Wikipedia:Kadai Kopi

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== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

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[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 9 Januari 2022 20.15 (WIB)
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== Survei Harapan Komunitas 2022 ==

[[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|right|200px]]
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey {{{year|2022}}}|Survei Harapan Komunitas {{{year|2022}}}]]''' telah dibuka!'''

Survei ini adalah proses dimana komunitas akan memutuskan apa yang tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|
Community Tech]] harus kerjakan selama satu tahun kedepan. Kami mendorong semua orang untuk mengirimkan proposal hingga batas waktu berakhir pada '''23 Januari''', atau mengomentari proposal lain untuk membuatnya menjadi lebih baik.

Komunitas akan memberikan suara pada proposal antara 28 Januari dan 11 Februari.

Tim Community Tech berfokus pada perkakas-perkakas bagi penyunting Wikimedia berpengalaman. Anda dapat menulis proposal dalam bahasa apa pun, dan kami akan menerjemahkannya untuk Anda. Kami tak sabar ingin melihat proposal Anda! Terima kasih. [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 11 Januari 2022 01.10 (WIB)
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== Permohonan pendapat mengenai pemilihan Dewan Pengawas WMF telah dimulai ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

'''Permohonan pendapat mengenai pemilihan Dewan Pengawas''' telah dimulai dan akan berlangsung sampai '''7 Februari 2022'''. 

Pada permohonan pendapat kali ini, tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan mengambil pendekatan yang sedikit berbeda. Alih-alih mengajukan suatu proposal tertentu, proses permohonan ini akan berputar di sekitar beberapa pertanyaan kunci yang berasal dari umpan balik evaluasi pemilihan Dewan Pengawas pada tahun 2021. Tujuannya adalah untuk menciptakan perbincangan secara kolektif dan mengembangkan rencana baru secara kolaboratif.

Terdapat dua pertanyaan yang akan dibahas dalam permohonan pendapat ini:

# Bagaimanakah cara terbaik untuk menjamin keterwakilan yang lebih beragam di antara calon-calon yang terpilih menjadi anggota Dewan Pengawas? ''Dewan Pengawas mengenal pasti pentingnya menyeleksi calon yang mewakili keberagaman gerakan Wikimedia dengan baik. Proses sejauh ini menghasilkan sukarelawan yang terpilih dari negara-negara Eropa dan Amerika Utara.''
#  Apa yang perlu diharapkan dari para calon selama pemilihan? ''Para calon anggota Dewan Pengawas biasanya menyelesaikan pernyataan pencalonan dan menjawab pertanyaan dari komunitas. Bagaimanakah caranya sebuah pemilihan dapat menyediakan wawasan yang tepat mengenai para calon, sekaligus menegaskan status para calon sebagai sukarelawan?''

Terdapat satu pertanyaan tambahan yang dapat dijawab selama proses permohonan pendapat ini mengenai proses seleksi. Pertanyaan ini masih dibincangkan, namun Dewan Pengawas ingin membagikannya dalam waktu dekat. Harapannya, jika ada pertanyaan tambahan, pertanyaan tersebut akan sudah dapat dibagikan pada minggu pertama permohonan pendapat.

'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Mari sertai perbincangan ini!]]'''

Salam hangat, 

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11 Januari 2022 10.15 (WIB)&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ==

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Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]].

You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... 

Thank you.

'''Feminism and Folklore Team''',

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]
--11 Januari 2022 12.49 (WIB)
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== Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan #5 ==

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Edisi 5, Januari 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Baca nawala selengkapnya''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Selamat datang di edisi kelima Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan (sebelumnya bernama Nawala Kode Etik Universal)! Nawala ini mengabarkan acara dan pembaruan terbaru mengenai Piagam Gerakan, Kode Etik Universal, Hibah Pelaksanaan Strategi Gerakan, pemilihan Dewan Pengawas WMF, dan topik MSG yang relevan lainnya.

Nawala ini akan terbit empat bulan sekali, sementara Warta juga akan diterbitkan setiap pekan atau setiap dua pekan. Harap berlangganan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|di sini]] jika Anda berminat untuk mendapatkan kabar terbaru.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Permohonan Pendapat mengenai Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas''' - Kami mengundang Anda untuk memberikan tanggapan tentang pemilihan Dewan Pengawas WMF mendatang. Permohonan pendapat ini dimulai pada 10 Januari 2022 dan akan berakhir pada 7 Februari 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|lanjut baca]])
*'''Ratifikasi Kode Etik Universal''' - Pada tahun 2021, WMF meminta pendapat komunitas tentang bagaimana menegakkan teks kebijakan Kode Etik Universal. Draf pedoman penegakan yang direvisi akan siap untuk pemungutan suara komunitas pada bulan Maret. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|lanjut baca]])
*'''Hibah Pelaksanaan Strategi Gerakan''' - Sembari kami terus meninjau beberapa proposal yang menarik, kami mendorong dan menyambut lebih banyak proposal dan ide yang menargetkan inisiatif spesifik dari rekomendasi Strategi Gerakan. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|lanjut baca]])
*'''Arah Baru untuk Nawala Ini''' - Sejak Nawala UCoC beralih ke Nawala MSG, bergabunglah dengan tim fasilitasi dalam membayangkan dan memutuskan arah baru untuk nawala ini. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|lanjut baca]])
*'''Blog Diff''' - Lihat publikasi terbaru tentang UCoC di Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|lanjut baca]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14 Januari 2022 14.17 (WIB)
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== Berbicara dengan Community Tech ==

[[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]]
{{int:Hello}}

Kami, tim yang mengerjakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Survei Harapan Komunitas]], mengundang Anda untuk mengikuti pertemuan daring bersama kami. Pertemuannya akan dilakukan pada [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220119T1800 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-19}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-19}}), {{#time:H:i e|18:00|id|1}}'''] di Zoom dan akan berlangsung selama satu jam. Sistem eksternal ini tidak mematuhi [[foundation:Privacy_policy|Kebijakan Privasi WMF]]. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 '''Tekan di sini untuk bergabung'''].

'''Agenda'''

* Berikan draf proposal Anda dan berbicara ke anggota Tim Community Tech tentang pertanyaan Anda mengenai cara memperbaiki proposal

'''Format'''

Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Catatan tanpa atribusi akan dibuat dan diterbitkan di Meta-Wiki. Presentasi (semua poin dalam agenda kecuali untuk pertanyaan dan jawaban) akan diberikan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kami bisa menjawab pertanyaan dalam bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Polandia, Spanyol, dan Jerman. Jika Anda ingin menanyakan pertanyaan lebih awal, tambahkan pertanyaannya [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|di halaman pembicaraan Survei Harapan Komunitas]] atau kirimkan ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (manajer [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]]) akan menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan ini.

'''Tautan undangan'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 Bergabung secara daring]
* ID Pertemuan: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;85804347114&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda]
Kami berharap bisa bertemu Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 18 Januari 2022 07.14 (WIB)
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== Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories ==

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Dear community members, 

Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. 

If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories.

Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]].

More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]].

For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org.
------
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#8B0000&quot;&gt;'''ZI Jony'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Talk)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;]], {{&lt;includeonly&gt;subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== IMPORTANT: Admin activity review ==

Hello. A policy regarding the removal of &quot;advanced rights&quot; (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing &quot;advanced rights&quot; from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]].

We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years):

# Iwan Novirion (administrator)

These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards.

However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, [[Pangguno:Stanglavine|Stanglavine]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Stanglavine|maota]]) 19 Januari 2022 08.04 (WIB)

== Kabar terkini Pembaruan Desktop dan undangan ''Office Hours'' ==

{{int:Hello}}. Saya ingin memberi kabar mengenai proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Pembaruan Desktop]] yang sedang dikerjakan oleh tim Web Wikimedia Foundation dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.

Tujuan proyek ini adalah untuk membuat antarmuka lebih ramah dan nyaman untuk para pembaca dan berguna untuk pengguna tingkat lanjut. Proyek ini terdiri dari serangkaian pembaruan fitur yang diharapkan dapat membantu dalam membaca dan mempelajari konten, berpindah dari satu situs ke situs lainnya, mencari konten, mengubah bahasa, membuka tab-tab dalam artikel, menggunakan menu pengguna, dan lain-lain.

Pembaruan ini sudah dapat dilihat secara langsung oleh pembaca dan penyunting di 24 situs wiki berbeda, termasuk situs Wikipedia dalam bahasa [[:fr:|Prancis]], [[:pt:|Portugis]], dan [[:fa:|Persia]]. 

Pembaruan tersebut hanya mempengaruhi pengguna atau pembaca yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=vector}} ''Vector'']. Pengguna yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=monobook}} ''Monobook''] atau [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=timeless}} ''Timeless''] tidak akan melihat pembaruan-pembaruan ini.

=== Fitur yang dirilis sejak pembaruan terakhir ===
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/User_menu|Menu pengguna]] - berfokus untuk membuat penjelajahan lebih intuitif dengan menyorot visual struktur pranala pengguna dan tujuan-tujuan itu.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|Bagian kepala menempel]] - berfokus untuk memberi akses terhadap fungsi-fungsi penting (masuk/keluar log, riwayat, halaman pembicaraan, dll.) tanpa menyuruh pengguna untuk menggulung ke bagian atas halaman.

Senarai fitur yang dikerjakan dalam proyek ini dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman ini]]. Kami mengundang Anda untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates|halaman kabar terkini]].
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=== Cara mengaktifkan pembaruan ini ===
[[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]]
* Pengguna dapat mengaktifkan pembaruan ini untuk diri sendiri [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|di tab Tampilan di dalam preferensi]] dengan menghapus centang di kotak &quot;{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}&quot;. (Harus dikosongkan.) Pengguna juga dapat mengaktifkannya untuk semua wiki dengan menggunakan [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferensi global]].
* Di wiki tempat perubahannya terlihat secara baku bagi semua orang, pengguna yang masuk log dapat mematikan perubahan ini dan menggunakan Legacy Vector. Terdapat pranala yang mudah diakses di bilah sisi Vector yang baru.

=== Pelajari lebih lanjut dan ikuti acara-acara kami ===
Jika Anda ingin mengetahui perkembangan terbaru mengenai proyek ini, Anda dapat [[mw:Special:Newsletter/28/subscribe|berlangganan nawala kami]].

Silakan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman proyek ini]], lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions|pertanyaan umum]], beri saran di [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraannya]], dan ikuti pertemuan daring dengan kami ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220127T1500 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-27}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-27}}), {{#time:H:i e|15:00|id|1}}''']).

Cara bergabung dalam pertemuan daring

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89205402895 Gabung secara daring]
* ID Pertemuan: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;89205402895&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kdPQ6k2Bcm Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda]

{{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}

Atas nama tim Web Wikimedia Foundation, [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 25 Januari 2022 13.32 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&amp;oldid=21253627 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan: berikan pendapat Anda&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Pada saat ini, tim Pengembangan Komunitas Yayasan Wikimedia sedang bekerja untuk membentuk sebuah Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan yang bersifat global dan dipandu oleh komunitas. Tujuan kelompok ini adalah untuk memberikan nasihat dan pertimbangan pada kerja-kerja pembinaan kepemimpinan.

Tim kami memohon pendapat Anda mengenai apa yang sebaiknya menjadi jangkauan kerja dan tanggungjawab Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan. Halaman Meta ini memuat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|proposal]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|bagaimana caranya Anda dapat berpartisipasi]]. Periode permohonan pendapat akan berlangsung dari tanggal 7 hingga 25 Februari 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Teriring salam,
&lt;br&gt;
[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 9 Pebruari 2022 18.58 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== Kabar terbaru mengenai proses peninjauan Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Halo semua,

Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah menerbitkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|pernyataan mengenai proses ratifikasi]] '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal]]''' (UCoC).

[[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC) merupakan dasar perilaku yang dapat diterima dalam gerakan Wikimedia. UCoC dan Pedoman Penegakannya dirumuskan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|sebuah komite yang beranggotakan staf dan relawan]] setelah melalui proses permohonan pendapat dari komunitas.

Pedoman yang telah diubah diterbitkan pada tanggal 24 Januari 2022, memuat langkah yang diusulkan untuk menerapkan kebijakan ini secara meluas dalam gerakan Wikimedia. Terdapat [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|daftar perubahan yang dibuat]] atas pedoman ini setelah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|proses peninjauan rancangan]]. '''Masukan tentang pedoman dapat diberikan [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|di halaman pembicaraan Pedoman Penegakan di Meta-wiki]].'''

Untuk membantu memahami pedoman ini dan proses di balik perumusannya, tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan]] (MSG) akan menyelenggarakan sesi jam kerja terbuka pada tanggal 4 Februari 2022 pukul 15:00 UTC, 25 Februari 2022 pukul 12:00 UTC, dan 4 Maret 2022 pukul 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Mari bergabung untuk berinteraksi dengan tim proyek UCoC dan anggota Komite Perumus tentang pedoman yang diperbarui dan proses pemungutan suara yang akan diselenggarakan]].'''

[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|Lini masa proses UCoC tersedia di Meta-wiki]]. Periode pemungutan suara akan berlangsung dari tanggal 7 hingga 21 Maret 2022. Semua pemilih yang memenuhi syarat akan memiliki kesempatan untuk mendukung atau menentang penerapan Pedoman Penegakan serta memberikan masukan mereka. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Lihat halaman informasi pemungutan suara untuk rincian lebih lanjut]].'''

Anggota komunitas dari seluruh penjuru gerakan Wikimedia telah memberikan masukan-masukan yang berharga dalam proses yang sedang berlangsung ini. Tim UCoC dan MSG ingin berterima kasih kepada Komite Perumus dan anggota komunitas atas kontribusi yang mereka berikan dalam proses ini. 

Hormat kami,

Tim Tata Kelola dan Strategi Gerakan&lt;br/&gt;
Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy(WMF)]] 12 Pebruari 2022 23.36 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;
=== Sesi perbincangan terbuka pada tanggal 25 Februari dan 4 Maret ===
Tim [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan]] (MSG) akan menyelenggarakan sesi perbincangan terbuka mengenai ratifikasi pedoman penegakan Kode Etik Universal pada tanggal '''25 Februari 2022 jam 12:00 UTC''' (19:00 WIB / 20:00 WITA / 21:00 WIT) dan '''4 Maret 2022 jam 15:00 UTC''' (22:00 WIB / 23:00 WITA / 00:00 WIT).

Harap [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''daftarkan diri Anda''']] untuk menyertai perbincangan dengan tim proyek dan komite perumus. Anda dapat membaca terlebih dahulu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|ringkasan sesi perbincangan tanggal 4 Februari 2022]]. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, silakan kirim surel ke msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org atau ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Salam, [[Pangguno:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:RamzyM (WMF)|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2022 10.47 (WIB)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 22 Pebruari 2022 11.50 (WIB)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=22754428 --&gt;

== Coming soon ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 28 Pebruari 2022 19.38 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&amp;oldid=22907463 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Permohonan pendapat mengenai pemilihan Dewan Pengawas WMF telah selesai&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback is now closed}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
[[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Permohonan pendapat mengenai pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia]] telah selesai. Permohonan pendapat ini berlangsung dari tanggal 10 Januari hingga 16 Februari 2022 dan berfokus pada [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions#Questions|tiga pertanyaan kunci]]. Permohonan pendapat ini dibincangkan secara intensif [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Discuss Key Questions|di Meta-wiki]], dalam pertemuan dengan organisasi mitra lokal Wikimedia, dan dalam kanal perbicangan komunitas lainnya. Komunitas dan mitra lokal Wikimedia telah mengajukan beberapa proposal dan poin diskusi. Anda dapat membaca [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Reports|laporan mengenai permohonan pendapat]] ini di Meta-wiki.

Sari diskusi akan disampaikan kepada Dewan Pengawas dan Komite Pemilihan yang tengah mengambil keputusan mengenai bentuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas mendatang. Dewan Pengawas akan merilis suatu pengumuman setelah meninjau laporan mengenai permohonan pendapat ini.

Kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada semua Wikimedian yang telah berpartisipasi dalam permohonan pendapat dan turut serta menjadikan proses pemilihannya lebih baik lagi. 

Salam hangat,

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 3 Maret 2022 15.41 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Undangan untuk mengikuti acara Perbincangan Global tentang Hub pada 2022-03-12 pukul 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Halo! 

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan Yayasan Wikimedia mengundang Anda untuk mengikuti acara perbincangan global mengenai hub tematik dan regional. Pada saat ini, gerakan Wikimedia sedang berusaha untuk menyamakan pandangan mengenai bagaimana keduanya mesti terbentuk. Acara pada bulan November tahun lalu merupakan suatu awal yang baik ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|baca laporannya di sini]]), namun tentu saja proses ini belum selesai. 

Dalam beberapa pekan terakhir, kami melakukan lebih kurang 16 sesi wawancara dengan kelompok yang sedang berupaya untuk membentuk suatu Hub ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|lihat Dialog Hub]]). Wawancara ini menjadi bahan pelajaran untuk sebuah laporan yang akan menjadi dasar diskusi pada tanggal 12 Maret mendatang. Kami akan menerbitkan laporan ini pada tanggal 9 Maret.

Acara ini akan digelar pada tanggal 12 Maret dari pukul 13:00 hingga 16:00 UTC di Zoom. Kami akan menyediakan interpretasi ke dalam bahasa Perancis, Spanyol, Arab, Rusia, dan Portugis. Pendaftaran ditutup tanggal 10 Maret. Anda diundang untuk mendaftar. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|Informasi lebih lanjut di Meta-wiki]]'''.

Salam hangat,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Tim Strategi Gerakan
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

7 Maret 2022 16.57 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== Raya atau rayo? ==

Rasonyo paralu awak standardisasikan basamo takaik pamakaian kato ''raya'' atau ''rayo''. Hal iko panah pulo dibahas di forum rundiang lain nan diisi panutua asali baso Minangkabua, basonyo dalam pamakaian sahari-hari, ''rayo'' hanyo umum dipakai untuak panamoan ari gadang cando Idulfitri jo Iduladha. Samantaro panamoan lain cando musajik atau jalan, mamakai kato ''raya''. Baa maunuruik sanak? Apo paralu awak standardisasikan pamakaiannyo, khusus untuak ruang namo artikel? 
[[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 10 Maret 2022 12.42 (WIB)
:{{ping|Ardzun}} kiro-kiro ado sumber ilmiah nan mambahas perbedaannyo ko? [[Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[Rundiang Pangguno:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 11 Maret 2022 13.36 (WIB)
:{{ping|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg}} kalau di Kamus Minangkabau-Indonesia-Prancis nan ditulih Gerard Moussay, hanyo ado lema ''rayo'' untuak manjalehan ''raya'' jo ''besar''. Baa sarancaknyo? [[Pangguno:Ardzun|Ardzun]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:Ardzun|maota]]) 12 Maret 2022 13.17 (WIB)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Pemungutan suara untuk meratifikasi Pedoman Penegakan UCoC dibuka dari 7 Maret hingga 21 Maret 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Halo semua,

Proses pemungutan suara untuk meratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC) telah dibuka! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Pemungutan suara ini akan berlangsung di SecurePoll]]''' mulai 7 Maret 2022 hingga 21 Maret 2022. Silakan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|baca halaman informasi untuk pemilih dan syarat memilih]].

Kode Etik Universal (UCoC) adalah kebijakan dasar perilaku yang dapat diterima untuk gerakan Wikimedia. Versi dari pedoman penegakan yang telah direvisi diterbitkan pada tanggal 24 Januari 2022 sebagai untuk menerapkan kebijakan UCoC dalam gerakan Wikimedia. Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|membaca lebih lanjut tentang proyek UCoC di sini]].

Anda juga dapat memberikan komentar pada halaman pembicaraan di Meta-wiki dalam bahasa apapun. Hubungi tim kami melalui email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Teriring salam,

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan

Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11 Maret 2022 07.42 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 14 Maret 2022 21.40 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=22754428 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Pendaftaran calon anggota Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan dibuka (14 Maret-10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Halo semuanya,

Terima kasih kepada semua Wikimedian yang telah ikut serta memberi masukan tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan]]. Anda dapat membaca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|ringkasan]] pendapat yang masuk di Meta-wiki. Masukan ini akan dibagikan dengan Kelompok Kerja untuk membantu pekerjaan mereka. Saat ini, pendaftaran untuk menjadi calon anggota Kelompok Kerja sudah dibuka dan akan ditutup pada tanggal 10 April 2022. Harap [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|baca informasi mengenai Kelompok Kerja]] ini, bagikan dengan anggota komunitas yang lain, dan '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|mendaftarlah sebagai calon anggota]]'''.

Terima kasih,

Tim Pengembangan Komunitas Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14 Maret 2022 23.12 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Ikutilah perbincangan terbuka Ketahanan dan Keberlanjutan Komunitas bersama Maggie Dennis&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Resilience and Sustainability|Ketahanan dan Keberlanjutan Komunitas]] Yayasan Wikimedia akan menyelenggarakan sesi perbincangan terbuka dengan Wakil Presiden [[m:User:Mdennis (WMF)|Maggie Dennis]]. 

Perbincangan ini meliputi topik-topik seperti Strategi Gerakan, tata kelola Dewan Pengawas, Keamanan, Kode Etik Universal, Pengembangan Komunitas, dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Anda diundang untuk mengikuti sesi ini serta mengajukan pertanyaan dan komentar! Anda dapat mengirimkan pertanyaan yang ingin Anda ajukan sebelum sesi perbincangan dimulai.

Perbincangan ini akan berlangsung pada tanggal 24 Maret 2022 pukul 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1648134035 periksa waktu lokal Anda]).

Anda dapat mengetahui [[m:IRC office hours/Office hours 2022-03-24|informasi lebih lanjut di Meta-wiki]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Sampai jumpa di acara ini!

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 21 Maret 2022 20.21 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Pemungutan suara untuk meratifikasi Pedoman Penegakan UCoC telah selesai&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Salam,

Pemungutan suara untuk meratifikasi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC) telah selesai pada tanggal 21 Maret 2022. Lebih dari {{#expr:2300}} orang Wikimedian memberikan suaranya dari berbagai penjuru gerakan Wikimedia. Kami ucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua yang telah ikut serta dalam proses ini. Tim pengawas saat ini sedang memeriksa suara yang masuk untuk memastikan keakuratannya; kami memperkirakan proses ini akan memakan waktu sekitar dua minggu.

Hasil akhir pemungutan suara akan diumumkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|pada halaman ini]] beserta statistik yang relevan dan ringkasan dari semua komentar yang masuk, segera setelah semuanya dapat dirilis untuk publik. Harap baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|halaman informasi untuk pemilih]] untuk mengetahui langkah selanjutnya setelah pemilihan ini. Anda dapat memberikan komentar pada [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|halaman pembicaraan di Meta-wiki]], dalam bahasa apa pun yang Anda inginkan. Anda juga dapat menghubungi tim proyek UCoC melalui surel di ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org.

Salam hangat,

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 Maret 2022 08.29 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 26 Maret 2022 21.29 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&amp;oldid=23060054 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Mari mendaftar menjadi anggota Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan sebelum 10 April 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement/Reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Halo semua,

Tim Pengembangan Komunitas Yayasan Wikimedia saat ini tengah mendukung pemebntukan sebuah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan]] yang bersifat global dan dimotori oleh komunitas. Tujuan adanya kelompok kerja ini adalah untuk memberikan nasihat mengenai kerja-kerja pembinaan kepemimpinan dalam gerakan Wikimedia. Masukan dari komunitas mengenai tata kerja kelompok ini telah diterima pada bulan Februari 2022, dan Anda dapat membaca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|ringkasan masukan]] yang diterima di Meta-wiki. Periode pendaftaran untuk menjadi anggota kelompok ini sudah dibuka dan akan ditutup pada tanggal 10 April 2022. Harap [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Purpose and Structure#3. How is the working group formed and structured?|baca informasi lebih lanjut mengenai kelompok kerja ini]], bagikan dengan anggota komunitas Anda yang mungkin tertarik, atau [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#1. How to participate|daftarkan diri Anda]]. 

Salam, 

Tim Pengembangan Komunitas Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;br/&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 31 Maret 2022 20.55 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Ikuti perbincangan mengenai Rencana Tahunan Yayasan Wikimedia bersama Maryana Iskander&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:User:YShibata (WMF)/Sandbox}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Salam,

Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Communications|Komunikasi Komunitas]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan]] mengundang Anda untuk membincangkan '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|Rencana Tahunan Yayasan Wikimedia 2022-23]]''', yaitu rencana penyelenggaraan kerja Yayasan Wikimedia untuk masa kerja satu tahun ke depannya.

Perbincangan ini merupakan lanjutan dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer/Maryana’s Listening Tour|&quot;tur mendengar&quot;]] [[m:User:MIskander-WMF|Direktur Eksekutif Maryana Iskander]]. 

Perbincangan ini akan membahas pertanyaan berikut ini:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia 2030|Strategi Gerakan Wikimedia 2030]] memandatkan &quot;pengetahuan sebagai sebuah layanan&quot; dan &quot;keadilan pengetahuan&quot; sebagai suatu arah. Yayasan Wikimedia merencanakan kerjanya untuk mencapai kedua arah tujuan ini. Menurut Anda, bagaimana Yayasan Wikimedia dapat menerapkan kedua arah ini dalam pekerjaannya?
* Yayasan Wikimedia sedang terus berusaha untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya di tingkat wilayah. Kami telah mempertajam fokus di bidang tertentu seperti hibah, fitur baru, dan perbincangan komunitas. Apa yang sudah bekerja dengan baik? Apa yang dapat diperbaiki?
* Semua orang dapat berkontribusi dalam proses Strategi Gerakan. Mari kumpulkan kegiatan, gagasan, permintaan, dan hal yang dapat dipelajari. Bagaimana Yayasan Wikimedia dapat mendukung para sukarelawan dan organisasi mitra lokal dengan lebih baik dalam aktivitas terkait Strategi Gerakan?

Jadwal perbincangan terlampir di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft/Your Input|'''Meta-wiki''']].

Bahan perbincangan akan tersedia dalam beberapa bahasa. Setiap sesi perbincangan terbuka untuk umum. Penerjemahan langsung akan tersedia dalam beberapa sesi.

Salam hangat,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14 April 2022 22.55 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan - Edisi 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Edisi 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Baca nawala selengkapnya''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Selamat datang di edisi keenam Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan! Nawala ini mengabarkan acara dan pembaruan terbaru mengenai Piagam Gerakan, Kode Etik Universal, Hibah Pelaksanaan Strategi Gerakan, pemilihan Dewan Pengawas WMF, dan topik MSG yang relevan lainnya.

Nawala ini akan terbit empat bulan sekali, sementara Berita Mingguan juga akan diterbitkan setiap pekan. Harap berlangganan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|di sini]] jika Anda berminat untuk mendapatkan kabar terbaru.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan -''' Pendaftaran untuk menjadi anggota Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan telah ditutup pada 10 April 2022. 12 orang anggota komunitas akan dipilih untuk berpartisipasi dalam kelompok kerja ini. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A1|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Hasil ratifikasi Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal -''' Pemungutan suara global tentang Pedoman Penegakan UCoC diadakan dari tanggal 7 hingga 21 Maret 2022 melalui SecurePoll. Lebih dari 2.300 pemilih yang memenuhi syarat dari setidaknya 128 proyek Wikimedia yang berbeda menyampaikan pendapat dan komentar mereka. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A2|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Diskusi mengenai Hub -''' Percakapan Global tentang Hub wilayah dan tematik diadakan pada hari Sabtu, 12 Maret 2022, dihadiri oleh 84 orang Wikimedian. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A3|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Hibah Strategi Gerakan masih dibuka -''' Sejak awal tahun ini, enam proposal dengan nilai total sekitar $80.000 USD telah disetujui. Apakah Anda memiliki ide proyek untuk melaksanakan Strategi Gerakan? Hubungi kami! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A4|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan -''' Komite yang beranggotakan lima belas orang yang dipilih pada Oktober 2021 ini telah menyepakati nilai-nilai dan metode-metode penting untuk proses kerjanya, dan telah mulai membuat garis besar rancangan Piagam Gerakan. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A5|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Memperkenalkan Berita Mingguan Strategi -''' Mari berkontribusi dan berlangganan! - Tim MSG baru saja meluncurkan format berita yang terhubung ke berbagai halaman Strategi Gerakan di Meta-wiki. Mari berlangganan mendapatkan berita terbaru tentang berbagai proyek yang sedang berlangsung. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A6|lanjutkan membaca]])
*'''Blog Diff -''' Lihat publikasi terbaru tentang Strategi Gerakan di blog Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategi Gerakan dan Tata Kelola/Newsletter/6#A7|lanjutkan membaca]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16 April 2022 13.44 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Langkah selanjuntya mengenai Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/April 2022 - Board of Trustees on Next steps: Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) and UCoC Enforcement Guidelines}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Komite Urusan Komunitas Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya bagi semua orang yang telah berpartisipasi dalam pemungutan suara global mengenai Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal (UCoC). 

Sukarelawan pengawas telah menyelesaikan peninjauan atas hasil pemungutan suara dan melaporkan total suara yang masuk sebanyak 2,283 suara. Dari jumlah tersebut, total 1,338 (58.6%) anggota komunitas mendukung pengesahan Pedoman Penegakan, dan 945 (41.4%) menolak. Selain itu, 658 pemilih memberikan komentarnya, dengan 77% dari komentar yang masuk ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kami menyadari dan menghargai semangat dan komitmen yang telah ditunjukkan oleh anggota komunitas dalam menciptakan budaya yang aman dan ramah yang menghentikan perilaku yang bermusuhan dan beracun, mendukung orang-orang yang menjadi sasaran perilaku tersebut, dan mendorong orang-orang yang beritikad baik untuk berkontribusi secara produktif dalam proyek-proyek Wikimedia. 

Bahkan dalam tahap ini, hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari komentar-komentar yang masuk. Pedoman Penegakan mencapai ambang batas dukungan yang diperlukan untuk ditinjau oleh Dewan Pengawas. Namun begitu, kami mendorong semua pemilih, terlepas dari apa yang mereka pilih, untuk memberikan masukan tentang elemen pedoman penegakan yang mereka rasa perlu diubah atau diperbaiki, beserta alasannya, jika pada akhirnya nanti diperlukan suatu periode revisi yang lebih lanjut untuk mengatasi hal-hal yang menjadi perhatian khusus dari komunitas. 

Staf WMF yang bertugas meninjau komentar telah memberi tahu kami tentang beberapa tema yang muncul dari komentar yang masuk. Oleh karena itu, kami sebagai Komite Urusan Komunitas telah memutuskan untuk meminta WMF agar membentuk kembali suatu Komite Perumus dan mengadakan satu periode permohonan pendapat dari komunitas lagi menyempurnakan Pedoman Penegakan berdasarkan masukan yang diterima dari pemungutan suara yang baru saja selesai. 

Untuk kejelasan, masukan-masukan ini telah dikelompokkan menjadi 4 bagian sebagai berikut:

# Mengidentifikasi jenis, tujuan, dan penerapan pelatihan;
# Menyederhanakan bahasa untuk terjemahan dan pemahaman yang lebih mudah oleh mereka yang bukan ahli;
# Menggali lebih dalam mengenai konsep afirmasi, termasuk pro dan kontranya;
# Untuk meninjau peran yang bertentangan mengenai privasi/perlindungan korban dan hak untuk didengar.

Isu-isu lain mungkin muncul selama percakapan berlangsung, dan khususnya ketika rancangan Pedoman Penegakan berkembang, tetapi kami melihat empat hal di atas sebagai isu-isu yang menjadi perhatian utama bagi para pemilih dan meminta staf untuk memfasilitasi peninjauan terhadap isu-isu ini. Setelah itu, WMF harus menjalankan kembali pemungutan suara komunitas untuk mengevaluasi Pedoman Penegakan yang telah direvisi untuk melihat apakah dokumen baru tersebut kemudian sudah siap untuk ratifikasi secara resmi.

Selanjutnya, kami menyadari kekhawatiran dengan catatan 3.1 dalam naskah kebijakan Kode Etik Universal. Kami mengarahkan WMF untuk memfasilitasi peninjauan atas bahasa yang digunakan pada bagian ini untuk memastikan bahwa naskah kebijakan UCoC akan memenuhi tujuan yang dimaksudkan untuk mendukung suatu komunitas yang aman dan inklusif, tanpa menunggu tinjauan menyeluruh atas UCoC pada akhir tahun.

Sekali lagi, kami berterima kasih kepada semua yang telah berpartisipasi dalam memikirkan dan memecahkan tantangan yang kritis dan sulit ini, serta berkontribusi untuk menciptakan pendekatan yang lebih baik demi terwujudnya kerja sama yang baik dalam gerakan Wikimedia.

Teriring salam,

Rosie

Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight (''she/her'')&lt;br /&gt;
Pelaksana Tugas Ketua, Komite Urusan Komunitas &lt;br /&gt;
Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 April 2022 09.39 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Pendaftaran calon untuk pemilihan anggota Dewan Pengawas 2022 telah dibuka&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia membuka pendaftaran calon anggota untuk pemilihan tahun 2022. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Baca pengumuman selengkapnya di Meta-wiki.''']]

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2022]] telah dimulai! Anda diundang untuk mencalonkan diri sebagai anggota Dewan Pengawas selanjutnya.

Dewan Pengawas bertugas untuk mengawasi jalannya Yayasan Wikimedia. Para anggota Dewan dipilih dari unsur komunitas dan mitra lokal serta unsur yang diangkat oleh Dewan sendiri. Setiap anggota bertugas untuk masa jabatan selama tiga tahun. Komunitas Wikimedia berhak untuk memilih para anggota Dewan dari unsur komunitas dan mitra lokal.

Komunitas Wikimedia akan memberikan suara untuk mengisi dua kursi di Dewan pada tahun 2022. Pemungutan suara ini adalah kesempatan untuk meningkatkan keterwakilan, keragaman, dan keahlian para anggota Dewan secara kolektif.

Siapa sajakan calon yang berpotensi? Apakah Anda salah satunya? Cari tahu lebih lanjut di halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Pendaftaran Calon]].

Atas dukungan Anda, kami ucapkan terima kasih. 

Atas nama Dewan Pengawas dan Komite Pemilihan, tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 April 2022 22.47 (WIB)
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== Mari berdiskusi bersama kami perihal Peningkatan Desktop ==

[[File:New table of contents shown on English wikipedia.png|thumb]]
Halo!

Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa beberapa wiki memiliki tampilan yang berbeda? Ingin tahu bagaimana tahapan selanjutnya? Mungkin Anda memiliki pertanyaan atau ide untuk menjadikannya lebih baik?

Mari berdiskusi bersama dengan kami, tim yang mengerjakan proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Peningkatan Desktop]], melalui pertemuan secara daring (''online'')! Pertemuan ini akan berlangsung pada tanggal '''29 April 2022 pukul [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1300 13:00 UTC] dan [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1800 18:00 UTC]''' melalui aplikasi Zoom. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88045453898 Klik di sini untuk bergabung]'''. Meeting ID: 88045453898 [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kcOMICmyyA Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda].

'''Agenda'''

* Menyampaikan informasi terkini perihal perkembangan proyek
* Tanya jawab dan diskusi

'''Format'''

Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Namun, catatan dari pertemuan ini akan disimpan dalam [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# berkas Google Documents] agar bisa diakses kapan saja. Manajer Produk kami yakni [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] akan membawakan pertemuan ini. Presentasi akan dibawakan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Terlepas dari presentasi yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, Anda dapat mengajukan pertanyaan dalam bahasa Indonesia, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, dan Polandia. Apabila Anda ingin mengajukan pertanyaan sebelum sesi pertemuan berlangsung, silakan kirimkan pertanyaan Anda melalui [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraan]] atau melalui surel ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

Pada pertemuan ini, aturan mengenai [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|kebijakan ruang ramah]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|kode etik]] mutlak berlaku. Sementara itu, Zoom tidak termasuk dalam [[foundation:Privacy_policy|kebijakan privasi WMF]].

Kami harapkan kedatangan Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 27 April 2022 21.41 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&amp;oldid=21253627 --&gt;

== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 29 April 2022 18.13 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&amp;oldid=23222263 --&gt;

== Panggilan sukarelawan: pemilihan anggota Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;languages/&gt;
Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan mengundang anggota komunitas Wikimedia untuk menjadi sukarelawan pada pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia yang akan datang.

Gagasan mengenai program Sukarelawan Pemilihan diterapkan pada pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2021. Ternyata, program ini cukup sukses; dengan bantuan para sukarelawan, kami dapat meningkatkan jangkauan dan partisipasi dalam pemilihan dengan tambahan sekitar 1.753 pemilih lebih banyak dibanding pemilihan tahun 2017. Total pemilih adalah sekitar 10.13% (peningkatan sebesar 1.1%) dan 214 proyek Wikimedia berbeda terwakili dalam pemilihan tersebut. 

Pada pemilihan tahun 2017, tidak ada pemilih dari sekitar 74 proyek wiki. Pada pemilihan tahun 2021, proyek-proyek ini tercatat sudah memiliki pemilih. Apakah Anda ingin ikut serta melakukan perubahan seperti ini?

Para sukarelawan akan membantu dalam:
* Menerjemahkan pesan-pesan pendek dan mengumumkan proses pemilihan yang sedang berjalan pada saluran percakapn komunitas
* Pilihan: mengawasi saluran komunitas untuk menjaring komentar dan pertanyaan

Para sukarelawan mesti:

* Mematuhi kebijakan ruang ramah selama perbincangan dan acara pemilihan
* Mempresentasikan panduan dan informasi pemilihan kepada komunitas senetral mungkin

Apakah Anda ingin menjadi sukarelawan dan memastikan komunitas Anda terwakili dalam pemilihan tahun ini? [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|Daftarkan diri Anda di sini]] untuk menerima pembaharuan. Anda dapat meninggalkan pesan atau pertanyaan mengenai penerjemahan di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Strategy and Governance/Election Volunteers/About|halaman pembicaraan]].
&lt;/div&gt;

Teriring salam,

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 5 Mai 2022 17.17 (WIB)
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== Pengumuman hasil seleksi anggota Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan ==

Rekan-rekan Wikimedian yang baik,

Menyambung kabar yang saya sampaikan sebelumnya mengenai [[m:Leadership_Development_Working_Group/id|Kelompok Kerja Pembinaan Kepemimpinan]]: the [[m:Community Development/id|tim Pengembangan Komunitas]] telah menyelesaikan proses seleksi bagi para calon yang mendaftar. Denagn senang hati, kami mengumumkan '''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/ZJIUYB3IOU3AULV2R7EY32L6LIUSO56R/ lima belas orang sukarelawan]''' yang akan menjadi anggota dan memulai pekerjaan pada kelompok kerja ini.

Atas kerja sama dan dukungan yang Anda berikan selama proses ini, kami sampaikan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya.

Atas nama tim Pengembangan Komunitas,

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 12 Mai 2022 23.29 (WIB)
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== Kabar terbaru mengenai proses perumusan Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal ==

Para Wikimedian yang baik, 

Bersama pesan ini, saya ingin membagikan kabar terbaru mengenai proses perumusan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC):
* &lt;small&gt;(''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report/Announcement|selengkapnya]]'')&lt;/small&gt; Pada bulan Mei 2022, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|tim proyek UCoC]] menyelesaikan laporan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|pemungutan suara untuk meratifikasi Panduan Penegakan]] yang berlangsung pada bulan Maret 2022. Wikimedian dari setidaknya 137 komunitas berbeda memberikan suara mereka, dan setidaknya 650 pemilih memberikan komentar bersama dengan suara mereka. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Report|Laporan ini dapat diakses di '''Meta-Wiki''']].
* Setelah proses pemungutan suara selesai, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Komite Urusan Komunitas]] (CAC) Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ meminta] agar diadakan peninjauan kembali terhadap beberapa bagian dalam Pedoman Penegakan. Sebuah [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions Committee|Komite Revisi]] akan melakukan peninjauan ini berdasarkan atas masukan dari komunitas.
* &lt;small&gt;(''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|selengkapnya]]'')&lt;/small&gt; Dalam rangka membantu pekerjaan Komite Revisi, komunitas diundang untuk memberikan masukan. Anda dapat ikut serta pada halaman diskusi berikut ini:
** '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Diskusi terkait perubahan atas Pedoman Penegakan]]'''
** '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Diskusi terkait perubahan pada satu bagian dalam naskah resmi UCoC]]''' 

Anda dapat menghubungi saya langsung bila Anda punya pertanyaan mengenai proses ini.

Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 30 Mai 2022 19.57 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Pendaftaran calon anggota Dewan Pengawas 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/2022 Candidates for the Board of Trustees}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

[[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|Pendaftaran calon anggota Dewan Pengawas]] Yayasan Wikimedia telah ditutup. Ada 12 (dua belas) orang anggota komunitas yang telah mendaftarkan diri. Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|para calon di sini]].

Sekarang, Komite Analisis akan meninjau pernyataan para calon dengan membandingkannya pada matriks keterampilan dan kriteria tertentu untuk meningkatkan kapasitas Dewan, sebagaimana yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Pengawas. Setelah Komite Analisis menyelesaikan tinjauan mereka, peringkat masing-masing calon akan dipublikasikan untuk tujuan memberikan informasi kepada pemilih.

Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2022, Anda dapat menemukan garis waktu, informasi pemungutan suara, dan cara-cara lain untuk terlibat [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|di Meta-wiki]].

Atas dukungan Anda, kami ucapkan terima kasih,

Atas nama Dewan Pengawas dan Komite Pemilihan, tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan Yayasan Wikimedia &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 1 Juni 2022 10.57 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Hi, Greetings

The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced!

We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]'''

Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project.

We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year.

'''Thank you,'''

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Rundiang Pangguno:MediaWiki message delivery|maota]]) 4 Juli 2022 23.12 (WIB)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Tahap selanjutnya untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Upcoming Activities}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Halo semua,

Pesan ini mencakup dua kegiatan mendatang untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2022.

Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas akan memiliki Kompas Pemilihan untuk membantu para pemilih dalam proses pengambilan keputusan mereka. Pemilih yang memenuhi syarat dapat mengusulkan pernyataan sepanjang bulan Juli dan memberikan suara pada pernyataan mana yang akan digunakan dalam Kompas Pemilihan pada akhir bulan Juli. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|halaman Kompas Pemilihan]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

Bergabunglah dalam percakapan dengan para calon anggota Dewan Pengawas 2022 pada 27 Juli hingga 7 Agustus. Setiap calon akan melakukan percakapan selama satu jam dengan komunitas. Setiap percakapan akan direkam dan tersedia untuk dilihat di masa mendatang. Interpretasi langsung akan tersedia pula. Bahasa yang tersedia akan diumumkan ketika tanggal percakapan sudah ditetapkan. Percakapan ini akan dijadwalkan dengan para calon setelah hasil seleksi oleh organisasi mitra lokal tersedia. Informasi ini akan dibagikan di halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Events|acara kampanye pemilihan Dewan Pengawas 2022]].

Teriring salam,

Atas nama Dewan Pengawas dan Komite Pemilihan, tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan Yayasan Wikimedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 11 Juli 2022 08.17 (WIB)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan - Edisi 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Edisi 7, Juli-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Baca nawala selengkapnya''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Selamat datang di edisi ke-7 Nawala Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan! Nawala ini memuat berita dan acara yang relevan tentang pelaksanaan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|rekomendasi Strategi Gerakan]], topik relevan lainnya mengenai tata kelola gerakan Wikimedia, serta berbagai proyek dan kegiatan yang didukung oleh tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan (MSG) dari Yayasan Wikimedia.  

Nawala MSG dikirimkan setiap triwulan, sedangkan ''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]]'' akan dikirimkan setiap minggu. Harap berlangganan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|di sini]] jika Anda ingin menerima edisi mendatang.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; 

* '''Keberlanjutan''': Laporan keberlanjutan tahunan Yayasan Wikimedia telah diterbitkan. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Peningkatan pengalaman pengguna''': perbaikan terbaru pada antarmuka ''desktop'' untuk proyek-proyek Wikimedia. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Keamanan dan inklusi''': pembaruan tentang proses revisi Pedoman Penegakan Kode Etik Universal. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Kesetaraan dalam pengambilan keputusan''': laporan dari percakapan purwarupa Hub, kemajuan terbaru dari Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan, dan kertas putih baru tentang masa depan partisipasi dalam gerakan Wikimedia. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Koordinasi para pemangku kepentingan''': peluncuran meja bantuan untuk organisasi mitra lokal dan komunitas relawan yang bekerja pada bidang kemitraan konten. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Pengembangan kepemimpinan''': pembaruan tentang proyek kepemimpinan oleh penggerak gerakan Wikimedia di Brasil dan Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Manajemen pengetahuan internal''': peluncuran portal baru untuk dokumentasi teknis dan sumber daya komunitas. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Berinovasi dalam pengetahuan bebas''': sumber daya audiovisual berkualitas tinggi untuk eksperimen ilmiah dan perangkat baru untuk merekam transkrip lisan. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Evaluasi, iterasi, dan adaptasi''': hasil dari percontohan proyek ''Equity Landscape''. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|lanjutkan membaca]])
* '''Berita dan pembaruan lainnya''': forum baru untuk mendiskusikan pelaksanaan Strategi Gerakan, pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia yang akan datang, siniar baru untuk mendiskusikan Strategi Gerakan, dan pergantian personil untuk tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan WMF. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|lanjutkan membaca]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18 Juli 2022 11.33 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Pengumuman enam calon untuk pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Halo semua,

'''Proses pemungutan suara organisasi mitra lokal pada pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah selesai'''. Perwakilan dari setiap mitra lokal mempelajari tentang para calon melalui peninjauan atas pernyataan mereka, jawaban para calon atas pertanyaan yang diberikan, dan mempertimbangkan peringkat calon yang diberikan oleh Komite Analisis. Calon anggota Dewan Pengawas 2022 yang terpilih adalah:

* Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]])
* Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]])
* Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[User:Esh77|Esh77]])
* Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]])
* Michał Buczyński ([[User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]])
* Mike Peel ([[User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]])

Anda dapat melihat informasi lebih lanjut tentang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|hasil]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|statistik]] dari pemilihan Dewan kali ini.

Mohon luangkan waktu sejenak untuk mengapresiasi para perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal dan anggota Komite Analisis yang telah mengambil bagian dalam proses ini dan membantu menumbuhkan kapasitas dan keragaman Dewan Pengawas. Jam-jam kerja sukarela inilah yang  menghubungkan kita dalam perspektif dan kesepaham bersama. Terima kasih atas partisipasi Anda.

Terima kasih kepada anggota komunitas yang mengajukan diri sebagai calon untuk Dewan Pengawas. Mempertimbangkan untuk maju bukanlah keputusan kecil. Para calon telah menyumbangkan waktu dan dedikasi dan menunjukkan komitmen mereka terhadap gerakan Wikimedia. Selamat kepada para calon yang telah terpilih untuk tahap berikutnya. Penghargaan dan rasa terima kasih yang besar disampaikan untuk para calon yang belum terpilih. Harap untuk terus berbagi buah kepemimpinan Anda dalam gerakan Wikimedia.

Terima kasih kepada Anda yang telah mengikuti tahap pemilihan oleh organisasi mitra lokal dalam pemilihan Dewan ini. Anda dapat meninjau hasil proses pemilihan ini.

'''Bagian selanjutnya dari proses pemilihan Dewan adalah periode pemungutan suara komunitas'''. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|Anda dapat melihat jadwalnya di sini]]. Untuk mempersiapkan tahap ini, ada beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan oleh anggota komunitas, yaitu:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Baca pernyataan]] dan jawaban para calon atas pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh perwakilan organisasi mitra lokal.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Usulkan dan pilih 6 pertanyaan untuk dijawab oleh para calon dalam video tanya-jawab mereka]].
* Lihat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|penilaian Komite Analisis terhadap para calon, yang berdasarkan atas pernyataan yang diberikan oleh masing-masing calon]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Usulkan pernyataan untuk Kompas Pemilihan]] yang dapat digunakan oleh para pemilih untuk menemukan calon mana yang paling sesuai dengan pandangan mereka.
* Doronglah orang lain dalam komunitas Anda untuk ikut serta dalam pemilihan.

Salam hangat,

Tim Strategi dan Tata Kelola Gerakan

''Pesan ini dikirimkan atas nama Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas dan Komite Pemilihan''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20 Juli 2022 08.32 (WIB)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ESEAP_project_embassies_-_Indonesia&amp;oldid=22485727 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Templat:Country data Réunion</title>
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      <comment>Replacing Flag_of_Réunion.svg with [[File:Flag_of_France.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:Flag of France.svg|]]).</comment>
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| alias = Réunion
| flag alias = Flag of France.svg
| flag alias-region = ReunionFlag.gif
| flag alias-local = Flag of France.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
| kategori = departemen dan teritori seberang laut Perancis
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| var1 = region
| var2 = local
| redir1 = REU
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}}</text>
      <sha1>hxycbwd5wiztur1yfn74v0345tcv56t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Adolf Hitler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="43642" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = windah basudara
| nationality =
 {{plainlist |
* Warga nagara Australia sampai 7 April 1925{{sfn|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
* Warga nagara Jerman sampai 25 Februari 1932
 }}
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched.jpg
| imagesize = 230px
| caption = Hitler pado taun 1937
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1889|4|20|df = y}}
| birth_place = [[Braunau am Inn]], [[Austria-Hongaria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|4|30|1889|4|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = Berlin, [[Jerman Nazi|Jerman]]
| death_cause = Bunuah diri
| party = [[Partai Nazi|Partai Buruah Sosialis Nasional Jerman]] (1921–1945)
| otherparty = [[Partai Buruah Jerman]] (1920–1921)
| religion = 
| spouse = [[Eva Braun]] &lt;br /&gt; (29–30 April 1945)
| occupation = Politikus, tantara, saniman, panulih
| order = [[Führer|Führer Jerman]]
| term_start = 2 Agustus 1934
| term_end = 30 April 1945
| predecessor = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| successor = [[Karl Dönitz]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| order2 = [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]]
| term_start2 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end2 = 30 April 1945
| president2 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]
| deputy2 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* ''Kosong''
 }}
| predecessor2 = [[Kurt von Schleicher]]
| successor2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]]
| order3 = [[Reichsstatthalter|Reichsstatthalter Prusia]]
| term_start3 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end3 = 30 Januari 1935
| primeminister3 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* [[Hermann Göring]]
 }}
| predecessor3 = ''Jabatan dibantuak''
| successor3 = ''Jabatan dihapuih''
| signature = Hitler Signature2.svg
| footnotes =
| allegiance = {{flag|Kakaisaran Jerman}}
| branch = {{flagdeco|Kakaisaran Jerman|naval}} [[Angkatan Darek Jerman (Kakaisaran Jerman)|''Reichsheer'']]
| unit = Resimen Cadangan Bavaria ka-16
| serviceyears = 1914–1918
| rank = ''[[Gefreiter]]''
| battles = [[Perang Dunia I]]
| awards =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross First Class]]
* Iron Cross Second Class
* [[Wound Badge]]
 }}
}}

'''Adolf Hitler''' ({{IPA-de|ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ|lang|De-at-Adolf_Hitler.ogg}}; {{lahiamati||20|4|1889||30|4|1945}}) adolah surang politisi [[Jerman]] dan marupoan pamimpin [[Partai Nazi]] ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei}} (NSDAP); Partai Pekerja Jerman Sosialis Nasional) kalahiaran [[Austria]]. Inyo manjabaik sabagai [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]] sajak 1933 sampai 1945 dan [[diktator]] [[Jerman Nazi]] (bagala [[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]) mulai taun 1934 sampai 1945. Hitler manjadi pamimpin utamo Jerman Nazi, [[Teater Eropa pado Parang Dunia II|Parang Dunia II di Eropa]], dan [[Holocaust]].
{{clear}}

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

===Sumber buku===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Aigner
 | first = Dietrich
 | editor1-last = Koch
 | editor1-first = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = MacMillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler's ultimate aims&amp;nbsp;– a programme of world dominion?
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bauer
 | first = Yehuda
 | title = Rethinking the Holocaust
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2000
 | page = 5
 | isbn = 978-0-300-08256-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Beevor
 | first = Antony
 | authorlink = Antony Beevor
 | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]]
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last1 = Beevor
 | first1 = Antony
 | last2 = Attar
 | first2 = Rob
 | title = The World in Flames
 | journal = BBC History Magazine
 | date = June 2012
 | volume = 13
 | issue = 6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bendersky
 | first = Joseph W
 | title = A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 | isbn = 978-1-4422-1003-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bloch
 | first = Michael
 | title = Ribbentrop
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Crown Publishing
 | year = 1992
 | isbn = 978-0-517-59310-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Bonney
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Bonney
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 2001
 | url = http://www.leics.gov.uk/the_nazi_master_plan.pdf
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | location = London
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 1962
 | origyear = 1952
 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1952
 | publisher = Konecky &amp; Konecky
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-56852-036-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Butler
 | first1 = Ewan
 | last2 = Young
 | first2 = Gordon
 | title = The Life and Death of Hermann Göring
 | publisher = [[David &amp; Charles]]
 | location = Newton Abbot, Devon
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-7153-9455-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Carr
 | first = William
 | title = Arms, Autarky and Aggression
 | publisher = Edward Arnold
 | location = London
 | year = 1972
 | isbn = 978-0-7131-5668-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Conway
 | first = John S.
 | author-link = John S. Conway (historian)
 | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45
 | year = 1968
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76315-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Crandell
 | first = William F.
 | title = Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy
 | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly
 | year = 1987
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 487–501
 | ref = harv
 | jstor = 27550441
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Del Testa
 | first1 = David W
 | last2 = Lemoine
 | first2 = Florence
 | last3 = Strickland
 | first3 = John
 | title = Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists
 | year= 2003
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | page = 83
 | isbn = 978-1-57356-153-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dietrich
 | first = Otto
 | authorlink = Otto Dietrich
 | title = The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief
 | publisher = Skyhorse
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-972-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dollinger
 | first = Hans
 | title = The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II
 | isbn = 978-0-517-12399-7
 | year = 1995
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Gramercy
 | location = New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Downing
 | first = David
 | title = The Nazi Death Camps
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Gareth Stevens
 | series = World Almanac Library of the Holocaust
 | isbn = 978-0-8368-5947-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | authorlink = Richard J. Evans
 | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]]
 | year = 2003
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich in Power
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303790-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich At War
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | author-link = Joachim Fest
 | title = The Face of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-297-17949-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1974
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76755-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin
 | location = Harmondsworth
 | isbn = 978-0-14-021983-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fischer
 | first = Klaus P.
 | title = Nazi Germany: A New History
 | location = London
 | publisher = Constable and Company
 | year = 1995
 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fromm
 | first = Erich
 | authorlink = Erich Fromm
 | title = The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-14-004258-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fulda
 | first = Bernhard
 | title = Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic
 | year = 2009
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-954778-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Gellately
 | first = Robert
 | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der &quot;Generalplan Ost.&quot; Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher
 | journal = Central European History
 | volume = 29
 | issue = 2
 | year = 1996
 | pages = 270–274
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Goldhagen
 | first = Daniel
 | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen
 | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]]
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Knopf
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hakim
 | first = Joy
 | authorlink = Joy Hakim
 | series = [[A History of US]]
 | title = War, Peace, and All That Jazz
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1995
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Halperin
 | first1 = Samuel William
 | title = Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933
 | publisher = W.W. Norton
 | location = New York
 | year = 1965
 | origyear = 1946
 | isbn = 978-0-393-00280-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hamann
 | first1 = Brigitte
 | authorlink1 = Brigitte Hamann
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-0-19-512537-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hamann
 | first = Brigitte
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man
 | publisher = Tauris Parke Paperbacks
 | location = London; New York
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-1-84885-277-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hancock
 | first = Ian
 | authorlink = Ian Hancock
 | editor1-last = Stone
 | editor1-first = Dan
 | title = The Historiography of the Holocaust
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
 | location = New York; Basingstoke
 | isbn = 978-0-333-99745-1
 | chapter = Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Heck
 | first = Alfons
 | authorlink = Alfons Heck
 | title = A Child of Hitler: Germany In The Days When God Wore A Swastika
 | origyear = 1985
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Renaissance House
 | location = Phoenix, AZ
 | isbn = 978-0-939650-44-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Heston
 | first1 = Leonard L.
 | last2 = Heston
 | first2 = Renate
 | title = The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs
 | year = 1980
 | origyear = 1979
 | publisher = Stein and Day
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8128-2718-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hildebrand
 | first = Klaus
 | author-link = Klaus Hildebrand
 | title = The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Batsford
 | year = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-7134-1126-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | title = [[Mein Kampf]]
 | location = Boston
 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1925
 | others = Trans. [[Ralph Manheim]]
 | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1973
 | origyear = 1941
 | title = My New Order
 | publisher = Octagon Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-374-93918-2
 | editor1-first = Raoul de
 | editor1-last = Roussy de Sales
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1942
 | title = [[The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922&amp;nbsp;– August 1939]]
 | location = London
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-86527-493-8
 | editor1-first = Norman H.
 | editor1-last = Baynes
 | editor1-link = Norman H. Baynes
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hitler
 | first1 = Adolf
 | last2 = Trevor-Roper
 | first2 = Hugh
 | author2-link = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = [[Hitler's Table Talk|Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann]]
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1953
 | isbn = 978-0-19-285180-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Jamieson
 | first = Alastair
 | title = Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball
 | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | date = 19 November 2008
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Jetzinger
 | first = Franz
 | authorlink = Franz Jetzinger
 | title = Hitler's Youth
 | year = 1976
 | origyear = 1956
 | publisher = Greenwood Press
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-8371-8617-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Joachimsthaler
 | first = Anton
 | others = Trans. Helmut Bögler
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1995
 | publisher = Brockhampton Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-1-86019-902-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kee
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Robert Kee
 | title = Munich: The Eleventh Hour
 | publisher = Hamish Hamilton
 | location = London
 | year = 1988
 | isbn = 978-0-241-12537-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keegan
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Keegan
 | title = The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship
 | publisher = Pimlico
 | location = London
 | year = 1987
 | isbn = 978-0-7126-6526-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keller
 | first = Gustav
 | title= Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs
 | trans_title = The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage
 | publisher = LIT
 | language = German
 | location = Münster
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-3-643-10948-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kellogg
 | first = Michael
 | title = The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945
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 | year = 2005
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | author-link = Ian Kershaw
 | title = Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris
 | location = New York
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 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1998
 | isbn = 978-0-393-04671-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
 | edition = 4th
 | location = London
 | publisher = Arnold
 | year = 2000a
 | origyear = 1985
 | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
 | location = New York; London
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | year = 2000b
 | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler: A Biography
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | location = New York
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Koch
 | first = H. W
 | title = Operation Barbarossa&amp;nbsp;– The Current State of the Debate
 | journal = [[The Historical Journal]]
 | volume = 31
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 | month = June
 | year = 1988
 | pages = 377–390
 | doi = 10.1017/S0018246X00012930
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | authorlink = Eberhard Kolb
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | origyear = 1984
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-415-34441-8
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London; New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1984
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Routledge
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kressel
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 | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Basic Books
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 | isbn = 978-0-8133-3951-1
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kubizek
 | first = August
 | title = The Young Hitler I Knew
 | authorlink = August Kubizek
 | year = 2006
 | origyear = 1953
 | publisher = MBI
 | location = St. Paul, MN
 | isbn = 978-1-85367-694-9
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 }}

* {{cite book
 | last = Kurowski
 | first = Franz
 | title = The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II
 | publisher = Stackpole Books
 | series = Stackpole Military History series
 | location = Mechanicsburg, PA
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-8117-3250-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Langer
 | first = Walter C.
 | authorlink = Walter Charles Langer
 | title = [[The Mind of Adolf Hitler|The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report]]
 | year = 1972
 | origyear = 1943
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-465-04620-1
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* {{cite book
 | last = Larson
 | first = Erik
 | title = In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin
 | publisher = Random House/Crown Publishing Group
 | location = New York, NY
 | year = 2011
 | isbn = 978-0-307-40884-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lichtheim
 | first = George
 | author-link = George Lichtheim
 | title = Europe In The Twentieth Century
 | location = London
 | publisher = Sphere Books
 | year = 1974
 | isbn = 978-0-351-17192-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Linge
 | first1 = Heinz
 | authorlink1 = Heinz Linge
 | others = Intro. [[Roger Moorhouse]]
 | title = With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet
 | year = 2009
 | origyear = 1980
 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-804-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lipstadt
 | first = Deborah E.
 | title = The Eichmann Trial
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Random House
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8052-4260-7
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maiolo
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 1998
 | publisher = Macmillan Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-333-72007-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Manvell
 | first1 = Roger
 | author1-link = Roger Manvell
 | last2 = Fraenkel
 | first2 = Heinrich
 | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel
 | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo
 | year = 2007
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse
 | location = London; New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maser
 | first = Werner
 | title = Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality
 | year = 1973
 | publisher = Allen Lane
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-7139-0473-4
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Marrus
 | first = Michael
 | authorlink = Michael Marrus
 | title = The Holocaust in History
 | location = Toronto
 | publisher = Key Porter
 | year = 2000
 | isbn = 978-0-299-23404-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = McNab
 | first = Chris
 | title = The Third Reich
 | publisher = Amber Books Ltd
 | year = 2009
 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Megargee
 | first = Geoffrey P.
 | title = War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
 | location = Lanham, Md
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 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-7425-4482-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Messerschmidt
 | first = Manfred
 | title = [[Germany and the Second World War]]
 | volume = 1
 | chapter = Foreign Policy and Preparation for War
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Clarendon Press
 | year = 1990
 | editor1-last = Deist
 | editor1-first = Wilhelm
 | isbn = 978-0-19-822866-0
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Mitcham
 | first = Samuel W.
 | title = Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Praeger
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-275-95485-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Murray
 | first = Williamson
 | title = The Change in the European Balance of Power
 | location = Princeton
 | publisher = Princeton University Press
 | year = 1984
 | isbn = 978-0-691-05413-1
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Naimark
 | first = Norman M.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
 | publisher = Harvard University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-674-00994-3
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Niewyk
 | first1 = Donald L.
 | last2 = Nicosia
 | first2 = Francis R.
 | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Columbia University Press
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = O'Donnell
 | first = James P.
 | authorlink = James P. O'Donnell
 | title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]]
 | publisher = Da Capo Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 2001
 | origyear = 1978
 | isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Overy
 | first1 = Richard
 | last2 = Wheatcroft
 | first2 = Andrew
 | author-link = Richard Overy
 | title = The Road To War
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-14-028530-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | editor1-last = Lukes
 | editor1-first = Igor
 | editor2-last = Goldstein
 | editor2-first = Erik
 | title = The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Frank Cass
 | location = London; Portland, OR
 | chapter = Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?
 | oclc = 40862187
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27The Munich Crisis.27.27|1999|p=207}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Overy
 | editor1-last = Martel
 | editor1-first = Gordon
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London
 | chapter = Misjudging Hitler
 | pages = 93–115
 | isbn = 978-0-415-16324-8
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27Origins of WWII Reconsidered.27.27|1999}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Pierre Stephen Robert Payne
 | title = The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler
 | publisher = Hippocrene Books
 | location = New York, New York
 | year = 1990
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-88029-402-7
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Stanley G.
 | authorlink = Stanley G. Payne
 | title = Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | location = New Haven
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 | isbn = 978-0-300-12282-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Plating
 | first = John D.
 | title = The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Texas A&amp;M University Press
 | location = College Station
 | series = Williams-Ford Texas A&amp;M University military history series, no. 134
 | isbn = 978-1-60344-238-1
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Redlich
 | first = Fritz R.
 | title = Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet
 | year = 2000
 | month = September
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 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rees
 | first = Laurence
 | authorlink = Laurence Rees
 | title = [[The Nazis: A Warning From History]]
 | location = New York
 | publisher = New Press
 | year = 1997
 | isbn = 978-0-563-38704-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rißmann
 | first = Michael
 | title = Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators
 | location = Zürich München
 | publisher = Pendo
 | year = 2001
 | isbn = 978-3-85842-421-1
 | language = German
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = G.
 | title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
 | location = New Haven
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2006
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 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = J. M.
 | author-link = John Roberts (historian)
 | title = A History of Europe
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Helicon
 | year = 1996
 | isbn = 978-1-85986-178-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = Martin
 | title = The New Barbarism&amp;nbsp;– A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973
 | year = 1975
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-913225-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = Esmonde M.
 | title = Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939
 | publisher = Longmans
 | location = London
 | year = 1963
 | oclc = 300011871
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = E. M.
 | editor1-first = Koch
 | editor1-last = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosenbaum
 | first = Ron
 | authorlink = Ron Rosenbaum
 | title = [[Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil]]
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Harper Perennial
 | isbn = 978-0-06-095339-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosmus
 | first = Anna Elisabeth
 | year = 2004
 | title = Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home
 | publisher = University of South Carolina Press
 | location = Columbia, S.C
 | isbn = 978-1-57003-508-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rothwell
 | first = Victor
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Manchester University Press
 | location = Manchester
 | isbn = 978-0-7190-5957-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rummel
 | first = Rudolph
 | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel
 | title = Death by Government
 | year = 1994
 | publisher = Transaction
 | location = New Brunswick, NJ
 | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ryschka
 | first = Birgit
 | title = Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube
 | date = 29 September 2008
 | publisher = Peter Lang
 | isbn = 978-3-631-58111-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Shirer
 | first = William L.
 | authorlink = William L. Shirer
 | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster
 | location = New York
 | year = 1960
 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Snyder
 | first = Timothy
 | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder
 | title = [[Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]]
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Speer
 | first = Albert
 | authorlink = Albert Speer
 | origyear = 1969
 | year = 1971
 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Avon
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Spiro
 | first = Jonathan Peter
 | title = Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = University Press of Vermont
 | location = Lebanon, NH
 | isbn = 978-1-58465-715-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Stackelberg
 | first = Roderick
 | title = The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
 | year = 2007
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = New Yor
 | isbn = 978-0-415-30860-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steigmann-Gall
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Steigmann-Gall
 | title = The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945
 | location = Cambridge; New York
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2003
 | isbn = 978-0-521-82371-5
 | doi = 10.2277/978-0-521-82371-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Steinberg
 | first = Jonathan
 | title = The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-4
 | journal = The English Historical Review
 | year = 1995
 | month = June
 | volume = 110
 | issue = 437
 | pages = 620–651
 | oclc = 83655937
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steiner
 | first = John Michael
 | title = Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction
 | year = 1976
 | publisher = Mouton
 | location = The Hague
 | isbn = 978-90-279-7651-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | last = Stolfi
 | first = Russel
 | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)
 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]]
 | year = 1982
 | month = March
 | volume = 54
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 27–46
 | doi = 10.1086/244076
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Tames
 | first = Richard
 | title = Dictatorship
 | publisher = Heinemann Library
 | location = Chicago
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-1-4329-0234-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Le Tissier
 | first = Tony
 | title = Race for the Reichstag
 | publisher = Pen &amp; Sword
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | isbn = 978-1-84884-230-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Toland (author)
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = Book Club Associates
 | location = London
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1976
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
 | year = 1992
 | origyear = 1976
 | isbn = 978-0-385-42053-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Trevor-Roper
 | first = Hugh
 | authorlink = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler
 | year = 1987
 | origyear = 1947
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago
 | isbn = 978-0-226-81224-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Vinogradov
 | first = V. K.
 | title = Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB
 | publisher = Chaucer Press
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-1-904449-13-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weber
 | first = Thomas
 | title = Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War
 | year = 2010
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = Oxford; New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-923320-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938
 | journal = The Journal of Modern History
 | date = December 1955
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 415–419
 | oclc = 482752575
 | doi = 10.1086/237831
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Image of the United States
 | journal = The American Historical Review
 | date = December 1964
 | volume = 69
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 1006–1021
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.2307/1842933
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | author-link = Gerhard Weinberg
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88509-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | year = 1980
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88511-7
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History
 | year = 1995
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | location = Cambridge
 | chapter = Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality
 | isbn = 978-0-521-47407-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Welch
 | first = David
 | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Routledge
 | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Wheeler-Bennett
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Wheeler-Bennett
 | title = The Nemesis of Power
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1967
 | isbn = 978-1-4039-1812-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Wilt
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan F. Wilt
 | title = Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941
 | journal = Military Affairs
 | date = December 1981
 | volume = 45
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 187–191
 | doi = 10.2307/1987464
 | jstor = 1987464
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Winkler
 | first2 = Heinrich August
 | title = Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990
 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | location = New York
 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-19-926598-5
 | ref = harv
 | others = Sager, Alexander (trans.)
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ziemke
 | first = Earl F.
 | title = Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich
 | series = Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II
 | volume = Battle Book #6
 | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]]
 | year = 1969&lt;!--pre isbn--&gt;
 | oclc = 23899
 | ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}
===Wiki common===
{{commons|Adolf Hitler}}

=== Sumber dalam jariangan ===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite web
 | last = Bazyler
 | first = Michael J.
 | title = Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism
 | date = 25 December 2006
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/insights/pdf/bazyler.pdf
 | format = PDF
 | accessdate = 7 January 2013
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
 | title = Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall
 | publisher = BBC News
 | date = 29 July 1999
 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm
 | accessdate =13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC News, 1999}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = 1933&amp;nbsp;– Day of Potsdam
 | publisher = City of Potsdam
 | url = http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000945/33981/
 | accessdate=13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|City of Potsdam}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler
 | date = 17 October 2003
 | publisher = Fox News
 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,100474,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Fox News, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Hitler's Last Days
 | publisher = MI5 Security Service
 | work = mi5.gov.uk
 | url = https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html
 | accessdate =5 January 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|MI5, .27.27Hitler's Last Days.27.27}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = How the First World War shaped Hitler
 | newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]
 | date = 22 June 2011
 | publisher = Phillip Crawley
 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/hitlers-first-war-by-thomas-weber/article4261721/
 | accessdate =23 September 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Frauenfeld
 | first = A. E
 | title = The Power of Speech
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | date = August 1937
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Glantz
 | first =  David
 | authorlink = David Glantz
 | title = The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay
 | publisher = Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, [[Clemson University]]
 | format = pdf
 | location = Clemson, SC
 | date = 11 October 2001
 | url = http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_details&amp;gid=189&amp;Itemid=310
 | accessdate = 12 December 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Goebbels
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Führer as a Speaker
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | year = 1936
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Hinrichs
 | first = Per
 | publisher = Spiegel Online
 | title = Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung
 | trans_title = The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation
 | date = 10 March 2007
 | language = German
 | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last =  Kotanko
 | first =  Florian
 | title =  House of Responsibility
 | publisher =  
 | year =  
 | month =  
 | url =  http://www.hrb.at/index.php?path=languages/english/body.php
 | accessdate = 08 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|House of Responsibility}}
}}
* {{cite web
 | title = Introduction to the Holocaust
 | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005143
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932
 | trans_title = Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932
 | publisher=Glasnost–Archiv
 | url=http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Letter to Hindenburg, 1932}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = McMillan
 | first = Dan
 | title = Review of Fritz, Stephen G., ''Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East''
 | publisher = H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews
 | year = 2012
 | month = October
 | url = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35868
 | accessdate = 16 October 2012
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite document
 | title = Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München
 | trans_title = The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich
 | language = German
 | year = 1924
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Munich Court, 1924}}
 | postscript = .
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Office of Strategic Services
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 1945
 | publisher = Cornell Law Library
 | location = Ithaca, NY
 | pages = 6–7
 | oclc = 320083040
 | url = http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nurinst1.shtml
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of Strategic Services, 1945}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php
 | title = Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit
 | trans_title = Hitler's official application to end his Austrian citizenship
 | date = 7 April 1925
 | publisher= NS-Archiv
 | language = German
 | accessdate=13 April 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Sharkey
 | first = Joe
 | title = Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity
 | newspaper = The New York Times
 | date = 13 January 2002
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/13/weekinreview/word-for-word-case-against-nazis-hitler-s-forces-planned-destroy-german.html?pagewanted=all
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Leni Riefenstahl
 | date=10 September 2003
 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]]
 | location = [[London, UK|London]]
 | issn = 0307-1235
 | oclc = 49632006
 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3
 | accessdate=14 December 2011-12-14
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27The Daily Telegraph.27.27, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Man of the Year
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 January 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080607103145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | archivedate= 7 June 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;
 | deadurl= no
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, January 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Seven Years War?
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 October 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html
 | accessdate =30 August 2008
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, October 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Germany: Second Revolution?
 | date = 2 July 1934
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321,00.html
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, 1934}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland
 | work = ushmm.org
 | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php
 | accessdate=15 December 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|US Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Bee
 | title = Mein Diat&amp;nbsp;– Adolf Hitler's diet
 | publisher = [[Questia]]
 | work = New Statesman
 | location = UK
 | date = 9 October 1998
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | url = http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-21238666/mein-diat
 | ref = harv
 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book
 | author = Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority
 | title = Yad Vashem Studies
 | year = 2006
 | volume = 34
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | location = Jerusalem
 | oclc = 610688434
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2006}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp
 | accessdate= 10 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2008}}
 }}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}

==Pautan lua==
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-46200}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0386944}}&amp;nbsp;– real life footage in documentaries
* {{IMDb character|id=0027857|character=Adolf Hitler (Character)}}&amp;nbsp;– as portrayed in film and TV
* {{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler|work=The Vault|publisher=FBI Records}}
* {{cite web|title=Hitler and his officers |url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color|work=World War II Movies in Color|publisher=WW2inColor}}

{{Authority control|PND=118551655|LCCN=n/79/46200|VIAF=38190770|TSURL=Adolf_Hitler}}

[[Kategori:Kanselir Jerman]]</text>
      <sha1>fbo65wwpud64ylfv5dkhgdo2wuqsvq8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443102</id>
      <parentid>2443101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T01:16:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.215.154.188</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43660" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = pak kumis
| nationality =
 {{plainlist |
* Warga nagara Australia sampai 7 April 1925{{sfn|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
* Warga nagara Jerman sampai 25 Februari 1932
 }}
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, pak kumis retouched.jpg
| imagesize = 230px
| caption = Hitler pado taun 1937
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1889|4|20|df = y}}
| birth_place = [[Braunau am Inn]], [[Austria-Hongaria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|4|30|1889|4|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = Berlin, [[Jerman nasgor|Jerman]]
| death_cause =tersatir bocil ep ep
| party = [[Partai Nasi bakar|Partai Buruah Sosialis Nasional Jerman]] (1921–1945)
| otherparty = [[Partai Buruah Jerman]] (1920–1921)
| religion = 
| spouse = [[Eva Braun]] &lt;br /&gt; (29–30 April 1945)
| occupation = Politikus, tantara, saniman, panulih
| order = [[Führer|Führer Jerman]]
| term_start = 2 Agustus 1934
| term_end = 30 April 1945
| predecessor = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| successor = [[Karl Dönitz]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| order2 = [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]]
| term_start2 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end2 = 30 April 1945
| president2 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]
| deputy2 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* ''Kosong''
 }}
| predecessor2 = [[Kurt von Schleicher]]
| successor2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]]
| order3 = [[Reichsstatthalter|Reichsstatthalter Prusia]]
| term_start3 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end3 = 30 Januari 1935
| primeminister3 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* [[Hermann Göring]]
 }}
| predecessor3 = ''Jabatan dibantuak''
| successor3 = ''Jabatan dihapuih''
| signature = pak kumis Signature2.svg
| footnotes =
| allegiance = {{flag|Kakaisaran Jerman}}
| branch = {{flagdeco|Kakaisaran Jerman|naval}} [[Angkatan Darek Jerman (Kakaisaran Jerman)|''Reichsheer'']]
| unit = Resimen Cadangan Bavaria ka-16
| serviceyears = 1914–1918
| rank = ''[[Gefreiter]]''
| battles = [[Perang Dunia IIIII]]
| awards =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross Last Class]]
* Iron Cross Second Class
* [[Wound Badge]]
 }}
}}

'''Pak kumis''' ({{IPA-de|ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ|lang|De-at-pak kumis.ogg}}; {{lahiamati||20|4|1889||30|4|1945}}) adolah surang politisi [[Jerman]] dan marupoan pamimpin [[Partai Nazi]] ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei}} (NSDAP); Partai Pekerja Jerman Sosialis Nasional) kalahiaran [[Austria]]. Inyo manjabaik sabagai [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]] sajak 1933 sampai 1945 dan [[diktator]] [[Jerman Nasi goreng]] (bagala [[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]) mulai taun 1934 sampai 1945. Pak kumis manjadi pamimpin utamo Jerman nasi bakar, [[Teater Eropa pado Parang Dunia II|Parang Dunia II di mars]], dan [[pluto]].
{{clear}}

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

===Sumber buku===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Aigner
 | first = Dietrich
 | editor1-last = Koch
 | editor1-first = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = MacMillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler's ultimate aims&amp;nbsp;– a programme of world dominion?
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bauer
 | first = Yehuda
 | title = Rethinking the Holocaust
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2000
 | page = 5
 | isbn = 978-0-300-08256-2
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* {{cite book
 | last = Beevor
 | first = Antony
 | authorlink = Antony Beevor
 | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]]
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last1 = Beevor
 | first1 = Antony
 | last2 = Attar
 | first2 = Rob
 | title = The World in Flames
 | journal = BBC History Magazine
 | date = June 2012
 | volume = 13
 | issue = 6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bendersky
 | first = Joseph W
 | title = A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 | isbn = 978-1-4422-1003-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bloch
 | first = Michael
 | title = Ribbentrop
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Crown Publishing
 | year = 1992
 | isbn = 978-0-517-59310-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Bonney
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Bonney
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 2001
 | url = http://www.leics.gov.uk/the_nazi_master_plan.pdf
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | location = London
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 1962
 | origyear = 1952
 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1952
 | publisher = Konecky &amp; Konecky
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-56852-036-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Butler
 | first1 = Ewan
 | last2 = Young
 | first2 = Gordon
 | title = The Life and Death of Hermann Göring
 | publisher = [[David &amp; Charles]]
 | location = Newton Abbot, Devon
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-7153-9455-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Carr
 | first = William
 | title = Arms, Autarky and Aggression
 | publisher = Edward Arnold
 | location = London
 | year = 1972
 | isbn = 978-0-7131-5668-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Conway
 | first = John S.
 | author-link = John S. Conway (historian)
 | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45
 | year = 1968
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76315-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Crandell
 | first = William F.
 | title = Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy
 | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly
 | year = 1987
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 487–501
 | ref = harv
 | jstor = 27550441
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Del Testa
 | first1 = David W
 | last2 = Lemoine
 | first2 = Florence
 | last3 = Strickland
 | first3 = John
 | title = Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists
 | year= 2003
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | page = 83
 | isbn = 978-1-57356-153-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dietrich
 | first = Otto
 | authorlink = Otto Dietrich
 | title = The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief
 | publisher = Skyhorse
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-972-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dollinger
 | first = Hans
 | title = The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II
 | isbn = 978-0-517-12399-7
 | year = 1995
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Gramercy
 | location = New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Downing
 | first = David
 | title = The Nazi Death Camps
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Gareth Stevens
 | series = World Almanac Library of the Holocaust
 | isbn = 978-0-8368-5947-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | authorlink = Richard J. Evans
 | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]]
 | year = 2003
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich in Power
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303790-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich At War
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | author-link = Joachim Fest
 | title = The Face of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-297-17949-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1974
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76755-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin
 | location = Harmondsworth
 | isbn = 978-0-14-021983-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fischer
 | first = Klaus P.
 | title = Nazi Germany: A New History
 | location = London
 | publisher = Constable and Company
 | year = 1995
 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fromm
 | first = Erich
 | authorlink = Erich Fromm
 | title = The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-14-004258-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fulda
 | first = Bernhard
 | title = Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic
 | year = 2009
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-954778-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Gellately
 | first = Robert
 | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der &quot;Generalplan Ost.&quot; Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher
 | journal = Central European History
 | volume = 29
 | issue = 2
 | year = 1996
 | pages = 270–274
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Goldhagen
 | first = Daniel
 | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen
 | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]]
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Knopf
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hakim
 | first = Joy
 | authorlink = Joy Hakim
 | series = [[A History of US]]
 | title = War, Peace, and All That Jazz
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1995
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Halperin
 | first1 = Samuel William
 | title = Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933
 | publisher = W.W. Norton
 | location = New York
 | year = 1965
 | origyear = 1946
 | isbn = 978-0-393-00280-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hamann
 | first1 = Brigitte
 | authorlink1 = Brigitte Hamann
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-0-19-512537-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hamann
 | first = Brigitte
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man
 | publisher = Tauris Parke Paperbacks
 | location = London; New York
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-1-84885-277-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hancock
 | first = Ian
 | authorlink = Ian Hancock
 | editor1-last = Stone
 | editor1-first = Dan
 | title = The Historiography of the Holocaust
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
 | location = New York; Basingstoke
 | isbn = 978-0-333-99745-1
 | chapter = Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Heck
 | first = Alfons
 | authorlink = Alfons Heck
 | title = A Child of Hitler: Germany In The Days When God Wore A Swastika
 | origyear = 1985
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Renaissance House
 | location = Phoenix, AZ
 | isbn = 978-0-939650-44-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Heston
 | first1 = Leonard L.
 | last2 = Heston
 | first2 = Renate
 | title = The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs
 | year = 1980
 | origyear = 1979
 | publisher = Stein and Day
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8128-2718-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hildebrand
 | first = Klaus
 | author-link = Klaus Hildebrand
 | title = The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Batsford
 | year = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-7134-1126-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | title = [[Mein Kampf]]
 | location = Boston
 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1925
 | others = Trans. [[Ralph Manheim]]
 | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1973
 | origyear = 1941
 | title = My New Order
 | publisher = Octagon Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-374-93918-2
 | editor1-first = Raoul de
 | editor1-last = Roussy de Sales
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1942
 | title = [[The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922&amp;nbsp;– August 1939]]
 | location = London
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-86527-493-8
 | editor1-first = Norman H.
 | editor1-last = Baynes
 | editor1-link = Norman H. Baynes
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hitler
 | first1 = Adolf
 | last2 = Trevor-Roper
 | first2 = Hugh
 | author2-link = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = [[Hitler's Table Talk|Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann]]
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1953
 | isbn = 978-0-19-285180-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Jamieson
 | first = Alastair
 | title = Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball
 | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | date = 19 November 2008
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 | accessdate =27 May 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Jetzinger
 | first = Franz
 | authorlink = Franz Jetzinger
 | title = Hitler's Youth
 | year = 1976
 | origyear = 1956
 | publisher = Greenwood Press
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-8371-8617-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Joachimsthaler
 | first = Anton
 | others = Trans. Helmut Bögler
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1995
 | publisher = Brockhampton Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-1-86019-902-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kee
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Robert Kee
 | title = Munich: The Eleventh Hour
 | publisher = Hamish Hamilton
 | location = London
 | year = 1988
 | isbn = 978-0-241-12537-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keegan
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Keegan
 | title = The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship
 | publisher = Pimlico
 | location = London
 | year = 1987
 | isbn = 978-0-7126-6526-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keller
 | first = Gustav
 | title= Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs
 | trans_title = The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage
 | publisher = LIT
 | language = German
 | location = Münster
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-3-643-10948-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kellogg
 | first = Michael
 | title = The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2005
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 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | author-link = Ian Kershaw
 | title = Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris
 | location = New York
 | publisher = [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1998
 | isbn = 978-0-393-04671-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
 | edition = 4th
 | location = London
 | publisher = Arnold
 | year = 2000a
 | origyear = 1985
 | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
 | location = New York; London
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | year = 2000b
 | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler: A Biography
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | location = New York
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Koch
 | first = H. W
 | title = Operation Barbarossa&amp;nbsp;– The Current State of the Debate
 | journal = [[The Historical Journal]]
 | volume = 31
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 | month = June
 | year = 1988
 | pages = 377–390
 | doi = 10.1017/S0018246X00012930
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | authorlink = Eberhard Kolb
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | origyear = 1984
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-415-34441-8
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London; New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1984
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Routledge
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kressel
 | first = Neil J.
 | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = Boulder
 | isbn = 978-0-8133-3951-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kubizek
 | first = August
 | title = The Young Hitler I Knew
 | authorlink = August Kubizek
 | year = 2006
 | origyear = 1953
 | publisher = MBI
 | location = St. Paul, MN
 | isbn = 978-1-85367-694-9
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 }}

* {{cite book
 | last = Kurowski
 | first = Franz
 | title = The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II
 | publisher = Stackpole Books
 | series = Stackpole Military History series
 | location = Mechanicsburg, PA
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-8117-3250-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Langer
 | first = Walter C.
 | authorlink = Walter Charles Langer
 | title = [[The Mind of Adolf Hitler|The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report]]
 | year = 1972
 | origyear = 1943
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-465-04620-1
 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Larson
 | first = Erik
 | title = In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin
 | publisher = Random House/Crown Publishing Group
 | location = New York, NY
 | year = 2011
 | isbn = 978-0-307-40884-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lichtheim
 | first = George
 | author-link = George Lichtheim
 | title = Europe In The Twentieth Century
 | location = London
 | publisher = Sphere Books
 | year = 1974
 | isbn = 978-0-351-17192-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Linge
 | first1 = Heinz
 | authorlink1 = Heinz Linge
 | others = Intro. [[Roger Moorhouse]]
 | title = With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet
 | year = 2009
 | origyear = 1980
 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-804-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lipstadt
 | first = Deborah E.
 | title = The Eichmann Trial
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Random House
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8052-4260-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maiolo
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 1998
 | publisher = Macmillan Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-333-72007-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Manvell
 | first1 = Roger
 | author1-link = Roger Manvell
 | last2 = Fraenkel
 | first2 = Heinrich
 | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel
 | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo
 | year = 2007
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse
 | location = London; New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maser
 | first = Werner
 | title = Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality
 | year = 1973
 | publisher = Allen Lane
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-7139-0473-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Marrus
 | first = Michael
 | authorlink = Michael Marrus
 | title = The Holocaust in History
 | location = Toronto
 | publisher = Key Porter
 | year = 2000
 | isbn = 978-0-299-23404-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = McNab
 | first = Chris
 | title = The Third Reich
 | publisher = Amber Books Ltd
 | year = 2009
 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Megargee
 | first = Geoffrey P.
 | title = War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
 | location = Lanham, Md
 | publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-7425-4482-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Messerschmidt
 | first = Manfred
 | title = [[Germany and the Second World War]]
 | volume = 1
 | chapter = Foreign Policy and Preparation for War
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Clarendon Press
 | year = 1990
 | editor1-last = Deist
 | editor1-first = Wilhelm
 | isbn = 978-0-19-822866-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Mitcham
 | first = Samuel W.
 | title = Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Praeger
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-275-95485-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Murray
 | first = Williamson
 | title = The Change in the European Balance of Power
 | location = Princeton
 | publisher = Princeton University Press
 | year = 1984
 | isbn = 978-0-691-05413-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Naimark
 | first = Norman M.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
 | publisher = Harvard University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-674-00994-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Niewyk
 | first1 = Donald L.
 | last2 = Nicosia
 | first2 = Francis R.
 | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Columbia University Press
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = O'Donnell
 | first = James P.
 | authorlink = James P. O'Donnell
 | title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]]
 | publisher = Da Capo Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 2001
 | origyear = 1978
 | isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Overy
 | first1 = Richard
 | last2 = Wheatcroft
 | first2 = Andrew
 | author-link = Richard Overy
 | title = The Road To War
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-14-028530-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | editor1-last = Lukes
 | editor1-first = Igor
 | editor2-last = Goldstein
 | editor2-first = Erik
 | title = The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Frank Cass
 | location = London; Portland, OR
 | chapter = Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?
 | oclc = 40862187
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27The Munich Crisis.27.27|1999|p=207}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Overy
 | editor1-last = Martel
 | editor1-first = Gordon
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London
 | chapter = Misjudging Hitler
 | pages = 93–115
 | isbn = 978-0-415-16324-8
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27Origins of WWII Reconsidered.27.27|1999}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Pierre Stephen Robert Payne
 | title = The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler
 | publisher = Hippocrene Books
 | location = New York, New York
 | year = 1990
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-88029-402-7
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Stanley G.
 | authorlink = Stanley G. Payne
 | title = Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | location = New Haven
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-0-300-12282-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Plating
 | first = John D.
 | title = The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Texas A&amp;M University Press
 | location = College Station
 | series = Williams-Ford Texas A&amp;M University military history series, no. 134
 | isbn = 978-1-60344-238-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Redlich
 | first = Fritz R.
 | title = Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet
 | year = 2000
 | month = September
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
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 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rees
 | first = Laurence
 | authorlink = Laurence Rees
 | title = [[The Nazis: A Warning From History]]
 | location = New York
 | publisher = New Press
 | year = 1997
 | isbn = 978-0-563-38704-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rißmann
 | first = Michael
 | title = Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators
 | location = Zürich München
 | publisher = Pendo
 | year = 2001
 | isbn = 978-3-85842-421-1
 | language = German
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = G.
 | title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
 | location = New Haven
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2006
 | isbn = 0-300-11204-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = J. M.
 | author-link = John Roberts (historian)
 | title = A History of Europe
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Helicon
 | year = 1996
 | isbn = 978-1-85986-178-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = Martin
 | title = The New Barbarism&amp;nbsp;– A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973
 | year = 1975
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-913225-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = Esmonde M.
 | title = Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939
 | publisher = Longmans
 | location = London
 | year = 1963
 | oclc = 300011871
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = E. M.
 | editor1-first = Koch
 | editor1-last = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosenbaum
 | first = Ron
 | authorlink = Ron Rosenbaum
 | title = [[Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil]]
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Harper Perennial
 | isbn = 978-0-06-095339-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosmus
 | first = Anna Elisabeth
 | year = 2004
 | title = Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home
 | publisher = University of South Carolina Press
 | location = Columbia, S.C
 | isbn = 978-1-57003-508-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rothwell
 | first = Victor
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Manchester University Press
 | location = Manchester
 | isbn = 978-0-7190-5957-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rummel
 | first = Rudolph
 | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel
 | title = Death by Government
 | year = 1994
 | publisher = Transaction
 | location = New Brunswick, NJ
 | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ryschka
 | first = Birgit
 | title = Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube
 | date = 29 September 2008
 | publisher = Peter Lang
 | isbn = 978-3-631-58111-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Shirer
 | first = William L.
 | authorlink = William L. Shirer
 | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster
 | location = New York
 | year = 1960
 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Snyder
 | first = Timothy
 | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder
 | title = [[Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]]
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Speer
 | first = Albert
 | authorlink = Albert Speer
 | origyear = 1969
 | year = 1971
 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Avon
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Spiro
 | first = Jonathan Peter
 | title = Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = University Press of Vermont
 | location = Lebanon, NH
 | isbn = 978-1-58465-715-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Stackelberg
 | first = Roderick
 | title = The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
 | year = 2007
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = New Yor
 | isbn = 978-0-415-30860-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steigmann-Gall
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Steigmann-Gall
 | title = The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945
 | location = Cambridge; New York
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2003
 | isbn = 978-0-521-82371-5
 | doi = 10.2277/978-0-521-82371-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Steinberg
 | first = Jonathan
 | title = The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-4
 | journal = The English Historical Review
 | year = 1995
 | month = June
 | volume = 110
 | issue = 437
 | pages = 620–651
 | oclc = 83655937
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steiner
 | first = John Michael
 | title = Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction
 | year = 1976
 | publisher = Mouton
 | location = The Hague
 | isbn = 978-90-279-7651-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | last = Stolfi
 | first = Russel
 | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)
 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]]
 | year = 1982
 | month = March
 | volume = 54
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 27–46
 | doi = 10.1086/244076
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Tames
 | first = Richard
 | title = Dictatorship
 | publisher = Heinemann Library
 | location = Chicago
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-1-4329-0234-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Le Tissier
 | first = Tony
 | title = Race for the Reichstag
 | publisher = Pen &amp; Sword
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | isbn = 978-1-84884-230-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Toland (author)
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = Book Club Associates
 | location = London
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1976
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
 | year = 1992
 | origyear = 1976
 | isbn = 978-0-385-42053-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Trevor-Roper
 | first = Hugh
 | authorlink = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler
 | year = 1987
 | origyear = 1947
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago
 | isbn = 978-0-226-81224-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Vinogradov
 | first = V. K.
 | title = Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB
 | publisher = Chaucer Press
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-1-904449-13-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weber
 | first = Thomas
 | title = Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War
 | year = 2010
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = Oxford; New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-923320-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938
 | journal = The Journal of Modern History
 | date = December 1955
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 415–419
 | oclc = 482752575
 | doi = 10.1086/237831
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Image of the United States
 | journal = The American Historical Review
 | date = December 1964
 | volume = 69
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 1006–1021
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.2307/1842933
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | author-link = Gerhard Weinberg
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88509-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | year = 1980
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88511-7
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History
 | year = 1995
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | location = Cambridge
 | chapter = Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality
 | isbn = 978-0-521-47407-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Welch
 | first = David
 | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Routledge
 | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Wheeler-Bennett
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Wheeler-Bennett
 | title = The Nemesis of Power
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1967
 | isbn = 978-1-4039-1812-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Wilt
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan F. Wilt
 | title = Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941
 | journal = Military Affairs
 | date = December 1981
 | volume = 45
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 187–191
 | doi = 10.2307/1987464
 | jstor = 1987464
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Winkler
 | first2 = Heinrich August
 | title = Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990
 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | location = New York
 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-19-926598-5
 | ref = harv
 | others = Sager, Alexander (trans.)
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ziemke
 | first = Earl F.
 | title = Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich
 | series = Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II
 | volume = Battle Book #6
 | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]]
 | year = 1969&lt;!--pre isbn--&gt;
 | oclc = 23899
 | ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}
===Wiki common===
{{commons|Adolf Hitler}}

=== Sumber dalam jariangan ===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite web
 | last = Bazyler
 | first = Michael J.
 | title = Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism
 | date = 25 December 2006
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/insights/pdf/bazyler.pdf
 | format = PDF
 | accessdate = 7 January 2013
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
 | title = Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall
 | publisher = BBC News
 | date = 29 July 1999
 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm
 | accessdate =13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC News, 1999}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = 1933&amp;nbsp;– Day of Potsdam
 | publisher = City of Potsdam
 | url = http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000945/33981/
 | accessdate=13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|City of Potsdam}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler
 | date = 17 October 2003
 | publisher = Fox News
 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,100474,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Fox News, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Hitler's Last Days
 | publisher = MI5 Security Service
 | work = mi5.gov.uk
 | url = https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html
 | accessdate =5 January 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|MI5, .27.27Hitler's Last Days.27.27}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = How the First World War shaped Hitler
 | newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]
 | date = 22 June 2011
 | publisher = Phillip Crawley
 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/hitlers-first-war-by-thomas-weber/article4261721/
 | accessdate =23 September 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Frauenfeld
 | first = A. E
 | title = The Power of Speech
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | date = August 1937
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Glantz
 | first =  David
 | authorlink = David Glantz
 | title = The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay
 | publisher = Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, [[Clemson University]]
 | format = pdf
 | location = Clemson, SC
 | date = 11 October 2001
 | url = http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_details&amp;gid=189&amp;Itemid=310
 | accessdate = 12 December 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Goebbels
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Führer as a Speaker
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | year = 1936
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Hinrichs
 | first = Per
 | publisher = Spiegel Online
 | title = Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung
 | trans_title = The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation
 | date = 10 March 2007
 | language = German
 | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last =  Kotanko
 | first =  Florian
 | title =  House of Responsibility
 | publisher =  
 | year =  
 | month =  
 | url =  http://www.hrb.at/index.php?path=languages/english/body.php
 | accessdate = 08 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|House of Responsibility}}
}}
* {{cite web
 | title = Introduction to the Holocaust
 | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005143
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932
 | trans_title = Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932
 | publisher=Glasnost–Archiv
 | url=http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Letter to Hindenburg, 1932}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = McMillan
 | first = Dan
 | title = Review of Fritz, Stephen G., ''Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East''
 | publisher = H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews
 | year = 2012
 | month = October
 | url = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35868
 | accessdate = 16 October 2012
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite document
 | title = Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München
 | trans_title = The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich
 | language = German
 | year = 1924
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Munich Court, 1924}}
 | postscript = .
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Office of Strategic Services
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 1945
 | publisher = Cornell Law Library
 | location = Ithaca, NY
 | pages = 6–7
 | oclc = 320083040
 | url = http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nurinst1.shtml
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of Strategic Services, 1945}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php
 | title = Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit
 | trans_title = Hitler's official application to end his Austrian citizenship
 | date = 7 April 1925
 | publisher= NS-Archiv
 | language = German
 | accessdate=13 April 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Sharkey
 | first = Joe
 | title = Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity
 | newspaper = The New York Times
 | date = 13 January 2002
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/13/weekinreview/word-for-word-case-against-nazis-hitler-s-forces-planned-destroy-german.html?pagewanted=all
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Leni Riefenstahl
 | date=10 September 2003
 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]]
 | location = [[London, UK|London]]
 | issn = 0307-1235
 | oclc = 49632006
 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3
 | accessdate=14 December 2011-12-14
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27The Daily Telegraph.27.27, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Man of the Year
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 January 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080607103145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | archivedate= 7 June 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;
 | deadurl= no
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, January 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Seven Years War?
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 October 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html
 | accessdate =30 August 2008
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, October 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Germany: Second Revolution?
 | date = 2 July 1934
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321,00.html
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, 1934}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland
 | work = ushmm.org
 | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php
 | accessdate=15 December 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|US Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Bee
 | title = Mein Diat&amp;nbsp;– Adolf Hitler's diet
 | publisher = [[Questia]]
 | work = New Statesman
 | location = UK
 | date = 9 October 1998
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | url = http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-21238666/mein-diat
 | ref = harv
 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book
 | author = Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority
 | title = Yad Vashem Studies
 | year = 2006
 | volume = 34
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | location = Jerusalem
 | oclc = 610688434
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2006}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp
 | accessdate= 10 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2008}}
 }}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}

==Pautan lua==
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-46200}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0386944}}&amp;nbsp;– real life footage in documentaries
* {{IMDb character|id=0027857|character=Adolf Hitler (Character)}}&amp;nbsp;– as portrayed in film and TV
* {{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler|work=The Vault|publisher=FBI Records}}
* {{cite web|title=Hitler and his officers |url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color|work=World War II Movies in Color|publisher=WW2inColor}}

{{Authority control|PND=118551655|LCCN=n/79/46200|VIAF=38190770|TSURL=Adolf_Hitler}}

[[Kategori:Kanselir Jerman]]</text>
      <sha1>9saystbk8pfzpwm3xbhpsp5cpou52ai</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443103</id>
      <parentid>2443102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T01:20:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FlyingAce</username>
        <id>14360</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/112.215.154.188|112.215.154.188]] ([[User talk:112.215.154.188|talk]]) to last version by 182.3.37.18</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43638" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adolf Hitler
| nationality =
 {{plainlist |
* Warga nagara Australia sampai 7 April 1925{{sfn|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
* Warga nagara Jerman sampai 25 Februari 1932
 }}
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched.jpg
| imagesize = 230px
| caption = Hitler pado taun 1937
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1889|4|20|df = y}}
| birth_place = [[Braunau am Inn]], [[Austria-Hongaria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|4|30|1889|4|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = Berlin, [[Jerman Nazi|Jerman]]
| death_cause = Bunuah diri
| party = [[Partai Nazi|Partai Buruah Sosialis Nasional Jerman]] (1921–1945)
| otherparty = [[Partai Buruah Jerman]] (1920–1921)
| religion = 
| spouse = [[Eva Braun]] &lt;br /&gt; (29–30 April 1945)
| occupation = Politikus, tantara, saniman, panulih
| order = [[Führer|Führer Jerman]]
| term_start = 2 Agustus 1934
| term_end = 30 April 1945
| predecessor = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| successor = [[Karl Dönitz]] &lt;br /&gt; (sabagai Presiden)
| order2 = [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]]
| term_start2 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end2 = 30 April 1945
| president2 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]
| deputy2 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* ''Kosong''
 }}
| predecessor2 = [[Kurt von Schleicher]]
| successor2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]]
| order3 = [[Reichsstatthalter|Reichsstatthalter Prusia]]
| term_start3 = 30 Januari 1933
| term_end3 = 30 Januari 1935
| primeminister3 =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Franz von Papen]]
* [[Hermann Göring]]
 }}
| predecessor3 = ''Jabatan dibantuak''
| successor3 = ''Jabatan dihapuih''
| signature = Hitler Signature2.svg
| footnotes =
| allegiance = {{flag|Kakaisaran Jerman}}
| branch = {{flagdeco|Kakaisaran Jerman|naval}} [[Angkatan Darek Jerman (Kakaisaran Jerman)|''Reichsheer'']]
| unit = Resimen Cadangan Bavaria ka-16
| serviceyears = 1914–1918
| rank = ''[[Gefreiter]]''
| battles = [[Perang Dunia I]]
| awards =
 {{plainlist |
* [[Iron Cross|Iron Cross First Class]]
* Iron Cross Second Class
* [[Wound Badge]]
 }}
}}

'''Adolf Hitler''' ({{IPA-de|ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ|lang|De-at-Adolf_Hitler.ogg}}; {{lahiamati||20|4|1889||30|4|1945}}) adolah surang politisi [[Jerman]] dan marupoan pamimpin [[Partai Nazi]] ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei}} (NSDAP); Partai Pekerja Jerman Sosialis Nasional) kalahiaran [[Austria]]. Inyo manjabaik sabagai [[Kanselir Jerman#Kanselir Reich Katigo (1933–1945)|Kanselir Jerman]] sajak 1933 sampai 1945 dan [[diktator]] [[Jerman Nazi]] (bagala [[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]) mulai taun 1934 sampai 1945. Hitler manjadi pamimpin utamo Jerman Nazi, [[Teater Eropa pado Parang Dunia II|Parang Dunia II di Eropa]], dan [[Holocaust]].
{{clear}}
== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

===Sumber buku===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Aigner
 | first = Dietrich
 | editor1-last = Koch
 | editor1-first = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = MacMillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler's ultimate aims&amp;nbsp;– a programme of world dominion?
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bauer
 | first = Yehuda
 | title = Rethinking the Holocaust
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2000
 | page = 5
 | isbn = 978-0-300-08256-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Beevor
 | first = Antony
 | authorlink = Antony Beevor
 | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]]
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last1 = Beevor
 | first1 = Antony
 | last2 = Attar
 | first2 = Rob
 | title = The World in Flames
 | journal = BBC History Magazine
 | date = June 2012
 | volume = 13
 | issue = 6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bendersky
 | first = Joseph W
 | title = A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 | isbn = 978-1-4422-1003-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bloch
 | first = Michael
 | title = Ribbentrop
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Crown Publishing
 | year = 1992
 | isbn = 978-0-517-59310-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Bonney
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Bonney
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 2001
 | url = http://www.leics.gov.uk/the_nazi_master_plan.pdf
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | location = London
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 1962
 | origyear = 1952
 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Bullock
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan Bullock
 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1952
 | publisher = Konecky &amp; Konecky
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-56852-036-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Butler
 | first1 = Ewan
 | last2 = Young
 | first2 = Gordon
 | title = The Life and Death of Hermann Göring
 | publisher = [[David &amp; Charles]]
 | location = Newton Abbot, Devon
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-7153-9455-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Carr
 | first = William
 | title = Arms, Autarky and Aggression
 | publisher = Edward Arnold
 | location = London
 | year = 1972
 | isbn = 978-0-7131-5668-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Conway
 | first = John S.
 | author-link = John S. Conway (historian)
 | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45
 | year = 1968
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76315-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Crandell
 | first = William F.
 | title = Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy
 | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly
 | year = 1987
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 487–501
 | ref = harv
 | jstor = 27550441
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Del Testa
 | first1 = David W
 | last2 = Lemoine
 | first2 = Florence
 | last3 = Strickland
 | first3 = John
 | title = Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists
 | year= 2003
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | page = 83
 | isbn = 978-1-57356-153-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dietrich
 | first = Otto
 | authorlink = Otto Dietrich
 | title = The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief
 | publisher = Skyhorse
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-972-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dollinger
 | first = Hans
 | title = The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II
 | isbn = 978-0-517-12399-7
 | year = 1995
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Gramercy
 | location = New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Downing
 | first = David
 | title = The Nazi Death Camps
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Gareth Stevens
 | series = World Almanac Library of the Holocaust
 | isbn = 978-0-8368-5947-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | authorlink = Richard J. Evans
 | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]]
 | year = 2003
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich in Power
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-303790-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = The Third Reich At War
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = Penguin Group
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | author-link = Joachim Fest
 | title = The Face of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-297-17949-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | location = London
 | publisher = Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson
 | year = 1974
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-297-76755-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fest
 | first = Joachim C.
 | title = Hitler
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin
 | location = Harmondsworth
 | isbn = 978-0-14-021983-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fischer
 | first = Klaus P.
 | title = Nazi Germany: A New History
 | location = London
 | publisher = Constable and Company
 | year = 1995
 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fromm
 | first = Erich
 | authorlink = Erich Fromm
 | title = The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1973
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-14-004258-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Fulda
 | first = Bernhard
 | title = Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic
 | year = 2009
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-954778-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Gellately
 | first = Robert
 | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der &quot;Generalplan Ost.&quot; Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher
 | journal = Central European History
 | volume = 29
 | issue = 2
 | year = 1996
 | pages = 270–274
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Goldhagen
 | first = Daniel
 | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen
 | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]]
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Knopf
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hakim
 | first = Joy
 | authorlink = Joy Hakim
 | series = [[A History of US]]
 | title = War, Peace, and All That Jazz
 | volume = 9
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1995
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Halperin
 | first1 = Samuel William
 | title = Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933
 | publisher = W.W. Norton
 | location = New York
 | year = 1965
 | origyear = 1946
 | isbn = 978-0-393-00280-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hamann
 | first1 = Brigitte
 | authorlink1 = Brigitte Hamann
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-0-19-512537-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hamann
 | first = Brigitte
 | title = Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man
 | publisher = Tauris Parke Paperbacks
 | location = London; New York
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | others = Trans. Thomas Thornton
 | isbn = 978-1-84885-277-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hancock
 | first = Ian
 | authorlink = Ian Hancock
 | editor1-last = Stone
 | editor1-first = Dan
 | title = The Historiography of the Holocaust
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
 | location = New York; Basingstoke
 | isbn = 978-0-333-99745-1
 | chapter = Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Heck
 | first = Alfons
 | authorlink = Alfons Heck
 | title = A Child of Hitler: Germany In The Days When God Wore A Swastika
 | origyear = 1985
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Renaissance House
 | location = Phoenix, AZ
 | isbn = 978-0-939650-44-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Heston
 | first1 = Leonard L.
 | last2 = Heston
 | first2 = Renate
 | title = The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs
 | year = 1980
 | origyear = 1979
 | publisher = Stein and Day
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8128-2718-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hildebrand
 | first = Klaus
 | author-link = Klaus Hildebrand
 | title = The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
 | location = London
 | publisher = Batsford
 | year = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-7134-1126-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | title = [[Mein Kampf]]
 | location = Boston
 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1925
 | others = Trans. [[Ralph Manheim]]
 | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1973
 | origyear = 1941
 | title = My New Order
 | publisher = Octagon Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-374-93918-2
 | editor1-first = Raoul de
 | editor1-last = Roussy de Sales
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Hitler
 | first = Adolf
 | year = 1942
 | title = [[The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922&amp;nbsp;– August 1939]]
 | location = London
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-86527-493-8
 | editor1-first = Norman H.
 | editor1-last = Baynes
 | editor1-link = Norman H. Baynes
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Hitler
 | first1 = Adolf
 | last2 = Trevor-Roper
 | first2 = Hugh
 | author2-link = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = [[Hitler's Table Talk|Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann]]
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1953
 | isbn = 978-0-19-285180-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Jamieson
 | first = Alastair
 | title = Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball
 | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | date = 19 November 2008
 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3481932/Nazi-leader-Hitler-really-did-have-only-one-ball.html
 | accessdate =27 May 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Jetzinger
 | first = Franz
 | authorlink = Franz Jetzinger
 | title = Hitler's Youth
 | year = 1976
 | origyear = 1956
 | publisher = Greenwood Press
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-8371-8617-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Joachimsthaler
 | first = Anton
 | others = Trans. Helmut Bögler
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1995
 | publisher = Brockhampton Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-1-86019-902-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kee
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Robert Kee
 | title = Munich: The Eleventh Hour
 | publisher = Hamish Hamilton
 | location = London
 | year = 1988
 | isbn = 978-0-241-12537-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keegan
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Keegan
 | title = The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship
 | publisher = Pimlico
 | location = London
 | year = 1987
 | isbn = 978-0-7126-6526-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Keller
 | first = Gustav
 | title= Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs
 | trans_title = The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage
 | publisher = LIT
 | language = German
 | location = Münster
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-3-643-10948-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kellogg
 | first = Michael
 | title = The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-521-84512-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | author-link = Ian Kershaw
 | title = Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris
 | location = New York
 | publisher = [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]
 | year = 1999
 | origyear = 1998
 | isbn = 978-0-393-04671-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation
 | edition = 4th
 | location = London
 | publisher = Arnold
 | year = 2000a
 | origyear = 1985
 | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
 | location = New York; London
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | year = 2000b
 | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kershaw
 | first = Ian
 | title = Hitler: A Biography
 | publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company
 | location = New York
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Koch
 | first = H. W
 | title = Operation Barbarossa&amp;nbsp;– The Current State of the Debate
 | journal = [[The Historical Journal]]
 | volume = 31
 | issue = 2
 | month = June
 | year = 1988
 | pages = 377–390
 | doi = 10.1017/S0018246X00012930
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | authorlink = Eberhard Kolb
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | origyear = 1984
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-415-34441-8
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London; New York
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kolb
 | first = Eberhard
 | year = 1988
 | origyear = 1984
 | title = The Weimar Republic
 | location = New York
 | publisher = Routledge
 | isbn = 978-0-415-09077-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kressel
 | first = Neil J.
 | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror
 | year = 2002
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = Boulder
 | isbn = 978-0-8133-3951-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kubizek
 | first = August
 | title = The Young Hitler I Knew
 | authorlink = August Kubizek
 | year = 2006
 | origyear = 1953
 | publisher = MBI
 | location = St. Paul, MN
 | isbn = 978-1-85367-694-9
 | ref = harv
 }}

* {{cite book
 | last = Kurowski
 | first = Franz
 | title = The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II
 | publisher = Stackpole Books
 | series = Stackpole Military History series
 | location = Mechanicsburg, PA
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-8117-3250-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Langer
 | first = Walter C.
 | authorlink = Walter Charles Langer
 | title = [[The Mind of Adolf Hitler|The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report]]
 | year = 1972
 | origyear = 1943
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-465-04620-1
 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Larson
 | first = Erik
 | title = In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin
 | publisher = Random House/Crown Publishing Group
 | location = New York, NY
 | year = 2011
 | isbn = 978-0-307-40884-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lichtheim
 | first = George
 | author-link = George Lichtheim
 | title = Europe In The Twentieth Century
 | location = London
 | publisher = Sphere Books
 | year = 1974
 | isbn = 978-0-351-17192-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Linge
 | first1 = Heinz
 | authorlink1 = Heinz Linge
 | others = Intro. [[Roger Moorhouse]]
 | title = With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet
 | year = 2009
 | origyear = 1980
 | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-804-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lipstadt
 | first = Deborah E.
 | title = The Eichmann Trial
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Random House
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-8052-4260-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maiolo
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 1998
 | publisher = Macmillan Press
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-333-72007-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Manvell
 | first1 = Roger
 | author1-link = Roger Manvell
 | last2 = Fraenkel
 | first2 = Heinrich
 | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel
 | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo
 | year = 2007
 | origyear = 1965
 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse
 | location = London; New York
 | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Maser
 | first = Werner
 | title = Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality
 | year = 1973
 | publisher = Allen Lane
 | location = London
 | isbn = 978-0-7139-0473-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Marrus
 | first = Michael
 | authorlink = Michael Marrus
 | title = The Holocaust in History
 | location = Toronto
 | publisher = Key Porter
 | year = 2000
 | isbn = 978-0-299-23404-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = McNab
 | first = Chris
 | title = The Third Reich
 | publisher = Amber Books Ltd
 | year = 2009
 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8
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 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Megargee
 | first = Geoffrey P.
 | title = War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
 | location = Lanham, Md
 | publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield
 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-7425-4482-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Messerschmidt
 | first = Manfred
 | title = [[Germany and the Second World War]]
 | volume = 1
 | chapter = Foreign Policy and Preparation for War
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Clarendon Press
 | year = 1990
 | editor1-last = Deist
 | editor1-first = Wilhelm
 | isbn = 978-0-19-822866-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Mitcham
 | first = Samuel W.
 | title = Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich
 | year = 1996
 | publisher = Praeger
 | location = Westport, Conn
 | isbn = 978-0-275-95485-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Murray
 | first = Williamson
 | title = The Change in the European Balance of Power
 | location = Princeton
 | publisher = Princeton University Press
 | year = 1984
 | isbn = 978-0-691-05413-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Naimark
 | first = Norman M.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
 | publisher = Harvard University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-674-00994-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Niewyk
 | first1 = Donald L.
 | last2 = Nicosia
 | first2 = Francis R.
 | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Columbia University Press
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = O'Donnell
 | first = James P.
 | authorlink = James P. O'Donnell
 | title = [[The Bunker (book)|The Bunker]]
 | publisher = Da Capo Press
 | location = New York
 | year = 2001
 | origyear = 1978
 | isbn = 978-0-306-80958-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Overy
 | first1 = Richard
 | last2 = Wheatcroft
 | first2 = Andrew
 | author-link = Richard Overy
 | title = The Road To War
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1989
 | isbn = 978-0-14-028530-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | editor1-last = Lukes
 | editor1-first = Igor
 | editor2-last = Goldstein
 | editor2-first = Erik
 | title = The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Frank Cass
 | location = London; Portland, OR
 | chapter = Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?
 | oclc = 40862187
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27The Munich Crisis.27.27|1999|p=207}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Overy
 | editor1-last = Martel
 | editor1-first = Gordon
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = London
 | chapter = Misjudging Hitler
 | pages = 93–115
 | isbn = 978-0-415-16324-8
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Overy, .27.27Origins of WWII Reconsidered.27.27|1999}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Overy
 | first = Richard
 | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
 | publisher = Penguin Books
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Robert
 | authorlink = Pierre Stephen Robert Payne
 | title = The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler
 | publisher = Hippocrene Books
 | location = New York, New York
 | year = 1990
 | origyear = 1973
 | isbn = 978-0-88029-402-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Payne
 | first = Stanley G.
 | authorlink = Stanley G. Payne
 | title = Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | location = New Haven
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-0-300-12282-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Plating
 | first = John D.
 | title = The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II
 | year = 2011
 | publisher = Texas A&amp;M University Press
 | location = College Station
 | series = Williams-Ford Texas A&amp;M University military history series, no. 134
 | isbn = 978-1-60344-238-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Redlich
 | first = Fritz R.
 | title = Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet
 | year = 2000
 | month = September
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | pages =
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 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rees
 | first = Laurence
 | authorlink = Laurence Rees
 | title = [[The Nazis: A Warning From History]]
 | location = New York
 | publisher = New Press
 | year = 1997
 | isbn = 978-0-563-38704-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rißmann
 | first = Michael
 | title = Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators
 | location = Zürich München
 | publisher = Pendo
 | year = 2001
 | isbn = 978-3-85842-421-1
 | language = German
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = G.
 | title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
 | location = New Haven
 | publisher = Yale University Press
 | year = 2006
 | isbn = 0-300-11204-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = J. M.
 | author-link = John Roberts (historian)
 | title = A History of Europe
 | location = Oxford
 | publisher = Helicon
 | year = 1996
 | isbn = 978-1-85986-178-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Roberts
 | first = Martin
 | title = The New Barbarism&amp;nbsp;– A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973
 | year = 1975
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 978-0-19-913225-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = Esmonde M.
 | title = Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939
 | publisher = Longmans
 | location = London
 | year = 1963
 | oclc = 300011871
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Robertson
 | first = E. M.
 | editor1-first = Koch
 | editor1-last = H.W
 | title = Aspects of the Third Reich
 | year = 1985
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | location = London
 | chapter = Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers
 | isbn = 978-0-312-05726-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosenbaum
 | first = Ron
 | authorlink = Ron Rosenbaum
 | title = [[Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil]]
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Harper Perennial
 | isbn = 978-0-06-095339-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rosmus
 | first = Anna Elisabeth
 | year = 2004
 | title = Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home
 | publisher = University of South Carolina Press
 | location = Columbia, S.C
 | isbn = 978-1-57003-508-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rothwell
 | first = Victor
 | title = The Origins of the Second World War
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Manchester University Press
 | location = Manchester
 | isbn = 978-0-7190-5957-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rummel
 | first = Rudolph
 | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel
 | title = Death by Government
 | year = 1994
 | publisher = Transaction
 | location = New Brunswick, NJ
 | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ryschka
 | first = Birgit
 | title = Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube
 | date = 29 September 2008
 | publisher = Peter Lang
 | isbn = 978-3-631-58111-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Shirer
 | first = William L.
 | authorlink = William L. Shirer
 | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster
 | location = New York
 | year = 1960
 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Snyder
 | first = Timothy
 | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder
 | title = [[Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]]
 | publisher = Basic Books
 | location = New York
 | year = 2010
 | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Speer
 | first = Albert
 | authorlink = Albert Speer
 | origyear = 1969
 | year = 1971
 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]]
 | publisher = Avon
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Spiro
 | first = Jonathan Peter
 | title = Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
 | year = 2008
 | publisher = University Press of Vermont
 | location = Lebanon, NH
 | isbn = 978-1-58465-715-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Stackelberg
 | first = Roderick
 | title = The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
 | year = 2007
 | publisher = Routledge
 | location = New Yor
 | isbn = 978-0-415-30860-1
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steigmann-Gall
 | first = Richard
 | authorlink = Richard Steigmann-Gall
 | title = The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945
 | location = Cambridge; New York
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2003
 | isbn = 978-0-521-82371-5
 | doi = 10.2277/978-0-521-82371-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Steinberg
 | first = Jonathan
 | title = The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941-4
 | journal = The English Historical Review
 | year = 1995
 | month = June
 | volume = 110
 | issue = 437
 | pages = 620–651
 | oclc = 83655937
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Steiner
 | first = John Michael
 | title = Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction
 | year = 1976
 | publisher = Mouton
 | location = The Hague
 | isbn = 978-90-279-7651-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | last = Stolfi
 | first = Russel
 | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)
 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]]
 | year = 1982
 | month = March
 | volume = 54
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 27–46
 | doi = 10.1086/244076
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Tames
 | first = Richard
 | title = Dictatorship
 | publisher = Heinemann Library
 | location = Chicago
 | year = 2008
 | isbn = 978-1-4329-0234-6
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Le Tissier
 | first = Tony
 | title = Race for the Reichstag
 | publisher = Pen &amp; Sword
 | year = 2010
 | origyear = 1999
 | isbn = 978-1-84884-230-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Toland (author)
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = Book Club Associates
 | location = London
 | year = 1977
 | origyear = 1976
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Toland
 | first = John
 | title = Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography
 | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
 | year = 1992
 | origyear = 1976
 | isbn = 978-0-385-42053-2
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Trevor-Roper
 | first = Hugh
 | authorlink = Hugh Trevor-Roper
 | title = The Last Days of Hitler
 | year = 1987
 | origyear = 1947
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago
 | isbn = 978-0-226-81224-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Vinogradov
 | first = V. K.
 | title = Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB
 | publisher = Chaucer Press
 | year = 2005
 | isbn = 978-1-904449-13-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weber
 | first = Thomas
 | title = Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War
 | year = 2010
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = Oxford; New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-923320-5
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938
 | journal = The Journal of Modern History
 | date = December 1955
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 415–419
 | oclc = 482752575
 | doi = 10.1086/237831
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Hitler's Image of the United States
 | journal = The American Historical Review
 | date = December 1964
 | volume = 69
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 1006–1021
 | ref = harv
 | doi = 10.2307/1842933
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | author-link = Gerhard Weinberg
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | year = 1970
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88509-4
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II
 | publisher = University of Chicago Press
 | year = 1980
 | isbn = 978-0-226-88511-7
 | location = Chicago, Illinois
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Weinberg
 | first = Gerhard
 | title = Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History
 | year = 1995
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | location = Cambridge
 | chapter = Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality
 | isbn = 978-0-521-47407-8
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Welch
 | first = David
 | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator
 | year = 2001
 | publisher = Routledge
 | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Wheeler-Bennett
 | first = John
 | authorlink = John Wheeler-Bennett
 | title = The Nemesis of Power
 | location = London
 | publisher = Macmillan
 | year = 1967
 | isbn = 978-1-4039-1812-3
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Wilt
 | first = Alan
 | authorlink = Alan F. Wilt
 | title = Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941
 | journal = Military Affairs
 | date = December 1981
 | volume = 45
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 187–191
 | doi = 10.2307/1987464
 | jstor = 1987464
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Winkler
 | first2 = Heinrich August
 | title = Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990
 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
 | location = New York
 | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-19-926598-5
 | ref = harv
 | others = Sager, Alexander (trans.)
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ziemke
 | first = Earl F.
 | title = Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich
 | series = Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II
 | volume = Battle Book #6
 | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]]
 | year = 1969&lt;!--pre isbn--&gt;
 | oclc = 23899
 | ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}
===Wiki common===
{{commons|Adolf Hitler}}

=== Sumber dalam jariangan ===
{{refbegin}}
{{col|2}}
* {{cite web
 | last = Bazyler
 | first = Michael J.
 | title = Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism
 | date = 25 December 2006
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/insights/pdf/bazyler.pdf
 | format = PDF
 | accessdate = 7 January 2013
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
 | title = Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall
 | publisher = BBC News
 | date = 29 July 1999
 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/406713.stm
 | accessdate =13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC News, 1999}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = 1933&amp;nbsp;– Day of Potsdam
 | publisher = City of Potsdam
 | url = http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000945/33981/
 | accessdate=13 June 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|City of Potsdam}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler
 | date = 17 October 2003
 | publisher = Fox News
 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,100474,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Fox News, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Hitler's Last Days
 | publisher = MI5 Security Service
 | work = mi5.gov.uk
 | url = https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html
 | accessdate =5 January 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|MI5, .27.27Hitler's Last Days.27.27}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Evans
 | first = Richard J.
 | title = How the First World War shaped Hitler
 | newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]
 | date = 22 June 2011
 | publisher = Phillip Crawley
 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/hitlers-first-war-by-thomas-weber/article4261721/
 | accessdate =23 September 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Frauenfeld
 | first = A. E
 | title = The Power of Speech
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | date = August 1937
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Glantz
 | first =  David
 | authorlink = David Glantz
 | title = The Soviet‐German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay
 | publisher = Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, [[Clemson University]]
 | format = pdf
 | location = Clemson, SC
 | date = 11 October 2001
 | url = http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=doc_details&amp;gid=189&amp;Itemid=310
 | accessdate = 12 December 2012
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Goebbels
 | first = Joseph
 | title = The Führer as a Speaker
 | publisher = [[Calvin College]]
 | year = 1936
 | url = http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm
 | accessdate =19 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Hinrichs
 | first = Per
 | publisher = Spiegel Online
 | title = Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung
 | trans_title = The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation
 | date = 10 March 2007
 | language = German
 | url = http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last =  Kotanko
 | first =  Florian
 | title =  House of Responsibility
 | publisher =  
 | year =  
 | month =  
 | url =  http://www.hrb.at/index.php?path=languages/english/body.php
 | accessdate = 08 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|House of Responsibility}}
}}
* {{cite web
 | title = Introduction to the Holocaust
 | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005143
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932
 | trans_title = Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932
 | publisher=Glasnost–Archiv
 | url=http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html
 | accessdate =16 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Letter to Hindenburg, 1932}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = McMillan
 | first = Dan
 | title = Review of Fritz, Stephen G., ''Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East''
 | publisher = H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews
 | year = 2012
 | month = October
 | url = http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35868
 | accessdate = 16 October 2012
 | ref = harv
}}
* {{cite document
 | title = Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München
 | trans_title = The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich
 | language = German
 | year = 1924
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Munich Court, 1924}}
 | postscript = .
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Office of Strategic Services
 | title = The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches
 | journal = Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion
 | year = 1945
 | publisher = Cornell Law Library
 | location = Ithaca, NY
 | pages = 6–7
 | oclc = 320083040
 | url = http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nurinst1.shtml
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of Strategic Services, 1945}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/personen/hitler/oesterreich/staatsbuergerschaft.php
 | title = Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit
 | trans_title = Hitler's official application to end his Austrian citizenship
 | date = 7 April 1925
 | publisher= NS-Archiv
 | language = German
 | accessdate=13 April 2012
 | ref = {{sfnRef|NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | last = Sharkey
 | first = Joe
 | title = Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity
 | newspaper = The New York Times
 | date = 13 January 2002
 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/13/weekinreview/word-for-word-case-against-nazis-hitler-s-forces-planned-destroy-german.html?pagewanted=all
 | accessdate =7 June 2011
 | ref = harv
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Leni Riefenstahl
 | date=10 September 2003
 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
 | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]]
 | location = [[London, UK|London]]
 | issn = 0307-1235
 | oclc = 49632006
 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3
 | accessdate=14 December 2011-12-14
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27The Daily Telegraph.27.27, 2003}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Man of the Year
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 January 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080607103145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html
 | archivedate= 7 June 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;
 | deadurl= no
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, January 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Seven Years War?
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | date = 2 October 1939
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789000,00.html
 | accessdate =30 August 2008
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, October 1939}}
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Germany: Second Revolution?
 | date = 2 July 1934
 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321,00.html
 | work = Time Magazine
 | publisher = Time
 | accessdate =17 October 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|.27.27Time.27.27, 1934}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland
 | work = ushmm.org
 | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php
 | accessdate=15 December 2011
 | ref = {{sfnRef|US Holocaust Memorial Museum}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Bee
 | title = Mein Diat&amp;nbsp;– Adolf Hitler's diet
 | publisher = [[Questia]]
 | work = New Statesman
 | location = UK
 | date = 9 October 1998
 | accessdate =22 May 2008
 | url = http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-21238666/mein-diat
 | ref = harv
 }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book
 | author = Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority
 | title = Yad Vashem Studies
 | year = 2006
 | volume = 34
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | location = Jerusalem
 | oclc = 610688434
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2006}}
 }}
* {{cite web
 | title = How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?
 | publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]
 | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/resource_center/faq.asp
 | accessdate= 10 January 2013
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Yad Vashem, 2008}}
 }}
{{refend}}
{{EndDiv}}

==Pautan lua==
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-46200}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0386944}}&amp;nbsp;– real life footage in documentaries
* {{IMDb character|id=0027857|character=Adolf Hitler (Character)}}&amp;nbsp;– as portrayed in film and TV
* {{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler|work=The Vault|publisher=FBI Records}}
* {{cite web|title=Hitler and his officers |url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color|work=World War II Movies in Color|publisher=WW2inColor}}

{{Authority control|PND=118551655|LCCN=n/79/46200|VIAF=38190770|TSURL=Adolf_Hitler}}

[[Kategori:Kanselir Jerman]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Templat:Elementbox isotopes stable</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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| &lt;sup&gt;{{{mn}}}&lt;/sup&gt;{{{sym}}}
| {{{na}}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{{sym}}} [[isotop stabil|stabil]] dangan {{{n}}} [[neutron]]&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Kategori:Templat elemen|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabupaten Kerinci</title>
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      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPMIN</comment>
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      <text bytes="2183" xml:space="preserve">{{disambiginfo|Kerinci|Kerinci}}
{{Dati2
| nama         = Kabupaten Kerinci&lt;br/&gt;Kabupaten Kurinci&lt;br /&gt;كابوڤاتين كرينچي
| provinsi     = [[Jambi]]
| ibukota      = [[Siulak, Kerinci|Siulak]]
| lambang      = [[Berkas:Kab.Kerinci.svg|100px]]
| peta         = [[Berkas:Lokasi Jambi Kabupaten Kerinci.svg|300px]]
| motto        = Sakti Alam Kerinci&lt;br/&gt;''Sati Alam Kurinci''
| luas         = 3807,283
| luasref      = &lt;ref&gt;http://www.jambiprov.go.id/index.php?letluaswil&lt;/ref&gt;
| penduduk = 253256
| penduduktahun =(2014)
| kepadatan =66,51
| kecamatan    = 16
| kelurahan    =287 
| dasar hukum  = UU No. 58 Tahun 1958
| tanggal      =10 November 1958
| kodearea     = 0748
| dau = Rp. 594.747.481.000.-
| dauref = ([[2013]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.depkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/RINCIAN-ALOKASI-DAU-MURNI-TA-2017-UPLOAD.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| web          = http://www.kerincikab.go.id/
| kepala daerah      = Bupati
| nama kepala daerah = Dr. H. [[Adirozal]], M.Si.
| wakil kepala daerah = Wakil Bupati
| nama wakil kepala daerah = Ir. H. Ami Taher
| suku bangsa = [[Urang Kurinci|Kurinci]], [[Urang Malayu|Malayu]], [[Urang Minang|Minang]], [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]], [[Urang Batak|Batak]], [[Urang Tionghoa-Indonesia|Tionghoa]]
| fauna = [[Harimau Sumatra]]
| flora = [[Bungo Bangkai]]
}}
[[Berkas:Danau gunung tujuh.jpg|jmpl|434x434px|Danau gunung tujuh, salah satu danau nan ado di kerinci]]
'''Kabupaten Kerinci''' atau '''Kurinci''' adolah salah satu [[kabupaten]] di [[Jambi|Provinsi Jambi]], [[Indonesia]]. Kurinci ditetapkan sabagai Kabupaten sajak mulo badirinyo Provinsi Jambi jo pusek pamarintahan di [[Sungai Penuh, Kerinci|Sungai Penuh]]. Pado taun 2011, pusek pamarintahan bapindah ka [[Siulak, Kerinci|Siulak]].&lt;ref&gt;Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pemindahan Ibu Kota Kabupaten Kerinci Dari Wilayah Kota Sungaipenuh ke Wilayah Kecamatan Siulak&lt;/ref&gt; Namo ''Kerinci'' barasa dari [[bahaso Tamil]] iyolah ''Kurinji'', nan marupokan namo bungo nan tumbuah di daerah pagunuangan India selatan.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}{{Jambi}}

[[Kategori:Kabupaten Kerinci| ]]
[[Kategori:Jambi]]
[[Kategori:Kabupaten di Indonesia]]


{{geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Theodor Herzl</title>
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        <id>3044</id>
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      <comment>Replacing Theodore_Herzl_signature.svg with [[File:Theodor_Herzl_signature.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Family death notices: https://anno.onb.ac</comment>
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      <text bytes="4619" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Theodor Herzl &lt;br /&gt; {{lang|he|בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב הֵרצְל}} {{he icon}}|image=Theodor Herzl retouched.jpg|image_size=200px|caption=Theodor Herzl|birth_name=Benjamin Ze’ev Herzl|birth_date={{Birth date|1860|05|02}}|birth_place=[[Budapest|Pest]], [[Hongaria]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1904|07|03|1860|05|2}}|death_place=[[Edlach]], [[Austria-Hongaria]]|body_discovered=|death_cause=Kegagalan jantung|resting_place=''1904 –– 1949'': [[Döbling]]er Friedhof, [[Wina]], Austria &lt;br /&gt;''1949-sekarang'': [[Mount Herzl|Mt. Herzl]], [[Yerusalem]], [[Israel]]|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|31|46|26|N|35|10|50|E|display=inline}}|residence=[[Wina]]|nationality=[[Austria-Hongaria]]|citizenship=|other_names=|known_for=Bapak politik [[Zionisme]] modern|education=[[Hukum]]|alma_mater=[[Universitas Wina]]|religion=[[Yahudi]]|occupation=Jurnalis, dramawan, penulis, [[aktivisme politik|aktivis politik]]|years_active=|home_town=|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|opponents=|boards=|spouse={{marriage|Julie Naschauer |1889|1904}}|relations=|signature=Theodor Herzl signature.svg}}
'''Theodor Herzl'''   Tampek lahia di Pest, Hungaria, 2 Mei 1860 sampai maningga di Edlach, Austria-Hungaria, 3 Juli 1940 pado umua  44 taun ) adolah tokoh utamo gerakan  Zionisme . Inyo dididiak dalam semangek pancarahan Yahudi Jerman dan mangapresiasi budayo modern. Herzl sacaro khusus disabuik namonyo dalam [[:en:Israeli Declaration of Independence|Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Israel]] dan sacaro rasmi diagiah sabutan &quot;bapa rohani Negara Yahudi&quot;

Taun 1878 pindah ka Wina dan menuntuik ilmu hukum di sinan. Satalah luluih inyo manjadi panulih dramo (karyanyo: ''the Ghetto''), sandiwaro dan wartawan koran liberal Wina ''Neue Freie Presse''.

Satalah tajadinyo [[Peristiwa Dreyfus|paristiwa Dreyfus]] taun [[1894]], satalah mandanga banyaknyo kaba nan baredar tantang panindasan terhadok kaum Yahudi di wilayah kekaisaran Russia dan sabagian Eropa Timur, Herzl bakainginan untuak mandirikan nagaro bardasarkan ras Yahudi sandiri. Inyo manarbitkan ''der Judenstaat'' ( Nagaro Yahudi) taun 1896 dan dicacek banyak urang Yahudi nan tingga di Eropa Barat, wilayah di mano urang Yahudi hiduik dalam kamakmuran. Herzl mangusulkan program untuak mangumpuan dano dari urang Yahudi untuak marealisasikan cito-citonyo (katiko tabantuak organisasi iko disabuik Zionise).

Inyo mamintak bantuan dano dari urang-rang kayo Yahudi saperti Baron Hirsch dan Baron Rotschild, namun parcuma. Walaupun bagitu akhirnyo inyo dapek manyalanggarokan Kongres I Zionis di Basel, Swiss taun [[1897]]. Dalam delegasi itu inyo mangamukakan Program Basel. Pado kongres itu inyo diangkek jadi pamimpinnyo

Herzl bakaliliang ka Palestina, [[Istanbul]], dan [[Jerman]] untuak mancari dukuangan namun gagal. Wakatu berado di Istanbul, inyo manawari Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II jo pitih 35 juta lira ameh, manjanjikan mambangun benteang partahanan bagi Kasultanan Utsmaniyah dan palunasan utang lua nagari supayo inyo mancabuik larangan bagi Yahudi untuak manetap di Palestina indak labiah dari 3 bulan dan supayo Yahudi dapek ka sinan. Bangso Yahudi nan manginginkan daerah bakeh karajaan Daud dijadian nagaro Yahudi musti mamikiakan caro lain untuak mandirikan nagaro Israel di ateh tanah Yahudi. Pado 1967, dalam parang 6 hari malawan 7 koalisi nagaro pandudukan Arab, tantara Yahudi akhirnyo mampu mengusia pasukan pandudukan Arab-Palestina di sakitar wilayah Yerusalem. 4000 taun sajarah bangsa Yahudi (tahituang sajak zaman [[Abraham]] sampai abaik 20M), dan 3000 taun sajak pamerintahan Daud sabagai raja Israel, satalah bangsa-bangsa gadang bangkik manguasai dan manjajah tanah mareka, dan kamudian jatuah dalam kahancuran, akhirnyo nasib bangso Yahudi barado dalam titiak kamanangan ateh tanah warisan mareka.

Inyo kambali ka Inggris dan batamu Joseph Chamberlain dan inyo menawarkan daerah Uganda sabagai daerah swatantra Yahudi (dan usualan itu ditolak jo aktivis Zionis taun [[1905]] pado kongres katujuah). Satalah itu inyo pai ka Rusia untuak mamohon pado Tsar [[Rusia]] supaya mambantu Zionis mamindahkan urang-urang Yahudi Rusia ka Tanah Israel.

== Kamatian ==
Herzl maningga pado taun [[1904]] karano bunuah diri

karano kabnayakan karajo. taun 1949, janazahnyo dipindahkan ka Bukik Herzl di Yerussalem

== Biografi Theodor Herzl ==
* [[:en:Gathering of Israel|Pengumpulan Israel]]
* [[:en:Jewish diaspora|Diaspora Yahudi]]
* [[:en:Return to Zion|Kembali ke Sion]]

{{lifetime|1860|1904|Herzl}}

== Rujuakan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt; 

{{Commons}} 

[[Kategori:Tokoh Austria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urang Rimbo</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Adhmi</username>
        <id>7359</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPMIN</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="5470" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Anak-anak rimba.jpg|jmpl|393x393px|Urang kubu atau urang rimbo nan barado di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.]]
'''Urang Rimbo''' atau '''urang Kubu''' adolah etnis lokal [[Jambi|provinsi Jambi]] nan mauni kawasan [[Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas]] (TNDB). Ado duo versi carito tantang sijarah urang Rimbo''.'' Versi partamo dicaritokan baso urang Rimbo adolah Maalau sesat nan maninggaan kaluarganyo karano patikaian dalam keluarganyo kamudian lari ka utan rimbo nan kini dinamoan ''Puyang Segayo''. Sadangkan versi kaduo dikatokan baso urang Rimbo adolah katurunan panduduak [[Pagaruyuang]], [[Sumatera Barat]], nan pai mancari sumber-sumber pangidupan nan labiah elok, dek pasokan pangan nan indak cukuik sarato kondisi kaamanan nan indak kondusif.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Kesaksian-Tumenggung-Tarib_Orang-Rimba_pada-Sidang-Gugatan-UU-Kehutanan-ke-MK-1.pdf Hutan Adalah Rumah dan Sumber Penghidupan Kami disampaikan pada Sidang Perkara nomor 35/PUU-X/2012 perihal pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945. Rabaa, 27 Juli 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Karakteristik jo budayo ==
'''Budayo Melangun'''

Jikok ado anggota kaluarga nan maningga, urang nan ado di sakitar tampek rumah kamatian akan pai dek maanggap baso tampek tu adolah tampek sial, salain itu supayo kaluarga nan ditinggakan capek malupoan kasadiahannyo. Pado zaman dulu malangun dapek balangsuang 10 hinggo 12 taun. Namun kini dek karano wilayahnyo nan makin sampik (manjadi kawasan parusahaan [[Taman Nasional Bukit XII]]) mako maso malangun manjadi samakin singkek manjadi 4 bulan hinggo satahun sajo, wilayah malangun pun samakin dakek, indak sajauah dulu.

Jenazah urang nan maningga kamudian ditutuik jo kain dari kapalo hinggo ka mato kaki lalu diangkek dari sudung/rumah manuju paristirahatannyo nan tarakhir di sabuah pondok nan talatak labiah dari 4 km jauahnyo ka dalam hutan. jenazah Urang Rimbo nan maningga indak dimandian dan indak pulo dikubuan sebab diyakini urang nan alah maningga masih mampunyoi kasempatan untuak bangkik dan manamui kaluarganyo. kapacayoan ko bamula dahulu kala katiko ado urang nan sekarat yang ditinggaan jo kalompoknyo di sabuah pondok, tanyato inyo hiduik kambali dan baliak manamui kaluarganyo. Kajadian ko mangilhami mereka untuak indak mangubuan jenazah Urang Rimbo nan alah maningga. 

'''Seloko jo Manto'''

Kahidupan urang Rimbo sangaik dipangaruahi jo aturan-aturan hukum nan alah talimbago dalam bantuak ''seloko-seloko'' (papatah nan manjadi aturan adaik) nan sacaro tageh dijadikan padoman iduik jo pamimpin-pamimpin khususnyo tumenggung dalam mambuek kaputusan. ''Seloko'' jugo manjadi padoman dalam batutua kato sarato batingkah laku dalam kahidupan bamasyarakat.

Bantuak-bantuak ''seloko'' antaro lain:

#''Bak ameh jo suaso'' (pambeda antaro nilai nan maha jo nan murah)
#''Bak tali bapinta tigo'' (kabasamoan manjadi kakuatan)
#''Nan tasurek jo nan tasirek'' (alah dipacik dan dimiliki)
#''Mangaji di ateh surek'' (mampunyai dasar/aturan)
#''Banyak daun tampek bataduah'' (banyak tampek mangadu)
#''Maratok di ateh bangkai'' (manyampaian kaluh kesah)
#''Dak taubah anjiang makan tai'' (kabiasoan nan sulik diubah)
#''Dimana biawak tajun di situ anjiang taluluang'' (dima awak babuek salah disitu adaik nan diapakai)
#''Dima bumi dipijak di situ langik dijunjuang'' (dima awak barado, di sinan adaik nan awak junjuang, kito manyasuaian diri)
#''Bini sakato laki, anak sakato Bapak'' (dalam urusan kaluargo sangaik manonjol peran laki-laki atau Bapak)
#''Titian galling tenggung nagari'' (labil/bimbang/ragu)


'''Besale'''

''Besale'' adolah bantuak upacara nan biasonyo diadokan pado malam ari. Palaksanaannyo duduak basamo-samo mamintak kasihatan, katentraman, sarato tailak marobahayo. Upacara ko dipimpin dek surang tokoh nan dihoromati sarato bakamampuan komunikasi jo dunia ghaib. Upacara ko langkok jo sasajian barupo kumayan sarato bungo-bungo.

== Sistem bakarabaik ==
Sistem bakarabaik urang Rimbo samo sarupo jo urang Minangkabau, yaitu sistem [[matrilineal]]. Jikok anak laki-laki manyukoi saurang gadih, mako urang gaeknyo ka manyampaian kainginan anaknyo kapado urang gaek si gadih dan mamutuihan cocok atau indaknyo. Ado tigo jinih pakawinan, yaitu:

* patamo, jo mas kawin
* kaduo, jo prinsip pancurahan, yaitu laki-laki sabalun manikah musti ikuik mintuo untuak bakarajo di ladang sarato baburu untuak mambuktian dirinyo
* katigo, jo patukaran gadih, aratinyo gadih dari kalompok lain bisa dituka jo gadih dari kalompok tatantu sasuai jo nan dituju laki-laki jo gadih-gadih tasabuik.

'''Organisasi Sosial dan Kekerabatan'''

Urang Rimbo iduik sacaro bakalompok. Namun kabaradoan kalompok ko indak tabateh jo wilayah tampek tingga tatantu. Inyo bebas mamiliah tingga basamo jo kalompok lain, tapi indak jo baganti-ganti kalompok tumenggung surang. Susunan organisasi sosial urang Rimbo terdiri dari:

#''Tumenggung'', kapalo adaik
# Wakia ''Tumenggung'', pangganti ''tumenggung'' kok bahalangan
#''Depati'', panagawas kapamimpinan ''tumenggung''
#''Menti'', mangadili urang jo tata adaik/hakim
#''Mangku'', panimbang kaputusan dalam sidang adaik
#''Anak dalam'', manjapuik tumenggung ka sidang adaik
#''Debalang Batin'', pangawal ''tumenggung''
#''Tengganai'', pamacik kaputusan tatinggi sidang adaik, jo hak bisa mambatalan kaputusan

== Rujuakan ==
[[Kategori:Suku banso di Indonesia]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Jambi]]</text>
      <sha1>7dhsuypg4f35wfjrnxduey0rmr9uqbm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Danau Tazawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>336315</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443137</id>
      <parentid>2047339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T08:22:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adhmi</username>
        <id>7359</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPMIN</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5976" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox lake
| name = Danau Tazawa &lt;br&gt; 田沢湖
| image =
| caption = Patuang Tatsuko di Danau Tazawa 
| image_bathymetry = 
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = Semboku, [[Prefektur Akita]]
| type = [[Danau kawah]]
| inflow = Tidak ada yang alami
| outflow = Tidak ada yang alami
| catchment = 
| basin_countries = Jepang
| length = 
| width = 
| area = {{convert|25.9|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|280.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|423.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume = 7,20 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| residence_time = 
| shore = {{convert|20|km|mi}}
| elevation = {{convert|290|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| islands = 
| cities = 
| latd  = 39  | latm  = 43 | lats  = 30 | latNS  = N
| longd = 140 | longm = 39 | longs = 41 | longEW = E
| coordinates_region = JP
| pushpin_map = Japan
}}
[[Berkas:Lake Tazawa and Kansa-gū 20210213.jpg|jmpl|456x456px|Danau Tazawa katiko musim dingin]]
'''Danau Tazawa''' (田沢湖 ''Tazawa-ko'') adolah danau kawah nan barado di Semboku, Prefektur Akita, utara Japang. Danau iko marupoan danau tadalam di Japang (kadalaman maksimum 423,4 m). Kadalaman danau ko manyababkan pamukaan aia danau indak pernah mambaku katiko musim dingin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/458933/tazawako-danau-cantik-berbalut-legenda|title=Tazawako danau cantik berbalut legenda|last=antaranews.com|date=2014-10-16|website=Antara News|access-date=2020-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panamoan ==
Dipakiroan danau iko mulai diagai namo pado [[Zaman Meiji]] katiko manusia mulai manampati jo tingga di kaki-kaki bukik di sakitaranyo. Tatapi, danau iko alah dikanali sabalumnyo dek [[Suku Ainu]] jo namo “Tazawa” nan dipakiroan barasa dari kato dalam [[bahasa Ainu]] ''Tapukopu'', nan aratinyo &quot;bukik nan punyo puncak malingka ka ateh&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://japanesestation.com/culture/myth-urban-legend/legenda-danau-tazawa-tempat-seorang-gadis-cantik-yang-berubah-menjadi-naga|title=Legenda Danau Tazawa Tempat Seorang Gadis Cantik yang Berubah Menjadi Naga|last=gaemgyee|date=2019-02-18|website=Japanese Station|language=id|access-date=2020-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Danau iko dihubuang-hubuangkan juo jo legenda Putri Tatsuko, nan indak dikatahui asa mulonyo. Di tapi barat Tazawa tadapek patuang Tatsuko barwarna ameh nan tabuek dari parunggu  nan marupoan hasia karya Yasutake Funakoshi. Tatsuko, nan mandambakan keabadian jo kacantikan, dalam legenda disabuikan barubah manjadi dewi danau.&lt;ref name=&quot;museum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ima.or.jp/en/encollection/enfunakoshiyasutake.html |title=Funakoshi Yasutake |website=Iwate Museum of Art |accessdate=22-04-2013 |language=bahasa Inggris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.city.semboku.akita.jp/en/sightseeing/spot/04_tatsukozou.html |title=Sightseeing Spots: Tazawako Area: Statue of Tatsuko |accessdate=22-04-2013 |language=bahasa Inggris |website=Situs resmi Kota Semboku}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legenda ==
Di sabuah desa nan barado di pinggia Danau Tazawa iduik saurang gadih sangaik rancak nan banamo Tatsuko. Inyo sadar bahwasanyo karancakannyo ko indak ka batahan lamo. Salamo 100 malam baturuik-turuik Tatsuko badoa kapado [[Kwan Im|Buddha Welas Asih]] bia dapek diagai wajah rancak nan abadi. Buddha akhirnyo mangabulkan pamintaannyo. Inyo disuruah untuak maminum aia dari [[mato aia]] nan ado di tangah gunuang. Tatsuko manamuan mato aia nan dimukasuik tu dan maminumnyo. Namun samakin diminum, inyo samakin maraso hauih. Tanpa disadari tubuahnyo alah barubah manjadi saikua [[naga (Jepang)|nago]]. Sasudah manyasali pabuatannyo, Tatsuko mancabuakan bandannyo ka dalam Danau Tawada dan kamudian iduik sabagai nago di danau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ibu Tatsuko cameh jo putrinyo nan pai ka gunuang dan indak kunjuang pulang. Inyo akhianyo batamu jo Tatsuko di pinggia danau. Tatsuko awalnyo manghampiri ibunyo dalam wujud saurang gadih. Namun barubahnyo Tatsuko manjadi saikua nago akhianyo dikatahui pulo dek ibunyo. Ibunyo manjadi sangaik sadiah dan kamudian maambuangan [[obor]] nan dipaciknyo ka dalam aia. Obor tu barubah manjadi ikan misterius nan disabuik kunimasu. Di daerah pasisia, sabalah utara Danau Tazawa tadapek danau banamo [[Hachirōgata]]. Di danau itu iduik saikua nago banamo Hachitarō nan dulunyo bawujuik manusia. Inyo tahu tentang kabaradoan Tatsuko, dan pai ka Danau Tazawa untuak manamuinyo. Hachitarō kamudian jatuah cinto kapada Tatsuko dan tingga basaonyo di Danau Tazawa. Sasudah kahilangan panghuninyo, Danau Hachirōgata dari tahun ka tahun samakin dangka. Sabaliaknyo sasudah panghuninyo batambah, Danau Tazawa manjadi samakin dalam dan angek sahinggo indak pernah mambaku salama musim dingin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ikan danau ==
Hinggo tahun 1940, spesies ikan habitat asli atau panghuni asli Danau Tazawa adolah ''kunimasu'' (''[[Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae]]''), salmon merah, ''Tribolodon hakonensis'', [[Salvelinus leucomaenis|trout Jepang]], [[Salvelinus|char]], karper, [[Siluriformes]], jo [[sidat]]. Tatapi, sasudah tajadi parubahan tingkek kaasaman aia danau tahun 1940, hampia kasado organisme di danau iko punah, tamasuk ''kunimasu''. Ikan nan dapek batahan hiduik hanyo ''Tribolodon hakonensis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Fish Biology in Japan: An Anthology in Honour of Hiroya Kawanabe |last=Kawanabe |first=Hiroya |authorlink=|coauthors=Masahide Yuma, Izumi Nakamura, Kurt D. Fausch |year=1998 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-792-351-266 |page=102 |accessdate=29-11-2020 |language=bahasa Inggris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biapun demikian, sambilan spesimen ikan kunimasu ditamuan pulo di [[Danau Saiko]], [[Prefektur Yamanashi]] pado bulan Maret jo April tahun 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/news_data/h/h1/news6/2010/110222_1.htm |title=田沢湖で絶滅した固有種クニマス（サケ科）の山梨県西湖での発見 |author=Tetsuji Nakabo |date=22-02-2011 |work= |publisher=Universitas Kyoto |accessdate=29-11-2020 |language=bahasa Jepang}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujuakan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Japang]]
[[Kategori:Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2020]]</text>
      <sha1>hnu8yq204viyjru1kl0wel3wnotr8pz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Microsoft</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>337224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443116</id>
      <parentid>2441903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T05:43:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>3044</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing M_box.svg with [[File:Microsoft_icon.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)).</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1267" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Microsoft icon.svg|thumb|Logo [[parusahoan]] Microsoft.]] 


'''Microsoft Corporation''' ({{NASDAQ|MSFT}}) adolah sabuah [[parusahoan multinasional]] Amerika Serikat nan bakantua pusek di [[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Amerika Sarikat]] nan mangambangkan, mambuek, mangagiah lisensi, dan mandukuang babagai produk dan jaso takait dangan [[komputasi|komputer]]. Parusahoan iko dibuek oleh [[Bill Gates]] dan [[Paul Allen]] pado 4 April 1975. Microsoft marupokan [[Daftar parusahoan parangkek lunak bosegh|pambuek parangkek lunak tabosegh di dunia]] manuruik pandapatannyo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2011 |title=Global Software Top 100 - Edition 2011 |publisher=Softwaretop100.Org|date=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Microsoft jua marupokan ciek dari [[Daftar parusahoan manuruik kapitalisasi pasar|parusahoan paliang banilai di dunia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ycharts.com/rankings/market_cap | title=Market Cap Rankings | publisher=Zacks Investment Research | work=Ycharts | date=April 8, 2012 | accessdate=April 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commonscat-inline|Microsoft_Store|Microsoft}}
* {{Official website|http://www.microsoft.com/}}</text>
      <sha1>eot7kds4umyk2svzjkkn5e3wcbj8czn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chicken Run (film)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>337756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443131</id>
      <parentid>2056797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>3044</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Chicken_run_ver1.jpg|Chicken_run_ver1.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Achim55|Achim55]] because: [[:c:COM:FU|Fair use]] material is not permitted on Wikimedia Commons ([[:c:COM:CSD#F2|F2]]).</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="220" xml:space="preserve">Chicken Run adolah sabuah [[pilem]] [[animasi]] [[Amerika Sarikat]] taun 2000 nan diproduksi dek [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks SKG]], [[Aardman Animations]], [[Pathé]] 
{{Reflist}}

{{rancangan}}

[[Kategori:Pilem]]</text>
      <sha1>i0fwxwzz3wm09zaeqijwa2gyk4mt8m6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Space Launch System</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>338730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443117</id>
      <parentid>2063918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T05:59:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2032" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo roket pribadi
| name            = Space Launch System
| image           = SLSArtemis1 on 39B2.jpg
| caption         = SLS Blok 1 dangan pasawat ruang angkaso [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] di pad 39B sabalun gladi barosiah [[Artemis 1]]
| alt             = A launch vehicle beside a tower on pad

| function        = Kandaraan paluncua super angkek barek
|manufacturer   = [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northrop Grumman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Boeing]]&lt;br&gt;[[United Launch Alliance]]
| country-origin  = 
| pcost           = 
| cpl             = 
 | alt-cpl        = 
 | cpl-year       = 
 | height         = {{cvt|111.25|m}}, Kargo Blok 2 
 | diameter       = {{cvt|8.4|m}}, Inti batingkek
 | mass           = 
 | stages         = 2
&lt;!--Payloads--&gt;
 | capacities     = 
 | comparable     = {{hlist|[[Ares V]]|[[Energia (roket)|Energia]]|[[N1 (roket)|N1]]|[[Saturn V]]|[[Space Shuttle]]|[[Falcon Heavy]]|[[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]}}
 | status         = Manunggu paluncuran partamo
 | sites          = [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
 | launches       = 
 | success        = 
 | partial        = 
 | other_outcome  = 
 | first          = {{abbr|NET|no earlier than}} 23 Agustus 2022&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Stephen (22 June 2022). [https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ &quot;NASA indak marancanoan gladiresik panabangan Artemis 1 lai&quot;]. Spaceflightnow. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pado 23 Juni 2022. Diakses pado 24 Juni 2022&lt;/ref&gt;
 | payloads       = [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]

 | stagedata      = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Stage info}} &lt;!--insert one of the following templates for each stage:--&gt;
 
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
'''Space Launch System''', disingkek '''SLS''', adalah sabuah alat paluncua kandaraan barek biaso dipakai untuak maluncuakan [[Pasawat Ulang Alik|pasawat Ulang-Alik]] ([[Shuttle-derived vehicle|shuttle derived vehicle]]).

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==
{{commonscat|Space Launch System}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2443118</id>
      <parentid>2443117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T06:01:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pautan lua */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2592" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo roket pribadi
| name            = Space Launch System
| image           = SLSArtemis1 on 39B2.jpg
| caption         = SLS Blok 1 dangan pasawat ruang angkaso [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] di pad 39B sabalun gladi barosiah [[Artemis 1]]
| alt             = A launch vehicle beside a tower on pad

| function        = Kandaraan paluncua super angkek barek
|manufacturer   = [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northrop Grumman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Boeing]]&lt;br&gt;[[United Launch Alliance]]
| country-origin  = 
| pcost           = 
| cpl             = 
 | alt-cpl        = 
 | cpl-year       = 
 | height         = {{cvt|111.25|m}}, Kargo Blok 2 
 | diameter       = {{cvt|8.4|m}}, Inti batingkek
 | mass           = 
 | stages         = 2
&lt;!--Payloads--&gt;
 | capacities     = 
 | comparable     = {{hlist|[[Ares V]]|[[Energia (roket)|Energia]]|[[N1 (roket)|N1]]|[[Saturn V]]|[[Space Shuttle]]|[[Falcon Heavy]]|[[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]}}
 | status         = Manunggu paluncuran partamo
 | sites          = [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
 | launches       = 
 | success        = 
 | partial        = 
 | other_outcome  = 
 | first          = {{abbr|NET|no earlier than}} 23 Agustus 2022&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Stephen (22 June 2022). [https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ &quot;NASA indak marancanoan gladiresik panabangan Artemis 1 lai&quot;]. Spaceflightnow. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pado 23 Juni 2022. Diakses pado 24 Juni 2022&lt;/ref&gt;
 | payloads       = [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]

 | stagedata      = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Stage info}} &lt;!--insert one of the following templates for each stage:--&gt;
 
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
'''Space Launch System''', disingkek '''SLS''', adalah sabuah alat paluncua kandaraan barek biaso dipakai untuak maluncuakan [[Pasawat Ulang Alik|pasawat Ulang-Alik]] ([[Shuttle-derived vehicle|shuttle derived vehicle]]).

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==
*{{commonscat-inline|Space Launch System}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/new_space_enterprise/sls_mpcv/index.html Space Launch System &amp; Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle page on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/510449main_SLS_MPCV_90-day_Report.pdf Preliminary Report on Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Space Launch System (PDF)]. NASA
* [http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=73621&amp;media_id=131955371 SLS Future Frontiers video]
* [http://www.beyondearth.com/ Video animations of mission to asteroid, moon and mars]

{{Sistem paluncua orbital |state=collapsed}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443140</id>
      <parentid>2443118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T08:47:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2593" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo roket pribadi
| name            = Space Launch System
| image           = SLSArtemis1 on 39B2.jpg
| caption         = SLS Blok 1 dangan pasawat ruang angkaso [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] di pad 39B sabalun gladi barosiah [[Artemis 1]]
| alt             = A launch vehicle beside a tower on pad

| function        = Kandaraan paluncua super angkek barek
|manufacturer   = [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]]&lt;br&gt;[[Northrop Grumman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Boeing]]&lt;br&gt;[[United Launch Alliance]]
| country-origin  = 
| pcost           = 
| cpl             = 
 | alt-cpl        = 
 | cpl-year       = 
 | height         = {{cvt|111.25|m}}, Kargo 2 Blok  
 | diameter       = {{cvt|8.4|m}}, Inti batingkek
 | mass           = 
 | stages         = 2
&lt;!--Payloads--&gt;
 | capacities     = 
 | comparable     = {{hlist|[[Ares V]]|[[Energia (roket)|Energia]]|[[N1 (roket)|N1]]|[[Saturn V]]|[[Space Shuttle]]|[[Falcon Heavy]]|[[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]}}
 | status         = Manunggu paluncuran partamo
 | sites          = [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
 | launches       = 
 | success        = 
 | partial        = 
 | other_outcome  = 
 | first          = {{abbr|NET|no earlier than}} 23 Agustus 2022&lt;ref&gt;Clark, Stephen (22 June 2022). [https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/ &quot;NASA indak marancanoan gladiresik panabangan Artemis 1 lai&quot;]. Spaceflightnow. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pado 23 Juni 2022. Diakses pado 24 Juni 2022&lt;/ref&gt;
 | payloads       = [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]

 | stagedata      = {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Stage info}} &lt;!--insert one of the following templates for each stage:--&gt;
 
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
'''Space Launch System''', disingkek '''SLS''', adalah sabuah alat paluncua kandaraan barek biaso dipakai untuak maluncuakan [[Pasawat Ulang Alik|pasawat Ulang-Alik]] ([[Shuttle-derived vehicle|shuttle derived vehicle]]).

== Rujuakan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pautan lua ==
*{{commonscat-inline|Space Launch System}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/new_space_enterprise/sls_mpcv/index.html Space Launch System &amp; Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle page on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/510449main_SLS_MPCV_90-day_Report.pdf Preliminary Report on Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Space Launch System (PDF)]. NASA
* [http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=73621&amp;media_id=131955371 SLS Future Frontiers video]
* [http://www.beyondearth.com/ Video animations of mission to asteroid, moon and mars]

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  <page>
    <title>Duku</title>
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        <username>Rina Akmal</username>
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      <text bytes="18970" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Duku|nativename=ꤴꥈꤰꥈ &lt;br/&gt;دوكو|image=Duku Lansium domesticum Ripe.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah duku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Eudikotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Rosidae]]|ordo=[[Sapindales]]|familia=[[Meliaceae]]|genus=''[[Lansium]]''|species='''''L. parasiticum'''''|binomial=''Lansium parasiticum''|binomial_authority=([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]]) [[Birbal Sahni|Sahni]] &amp; [[Sigamony Stephen Richard Bennet|Bennet]]|synonyms={{Collapsible list |title = Daftar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=May 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; |
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | 
*''Aglaia aquea'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia domestica'' &lt;small&gt;(Corrêa) Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia dookoo'' &lt;small&gt;Griff.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' &lt;small&gt;Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia merrillii'' &lt;small&gt;Elmer&lt;/small&gt; nom. inval.
*''Aglaia sepalina'' &lt;small&gt;(Kosterm.) Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia steenisii'' &lt;small&gt;Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Amoora racemosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Lachanodendron domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;(Corrêa) Nees&lt;/small&gt;
*''Lansium domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;Corrêa&lt;/small&gt;
*''Melia parasitica'' &lt;small&gt;Osbeck&lt;/small&gt;
    }}
  }}}}'''Duku''' adolah jenis [[buah-buahan]] dari anggota [[Familia|suku]] [[Meliaceae]]. Tanaman nan asanyo dari [[Asia Tenggara]] sabalah barat iko punyo kamiripan jo buah '''langsek''', '''kokosan''', '''pisitan''', '''celoring''' dan lain-lain jo baragam variasinya. [[Duku#Penyebaran dan nama-nama lokal|Namo-namo]] nan baragam iko sekaligus manunjuakkan adonyo aneka [[Varietas|kultivar]] nan tacamin dari bantuak buah jo [[Pohon|batang]] nan babeda-beda.

== Pemerian botani ==
Batang nan baukuran sedang, tingginyo mancapai 30 m jo gemang hinggo 75 cm. Batangnyo biasonyo ba alur-alur dalam indak baraturan, jo banir (akar papan) nan pipih manonjol di ateh tanah. [[Pepagan]] (kulik kayu) warnanyo kalabu babintiak-bintika kalam jo jingga, manganduang gatah kental jo warna sarupo susu nan lengket (resin).&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot;&gt;Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. Hal. 232-237.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Daun]] majemuk manyirip ganjia, botak atau babulu haluih, jo 6–9 anak daun nan tasusun baseling, anak daun jorong (eliptis) sampai lonjong, 9–21&amp;nbsp;cm × 5–10&amp;nbsp;cm, bakilek di sisi ateh, sarupo [[jangat]], jo pangka runciang dan ujuangnyo marunciang (meruncing) pendek, anak daun batangkai 5–12 [[Milimeter|mm]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

[[Bunga|Bungo]] talatak ditandan nan kalua dari batang atau cabang nan gadang, manggantuang, tongga atau dalam berkas 2-5 tandan atau labiah, acok juo bacabang dipangkanyo. Panjangnyo 10-30 cm, barambuik.&lt;ref name=&quot;steenis1981_255&quot;&gt;[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 255.&lt;/ref&gt; Bungo-bungonyo baukuran ketek, duduak, atau batangkai pendek, manyandiri, punyo kalamin duo. Kalopaknyo babantuak cawan bacaping 5, badagiang, kuniang kahijauan, mahkotanyo bulek talua, tagak, badagiang 2–3&amp;nbsp;mm × 4–5&amp;nbsp;mm, putiah hinggo kuniang pucek. Banang sari ciek halai, tabuangnyo mencapai 2&amp;nbsp;mm, kepalo-kepalo sari dalam ciek lingkaran. Putiaknyo taba jo pendek.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

[[Buah]] buni nan babantuak jorong, bulek atau bulek mamanjang, 2-4(-7) cm × 1,5–5&amp;nbsp;cm, punyo bulu haluih kakuniang-kuniangan jo daun kalopak nan indak gugua. Kulik (dindiang) buah tipih hinggo taba (kiro-kiro 6&amp;nbsp;mm). Babijo 1–3, pipih, hijau, rasonyo paik; bijo dibungkuih salut bijo ([[arilus]]) nan putiah bening dan taba, baraia, manih sampai masam.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Kultivar-kultivar nan unggul punyo bijo nan ketek atau indak bakambang (rudimenter), tapi arilusnyo tumbuah rancak dan taba, manih.

Lambeknyo tanaman manghasiakan buah karano duku bakambang menggunokan bijo. Tanaman baru babungo di umua 10 sampai 15 tahu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot;&gt;Polo D.C. 1926. Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings. ''The Phillippine Agriculturists'' 14(9): 613-623.&lt;/ref&gt; Perkecambahan tumbuahan iko punyo perilaku poliembrioni (ciek bijo manghasiakan banyak [[embrio]] atau semai): ciek embrio hasia pambuahan, dan sisonyo embrio [[Apomiksis|apomiktik]],&lt;ref&gt;R. Kiew, L.L. Teo and Y.Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism]. ''Telopea'' 10:225–233&lt;/ref&gt;. Embrio apomiktik bakambang dari [[jaringan|jariangan]] batang induak sahinggo katurunannyo punyo karakter nan sarupo jo induaknyo. Bijo bersifat rekalsitran, panyimpanan labiah daripado tujuah hari akan mambuek kamunduran kakuatan kacambah nan capek.&lt;ref&gt;Suharyono UHY. 1981. Penelitian daya tumbuh biji duku (''Lansium domesticum'' var. ''duku'').&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Perbanyakan vegetatif]] dikarajoan jo [[pencangkokan]] dan sambuang pucuak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot; /&gt;

== Keanekaragaman ==
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_070206_0041_kubr.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Langsat, dijual dalam tandannya di lapak tepi jalan, [[Kutai Barat]].]]
Duku sanagt baragam dalam sipaik-sipaik batang jo buahnyo; sahinggo ado pulo ahli nan maisah-misahkannyo ka dalam jenis (spesies) nan balain. Namun sacaro keseluruhan, ado duo kalompok gadang buah iko, yakni nan dikenal jo duku dan nan dinamokan lansek. Kamudian ado kalompok campuran antaro kaduonyo nan disabuik duku langsek, sarato kalompok tarakir nan di Indonesia labiah dikenal sabagai kokosan.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

Kamlompok nan dikenal jo duku (''L. domesticum'' var. ''duku'') umumnyo punyo batang nan batajuak gadang, padek, dek daunyo nan bawarna hijau cerah, jo tandan nan relatif pendek jo barisi saketek buah. Butiran buahnyo gadang, candaruang bulek, bakulik agak taba, namun labiah indak bagatah jikok masak, umumnyo babijo ketek jo badagiang taba, manih, atau masam jo baunnyo harum.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 2. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1126-1128.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Langsek''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''domesticum'') kabanyakan punyo batang nan labiah kuruih, daunnyo kurang labek nan bawarna hijau tuo, jo pacabangan tagak. Tandan buahnyo panjang, padek barisi 15-25 butir buah nan babantuak bulek talua dan gadang-gadang. Buah langsek punyo kilik mipih dan acok bagatah (putiah) walaupun alah masak. Dagiang buahnyo banyak aia, rasonyo masam manih nan mambuek segar.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

Indak sarupo duku, langsek bukan buah nan batahan lamo kalau alah lapek dari batangnyo. Dalam tigo hari setelah dipatiak, kulik langsek akan maitam namun rasonyo indak barubah tetap manih. Hanyo sajo penampilannyo indak menarik.
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1720_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|263x263px|Memanen duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]]. Perhatikan tandannya yang renggang, berbeda dengan langsat yang rapat.]]
'''Kokosan''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''aquaeum'') dibedakan dek daunyo nan babulu, tandannyo nan panuah butia buah nan basusun sangaik rapek jo kulik buahnyo nan bawarna kuniang tuo. Butia-butia buahnyo umumnyo ketek, bakulik tipih jo saketek bagatah tapi payah dibukak. Sahinggo buah dimakan jo caro digigik jo disedot cairan jo bijonyo (disabuik kokosan),&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; atau dipiciak supayo kuliknyo pacah dan kalua bijonyo (makonyo diagiah namo pisitan, pijetan, bijitan).&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt; Bijonyo labiah gadang jo badagiang tipih, kokosan umumnyo taraso masam sampai masam bana.

Kultivar duku nan paliang terkenal di Indonesia adolah duku Palembang, tarutamo karano manih rasonyo jo saketek bijonyo. Sabananyo daerah panghasia duku utamo bukanlah Kota Palembang, malainkan daerah Komering  (Kabupaten [[Ogan Komering Ulu|OKU]] dan [[Ogan Komering Ilir|OKI]]) sarato babarapo wilayah lain badakek an jo Sumatra Selatan. Tampek lain nan juo manghasiakan duku adolah kawasan [[Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi|Kumpeh]], [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]]. Duku dari wilayah-wilayah iko dipasarkan ka bamacam daerah di [[Sumatra]] dan [[Jawa]], dan bahkan diekspor.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto_hutapea&quot;&gt;Suparwoto dan Yanter Hutapea. 2005. [http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id/FileUpload/files/publikasi/jpptp830512.pdf Keragaan buah duku dan pemasarannya di Sumatra Selatan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian'' Vol. '''8(3)''' :436-444, Nopember 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;daud&quot;&gt;Daud, I. 2000. ''Pohon duku berakar papan''. Artikel pada Majalah Intisari, bulan Januari 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di sampiang duku palembang, bamacam daerah nan juo manghasiakan dukunyo masiang-masiang. Di Jawa, ado babarapo kawasan nan terkenal sacaro lokal adolah duku condet (dahulu juo duku menteng jo duku depok) dari saputaran [[Jakarta]]; duku papongan dari [[Tegal]]; duku kalikajar dari [[Purbalingga]]; duku karangkajen dan duku klaten dari [[Yogyakarta]]; duku matesih dari [[Karanganyar]]; duku woro dari [[Rembang]]; duku sumber dari [[Kudus]], dan lain-lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot;&gt;[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=45 Duku Condet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=45|date=2009-10-30}}, dan artikel-artikel sejenis pada laman IptekNet. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sleman&quot;&gt;Anonim. [http://www.hupelita.com/baca.php?id=30165 ''Duku Sleman Dipelintir Pedagang Jadi Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Pelita''. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Garhan, D.A. [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0304/14/dar27.htm ''Duku Woro Diakui Sebagai Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Suara Merdeka'', 14 April 2003. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Kalimantan Selatan]], dikenal duku Padang Batung dari [[Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;batung&quot;&gt;[http://id.banjarbarukota.go.id/informasi_banjarbaru/tahun_2008/langsat_padang_batung_saingi_palembang.html ''Langsat Padang Batung Saingi Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maingek daya tahan buahnyo nan indak sarupo duku, langsek, umumnyo dikenal sacaro labiah tabateh dan lokal. Babarapo kultivar nan populer diantaronyo adolah langsep singosari dari [[Malang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;daud&quot; /&gt; langsek tanjuang dari [[Kalsel]],&lt;ref name=&quot;batung&quot; /&gt; langsek punggur dari [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]], dan sebagainyo. Dari [[Thailand]] dikenal langsek uttaradit, dan dari [[Luzon]], [[Filipina]], dikenal langsat paete.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

== Manfaat dan Kagunoan ==
[[Berkas:Lansiumdomesticumfruit.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Buah duku yang dikupas, memperlihatkan [[arilus]] (selubung biji) yang putih bening.]]
Duku tarutamo ditanam untuak buahnyo, nan biaso dimakan dalam kaadaan segar. Ado juo nan  mengawetkannyo dalam sirup dan dibotolkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Kayunyo kareh, padak, baret dan awet, sahinggo acok digunokan untuak bahan pakakeh dan konstruksi rumah di pakampuangan, tarutamo kayu ''pisitan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo bagian tanaman digunokan untuak ubek tradisional. Bijo duku nan pahik rasonyo, ditumbuak dan dicampua jo aia untuk ubek caciang jo ubek damam. Kilik kayunyo digunokan untuak ubek disentri jo malaria, samantaro tapuang kulik kayunyo dijadikan tapal untuak maubek gigitan kalajengking. Kulik buahnyo digunokan untuak ubek diare, dan kulik buah nan dikariangkan digunokan untuak mausia rangik dek urang Filipina jo caro dibaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt; Kulik buah ''langsat'' tarutamo, dikariangkan dan diolah untuak dicampuakan dalam [[setanggi]] atau dupa.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1735_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Wanatani duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]].]]

== Ekologi ==
Sebagai tanaman batajuak manangah, duku tumbuah rancak dalam kabun-kabun campuran ([[wanatani]]). Tanaman iko, tarutamo varietas ''duku'', manyukoi tampek-tampek nan ternaung jo lambok. Di daerah-daerah produksinyo, duku biaonyo ditanam bacampua jo [[durian]], [[Petai|patai]], [[Jengkol|jariang]], sarato aneka tanaman buah jo kayu-kayuan lainnyo, walaupun tetap duku nan mandominasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt;

Duku biasonyo ditanam di daratan randah dengan ketinggian mancapai 600 m dpl, di wilayan jo curah hujan antaro 1.500-2.500&amp;nbsp;mm per tahun. Tanaman iko dapek tumbuah dan babuah dengan baik di baragam jenis tanah, tarutamo tipe tanah [[latosol]], [[podsolik]] kuniang, dan [[aluvial]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt; Duku manyukoi tanah batekstur sadang dan berdrainase rancak, kayo bahan organik dan saketek asam, tapi jo ketersediaan aia tanah nan cukuik. Samantaro itu varietas ''langsek labia''h tahan manghadopi parubahan musim, dan dapek manenggang musim kemarau asalkan cukuik ternaungi dan mandapekkan aia.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Duku indak tahan pangganangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Julia F.|authorlink=Julia Morton|title=Fruits of warm climates|publisher=Florida Flair Books|date=1987|location=Miami, FL.|pages=p. 201–203|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html|doi=|id=|isbn=0961018410}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duku umunyo babuah sakali satahun, sahinggo dikenal jo adonyo musim buah duku. Musin iko dapek 

Duku umumnya berbuah sekali dalam setahun, sehingga dikenal adanya musim buah duku. Musim ini dapat berlainan antar daerah, tetapi umumnya terjadi di sekitar awal musim hujan.

== Perbanyakan ==
[[Berkas:Lanzones.jpg|jmpl|Langsat di [[Filipina]].]]
Duku biasonyo dipabanyak jo bijinyo, nan sanganjo disamaikan atau jo caro manggumpuakan cabutan semai nan tumbuah surang di bawah batang induaknyo. Akan tatapi manunggu sampai batang baru manghasilkan, mamakan wakatu nan lamo (20-25 tahun) dan alun pasti pulo kualitasnyo samo jo induaknyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto&quot;&gt;Suparwoto. tt. [http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=47 ''Teknik perbanyakan duku dengan sambung pucuk''.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caro lain nan juo populer adolah jo caro mancangkoknyo. Walaupun proses mancangkok mamakan wakatu nan cukuik lamo (8-9 bulan), akar kalua setelah 134 hari&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot; /&gt;) namun batang baru hasil cangkokan alah dapek babuah diumua sekitar duo tahun.&lt;ref name=&quot;sleman&quot; /&gt; Kelemahannyo, persen kematian anakan hasil cangkokan cukuik gadang.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Lagi pulo pertumbuhannyo indak sabara kuatnyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt;

Perbanyakan sacaro modern nan kini banyak dikarajoan adaoah jo caro [[Penyambungan|sambuang pucuak]] (''grafting''). Teknik iko memungkinkan sifat-sifat genetik batang ateh anakan nan dihasilkan samo jo induaknyo, samantaro wakatu tunggunyo dipasingekt manjadi 5–6 tahun. Anakan hasil sambung pucuk iko juo labiah kuat perakarannyo daripado anakan hasil cangkokan.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1724_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Memilah duku yang baru dipanen.]]

== Penyebaran dan namo-namo lokal ==
Wilayah asal usul duku membantang dari sekitar [[Siam]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]] sampai [[Borneo]] di timur, tamasuak juo [[Filipina]]. Di daerah-daerah itu, duku ditanam sebagai salah satu buah-buahan nan pantiang. Bahkan varietas-varietas liar atau nan meliar dapek ditamui di alam. Kini duku juo dibudidayakan, walau walau indak banyak, di [[Vietnam]], [[Burma]], [[Srilanka]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Suriname]], dan [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot; /&gt;

Duku dikenal juo jo banyak namo, sarupo ''langsat'', ''langseh'', ''langsep'', ''lansa'' ([[Malaysia|Mal.]]); ''lansones'', ''lanzone'', ''lanzon'', dan ''buahan'', ([[Filipina|Fil.]]); ''langsad'', ''longkong'' ([[Thailand]]); ''lòn bon'' dan ''bòn bon'' (Vietnam); ''langsak'', ''duku'' (Burma); sarato ''gadu guda'' (Srilanka). Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] juo disabuik sebagai ''langsat'' dan ''duku''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} pada [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/index.asp ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Indonesia sendiri duku disabuik jo berbagai namo, nan mirip maupun yang indak. Misalnyo ''langsat'' (umum); ''lansat, lancat'' ([[Aceh]] dan [[Sumatra Utara|Sumut]]); ''lasé'' ([[Bahasa Nias|Nias]]); ''langsék'' ([[Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''langsak'' ([[Bahasa Komering|Komering]]) ''langsak, lasak, rarsak, rasak'' ([[Lampung]]); ''lansét, lasat, losot, léhat, lihat, rihat, richat'' ([[Kalimantan|Kal.]]); ''lansa, lasat, lasot, lansot, dansot, ranso, lantat'' ([[Sulawesi Utara|Sulut]]); ''lansa, lasa, lasé, lésé'' ([[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulsel]]); ''lasat, lasaté, lasété, nasaté, lasato, lalasat, lasa'' ([[Maluku]]) dan sejenisnya. Serta ''langsat, langsep'' dan ''duku, dukuh'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kokosan, pisitan, bijitan'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''pijetan, celuring'' (Jw.); ''celoréng'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]; ''celoring, ceroring'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]); dan lain-lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

== Perdagangan ==
Negara-negara penghasil utama duku adolah Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina dan Indonesia. Namun umumnyo duku habis dimakan di dalam negeri masing-masing, kecuali saketek nan diekspor ka [[Singapura]] dan [[Hongkong]]. Duku juo alun manembus pasa buah-buahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Benua Amerika|Amerika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|Lansium domesticum}}

* {{id}} Deskripi di [http://www.kehati.or.id/florakita/printer.php?photoid=843 Kehati]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{en}} Fruits of Warm Climates: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html Langsat]
* {{en}} ICRAF: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}}
* {{en}} Famous Tropical Fruit: [http://tropical-fruits.blogspot.com/2006/09/duku-lansium-domesticum.html Duku]
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      <text bytes="18857" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Duku|nativename=ꤴꥈꤰꥈ &lt;br/&gt;دوكو|image=Duku Lansium domesticum Ripe.jpg|image_width=240px|image_caption=Buah duku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_divisio=[[Angiospermae]]|unranked_classis=[[Eudikotil]]|unranked_ordo=[[Rosidae]]|ordo=[[Sapindales]]|familia=[[Meliaceae]]|genus=''[[Lansium]]''|species='''''L. parasiticum'''''|binomial=''Lansium parasiticum''|binomial_authority=([[Pehr Osbeck|Osbeck]]) [[Birbal Sahni|Sahni]] &amp; [[Sigamony Stephen Richard Bennet|Bennet]]|synonyms={{Collapsible list |title = Daftar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=May 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; |
    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | 
*''Aglaia aquea'' &lt;small&gt;(Jacq.) Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia domestica'' &lt;small&gt;(Corrêa) Pellegr.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia dookoo'' &lt;small&gt;Griff.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' &lt;small&gt;Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia merrillii'' &lt;small&gt;Elmer&lt;/small&gt; nom. inval.
*''Aglaia sepalina'' &lt;small&gt;(Kosterm.) Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Aglaia steenisii'' &lt;small&gt;Kosterm.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Amoora racemosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ridl.&lt;/small&gt;
*''Lachanodendron domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;(Corrêa) Nees&lt;/small&gt;
*''Lansium domesticum'' &lt;small&gt;Corrêa&lt;/small&gt;
*''Melia parasitica'' &lt;small&gt;Osbeck&lt;/small&gt;
    }}
  }}}}'''Duku''' adolah jenis [[buah-buahan]] dari anggota [[Familia|suku]] [[Meliaceae]]. Tanaman nan asanyo dari [[Asia Tenggara]] sabalah barat iko punyo kamiripan jo buah '''langsek''', '''kokosan''', '''pisitan''', '''celoring''' dan lain-lain jo baragam variasinya. [[Duku#Penyebaran dan nama-nama lokal|Namo-namo]] nan baragam iko sekaligus manunjuakkan adonyo aneka [[Varietas|kultivar]] nan tacamin dari bantuak buah jo [[Pohon|batang]] nan babeda-beda.

== Pemerian botani ==
Batang nan baukuran sedang, tingginyo mancapai 30 m jo gemang hinggo 75 cm. Batangnyo biasonyo ba alur-alur dalam indak baraturan, jo banir (akar papan) nan pipih manonjol di ateh tanah. [[Pepagan]] (kulik kayu) warnanyo kalabu babintiak-bintika kalam jo jingga, manganduang gatah kental jo warna sarupo susu nan lengket (resin).&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot;&gt;Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan''. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. Hal. 232-237.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Daun]] majemuk manyirip ganjia, botak atau babulu haluih, jo 6–9 anak daun nan tasusun baseling, anak daun jorong (eliptis) sampai lonjong, 9–21&amp;nbsp;cm × 5–10&amp;nbsp;cm, bakilek di sisi ateh, sarupo [[jangat]], jo pangka runciang dan ujuangnyo marunciang (meruncing) pendek, anak daun batangkai 5–12 [[Milimeter|mm]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

[[Bunga|Bungo]] talatak ditandan nan kalua dari batang atau cabang nan gadang, manggantuang, tongga atau dalam berkas 2-5 tandan atau labiah, acok juo bacabang dipangkanyo. Panjangnyo 10-30 cm, barambuik.&lt;ref name=&quot;steenis1981_255&quot;&gt;[[Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis|Steenis, CGGJ van]]. 1981. ''Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia''. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta. Hal. 255.&lt;/ref&gt; Bungo-bungonyo baukuran ketek, duduak, atau batangkai pendek, manyandiri, punyo kalamin duo. Kalopaknyo babantuak cawan bacaping 5, badagiang, kuniang kahijauan, mahkotanyo bulek talua, tagak, badagiang 2–3&amp;nbsp;mm × 4–5&amp;nbsp;mm, putiah hinggo kuniang pucek. Banang sari ciek halai, tabuangnyo mencapai 2&amp;nbsp;mm, kepalo-kepalo sari dalam ciek lingkaran. Putiaknyo taba jo pendek.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

[[Buah]] buni nan babantuak jorong, bulek atau bulek mamanjang, 2-4(-7) cm × 1,5–5&amp;nbsp;cm, punyo bulu haluih kakuniang-kuniangan jo daun kalopak nan indak gugua. Kulik (dindiang) buah tipih hinggo taba (kiro-kiro 6&amp;nbsp;mm). Babijo 1–3, pipih, hijau, rasonyo paik; bijo dibungkuih salut bijo ([[arilus]]) nan putiah bening dan taba, baraia, manih sampai masam.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Kultivar-kultivar nan unggul punyo bijo nan ketek atau indak bakambang (rudimenter), tapi arilusnyo tumbuah rancak dan taba, manih.

Lambeknyo tanaman manghasiakan buah karano duku bakambang menggunokan bijo. Tanaman baru babungo di umua 10 sampai 15 tahu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot;&gt;Polo D.C. 1926. Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings. ''The Phillippine Agriculturists'' 14(9): 613-623.&lt;/ref&gt; Perkecambahan tumbuahan iko punyo perilaku poliembrioni (ciek bijo manghasiakan banyak [[embrio]] atau semai): ciek embrio hasia pambuahan, dan sisonyo embrio [[Apomiksis|apomiktik]],&lt;ref&gt;R. Kiew, L.L. Teo and Y.Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism]. ''Telopea'' 10:225–233&lt;/ref&gt;. Embrio apomiktik bakambang dari [[jaringan|jariangan]] batang induak sahinggo katurunannyo punyo karakter nan sarupo jo induaknyo. Bijo bersifat rekalsitran, panyimpanan labiah daripado tujuah hari akan mambuek kamunduran kakuatan kacambah nan capek.&lt;ref&gt;Suharyono UHY. 1981. Penelitian daya tumbuh biji duku (''Lansium domesticum'' var. ''duku'').&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Perbanyakan vegetatif]] dikarajoan jo [[pencangkokan]] dan sambuang pucuak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot; /&gt;

== Keanekaragaman ==
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_070206_0041_kubr.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Langsat, dijual dalam tandannya di lapak tepi jalan, [[Kutai Barat]].]]
Duku sanagt baragam dalam sipaik-sipaik batang jo buahnyo; sahinggo ado pulo ahli nan maisah-misahkannyo ka dalam jenis (spesies) nan balain. Namun sacaro keseluruhan, ado duo kalompok gadang buah iko, yakni nan dikenal jo duku dan nan dinamokan lansek. Kamudian ado kalompok campuran antaro kaduonyo nan disabuik duku langsek, sarato kalompok tarakir nan di Indonesia labiah dikenal sabagai kokosan.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

Kamlompok nan dikenal jo duku (''L. domesticum'' var. ''duku'') umumnyo punyo batang nan batajuak gadang, padek, dek daunyo nan bawarna hijau cerah, jo tandan nan relatif pendek jo barisi saketek buah. Butiran buahnyo gadang, candaruang bulek, bakulik agak taba, namun labiah indak bagatah jikok masak, umumnyo babijo ketek jo badagiang taba, manih, atau masam jo baunnyo harum.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot;&gt;Heyne, K. 1987. ''Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia'', jil. 2. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Hal. 1126-1128.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Langsek''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''domesticum'') kabanyakan punyo batang nan labiah kuruih, daunnyo kurang labek nan bawarna hijau tuo, jo pacabangan tagak. Tandan buahnyo panjang, padek barisi 15-25 butir buah nan babantuak bulek talua dan gadang-gadang. Buah langsek punyo kilik mipih dan acok bagatah (putiah) walaupun alah masak. Dagiang buahnyo banyak aia, rasonyo masam manih nan mambuek segar.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

Indak sarupo duku, langsek bukan buah nan batahan lamo kalau alah lapek dari batangnyo. Dalam tigo hari setelah dipatiak, kulik langsek akan maitam namun rasonyo indak barubah tetap manih. Hanyo sajo penampilannyo indak menarik.
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1720_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|263x263px|Memanen duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]]. Perhatikan tandannya yang renggang, berbeda dengan langsat yang rapat.]]
'''Kokosan''' (''L. domesticum'' var. ''aquaeum'') dibedakan dek daunyo nan babulu, tandannyo nan panuah butia buah nan basusun sangaik rapek jo kulik buahnyo nan bawarna kuniang tuo. Butia-butia buahnyo umumnyo ketek, bakulik tipih jo saketek bagatah tapi payah dibukak. Sahinggo buah dimakan jo caro digigik jo disedot cairan jo bijonyo (disabuik kokosan),&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; atau dipiciak supayo kuliknyo pacah dan kalua bijonyo (makonyo diagiah namo pisitan, pijetan, bijitan).&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt; Bijonyo labiah gadang jo badagiang tipih, kokosan umumnyo taraso masam sampai masam bana.

Kultivar duku nan paliang terkenal di Indonesia adolah duku Palembang, tarutamo karano manih rasonyo jo saketek bijonyo. Sabananyo daerah panghasia duku utamo bukanlah Kota Palembang, malainkan daerah Komering  (Kabupaten [[Ogan Komering Ulu|OKU]] dan [[Ogan Komering Ilir|OKI]]) sarato babarapo wilayah lain badakek an jo Sumatra Selatan. Tampek lain nan juo manghasiakan duku adolah kawasan [[Kumpeh, Muaro Jambi|Kumpeh]], [[Kabupaten Muaro Jambi|Muaro Jambi]], [[Jambi]]. Duku dari wilayah-wilayah iko dipasarkan ka bamacam daerah di [[Sumatra]] dan [[Jawa]], dan bahkan diekspor.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto_hutapea&quot;&gt;Suparwoto dan Yanter Hutapea. 2005. [http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id/FileUpload/files/publikasi/jpptp830512.pdf Keragaan buah duku dan pemasarannya di Sumatra Selatan]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian'' Vol. '''8(3)''' :436-444, Nopember 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;daud&quot;&gt;Daud, I. 2000. ''Pohon duku berakar papan''. Artikel pada Majalah Intisari, bulan Januari 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di sampiang duku palembang, bamacam daerah nan juo manghasiakan dukunyo masiang-masiang. Di Jawa, ado babarapo kawasan nan terkenal sacaro lokal adolah duku condet (dahulu juo duku menteng jo duku depok) dari saputaran [[Jakarta]]; duku papongan dari [[Tegal]]; duku kalikajar dari [[Purbalingga]]; duku karangkajen dan duku klaten dari [[Yogyakarta]]; duku matesih dari [[Karanganyar]]; duku woro dari [[Rembang]]; duku sumber dari [[Kudus]], dan lain-lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot;&gt;[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=45 Duku Condet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&amp;id=45|date=2009-10-30}}, dan artikel-artikel sejenis pada laman IptekNet. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sleman&quot;&gt;Anonim. [http://www.hupelita.com/baca.php?id=30165 ''Duku Sleman Dipelintir Pedagang Jadi Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Pelita''. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Garhan, D.A. [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0304/14/dar27.htm ''Duku Woro Diakui Sebagai Duku Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, artikel pada Harian Umum ''Suara Merdeka'', 14 April 2003. Diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Kalimantan Selatan]], dikenal duku Padang Batung dari [[Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;batung&quot;&gt;[http://id.banjarbarukota.go.id/informasi_banjarbaru/tahun_2008/langsat_padang_batung_saingi_palembang.html ''Langsat Padang Batung Saingi Palembang'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Maingek daya tahan buahnyo nan indak sarupo duku, langsek, umumnyo dikenal sacaro labiah tabateh dan lokal. Babarapo kultivar nan populer diantaronyo adolah langsep singosari dari [[Malang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;daud&quot; /&gt; langsek tanjuang dari [[Kalsel]],&lt;ref name=&quot;batung&quot; /&gt; langsek punggur dari [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalbar]], dan sebagainyo. Dari [[Thailand]] dikenal langsek uttaradit, dan dari [[Luzon]], [[Filipina]], dikenal langsat paete.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

== Manfaat dan Kagunoan ==
[[Berkas:Lansiumdomesticumfruit.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Buah duku yang dikupas, memperlihatkan [[arilus]] (selubung biji) yang putih bening.]]
Duku tarutamo ditanam untuak buahnyo, nan biaso dimakan dalam kaadaan segar. Ado juo nan  mengawetkannyo dalam sirup dan dibotolkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Kayunyo kareh, padak, baret dan awet, sahinggo acok digunokan untuak bahan pakakeh dan konstruksi rumah di pakampuangan, tarutamo kayu ''pisitan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

Babarapo bagian tanaman digunokan untuak ubek tradisional. Bijo duku nan pahik rasonyo, ditumbuak dan dicampua jo aia untuk ubek caciang jo ubek damam. Kilik kayunyo digunokan untuak ubek disentri jo malaria, samantaro tapuang kulik kayunyo dijadikan tapal untuak maubek gigitan kalajengking. Kulik buahnyo digunokan untuak ubek diare, dan kulik buah nan dikariangkan digunokan untuak mausia rangik dek urang Filipina jo caro dibaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt; Kulik buah ''langsat'' tarutamo, dikariangkan dan diolah untuak dicampuakan dalam [[setanggi]] atau dupa.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1735_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200x200px|Wanatani duku di Mandi Angin, [[Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas]].]]

== Ekologi ==
Sebagai tanaman batajuak manangah, duku tumbuah rancak dalam kabun-kabun campuran ([[wanatani]]). Tanaman iko, tarutamo varietas ''duku'', manyukoi tampek-tampek nan ternaung jo lambok. Di daerah-daerah produksinyo, duku biaonyo ditanam bacampua jo [[durian]], [[Petai|patai]], [[Jengkol|jariang]], sarato aneka tanaman buah jo kayu-kayuan lainnyo, walaupun tetap duku nan mandominasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt;

Duku biasonyo ditanam di daratan randah dengan ketinggian mancapai 600 m dpl, di wilayan jo curah hujan antaro 1.500-2.500&amp;nbsp;mm per tahun. Tanaman iko dapek tumbuah dan babuah dengan baik di baragam jenis tanah, tarutamo tipe tanah [[latosol]], [[podsolik]] kuniang, dan [[aluvial]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt; Duku manyukoi tanah batekstur sadang dan berdrainase rancak, kayo bahan organik dan saketek asam, tapi jo ketersediaan aia tanah nan cukuik. Samantaro itu varietas ''langsek labia''h tahan manghadapi parubahan musim dan dapek manenggang musim kemarau asalkan cukuik ternaungi dan mandapekkan aia.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Duku indak tahan pangganangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Julia F.|authorlink=Julia Morton|title=Fruits of warm climates|publisher=Florida Flair Books|date=1987|location=Miami, FL.|pages=p. 201–203|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html|doi=|id=|isbn=0961018410}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duku umunyo babuah sakali satahun, sahinggo dikenal jo adonyo musim buah duku. Musim duku bisa balainan antaro daerah lain, namun baitu musim duku tajadi di awal musim paujan.

== Perbanyakan ==
[[Berkas:Lanzones.jpg|jmpl|Langsat di [[Filipina]].]]
Duku biasonyo dipabanyak jo bijonyo, nan sanganjo disamaikan atau jo caro manggumpuakan cabutan semai nan tumbuah surang di bawah batang induaknyo. Akan tatapi manunggu sampai batang baru mahasiakan, mamakan wakatu nan lamo (20-25 tahun) dan alun pasti pulo kualitasnyo samo jo induaknyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto&quot;&gt;Suparwoto. tt. [http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=47 ''Teknik perbanyakan duku dengan sambung pucuk''.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caro lain nan juo populer adolah mancangkoknyo. Walaupun proses mancangkok mamakan wakatu nan cukuik lamo (8-9 bulan), aka kalua setelah 134 hari&lt;ref name=&quot;Polo&quot; /&gt;) namun batang baru hasia cangkokan alah dapek babuah diumua sekitar duo tahun.&lt;ref name=&quot;sleman&quot; /&gt; Kelemahannyo, persen kematian anakan hasil cangkokan cukuik gadang.&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt; Lagi pulo pertumbuhannyo indak sabara kuatnyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipteknet&quot; /&gt;

Kambang biak sacaro modern nan kini banyak dikarajoan adolah jo caro [[Penyambungan|sambuang pucuak]] (''grafting''). Teknik iko mamungkinkan sipai-sipaik genetik batang ateh anakan nan dihasiakan samo jo induaknyo, samantaro wakatu tunggunyo dipasingek manjadi 5–6 tahun. Anakan hasia sambuang pucuak iko juo labiah kuek peranakannyo daripado anakan hasia cangkokan.&lt;ref name=&quot;woto&quot; /&gt;
[[Berkas:Lans_dom_061203_1724_mura.jpg|kiri|jmpl|220x220px|Memilah duku yang baru dipanen.]]

== Penyebaran dan namo-namo lokal ==
Wilayah asal usul duku membantang dari sekitar [[Siam]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]] sampai [[Borneo]] di timur, tamasuak juo [[Filipina]]. Di daerah-daerah itu, duku ditanam sebagai salah ciek buah-buahan nan pantiang. Bahkan varietas-varietas lia atau nan maliaa dapek ditamui di alam. Kini duku juo dibudidayakan, walau indak banyak, di [[Vietnam]], [[Burma]], [[Srilanka]], [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Suriname]], dan [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot; /&gt;

Duku dikenal juo jo banyak namo, sarupo ''langsak'', ''langseh'', ''langsep'', ''lansa'' ([[Malaysia|Mal.]]); ''lansones'', ''lanzone'', ''lanzon'', dan ''buahan'', ([[Filipina|Fil.]]); ''langsad'', ''longkong'' ([[Thailand]]); ''lòn bon'' dan ''bòn bon'' (Vietnam); ''langsak'', ''duku'' (Burma); sarato ''gadu guda'' (Srilanka). Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] juo disabuik sebagai ''langsat'' dan ''duku''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1987&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icraf&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}} pada [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/index.asp ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. diakses 27/10/08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Indonesia sendiri duku disabuik jo berbagai namo, nan mirip maupun nan indak. Misalnyo ''langsat'' (umum); ''lansat, lancat'' ([[Aceh]] dan [[Sumatra Utara|Sumut]]); ''lasé'' ([[Bahasa Nias|Nias]]); ''langsék'' ([[Minangkabau|Min.]]); ''langsak'' ([[Bahasa Komering|Komering]]) ''langsak, lasak, rarsak, rasak'' ([[Lampung]]); ''lansét, lasat, losot, léhat, lihat, rihat, richat'' ([[Kalimantan|Kal.]]); ''lansa, lasat, lasot, lansot, dansot, ranso, lantat'' ([[Sulawesi Utara|Sulut]]); ''lansa, lasa, lasé, lésé'' ([[Sulawesi Selatan|Sulsel]]); ''lasat, lasaté, lasété, nasaté, lasato, lalasat, lasa'' ([[Maluku]]) dan sejenisnya. Serta ''langsat, langsep'' dan ''duku, dukuh'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jw.]]); ''kokosan, pisitan, bijitan'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]); ''pijetan, celuring'' (Jw.); ''celoréng'' ([[Bahasa Madura|Md.]]; ''celoring, ceroring'' ([[Bahasa Bali|Bali]]); dan lain-lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;heyne_1126&quot; /&gt;

== Perdagangan ==
Negara-negara panghasia utamo duku adolah Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina dan Indonesia. Namun umumnyo duku habis dimakan di dalam negeri masiang-masiang, kecuali saketek nan diekspor ka [[Singapura]] dan [[Hongkong]]. Duku juo alun manembus pasa buah-buahan di [[Eropa]] jo [[Benua Amerika|Amerika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;verheij_232&quot; /&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|Lansium domesticum}}

* {{id}} Deskripi di [http://www.kehati.or.id/florakita/printer.php?photoid=843 Kehati]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{en}} Fruits of Warm Climates: [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html Langsat]
* {{en}} ICRAF: [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776 ''Lansium domesticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62zFhRjSs?url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1776|date=2011-11-06}}
* {{en}} Famous Tropical Fruit: [http://tropical-fruits.blogspot.com/2006/09/duku-lansium-domesticum.html Duku]
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    <title>Dolok tinggi raja</title>
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      <comment>Dolok Tinggi Raja</comment>
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      <text bytes="6045" xml:space="preserve">'''Dolok Tinggi Raja''' adolah kawasan cagar alam nan mampunyoi laweh 167 Ha nan talatak di Kecamatan Silao Kahean, [[Kabupaten Simalungun]], provinsi [[Sumatra Utara]]. Di dalam area kawasan cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, ado objek wisata kawah putiah, nan labiah dikenal jo namo kawah putih tinggi raja seluas 30 Ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Detikcom&quot;&gt;[http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/07/10/114800/2618268/1025/tinggi-raja-kawah-biru-yang-cantik-dari-sumatera-utara Tinggi Raja, Kawah Biru yang Cantik dari Sumatra Utara] Komunitas d'Traveler&lt;/ref&gt; Namun, hal itu manjadikan objek wisata kawah putiah tinggi raja susah untuk bakambang karano berbenturan jo status area iko nan talatak dikawasan [[Cagar Alam]]. Sumber aia angek Tinggi Raja berado di kawasan bukit kapur nan lawehnyo kiro-kiro mancapai satangah hektar. Luapan sumber aia angeknyo berado di retakan nan menghubungkan tigo bukit dikawasan tersebut, masiang-masiang di arah selatan, timur dan barat. Laweh retakan nan manjadi tampek luapan aia angek itu adolah 10-60 cm, dengan tinggi cipratan aia rato-rato 30 cm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nadila|first=Putri|date=2019-09-16|title=Eksplorasi Bakteri Termofilik dari Sumber Air Panas Dikawasan Cagar Alam Tinggi Raja Kecamatan Silau Kahen Kabupaten Simalungun Sumatera Utara|url=http://repository.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/11415|language=id|publisher=Universitas Medan Area}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Sejarah ==
Dolok Tinggi Raja ditetapkan sebagai cagar alam dengan keputusan Zelfbestuur Besluit (ZB) Nomor 24 Tangga 16 April 1924, pado maso pemerintahan [[kolonial Belanda]]. Sampai saat iko, kawasan itu masih bastatus cagar alam.

Sejarah tabantuanknyo kawah putih dolok tinggi raja alun diketahui sacaro pasti. Warga Simalungun masih picayo tabantuaknyo kawah putih dan mata aia angek dolok tinggi raja berdasarkan legenda rakyat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kini&quot;&gt;[http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/08/02/1002/legenda-rakyat-kawah-putih-tinggi-raja-simalungun Legenda Rakyat Kawah Putih Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Legenda ==
Dahulu kala daerah tinggi raja iko marupokan sabuah daerah rajo-rajo nan makmur. Dalam caritonyo, ado surang rajo nan punyo urangtuo nan alah tua renta, suatu maso rajo itu nio mangirimkan makanan lamak untuak urangtuonyo nan alah tuo itu. Sang rajo langsuang mamarintahkan salah seorang petani aren nan wakatu itu nio pulang ka daerah tampek urangtuo sang rajo. Namun di tangah jalan, petani aren nan disuruah rajo maraso lapar, lalu nyo makan sadonyo makanan nan ka diantar untuak ibu sang rajo dan hanyo manyisokan makanan nan indak layak, barupo tulang-tulang. Mandapati kiriman makanan na indak layak itu, ibu sang rajo berang, si ibu maimbau anak-anaknyo nan lain untuak maadokan sabuah acara tari-tarian dengan media saikua kuciang. Di tangah acara sadang bajalan tajadi sabuah insiden, aia nan sadang angek-angek siap dimasak tumpah. aia angek nan tumpah itu baserak-serak sampai meluas kasaluruh daerah dan mambanjiri daerah itu. Daerah nan dibanjiri aia angek itulah nan kini manjadi sebuah kawah aia angek dengan namo Tinggi Raja juo diambiak karano carito legenda itu dulunyo adolah kawasan para rajo-rajo.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;{{id}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ2eRI0z9v0 Legenda terjadinya Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun] Video YouTube&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akses ==
Tinggi Raja alah ditamukan sajak ratusan tahun lalu, tetapi karano akses manuju tampek iko sangat memprihatinkan. Akses jalan menuju ke cagar alam iko nan sangat terjal dan rusak parah. Sampai saat iko pemerintah setempat alun mampu memperbaiki akses jalan sacaro maksimal ka lokasi tersebut.

Untuak sampai ka daerah cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, pengunjung dapek manggunokan kendaraan roda ampek atau roda duo, nan salanjuiknyo manampuah jarak sajauah 95 Km dari pusat kota Medan dengan rute pajalanan sebagai berikut: [[Medan]] malewati perisimpangan Kota [[Lubuk Pakam]] lalu manuju [[Galang]] salanjuiknyo malewati [[Dolok Masihul]] kamudian masuak kapersimpangan [[Nagori Dolok]] dan sampailah ka kawasan cagar alam Dolok Tinggi Raja. Bukan hanyo dari Lubuk Pakam, Malalui berastagi juo bisa di tampuah, yaitu malewati Saribu Dolok taruih ka Tiga Runggu dan masuak malalui simpang Pangalbuan Kecamatan Raya.

Sampai saat iko alun ado kendaraan umum untuak mencapai ka kawasan itu.

== 5 Fakta Dolok Tinggi Raja ==
'''Barado di kawasan hutan hujan tropis'''

Kawasan iko sajak tahun 1924 alah dilinduangi karano adonyo kaputusan basamo dari rajo-rajo Simalungun. Cagar alam nan eksotik iko barado di luasan sekitar 176 hektar jo punyo hamparan kawah salju dolok tinggi raja mancapai 4 hektare. Disiko juo ado kawasan hutan hujan tropis dataran randah nan subur jo hijau dengan baragam jenis pohon.

'''Marasokan kaindahan salju di negara duo musim'''

Pamandangan kawasan wisata Dolok Tinggi Raja sarupo hamparan salju nan manawan, nan sabananyo bebatuan kapua nan bajejer. Salain itu, kabuik putiah juo mangalilianginyo, kabuik putiah iko barasa dari aliran aia angek.

'''Sumber aia barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua'''

Sumber aia angeknyo barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua. Endaan kapua tajadi karano angek bumi nan manganduang balerang nan manghsiakan teras-teras babukit. Luasan teras kapua mancapai 35 hektare.

'''Pamandian aia angek'''

Wisata salju angek Dolok Tinggi juo manyadiokan pamandian aia angek untuak dapek dinikmati sadonyo pangunjuang. Aia pamandian barasa dari sumber aia angek jo suhu mancapai 90 derajat celcius.

'''Kaindahan manawan dari galambuang aia di ateh kawah'''

Dibagian ateh kawah ado ciek kolam nan indak talalu laweh. Keistimewaan kolam iko karano adonyo galambuang aia nan bisa dicaliak dari dasar kolam. Namun kawasan iko dilarang untuak baranang, hanyo diizinkan mancaliak dari jauah. 

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==

* {{id}} [http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/09/20/1039/kawah-putih-dolok-tinggi-raja-simalungun Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</text>
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      <comment>Dolok Tinggi Raja</comment>
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      <text bytes="8898" xml:space="preserve">'''Dolok Tinggi Raja''' adolah kawasan cagar alam nan mampunyoi laweh 167 Ha nan talatak di Kecamatan Silao Kahean, [[Kabupaten Simalungun]], provinsi [[Sumatra Utara]]. Di dalam area kawasan cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, ado objek wisata kawah putiah, nan labiah dikenal jo namo kawah putih tinggi raja seluas 30 Ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Detikcom&quot;&gt;[http://travel.detik.com/read/2014/07/10/114800/2618268/1025/tinggi-raja-kawah-biru-yang-cantik-dari-sumatera-utara Tinggi Raja, Kawah Biru yang Cantik dari Sumatra Utara] Komunitas d'Traveler&lt;/ref&gt; Namun, hal itu manjadikan objek wisata kawah putiah tinggi raja susah untuk bakambang karano berbenturan jo status area iko nan talatak dikawasan [[Cagar Alam]]. Sumber aia angek Tinggi Raja berado di kawasan bukit kapur nan lawehnyo kiro-kiro mancapai satangah hektar. Luapan sumber aia angeknyo berado di retakan nan menghubungkan tigo bukit dikawasan tersebut, masiang-masiang di arah selatan, timur dan barat. Laweh retakan nan manjadi tampek luapan aia angek itu adolah 10-60 cm, dengan tinggi cipratan aia rato-rato 30 cm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nadila|first=Putri|date=2019-09-16|title=Eksplorasi Bakteri Termofilik dari Sumber Air Panas Dikawasan Cagar Alam Tinggi Raja Kecamatan Silau Kahen Kabupaten Simalungun Sumatera Utara|url=http://repository.uma.ac.id/handle/123456789/11415|language=id|publisher=Universitas Medan Area}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Sejarah ==
Dolok Tinggi Raja ditetapkan sebagai cagar alam dengan keputusan Zelfbestuur Besluit (ZB) Nomor 24 Tangga 16 April 1924, pado maso pemerintahan [[kolonial Belanda]]. Sampai saat iko, kawasan itu masih bastatus cagar alam.

Sejarah tabantuanknyo kawah putih dolok tinggi raja alun diketahui sacaro pasti. Warga Simalungun masih picayo tabantuaknyo kawah putih dan mata aia angek dolok tinggi raja berdasarkan legenda rakyat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kini&quot;&gt;[http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/08/02/1002/legenda-rakyat-kawah-putih-tinggi-raja-simalungun Legenda Rakyat Kawah Putih Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dulu, Dolok Tinggi Raja adolah kawasan cagar alam. namun kini sabagian wilayah di dolok tinggi raja manjadi kawasan wisata alam. Para pelancong paralu mangatahui status iko supayo indak salah kaprah katiko bakunjuang lantaran statusnyo alah barubah dari cagar alam nan indak buliah disentuh samo sakali manjadi taman wisata alam. 

Di maso pamarintahan kolonial hindia balando, cagar alam dolok tinggi raja marupokan kawasan hutan linduang Sianak-anak I dan Hutang Linduang Sianak-anak II. Kaduo kawasan konservasi iko masiang-masiang ditetapkan sabagai hutan linduang di tahun 1916 dan 1918. Panetapannyo dilakukan berdasarkan hasia kesepakatan basamo rajo-rajo di Simalungun.

Lantaran keunikan ekosistem jo keanekaragaman hayati nan dimilikinyo, makonyo rajo-rajo di Simalungun basepakat untuak maningkekkan status kaduo hutan linduang itu manjadi cagar alam salaweh 167 hektare. Kasapakatan iko diterakan dalam bantuak Zeelfbestuur Besluit No. 24 Tanggal 18 April 1924.

Tinggi Raja ditetapkan jadi cagar alam basamo Cagar Alam Batu Gajah. Batu Gajah talatak di Dusun Pematang, Desa Negeri Dolok, Kecamatan Dolok Panribuan, di kabupaten nan samo. Luas cagar alam Batu Gajah hanya 0,80 hektare.

Pemerintah Hindia Belanda di maso itu mangakui para sultan jo rajo sebagai kapalo pemerintahan kesultanan dan kerajaan nan punyo otonomi daerah sahinggo mereka punyo wewenang untuak manujuak kawasan konservasi di bagian-bagian wilayah sebagai cagar alam (natuurmonument) maupun suaka margasatwa (wildreservaat) untuak malinduangi kekayaan alam Hindia Belanda nan paralu dilestarikan.

Sasuai jo sistem pemerintahan nan balaku di maso itu, panunjuakan kawasan konservasi dek sultan atau rajo harus dikatahui dek pengawas daerah (controlleur), dinas kehutanan (dienst van het boschwezen), asisten residen, jo residen, sarato harus disetuji dek gubernur.

Panjuakan kawasan konservasi di lua Pulau Jawa dalam peraturan parundangan wakatu itu dikenal jo istilah ZB  ZB (zeelfbestuur besluit). ZB marupokan surek kaputusan nan basifat otonom nan ditabikkan dek tingkek pamarintahan nan diwakili dek gubernur jo rajo atau sultan nan diagiah kawenangan untuak manabikkan surek kaputusan dalam manunjuak kawasan konservasi. 

Surek kaputusan nan ditabikkan mangacu pado paraturan antaro lain, Undang-undang cagar alam (Natuurmonumenten Ordonnantie) 1916 No. 278; Undang-Undang Perlindungan Binatang (Dierenbescherming Ordonnantie) 1931 No. 134; serta Undang-Undang Cagar-Cagar Alam dan Suaka-Suaka Margasatwa (Natuur-monumenten en Wildreservaten Ordonantie) 1932 No. 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1221480/kisah-taman-wisata-alam-tinggi-raja-amanat-para-raja-simalungun|title=Kisah Taman Wisata Alam Tinggi Raja, Amanat Para Raja Simalungun|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2019-07-05|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Legenda ==
Dahulu kala daerah tinggi raja iko marupokan sabuah daerah rajo-rajo nan makmur. Dalam caritonyo, ado surang rajo nan punyo urangtuo nan alah tua renta, suatu maso rajo itu nio mangirimkan makanan lamak untuak urangtuonyo nan alah tuo itu. Sang rajo langsuang mamarintahkan salah seorang petani aren nan wakatu itu nio pulang ka daerah tampek urangtuo sang rajo. Namun di tangah jalan, petani aren nan disuruah rajo maraso lapar, lalu nyo makan sadonyo makanan nan ka diantar untuak ibu sang rajo dan hanyo manyisokan makanan nan indak layak, barupo tulang-tulang. Mandapati kiriman makanan na indak layak itu, ibu sang rajo berang, si ibu maimbau anak-anaknyo nan lain untuak maadokan sabuah acara tari-tarian dengan media saikua kuciang. Di tangah acara sadang bajalan tajadi sabuah insiden, aia nan sadang angek-angek siap dimasak tumpah. aia angek nan tumpah itu baserak-serak sampai meluas kasaluruh daerah dan mambanjiri daerah itu. Daerah nan dibanjiri aia angek itulah nan kini manjadi sebuah kawah aia angek dengan namo Tinggi Raja juo diambiak karano carito legenda itu dulunyo adolah kawasan para rajo-rajo.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube&quot;&gt;{{id}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ2eRI0z9v0 Legenda terjadinya Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun] Video YouTube&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akses ==
Tinggi Raja alah ditamukan sajak ratusan tahun lalu, tetapi karano akses manuju tampek iko sangat memprihatinkan. Akses jalan menuju ke cagar alam iko nan sangat terjal dan rusak parah. Sampai saat iko pemerintah setempat alun mampu memperbaiki akses jalan sacaro maksimal ka lokasi tersebut.

Untuak sampai ka daerah cagar alam dolok tinggi raja, pengunjung dapek manggunokan kendaraan roda ampek atau roda duo, nan salanjuiknyo manampuah jarak sajauah 95 Km dari pusat kota Medan dengan rute pajalanan sebagai berikut: [[Medan]] malewati perisimpangan Kota [[Lubuk Pakam]] lalu manuju [[Galang]] salanjuiknyo malewati [[Dolok Masihul]] kamudian masuak kapersimpangan [[Nagori Dolok]] dan sampailah ka kawasan cagar alam Dolok Tinggi Raja. Bukan hanyo dari Lubuk Pakam, Malalui berastagi juo bisa di tampuah, yaitu malewati Saribu Dolok taruih ka Tiga Runggu dan masuak malalui simpang Pangalbuan Kecamatan Raya.

Sampai saat iko alun ado kendaraan umum untuak mencapai ka kawasan itu.

== 5 Fakta Dolok Tinggi Raja ==
'''Barado di kawasan hutan hujan tropis'''

Kawasan iko sajak tahun 1924 alah dilinduangi karano adonyo kaputusan basamo dari rajo-rajo Simalungun. Cagar alam nan eksotik iko barado di luasan sekitar 176 hektar jo punyo hamparan kawah salju dolok tinggi raja mancapai 4 hektare. Disiko juo ado kawasan hutan hujan tropis dataran randah nan subur jo hijau dengan baragam jenis pohon.

'''Marasokan kaindahan salju di negara duo musim'''

Pamandangan kawasan wisata Dolok Tinggi Raja sarupo hamparan salju nan manawan, nan sabananyo bebatuan kapua nan bajejer. Salain itu, kabuik putiah juo mangalilianginyo, kabuik putiah iko barasa dari aliran aia angek.

'''Sumber aia barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua'''

Sumber aia angeknyo barasa dari endapan-endapan kapua. Endaan kapua tajadi karano angek bumi nan manganduang balerang nan manghsiakan teras-teras babukit. Luasan teras kapua mancapai 35 hektare.

'''Pamandian aia angek'''

Wisata salju angek Dolok Tinggi juo manyadiokan pamandian aia angek untuak dapek dinikmati sadonyo pangunjuang. Aia pamandian barasa dari sumber aia angek jo suhu mancapai 90 derajat celcius.

'''Kaindahan manawan dari galambuang aia di ateh kawah'''

Dibagian ateh kawah ado ciek kolam nan indak talalu laweh. Keistimewaan kolam iko karano adonyo galambuang aia nan bisa dicaliak dari dasar kolam. Namun kawasan iko dilarang untuak baranang, hanyo diizinkan mancaliak dari jauah. 

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==

* {{id}} [http://travel.kini.co.id/2014/09/20/1039/kawah-putih-dolok-tinggi-raja-simalungun Kawah Putih Dolok Tinggi Raja Simalungun]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</text>
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      <text bytes="19494" xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Pakis}}{{Taxobox|color=lightgreen|name=Tumbuhan paku|image=Areal perladangan di Petapahan (114).JPG|image_width=240px|image_caption=Resam, anggota tumbuhan paku|regnum=[[Plantae]]|divisio='''Tracheophyta'''|subdivisio='''Polypodiophytina'''|subdivision_ranks=Kelas &lt;small&gt;(''sensu'' Smith et al. 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;|subdivision=&lt;!--'''Divisio Lycopodiophyta''' {{br}}
[[Lycopodiopsida]]  &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[divisio '''[[Lycopodiophyta]]''' (Smith et al. 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;/&gt;)]&lt;/small&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
[[Isoëtopsida]] &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[divisio '''Lycopodiophyta''' (Smith et al. 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;/&gt;)]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; --&gt;

[[Psilotopsida]]{{br}}
[[Equisetopsida]]{{br}}
[[Marattiopsida]]{{br}}
[[Polypodiopsida]]{{br}}

'''''Klad-klad fosil:'''''
* †[[Cladoxylopsida]]
* †[[Zygopteridales]]
* †[[Stauropteridales]] (''incertae sedis'')
* †[[Rhacophytales]] (''incertae sedis'')|synonyms=Monilophyta{{br}}
Polypodiophyta{{br}}
Filicophyta{{br}}
Filices}}'''Tumbuahan paku''', '''paku-pakuan''', atau '''pakis-pakisan''' adolah sakalompok [[tumbuhan|tumbuahan]] nan punyo [[Jaringan pengangkut|sistem pembuluh]] sejati ([[Tracheophyta]]) tapi indak pernah manghasiakan [[Biji|bijo]] untuak [[Reproduksi seksual|reproduksi seksualnyo]]. Alih-alih bijo, kalompok tumbuahan iko malapehkan [[spora]] sebagai alat untuak manyebar luaskan jo mampabanyaknyo, manyarupoi kalompok organisme sarupo [[Tumbuhan lumut|lumuik]] dan [[fungi]].

Tumbuahan paku tasebar di sadoalah balahan [[dunia]], kecuali daerah nan ado [[Salju|saljunyo]] abadi jo lautan, paku acok ditamukan tumbuah di tampek-tampek nan indak subur untuak [[pertanian]]. Jumlah [[spesies]] nan dikatahui ado kisaran 12.000,&lt;ref name=&quot;chapman&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html|title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra, Australia. September 2009.|last=Chapman|first=Arthur|date=2010-08-26|publisher=Environment.gov.au|accessdate=2013-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; jo dipakirokan 1.300&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastrapradja&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sastrapradja|first1=Setijati|last2=Afriastini|first2=J ohar J.|last3=Darnaedi|first3=Dedy|last4=Widjaja|first4=Elizabeth A.|title=Jenis Paku Indonesia|edition=1|location=Bogor|publisher=Lembaga Biologi Nasional - LIPI|year=1979|page=|accessdate=2015-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; sampai 3000 labiah&lt;ref&gt;''Flora Malesiana'' cit. Hassler M &amp; Swale B. [http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf World fern statistics by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200549/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/paragraphoe_635.pdf|date=2015-02-23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; spesies diantaranyo tumbuah di kawasan [[Malesia]] (nan mancakup [[Indonesia]]).

Pangalompokan klasik anggota tumbuahan paku ('''Pteridophyta''', dalam arti laweh, manuruik [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] (1866)&lt;ref&gt;Haeckel, E. (1866). ''[[iarchive:systematischephy01haec|Generale Morphologie der Organismen]]''. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII.&lt;/ref&gt;) di pangatahuan baru dianggap basifat [[Kladistik|parafiletik]]. Dari kalompok-kalompok cabang utamo tumbuahan bapambuluah, ciek kalompok nan mancakup [[paku kawat|paku kawek]], [[Kumpai (tumbuhan)|kumpai]], sarato [[rane]], ruponyo mamisah paliang partamo dari kalompok lainnyo. Kalompok itu kini dimasuakkan ka dalam divisio [[Lycopodiophyta]]. Iko manyebabkan &quot;Pteridophyta&quot; saat iko punyo duo arti: arti luas (sabagaimano arti klasik, mancakup Lycopodiophyta) dan arti sampik (arti klasik minus Lycopodiophyta). Kalompok tumbuahan paku arti sampiknyo basifat [[Kladistik|holofiletik]] atau monofiletik, dan saat iko disabuik Pteridophyta atau, untuak manghindari kabinguangan, disabuit '''Polypodiophyta''' atau '''Monilophyta'''.

Fosil paku paliang tuo barasa dari kala [[Devon (periode)|Devon]], sekitar 360 juta tahun nan lalu &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/pterophyta/pteridofr.html|title=Pteridopsida: Fossil Record|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|accessdate=2014-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; tapi suku-suku dan jenis-jenis modern baru muncua sekitar 145 juta tahun nan lalu, di awal kala [[Zaman Kapur|Kapur]], di maso [[tumbuhan berbunga|tumbuahan babungo]] alah mandominasi vegetasi bumi.

Pamanfaatan tumbuahan paku dek manusia tabateh. Kabanyakan manjadi [[tanaman hias]], sabagian ketek ado nan dimakan, sebagai [[Tumbuhan obat|tumbuahan ubek]], atau bahan baku untuak alat bantu kegiatan sahari-hari.

== Ciri dan botani ==
[[Berkas:Osmunda_japonica_002.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Ukel tunas muda, menjadi ciri tumbuhan paku yang paling mudah dikenali.]]
Bantuak lua (morfologi) tumbuahan paku bamacam-macam, sasuai jo hasil [[evolusi]] adaptasinyo. Sacaro umum, paku dikenal karano daunnyo tumbuah dari tuneh nan babantuak ukel sarupo kapalo gagang biola atau selo (bahaso Jawa: ''mlungker'') atau ''circinate vernation'' dalam bahaso Inggris. Ciri iko sabananyo hanyo balaku untuak paku [[leptosporangiatae]] dan anggota Marattiales. Perbedaan tumbuahan paku dari tumbuahan babijo lainnyo nampak dari struktur pambuluah di dalam batang, rimpang, atau tangkai entalnyo.

Panampilan lua paku ado nan barupo [[pohon|batang]] ([[paku pohon]], biasonyo indak bacabang), [[semak]], [[epifit]], tumbuahan manjala, mangapuang di aia, [[hidrofit]], tapi biasonyo barupo [[terna]] nan ba[[rimpang]] nan manjala di [[tanah]] atau [[humus]]. Organ [[Fotosintesis|fotosintetik]] dan reproduktif paku disabuik [[ental]] ([[bahasa Inggris]] ''frond'') jo ukuran nan bervariasi, dari babarapo milimeter sampai anam meter.

Sebagian banyak anggota paku-pakuan tumbuah di daerah [[tropika]] basah. Paku-pakuan kabayakan ditamui di kondisi tumbuah marginal, sarupo lantai [[hutan|rimbo]] nan lambok, tabiang pa[[Bukit|bukitan]], manempel atau marayap di [[batang pohon]] atau bebatuan, di dalam aia [[kolam]] [[danau]], daerah sekitar [[kawah]] [[Gunung api|vulkanik]], sarato salo-salo bangunan nan indak terawat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastrapradja&quot; /&gt; Katersediaan aia nan mancukupi di rantang waktu tatantu diparalukan karano salah ciek tahap hiduiknyo tagantung jo kabaradoan aia, yaitu sebagai media manggariknyo [[sel sperma]] manuju [[Sel telur|sel telua]]. Karano itulah, tumbuahan iko juo labiah banyak ditamui di kawasan pagunuangan nan basah dan taduah.
== Pergiliran keturunan (metagenesis) ==
[[Berkas:Onoclea_sensibilis_4_crop.jpg|ka|jmpl|237x237px|Protalium (bawah) dengan tumbuhan paku muda (atas, tumbuh tegak).]]
Daur hiduik tumbuahan paku mangenal pergiliran katurunan ([[metagenesis]]), nan terdiri dari duo tahap: [[gametofit]] dan [[sporofit]]. Tumbuahan paku nan mudah awak tamui marupokan bantuak fase [[sporofit]] (''sporophyte'', bararti &quot;tumbuahan jo spora&quot;) karano manghasilkan [[spora]]. Bantuak generasi gametofit (''gametophyte'', berarti &quot;tumbuahan jo [[gamet]]&quot;) dinamokan protalus (''prothallus'') atau [[protalium]] (''prothallium''), nan bantuaknyo sarupo tumbuahan ketek barupo lembaran bawarna hijau, mirip [[lumut hati|lumuik hati]], indak ado akar (tapi punyo akar semu ([[rizoid]]) sebagai panggantinyo), indak punyo batang, indak punyo daun. Prothallium tumbuah dari spora nan jatuah di tampek nan lambok. Protalium manghasiakan [[anteridium]] (''antheridium'', panghasia [[spermatozoid]] atau sel kelamin jantan) dan [[arkegonium]] (''archegonium'', organ panghasia [[ovum]] atau sel talua). Rancak anteridium maupun arkegonium baukuran [[Mikroskop|mikroskopik]], indak mudah diliek mato kalau indak manggunokan alat khusus. [[Pembuahan|Pambuahan]] sel talua mutlak mamaralukan bantuan aia sebagai media spermatozoid bapindah jo baranang manuju arkegonium untuak mambuahi sel talua. Ovum nan terbuahi bakambang manjadi [[zigot]], nan pado masonyo tumbuah manjadi sporofit baru.
[[Berkas:Pteridophyte_lifecycle.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Daur hidup (disederhanakan) tumbuhan paku.]]
Babarapo tumbuahan paku (sarupo anggota Selaginellales dan Salviniales) punyo spora jantan baukuran labiah ketek disabuik mikrospora, dari pado spora batino, disabuik megaspora atau makrospora. Gejala iko disabuik heterospori (tumbuahannyo disabuik heterospor). Kalompok dengan ukuran spora samo gadang disabuik homospor.

[[Tumbuhan berbiji|Tumbuahan babijo]] (Spermatophyta) juo punyo daur huduik sarupo paku heterospor tapi alah berevolusi labiah jauah sahinggo tahap gametofitnyo indak dapek hiduik mandiri dan hiduiknyo harus disangga dek sporofit. Spora nan manghasiakan langsuang tumnuah manjadi [[serbuk sari]] (jantan) atau [[kantung embrio]] (batino).
== Cakupan anggota dan klasifikasi ==
{{main|Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku}}

=== Cakupan tradisional ===
[[Berkas:Acros_aure_080627_0095_smlu.jpg|jmpl|200x200px|Paku laut ''Acrostichum aureum'', tumbuh di rawa mangrove.]]
Sacaro tradisional, sarupon nan diajakan di [[SMA|sekolah menengah]], tumbuahan paku ([[Pteridophyta]], arti laweh) mancakup sadonyo tumbuahan bapambuluah ([[Tracheophyta]]) berspora, atau [[kormofita]] berspora salain [[lumut hati]] (Hepatophyta), [[lumut tanduk]] (Anthocerophyta), dan [[tumbuhan lumut]] sejati (Musci).&lt;ref&gt;lihat, misalnya, Tjitrosoepomo G. 2014. ''Taksonomi Tumbuhan: Schizophyta, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta)''. Gadjah Mada University Press. Cetakan ke-10. 309 halaman.&lt;/ref&gt; Pteridophyta ditampekkan di takson divisio jo limo kelas:

* [[Psilotiinae]] (misalnyo paku talanjang ''[[Psilotum]]'')
* [[Lycopodiinae]] (misalnyo [[rane]], kumpai, dan [[paku kawat]])
* [[Isoëtinae]]
* [[Equisetinae]] (rumpik  betung ataupaku ikua kudo)
* [[Filicinae]] / Filices (paku sejati/benar, mancakup [[Eusporangiatae]] (ordo Ophioglossales dan Marattiales) dan [[Leptosporangiatae]]).

Sampai saat iko, ilmu nan mampalajari anggota limo kelompok tumbuahan iko disabuik '''pteridologi''' dan ahlinyo disabuik '''pteridolog'''.

=== Cakupan dengan dukungan biologi molekuler ===
Parubahan mandasar dipublikasikan dek Smith et al. (2006),&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. [http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf A classification for extant ferns]. ''Taxon'' 55:705-731.&lt;/ref&gt; dengan mangajukan parubahan tumbuahan paku masa kini (indak mencakup tumbuahan paku fosil nan alah punah) berdasarkan data [[Morfologi tumbuhan|morfologi]] dan didukuang jo hasia analisis [[Biologi molekular|molekular]] (sekuens [[DNA]] [[plastid]]). Berdasarkan usulan iko, Lycopodiinae dan Isoëtinae dianggap marupokan tumbuahan bapambuluah nan partamo kali tapisah dari nan lainnyo, sahinggo dikelompokkan dalam divisio tarsandiri: [[Lycopodiophyta]] (atau Lycophyta&lt;ref name=&quot;sarita&quot;&gt;Saritha Pujari. [http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/6-most-important-types-stelar-system-in-ferns/6908/ 6 Most Important Types Stelar System in Ferns]&lt;/ref&gt;). Paku-pakuan sarato tumbuahan babijo berado di kalompok lain, disabuik [[Euphyllophytina]] (atau Pterophyta&lt;ref name=&quot;sarita&quot; /&gt;). Salanjuiknyo, sadonyo kormofita baspora nan tasiso tagabuang dalam ciek kelompok gadang, nan layak dikatoan sabagai anggota divisio tumbuahan paku (Pteridophyta) nan sabananyo. Namo baru nan diusulkan untuak mencegah karancuan cakupan Pteridophyta adolah &quot;Monilophyta&quot; (dari ''moniliform'', &quot;babantuak kaluang&quot;, mengacu ka bantuak [[stele]] sarupo kaluang nan dipunyo tumbuahan nan dianggap moyang tumbuhan paku modern&lt;ref&gt;Kenrick P., P.R. Crane. 1997. ''The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study''. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C., USA.]&lt;/ref&gt;) atau &quot;&quot;Polypodiophyta&quot; (dari ''Polypodium'', [[genus]] nan manjadi genus tipe).

Akibat parbahan iko, pangalompokan tradisional manjadi [[parafiletik]] (indak mancakup sadoalah cabang), karano cabang Euphyllophytina &quot;tabalah&quot;. Kalompok nan parafiletik indak dianjurkan untuak dipakai dalam taksonomi modern, walaupun dalam hal-hal mudah masih dapaek digunokan.

Revisi Smith et al. (2006) juo manunjuakkan sajumlah paku-pakuan nan dulu dianggap sebagai paku primitif, sarupo anggota Psilotales, ruponyo labiah dakek atau sakeluarga jo Ophioglossales (nan sabalunnyo marupokan anggota kelas Filicinae nan dianggap labiah &quot;modern&quot;), samantaro [[paku ekor kuda|paku ikua kudo]] (Equisetales) samo dakeknyo jo paku sejati maupun terhadap Marattiales.

Samanjak klasifikasi baru iko diitabikkan, ditambah jo babarapo parubahan salanjuiknyo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Grew13&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Grewe|first=Felix|author2=et al.|year=2013|title=Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/8|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-8|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Karol|first=Kenneth G|author2=et al.|year=2010|title=Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages.|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/321|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|pages=321–336|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-321|issn=14712148|accessdate=21 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kasepakatan klasifikasi tumbuahan paku sampai 2013, adolah sebagai berikut (hingga takson bangsa/ordo):&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li F-W, Kuo L-Y, Rothfels CJ, Ebihara A, Chiou W-L, et al. (2011). [https://pryerlab.biology.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/li-2011-plos-one.original.pdf rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns]. ''PLoS ONE'' '''6(10)''': e26597. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0026597}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Kladogram_paku_(ordo_outgroup)}}

Penggolongan terhadap tumbuahan paku jo cakupan manyampik iko mambagi manjadi ampek kelas:&lt;ref name=&quot;schuettpelz2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Eric Schuettpelz|year=2007|title=The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf|publisher=Duke University PhD thesis|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;|contribution=table 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Psilotopsida]] (mancakup bangsa [[Psilotales]] dan [[Ophioglossales]]) dengan sekitar 92 spesies,
* [[Equisetopsida]] (paku ekor kuda dan tamasuak kerabatnyo nan alah punah) jo sekitar 15 spesies nan masih batahan di bumi,
* [[Marattiopsida]] jo sakitar 150 spesies,
* [[Polypodiopsida]] (mancakup sadonyo paku leptosporangiataea) nan labiah dari 9000 spesies.

Panelitian lanjutan salanjuiknyo ado nan mamisahkan Psilotales dari Ophioglossales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grew13&quot; /&gt; Akibat pangalompokan iko, Marattiales dan Ophioglossales, nan sacaro tradisional dianggap &quot;paku sejati&quot; (ciek diantaronyo karano tuneh daun mudonyo nan bakambang sacaro guluangan mambuka), indak tamasuak dalam golongan paku nan &quot;batua-batua sajati&quot; (sensu Leptosporangiatae).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stace|first=Clive|year=2010b|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=3rd|publication-place=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-70772-5|page=xxviii}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakambangan panggolongan tanaman paku sampai 2014 sacaro umum basapakat panggolongan sampai tingkek bangsa (ordo), tapi masih mampamasalahkan hubuangan di antaro bangsa-bangsa itu sarato anggota masiang-masiang di dalamnyo. Misalnyo, Rai dan Graham (2010) mangatokan &quot;sampai sampai saat iko nan dapek disampaikan berdasarkan kajian-kajian modern tantang bantuak hubuangan di antaro kalompok gadang silsilah dalam monilophyta adolah bahasonyo awak sabana indak mangenal mereka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;RaiGraham2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=Graham|first2=Sean W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2010|title=Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=97|issue=9|pages=1444–1456|doi=10.3732/ajb.0900305}}, p. 1450&lt;/ref&gt; Grewe et al. (2013) tetap mamastikan dimasuakkannyo paku ikua kudo dalam tumbuahan paku, namun juo maingekkan ado nan indak jaleh dalam posisi sabananyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grew13&quot; /&gt; Mereka mancaliakkan bahasonyo paku ikua kudo mambantuak ciek kalompok jo Psilotopsida, babeda jo Smith et al. (2006) nan manampekkan paku ikua kudo sebagai sepupu dari Marattiopsida dan Polypodiopsida.

Penggolongan paliang baru nan manunjuakkan arah parubahan panggolongan tumbuahan paku, tamasuak Lycopodiales, dipublikasi oleh Christenhusz dan Chase (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;CC2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=Maarten J.M.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2014|title=Trends and concepts in fern classification|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/02/13/aob.mct299.full|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=113|issue=9|pages=571–594}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pemanfaatan ==
Karano kecenderungan untuak tumbuah di tampek marginal, tumbuahan paku bukanlah kalompok tumbuahan nan punyo peran budaya nan menonjol.

Banyak anggotanyo manjadi [[tanaman hias]], baiak taman, pakarangan, atau dilatakkan di pot sebagai tanaman halaman atau dalam rumah (''indoor plant''). Contoh-contohnyo adolah baragam [[paku pedang]] (''Nephrolepis''), baragam paku [[epifit]] (misalnyo [[paku tanduk rusa]], [[kadaka]], ''[[Davallia]]'', ''[[Drynaria]]'', acok  kali tumbuah sacaro spontan lalu dipaliharo), [[suplir]] (''Adiantum''), baragam [[paku pohon]], dan babarapo paku aia untuak penghias akuarium (mis. ''[[Ceratopteris thalictroides]]'').

Ental mudo baragam jenis paku dapek manjadi sayua, sarupo [[paku sayur]] ''[[Diplazium esculentum]]'', kadaka (di [[Taiwan]]), dan ''[[Cyathea]]'' (oleh [[orang Maori]] di [[Selandia Baru]]).

Baragam jenis ''[[Azolla]]'' ber[[simbiosis]] jo [[bakteri pengikat nitrogen]] bebas dari udaro (''[[Anabaena azollae]]''). Akibatnyo, biomassa ''Azolla'' (&quot;azo&quot; berarti bakaitan jo nitrogen) manganduang nitrogen nan tinggi dan dimanfaatkan dalam batani sabagai [[pupuk hijau]].&lt;ref&gt;Artikel [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/nutrient-management/item/azolla Azolla] di laman IRRI Knowledge bank.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ado jenis paku nan basifat sebagai panimbun logam barek dan potensial dalam [[fitoremediasi]], sarupo ''[[Pteris vittata]]'' dan ''[[Azolla]]'' spp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:List_of_hyperaccumulators|Daftar tumbuhan hiperakumulator di Wikipedia Inggris]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Spora nan diekstrak dari strobilus ''Lycopodium'' dimanfaatkan sebagai ''lycopodium powder'' nan biaso digunokan untuak efek ledakan karano akan manyala sangat kuat namun jo suhu randah sahinggo cukuik aman untuak hiburan.

== Lihat juga ==

* [[Tumbuhan lumut]]
* [[Paku air]]
* [[Spora]]

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikispecies|Pteridophyta}}{{Commonscat|Pteridophyta}}{{commons|Ferns|Tumbuhan paku}}

* {{en}} [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&amp;contgroup=Embryophytes Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115915/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Filicopsida&amp;contgroup=Embryophytes|date=2009-01-14}}
* {{en}} [http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html|date=2016-03-04}}
* {{en}} [http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/bookfern.html A fern book bibliography]

{{Plantae sensu lato}} {{Plantae}} {{Kehidupan di Bumi}} {{Hasil hutan non-kayu}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q80005}}
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      <text bytes="4536" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit militer maso depan&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonakan di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2443088</id>
      <parentid>2443087</parentid>
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        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4536" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit militer maso depan&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4534" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4547" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Sajarah==

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      </contributor>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4572" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Sajarah==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Pangalompokan==

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4590" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Sajarah==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Pangalompokan==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Produk==

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4596" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Sajarah==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Pangalompokan==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Produk==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4595" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:US Army powered armor.jpg|thumb|Pameran &quot;prajurit maso akan datang&quot;, di [[Amerika Sarikat]].]]
'''Eksoskeleton badayo''' dikana juo sabagai '''power armor''' atau '''[[sanjato]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] panguek''', '''[[pakaian]] sibernetika''', '''[[sanjato]] sibernetika''', '''exosuit''' (parwujudan pakaian), '''[[pakaian|pakaian kareh]]''', '''parwujudan bikai''' atau mobilitas tambahan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ferguson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alan |title=Exoskeletons and injury prevention |url=https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17370-exoskeletons-in-the-workplace |website=Safety+Health Magazine |access-date=October 19, 2018 |language=en |date=September 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; adolah [[masin]] bajalan nan dapek dikonaàn di saluruah atau sabagian [[badan manusia]], mambarikan dukuangan struktural ergonomis dan didukuang dek sistem [[motor listrik]] badayo [[Baterai listrik|baterai]], [[pneumatik]], [[tueh|tuas]], [[hidraulika]] atau kombinasi teknologi [[sibernetika]], sambil bagorak mamungkinkan gorakan anggota tubuah nan cukuik dangan paningkatan kakuatan dan dayo tahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Blake McGowan |title=Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing |url=https://ohsonline.com/articles/2018/10/01/industrial-exoskeletons-what-youre-not-hearing.aspx |website=Occupational Health &amp; Safety |access-date=2018-10-10 |language=en |date=2019-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eksoskeleton dirancang untuak maàgiah toleransi boban mekanis nan labiah baik, dan sistem kontrolnyo batujuan untuak marasokan dan manyinkronkan dangan gerakan nan diinginkan pangguno saroto manyampaikan sinyal ka motor nan mangalola roda gigi. Eksoskeleton melindungi juo bahu, pinggang, pungguang, dan paho pangguno dari boban balabiah, dan manstabilkan garakan katiko mangangkek dan mamociak barang nan barek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=R.M.|last2=Ng|first2=P.L.|date=2018|title=Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318170755|journal= Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems|volume=595|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4|series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing|isbn=9783319603834}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eksoskeleton badayo babedo dari eksoskeleton pasif, basobok nan pasif indak punyo aktuator intrinsik dan bagantuang sapanuahnyo pado [[otot]] pangguno sandiri untuak bagarak, lobiah lanjuik banyak stres dan mambuek pangguno lobiah rontan tahadok panek, dak biktu maàgiah manfaat mekanis dan parlinduangan kepado pangguno.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Koopman |first1=Axel S. |last2=Kingma |first2=Idsart |last3=Faber |first3=Gert S. |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel P. |last5=van Dieën |first5=Jaap H. |title=Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |date=23 January 2019 |volume=83 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 |pmid=30514627 |issn=0021-9290|url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/75451697/Effects_of_a_passive_exoskeleton_on_the_mechanical_loading_of_the_low_back_in_static_holding_tasks.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=Tim |last2=van Eck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Knitel |first3=Karlijn |last4=de Looze |first4=Michiel |title=The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work |journal=[[The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors|Applied Ergonomics]] |date=1 May 2016 |volume=54 |pages=212–217 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 |pmid=26851481 |issn=0003-6870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iko manjalehkan pambedo eksoskeleton dangan [[Ortotik|ortotik prostetik]].

==Sajarah==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Pangalompokan==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Produk==
&lt;br/&gt;

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Powered exoskeletons|Eksoskeleton badayo}}
* [http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/bleex.htm Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project]
* [http://bionics.seas.ucla.edu/research/exoskeleton_index.html University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project]
* ''[[Wired (majalah)|Wired]]'' Issue 13.01, January 2005—[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.01/ironmen.html Ironmen], the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition
* [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4209572 Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ4J69EEpu4 SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube)]

{{emerging technologies|topics=yes|robotics=yes|manufacture=yes|materials=yes}}
{{Robotics}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Templat:Robotik</title>
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      <text bytes="2440" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name      = Robotics
| title     = [[Robotik]]
| image     = [[File:Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg|100px]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state     = {{{state|}}}

| group1 = Artikel utamo
| list1  = 
* Outline of robotics/Outline
* Glossary of robotics/Glossary
* Index of robotics articles/Indexc
* History of robots/History
* Geography of robotics/Geography
* Robot Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame
* Robot ethics/Ethics
* Laws of robotics/Laws
* Robot competition/Competitions
* Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence/AI competitions

| group2 = [[Robot|Jinih]]
| list2  = 
*Aerobot
*Anthropomorphic
** Humanoid robot/Humanoid
** Android (robot)/Android
** Cyborg
* Claytronics
* Companion robot/Companion
* Animatronics/Animatronic
** Audio-Animatronics
* Industrial robot/Industrial
* Articulated robot/Articulated
** Robotic arm/arm
* Domestic robot/Domestic
* Educational robotics/Educational
* Entertainment robot/Entertainment
* Juggling robot/Juggling
* Military robot/Military
* Medical robot/Medical
* Service robot/Service
* Disability robot/Disability
* Agricultural robot/Agricultural
* Automated restaurant/Food service
* Automated retail/Retail
* BEAM robotics
* Soft robotics

| group3 = Pangalompokan
| list3  = 
* Biorobotics
* Unmanned vehicle
** Unmanned aerial vehicle/aerial 
** Unmanned ground vehicle/ground
* Mobile robot
* Microbotics
* Nanorobotics
* Robotic spacecraft
** Space probe
* Swarm robotics/Swarm
* Telerobotics
* Autonomous underwater vehicle/Underwater
** Remotely operated underwater vehicle/remotely-operated

| group4 = [[Sistem kandali cerdas|Kandali Robot]]
| list4  = 
* Continuous track/Tracks 
* Legged robot/Walking 
** Hexapod (robotics)/Hexapod
* Climber (BEAM)/Climbing
* Electric unicycle
* Robot navigation

| group5 = Panalitian
| list5  = 
* Evolutionary robotics/Evolutionary 
* Robot kit/Kits 
* Robotics simulator/Simulator 
* Robotics suite/Suite 
* Open-source robotics/Open-source 
* Robot software/Software 
* Adaptable robotics/Adaptable 
* Developmental robotics/Developmental 
* Robotic paradigm/Paradigms 
* Ubiquitous robot/Ubiquitous

| group6 = Related
| list6  = 


| below      = 
* {{Icon|Category}} '''[[:Kategori:Robotik|Kategori]]'''
* {{Icon|Outline}} '''[[Rancano dari robotik|Outline]]'''


}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation|content=

{{Collapsible option|default=collapsed}}

==Caliak pulo==
*{{tl|Robot mobile}}

[[Kategori:Robotik templates]]
}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kdlttbnae29zy71ylqndncp8hoe03cm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suplai dayo lapeh gangguan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443090</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T13:06:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{double image|right|UPSFrontView.jpg|176|UPSRearView.jpg|134|Tampilan muko (kidagh) dan balakang (suok) sabuah UPS ketek.}} [[File:500kVA-UPS.jpg|right|thumb|UPS skala [[Paloden (komputer)|pusek data]] bosegh sodang dipasang dek [[tukang listrik]].]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: '''''uninterruptible power supply'''''; '''UPS''') adalah parangkek [[listrik]] nan biasonyo manggunoan [[baterai listrik|baterai]] untuak cadangan sabagai sumber dayo alternati...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3332" xml:space="preserve">{{double image|right|UPSFrontView.jpg|176|UPSRearView.jpg|134|Tampilan muko (kidagh) dan balakang (suok) sabuah UPS ketek.}}
[[File:500kVA-UPS.jpg|right|thumb|UPS skala [[Paloden (komputer)|pusek data]] bosegh sodang dipasang dek [[tukang listrik]].]]
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[bahaso Inggirih]]: '''''uninterruptible power supply'''''; '''UPS''') adalah parangkek [[listrik]] nan biasonyo manggunoan [[baterai listrik|baterai]] untuak cadangan sabagai sumber dayo alternatif, bilo pamadaman supayo dapek maàgiah suplai dayo nan indak taganggu untuak [[elektronik|parangkek elektronik]] nan tapasang. UPS marupokan sistem panyedio [[dayo listrik]] nan sangek pantiang dan diparolukan sakaligus dijadikan sabagai benteng dari kagagalan dayo saroto karusakan sistem kalistrikan (korseleting) dan parangkek nan tahubuang liatrik. UPS akan manjadi sistem nan sangek pantiang dan sangek diparolukan pado banyak parusahaan panyadia jaso [[telekomunikasi]], [[Paloden (komputer)|jaso informasi]], [[panyadia jaso Internet|panyadia jaso internet]] dan banyak lagi. Dapek dibayangkan barapo bosegh karugian nan timbul akibat kagagalan [[dayo listrik]] jiko sistem tasabuik indak dilinduangi dangan UPS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6910#tabs_ElecStorage-5 |title=Electricity storage: Location, location, location … and cost – Battery storage for transmission support in Alaska |publisher=Energy Information Administration (EIA) |work=eia.gov |year=2012 |access-date=July 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{commons category-inline|Uninterruptible power supply|suplai dayo lapeh gangguan}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.plantengineering.com/article/186039-UPS_on_the_front_line.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109032733/http://www.plantengineering.com/article/186039-UPS_on_the_front_line.php |archivedate=2009-11-09 |title=UPS on the front line |publisher=Plant Engineering |date=February 2007 |author=Scott Siddens |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Cottuli |first=Carol |title=Comparison of Static and Rotary UPS |year=2011 |url=http://www.apcmedia.com/salestools/DBOY-78KRZE/DBOY-78KRZE_R2_EN.pdf |publisher=Schneider Electric |id=White Paper 92 rev. 2 |accessdate=April 7, 2012 |doi= |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Rasmussen |first=Neil |title=The Different Types of UPS Systems |year=2011 |url=http://www.apcmedia.com/salestools/SADE-5TNM3Y/SADE-5TNM3Y_R7_EN.pdf?sdirect=true |publisher=Schneider Electric |id=White Paper 1 rev. 7 |accessdate=April 7, 2012 |doi= |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=VanDee |first=Dawn |title=Rounding Up Rotary UPS Features |date=March 1, 1999 |journal=EC&amp;M |publisher=Penton Business Media |url=http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_rounding_rotary_ups/ |accessdate=April 7, 2012 |doi= |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://pqlit.eaton.com/ll_download_bylitcode.asp?doc_id=21590 |title=UPS Basics |publisher=Eaton Corporation |year=2012 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}
* {{citation |url=http://novaelectric.com/information/application-notes/the-different-type-of-ups-systems-available |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530053241/http://novaelectric.com/information/application-notes/the-different-type-of-ups-systems-available/|archivedate=2015-05-30|url-status=dead |title=The Different Type of UPS Systems Available |ref=none}}</text>
      <sha1>1y75t83f0unu1vcuh0adk3u3oe42cqg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Double image</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443091</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T13:08:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{#switch: {{{1|}}} &lt;!-- first parameter inserts a &lt;div&gt; with a left, right or central float --&gt; | left = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot;&gt; | right = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt; | center|centre = &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tnone&quot;&gt; | #default = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt; }}&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width:{{#expr: {{{3|0}}} + {{{5|0}}} + 8}}px;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- calculate width based on image widths +8px --&gt; {| style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1637" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch: {{{1|}}} &lt;!-- first parameter inserts a &lt;div&gt; with a left, right or central float --&gt;
| left = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot;&gt;
| right = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;
| center|centre = &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tnone&quot;&gt;
| #default = &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;
}}&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width:{{#expr: {{{3|0}}} + {{{5|0}}} + 8}}px;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- calculate width based on image widths +8px --&gt;
{| style=&quot;background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:{{#expr: {{{3|0}}} + {{{5|0}}} + 4}}px;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; | [[Berkas:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}px|{{{6|}}}]]  &lt;!-- image 1 --&gt;
| style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px&quot; | 
| style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; | [[Berkas:{{{4}}}|{{{5}}}px|{{{6|}}}]]  &lt;!-- image 2 --&gt;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
{{#if: {{{7|}}} |    &lt;!-- two captions if the seventh param (caption for title two) is specified --&gt;
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;&quot; {{!}} &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;{{{6|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;&quot; {{!}}
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;&quot; {{!}} &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;{{{7|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|   &lt;!-- otherwise just have one caption underneath both images --&gt;
{{!}} style=&quot;padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{!}} &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;{{{6|}}}&lt;/div&gt;
}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
{{#switch: {{{1|}}} &lt;!-- as central image float needs two divs, need to close two for center and only one for left/right --&gt;
| center|centre = &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Kategori:Templat bantuan gambar]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gx6ebkxzc8xqznzahxyfg90boy3mbb7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ekskavator</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443092</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T14:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;[[Berkas:Kettenbagger CAT 325C LN.jpeg|jmpl|ka|tipikal ekskavator modern :&lt;br/&gt; CAT 325C]] [[Berkas:Excavator mechanism.gif|thumb|Prinsip ekskavator hidrolik.]] '''Ekskavator''' atau '''masin pangaruk''' adolah [[alaik barek]] nan tadiri dari [[backhoe|batang]], tungkek, [[karanjang]] dan ruang kandali&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Use Powerful Excavator Building Tamiami Trail|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2456&amp;dat=19160915&amp;id=NdxWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=IUMNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2087" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Kettenbagger CAT 325C LN.jpeg|jmpl|ka|tipikal ekskavator modern :&lt;br/&gt; CAT 325C]]
[[Berkas:Excavator mechanism.gif|thumb|Prinsip ekskavator hidrolik.]]
'''Ekskavator''' atau '''masin pangaruk''' adolah [[alaik barek]] nan tadiri dari [[backhoe|batang]], tungkek, [[karanjang]] dan ruang kandali&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Use Powerful Excavator Building Tamiami Trail|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2456&amp;dat=19160915&amp;id=NdxWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=IUMNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3734,2088410|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=The Weekly Miami Metropolis|date=September 15, 1916}}&lt;/ref&gt; dalam sabuah wahano putar dan paguno untuak panggalian (akskavasi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Iskandar|first=Akil Ade|title=SITUS TEKNIK SIPIL: Excavator|url=https://www.situstekniksipil.com/2017/11/excavator.html|website=SITUS TEKNIK SIPIL|language=id|access-date=2020-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.kamusbesar.com/9879/ekskavator&lt;/ref&gt; Ruang kandali dilotakan di ateh kareta dan dibawahnyo ado [[roda rantai]] atau [[roda]]. Ekskavator kabel paguno [[kerekan]] dan [[tali kawat|tali baja]] untuak bagarak. Ekskavator kabel adolah pakombangan alami dari panggaruk sekop uap dan salalu disabuik ''power shovel''. Sadonyo gorakan dan guno dari ekskavator hidraulis manggunoan aksi caiaran hidrolik, dangan [[silinder hidraulik]] dan [[motor hidraulik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Industrial Expe ..Lasso Gives More Power To The Hy-Mac Elbow|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&amp;dat=19620609&amp;id=QOA9AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=QkgMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3615,1603500|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=June 9, 1962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basobok pangaktifan sacaro linear dek silinder hidraulis, mako mode operasinyo babedo dangan ekskavator kabel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=First Wind Farm In Nh To Begin Operation|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&amp;dat=20060109&amp;id=SsA8AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=Ey4MAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1480,1690624|access-date=29 December 2013|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|date=Jan 9, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline|Excavators|Ekskavator}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>dn7odh6bi6zfq2hkhq49755dg0yhqrm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Teknik-stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386402</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Tekno-stub" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443093</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T15:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Tekno-stub]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Templat:Tekno-stub]]{{A stub}}</text>
      <sha1>9fahkvrp4ayk4q8sqt33ikgt417hivs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:A stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386403</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443094</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T15:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Templat:Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain]]{{A templat}}</text>
      <sha1>nrume5o14r03ut03b1125l6swbtduz8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443095</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T15:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{clear}} ---- Iko adolah [[Wikipedia:Pangalihan|pangalihan]] dari [[Wikipedia:Templat/Rintisan|templat rintisan]] lain. Halaman iko baraliah ka judul templat nan sasuai dengan konvensi panamoan Wikipedia, dan mambantu dalam hal panulisan, pancarian, saroto masalah-masalah antar bahaso nan babedo.   Halaman nan takaik ka pangalihan-pangalihan iko dapek dimutakhirkan dangan mangganti ka pranala nan lain, namun jaàn mangganti pranala-pranala nan dialiahkan iko dengan...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1038" xml:space="preserve">{{clear}}
----
Iko adolah [[Wikipedia:Pangalihan|pangalihan]] dari [[Wikipedia:Templat/Rintisan|templat rintisan]] lain. Halaman iko baraliah ka judul templat nan sasuai dengan konvensi panamoan Wikipedia, dan mambantu dalam hal panulisan, pancarian, saroto masalah-masalah antar bahaso nan babedo. 

Halaman nan takaik ka pangalihan-pangalihan iko dapek dimutakhirkan dangan mangganti ka pranala nan lain, namun jaàn mangganti pranala-pranala nan dialiahkan iko dengan pranala bapipa (|) kacuali jiko halaman iko dimutakhirkan dangan alasan nan lain.

Untuak informasi labiah lanjuil, caliak pulo {{kt|Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain}}.&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{{category|{{{kategori|{{{kat|[[Kategori:Pangalihan dari templat rintisan lain]]
[[Kategori:Pangalihan tak layak cetak]]
[[Kategori:Sadonyo halaman pangalihan]]}}}}}}}}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

Alias:
*{{tl|A stub}}
*{{tl|Aliah dari stub}}
&lt;!-- *{{tl|R from other stub}} --&gt;

[[Kategori:Templat pangalihan|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;!-- 
[[en:Template:R from other stub]] --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tji15j0gm7efoxit1y8yg7bingo9p9s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Masin panggilas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443096</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T15:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.255</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;[[File:Kemna Bau Pinneberg Fahrzeug.jpg|alt=|thumb|Masin panggilas antik banamo &quot;Kemna&quot;.{{br}} [[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Special:Search/Category:Road rollers|Media: Masin panggilas]]]] '''Masin panggilas / Tendem Roller / Double Drum Roller / Pneumatic Roller''' adolah jinih [[kandaraan]] [[alaik barek|kontruksi barek]] tipe ''kompaktor'' nan digunakan untuak maratoan [[tanah]], [[karikil]], [[aspal beton]] atau [[aspal]] dalam pamba...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="684" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kemna Bau Pinneberg Fahrzeug.jpg|alt=|thumb|Masin panggilas antik banamo &quot;Kemna&quot;.{{br}}
[[Berkas:Commons-logo.svg|al=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[c:Special:Search/Category:Road rollers|Media: Masin panggilas]]]]
'''Masin panggilas / Tendem Roller / Double Drum Roller / Pneumatic Roller''' adolah jinih [[kandaraan]] [[alaik barek|kontruksi barek]] tipe ''kompaktor'' nan digunakan untuak maratoan [[tanah]], [[karikil]], [[aspal beton]] atau [[aspal]] dalam pambangunan jalan dan pondasi bangunan. Namun ado juo nan paguno dalam kagiatan [[partanian]]. Di baberapo daerah di Indonesia, masin iko punyo banyak panggilan, antaro lain '''belong''' dan '''stum'''.

{{teknik-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>2r5705tpzivtt5idbfx6li97ate9f3h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Infobox tungsten</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386406</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Kotak info wolfram" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443097</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T16:43:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.19</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Kotak info wolfram]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH[[Templat:Kotak info wolfram]]</text>
      <sha1>fmdd5py58dzzufowp2qc2bb9mzw0dv2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Kotak info wolfram</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443098</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T16:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.19</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{Elementbox |number=74  |symbol=W  |name=wolfram |pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|ŋ|s|t|ən}}; &lt;br&gt; alternatif, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʊ|l|f|r|əm}} {{Respell|WOOL|frəm}} |left=[[tantalum]]  |right=[[renium]]  |above=[[molibdenum|Mo]]  |below=[[seaborgium|Sg]]  |series= logam transisi  |group=6  |period=6  |block=d  |image name=Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg |appearance=putiah kaabu-abuan  |atomic mass= 183,84  |electron configuration= &amp;#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&amp;#93;...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3109" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementbox
|number=74 
|symbol=W 
|name=wolfram
|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|ŋ|s|t|ən}}; &lt;br&gt; alternatif, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʊ|l|f|r|əm}} {{Respell|WOOL|frəm}}
|left=[[tantalum]] 
|right=[[renium]] 
|above=[[molibdenum|Mo]] 
|below=[[seaborgium|Sg]] 
|series= logam transisi 
|group=6 
|period=6 
|block=d 
|image name=Wolfram_evaporated_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg
|appearance=putiah kaabu-abuan 
|atomic mass= 183,84 
|electron configuration= &amp;#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&amp;#93; 4f&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; 5d&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; 6s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-02/951518136.Ch.r.html|title=Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?|accessdate=2008-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 
|phase= solid 
|density gpcm3nrt= 19,25 
|density gpcm3mp= 17,6 
|melting point K=3.695 
|melting point C=3.422 
|melting point F=6.192 
|boiling point K=5.828 
|boiling point C=5.555 
|boiling point F=10.031 
|critical point K=13.892 
|critical point C=13.620 
|critical point F=24.800 
|critical point MPa=
|heat fusion= 35,3 
|heat vaporization= 806,7 
|heat capacity= 24,27 
|vapor pressure 1= 3.477 
|vapor pressure 10= 3.773 
|vapor pressure 100= 4.137 
|vapor pressure 1 k= 4.579 
|vapor pressure 10 k= 5.127 
|vapor pressure 100 k= 5.823 
|vapor pressure comment= 
|crystal structure=body-centered cubic 
|oxidation states= '''6''', 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, -2&lt;br /&gt;(saketek oksida [[asam]]) 
|electronegativity= 2,36 
|number of ionization energies=2 
|1st ionization energy= 770 
|2nd ionization energy= 1700 
|atomic radius= 139 
|covalent radius= 162±7 
|magnetic ordering= [[paramagnetik]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. &lt;/ref&gt;
|electrical resistivity at 20= 52,8 n
|thermal conductivity= 173 
|thermal expansion at 25= 4,5 
|speed of sound rod at r.t.= | (annealed) 4290 
|Young's modulus= 411 
|Shear modulus= 161 
|Bulk modulus= 310 
|Poisson ratio= 0,28 
|Mohs hardness= 7,5 
|Vickers hardness= 3.430 
|Brinell hardness= 2.570 
|CAS number= 7440-33-7 
|isotopes=
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=180 | sym=W
 | na=0.12% | hl=1,8{{e|18}} thn
 | dm=[[peluruhan alfa|α]] | de=2,516 | pn=176 | ps=[[hafnium|Hf]]}} 
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=181 | sym=W
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=121,2 [[hari|h]]
 | dm=[[penangkapan elektron|ε]] | de=0,188 | pn=181 | ps=[[tantalum|Ta]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=182 | sym=W | na=26,50% | n=108}} 
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=183 | sym=W | na=14,31% | n=109}} 
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=184 | sym=W | na=30,64% | n=110}} 
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=185 | sym=W
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=75,1 [[hari|h]]
 | dm=[[emisi beta|β]]&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; | de=0,433 | pn=185 | ps=[[renium|Re]]}} 
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=186 | sym=W | na=28,43% | n=112}} 
|isotopes comment=
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Template reference list}}
[[Kategori:Templat kotak info tabel periodik|W]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g48rmispc6x8n72zujzayvnkh2715kp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Kotak info osmium</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386408</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443100</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-19T16:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.2.171.19</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{Elementbox |number=76 |symbol=Os |name=osmium |pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|z|m|i|əm}} {{respell|OZ|mee-əm}} |left=[[renium]] |right=[[iridium]] |above=[[rutenium|Ru]] |below=[[hasium|Hs]] |series=logam transisi |group=8 |period=6 |block=d |image name=Osmium crystals.jpg |appearance=padatan biru/silver |atomic mass= 190.23 |electron configuration= &amp;#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&amp;#93; 4f&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; 5d&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; 6s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; |electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 |phase=...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3364" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementbox
|number=76
|symbol=Os
|name=osmium
|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|z|m|i|əm}} {{respell|OZ|mee-əm}}
|left=[[renium]]
|right=[[iridium]]
|above=[[rutenium|Ru]]
|below=[[hasium|Hs]]
|series=logam transisi
|group=8
|period=6
|block=d
|image name=Osmium crystals.jpg
|appearance=padatan biru/silver
|atomic mass= 190.23
|electron configuration= &amp;#91;[[xenon|Xe]]&amp;#93; 4f&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; 5d&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; 6s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2
|phase= solid
|density gpcm3nrt= 22.59
|density gpcm3mp= 20
|melting point K=3306
|melting point C=3033
|melting point F=5491
|boiling point K=5285
|boiling point C=5012
|boiling point F=9054
|heat fusion= 57.85
|heat vaporization= 738
|heat capacity= 24.7
|vapor pressure 1= 3160
|vapor pressure 10= 3423
|vapor pressure 100= 3751
|vapor pressure 1 k= 4148
|vapor pressure 10 k= 4638
|vapor pressure 100 k= 5256
|vapor pressure comment= 
|crystal structure= hexagonal
|oxidation states= 8, 7, 6, 5, '''4''', 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2&lt;br /&gt;(saketek oksida [[asam]])
|electronegativity= 2.2
|number of ionization energies=2
|1st ionization energy= 840
|2nd ionization energy= 1600
|atomic radius= 135
|covalent radius= 144±4
|magnetic ordering= [[paramagnetik]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. &lt;/ref&gt;
|electrical resistivity at 0= 81.2 n
|thermal conductivity= 87.6
|thermal expansion at 25= 5.1
|speed of sound rod at 20= 4940
|Shear modulus= 222
|Poisson ratio= 0.25
|Bulk modulus= 462
|Mohs hardness= 7.0
|Brinell hardness= 3920
|CAS number= 7440-04-2
|isotopes=
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=184 | sym=Os
 | na=0.02% | hl=&gt;5.6×10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; [[tahun|thn]]&lt;br/&gt;(not observed)
 | dm=[[penangkapan elektron ganda|εε]] | de=1.452 | pn=184 | ps=[[tungsten|W]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=185 | sym=Os
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=93.6 d | dm=[[penangkapan elektron|ε]] | de=1.013 | pn=185 | ps=[[renium|Re]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=186 | sym=Os
 | na=1.59% | hl=2.0×10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; [[tahun|thn]]
 | dm=[[peluruhan alfa|α]] | de=2.822 | pn=182 | ps=[[tungsten|W]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=187 | sym=Os | na=1.96% | n=111}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=188 | sym=Os | na=13.24% | n=112}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=189 | sym=Os | na=16.15% | n=113 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=190 | sym=Os | na=26.26% | n=114 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=191 | sym=Os
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=15.4 d
 | dm=[[emisi beta|β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] | de=0.314 | pn=191 | ps=[[iridium|Ir]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=192 | sym=Os
 | na=40.78% | hl=&gt;9.8×10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; [[v]]&lt;br/&gt;(not observed)
 | dm=[[peluruhan beta ganda|β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] | de=0.414 | pn=192 | ps=[[platinum|Pt]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=193 | sym=Os
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=30.11 d
 | dm=[[emisi beta|β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] | de=1.141 | pn=193 | ps=[[iridium|Ir]]}}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=194 | sym=Os
 | na=[[radioisotop sintetik|syn]] | hl=6 y
 | dm=[[v|β&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;]] | de=0.097 | pn=194 | ps=[[iridium|Ir]]}}
|isotopes comment=
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Kategori:Templat kotak info tabel periodik|Osmium]]
{{Template reference list}}

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>163pfod67hs0cjfyq8i5a75kd74q6p6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Emerging technologies</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386409</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443106</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T04:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{Navbox | name      = Emerging technologies | state     = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} | title     = [[Teknologi hipotetis]]  | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle = text-align: center;  | group1 = Fields | list1  = {{#if:{{{ag&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{architect&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{biomed&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{displays&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{electronics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{energy&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12458" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name      = Emerging technologies
| state     = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| title     = [[Teknologi hipotetis]] 
| bodyclass = hlist
| basestyle = text-align: center;

| group1 = Fields
| list1  = {{#if:{{{ag&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{architect&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{biomed&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{displays&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{electronics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{energy&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{infocom&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{manufacture&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{materials&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{military&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{neuro&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{quantum&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{robotics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{space&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{transport&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{other&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = text-align: center;

| group1 = [[Partanian]]
| list1  = {{#if:{{{ag&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Agricultural robot]]
* [[Cellular agriculture]]
* [[Closed ecological system]]s
* [[Cultured meat]]
* [[Genetically modified food]]
* [[Precision agriculture]]
* [[Vertical farming]]
}}

| group2 = [[Arsitektur]]
| list2  = {{#if:{{{architect&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Percetakan 3D]]
* [[Arcology]]
* [[Construction 3D printing|Building printing]]
** [[Contour crafting]]
* [[Domed city]]
}}

| group3 = [[Teknologi biomedis|Biomedis]]  
| list3  = {{#if:{{{biomed&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Artificial womb|Artificial uterus]]
* [[Ampakine]]
* [[Brain transplant]]
* [[De-extinction]]
* [[Genetic engineering]]
** [[Gene therapy]]
* [[Head transplant]]
* [[Isolated brain]]
* [[Life extension]]
** [[Strategies for engineered negligible senescence]]
* [[Nanomedicine]]
* [[Nanosensor]]s
* [[Organ printing]]
* [[Personalized medicine]]
* [[Regenerative medicine]]
** [[Stem-cell therapy]]
** [[Tissue engineering]]
* [[Robot-assisted surgery]]
* [[Synthetic biology]]
** [[Synthetic genomics]]
* [[Virotherapy]]
** [[Oncolytic virus]]
* [[Medical tricorder|Tricorder]]
* [[Whole genome sequencing]]
}}

| group4 = Resolusi layar 
| list4  = {{#if:{{{displays&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child

  | group1 = [[Tampilan layar datar|Next generation]]
  | list1  =
* [[Field-emission display|FED]]
* [[Ferroelectric liquid crystal display|FLCD]]
* [[Interferometric modulator display|iMoD]]
* [[Laser TV|Laser]]
* [[Laser-powered phosphor display|LPD]]
* [[OLED]]
* [[Organic light-emitting transistor|OLET]]
* [[Quantum dot display|QD-LED]]
* [[Surface-conduction electron-emitter display|SED]]
* [[Telescopic pixel display|TPD]]
* [[Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology|TDEL]]
* [[Time-multiplexed optical shutter|TMOS]]
* [[MicroLED]]

  | group2 = [[Proyektor LCD|Proyektor]]
  | list2 = 
* [[Bionic contact lens]]
* [[Head-mounted display]]
* [[Head-up display]]
* [[Optical head-mounted display]]
* [[Virtual retinal display]]

  | group3 = lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* [[Autostereoscopy]]
* [[Flexible display]]
* [[Holographic display]]
** [[Computer-generated holography]]
* [[Multi-primary color display]]
* [[Ultra-high-definition television|Ultra HD]]
* [[Volumetric display]]
}}
}}

| group5 = Elektronik
| list5  = {{#if:{{{electronics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Electronic nose]]
* [[E-textiles]]
* [[Flexible electronics]]
* [[Molecular electronics]]
* [[Nanoelectromechanical systems]]
* [[Memristor]]
* [[Spintronics]]
* [[Thermal copper pillar bump]]
* [[Twistronics]]
}}

| group6 = Energi
| list6  = {{#if:{{{energy&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = Produksi
  | list1  =
* [[Airborne wind turbine]]
* [[Artificial photosynthesis]]
* [[Biofuel]]s
* [[Carbon-neutral fuel]]
* [[Concentrated solar power]]
* [[Fusion power]]
* [[Home fuel cell]]
* [[Hydrogen economy]]
* [[Methanol economy]]
* [[Molten salt reactor]]
* [[Optical rectenna|Nantenna]]
* [[Photovoltaic pavement]]
* [[Space-based solar power]]
* [[Vortex engine]]

  | group2 = [[Panyimpanan energi|Panyimpanan]]
  | list2 = 
* [[Lithium iron phosphate battery|Beltway battery]]
* [[Compressed-air energy storage]]
* [[Flywheel energy storage]]
* [[Grid energy storage]]
* [[Lithium–air battery]]
* [[Molten-salt battery]]
* [[Nanowire battery]]
* [[Research in lithium-ion batteries]]
* [[Silicon–air battery]]
* [[Thermal energy storage]]
* [[Supercapacitor|Ultracapacitor]]

  | group3 = Lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* [[Smart grid]]
* [[Wireless power transfer|Wireless power]]
* [[Alternative fuel vehicle]]
* [[Hybrid electric vehicle]]
* [[Battery electric vehicle]]
}}
}}

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Teknologi informasi komunikasi|Information and&lt;br/&gt;communications]]}}
| list7  = {{#if:{{{infocom&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Ambient intelligence]]
** [[Internet of things]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
** [[Applications of artificial intelligence]]
** [[Progress in artificial intelligence]]
** [[Machine translation]]
** [[Mobile translation]]
** [[Machine vision]]
** [[Semantic Web]]
** [[Speech recognition]]
* [[Atomtronics]]
* [[Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor]]
* [[Cybermethodology]]
* [[Optical_disc#Fourth-generation|Fourth-generation optical discs]]
** [[3D optical data storage]]
** [[Holographic data storage]]
* [[General-purpose computing on graphics processing units|GPGPU]]
* Memory
** [[Programmable metallization cell|CBRAM]]
** [[Ferroelectric RAM|FRAM]]
** [[Millipede memory|Millipede]]
** [[Magnetoresistive RAM|MRAM]]
** [[Nano-RAM|NRAM]]
** [[Phase-change memory|PRAM]]
** [[Racetrack memory]]
** [[Resistive random-access memory|RRAM]]
** [[SONOS]]
** [[Electrochemical RAM|ECRAM]]
** [[UltraRAM]] 
* [[Optical computing]]
* [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]]
** [[Chipless RFID]]
* [[Software-defined radio]]
* [[Three-dimensional integrated circuit]] 
}}

| group8 = Manufaktur
| list8  = {{#if:{{{manufacture&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[3D microfabrication]]
* [[3D printing]]
* [[3D publishing]]
* [[Claytronics]]
* [[Molecular assembler]]
* [[Utility fog]]
}}

| group9 = [[Teknik material]]
| list9  = {{#if:{{{materials&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Aerogel]]
* [[Amorphous metal]]
* [[Artificial muscle]]
* [[Conductive polymer]]
* [[Femtotechnology]]
* [[Fullerene]]
* [[Graphene]]
* [[High-temperature superconductivity]]
* [[Superfluidity|High-temperature superfluidity]]
* [[Linear acetylenic carbon]]
* [[Metamaterial]]s
** [[Metamaterial cloaking]]
* [[Metal foam]]
* [[Multi-function structure]]s
* [[Nanotechnology]]
** [[Carbon nanotube]]s
** [[Molecular nanotechnology]]
** [[Nanomaterials]]
* [[Picotechnology]]
* [[Programmable matter]]
* [[Quantum dot]]s
* [[Silicene]]
* [[Synthetic diamond]]
}}

| group10 = [[Teknologi militer|Military]]
| list10  = {{#if:{{{military&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Antimatter weapon]]
* [[Caseless ammunition]]
* [[Directed-energy weapon]]
** [[Laser]]
** [[Maser]]
** [[Particle-beam weapon]]
** [[Sonic weapon]]
* [[Coilgun]]
* [[Railgun]]
* [[Plasma weapon]]
* [[Pure fusion weapon]]
* [[Stealth technology]] 
* [[Vortex ring gun]]
}}

| group11 = [[Ilmu saraf]]
| list11  = {{#if:{{{neuro&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Artificial brain]]
* [[Brain–computer interface]]
* [[Electroencephalography]]
* [[Mind uploading]]
** [[Brain-reading]]
** [[Neuroinformatics]]
* [[Neuroprosthetics]]
** [[Visual prosthesis|Bionic eye]]
** [[Brain implant]]
** [[Brain–computer interface|Exocortex]]
** [[Retinal implant]]
* [[Neurotechnology]]
}}

| group12 = [[Mekanika kuantum|Quantum]]
| list12  = {{#if:{{{quantum&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Quantum algorithm|algorithms]]
* [[Quantum amplifier|amplifier]]
* [[Quantum bus|bus]]
* [[Quantum cellular automaton|cellular automata]]
* [[Quantum channel|channel]]
* [[Quantum circuit|circuit]]
* [[Quantum complexity theory|complexity theory]]
* [[Quantum computing|computing]]
* [[Quantum clock|clock]]
* [[Quantum cryptography|cryptography]]
** [[Post-quantum cryptography|post-quantum]]
* [[Quantum dynamics|dynamics]]
* [[Quantum electronics|electronics]]
* [[Quantum error correction|error correction]]
* [[Quantum finite automaton|finite automata]]
* [[Quantum image processing|image processing]]
* [[Quantum imaging|imaging]]
* [[Quantum information|information]]
* [[Quantum key distribution|key distribution]]
* [[Quantum logic|logic]]
* [[Quantum logic gate|logic gates]]
* [[Quantum machine|machine]]
* [[Quantum machine learning|machine learning]]
* [[Quantum metamaterial|metamaterial]]
* [[Quantum network|network]]
* [[Quantum neural network|neural network]]
* [[Quantum optics|optics]]
* [[Quantum programming|programming]]
* [[Quantum sensor|sensing]]
* [[Quantum simulator|simulator]]
* [[Quantum teleportation|teleportation]]
}}

| group13 = [[Robotika]]
| list13  = {{#if:{{{robotics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Home automation|Domotics]]
* [[Nanorobotics]]
* [[Powered exoskeleton]]
* [[Self-reconfiguring modular robot]]
* [[Swarm robotics]]
* [[Uncrewed vehicle]]
}}

| group14 = [[Teknologi antariksa|Space science]]
| list14  = {{#if:{{{space&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = [[Space launch|Launch]]
  | list1  =
* [[Fusion rocket]]
* [[Non-rocket spacelaunch]]
** [[Mass driver]]
** [[Orbital ring]]
** [[Skyhook (structure)|Skyhook]]
** [[Space elevator]]
** [[Space fountain]]
** [[Space tether]]
* [[Reusable launch system]]

  | group2 = [[Propulsi wahana antariksa|Propulsion]]
  | list2 = 
* [[Beam-powered propulsion]]
* [[Ion thruster]]
* [[Laser propulsion]]
* [[Plasma propulsion engine]]
** [[Helicon double-layer thruster|Helicon thruster]]
** [[Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket|VASIMR]]
* [[Nuclear pulse propulsion]]
* [[Solar sail]]

  | group3 = Lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* [[Interstellar travel]]
* [[Propellant depot]]
* [[Laser communication in space]]
}}
}}

| group15 = [[Perencanaan transportasi|Transportasi]]
| list15  = {{#if:{{{transport&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = [[Aviasi|Panabangan]]
  | list1  =
* [[Adaptive compliant wing]]
* [[Backpack helicopter]]
* [[Delivery drone]]
* [[Flying car|Flying car]]
* [[High-altitude platform station|High-altitude platform]]
* [[Jet pack]]
* [[Pulse detonation engine]]
* [[Scramjet]]
* [[Spaceplane]]
* [[Supersonic transport]]

  | group2 = [[Transportasi jalan|Darek]]
  | list2 = 
* [[Airless tire]]
* [[Alternative fuel vehicle]]
** [[Hydrogen vehicle]]
* [[Self-driving car|Driverless car]]
* [[Ground effect train]]
* [[Hyperloop]] / [[Vactrain]] 
* [[Maglev|Maglev train]]
* [[Personal rapid transit]]
* [[Platoon (automobile)|Platoon]]
* [[Transit Elevated Bus|Transit Elevated Bus]]
* [[Vehicular communication systems]]

  | group3 = [[Parancanaan transportasi|Rancano]]
  | list3 =  
* [[Pneumatic tube|Pneumatic transport]]
** [[Automated vacuum collection]]
}}
}}

| group16 = Lainnyo
| list16  = {{#if:{{{other&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Anti-gravity]]
* [[Acoustic levitation]]
* [[Cloak of invisibility]]
* [[Digital scent technology]]
* [[Force field (technology)|Force field]]
** [[Plasma window]]
* [[Immersion (virtual reality)|Immersive virtual reality]]
* [[Magnetic refrigeration]]
* [[Phased-array optics]]
* [[Thermoacoustic heat engine]]
}}
}}
}}
| group2 = Topik
| list2  = {{#if:{{{topics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* [[Collingridge dilemma]]
* [[Differential technological development]]
* [[Disruptive innovation]]
* [[Ephemeralization]]
* [[Ethics of technology|Ethics]]
** [[Bioethics]]
** [[Cyberethics]]
** [[Neuroethics]]
** [[Robot ethics]]
* [[Exploratory engineering]]
* [[Fictional technology]]
* [[Proactionary principle]]
* [[Technological change]]
** [[Technological unemployment]]
* [[Technological convergence]]
* [[Technological evolution]]
* [[Technological paradigm]]
* [[Technology forecasting]]
** [[Accelerating change]]
** [[Horizon scanning]]
** [[Moore's law]]
** [[Technological singularity]]
** [[Technology scouting]]
* [[Technology readiness level]]
* [[Technology roadmap]]
* [[Transhumanism]]
}}

| below = 
* {{icon|category}} '''[[:Category:Emerging technologies|Category]]'''
* {{icon|list}} '''[[List of emerging technologies|List]]'''
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iq3byot9veaa6zvtbwr4tflz83vqxsc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443112</id>
      <parentid>2443106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T04:48:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11234" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name      = Emerging technologies
| state     = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| title     = [[Teknologi hipotetis]] 
| bodyclass = hlist
| basestyle = text-align: center;

| group1 = Fields
| list1  = {{#if:{{{ag&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{architect&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{biomed&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{displays&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{electronics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{energy&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{infocom&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{manufacture&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{materials&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{military&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{neuro&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{quantum&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{robotics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{space&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{transport&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}{{{other&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = text-align: center;

| group1 = [[Partanian]]
| list1  = {{#if:{{{ag&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Agricultural robot
* Cellular agriculture
* Closed ecological systems
* Cultured meat
* Genetically modified food
* Precision agriculture
* Vertical farming
}}

| group2 = [[Arsitektur]]
| list2  = {{#if:{{{architect&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Percetakan 3D
* Arcology
* Construction 3D printing
** Contour crafting
* Domed city
}}

| group3 = [[Teknologi biomedis|Biomedis]]  
| list3  = {{#if:{{{biomed&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Artificial womb/Artificial uterus
* Ampakine
* Brain transplant
* De-extinction
* Genetic engineering
** Gene therapy
* Head transplant
* Isolated brain
* Life extension
** Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
* Nanomedicine
* Nanosensors
* Organ printing
* Personalized medicine
* Regenerative medicine
** Stem-cell therapy
** Tissue engineering
* Robot-assisted surgery
* Synthetic biology
** Synthetic genomics
* Virotherapy
** Oncolytic virus
* Medical tricorder/Tricorder
* Whole genome sequencing
}}

| group4 = Resolusi layar 
| list4  = {{#if:{{{displays&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child

  | group1 = [[Tampilan layar datar|Next generation]]
  | list1  =
* Field-emission display/FED
* Ferroelectric liquid crystal display/FLCD
* Interferometric modulator display/iMoD
* Laser TV/Laser
* Laser-powered phosphor display/LPD
* OLED
* Organic light-emitting transistor/OLET
* Quantum dot display/QD-LED
* Surface-conduction electron-emitter display/SED
* Telescopic pixel display/TPD
* Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology/TDEL
* Time-multiplexed optical shutter/TMOS
* MicroLED

  | group2 = Proyektor LCD/Proyektor
  | list2 = 
* Bionic contact lens
* Head-mounted display
* Head-up display
* Optical head-mounted display
* Virtual retinal display

  | group3 = lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* Autostereoscopy
* Flexible display
* Holographic display
** Computer-generated holography
* Multi-primary color display
* Ultra-high-definition television/Ultra HD
* Volumetric display
}}
}}

| group5 = Elektronik
| list5  = {{#if:{{{electronics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Electronic nose
* E-textiles
* Flexible electronics
* Molecular electronics
* Nanoelectromechanical systems
* Memristor
* Spintronics
* Thermal copper pillar bump
* Twistronics
}}

| group6 = Energi
| list6  = {{#if:{{{energy&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = Produksi
  | list1  =
* Airborne wind turbine
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Biofuels
* Carbon-neutral fuel
* Concentrated solar power
* Fusion power
* Home fuel cell
* Hydrogen economy
* Methanol economy
* Molten salt reactor
* Optical rectenna/Nantenna
* Photovoltaic pavement
* Space-based solar power
* Vortex engine

  | group2 = Panyimpanan energi|Panyimpanan
  | list2 = 
* Lithium iron phosphate battery|Beltway battery
* Compressed-air energy storage
* Flywheel energy storage
* Grid energy storage
* Lithium–air battery
* Molten-salt battery
* Nanowire battery
* Research in lithium-ion batteries
* Silicon–air battery
* Thermal energy storage
* Supercapacitor/Ultracapacitor

  | group3 = Lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* Smart grid
* Wireless power transfer/Wireless power
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hybrid electric vehicle
* Battery electric vehicle
}}
}}

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Teknologi informasi komunikasi|Information and&lt;br/&gt;communications]]}}
| list7  = {{#if:{{{infocom&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Ambient intelligence
** Internet of things
* Artificial intelligence
** Applications of artificial intelligence
** Progress in artificial intelligence
** Machine translation
** Mobile translation
** Machine vision
** Semantic Web
** Speech recognition
* Atomtronics
* Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
* Cybermethodology
* Optical_disc#Fourth-generation/Fourth-generation optical discs
** 3D optical data storage
** Holographic data storage
* General-purpose computing on graphics processing units/GPGPU
* Memory
** Programmable metallization cell/CBRAM
** Ferroelectric RAM/FRAM
** Millipede memory/Millipede
** Magnetoresistive RAM/MRAM
** Nano-RAM/NRAM
** Phase-change memory/PRAM
** Racetrack memory
** Resistive random-access memory/RRAM
** SONOS
** Electrochemical RAM/ECRAM
** UltraRAM 
* Optical computing
* Radio-frequency identification/RFID
** Chipless RFID
* Software-defined radio
* Three-dimensional integrated circuit 
}}

| group8 = Manufaktur
| list8  = {{#if:{{{manufacture&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* 3D microfabrication
* 3D printing
* 3D publishing
* Claytronics
* Molecular assembler
* Utility fog
}}

| group9 = Teknik material
| list9  = {{#if:{{{materials&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Aerogel
* Amorphous metal
* Artificial muscle
* Conductive polymer
* Femtotechnology
* Fullerene
* Graphene
* High-temperature superconductivity
* Superfluidity|High-temperature superfluidity
* Linear acetylenic carbon
* Metamaterials
** Metamaterial cloaking
* Metal foam
* Multi-function structures
* Nanotechnology
** Carbon nanotubes
** Molecular nanotechnology
** Nanomaterials
* Picotechnology
* Programmable matter
* Quantum dot]]s
* Silicene
* Synthetic diamond
}}

| group10 = [[Teknologi militer|Military]]
| list10  = {{#if:{{{military&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Antimatter weapon
* Caseless ammunition
* Directed-energy weapon
** Laser
** Maser
** Particle-beam weapon
** Sonic weapon
* Coilgun
* Railgun
* Plasma weapon
* Pure fusion weapon
* Stealth technology 
* Vortex ring gun
}}

| group11 = [[Ilmu saraf]]
| list11  = {{#if:{{{neuro&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Artificial brain
* Brain–computer interface
* Electroencephalography
* Mind uploading
** Brain-reading
** Neuroinformatics
* Neuroprosthetics
** Visual prosthesis/Bionic eye
** Brain implant
** Brain–computer interface/Exocortex
** Retinal implant
* Neurotechnology
}}

| group12 = [[Mekanika kuantum|Quantum]]
| list12  = {{#if:{{{quantum&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Quantum algorithm/algorithms
* Quantum amplifier/amplifier
* Quantum bus/bus
* Quantum cellular automaton/cellular automata
* Quantum channel/channel
* Quantum circuit/circuit
* Quantum complexity theory/complexity theory
* Quantum computing/computing
* Quantum clock/clock
* Quantum cryptography/cryptography
** Post-quantum cryptography/post-quantum
* Quantum dynamics/dynamics
* Quantum electronics/electronics
* Quantum error correction/error correction
* Quantum finite automaton/finite automata
* Quantum image processing/image processing
* Quantum imaging/imaging
* Quantum information/information
* Quantum key distribution/key distribution
* Quantum logic/logic
* Quantum logic gate/logic gates
* Quantum machine/machine
* Quantum machine learning/machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial/metamaterial
* Quantum network/network
* Quantum neural network/neural network
* Quantum optics/optics
* Quantum programming/programming
* Quantum sensor/sensing
* Quantum simulator/simulator
* Quantum teleportation/teleportation
}}

| group13 = [[Robotika]]
| list13  = {{#if:{{{robotics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Home automation/Domotics
* Nanorobotics
* Powered exoskeleton
* Self-reconfiguring modular robot
* Swarm robotics
* Uncrewed vehicle
}}

| group14 = Teknologi antariksa/Space science
| list14  = {{#if:{{{space&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = [[Kandaraan paluncua antariksa|Paluncua]]
  | list1  =
* Fusion rocket
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
** Mass driver
** Orbital ring
** Skyhook (structure)/Skyhook
** Space elevator
** Space fountain
** Space tether
* Reusable launch system

  | group2 = [[Propulsi wahana antariksa|Propulsion]]
  | list2 = 
* Beam-powered propulsion
* Ion thruster
* Laser propulsion
* Plasma propulsion engine
** Helicon double-layer thruster/Helicon thruster
** Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket/VASIMR
* Nuclear pulse propulsion
* Solar sail

  | group3 = Lainnyo
  | list3 =  
* Interstellar travel
* Propellant depot
* Laser communication in space
}}
}}

| group15 = [[Parancanoan transportasi|Transportasi]]
| list15  = {{#if:{{{transport&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|{{Navbox|child
| groupwidth = 
| groupstyle = text-align: center;
  | group1 = [[Aviasi|Panabangan]]
  | list1  =
* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car/Flying car
* High-altitude platform station/High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

  | group2 = [[Transportasi jalan|Darek]]
  | list2 = 
* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
** Hydrogen vehicle
* Self-driving car/Driverless car
* Ground effect train
* Hyperloop / Vactrain
* Maglev/Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Platoon (automobile)/Platoon
* Transit Elevated Bus/Transit Elevated Bus
* Vehicular communication systems

  | group3 = [[Parancanoan transportasi|Rancano]]
  | list3 =  
* Pneumatic tube/Pneumatic transport
** Automated vacuum collection
}}
}}

| group16 = Lainnyo
| list16  = {{#if:{{{other&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Anti-gravity
* Acoustic levitation
* Cloak of invisibility
* Digital scent technology
* Force field (technology)/Force field
** Plasma window
* Immersion (virtual reality)/Immersive virtual reality
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Phased-array optics
* Thermoacoustic heat engine
}}
}}
}}
| group2 = Topik
| list2  = {{#if:{{{topics&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|
* Collingridge dilemma
* Differential technological development
* Disruptive innovation
* Ephemeralization
* Ethics of technology/Ethics
** Bioethics
** Cyberethics
** Neuroethics
** Robot ethics
* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Proactionary principle
* Technological change
** Technological unemployment
* Technological convergence
* Technological evolution
* Technological paradigm
* Technology forecasting
** Accelerating change
** Horizon scanning
** Moore's law
** Technological singularity
** Technology scouting
* Technology readiness level
* Technology roadmap
* Transhumanism
}}

| below = 
* {{icon|category}} '''[[:Category:Emerging technologies|Category]]'''
* {{icon|list}} '''[[Daftar dari perkembangan teknologi|Daftar]]'''
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2yzcg9hnykv3l1j61xt605qal0ec089</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Sistem paluncua orbital</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386410</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443120</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T06:57:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{Navbox | name = Sistem paluncua orbital | title = [[Roket|Sistem paluncua orbital]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;uncollapsed&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}  | above = * [[Daftar roket paluncua orbital|Daftar sistem paluncua orbital]] | below =  * Simbol &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; mangindikasikan bahwa proyek dibatalkan sabalun atau sakalipun mancapai orbit  | group1 = Baroperasi | list1 = * [[Angara (kaluargo roket)|Angara]] ** Anga...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6135" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Sistem paluncua orbital
| title = [[Roket|Sistem paluncua orbital]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;uncollapsed&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}

| above =
* [[Daftar roket paluncua orbital|Daftar sistem paluncua orbital]]
| below = 
* Simbol &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; mangindikasikan bahwa proyek dibatalkan sabalun atau sakalipun mancapai orbit 
| group1 = Baroperasi
| list1 =
* [[Angara (kaluargo roket)|Angara]]
** Angara A5/A5
* Antares (roket)/Antares 230+
* Ariane 5
* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Electron (roket)/Electron
* Epsilon (roket)/Epsilon
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle/GSLV
** GSLV Mark II/Mk II
** GSLV Mark III/Mk III
* H-IIA
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong 1
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 1/1
** Kuaizhou 1A/1A
* Kaituozhe (kaluargo roket)/Kaituozhe 2
* Long March (kaluargo roket)/Long March
** Long March 2C/2C
** Long March 2D/2D
** Long March 2F/2F
** Long March 3A/3A
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B/E
** Long March 3C/3C
** Long March 4B/4B
** Long March 4C/4C
** Long March 5/5
** Long March 6/6
** Long March 7/7
** Long March 7A/7A
** Long March 11/11
* Minotaur (kaluargo roket)/Minotaur
** Minotaur I/I
** Minotaur IV/IV
** Minotaur V/V
** Minotaur-C/C
* OS-M1
* Pegasus (roket)/Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle/PSLV
* Qased (roket)/Qased
* Safir (roket)/Safir
* Shavit
* Simorgh (roket)/Simorgh
* Soyuz-2 (roket)
** Soyuz 2.1a-&gt;2.1a / STA
** Soyuz-2.1b-&gt;2.1b / STB
** Soyuz-2-1v-&gt;2-1v
* Unha
* Vega (roket)/Vega
* Zenit (kaluargo roket)/Zenit
** Zenit-3SL/3SL
** Zenit-3SLB-&gt;3SLB
** Zenit-3F/3F
* Zhuque-1

| group2 = Dalam pangambangan
| list2 =
* Angara 1.2
* Ariane 6
* Bloostar
* Cyclone-4M
* Eris (roket)/Eris
* Firefly Alpha
* Firefly Beta/Beta
* H3 (roket)/H3
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh (roket)/Irtysh
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 11-&gt;11
** Kuaizhou 21-&gt;21
** Kuaizhou 31-&gt;31
* LauncherOne
* Long March (Kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 8-&gt;8
** Long March 9-&gt;9
* PLD Space!Miura 5-&gt;Miura 5
* New Glenn
* New Line 1
* Nuri (roket)-&gt;Nuri
* OmegA
* OneSpace!OS-M series-&gt;OS-M2
* OneSpace!OS-M series|OS-M4
* Orbex!Prime-&gt;Orbex Prime
* Space Launch System-&gt;SLS
* Soyuz-7 (roket)-&gt;Soyuz-7
* Small Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SSLV
* SpaceX Starship-&gt;Starship
* Terran 1
* Vector-H
* Vector-R
* Vega C
* Vega E
* Vulcan (roket)-&gt;Vulcan
* Zero (roket)-&gt;Zero
* Zhuque-2

| group3 = Pensiun
| list3 =
* Al-Abid (roket)-&gt;Al-Abid
* Antares (roket)-&gt;Antares 110/120/130/230
* Ariane (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Ariane
** Ariane 1-&gt;1
** Ariane 2-&gt;2
** Ariane 3-&gt;3
** Ariane 4-&gt;4
* Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;ASLV
* Athena (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Athena
** Athena I-&gt;I
** Athena II-&gt;II
* Atlas (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Atlas
** SM-65B Atlas-&gt;B
** SM-65D Atlas-&gt;D
** Atlas E/F-&gt;E/F
** Atlas G-&gt;G
** Atlas H-&gt;H
** Atlas I-&gt;I
** Atlas II-&gt;II
** Atlas III-&gt;III
** Atlas LV-3B-&gt;LV-3B
** Atlas SLV-3-&gt;SLV-3
** Atlas-Able-&gt;Able
** Atlas-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Atlas-Centaur-&gt;Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga (roket)-&gt;Conestoga
* Delta (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Delta
** Delta A-&gt;A
** Delta B-&gt;B
** Delta C-&gt;C
** Delta D-&gt;D
** Delta E-&gt;E
** Delta G-&gt;G
** Delta J-&gt;J
** Delta L-&gt;L
** Delta M-&gt;M
** Delta N-&gt;N
** Delta 0100-&gt;0100
** Delta 1000-&gt;1000
** Delta 2000-&gt;2000
** Delta 3000-&gt;3000
** Delta 4000-&gt;4000
** Delta 5000-&gt;5000
** Delta II-&gt;II
** Delta III-&gt;III
** Delta IV-&gt;IV
* Diamant (roket)-&gt;Diamant
* Dnepr (roket)-&gt;Dnepr
* Energia (roket)-&gt;Energia
* Europa (roket)-&gt;Europa
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
** Falcon 9 v1.0-&gt;v1.0
** Falcon 9 v1.1-&gt;v1.1
** Falcon 9 Full Thrust-&gt;v1.2 &quot;Full Thrust&quot;
* Feng Bao 1
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;GSLV
** Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* H-IIB
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Kosmos
** Kosmos-1-&gt;1
** Kosmos-2I-&gt;2I
** Kosmos-3-&gt;3
** Kosmos-3M-&gt;3M
* Lambda 4S
* Long March (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 1-&gt;1
** Long March 1D-&gt;1D&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
** Long March 2A-&gt;2A
** Long March 2E-&gt;2E
** Long March 3-&gt;3
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B
** Long March 4A-&gt;4A
* Mu (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Mu
** M-4S-&gt;4S
** M-3C-&gt;3C
** M-3H-&gt;3H
** M-3S-&gt;3S
** M-3SII-&gt;3SII
** M-V-&gt;V
* N1 (roket)-&gt;N1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* N-I (roket)-&gt;N-I
* N-II (roket)-&gt;N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan (roket)-&gt;Paektusan&lt;!--?--&gt;
* NOTS-EV-1 Pilot-&gt;Pilot&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* R-7 (roket family)-&gt;R-7
** Luna (roket)-&gt;Luna
** Molniya (roket)-&gt;Molniya
*** Molniya-M-&gt;M
*** Molniya-L-&gt;L
** Polyot (roket)-&gt;Polyot
** Soyuz (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Soyuz
*** Soyuz (roket)-&gt;original
*** Soyuz-FG-&gt;FG
*** Soyuz-L-&gt;L
*** Soyuz-M-&gt;M
*** Soyuz-U-&gt;U
*** Soyuz-U2-&gt;U2
** Soyuz/Vostok
** Sputnik (roket)-&gt;Sputnik
** Voskhod (roket)-&gt;Voskhod
** Vostok (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Vostok
*** Vostok-L-&gt;L
*** Vostok-K-&gt;K
*** Vostok-2 (roket)-&gt;2
*** Vostok-2M-&gt;2M&lt;!---Please do not add Redstone; see talkpage---&gt;
* R-29 Vysota-&gt;R-29
** Shtil'&lt;!--?--&gt;
** Volna&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Saturn (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Saturn
** Saturn I-&gt;I
** Saturn IB-&gt;IB
** Saturn V-&gt;V
* Scout (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Scout
* Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SLV
* SPARK (roket)-&gt;SPARK&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Sparta (roket)-&gt;Sparta
* SS-520#SS-520-4-&gt;SS-520
* Start-1&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Thor (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Thor
** Thor-Able-&gt;Able
** Thor-Ablestar-&gt;Ablestar
** Thor-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Thor-Burner-&gt;Burner
** Thor-Delta-&gt;Delta
** Thor DSV-2U-&gt;DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* Titan (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Titan&lt;!---Please do not add Titan I or II; see talkpage---&gt;
** Titan II GLV-&gt;II GLV
** Titan IIIA-&gt;IIIA
** Titan IIIB-&gt;IIIB
** Titan IIIC-&gt;IIIC
** Titan IIID-&gt;IIID
** Titan IIIE-&gt;IIIE
** Titan 34D-&gt;34D
** Titan 23G-&gt;23G
** Commercial Titan III-&gt;CT-3
** Titan IV-&gt;IV
* Tsyklon
** Tsyklon-2-&gt;2
** Tsyklon-3-&gt;3
** Tsyklon-4-&gt;4
* [[Universal Roket]]
* [[Pasawat ulang-alik]]
** Proton (kaluargo roket)-&gt;UR-500 Proton
** Proton-K
** Rokot
** Strela (roket)-&gt;Strela
* Vanguard (roket)-&gt;Vanguard
* VLS-1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Zenit (roket family)-&gt;Zenit
** Zenit-2-&gt;2
** Zenit-2M-&gt;2M

| group4 = Kelas roket
| list4 =
* [[Sounding rocket]]
* [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Medium-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Collapsible option}}
[[Category:Templat navigasi panabangan antariksa]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ix49pe9j07a3v2zh9891ve7f1f0rr64</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443122</id>
      <parentid>2443120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6135" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Sistem paluncua orbital
| title = [[Roket|Sistem paluncua orbital]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;uncollapsed&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}

| above =
* [[Daftar roket paluncua orbital|Daftar sistem paluncua orbital]]
| below = 
* Simbol &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; mangindikasikan bahwa proyek dibatalkan sabalun atau sakalipun mancapai orbit 
| group1 = Baroperasi
| list1 =
* [[Angara (kaluargo roket)|Angara]]
** Angara A5/A5
* Antares (roket)/Antares 230+
* Ariane 5
* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Electron (roket)/Electron
* Epsilon (roket)/Epsilon
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle/GSLV
** GSLV Mark II/Mk II
** GSLV Mark III/Mk III
* H-IIA
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong 1
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 1/1
** Kuaizhou 1A/1A
* Kaituozhe (kaluargo roket)/Kaituozhe 2
* Long March (kaluargo roket)/Long March
** Long March 2C/2C
** Long March 2D/2D
** Long March 2F/2F
** Long March 3A/3A
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B/E
** Long March 3C/3C
** Long March 4B/4B
** Long March 4C/4C
** Long March 5/5
** Long March 6/6
** Long March 7/7
** Long March 7A/7A
** Long March 11/11
* Minotaur (kaluargo roket)/Minotaur
** Minotaur I/I
** Minotaur IV/IV
** Minotaur V/V
** Minotaur-C/C
* OS-M1
* Pegasus (roket)/Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle/PSLV
* Qased (roket)/Qased
* Safir (roket)/Safir
* Shavit
* Simorgh (roket)/Simorgh
* Soyuz-2 (roket)
** Soyuz 2.1a-&gt;2.1a / STA
** Soyuz-2.1b-&gt;2.1b / STB
** Soyuz-2-1v-&gt;2-1v
* Unha
* Vega (roket)/Vega
* Zenit (kaluargo roket)/Zenit
** Zenit-3SL/3SL
** Zenit-3SLB-&gt;3SLB
** Zenit-3F/3F
* Zhuque-1

| group2 = Dalam pangambangan
| list2 =
* Angara 1.2
* Ariane 6
* Bloostar
* Cyclone-4M
* Eris (roket)/Eris
* Firefly Alpha
* Firefly Beta/Beta
* H3 (roket)/H3
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh (roket)/Irtysh
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 11-&gt;11
** Kuaizhou 21-&gt;21
** Kuaizhou 31-&gt;31
* LauncherOne
* Long March (Kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 8-&gt;8
** Long March 9-&gt;9
* PLD Space!Miura 5-&gt;Miura 5
* New Glenn
* New Line 1
* Nuri (roket)-&gt;Nuri
* OmegA
* OneSpace!OS-M series-&gt;OS-M2
* OneSpace!OS-M series|OS-M4
* Orbex!Prime-&gt;Orbex Prime
* Space Launch System-&gt;SLS
* Soyuz-7 (roket)-&gt;Soyuz-7
* Small Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SSLV
* SpaceX Starship-&gt;Starship
* Terran 1
* Vector-H
* Vector-R
* Vega C
* Vega E
* Vulcan (roket)-&gt;Vulcan
* Zero (roket)-&gt;Zero
* Zhuque-2

| group3 = Pensiun
| list3 =
* Al-Abid (roket)-&gt;Al-Abid
* Antares (roket)-&gt;Antares 110/120/130/230
* Ariane (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Ariane
** Ariane 1-&gt;1
** Ariane 2-&gt;2
** Ariane 3-&gt;3
** Ariane 4-&gt;4
* Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;ASLV
* Athena (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Athena
** Athena I-&gt;I
** Athena II-&gt;II
* Atlas (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Atlas
** SM-65B Atlas-&gt;B
** SM-65D Atlas-&gt;D
** Atlas E/F-&gt;E/F
** Atlas G-&gt;G
** Atlas H-&gt;H
** Atlas I-&gt;I
** Atlas II-&gt;II
** Atlas III-&gt;III
** Atlas LV-3B-&gt;LV-3B
** Atlas SLV-3-&gt;SLV-3
** Atlas-Able-&gt;Able
** Atlas-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Atlas-Centaur-&gt;Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga (roket)-&gt;Conestoga
* Delta (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Delta
** Delta A-&gt;A
** Delta B-&gt;B
** Delta C-&gt;C
** Delta D-&gt;D
** Delta E-&gt;E
** Delta G-&gt;G
** Delta J-&gt;J
** Delta L-&gt;L
** Delta M-&gt;M
** Delta N-&gt;N
** Delta 0100-&gt;0100
** Delta 1000-&gt;1000
** Delta 2000-&gt;2000
** Delta 3000-&gt;3000
** Delta 4000-&gt;4000
** Delta 5000-&gt;5000
** Delta II-&gt;II
** Delta III-&gt;III
** Delta IV-&gt;IV
* Diamant (roket)-&gt;Diamant
* Dnepr (roket)-&gt;Dnepr
* Energia (roket)-&gt;Energia
* Europa (roket)-&gt;Europa
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
** Falcon 9 v1.0-&gt;v1.0
** Falcon 9 v1.1-&gt;v1.1
** Falcon 9 Full Thrust-&gt;v1.2 &quot;Full Thrust&quot;
* Feng Bao 1
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;GSLV
** Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* H-IIB
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Kosmos
** Kosmos-1-&gt;1
** Kosmos-2I-&gt;2I
** Kosmos-3-&gt;3
** Kosmos-3M-&gt;3M
* Lambda 4S
* Long March (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 1-&gt;1
** Long March 1D-&gt;1D&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
** Long March 2A-&gt;2A
** Long March 2E-&gt;2E
** Long March 3-&gt;3
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B
** Long March 4A-&gt;4A
* Mu (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Mu
** M-4S-&gt;4S
** M-3C-&gt;3C
** M-3H-&gt;3H
** M-3S-&gt;3S
** M-3SII-&gt;3SII
** M-V-&gt;V
* N1 (roket)-&gt;N1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* N-I (roket)-&gt;N-I
* N-II (roket)-&gt;N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan (roket)-&gt;Paektusan&lt;!--?--&gt;
* NOTS-EV-1 Pilot-&gt;Pilot&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* R-7 (roket family)-&gt;R-7
** Luna (roket)-&gt;Luna
** Molniya (roket)-&gt;Molniya
*** Molniya-M-&gt;M
*** Molniya-L-&gt;L
** Polyot (roket)-&gt;Polyot
** Soyuz (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Soyuz
*** Soyuz (roket)-&gt;original
*** Soyuz-FG-&gt;FG
*** Soyuz-L-&gt;L
*** Soyuz-M-&gt;M
*** Soyuz-U-&gt;U
*** Soyuz-U2-&gt;U2
** Soyuz/Vostok
** Sputnik (roket)-&gt;Sputnik
** Voskhod (roket)-&gt;Voskhod
** Vostok (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Vostok
*** Vostok-L-&gt;L
*** Vostok-K-&gt;K
*** Vostok-2 (roket)-&gt;2
*** Vostok-2M-&gt;2M&lt;!---Please do not add Redstone; see talkpage---&gt;
* R-29 Vysota-&gt;R-29
** Shtil'&lt;!--?--&gt;
** Volna&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Saturn (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Saturn
** Saturn I-&gt;I
** Saturn IB-&gt;IB
** Saturn V-&gt;V
* Scout (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Scout
* Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SLV
* SPARK (roket)-&gt;SPARK&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Sparta (roket)-&gt;Sparta
* SS-520#SS-520-4-&gt;SS-520
* Start-1&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Thor (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Thor
** Thor-Able-&gt;Able
** Thor-Ablestar-&gt;Ablestar
** Thor-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Thor-Burner-&gt;Burner
** Thor-Delta-&gt;Delta
** Thor DSV-2U-&gt;DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* Titan (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Titan&lt;!---Please do not add Titan I or II; see talkpage---&gt;
** Titan II GLV-&gt;II GLV
** Titan IIIA-&gt;IIIA
** Titan IIIB-&gt;IIIB
** Titan IIIC-&gt;IIIC
** Titan IIID-&gt;IIID
** Titan IIIE-&gt;IIIE
** Titan 34D-&gt;34D
** Titan 23G-&gt;23G
** Commercial Titan III-&gt;CT-3
** Titan IV-&gt;IV
* Tsyklon
** Tsyklon-2-&gt;2
** Tsyklon-3-&gt;3
** Tsyklon-4-&gt;4
* [[Universal Roket]]
* [[Pasawat ulang-alik]]
** Proton (kaluargo roket)-&gt;UR-500 Proton
** Proton-K
** Rokot
** Strela (roket)-&gt;Strela
* Vanguard (roket)-&gt;Vanguard
* VLS-1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Zenit (roket family)-&gt;Zenit
** Zenit-2-&gt;2
** Zenit-2M-&gt;2M

| group4 = Kelas roket
| list4 =
* [[Sounding rocket]]
* [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Medium-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Collapsible option}}
[[Kategory:Templat navigasi panabangan antariksa]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bdqiw2325s0w2ms570ff1xnjapa8fug</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443123</id>
      <parentid>2443122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:04:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6135" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Sistem paluncua orbital
| title = [[Roket|Sistem paluncua orbital]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;uncollapsed&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}

| above =
* [[Daftar roket paluncua orbital|Daftar sistem paluncua orbital]]
| below = 
* Simbol &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; mangindikasikan bahwa proyek dibatalkan sabalun atau sakalipun mancapai orbit 
| group1 = Baroperasi
| list1 =
* [[Angara (kaluargo roket)|Angara]]
** Angara A5/A5
* Antares (roket)/Antares 230+
* Ariane 5
* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Electron (roket)/Electron
* Epsilon (roket)/Epsilon
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle/GSLV
** GSLV Mark II/Mk II
** GSLV Mark III/Mk III
* H-IIA
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong 1
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 1/1
** Kuaizhou 1A/1A
* Kaituozhe (kaluargo roket)/Kaituozhe 2
* Long March (kaluargo roket)/Long March
** Long March 2C/2C
** Long March 2D/2D
** Long March 2F/2F
** Long March 3A/3A
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B/E
** Long March 3C/3C
** Long March 4B/4B
** Long March 4C/4C
** Long March 5/5
** Long March 6/6
** Long March 7/7
** Long March 7A/7A
** Long March 11/11
* Minotaur (kaluargo roket)/Minotaur
** Minotaur I/I
** Minotaur IV/IV
** Minotaur V/V
** Minotaur-C/C
* OS-M1
* Pegasus (roket)/Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle/PSLV
* Qased (roket)/Qased
* Safir (roket)/Safir
* Shavit
* Simorgh (roket)/Simorgh
* Soyuz-2 (roket)
** Soyuz 2.1a-&gt;2.1a / STA
** Soyuz-2.1b-&gt;2.1b / STB
** Soyuz-2-1v-&gt;2-1v
* Unha
* Vega (roket)/Vega
* Zenit (kaluargo roket)/Zenit
** Zenit-3SL/3SL
** Zenit-3SLB-&gt;3SLB
** Zenit-3F/3F
* Zhuque-1

| group2 = Dalam pangambangan
| list2 =
* Angara 1.2
* Ariane 6
* Bloostar
* Cyclone-4M
* Eris (roket)/Eris
* Firefly Alpha
* Firefly Beta/Beta
* H3 (roket)/H3
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh (roket)/Irtysh
* Kuaizhou
** Kuaizhou 11-&gt;11
** Kuaizhou 21-&gt;21
** Kuaizhou 31-&gt;31
* LauncherOne
* Long March (Kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 8-&gt;8
** Long March 9-&gt;9
* PLD Space!Miura 5-&gt;Miura 5
* New Glenn
* New Line 1
* Nuri (roket)-&gt;Nuri
* OmegA
* OneSpace!OS-M series-&gt;OS-M2
* OneSpace!OS-M series|OS-M4
* Orbex!Prime-&gt;Orbex Prime
* Space Launch System-&gt;SLS
* Soyuz-7 (roket)-&gt;Soyuz-7
* Small Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SSLV
* SpaceX Starship-&gt;Starship
* Terran 1
* Vector-H
* Vector-R
* Vega C
* Vega E
* Vulcan (roket)-&gt;Vulcan
* Zero (roket)-&gt;Zero
* Zhuque-2

| group3 = Pensiun
| list3 =
* Al-Abid (roket)-&gt;Al-Abid
* Antares (roket)-&gt;Antares 110/120/130/230
* Ariane (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Ariane
** Ariane 1-&gt;1
** Ariane 2-&gt;2
** Ariane 3-&gt;3
** Ariane 4-&gt;4
* Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;ASLV
* Athena (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Athena
** Athena I-&gt;I
** Athena II-&gt;II
* Atlas (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Atlas
** SM-65B Atlas-&gt;B
** SM-65D Atlas-&gt;D
** Atlas E/F-&gt;E/F
** Atlas G-&gt;G
** Atlas H-&gt;H
** Atlas I-&gt;I
** Atlas II-&gt;II
** Atlas III-&gt;III
** Atlas LV-3B-&gt;LV-3B
** Atlas SLV-3-&gt;SLV-3
** Atlas-Able-&gt;Able
** Atlas-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Atlas-Centaur-&gt;Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga (roket)-&gt;Conestoga
* Delta (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Delta
** Delta A-&gt;A
** Delta B-&gt;B
** Delta C-&gt;C
** Delta D-&gt;D
** Delta E-&gt;E
** Delta G-&gt;G
** Delta J-&gt;J
** Delta L-&gt;L
** Delta M-&gt;M
** Delta N-&gt;N
** Delta 0100-&gt;0100
** Delta 1000-&gt;1000
** Delta 2000-&gt;2000
** Delta 3000-&gt;3000
** Delta 4000-&gt;4000
** Delta 5000-&gt;5000
** Delta II-&gt;II
** Delta III-&gt;III
** Delta IV-&gt;IV
* Diamant (roket)-&gt;Diamant
* Dnepr (roket)-&gt;Dnepr
* Energia (roket)-&gt;Energia
* Europa (roket)-&gt;Europa
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
** Falcon 9 v1.0-&gt;v1.0
** Falcon 9 v1.1-&gt;v1.1
** Falcon 9 Full Thrust-&gt;v1.2 &quot;Full Thrust&quot;
* Feng Bao 1
* Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;GSLV
** Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* H-IIB
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Kosmos
** Kosmos-1-&gt;1
** Kosmos-2I-&gt;2I
** Kosmos-3-&gt;3
** Kosmos-3M-&gt;3M
* Lambda 4S
* Long March (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Long March
** Long March 1-&gt;1
** Long March 1D-&gt;1D&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
** Long March 2A-&gt;2A
** Long March 2E-&gt;2E
** Long March 3-&gt;3
** Long March 3B-&gt;3B
** Long March 4A-&gt;4A
* Mu (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Mu
** M-4S-&gt;4S
** M-3C-&gt;3C
** M-3H-&gt;3H
** M-3S-&gt;3S
** M-3SII-&gt;3SII
** M-V-&gt;V
* N1 (roket)-&gt;N1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* N-I (roket)-&gt;N-I
* N-II (roket)-&gt;N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan (roket)-&gt;Paektusan&lt;!--?--&gt;
* NOTS-EV-1 Pilot-&gt;Pilot&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* R-7 (roket family)-&gt;R-7
** Luna (roket)-&gt;Luna
** Molniya (roket)-&gt;Molniya
*** Molniya-M-&gt;M
*** Molniya-L-&gt;L
** Polyot (roket)-&gt;Polyot
** Soyuz (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Soyuz
*** Soyuz (roket)-&gt;original
*** Soyuz-FG-&gt;FG
*** Soyuz-L-&gt;L
*** Soyuz-M-&gt;M
*** Soyuz-U-&gt;U
*** Soyuz-U2-&gt;U2
** Soyuz/Vostok
** Sputnik (roket)-&gt;Sputnik
** Voskhod (roket)-&gt;Voskhod
** Vostok (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Vostok
*** Vostok-L-&gt;L
*** Vostok-K-&gt;K
*** Vostok-2 (roket)-&gt;2
*** Vostok-2M-&gt;2M&lt;!---Please do not add Redstone; see talkpage---&gt;
* R-29 Vysota-&gt;R-29
** Shtil'&lt;!--?--&gt;
** Volna&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Saturn (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Saturn
** Saturn I-&gt;I
** Saturn IB-&gt;IB
** Saturn V-&gt;V
* Scout (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Scout
* Satellite Launch Vehicle-&gt;SLV
* SPARK (roket)-&gt;SPARK&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Sparta (roket)-&gt;Sparta
* SS-520#SS-520-4-&gt;SS-520
* Start-1&lt;!--?--&gt;
* Thor (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Thor
** Thor-Able-&gt;Able
** Thor-Ablestar-&gt;Ablestar
** Thor-Agena-&gt;Agena
** Thor-Burner-&gt;Burner
** Thor-Delta-&gt;Delta
** Thor DSV-2U-&gt;DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* Titan (kaluargo roket)-&gt;Titan&lt;!---Please do not add Titan I or II; see talkpage---&gt;
** Titan II GLV-&gt;II GLV
** Titan IIIA-&gt;IIIA
** Titan IIIB-&gt;IIIB
** Titan IIIC-&gt;IIIC
** Titan IIID-&gt;IIID
** Titan IIIE-&gt;IIIE
** Titan 34D-&gt;34D
** Titan 23G-&gt;23G
** Commercial Titan III-&gt;CT-3
** Titan IV-&gt;IV
* Tsyklon
** Tsyklon-2-&gt;2
** Tsyklon-3-&gt;3
** Tsyklon-4-&gt;4
* [[Universal Roket]]
* [[Pasawat ulang-alik]]
** Proton (kaluargo roket)-&gt;UR-500 Proton
** Proton-K
** Rokot
** Strela (roket)-&gt;Strela
* Vanguard (roket)-&gt;Vanguard
* VLS-1&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt;
* Zenit (roket family)-&gt;Zenit
** Zenit-2-&gt;2
** Zenit-2M-&gt;2M

| group4 = Kelas roket
| list4 =
* [[Sounding rocket]]
* [[Small-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Medium-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle]]
* [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Collapsible option}}
[[Kategori:Templat navigasi panabangan antariksa]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tvbesecrw9ed1vlks92l3iy1h4w616z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Sistem peluncur orbital</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386411</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Sistem paluncua orbital" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443121</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Sistem paluncua orbital]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Templat:Sistem paluncua orbital]]</text>
      <sha1>44eajf6fr8gxj92hwdsarfytmtaw6i1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universal Rocket</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386412</id>
    <redirect title="Universal Roket" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443125</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:09:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Universal Roket]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Universal Roket]]</text>
      <sha1>0wxu5mblbqraacjfmduvaxdlf4t2wed</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Angkasa-stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386413</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Angkaso-stub" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443126</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:17:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Angkaso-stub]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Templat:Angkaso-stub]]</text>
      <sha1>fp1cja35ybzb8gkabluvnmcfv0wqww5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Angkaso-stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443127</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:20:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{asbox |name = Templat:Angkaso-stub |image = Gas giants in the solar system.jpg |qualifier = angkaso lua |category = Rintisan batopik angkaso lua }}&lt;noinclude&gt; [[Kategori:Templat rintisan astronomi|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Angkaso lua|τ]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="254" xml:space="preserve">{{asbox
|name = Templat:Angkaso-stub
|image = Gas giants in the solar system.jpg
|qualifier = angkaso lua
|category = Rintisan batopik angkaso lua
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Kategori:Templat rintisan astronomi|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Angkaso lua|τ]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qy6zoddz2bbucwwsy710ox5ehj2z15t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Angkaso lua</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>386415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443128</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{artikel utamo|Angkaso lua}} {{Commonscat|Space}}  [[Kategori:Astronomi]] [[Kategori:Alam]] [[Kategori:Dirgantara]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="116" xml:space="preserve">{{artikel utamo|Angkaso lua}}
{{Commonscat|Space}}

[[Kategori:Astronomi]]
[[Kategori:Alam]]
[[Kategori:Dirgantara]]</text>
      <sha1>lcm8q927d43hi1tb3wta7w6mmmnrwxo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Artikel utamo</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443129</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:25:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{#invoke:Cat main|catMain}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{documentation}} &lt;!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --&gt; &lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:Cat main|catMain}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5yqnb9wyjivc5s8feqcpm5eby7tj8z4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:Cat main</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>386417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443130</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:27:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;-- This module implements {{cat main}}.  local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local mTableTools -- lazily initialise local mArguments -- lazily initialise  local p = {}  function p.catMain(frame) 	mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') 	mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') 	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Artikel utama'}) 	local pages = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) 	local optio...&quot;</comment>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1634" xml:space="preserve">-- This module implements {{cat main}}.

local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote')
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local mTableTools -- lazily initialise
local mArguments -- lazily initialise

local p = {}

function p.catMain(frame)
	mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
	mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Artikel utama'})
	local pages = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)
	local options = {
		article = args.article,
		selfref = args.selfref
	}
	return p._catMain(options, unpack(pages))
end

function p._catMain(options, ...)
	options = options or {}

	-- Get the links table.
	local links = mHatnote.formatPages(...)
	if not links[1] then
		local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text
		links[1] = mHatnote._formatLink{link = page}
	end
	for i, link in ipairs(links) do
		links[i] = string.format(&quot;'''%s'''&quot;, link)
	end

	-- Get the pagetype.
	local pagetype
	if yesno(options.article) ~= false then
		pagetype = 'Artikel'
	else
		pagetype = 'Halaman'
	end

	-- Work out whether we need to be singular or plural.
	local stringToFormat
	if #links &gt; 1 then
		stringToFormat = '%s utama untuk [[Bantuan:Kategori|kategori]] ini adalah %s.'
	else
		stringToFormat = '%s utama untuk [[Bantuan:Kategori|kategori]] ini adalah %s.'
	end

	-- Get the text.
	local text = string.format(
		stringToFormat,
		pagetype,
		mw.text.listToText(links)
	)
	
	-- Pass it through to Module:Hatnote.
	local hnOptions = {}
	hnOptions.selfref = options.selfref
	hnOptions.extraclasses = 'relarticle mainarticle'

	return mHatnote._hatnote(text, hnOptions)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>4097025zyh48vkhqbaqjh6iy0uwak4q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:PWRR-kat</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386418</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:WPSS-cat" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443132</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:33:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:WPSS-cat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Templat:WPSS-cat]]</text>
      <sha1>p9kyj5tyk81xxpvdzzbkc78n6h5ymc9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Rintisan batopik angkaso lua</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>386419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443133</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{PWRR-kat}} {{Kategori rintisan|luar angkasa-stub|luar angkasa}}  [[Kategori:Luar angkasa]] [[Kategori:Semua rintisan astronomi]] [[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik astronomi]]&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="171" xml:space="preserve">{{PWRR-kat}}
{{Kategori rintisan|luar angkasa-stub|luar angkasa}}

[[Kategori:Luar angkasa]]
[[Kategori:Semua rintisan astronomi]]
[[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik astronomi]]</text>
      <sha1>3cb1qh6t492j80sj4puy38y7k3xlec6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2443134</id>
      <parentid>2443133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="170" xml:space="preserve">{{PWRR-kat}}
{{Kategori rintisan|angkaso lua-stub|luar angkasa}}

[[Kategori:Luar angkasa]]
[[Kategori:Semua rintisan astronomi]]
[[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik astronomi]]</text>
      <sha1>3xdnd5yn4ae58fe50ta2rmi6xnnebgj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universal Roket</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443135</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T07:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;[[Berkas:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg|200px|jmpl|UR-500 Proton]] '''Universal Rocket''' atau kaluargo rudal dan roket pambao UR adolah kaluargo roket [[Rusia]], sabalunnyo [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]]. Dimaksudkan untuak mamungkinkan teknologi nan samo untuak paguno sadonyo ka roket Soviet, UR diproduksi dek Riset Nagara dan Produksi Khrunichev Space Centre.  Babarapo varian awalnyo dirancanakan, hanyo tigo nan tabang, dan hanyo dup di antaronyo masuak layanan. Dek biktu, UR-500...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2230" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg|200px|jmpl|UR-500 Proton]]
'''Universal Rocket''' atau kaluargo rudal dan roket pambao UR adolah kaluargo roket [[Rusia]], sabalunnyo [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]]. Dimaksudkan untuak mamungkinkan teknologi nan samo untuak paguno sadonyo ka roket Soviet, UR diproduksi dek Riset Nagara dan Produksi Khrunichev Space Centre.

Babarapo varian awalnyo dirancanakan, hanyo tigo nan tabang, dan hanyo dup di antaronyo masuak layanan. Dek biktu, UR-500 ICBM mambantuak dasar untuak pambao roket Proton.

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvfam/ur.htm|title=Universal Rockets|language=en|publisher=friends-partners.org|access-date=2014-03-22|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007160233/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvfam/ur.htm|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ur100.htm|title=UR-100|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ur200.htm|title=UR-200|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/proton.htm|title=Proton|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ur700.htm|title=UR-700|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ur700m.htm|title=UR-700M|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}
* {{cite web|author=Mark Wade|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ur900.htm|title=UR-900|language=en|publisher= Astronautix.com}}

* [http://www.lyngsat.com/launches/Baikonur.html Proton launches page on LyngSat]
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton.html Proton rocket specifications sheet]
* [http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/sd2001-14/sd2001-14-001.shtml Proton M Debuts With Successful Ekran Launch on April 7, 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201160120/http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/sd2001-14/sd2001-14-001.shtml |date=2005-12-01 }}

==Pautan lua==
*{{commons category-inline|UR-200|Universal Roket (Универсальная ракета)}}

{{angkaso-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>dz3ubdsp9h77y1xlhunxnisonzkt6a9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universal roket</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386421</id>
    <redirect title="Universal Roket" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443141</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T08:50:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Universal Roket]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Universal Roket]]</text>
      <sha1>0wxu5mblbqraacjfmduvaxdlf4t2wed</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Angkaso lua-stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386422</id>
    <redirect title="Templat:Angkaso-stub" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443142</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T09:07:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Templat:Angkaso-stub]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Templat:angkaso-stub]]</text>
      <sha1>f4n7i2afhl4squigedgrwsn81ix8vpe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>KIX Airport</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386423</id>
    <redirect title="Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai" />
    <revision>
      <id>2443143</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T09:23:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mengalihkan ke [[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" xml:space="preserve">#ALIAH [[Palabuahan udaro Internasional Kansai]]</text>
      <sha1>k49t6west2g9kvqbslnuy279ae6qwg2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Honda Ridgeline</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>386424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443144</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T10:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{Infobox automobile |name          = Honda Ridgeline |image         = [[Berkas:Ridgeline (24347446464).jpg|320px]] |manufacturer  = [[Honda]] |production    = 2005–kini |model_years   = 2006-kini |class         = [[Oto SUV|Oto ukuran medium]] [[Oto pikap|sport utility truck]] |related       = Acura MDX&lt;br /&gt;Acura TL&lt;br /&gt;Honda Pilot&lt;br /&gt;Honda Accord&lt;br /&gt;Honda Odyssey (Amerika Utaro) |layout        = [[Masin muko]], [[panggarak 4 roda]] |body_style    = 4-pintu...&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2504" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
|name          = Honda Ridgeline
|image         = [[Berkas:Ridgeline (24347446464).jpg|320px]]
|manufacturer  = [[Honda]]
|production    = 2005–kini
|model_years   = 2006-kini
|class         = [[Oto SUV|Oto ukuran medium]] [[Oto pikap|sport utility truck]]
|related       = Acura MDX&lt;br /&gt;Acura TL&lt;br /&gt;Honda Pilot&lt;br /&gt;Honda Accord&lt;br /&gt;Honda Odyssey (Amerika Utaro)
|layout        = [[Masin muko]], [[panggarak 4 roda]]
|body_style    = 4-pintu [[Oto pikap|sport utility truck]]
|assembly      = [[Alliston, Ontario]], &lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Kanada}} ([[Honda of Canada Manufacturing|HCM]]) (2005-2008)&lt;br /&gt;[[Lincoln, Alabama]], &lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Amerika Sarikat}} ([[Honda Manufacturing of Alabama|HMA]])  (2008-2014)
|engine        = 3.5&amp;nbsp;L 250&amp;nbsp;hp 247 lb-ft [[Masin V6|V6]]
|transmission  = 5-gigi [[transmisi otomatis|otomatis]]
|wheelbase     = {{convert|122|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|length        = 2006-08: {{convert|206.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br /&gt;2009-2011: {{convert|207|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br&gt;2012-2014: {{convert|206.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|width         = {{convert|77.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|height        = {{convert|70.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}&lt;br&gt;2012-kini RTL: {{convert|71.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Honda Ridgeline''' adolah [[Oto SUV|oto]] nan dibuek dek [[Honda]] mulai taun 2005. Ridgeline marupokan usaho partamo Honda untuak mamasuaki pasa [[Oto pikap|truk pikap]] Amerika Utaro.

Produksi Ridgeline dibarontian partongahan 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2013/12/10/honda-promises-new-ridgeline-two-years/ |title=Honda promises new Ridgline within two years |first=Jeffrey N. |last=Ross |date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Autoblog |accessdate=2014-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;commits&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20131216/OEM04/312169999/honda-commits-to-2nd-gen-ridgeline |title=Honda commits to 2nd-gen Ridgeline |first=Richard |last=Truett |journal=Automotive News |date=2013-12-16 |accessdate=2014-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujuakan==
{{Reflist}}

==Pautan lua==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Ridgeline Official Honda website for Ridgeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701100930/http://automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview.asp?ModelName=Ridgeline |date=2007-07-01 }}
* [http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060814/FREE/60804002/1004 SCORE Honda Ridgeline]
* [http://www.ridgelineownersclub.com/ Honda Ridgeline Owners Club]

{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>nex3qijk6rnwct25r584u9vj0aj6enc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templat:Official URL</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2443145</id>
      <timestamp>2022-07-20T10:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>114.124.247.183</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>←Mambuek laman baisi &quot;{{#if:{{#property:P856}}|{{URL|{{if empty|{{wikidata|property|P856|P407=Q1860}}|{{wikidata|property|P856}}}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P856}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{#property:P856}}|{{URL|{{if empty|{{wikidata|property|P856|P407=Q1860}}|{{wikidata|property|P856}}}}}}{{EditAtWikidata|pid=P856}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eycrcpdjyumfo4a7c0nv9vdklwbz64i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>