd7 4096861 4096859 2022-08-28T13:52:43Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] {{BookCat}} 6c8wanuud1nh82zetwcg73qtn9m11d3 4096862 4096861 2022-08-28T13:53:15Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] {{BookCat}} qux3pa5dxlbadv8g9q9lziz89g076i3 4096865 4096862 2022-08-28T13:54:39Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] {{BookCat}} n41wlyofr0rd83x78u1l7e1fyvhyngp 4096866 4096865 2022-08-28T13:55:16Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] {{BookCat}} 8uo83hs0qkrue8lj4vuypaur8x41e6t 4096867 4096866 2022-08-28T13:56:07Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] {{BookCat}} op190ysxyijqf0c2cg406tu7x4e9x0i 4096868 4096867 2022-08-28T13:58:15Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] {{BookCat}} cl4fjho98w8weo5l0lvhuq9enxpfxhy 4096870 4096868 2022-08-28T13:59:35Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] * [[/Vierne, Louis/]] {{BookCat}} ggquyy9szfiw2lvbssp54rv5zyqm1w9 4096871 4096870 2022-08-28T14:00:16Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] * [[/Vierne, Louis/]] * [[/Heitor, Villa-Lobos/]] {{BookCat}} rodciv6vfve9lgjzhshjub6mafiggwc 4096872 4096871 2022-08-28T14:00:48Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] * [[/Vierne, Louis/]] * [[/Heitor, Villa-Lobos/]] * [[/Wagner, Richard/]] {{BookCat}} ilsc8a06f183j05djyfchxxe0yn3fw3 4096874 4096872 2022-08-28T14:03:14Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] * [[/Vierne, Louis/]] * [[/Heitor, Villa-Lobos/]] * [[/Wagner, Richard/]] * [[/Webern, Anton/]] {{BookCat}} 3vt8nwhva8a494wxnh6u63jcy6tsbja 4096876 4096874 2022-08-28T14:05:22Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 19th Century == * [[/Albéniz, Isaac/]] * [[/Alkan, Charles-Valentin/]] * [[/Balakirev, Mily/]] * [[/Bartók, Béla/]] * [[/Berg, Alban/]] * [[/Borodin, Alexander/]] * [[/Boulanger, Lili/]] * [[/Boulanger, Nadia/]] * [[/Brahms, Johannes/]] * [[/Bridge, Frank/]] * [[/Chausson, Ernest/]] * [[/Chopin, Frédéric/]] * [[/Debussy, Claude/]] * [[/de Falla, Manuel/]] * [[/Dukas, Paul/]] * [[/Dupont, Gabriel/]] * [[/Dvorák, Antonín/]] * [[/Eisler, Hanns/]] * [[/Emmanuel, Maurice/]] * [[/Enescu, George/]] * [[/Fauré, Gabriel/]] * [[/Feinberg, Samuil/]] * [[/Franck, César/]] * [[/Gershwin, George/]] * [[/Gianneo, Luis/]] * [[/Granados, Enrique/]] * [[/Grieg, Edvard/]] * [[/Hindemith, Paul/]] * [[/Honegger, Arthur/]] * [[/Ives, Charles/]] * [[/Janáček, Leoš/]] * [[/Lecuona, Ernesto/]] * [[/Liszt, Franz/]] * [[/Lourié, Arthur/]] * [[/Lyapunov, Sergei/]] * [[/Martinu, Bohuslav/]] * [[/Medtner, Nikolai/]] * [[/Mendelssohn, Felix/]] * [[/Milhaud, Darius/]] * [[/Mompou, Federico/]] * [[/Mussorgsky, Modest/]] * [[/Ponce, Manuel/]] * [[/Poulenc, Francis/]] * [[/Prokofiev, Sergei/]] * [[/Rachmaninoff, Sergei/]] * [[/Raff, Joachim/]] * [[/Ravel, Maurice/]] * [[/Reger, Max/]] * [[/Respighi, Ottorino/]] * [[/Roussel, Albert/]] * [[/Saint-Saëns, Camille/]] * [[/Satie, Erik/]] * [[/Schmitt, Florent/]] * [[/Schoenberg, Arnold/]] * [[/Schumann, Robert/]] * [[/Scriabin, Alexander/]] * [[/Sibelius, Jean/]] * [[/Smetana, Bedrich/]] * [[/Sorabji, Kaikhosru Shapurji/]] * [[/Strauss, Richard/]] * [[/Stravinsky, Igor/]] * [[/Szymanowski, Karol/]] * [[/Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich/]] * [[/Vierne, Louis/]] * [[/Heitor, Villa-Lobos/]] * [[/Wagner, Richard/]] * [[/Webern, Anton/]] * [[/Williams, Alberto/]] {{BookCat}} j0m3sesolczek9gqozmuhgylw3xhn7t 0 448598 4096754 4096750 2022-08-28T12:00:30Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] g5zlp75od2igjz7zo9dc12p5cv0h5zh 4096760 4096754 2022-08-28T12:08:13Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] h7sl2xximuftegfx9d2gvw5s7zj8kjr 4096763 4096760 2022-08-28T12:15:10Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] ghzat6z6l6mzk0z840r2sk90mywqcor 4096767 4096763 2022-08-28T12:18:41Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] 4szd5hub5h9qml3s80oo248kwlqta3u 4096771 4096767 2022-08-28T12:20:56Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] gv6dfdltntz34g9wue964x19vn44016 4096773 4096771 2022-08-28T12:21:28Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] 4gkz5usk9d99jmr3o7qrhgr2tcfppzi 4096776 4096773 2022-08-28T12:23:17Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] i80n55juke8me44g5oomjqmhixcnkpu 4096782 4096776 2022-08-28T12:26:38Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] nm0likvrkjn0hqj3e9ngvqimqgl1ruy 4096783 4096782 2022-08-28T12:27:35Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] eikp2xbrcu9uvc3tchaskjl0o1gje7p 4096784 4096783 2022-08-28T12:28:00Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] 4vchtorwert77e5s43ovvk4091r2zoq 4096785 4096784 2022-08-28T12:28:31Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] 5e2203846zfpn5wtdh1ymf780oqr60p 4096787 4096785 2022-08-28T12:29:28Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] anyanjgyyymah583jna4glhbv28ky5v 4096803 4096787 2022-08-28T13:17:13Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] cf5r18jaqc34g2mccj40lwk9psyh51u 4096812 4096803 2022-08-28T13:22:36Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] {{BookCat}} kzkym0ie0c5xmsrdl9wr6xg1frr8762 4096818 4096812 2022-08-28T13:26:20Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] {{BookCat}} 7utuvttrv4c3s9m7r0av5lhkxoimd1r 4096825 4096818 2022-08-28T13:30:46Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] {{BookCat}} hec6n1036mk2s8hqhtps2ih0gs3yq1d 4096828 4096825 2022-08-28T13:33:01Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] {{BookCat}} 1xj9d4rf25mltdzvd3ep4bh37heknu4 4096830 4096828 2022-08-28T13:35:30Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] {{BookCat}} 5akr8ejw14c2xzo2dycuetx5zx5sy2f 4096834 4096830 2022-08-28T13:37:09Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] {{BookCat}} 5jl28651bocyxu9h7lyqjyd50e3belb 4096835 4096834 2022-08-28T13:38:24Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] {{BookCat}} mf3eoyhg1cbqbcyddqyf25jey3aknv5 4096836 4096835 2022-08-28T13:38:56Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] {{BookCat}} c5y03zb44m8doeyrrr99f5r328sip98 4096837 4096836 2022-08-28T13:39:35Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] {{BookCat}} pcn2uq94rtmqxuq4rezj5r0v5artqba 4096838 4096837 2022-08-28T13:40:08Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] {{BookCat}} abpyflg0fc51greq3j5zq97ezbo87om 4096853 4096838 2022-08-28T13:47:37Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] {{BookCat}} cr1pddiifty4laql62f30m43n9v510c 4096858 4096853 2022-08-28T13:50:59Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] {{BookCat}} bu1hz1s4zi840kw7tnsgw98gas2o1nx 4096864 4096858 2022-08-28T13:54:01Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] {{BookCat}} g2pju3t816pvqmh2jcrw142e6fkq17o 4096869 4096864 2022-08-28T13:59:01Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] {{BookCat}} ftavotxmwowf1obirtvsykt0v0qw3x9 4096875 4096869 2022-08-28T14:04:41Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] * [[/Weinberg, Mieczysław/]] {{BookCat}} tcw8nxpwnox9mtkquklkz4h33brkq9q 4096877 4096875 2022-08-28T14:06:05Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] * [[/Weinberg, Mieczysław/]] * [[/Vustin, Alexander/]] {{BookCat}} foy8atho6e6o49kikgodo13ge38a0q0 4096878 4096877 2022-08-28T14:06:30Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] * [[/Weinberg, Mieczysław/]] * [[/Wustin, Alexander/]] {{BookCat}} gtrbm119ukqm0hzfg5w8kmqjmvyb585 4096879 4096878 2022-08-28T14:06:57Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] * [[/Weinberg, Mieczysław/]] * [[/Wustin, Alexander/]] * [[/Xenakis, Iannis/]] {{BookCat}} t2tat38kskomby0eqn5r41d7imgicgm 4096880 4096879 2022-08-28T14:07:44Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 20th Century == * [[/Barber, Samuel/]] * [[/Boulez, Pierre/]] * [[/Britten, Benjamin/]] * [[/Carter, Elliott/]] * [[/Damase, Jean-Michel/]] * [[/Dutilleux, Henri/]] * [[/Françaix, Jean/]] * [[/Górecki, Henryk/]] * [[/Gubaidulina, Sofia/]] * [[/Gulda, Friedrich/]] * [[/Hesketh, Kenneth/]] * [[/Jolivet, André/]] * [[/Kabalevsky, Dmitry/]] * [[/Kapustin, Nikolai/]] * [[/Krenek, Ernst/]] * [[/Kurtág, György/]] * [[/Ligeti, György/]] * [[/Lutosławski, Witold/]] * [[/Messiaen, Olivier/]] * [[/Montalbetti, Éric/]] * [[/Murail, Tristan/]] * [[/Pärt, Arvo/]] * [[/Pelēcis, Georgs/]] * [[/Pesson, Gérard/]] * [[/Peyko, Nikolay/]] * [[/Piazzolla, Astor/]] * [[/Rzewski, Frederic/]] * [[/Schnittke, Alfred/]] * [[/Shostakovich, Dmitri/]] * [[/Ustvolskaya, Galina/]] * [[/Weinberg, Mieczysław/]] * [[/Wustin, Alexander/]] * [[/Xenakis, Iannis/]] * [[/Yun, Isang/]] {{BookCat}} 2efz7td0rdkdp54foyb04x10vxvtu5w 0 448599 4096813 4096732 2022-08-28T13:22:50Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 21st Century */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Piano Solo Music: Composers Born in the 21st Century == {{BookCat}} n7o5uh71dreyujld5zg3qdbdd9o1zxq 102 448600 4096770 2022-08-28T12:20:27Z Mvolz 1541820 Created page with " ==Ingredients== * Potato gnocchi (500 grams) * Fresh Basil (30 g) * Garlic (1-2 cloves, minced) * Sun dried tomatoes (3-5 tomatoes) * Oil from sun dried tomatoes (2 tbs) * Pine nuts (30 grams) ==Directions== * Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain * Finely dice the sun dried tomatoes * Add 1-2 tbs of the oil from the sun dried tomatoes to a pan and heat * Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. * Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocc..." wikitext text/x-wiki ==Ingredients== * Potato gnocchi (500 grams) * Fresh Basil (30 g) * Garlic (1-2 cloves, minced) * Sun dried tomatoes (3-5 tomatoes) * Oil from sun dried tomatoes (2 tbs) * Pine nuts (30 grams) ==Directions== * Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain * Finely dice the sun dried tomatoes * Add 1-2 tbs of the oil from the sun dried tomatoes to a pan and heat * Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. * Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil and stir until the basil has wilted * Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve. [[Category:Vegan Recipes]] jxj4xrvb4tizl0yq25yu8mbe4hjpyeq 4096772 4096770 2022-08-28T12:21:10Z Mvolz 1541820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * Potato gnocchi (500 grams) * Fresh Basil (30 g) * Garlic (1-2 cloves, minced) * Sun dried tomatoes (3-5 tomatoes) * Oil from sun dried tomatoes (2 tbs) * Pine nuts (30 grams) ==Directions== * Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain * Finely dice the sun dried tomatoes * Add 1-2 tbs of the oil from the sun dried tomatoes to a pan and heat * Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. * Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil and stir until the basil has wilted * Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve. [[Category:Vegan Recipes]] 29ji1fkn2zk99o9hp7dn9gru0gn535j 4096774 4096772 2022-08-28T12:21:47Z Mvolz 1541820 sp wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * Potato gnocchi (500 grams) * Fresh Basil (30 g) * Garlic (1-2 cloves, minced) * Sun dried tomatoes (3-5 tomatoes) * Oil from sun dried tomatoes (2 tbs) * Pine nuts (30 grams) ==Directions== * Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain * Finely dice the sun dried tomatoes * Add 1-2 tbs of the oil from the sun dried tomatoes to a pan and heat * Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. * Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil and stir until the basil has wilted * Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve. [[Category:Vegan recipes]] rqky7mi5lfk1hbn81w2a9168uvdt5hw 4096809 4096774 2022-08-28T13:22:11Z Nostriker 3371989 Nostriker moved page [[Cookbook:Potato gnocchi with basil and sun-dried tomatoes]] to [[Cookbook:Potato Gnocchi with Basil and Sun-dried Tomatoes]]: title case per [[Cookbook:Policy#Naming Conventions]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * Potato gnocchi (500 grams) * Fresh Basil (30 g) * Garlic (1-2 cloves, minced) * Sun dried tomatoes (3-5 tomatoes) * Oil from sun dried tomatoes (2 tbs) * Pine nuts (30 grams) ==Directions== * Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain * Finely dice the sun dried tomatoes * Add 1-2 tbs of the oil from the sun dried tomatoes to a pan and heat * Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. * Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil and stir until the basil has wilted * Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve. [[Category:Vegan recipes]] rqky7mi5lfk1hbn81w2a9168uvdt5hw 4096816 4096809 2022-08-28T13:25:24Z Nostriker 3371989 style, format, language, links wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipe}} ==Ingredients== * 500 g potato [[Cookbook:Gnocchi|gnocchi]] * 30 g fresh [[Cookbook:Basil|basil]] * 1-2 cloves [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * 3-5 [[Cookbook:Sun-dried Tomatoes|sun-dried tomatoes]] in oil * 2 tbsp oil from sun-dried tomatoes * 30 g [[Cookbook:Pine Nut|pine nuts]] ==Procedure== # Prepare the gnocchi as per the package instructions, and drain. # Finely dice the sun-dried tomatoes. # Add the sun-dried tomato oil to a pan and heat. # Fry the minced garlic in the oil for 2 minutes. # Add the diced sun-dried tomatoes, gnocchi, and fresh basil, and stir until the basil has wilted. # Add the pine nuts, toss, and serve. [[Category:Vegan recipes]] i9bmbfxh0471f610svcfvht2lykz45g 3 448601 4096796 2022-08-28T13:02:47Z Xania 40302 Warning wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/2601:240:E000:4470:608E:110B:730A:9A73|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 13:02, 28 August 2022 (UTC) qhj54ynuymeybjaf7ihfdqvjr3haevv 3 448602 4096798 2022-08-28T13:04:01Z Xania 40302 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome, Peter1180! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 13:03, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 1g7u2kvfdhq9uz9k9lr5bsoa2q5pm8j 4097085 4096798 2022-08-29T10:38:13Z Xania 40302 External Links wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome, Peter1180! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 13:03, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ==External Links== Hi, I saw your edits on [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Albéniz, Isaac]]. To add links to external websites do this: <nowiki>[http://link description]</nowiki> which will look like this: [http://link description] 2qlt7zjn78e6h5qww8itaddh7xwprfw 4097088 4097085 2022-08-29T10:40:00Z Xania 40302 /* External Links */ wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome, Peter1180! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 13:03, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ==External Links== Hi, I saw your edits on [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia/Composers born in the 19th century/Albéniz, Isaac]]. To add links to external websites do this: <nowiki>[http://link description]</nowiki> which will look like this: [http://link description] :I realise that you may have deliberately added the extra [ and ] for emphasis though.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 10:39, 29 August 2022 (UTC) im1qbtcyilutg22kmwfl19buah22d5p 0 448603 4096801 2022-08-28T13:11:38Z 102.89.40.234 To view and play videos by name wikitext text/x-wiki Name of bookmark Great browse Contents: 1. videos player when clicked on a video, when clicked 2 times in a second show options to be clicked including: a. play, pause, copy, download, install, add a feature, remove,delete. When i click on it should play the video i searched for. All videos on google should be found there, and can log out from there. And search box. 13063x60jtn339ilpef7jk5rl5el804 4096831 4096801 2022-08-28T13:35:37Z JackPotte 99248 wikitext text/x-wiki Name of bookmark Great browse Contents: 1. videos player when clicked on a video, when clicked 2 times in a second show options to be clicked including: a. play, pause, copy, download, install, add a feature, remove, delete. When I click on it should play the video I searched for. All videos on google should be found there, and can log out from there. And search box. {{AutoCat}} a8w92y11yjf91647quahzsoij6pb3u5 102 448604 4096810 2022-08-28T13:22:12Z Nostriker 3371989 Nostriker moved page [[Cookbook:Potato gnocchi with basil and sun-dried tomatoes]] to [[Cookbook:Potato Gnocchi with Basil and Sun-dried Tomatoes]]: title case per [[Cookbook:Policy#Naming Conventions]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cookbook:Potato Gnocchi with Basil and Sun-dried Tomatoes]] 8bgnudmvhadpockll2xtqccl1034srt 102 448605 4096820 2022-08-28T13:26:47Z Nostriker 3371989 created new redirect wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cookbook:Tomato#Sun-dried_tomatoes]] 4wdljmgyasji9p6cu5r9cpbhrue12dc 102 448606 4096849 2022-08-28T13:44:18Z Nostriker 3371989 created ingredient page wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ingredient}} [[File:Homemade gnocchi.jpg|thumb|Homemade gnocchi]] '''Gnocchi''' (singular: '''gnocco''') are a class of small Italian dumplings sometimes considered a type of pasta. They can be homemade or purchased commercially. == Production == Gnocchi are typically made of wheat flour, with different varieties containing potatoes, ricotta, semolina, and/or eggs. To shape gnocchi, the dough is usually formed into thin ropes before cutting into small pieces. The pieces may then be further shaped by pressing, cutting, and rolling. [[File:Creazione gnocchi.jpg|thumb|Shaping gnocchi with a grooved board]] == Storage == Fresh gnocchi will keep for a couple days, covered, in the refrigerator. They can also be frozen in air-tight containers or bags for long-term storage. == Cooking == Gnocchi can be simply boiled in salted water until they float to the surface and are cooked through. They may be served with a variety of sauces or baked into a gratin or casserole. == External links == * https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/gnocchi-glossary * [https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/glossary/gnocchi?refresh_ce= https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/glossary/gnocchi] * https://www.allrecipes.com/article/what-is-gnocchi/ 4muj0f7ekxdauaj7apm1kdyyiilx5u4 0 448607 4096881 2022-08-28T14:10:23Z Peter1180 3400533 Created page with "== Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] ==" wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == a4f5opm5d0xum18j92vmvd5at0qu8p1 4096882 4096881 2022-08-28T14:11:28Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == {{BookCat}} 5bql1eiug64trr3xic8p6eufbsi5j0f 4096884 4096882 2022-08-28T14:44:59Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * Angustia: Romanza sin palabras (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] {{BookCat}} ngb9imiy6r725za7lf1cb3p91ytbyo5 4096885 4096884 2022-08-28T14:45:47Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] {{BookCat}} rg5fbeiqubcu16dza4zsgl0m1wwoyay 4096886 4096885 2022-08-28T14:49:12Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 6vqe302cvavpm1r0apmt5b5drvzzj90 4096887 4096886 2022-08-28T14:51:56Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] @ {{BookCat}} 92sx1hucxikert91y34vcujfptw9p0j 4096888 4096887 2022-08-28T14:52:14Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] ! {{BookCat}} 2jyjtt1hzxb9ha5m3icalifzh8cf51t 4096889 4096888 2022-08-28T14:52:26Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] !!! {{BookCat}} 3ufizp9uq14ab5ksgyodus9ukwlynok 4096890 4096889 2022-08-28T14:53:08Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] ^!^ {{BookCat}} igvjdr9ddrhrodo5m501e4osg671wg9 4096891 4096890 2022-08-28T14:53:19Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] ^!!!^ {{BookCat}} 9arfabppv9igmlltjv3vezk4iizkeks 4096892 4096891 2022-08-28T14:53:36Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 6vqe302cvavpm1r0apmt5b5drvzzj90 4096893 4096892 2022-08-28T14:54:25Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * '''''Arbola-pian, zortzico''''' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 5eu2wf3nbl3tukh48bptbear1dqz4hc 4096894 4096893 2022-08-28T14:54:52Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 6vqe302cvavpm1r0apmt5b5drvzzj90 4096904 4096894 2022-08-28T16:25:11Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 3q2us1wawkoqrvofc4iaebq67v0krah 4096905 4096904 2022-08-28T16:26:50Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 93fv94dc2l1ohq52ef2xr6vkvkxi2ph 4096906 4096905 2022-08-28T16:29:15Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 3pxgj1x3vjb8z6gos5a9mnuo2x7wjir 4096907 4096906 2022-08-28T16:31:09Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 00zoywg0giidhrwmuewgu1frl0dvm7k 4096908 4096907 2022-08-28T16:35:01Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] {{BookCat}} t43sh1j3vxjc9x3kqz9yl9hjaoamf6b 4096909 4096908 2022-08-28T16:41:47Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] {{BookCat}} bjcmm4xjpcnmalr4chlwi0sb7lh3ow1 4096910 4096909 2022-08-28T16:51:20Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] {{BookCat}} mxlakcs8f84s8y6rrsvxkeegveshzxr 4096926 4096910 2022-08-28T18:11:22Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] {{BookCat}} fkew6nds5t831qcvxpbeg58xp9vegwi 4096929 4096926 2022-08-28T18:21:45Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 5yh1t8tqkqkdtkapfavvb9gdpe1atwl 4096935 4096929 2022-08-28T19:20:46Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Barcarola in D-flat major'', op. 23 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOw6R5PKkVE YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Pequeños Valses'' ''1 - 6'', op. 25 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVMAJvKqNc YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU2vB7B38Rs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--aQcU80mgU YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob9BKIcOTOk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXukI8dvZUo YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-C-feOy0KU YouTube]] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} sh1myqlgcp33xnn06l4aj0myi8cowcc 4096971 4096935 2022-08-28T21:50:49Z Peter1180 3400533 /* Compositions for piano solo by Isaac Albéniz */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Barcarola in D-flat major'', op. 23 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOw6R5PKkVE YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Pequeños Valses'' ''1 - 6'', op. 25 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVMAJvKqNc YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU2vB7B38Rs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--aQcU80mgU YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob9BKIcOTOk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXukI8dvZUo YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-C-feOy0KU YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 1 in A-flat major,'' op. 28 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiPVN-U5ML0 YouTube]] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 0lpsxmj9q1gokysdlnjt2pni6zf475z 4096972 4096971 2022-08-28T21:52:20Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Barcarola in D-flat major'', op. 23 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOw6R5PKkVE YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6,'' op. 37 (1887) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Pequeños Valses'' ''1 - 6'', op. 25 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVMAJvKqNc YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU2vB7B38Rs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--aQcU80mgU YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob9BKIcOTOk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXukI8dvZUo YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-C-feOy0KU YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 1 in A-flat major,'' op. 28 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiPVN-U5ML0 YouTube]] * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} t83vt0ikoj9xezjtxd6yvn26pk1pbvc 4097081 4096972 2022-08-29T10:03:43Z Peter1180 3400533 wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube]] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube]] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Barcarola in D-flat major'', op. 23 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOw6R5PKkVE YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6,'' op. 37 (1887) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * ''Deseo, Estudio de Concierto'', op. 40 (1885) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rm89OwMiZJ0 YouTube]] * ''Estudio impromptu'', op. 56 [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G47zqyXr7fE YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Pequeños Valses'' ''1 - 6'', op. 25 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVMAJvKqNc YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU2vB7B38Rs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--aQcU80mgU YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob9BKIcOTOk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXukI8dvZUo YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-C-feOy0KU YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 1 in A-flat major,'' op. 28 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiPVN-U5ML0 YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 2'', op. 60 (lost) * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 1'', op. 54 (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS6FwO6eUqk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NmtN_bnx5E YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 2,'' op. 64 (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICW4AHTraJg YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I_QcpPHiv4 [YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * '''''Suite española no. 1''''', op. 47 (1882-89) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pssZnVi_h2I YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} nqq2wtx6ksjrpivpmwlzjkixdx09n9x 4097087 4097081 2022-08-29T10:38:59Z Xania 40302 fixed some links wikitext text/x-wiki == Compositions for piano solo by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Albéniz Isaac Albéniz] == * ''Angustia: Romanza sin palabras'' (1886) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DGVnSnqnL8 YouTube] * ''Arbola-pian, zortzico'' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBIus1OZc4Q YouTube] * ''Azulegos'' (1909, finished by Enrique Granados) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UymneP83Esw&t=17s YouTube]] * ''Balbina Valverde'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-C1_ZtWA5Y YouTube]] * ''Barcarola in D-flat major'', op. 23 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOw6R5PKkVE YouTube]] * ''Cádiz Gaditana'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5epHuGQGnA YouTube]] * ''Champagne'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bGDUFytogA YouTube]] * ''Danzas españolas 1 - 6,'' op. 37 (1887) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DtR02qF7g YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEBH1_1Eaxs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP0dtcUQ8Xk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSJ7JuSQN8 YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZblgHPrnsg YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFp_ZD3U5Yk YouTube]] * ''Diva sin par'' (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fKLIbQD7rM YouTube]] * ''Deseo, Estudio de Concierto'', op. 40 (1885) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rm89OwMiZJ0 YouTube]] * ''Estudio impromptu'', op. 56 [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G47zqyXr7fE YouTube]] * '''''Iberia''', Books 1 - 4'' (1907-1908) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQZjSvI7kfw YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYiTLhPIK8&t=393s YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClNG1UY5t3E&t=131s [YouTube]] * ''Improvisations 1 - 3'' (1903) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5vdrZ8V4Q YouTube]] * ''La Vega'' (1897) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkXHTgrMdFk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Marcha Militar'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRy5Oq9ejA YouTube]] * ''Minuetto no. 3 in A-flat major'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13m2QBri-44 YouTube]] * ''Navarra'' (1907, finished by Déodat de Séverac) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw7D68i4vXE YouTube]] * ''Pavana-Capricho'', op. 12 (1882) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8hm3jouhYk <nowiki>YouTube]</nowiki>] * ''Pequeños Valses'' ''1 - 6'', op. 25 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVMAJvKqNc YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU2vB7B38Rs YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--aQcU80mgU YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob9BKIcOTOk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXukI8dvZUo YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-C-feOy0KU YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 1 in A-flat major,'' op. 28 (1884) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiPVN-U5ML0 YouTube]] * ''Piano sonata no. 2'', op. 60 (lost) * ''Serenata árabe'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjYUIDqRpHU YouTube]] * ''Souvenirs 1 - 2'' (1899) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfJnKKnkcuM YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdpXGHktPoE YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 1'', op. 54 (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS6FwO6eUqk YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NmtN_bnx5E YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 2,'' op. 64 (1886) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICW4AHTraJg YouTube]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I_QcpPHiv4 [YouTube]] * ''Suite ancienne no. 3'' [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fC1_VmF9IA YouTube]] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJS5hle3wF0 YouTube]] * '''''Suite española no. 1''''', op. 47 (1882-89) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pssZnVi_h2I YouTube]] * ''Zambra Granadina'' (1888) [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxWaiHqnsc YouTube]] {{BookCat}} 1h9wgf0bt5pouixo7lbbnsefq20pr6x 0 448608 4096883 2022-08-28T14:29:37Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File: Common vagrant.jpg|thumb|420px|Subject of hobo tourism ([[w:Russian language|ru]]:[[wikt: ru:международный бомж|международный бомж]])<br> (photo from newspaper article [[s: ru:Бродяга в Хашимитском Королевстве (Пинчук)|«Бродяга в Хашимитском королевстве»]])]] The acticle, which complements the main material on the topic, briefly explains the meaning of the title..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Common vagrant.jpg|thumb|420px|Subject of hobo tourism ([[w:Russian language|ru]]:[[wikt: ru:международный бомж|международный бомж]])<br> (photo from newspaper article [[s: ru:Бродяга в Хашимитском Королевстве (Пинчук)|«Бродяга в Хашимитском королевстве»]])]] The acticle, which complements the main material on the topic, briefly explains the meaning of the title, which allows each reader to decide whether he wants to see himself as such by joining the few ranks of hobo tourism supporters. '''Subject of hobo tourism''' aka international bum ([[w:Russian language|ru]]: [[wikt: ru:международный бомж|международный бомж]], бомж-турист, бомж международного класса) — traveler, using informal methods wanderings the world. It’s a lifestyle where, for a certain period of time, you transform into [[w:Alter ego|another person]], you move from country to country, don’t know what’s coming. Whoever chooses this path must for a while forget about comfort and be prepared for a few months of difficult, sometimes exhausting life of a vagrant, who crosses many state borders during one trip. The camping mat replaces the bed; the lake, the river or the faucet in the stall of the station toilet — the shower; and [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|during the night in the open air]] you can get under the rain. In addition to the above, you need to be prepared for [[Hobo tourism/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)|tropical fever]] and do not exclude the possibility of [[Hobo tourism/African Robbery|robbery]] by native [[w:Gopnik|gopniks]] and other criminal personalities. == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Notes of an international tramp| "Notes of an international tramp"]]'' * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s: Translation:In bullpen – voluntarily| "In bullpen – voluntarily"]]'' == Links == Examples for use the term "international bum" ([[w:Russian language|ru]]:международный бомж) in Russian-language literature and periodicals: * {{cite web |author = Нахимов В.|url = https://avp.travel.ru/Vlad_Nahimov_intrbomj.htm|title = Пособие для международных бомжей|lang = ru|website = avp.travel.ru|date = |accessdate = 28. 08. 2022}} * {{cite web |author = Дрёмова Н. В.|url = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/ru/0/02/Виктор_Пинчук_–_международный_БОМЖ.jpg|title = Путешественник Виктор Пинчук — «международный бомж»|lang = ru|website = upload.wikimedia.org |date = |accessdate = 28. 08. 2022}} * {{cite web |author = Пинчук В. В.|url = https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Заметки_международного_БОМЖа_(Пинчук)|title = Заметки международного БОМЖа |lang = ru|website = ru.wikisource.org|date = |accessdate = 28. 08. 2022}} {{bookcat}} nham4yberp7ywm0rdbovwf9zkhemhaj 0 448609 4096901 2022-08-28T15:34:21Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File:Victor Pinchuk (Russian traveler) and a support group.jpg|thumb|350px|Support group (in red — a local guy who called help)]] '''Visiting Death''' — the conditional name of the incident associated with the unwitting stay of Viktor Pinchuk in the uninhabited territory. On 30 January 2011, a Russian traveler, while on a [[Hobo tourism/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|solo expedition on the African continent]], attempting to swim the w:Cunene Riv..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Victor Pinchuk (Russian traveler) and a support group.jpg|thumb|350px|Support group (in red — a local guy who called help)]] '''Visiting Death''' — the conditional name of the incident associated with the unwitting stay of Viktor Pinchuk in the uninhabited territory. On 30 January 2011, a Russian traveler, while on a [[Hobo tourism/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa|solo expedition on the African continent]], attempting to swim the [[w:Cunene River|Kunene River]] in the lower reaches of [[w:Epupa Falls|Epupa Falls]] (Namibia), was carried away by stormy waters, eventually ending up on the opposite shore, belonging to the neighboring country — Angola. The following morning, he was seen by a villager who reported the incident to the inhabitants of the commune. The police arrived and made an inventory of the money, clothes and other property left on the other side of river. They called a rescue team, as a result of which, in the afternoon, the «jungle prisoner» was released. == General information == * Scene: Namibia, Angola. * Date: 30 January 2011, 9:30 a.m. * Coordinates: -16.984580 / 13.226720. * Time spent in uninhabited territory: about 30 hours. * Food: leaves of trees and shrubs, water from the river. * Way of lodging: plucked and laid on the ground grass. * Effects: light heat stroke, sunburn. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px" caption="Illustrations from newspaper articles (see material in Wikisource)"> File:Epupa — falling water.jpg File: Half an hour before the incident (english language).jpg File:Epupa falls (Namibia).jpg </gallery> == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Visiting Death| "Visiting Death"]]'' * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:Ridiculous "cruise" of Robinson| "Ridiculous "cruise" of Robinson"]]'' == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Third African trip|Third African trip]]"''. — Simferopol: Phoenix Enterprise, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4 {{bookcat}} 3zr04hmmw81surpoaoy7qpe681dt3xq 0 448610 4096921 2022-08-28T17:42:59Z QueerEcofeminist 474408 new page wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. b9m3vuca02oqj0jqnk0fr7nchz7pffb 4096922 4096921 2022-08-28T17:48:14Z QueerEcofeminist 474408 new page wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme. {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Caste}} {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Sexuality}} {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Capitalism}} 55r8dgvql416kx0901997cp21g7sjs3 4096923 4096922 2022-08-28T17:49:02Z QueerEcofeminist 474408 bulltets wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme. * {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Caste}} * {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Sexuality}} * {{21 Expected Questions For Social Scientists/Capitalism}} 0fv1w50asywydvt9b4imn3z1h20sh7m 4097062 4096923 2022-08-29T07:41:35Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme. * [[/Caste/]] * [[/Sexuality/]] * [[/Capitalism/]] {{bookcat}} igjggj8gaqu3s6b52ez7bkwvstehfwq 4097064 4097062 2022-08-29T07:45:25Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme. ==Table of Contents== {{Book search}} * [[/Caste/]] * [[/Sexuality/]] * [[/Capitalism/]] {{Status|0%}} {{BookCat}} guqzhrshev1olm2q4gsc36oc2xsmlgg 4097065 4097064 2022-08-29T07:48:18Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki This book intends to document frequently asked questions for Social Scientists. I am planning to collect questions on the themes of caste, gender, sexuality, race, class, and capitalism and if possible I will try and cover other themes too. Here I will try and collect 21 important questions and answers. Though this number might vary as per the need of the theme. ==Table of Contents== {{Book search}} * [[/Caste/]] * [[/Sexuality/]] * [[/Capitalism/]] {{Status|0%}} {{Shelves|Social sciences}} dahkj25qjr223kywxqn0tygs7s79i2f 0 448611 4096928 2022-08-28T18:17:24Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File:Фото из книги Афганский арестант.jpg|thumb|350px|upright|Photo from the book [[Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner|"Afghan prisoner"]]]] '''One day in an Afghan prison''' — an incident that occurred with Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk while in Kabul on 15 October 2008. On the evening of the above-mentioned date, the subject of the incident left [[w: ru: Мехмунсарай|Mehmunsaray]], located in the w:Koht-e Sangi|Kote Sangi distr..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Фото из книги Афганский арестант.jpg|thumb|350px|upright|Photo from the book [[Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner|"Afghan prisoner"]]]] '''One day in an Afghan prison''' — an incident that occurred with Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk while in Kabul on 15 October 2008. On the evening of the above-mentioned date, the subject of the incident left [[w: ru: Мехмунсарай|Mehmunsaray]], located in the [[w:Koht-e Sangi|Kote Sangi district]] on the outskirts of the Afghan capital, to buy fresh flatbread for dinner, but did not have time to perform the intended, since was stopped by the policemen from the nearest checkpoint, that asked the foreigner to show his ID. After checking the passport, the paramilitary police tell the opponent to return to his residence, which meant for Russian guest will lose dinner. After hearing a negative answer, one of the policemen of the order seated the detainee in a passing taxi and drove him to the nearest station, where after a brief interrogation (in the format of an interview) he was transferred to the place of deprivation of liberty, having first placed him in a three-seat cell, where an Afghan old man was held, and then they isolated in a separat tiny cell by evicting two of the inhabitants. The next morning, when the authorities came to examine the case and did not find any criminal activity in the detainee’s actions, they make decided to release him, which was done in the afternoon after checking the contents of the seized photocamera. == General information == * Scene: Kabul City. * Date of detention: 15 September 2008, approximately 19 hours. * Date of release: 16 September 2008, approximately 17 hours. * Time of stay in place of detention: about 20 hours. * Food: tea and bread; rice. * Method of overnight: [[w: ru:Нары|bunks]]. == Gallery (video) == <gallery widths="300px" heights="300px" class=""> File: Hotel in Afghanistan-2.webm|thumbtime=05|Mehmunsarai, where the "prisoner" lived before and after the events File: Bakery.ogv|thumbtime=05|Afghan tortillas — breakfast, dinner and lunch of the Russian traveler File: Kote Sangi.ogv|thumbtime=10|[[w:Koht-e Sangi|Kote Sangi district]] (place of arrest) </gallery> == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:One day in Afghan prison|"One day in Afghan prison"]]'' == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner|Afghan prisoner]]"''. — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 144 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-3-1 {{bookcat}} qoh7fzc547eijokc4y56cpyignh0np9 3 448612 4096933 2022-08-28T19:04:41Z JackPotte 99248 Created page with "{{subst:test1}} ~~~~" wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please, can you [[Using Wikibooks|help]] improve [[WB:WIW|Wikibooks]]''' by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C50:7300:546:D4A8:C122:B356:F16C|doing future experiments]] with the [[Help:Contents|wiki software]] in the [{{fullurl:Wikibooks:Sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] instead? Your fellow contributors consider test edits in the sandbox constructive. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].<br /> Thanks. }} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 19:04, 28 August 2022 (UTC) hfhl4tgxpmtu30m2958lkf7z0btsk66 0 448613 4096984 2022-08-28T23:18:48Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created stub wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ e8kq389900sca2c4rwehpsm2o10lo31 4096985 4096984 2022-08-28T23:20:54Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Technology */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== ==Technology== The system is powered by 4 AA batteries.<ref name="repair">{{cite news |title=起動できない『トミー データバトル』を修理！（原因は電池の液漏れ） |url=https://yopikarisan.com/i-tried-to-repair-tomy-data-battle/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=よぴかりさん |date=14 July 2022 |language=ja}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 2zityas9fuetglrwup4pnpt92vqyv1c 4097015 4096985 2022-08-29T05:06:10Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== 1995 saw the release of the Tomy Data Battle handheld game console.<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Battle {{!}} Virtual Simulation by Tomy – The Video Game Kraken |url=http://videogamekraken.com/data-battle-virtual-simulation-by-tomy |website=Video Game Kraken |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> ==Technology== The system is powered by 4 AA batteries.<ref name="repair">{{cite news |title=起動できない『トミー データバトル』を修理！（原因は電池の液漏れ） |url=https://yopikarisan.com/i-tried-to-repair-tomy-data-battle/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=よぴかりさん |date=14 July 2022 |language=ja}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ ttw1wehfe8z6vyb9a6hpvg6hyse1fp7 4097020 4097015 2022-08-29T05:30:16Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== 1995 saw the release of the Tomy Data Battle handheld game console.<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Battle {{!}} Virtual Simulation by Tomy – The Video Game Kraken |url=http://videogamekraken.com/data-battle-virtual-simulation-by-tomy |website=Video Game Kraken |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=データバトルを知っていますか？ |url=https://dbps.hatenablog.com/entry/2019/10/03/001507 |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=データバトル保存会 |date=2 October 2019 |language=ja}}</ref> ==Technology== The system is powered by 4 AA batteries.<ref name="repair">{{cite news |title=起動できない『トミー データバトル』を修理！（原因は電池の液漏れ） |url=https://yopikarisan.com/i-tried-to-repair-tomy-data-battle/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |work=よぴかりさん |date=14 July 2022 |language=ja}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ oije7apn9sznf0yxrv8azrza51nufd6 0 448614 4096994 2022-08-29T02:02:33Z CL702 3399170 Created page with "This wiki-book aims to critique the study [https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/45/2/347.full.pdf Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial] by Laura Mendoza. <ref name=":0">Mendoza L, Horta P, Espinoza J, Aguilera M, Balmaceda N, Castro A, et al. Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal. 2015;45(2):347-54.</ref> This article critique is conducted for assessment f..." wikitext text/x-wiki This wiki-book aims to critique the study [https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/45/2/347.full.pdf Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial] by Laura Mendoza. <ref name=":0">Mendoza L, Horta P, Espinoza J, Aguilera M, Balmaceda N, Castro A, et al. Pedometers to enhance physical activity in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal. 2015;45(2):347-54.</ref> This article critique is conducted for assessment for the "Health, Disease and Exercise (8340)" unit at the University of Canberra. == What is the Background to this Research? == Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that obstructs airflow from the lungs <ref>mayoclinic.org, COPD, by Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)</ref>. Physical activity is a key issue in COPD patients <ref>Esteban C, Garcia-Gutierrez S, Legarreta MJ, Anton-Ladislao A, Gonzalez N, Lafuente I, Fernandez de Larrea N, Vidal S, Bare M, Quintana JM, -COPD group IR. One-year mortality in COPD after an exacerbation: the effect of physical activity changes during the event. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2016 Nov 1;13(6):718-25.</ref>. Despite patients with COPD still needing to complete the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day, there is a decrease in physical activity for these patients. This research paper aims to determine if pedometers can help enhance the physical activity levels of patients living with COPD <ref name=":0" />. == Where is the Research From? == The research took place in Santiago, Chile, at the Hospital Clinico, Universidad de Chile. == What Kind of Research is this? == This research is a [[wikipedia:Randomized_controlled_trial|randomised control trial]], which is a form of a scientific experiment that can be used to control factors that are not under the direct control of the experiment. == What did the Research Involve? == * Patients who were diagnosed with COPD according to the [https://goldcopd.org/ 2006 Global Initiative for COPD]. * Patients who had a smoking history and had quit 2 months before the study * Patients who have not had exacerbations in the 4 weeks preceding the study * Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics at private and public hospitals and primary health centres in Santiago. * Patients were excluded if they had any other chronic conditions that significantly impacted their ability to walk or if they had participated in any rehabilitation program in the previous year * Patients attended monthly appointments with their physicians and physiotherapists for 30 minutes for 3 months * There were 47 participants in the control group. Participants in this group received counselling to increase their physical activity level and were advised to walk at least 30 minutes per day, and were provided with a diary to record information related to their condition. * There were 50 participants in the pedometer group. Participants in this group received a pedometer and were taught how to use it, and the same diary as the control group, but with an added step count column. The patients could record the step count in the provided diary and record information related to their condition. == What were the Basic Results? == The pedometer group had significantly greater physical activity improvements than the control group. The pedometer group also experienced significantly greater benefits in exercise capacity and health status. The control group had a total of 5 missing days of data from the baseline and a total of 9 missing days from the follow-up. === What were the Researcher's Conclusions? === A higher degree of compliance is suggested with the pedometer group, as throughout the study the group showed a progressive increase in the average steps per day. The most substantial increases were in the first and second month follow-ups. == What Conclusions Can We Take from this Research? == Pedometers can increase physical activity for patients with COPD. == Practical Advice == == References == <references /> dgiuvw70qdf7ug1b8vdkhm6s5erg0fo 2 448615 4096999 2022-08-29T02:29:59Z Joshkatz60 3400613 Created page with "User:Joshkatz60" wikitext text/x-wiki User:Joshkatz60 19w0d0fxvuqdgnm0oksmesh9d9dujij 4097000 4096999 2022-08-29T02:31:18Z Joshkatz60 3400613 wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Josh Katz studying Health, Disease and Exercise 8340. kv1ygil6mrcdxdvt18kvin6dwogbamn 0 448617 4097006 2022-08-29T04:13:39Z EEdwards101 3399164 Created page with "Technology's Influence on Physical Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients" wikitext text/x-wiki Technology's Influence on Physical Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Patients 71pbj89m81g21zhxvqjwbbmsfvuuqkt 0 448618 4097021 2022-08-29T06:03:01Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created stub wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ e8kq389900sca2c4rwehpsm2o10lo31 4097022 4097021 2022-08-29T06:03:48Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The console was designed in Iceland in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVD Kids : une télécommandes et des jeux intéractifs pour jeunes enfant en DVD-Video signé Berchet ! |url=https://www.planetenumerique.com/nouveautes/DVD-Kids-une-telecommandes-et-des,434.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=www.planetenumerique.com}}</ref> ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 8vsrsro5cm6rd3nejccg2gymnqqjdvn 4097023 4097022 2022-08-29T06:06:50Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The console was designed in Iceland by 3-Plus Ltd roughly around 2002-2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVD Kids : une télécommandes et des jeux intéractifs pour jeunes enfant en DVD-Video signé Berchet ! |url=https://www.planetenumerique.com/nouveautes/DVD-Kids-une-telecommandes-et-des,434.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=www.planetenumerique.com}}</ref><ref name="WSA">{{cite web |title=dvd-kids {{!}} WSA |url=https://wsa-global.org/winner/dvd-kids/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The system won a World Summit Award in 2005.<ref name="WSA"/> ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ erfx10hkzg7m57mtq7e0ikqziwjzuzr 4097024 4097023 2022-08-29T06:08:43Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* Technology */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The console was designed in Iceland by 3-Plus Ltd roughly around 2002-2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVD Kids : une télécommandes et des jeux intéractifs pour jeunes enfant en DVD-Video signé Berchet ! |url=https://www.planetenumerique.com/nouveautes/DVD-Kids-une-telecommandes-et-des,434.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=www.planetenumerique.com}}</ref><ref name="WSA">{{cite web |title=dvd-kids {{!}} WSA |url=https://wsa-global.org/winner/dvd-kids/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The system won a World Summit Award in 2005.<ref name="WSA"/> ==Technology== The console could play many standard DVDs, and could use specially designed interactive DVDs designed for it.<ref name="WSA"/> The system was designed specifically for edutainment.<ref name="WSA"/> The system supported touch interaction.<ref name="WSA"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 7ho692g2pkj573esfnmd47tqkuw0v8h 4097025 4097024 2022-08-29T06:09:00Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The console was designed in Iceland by 3-Plus Ltd roughly around 2002-2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVD Kids : une télécommandes et des jeux intéractifs pour jeunes enfant en DVD-Video signé Berchet ! |url=https://www.planetenumerique.com/nouveautes/DVD-Kids-une-telecommandes-et-des,434.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=www.planetenumerique.com}}</ref><ref name="WSA">{{cite web |title=dvd-kids {{!}} WSA |url=https://wsa-global.org/winner/dvd-kids/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The system won a World Summit Award in 2005.<ref name="WSA"/> ==Technology== The console could play many standard DVDs, and could use specially designed interactive DVDs designed for it.<ref name="WSA"/> The system was designed specifically for edutainment.<ref name="WSA"/> The system supported touch interaction via the control surface.<ref name="WSA"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|25%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 8gha7l7jfscpls7xc43bv0babnqo9q0 4097026 4097025 2022-08-29T06:10:00Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The console was designed in Iceland by 3-Plus Ltd roughly around 2002-2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVD Kids : une télécommandes et des jeux intéractifs pour jeunes enfant en DVD-Video signé Berchet ! |url=https://www.planetenumerique.com/nouveautes/DVD-Kids-une-telecommandes-et-des,434.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=www.planetenumerique.com}}</ref><ref name="WSA">{{cite web |title=dvd-kids {{!}} WSA |url=https://wsa-global.org/winner/dvd-kids/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The system won a World Summit Award in 2005.<ref name="WSA"/> ==Technology== The console could play many standard DVDs, and could use specially designed interactive DVDs designed for it.<ref name="WSA"/> The system was designed specifically for edutainment.<ref name="WSA"/> The system supported touch interaction via the control surface.<ref name="WSA"/><ref>Note: Images from the World Summit Award appear to show interchangeable static panels being used on the controller for individual games, rather then a dynamic touchscreen.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|25%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ hd2i7mlihndz9qhqrjxk9rsry4mx8sc 0 448619 4097027 2022-08-29T06:24:40Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created stub wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ 2c8nsg7b1dkd7lj5ezdggga0cxaz7fu 4097028 4097027 2022-08-29T06:33:28Z Mbrickn 3181019 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe.<ref name="ECN">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Jon |title=Kits for Kids |journal=ECN: Electronic Component News |date=November 2008 |volume=52 |issue=12 |page=19 |url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site |language=English |issn=1523-3081}}</ref> ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ nsxmgsfmbph5qfan2d7ykamxgkvioqu 4097029 4097028 2022-08-29T06:33:50Z Mbrickn 3181019 Mbrickn moved page [[History of video games/Platforms/MATCH64]] to [[History of video games/Platforms/MACH64]] without leaving a redirect: Typo wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe.<ref name="ECN">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Jon |title=Kits for Kids |journal=ECN: Electronic Component News |date=November 2008 |volume=52 |issue=12 |page=19 |url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site |language=English |issn=1523-3081}}</ref> ==Technology== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ nsxmgsfmbph5qfan2d7ykamxgkvioqu 4097031 4097029 2022-08-29T06:37:30Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe.<ref name="ECN">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Jon |title=Kits for Kids |journal=ECN: Electronic Component News |date=November 2008 |volume=52 |issue=12 |page=19 |url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site |language=English |issn=1523-3081}}</ref> ==Technology== The kit used a CPLD (Complex programmable logic device).<ref name="ECN"> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ iwhtigs047wjy9acf908e0a2xp7skpi 4097032 4097031 2022-08-29T06:37:41Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe.<ref name="ECN">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Jon |title=Kits for Kids |journal=ECN: Electronic Component News |date=November 2008 |volume=52 |issue=12 |page=19 |url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site |language=English |issn=1523-3081}}</ref> ==Technology== The kit used a CPLD (Complex programmable logic device).<ref name="ECN"/> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ nhqqc44nwzrn4l691togvx5qwn9i99b 4097033 4097032 2022-08-29T06:45:21Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==History== The MACH64 was developed as part of the XgameStation lineup by André LaMothe.<ref name="ECN">{{cite journal |last1=Titus |first1=Jon |title=Kits for Kids |journal=ECN: Electronic Component News |date=November 2008 |volume=52 |issue=12 |page=19 |url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=34992052&site=eds-live&scope=site |language=English |issn=1523-3081}}</ref> The price of the system was $159.95.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=MACH64™ Programmable Logic Starter Kit |url=https://www.ic0nstrux.com/mach64-programmable-logic-starter-kit |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> ==Technology== The kit used a CPLD (Complex programmable logic device),<ref name="ECN"/> specifically the Lattice Semiconductor ispMACH 4064.<ref name="lattice">{{cite web |title=ispMACH 4064 Starter Kit |url=https://www.latticesemi.com/en/Products/DevelopmentBoardsAndKits/ispMACH4064StarterKit |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Status|0%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ oladjyck52owbg5evo2gledpba16wbk 0 448620 4097034 2022-08-29T06:47:14Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File: Holyday of wandering mzungu (cover of book).jpg|thumb|250px|Street crime victim on the cover of book]] [[File: Remmogo Victim Support Sentre.jpg|thumb|440px|Reference from the Remmogo victim support center ]] '''African robbery''' is an incident that happened to Viktor Pinchuk on the last day of a [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's solo Expedition to Africa (2017/18)|six-month expedition]], a few hours before returning to homeland. On 19 April 2018, around 10:00 a..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Holyday of wandering mzungu (cover of book).jpg|thumb|250px|Street crime victim on the cover of book]] [[File: Remmogo Victim Support Sentre.jpg|thumb|440px|Reference from the Remmogo victim support center ]] '''African robbery''' is an incident that happened to Viktor Pinchuk on the last day of a [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's solo Expedition to Africa (2017/18)|six-month expedition]], a few hours before returning to homeland. On 19 April 2018, around 10:00 am, shortly before fly from [[w:O. R. Tambo International Airport|O. R. Tambo International Airport]], a Russian traveler was attacked by a criminal group. The intruders acted in a coordinated and fast manner. One of the three attackers, with a sharp grip from the back by mechanical action on the [[w:Carotid sinus|carotid sinus]] of the corresponding artery in 2-3 seconds, caused the victim to become unconscious. After that, the two accomplices, lightning withdrawing the camera from under the jacket, and from the upper (accessible) pockets a small amount of money, disappeared with the leader. The action took place on the main street of Johannesburg — [[w:Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)|Commissioner Street]], near the [[w:Carlton Carlton Centre|Center skyscraper]], in front of numerous passers-by. == General information == * Location: Johannesburg (South Africa). * Date: 19. 04. 2018, approx. 10:00 a.m. * Geographical coordinates: 26°12'18.3031"S, 28°2'44.9689"E * Number of attackers: 3 (three). * Losses: footage, camera, a small amount of money. == Analysis of the situation == Why did the above happen on the last day of the trip, and not at any of the others, when potential subject of attention criminals would daily walk at the dark on foot to the outskirts of Johannesburg, where he lived, renting two square meters on the floor? Apparently, the reason is that the traveler, ten minutes before the attack, visited two exchange offices, trying to get rid the rest of the unnecessary [[w:South African rand|rands]] already. The robbers watched the actions of the "ward"; after leaving the exchang point, when the alleged victim, turning to the facade of the building, shifted money into the upper pocket, they decided to attack: it was from this pocket that the contents were taken away, while the others remained intact. == Sinister "prophecy" == On April 12, 2018, exactly one week before the incident, when addressing about [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/At the police station|overnight staying in the police station]] of the small village of [[w:Leroro|Leroro]], traveler was placed in the Remmogo victim support center, which as if have predetermined subsequent events. == Recommendations for those planning to visit South Africa == Johannesburg and Pretoria pose the greatest danger to any traveller with white skin. Should be careful when you’re here. * You can not go through the streets with a backpack, especially the big ones — it will give you a visitor, and therefore - having money. * It is desirable to look like a hobo or a homeless, focusing on this image. * The money should be divided into two parts, leaving the necessary daily supply at hand, and the rest — to hide as far away as possible. * Small towns are not dangerous, you can feel relatively safe here. == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:Translation:African style robbery| "African style robbery"]]'' == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu|Holiday of wandering mzungu]]"''. — Simferopol: Btovko, 2018. — 180 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-4-8 == External links == [https://www.google.com/maps/@-26.2050842,28.0458247,3a,75y,345.99h,97.28t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sXzskqEgHnfk2NMPxVfCk3g!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en The scene of the accident on google maps] {{bookcat}} 1ev128x4jdfl0h9dvpzefxhtyss1hva 3 448621 4097041 2022-08-29T06:55:07Z LisaGonzales03 3400625 /* sdfg */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == sdfg == asdcfvgbhn [[User:LisaGonzales03|LisaGonzales03]] ([[User talk:LisaGonzales03|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LisaGonzales03|contribs]]) 06:55, 29 August 2022 (UTC) 5cnzi5lnz4ku8n64cg97tnkvtdjieyc 2 448622 4097051 2022-08-29T07:14:34Z Sitara W 3399169 created a title wikitext text/x-wiki The Feasibility Of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Crohn's disease Patients agyvimkn55cj19t7u87x7ur9rvjbvg8 14 448623 4097063 2022-08-29T07:44:42Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{book category header}} {{BookCat}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} ptt9drnitry3svbos36hzjb54f56f99 4097066 4097063 2022-08-29T07:50:03Z Mbrickn 3181019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book category header}} {{BookCat}} epuks5kojppe4dqkejmu8jjolasjatp 0 448624 4097067 2022-08-29T07:52:18Z Виктор Пинчук 3291001 Created page with "[[File:Abandoned building (inside).jpg|thumb|240px|Place of residence of the Russian traveler during the disease of dengue ([[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia)]] '''Tropical fever in long-term travel format bum tour''' — a possible turn of events, which can not be excluded when visiting the countries of the equatorial climate belt. The use of repellents and mosquito nets will reduce the risk of disease, but will not protect the user by 100%. An organized touris..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abandoned building (inside).jpg|thumb|240px|Place of residence of the Russian traveler during the disease of dengue ([[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia)]] '''Tropical fever in long-term travel format bum tour''' — a possible turn of events, which can not be excluded when visiting the countries of the equatorial climate belt. The use of repellents and mosquito nets will reduce the risk of disease, but will not protect the user by 100%. An organized tourist, in the event of illness, can take advantage of health insurance and stock of money; a practitioner of non-standard methods will be in a more difficult position. The following material illustrates, on a case basis, what is awaits of an hobo traveller infected with [[w:Dengue fever|dengue fever]]. On December 26, 2012, Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who arrived around midnight at the airport of [[w:Kota Kinabalu|Kota Kinabalu]], within two hours of walking reached the city center; after walking a few more kilometres, he [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky|settled for the night in a suburban area covered with tropical forest]]. The bite of an infected mosquito was not initially seen. The first signs of deterioration came upon return to Western Malaysia, where he [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In an abandoned building|lived in the ruins of one of the five dilapidated 16-story buildings]]. The appeal to the state hospital cost a foreigner 15 [[w:Malaysian ringgit|ringgit]] (locals pay 1 ringgit), and the visit to a private doctor — [[w:United States dollar|$]]50. There was more use for the former, while the private specialist only misled about difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis, trying to identify the patient to the hospital, which would have cost a lot. == General information == * Location of infection: Kota-Kinabalu, Sabah State (Malaysia). * Date: night from 26. 12. to 27. 12. 2012. * Place of contact with medical institutions: Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia. * Period of disease termination: 26. 01. 2012. * Negative: a loss of time and some funds. == Gallery == At [[w:Kuala Lumpur Hospital|Kuala Lumpur Hospital]]: <gallery widths="260px" heights="260px" class="center"> File:Kuala Lumpur Hospital (1).jpg|Registry File:Kuala Lumpur Hospital (2).jpg|Primary examination of patients in the lobby File:Queue in Kuala Lumpur Hospital.jpg|Waiting for a specialist File:Kuala Lumpur Hospital (3).jpg |Dispensing medicines </gallery> == Materials in Wikisource project == * Viktor Pinchuk ''[[s:ru:Медицина по-малазийски (Пинчук)| "Медицина по-малазийски"]]'' (in [[Russian language|ru]]) == Literature == * Pinchuk, Viktor (in [[Russian language|ru]]) ''"[[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries|Six months by islands... and countries]]"''. — Simferopol: Btovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-978-5-9908234-0-2 {{bookcat}} ecssf35dk88beyxh04666jo20snsb8f 0 448625 4097068 2022-08-29T07:53:04Z Mbrickn 3181019 Created page with "{{Printable}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Printable}} 0xqxhwf5lzgyeji792ie8xl1hwzw7h5 0 448626 4097074 2022-08-29T08:55:54Z Joshkatz60 3400613 Created page with " == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == == Further information/resources == == References == Add in the references using this code (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for de..." wikitext text/x-wiki == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == == Further information/resources == == References == Add in the references using this code (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this) fxemj66o1gag922zehjlrrjpt6w36p5 4097075 4097074 2022-08-29T08:59:26Z Joshkatz60 3400613 wikitext text/x-wiki Graupensperger, S., Sutcliffe, J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). Prospective Associations between Sport Participation and Indices of Mental Health across Adolescence. ''Journal of youth and adolescence'', ''50''(7), 1450–1463. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01416-0</nowiki> == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == == Further information/resources == == References == Add in the references using this code (if you have done the in-text referencing correctly, it will appear here - check the tips on Moodle for details, or of course the help options in wikimedia (or google it) And add code in so this below appears (see Moodle - 2. Creating your page and editing tips - please look on this) {{BookCat}}{{BookCat}}{{BookCat}} h967vmkt6nd7kkvyjoom0yymr15pjp9 0 448627 4097090 2022-08-29T10:48:10Z TandiaEbony 3399157 added headings wikitext text/x-wiki == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == 381xc4zzq4h0bxvo0zpzxe3kucfmxr8 4097095 4097090 2022-08-29T11:49:17Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 Adding stub template, adding bookcat and adding completion status (I'm aware this is a class project) wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == {{bookcat}}{{status|0%}} m8si8gxf87qxatmfc8qa2r7ezbbnga3 4097096 4097095 2022-08-29T11:49:53Z L10nM4st3r 3380243 thought it was a whole book... wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} == What is the background to this research? == == Where is the research from? == == What kind of research was this? == == What did the research involve? == == What were the basic results? == == What conclusions can we take from this research? == == Practical advice == {{bookcat}} n3f0vztr5540303demgtldh0q0a1638