Wikipedia minwiki https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utamo MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Istimewa Rundiang Pangguno Rundiang Pangguno Wikipedia Rundiang Wikipedia Berkas Rundiang Berkas MediaWiki Rundiang MediaWiki Templat Rundiang Templat Bantuan Rundiang Bantuan Kategori Rundiang Kategori Portal Diskusi Portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Rundiang Modul Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Sistem koordinat geografis 0 11096 2444000 1650519 2022-08-10T06:26:06Z 182.0.135.48 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:This is a basic photo showing that latitude lines are horizontal and longitude lines are vertical- 2014-07-25 20-36.jpg|thumbnail|Garih bujua adolah garih nan tagak luruih, di mano garih lintang ko sajaja jo garih katulistiwa.]] [[Berkas:WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png|thumb|s50px|Peta [[Bumi]] nan manunjuakan garih-garih [[lintang]] (horizontal) dan [[bujua]] (vertikal)]] '''Sistem koordinat geografis''' adolah suatu [[sistem koordinat]] nan mamungkinkan satiok lokasi di Bumi ditantuan dek satu set angka, uruf, atau simbol.<ref group=n>In specialized works, "geographic coordinates" are distinguished from other similar coordinate systems, such as geocentric coordinates and geodetic coordinates. See, for example, Sean E. Urban and P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, 3rd. ed., (Mill Valley CA: University Science Books, 2013) p. 20&ndash;23.</ref> Sistem koordinat geografis digunoan untuak manunjuakan suatu titik di Bumi badasarkan garih lintang dan garih bujua. Koordinat acok dipiliah sadamikian rupo sainggo salah satu angka mawakili [[altitudo|posisi vertikal]], dan duo atau [[vektor-N|tigo angka]] lainnyo mawakili [[representasi posisi horizontal|posisi horizontal]]. Umumnyo koordinat nan dipakai adolah kombinasi antaro [[garih lintang|lintang]], [[garih bujua|bujua]], jo [[katinggian]].<ref name=OSGB>{{Citation |title=A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain |date=Mar 2015 |series=D00659 v2.3 |accessdate=2015-06-22 |publisher=Ordnance Survey |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/support/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf }}</ref> [[Garih lintang]] adolah garih tagak luruih (vertikal) nan mangukua suduik antaro suatu titik jo garih [[katulistiwa]]. Titik di utara garih katulistiwa dinamoan [[Lintang Utara]] sadangkan titik di selatan katulistiwa dinamoan [[Lintang Selatan]]. [[Garih bujua]] adolah garih mandata (horizontal) nan mangukua suduik antaro suatu titik jo titik nol di Bumi iyolah [[Greenwich]] di [[London]], [[Bratania Rayo]] nan marupoan titik bujua 0° atau 360° nan ditarimo sacaro internasional. Titik di barat dari mulai bujua 0° dinamoan [[Bujua Baraik]] sadangkan titik di timur 0° dinamoan [[Bujua Timua]]. Untuak manantuan lokasi pado peta duo dimensi, dibutuahan suatu proyeksi peta.<ref name=Taylor2002>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|title=Locating a Point On the Earth|url=http://home.hiwaay.net/~taylorc/bookshelf/math-science/geodesy/positioning/index.html|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref> == Catatan == <references group="n"/> == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == * {{en}} [http://www.paddles.com/users/wildcamp/coordexp.html Panjalehan koordinat GPS] * {{Commons category-inline|Geographic coordinate system|sistem koordinat geografis}} [[Kategori:Geografi]] [[Kategori:Sistem koordinat geografi]] {{geografi-stub}} 3fzn8n628jdemqtra0drt9peliyd9ar Kapa salam 0 337088 2443995 2439273 2022-08-10T05:48:07Z 182.0.135.48 /* Jinih */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Submarine_dive.gif|jmpl|312px|ka|Animasi caro karojo kapa solam.]] '''Kapa salam''' atau '''kopa solam'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trident|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/9894883|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|date=1984|isbn=0-8093-1126-7|oclc=9894883|first=Dalgleish, D.|last=Douglas.}}</ref> adolah [[kapa]] nan manyalam dan dapek bagarak maju di bawah parmukaan [[aia]]/[[lauik]] pado kadalaman nan sangek dalam. ==Jinih== [[Berkas:U-BootTauchenStatisch.svg|jmpl|312px|ka|Caro turun dan naiak statis kapa solam.]] ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{commonscat|Submarines}}<br/> [[Kategori:Lauik]] 0fhoadrd0tudfub09arlh9stimj86r2 Navigasi 0 338719 2443999 2440966 2022-08-10T06:21:35Z 182.0.135.48 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Table of Geography and Hydrography, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg|jmpl|290px|ka|Isi tulisan di ateh [[karateh]] dari geografi, hidrografi, dan navigasi, Ensiklopedia pado taun 1728 , atau sabuah Kamus Universal Seni dan Ilmu Pangatahuan.]] '''Navigasi''' (dari [[Bahaso Latin|bahasa Latin]] ''navigare'', [[Bahaso Sanskerta|Sansekerta]] ''navgathi'' bararti mangamudikan kapa) adolah "seni [[nakhoda]]" di ateh [[aia]] ([[Ilmu Bahari|caliak ilmu bahari]]), di darek, di [[udaro]] dan di angkaso lua.<ref>Rell Pros-Wellenhof, Bernhard (2007). ''Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidances''. Springer. pp. 5–6. ISBN <bdi>978-3-211-00828-7</bdi>.</ref> Tujuannyo adolah untuak mangarahkan [[kandaraan]] atau pasawat supayo aman ka tujuan nan diinginkan. Duo [[Sistem koordinat geografis|tugas geometris]] mandahului kamudi: manantukan posisi saat kini ([[Panantuan lokasi|lokasi]]) dan manantukan rute nan elok ka tujuan. == Rujuakan == {{reflist}} == Pautan lua == *{{Commonscat-inline|Navigation|Navigasi}} 3sz485mbdl3xwnwdhx1yk2kj9iv05kg KRI Nanggala (402) 0 338899 2443996 2212944 2022-08-10T05:53:45Z 182.0.135.48 /* Rujuakan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=yes }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala (402) underway in August 2015.JPG | Ship caption = KRI Nanggala di Laut Jawa dalam sebuah latihan pada tahun 2015 }} {{Infobox ship career | Ship name = KRI Nanggala | Ship namesake = Senjata Prabu Baladewa | Ship country = [[Indonesia]] | Ship ordered = 2 April 1977 | Ship builder = Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft | Ship original cost = | Ship yard number = | Ship way number = | Ship laid down = Maret 1978 | Ship launched = 10 September 1980 | Ship completed = 6 Juli 1981 | Ship christened = | Ship acquired = | Ship commissioned = 21 Oktober 1981 | Ship maiden voyage = | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = 21 April 2021 | Ship identification = 402 | Ship fate =Tenggelam pada 21 April 2021 bersama 53 orang pada kedalaman 838 m di Laut Bali | Ship status = Tenggelam dan pecah menjadi tiga bagian di kedalaman 838 meter | Ship badge = [[Berkas:KRI Nanggala badge.svg|150px]]}} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = {{sclass|Cakra|Kapal selam}} | Ship type = Kapal selam serbu | Ship tonnage = | Ship displacement = *1.285 ton di permukaan *1.390 ton saat menyelam | Ship length = 59,5&nbsp;meter | Ship beam = 6,3&nbsp;meter | Ship height = | Ship draught = | Ship draft = 5,5&nbsp;meter | Ship depth = | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship ramps = | Ship ice class = | Ship sail plan = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = *4 x mesin diesel MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L bertenaga 2.400 [[daya kuda|hp]] *4 x alternator Siemens bertenaga 1,7 MW *1 x motor Siemens bertenaga 4.600 hp *1 x poros | Ship speed = * {{convert|11|kn}} di permukaan * {{convert|21.5|kn}} saat menyelam | Ship capacity = | Ship crew = 34 | Ship range = {{convert|8200|nmi|abbr=on}} pada kecepatan {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} | Ship endurance = 50 hari | Ship test depth = {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} | Ship complement = | Ship sensors = *sistem kendali senjata Signaal Sinbad *radar permukaan Thomson-CSF Calypso, I-band *sonar pencarian dan penyerangan aktif/pasif Atlas Elektronik CSU 3-2 *PRS-3/4 passive ranging | Ship EW = * ESM : Thomson-CSF DR2000U * CMS : Kongsberg MSI-90U Mk 2<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.datareka.co.id/images/data/257141_998870_7067871.pdf|title=MSI-90U Mk 2 Combat Management System|publisher=Kongsberg|location=Norway|pages=6|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=1 Mei 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501114051/http://datareka.co.id/images/data/257141_998870_7067871.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | Ship armament = *8 × {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} tabung *14 x torpedo [[Torpedo SUT|AEG SUT]] }} |} '''KRI Nanggala (402)''', atau nan labiah dikana jo '''Nanggala II''', marupoan [[kapa salam]] kaduo nan jinihnyo kelas Cakra Tipe 209/1300. KRI Nanggala barado di bawah kandali Satuan Kapal Selam Komando Armada RI Kawasan Timur. Kapa ko tamasuak dalam armada pemukul TNI Angkatan Laut jo marupoan kapa kaduo nan manyandang namo Nanggala dalam jajaran TNI AL. KRI Nanggala (402) hilang kontak pado Rabu, 21 April 2021 katiko sadang latihan panembakan torpedo di Lauik Bali basamo 53 awaknyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/04/21/17300641/dikabarkan-hilang-ini-spesifikasi-kapal-selam-kri-nanggala-402-milik-tni-al|title=Dikabarkan Hilang, Ini Spesifikasi Kapal Selam KRI Nanggala-402 Milik TNI AL|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-04-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> KRI Nanggala dinyatoan tanggalam pado Sabtu, 24 April 2021 dek TNI AL sasudah ditamuannyo puing-puing nan barasa dari kapa salam tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/04/24/indonesian-navy-says-missing-kri-nanggala-402-submarine-sank.html|title=Indonesian Navy says missing KRI Nanggala 402 sank|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> == Namo == Namo ''Nanggala'' barasa dari namo sanjato tombak kuek punyo tokoh pawayangan Prabu Baladewa. Sanjato tu digambaran di lancano KRI Nanggala. Kapa salam ko dikana jo sabagai Nanggala II sabagai pambeda jo KRI Nanggala S-02, sabuah kapa salam lain nan usianyo lebiah tuo. == Sijarah == KRI Nanggala dipasan dek pamarintah [[Indonesia|Republik Indonesia]] pado 2 April 1977. Katiko tu, Indonesia mangajuan pinjaman 625 juta dolar Amerika Serikat dari [[Jerman]]. 100 juta dolar AS dari pinjaman tu digunoan untuak mambuek KRI Nanggala jo KRI Cakra. Kapa ko didesain dek Ingenieurkontor di kota Lübeck, dibuek dek Howaldtswerke di Kiel, jo dijua dek parusahaan Ferrostaal di Essen. Kapa ko mulai dibuek pado Maret 1978, diluncuan pado 10 September 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1947-1995|url=http://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00gard_606|publisher=Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press|date=1995|isbn=978-1-55750-132-5|last=Library Genesis|first=Robert|first2=Stephen|last2=Chumbley|first3=Przemysław|last3=Budzbon}}</ref> Kapa ko mulai manjalani uji cubo di lauik Jerman Barat sabalun diserahanka Pamarintah Indonesia pado 6 Juli 1981. KRI Nanggala maninggaan Jerman Barat pado awal Agustus 1981 nan ditumpangi dek 38 awak di bawah komando Letnan Kolonel Armand Aksyah. Pado 5 Oktober 1981, KRI Nanggala patamo kali ditunjuakan ka masyarakat umum nan samo jo hari ulang tahun [[Tantara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] ka-36.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421173700/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/nasional/51360/jadilah-abri-yang-demikian|title=Jadilah ABRI Yang Demikian - Nasional - majalah.tempo.co|date=2021-04-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Paresmian panggunoannyo dilakuan dek Menteri Pertahanan Keamanan/Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata Jenderal TNI Mohammad Jusuf pado 21 Oktober 1981 di Dermaga Ujung [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]. KRI Nanggala pernah malakuan parbaikan di Howaldtswerke nan salasai pado 1989. Sakitar duo dekade kudian, kapa salam ko dipelokan baliak nan biayanyo US$63,7 juta salamo duo tahun di [[Korea Salatan|Korea Selatan]]. Parbaikan tu dilakuan dek Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) nan salasai pado Januari 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045258/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/06/ri-submarines-par-with-neighbors-after-overhaul.html|title=RI submarines on par with neighbors after overhaul {{!}} The Jakarta Post|date=2012-05-11|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Pado parbaikan tu, sabagian struktur ateh kapa diganti jo sistem parsenjatoan, sonar, radar, kendali tempur, sarato propulsi dimutakhirkan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Search for missing Indonesian submarine reveals oil spill|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesian-navy-checking-submarine-after-failure-report-back-exercise-2021-04-21/|newspaper=Reuters|date=2021-04-21|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en|last=Reuters}}</ref> Sasudah tu, KRI Nanggala dapek manembakan ampek torpedo sarentak manuju ampek target nan babeda jo maluncuan misil antikapal sarupo Exocet atau Harpoon. Salain itu, kadalaman salamnyo batambah manjadi 257 meter (843 ft) jo kalajuan maksimumnyo dinaikkan dari 21,5 knot (39,8 km/h) manjadi 25 knot (46 km/h). Sakitar limo tahun kudian, KRI Nanggala ditambah jo sistem perum gema KULAÇ buatan ASELSAN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117223117/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2016/11/21/indonesian-navy-vessel-uses-aselsans-kulac|title=Indonesian Navy vessel uses ASELSAN's KULAÇ {{!}} Daily Sabah|date=2021-01-17|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> == Data Teknis == Kapa salam ko mandapekan tanago dari ampek masin diesel MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L. Tanago tu disaluran ka ampek buah alternator nan bafungsi mangisi daya baterai-baterai gadang kapa salam. Sabuah motor listrik Siemens digunoan di kapa, daya dari baterai tu dapek untuak mamuta poros baliang-baliang kapa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/166029/kapal-selam-tni-al-diperbaiki-di-korea-selatan|title=Kapal Selam TNI-AL Diperbaiki di Korea Selatan|last=antaranews.com|date=2009-12-15|website=Antara News|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Total daya nan dikiriman ka baliang-baliang sakitar 4600 shp (daya kudo poros) sahinggo bisa mandorong kapao hinggo kacepatan 21,5 knot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2021/04/21/kapal-selam-kri-nanggala-402-yang-hilang-dulu-jadi-ujung-tombak-sengketa-blok-ambalat|title=KRI Nanggala-402 Dulu Jadi Ujung Tombak Sengketa Blok Ambalat|date=2021-04-21|website=kompas.id|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Kapa ko manggunoan 14 buah torpedo 21 inci/533 mm nan disimpan dalam 8 tabuang buatan AEG. Salain itu, kapa ko ditambah jo periskop buatan Zeiss nan bafungsi untuak maincar target. Periskop tu dilatakkan disampiang snorkel buatan Maschinenbau Gabler.<ref name=":0" /> Tabuang torpedo nan sampik digunoan sabagai sebagai wahana paluncuran manusia-manusia katak untuak misi panyusupan di balakang garih patahanan musuh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/tekno/2021/04/21/220335/tentang-kri-nanggala-402-spesifikasi-senjata-dan-sejarah-operasi|title=Tentang KRI Nanggala-402: Spesifikasi, Senjata, dan Sejarah Operasi|date=2021-04-21|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Barek KRI Nanggala 1.395 ton nan dimensinyo 59,5 meter x 6,3 meter x 5,5 meter. Kapa ko diawaki dek 34 pelaut. KRI Nanggala mampunyoi sonar dari jenis CSU-3-2 suite.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> ==Pautan lua== h5letr5o17t4ur8r224ipivpln1azi4 2443997 2443996 2022-08-10T05:56:06Z 182.0.135.48 /* Pautan lua */ wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin|infobox caption=yes }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala (402) underway in August 2015.JPG | Ship caption = KRI Nanggala di Laut Jawa dalam sebuah latihan pada tahun 2015 }} {{Infobox ship career | Ship name = KRI Nanggala | Ship namesake = Senjata Prabu Baladewa | Ship country = [[Indonesia]] | Ship ordered = 2 April 1977 | Ship builder = Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft | Ship original cost = | Ship yard number = | Ship way number = | Ship laid down = Maret 1978 | Ship launched = 10 September 1980 | Ship completed = 6 Juli 1981 | Ship christened = | Ship acquired = | Ship commissioned = 21 Oktober 1981 | Ship maiden voyage = | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = 21 April 2021 | Ship identification = 402 | Ship fate =Tenggelam pada 21 April 2021 bersama 53 orang pada kedalaman 838 m di Laut Bali | Ship status = Tenggelam dan pecah menjadi tiga bagian di kedalaman 838 meter | Ship badge = [[Berkas:KRI Nanggala badge.svg|150px]]}} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = {{sclass|Cakra|Kapal selam}} | Ship type = Kapal selam serbu | Ship tonnage = | Ship displacement = *1.285 ton di permukaan *1.390 ton saat menyelam | Ship length = 59,5&nbsp;meter | Ship beam = 6,3&nbsp;meter | Ship height = | Ship draught = | Ship draft = 5,5&nbsp;meter | Ship depth = | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship ramps = | Ship ice class = | Ship sail plan = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = *4 x mesin diesel MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L bertenaga 2.400 [[daya kuda|hp]] *4 x alternator Siemens bertenaga 1,7 MW *1 x motor Siemens bertenaga 4.600 hp *1 x poros | Ship speed = * {{convert|11|kn}} di permukaan * {{convert|21.5|kn}} saat menyelam | Ship capacity = | Ship crew = 34 | Ship range = {{convert|8200|nmi|abbr=on}} pada kecepatan {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} | Ship endurance = 50 hari | Ship test depth = {{convert|240|m|abbr=on}} | Ship complement = | Ship sensors = *sistem kendali senjata Signaal Sinbad *radar permukaan Thomson-CSF Calypso, I-band *sonar pencarian dan penyerangan aktif/pasif Atlas Elektronik CSU 3-2 *PRS-3/4 passive ranging | Ship EW = * ESM : Thomson-CSF DR2000U * CMS : Kongsberg MSI-90U Mk 2<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.datareka.co.id/images/data/257141_998870_7067871.pdf|title=MSI-90U Mk 2 Combat Management System|publisher=Kongsberg|location=Norway|pages=6|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=1 Mei 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501114051/http://datareka.co.id/images/data/257141_998870_7067871.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | Ship armament = *8 × {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} tabung *14 x torpedo [[Torpedo SUT|AEG SUT]] }} |} '''KRI Nanggala (402)''', atau nan labiah dikana jo '''Nanggala II''', marupoan [[kapa salam]] kaduo nan jinihnyo kelas Cakra Tipe 209/1300. KRI Nanggala barado di bawah kandali Satuan Kapal Selam Komando Armada RI Kawasan Timur. Kapa ko tamasuak dalam armada pemukul TNI Angkatan Laut jo marupoan kapa kaduo nan manyandang namo Nanggala dalam jajaran TNI AL. KRI Nanggala (402) hilang kontak pado Rabu, 21 April 2021 katiko sadang latihan panembakan torpedo di Lauik Bali basamo 53 awaknyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/04/21/17300641/dikabarkan-hilang-ini-spesifikasi-kapal-selam-kri-nanggala-402-milik-tni-al|title=Dikabarkan Hilang, Ini Spesifikasi Kapal Selam KRI Nanggala-402 Milik TNI AL|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-04-21|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> KRI Nanggala dinyatoan tanggalam pado Sabtu, 24 April 2021 dek TNI AL sasudah ditamuannyo puing-puing nan barasa dari kapa salam tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/04/24/indonesian-navy-says-missing-kri-nanggala-402-submarine-sank.html|title=Indonesian Navy says missing KRI Nanggala 402 sank|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> == Namo == Namo ''Nanggala'' barasa dari namo sanjato tombak kuek punyo tokoh pawayangan Prabu Baladewa. Sanjato tu digambaran di lancano KRI Nanggala. Kapa salam ko dikana jo sabagai Nanggala II sabagai pambeda jo KRI Nanggala S-02, sabuah kapa salam lain nan usianyo lebiah tuo. == Sijarah == KRI Nanggala dipasan dek pamarintah [[Indonesia|Republik Indonesia]] pado 2 April 1977. Katiko tu, Indonesia mangajuan pinjaman 625 juta dolar Amerika Serikat dari [[Jerman]]. 100 juta dolar AS dari pinjaman tu digunoan untuak mambuek KRI Nanggala jo KRI Cakra. Kapa ko didesain dek Ingenieurkontor di kota Lübeck, dibuek dek Howaldtswerke di Kiel, jo dijua dek parusahaan Ferrostaal di Essen. Kapa ko mulai dibuek pado Maret 1978, diluncuan pado 10 September 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1947-1995|url=http://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00gard_606|publisher=Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press|date=1995|isbn=978-1-55750-132-5|last=Library Genesis|first=Robert|first2=Stephen|last2=Chumbley|first3=Przemysław|last3=Budzbon}}</ref> Kapa ko mulai manjalani uji cubo di lauik Jerman Barat sabalun diserahanka Pamarintah Indonesia pado 6 Juli 1981. KRI Nanggala maninggaan Jerman Barat pado awal Agustus 1981 nan ditumpangi dek 38 awak di bawah komando Letnan Kolonel Armand Aksyah. Pado 5 Oktober 1981, KRI Nanggala patamo kali ditunjuakan ka masyarakat umum nan samo jo hari ulang tahun [[Tantara Nasional Indonesia|TNI]] ka-36.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421173700/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/nasional/51360/jadilah-abri-yang-demikian|title=Jadilah ABRI Yang Demikian - Nasional - majalah.tempo.co|date=2021-04-21|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Paresmian panggunoannyo dilakuan dek Menteri Pertahanan Keamanan/Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata Jenderal TNI Mohammad Jusuf pado 21 Oktober 1981 di Dermaga Ujung [[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]. KRI Nanggala pernah malakuan parbaikan di Howaldtswerke nan salasai pado 1989. Sakitar duo dekade kudian, kapa salam ko dipelokan baliak nan biayanyo US$63,7 juta salamo duo tahun di [[Korea Salatan|Korea Selatan]]. Parbaikan tu dilakuan dek Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) nan salasai pado Januari 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045258/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/06/ri-submarines-par-with-neighbors-after-overhaul.html|title=RI submarines on par with neighbors after overhaul {{!}} The Jakarta Post|date=2012-05-11|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Pado parbaikan tu, sabagian struktur ateh kapa diganti jo sistem parsenjatoan, sonar, radar, kendali tempur, sarato propulsi dimutakhirkan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Search for missing Indonesian submarine reveals oil spill|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesian-navy-checking-submarine-after-failure-report-back-exercise-2021-04-21/|newspaper=Reuters|date=2021-04-21|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en|last=Reuters}}</ref> Sasudah tu, KRI Nanggala dapek manembakan ampek torpedo sarentak manuju ampek target nan babeda jo maluncuan misil antikapal sarupo Exocet atau Harpoon. Salain itu, kadalaman salamnyo batambah manjadi 257 meter (843 ft) jo kalajuan maksimumnyo dinaikkan dari 21,5 knot (39,8 km/h) manjadi 25 knot (46 km/h). Sakitar limo tahun kudian, KRI Nanggala ditambah jo sistem perum gema KULAÇ buatan ASELSAN.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117223117/https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2016/11/21/indonesian-navy-vessel-uses-aselsans-kulac|title=Indonesian Navy vessel uses ASELSAN's KULAÇ {{!}} Daily Sabah|date=2021-01-17|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> == Data Teknis == Kapa salam ko mandapekan tanago dari ampek masin diesel MTU 12V493 AZ80 GA31L. Tanago tu disaluran ka ampek buah alternator nan bafungsi mangisi daya baterai-baterai gadang kapa salam. Sabuah motor listrik Siemens digunoan di kapa, daya dari baterai tu dapek untuak mamuta poros baliang-baliang kapa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/166029/kapal-selam-tni-al-diperbaiki-di-korea-selatan|title=Kapal Selam TNI-AL Diperbaiki di Korea Selatan|last=antaranews.com|date=2009-12-15|website=Antara News|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Total daya nan dikiriman ka baliang-baliang sakitar 4600 shp (daya kudo poros) sahinggo bisa mandorong kapao hinggo kacepatan 21,5 knot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2021/04/21/kapal-selam-kri-nanggala-402-yang-hilang-dulu-jadi-ujung-tombak-sengketa-blok-ambalat|title=KRI Nanggala-402 Dulu Jadi Ujung Tombak Sengketa Blok Ambalat|date=2021-04-21|website=kompas.id|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Kapa ko manggunoan 14 buah torpedo 21 inci/533 mm nan disimpan dalam 8 tabuang buatan AEG. Salain itu, kapa ko ditambah jo periskop buatan Zeiss nan bafungsi untuak maincar target. Periskop tu dilatakkan disampiang snorkel buatan Maschinenbau Gabler.<ref name=":0" /> Tabuang torpedo nan sampik digunoan sabagai sebagai wahana paluncuran manusia-manusia katak untuak misi panyusupan di balakang garih patahanan musuh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/tekno/2021/04/21/220335/tentang-kri-nanggala-402-spesifikasi-senjata-dan-sejarah-operasi|title=Tentang KRI Nanggala-402: Spesifikasi, Senjata, dan Sejarah Operasi|date=2021-04-21|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Barek KRI Nanggala 1.395 ton nan dimensinyo 59,5 meter x 6,3 meter x 5,5 meter. Kapa ko diawaki dek 34 pelaut. KRI Nanggala mampunyoi sonar dari jenis CSU-3-2 suite.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujuakan == <references /> ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category inline|KRI Nanggala (submarine, 1981)|KRI Nanggala (402)}} {{authority control}} hw86sal23rbnl3wqdcc3wmf9m5ynoks Torpedo 0 385558 2443998 2443726 2022-08-10T06:16:10Z 182.0.135.48 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Sopwith_Cuckoo.jpg|jmpl|312px|ka|[[kapa tabang]] manjatuahkan torpedo (sakitar taun 1918)]] '''Torpedo''' adolah [[proyektil]] jinih [[bom]] marupokan [[sanjato]] bapanggarak kipeh nan ditembakkan di ateh atau di bawah pamukaan [[lauik]] dan kamudian maluncua di bawah parmukaan lauik dan dirancang untuak meledak pado kontak atau pado jarak tartantu dangan target. Torpedo dapek diluncuarkan dari [[kapa salam]], [[kapa]] parmukaan, [[helikopter]] atau [[kapa tabang]]. Torpedo dapek juo manjadi sanjato dari sanjato lainnyo. ==Rujuakan== {{reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Sister project links |1=Torpedoes|author=UdaKami|auto=no|b=book:Torpedo|c=no|collapsible=yes|commonscat=Torpedoes|d=Q165363|display=Torpedo|m=no|mw=no|n=no|position=left|q=no|qid=no|s=no|species=no|species_author=no|style=Use with caution. (And don't use for evil!)|v=Torpedo|voy=no|b=yes|wikt=Torpedo}} *{{Commons-inline|Torpedo}} {{Authority control}} frgs3f3hf0jognzzw6t1n1qbay0fm66 Cahayo 0 386489 2443993 2443548 2022-08-09T15:48:34Z 182.0.201.31 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Light-wave.svg|jmpl|ka|350px|[[Galombang elektromagnetik]] dapek digambakan sabagai duo buah galombang nan merambek sacaro transversal pado duo buah bidang tagak luruih iyolah medan magnetik dan [[medan listrik]]. Marambeknyo galombang magnet akan mandorong galombang listrik, dan sabaliknyo, katiko marambek, galombang listrik akan mandorong galombang magnet. Diagram di ateh manunjuakkan galombang cahayo nan marambek dari kidagh ka suok dangan medan listrik pado bidang vertikal dan medan magnet pado bidang horizontal.]] [[Berkas:Onde electromagnetique.svg|jmpl|ka|350px|Galombang elektromagnetik nan mambantuak radiasi elektromagnetik.]] [[Berkas:Wave_group.gif|jmpl|ka|350px|Titiak sirah bagarak dangan laju fase (rato-rato), titiak hijau dangan laju kalompok.]] '''Cahayo''' adolah [[energi]] babantuak [[galombang elektromagnetik]] nan tacoliak dek [[mato]] dangan [[panjang galombang]] sakitar 380–750&nbsp;nm.<ref> {{cite book |title = Human body explorations: hands-on investigates of what makes us tick |author = Karen E. Kalumuck |publisher = Kendall Hunt |year = 2000 |isbn = 9780787261535 |page = 74 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aPgCYd3ZBUgC&pg=PA74&dq=380+750+visible+wavelengths&as_brr=3&ei=L2N-Sq_bNZPelQSdjbykCg#v=onepage&q=380%20750%20visible%20wavelengths&f=false }}</ref> Pado bando langik [[bintang]] dalam palajaran [[fisika]], cahayo adolah radiasi elektromagnetik, baiak dangan [[panjang galombang]] [[spektrum kasatmato|kasatmato]] maupun nan indak.<ref>{{cite book |title = Camera lenses: from box camera to digital |author = Gregory Hallock Smith |publisher = SPIE Press |year = 2006 |isbn = 9780819460936 |page = 4 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6mb0C0cFCEYC&pg=PA4&dq=light+all-wavelengths&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&ei=Cg99SqDDHKCQkASMp-yRCg#v=onepage&q=light%20all-wavelengths&f=false }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Comprehensive Physics XII |author = Narinder Kumar |publisher = Laxmi Publications |year = 2008 |isbn = 9788170085928 |page = 1416 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IryMtwHHngIC&pg=PA1416&dq=term-light+wavelengths+intitle:physics&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=kBN9StSIHZ3YkQTOr_ihCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false }}</ref> Dek biktu, cahayo iyolah paket partikel nan disabuik [[foton]]. Kaduo definisi tasabuik marupokan sifaik nan ditunjukkan cahayo sacaro basamoan sahinggo disabuik "dualisme galombang-partikel". Paket cahayo nan disabuik [[spektrum]] kudian diparsepsikan sacaro visual dek indra panglihatan sabagai [[warno]]. Bidang studi cahayo dikana dangan sabutan [[optika]], marupokan area riset nan pantiang pado [[fisika]] modern. Studi manganai cahayo bamulo dangan adonyo era [[optika klasik]] nan mampalajari besaran optik ajak: [[intensitas]], [[frekuensi]] atau [[panjang galombang]], [[polarisasi]] dan [[fase]] cahayo. Sifaik-sifaik cahayo dan interaksinyo tahadok sakitar dilakukan dangan [[pandekatan paraksial]] geometris ajak [[refleksi]] dan [[refraksi]], dan pandekatan sifaik optik fisisnyo iyolah: [[interferensi]], [[difraksi]], [[dispersi]], [[polarisasi]]. Masiang-masiang studi optika klasik iko disabuik dangan [[optika geometris]] ([[bahaso Inggirih|en]]:''geometrical optics'') dan [[optika fisis]] ([[bahaso Inggirih|en]]:''physical optics''). ==Teori== <br/> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== * {{Commons category-inline|Light|cahayo}} * {{Wiktionary inline}} * {{Wikiquote inline}} {{fisika-stub}} b0q4nd23javi15rg45se2u2ndzh96qp Yhivi 0 386752 2443992 2022-08-09T14:54:26Z 182.0.201.31 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Infobox adult biography | name = Yhivi | image = | image_size = 250px | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[California]]<br/>{{USA}} | death_date = | death_place = | height = {{height|ft=5|in=1.024}} | ethnicity = | alias = | website = }} '''Yhivi''' (lahia 5 November 19..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox adult biography | name = Yhivi | image = | image_size = 250px | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[California]]<br/>{{USA}} | death_date = | death_place = | height = {{height|ft=5|in=1.024}} | ethnicity = | alias = | website = }} '''Yhivi''' (lahia 5 November 1994) adolah surang mantan aktris film [[Aktris pornografi|porno]] dari [[Amerika Sarikat]].<ref name="iafd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.asp?perfid=Yhivi&gender=f|title=Internet Adult Film Database|publisher=www.iafd.com|lang=en|accessdate=2019-07-04}}</ref> ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category inline}} {{authority control}} tce0xmutfv8x5c7khrt7jqwtm4a7i7y Malt 0 386753 2443994 2022-08-09T18:19:18Z 182.2.135.240 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Infobox drink/Wd}}[[Berkas:Sjb whiskey malt.jpg|jmpl|Saciduak barley malt jo tangan, kacambah bawarno putiah dapek dicaliak.]] [[Berkas:Grünmalz.jpg|thumb|Sagonggam biji malt, kacambah putiah tacoliak.]] '''Malt''' adolah [[parkacambahan|kacambah]] biji-bijian [[serealia]] nan tolah dikariangkan. Biji-bijian dibuek bakacambah dangan marandamnyo di dalam aia, lalu manahan proses parkacambahan lobiah lanjuik dangan [[pangariangan (makanan)|pangariangan]].<ref>[http..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drink/Wd}}[[Berkas:Sjb whiskey malt.jpg|jmpl|Saciduak barley malt jo tangan, kacambah bawarno putiah dapek dicaliak.]] [[Berkas:Grünmalz.jpg|thumb|Sagonggam biji malt, kacambah putiah tacoliak.]] '''Malt''' adolah [[parkacambahan|kacambah]] biji-bijian [[serealia]] nan tolah dikariangkan. Biji-bijian dibuek bakacambah dangan marandamnyo di dalam aia, lalu manahan proses parkacambahan lobiah lanjuik dangan [[pangariangan (makanan)|pangariangan]].<ref>[http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter3.html "How to brew manually'' by John Palmer]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |title= Quality Factors for Malting, Brewing and other End-uses|date= |publisher= Oregon State University|url= http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/five/BarleyOverview.htm#BarleyMaltingQuality|work= |pages= |accessdate= 2007-04-13|archive-date= 2017-10-04|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171004195239/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/five/BarleyOverview.htm#BarleyMaltingQuality|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.howtobrew.com/section2/chapter12.html What is malting?]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=f--1V1ftgtsC&pg=PT116&lpg=PT116#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Kirk-Othmer Food and Feed Technology|publisher= Wiley-Interscience|location= New York|year= 2007|pages= 116–120|isbn= 0-470-17448-X|accessdate= 2010 July 7 }}</ref> Biji-bijian nan tolah manjadi malt akan mambantuak [[enzim]] nan mamocah [[pati]] di dalam biji-bijian manjadi [[gulo]], tamasuak [[monosakarida]] [[glukosa]], [[disakarida]] [[maltosa]], trisakarida maltotriosa, dan gulo nan lobiah kompleks ajak [[maltodekstrin]]. Enzim lain tabontuak juo, ajak [[protease]], nan mamocah [[protein]] di dalam biji-bijian manjadi bantuak nan dapek dipagunoan dek [[ragi]]. Malt manganduang juo sajumlah ketek gulo jinih lain ajak [[sukrosa]] dan [[fruktosa]], nan sasungguahnyo bukan produk dari modifikasi pati dek biktu alah ado di dalam biji-bijian sabalun proses pambuatan malt. Biji-bijian nan dijadikan malt digunoan untuak mambuek [[bir]], [[wiski]], [[milkshake]], cuka malt, permen, minuman raso ajak Horlicks, [[Ovaltine]], dan [[Milo]], dan babagai jinih roti ajak [[bagel]]. Malt nan tolah digerus dapek digunoan sabagai pamanih.<ref>{{cite book|author=Horace Kephart|title=Our southern highlanders|edition=eBook|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|year=1922|page=134|quote=The sprouted corn is then dried and ground into meal. This sweet meal is then made into a mush with boiling water, and is let stand two or three days.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vuNBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2011 April 10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mills, Margaret H.; Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah|title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2003|page=5|isbn=0-415-93919-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2011 April 10|quote=The grain's own conversion of stored starch to sugar while sprouting ("malting") results in a sweet meal, which is then cooked for hours with water, oil, and additional wheat flour.}}</ref> Dari babagai jinih sereal nan dapek dibuek malt, [[barley]] iyolah nan paliang umum.<ref>{{Cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=wUwHtcqoP0YC&pg=PA181#v=onepage&q&f=false|author= Evers, A. D.; Kent, N.|title= Technology of cereals: an introduction for students of food science and agriculture|publisher= Pergamon Press|location= New York|year= 1994|page= 181|isbn= 0-08-040834-6|accessdate= 2010 July 7 }}</ref> ==Carito== ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{Wiktionary}} *{{commons category inline}} {{Authority control}} qghsijop6glatuhad413bhabxpb97uk Emulsi 0 386754 2444001 2022-08-10T07:46:55Z 182.0.167.156 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Berkas:Emulsions.svg|bingkai|ka|A. Proses sabalun emulsi.<br />B. Fase II dalam proses emulsi.<br />C. Emulsi indak stabil.<br />D. Emulsi nan stabil]] '''Emulsi''' marupoan jinih [[koloid]] dangan fase tar[[dispersi]] barupo zat caia.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=17076645 |year=2006 |last1=Khan |first1=A. Y. |title=Multiple emulsions: An overview |journal=Current Drug Delivery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=429–43 |last2=Talegaonkar |first2=S |last3=Iqbal |first3=Z |last..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Emulsions.svg|bingkai|ka|A. Proses sabalun emulsi.<br />B. Fase II dalam proses emulsi.<br />C. Emulsi indak stabil.<br />D. Emulsi nan stabil]] '''Emulsi''' marupoan jinih [[koloid]] dangan fase tar[[dispersi]] barupo zat caia.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=17076645 |year=2006 |last1=Khan |first1=A. Y. |title=Multiple emulsions: An overview |journal=Current Drug Delivery |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=429–43 |last2=Talegaonkar |first2=S |last3=Iqbal |first3=Z |last4=Ahmed |first4=F. J. |last5=Khar |first5=R. K. |doi=10.2174/156720106778559056}}</ref> Badasarkan medium pendispersinyo, emulsi dapek dibagi manjadi: emulsi [[gas]], emulsi [[caia]], dan emulsi [[padek]]. Contoh emulsi antaro lain: vinaigrettes, [[susu]] homogen, kondensat biomolekuler caia, dan babarapo caiaran pamotongan untuak pangarojoan logam. ==Emulsi gas (aerosol caia)== {{sadang karajo}} ==Emulsi caia== {{sadang karajo}} ==Emulsi padek (gel)== Emulsi padat (gel) iyolah koloid dangan zat fase caia tardispersi dalam zat fase padek. Hal iko bararti zat tardispersi fase caia dan medium fase padek. Contoh: [[mantega]], [[keju]], jeli, dan mutiara. ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{commons category inline|Emulsions|Emulsi}} * {{URL|http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02065.html|IUPAC Gold Book, "emulsion"|lingua=en}} {{kimia-stub}} hlbps9c0n68hzkm7tr9vuaqrz362l5f Pandan wangi 0 386755 2444002 2022-08-10T11:27:11Z 182.0.134.156 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | image = Pandan_Leaf_(Pandanus_amaryllifolius)_1.jpg | image_caption = Pandan wangi | name = ''Pandanus amaryllifolius'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Pandanales]] | familia = [[Pandanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Pandanus]]'' | species = '''''P. amaryllifolius'''''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-285639 | title = The..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | image = Pandan_Leaf_(Pandanus_amaryllifolius)_1.jpg | image_caption = Pandan wangi | name = ''Pandanus amaryllifolius'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Pandanales]] | familia = [[Pandanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Pandanus]]'' | species = '''''P. amaryllifolius'''''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-285639 | title = The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species | access-date = 29 March 2015 }}</ref> | binomial = ''Pandanus amaryllifolius'' | binomial_authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] }} '''Pandan wangi''' (atau biaso disabuik ''pandan'' sajo) adolah jinih [[tumbuahan]] [[monokotil]] dari famili [[Pandanaceae]] nan punyo [[daun]] babaun wangi nan khas. Daunnyo marupokan komponen pantiang dalam tradisi masakan [[Indonesia]] dan nagara-nagara [[Asia Tenggara]] lainnyo. Tumbuhan iko mudah dijompo di pakarangan atau tumbuah liar di topi-topi selokan nan taduah. Akarnyo gadang dan punyo akar tunggang nan manopang tumbuhan iko bilo alah cukuik godang. Daunnyo mamanjang ajak daun palem dan tasusun sacaro roset nan rapek, panjangnyo dapek mancapai 60cm. Babarapo varietas punyo topi daun nan bargarigi. ==Kagunoan== ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== *{{Commons category inline|Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan wangi}} * [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Pand_ama.html Spices: ''P. amaryllifolius''] {{Tumbuahan-stub}} 3qrq0428udzbo21hsb2s3pz8k5gcxsr Templat:Cookbook 10 386756 2444003 2022-08-10T11:48:57Z 182.0.134.156 ←Mambuek laman baisi "{{sister | project = wikibooks | text = Wikibooks {{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook | Cookbook }} punyo resep/modul di <div style="margin-left:10px;"> '''''{{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | {{ifempty|{{{l1|}}}|{{{1|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}} }}'''''{{#if:{{{2|}}}<!-- -->|<br />'''''{{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook:{{{2}}} | {{ifempty|{{{l2|}}}|{{{2}}}}} }}''''' }}</div> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{sister | project = wikibooks | text = Wikibooks {{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook | Cookbook }} punyo resep/modul di <div style="margin-left:10px;"> '''''{{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | {{ifempty|{{{l1|}}}|{{{1|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}} }}'''''{{#if:{{{2|}}}<!-- -->|<br />'''''{{sec link auto| wikibooks | Cookbook:{{{2}}} | {{ifempty|{{{l2|}}}|{{{2}}}}} }}''''' }}</div> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0jg1083rlbyrpi3hcqhamh22ifr3iyv Templat:Cite Americana 10 386757 2444004 2022-08-10T11:51:50Z 182.0.134.156 ←Mambuek laman baisi "<!-- optional icon - included by default -->{{#if:{{{noicon|}}}||[[Image:{{#if:{{{wstitle|{{{1|}}}<!-- -->}}}|wikisource-logo.svg|PD-icon.svg}}|12px|link=]]&nbsp;}}<!-- optional verbatim message - not included by default -->{{#if:{{{vb|}}}|{{#if: {{{inline|}}}|One or more of the preceding sentences|This article}} incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]:&nbsp;|}}<!--no white space -->{{cite encyclopedia <!--allow up to two authors to be s..." wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- optional icon - included by default -->{{#if:{{{noicon|}}}||[[Image:{{#if:{{{wstitle|{{{1|}}}<!-- -->}}}|wikisource-logo.svg|PD-icon.svg}}|12px|link=]]&nbsp;}}<!-- optional verbatim message - not included by default -->{{#if:{{{vb|}}}|{{#if: {{{inline|}}}|One or more of the preceding sentences|This article}} incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]:&nbsp;|}}<!--no white space -->{{cite encyclopedia <!--allow up to two authors to be set--> |{{#if:{{{last|}}} |last |HIDE_PARAMETER1}}={{{last|}}} |{{#if:{{{last1|}}} |last1 |HIDE_PARAMETER2}}={{{last1|}}} |{{#if:{{{author|}}} |author |HIDE_PARAMETER3}}={{{author|}}} |{{#if:{{{author1|}}} |author1 |HIDE_PARAMETER4}}={{{author1|}}} |{{#if:{{{authors|}}} |authors |HIDE_PARAMETER5}}={{{authors|}}} |{{#if:{{{first|}}} |first |HIDE_PARAMETER6}}={{{first|}}} |{{#if:{{{first1|}}} |first1 |HIDE_PARAMETER7}}={{{first1|}}} |{{#if:{{{authorlink|}}} |authorlink |HIDE_PARAMETER8}}={{{authorlink|}}} |{{#if:{{{author-link|}}} |author-link |HIDE_PARAMETER9}}={{{author-link|}}} |{{#if:{{{author1-link|}}} |author1-link |HIDE_PARAMETER10}}={{{author1-link|}}} |{{#if:{{{authorlink1|}}} |authorlink1 |HIDE_PARAMETER11}}={{{authorlink1|}}} |{{#if:{{{last2|}}} |last2 |HIDE_PARAMETER12}}={{{last2|}}} |{{#if:{{{author2|}}} |author2 |HIDE_PARAMETER13}}={{{author2|}}} |{{#if:{{{first2|}}} |first2 |HIDE_PARAMETER14}}={{{first2|}}} |{{#if:{{{authorlink2|}}} |authorlink2 |HIDE_PARAMETER15}}={{{authorlink2|}}} |{{#if:{{{author2-link|}}} |author2-link |HIDE_PARAMETER16}}={{{author2-link|}}} <!-- set defaults for some parameters--> |year={{{year|1920}}} |editor-first={{{editor-first|{{#if:{{{short|}}}| |George Edwin}}}}} |editor-last={{{editor-last|{{#if:{{{short|}}}| |Rines}}}}} |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Americana]] | title = {{#ifeq: {{{wstitle|{{{1|}}}}}}|<!--eq to empty-->| <!--then-->{{#ifeq: {{{title|}}}|<!--eq to empty-->|<sup>[[s:The Encyclopedia Americana ({{{year|1920}}})|<span style="color:red">namo artikel dibutuahkan</span>]]</sup> <!--else-->|{{{title|}}}}} |[[s:The Encyclopedia Americana ({{{year|1920}}})/{{{wstitle|{{{1|}}}}}}|{{{display|{{{wstitle|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}]]}} <!--Only set url if the title parameter exists--> |{{#if:{{{title|}}} |url |HIDE_PARAMETER17}}={{{url|}}} |{{#if:{{{volume|}}} |volume |HIDE_PARAMETER18}}={{{volume|}}} |{{#if:{{{page|}}} |page |HIDE_PARAMETER19}}={{{page|}}} |{{#if:{{{pages|}}} |pages |HIDE_PARAMETER20}}={{{pages|}}} |{{#if:{{{separator|}}} |separator |HIDE_PARAMETER21}}={{{separator|}}} |{{#if:{{{postscript|}}} |postscript |HIDE_PARAMETER22}}={{{postscript|}}} |{{#if:{{{mode|}}} |mode |HIDE_PARAMETER220}}={{{mode|}}} |{{#if:{{{ref|}}} |ref |HIDE_PARAMETER23}}={{{ref|}}} }}<includeonly><!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACEE}} |<!--is not set--> |<!--Set: sort out the parameters--> {{#if: {{{wstitle|}}} |[[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana dengan referensi Wikisource]] |<!--else--> {{#if: {{{title|}}} | [[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana tanpa referensi Wikisource]] |<!--else--> {{#if: {{{1|}}} | [[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana dengan parameter tak bernama]] |<!--else--> [[Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana tanpa parameter wstitle atau judul]] }} }} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} [[Kategori:Templat kutipan]] </noinclude> aayhxcbqv9fl2xmyhmkxzh5q56rmhxk Vanila 0 386758 2444005 2022-08-10T11:56:33Z 182.0.134.156 ←Mambuek laman baisi "[[Berkas:VanillaExtract.png|jmpl|Ekstrak vanilla]] [[Berkas:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png|jmpl|Bungo ''Vanilla planifolia'']] [[Berkas:Vanilla_plantation_in_wood_dsc00190.jpg|jmpl|ka|Kobun vanilla nan manyatu dangan [[utan]].]] [[Berkas:Vanilla_fragrans_2.jpg|jmpl|ka|Buah vanilla nan masih hijau]] '''Vanilla''' adolah [[pambari raso]] nan dihasilkan dari tanaman [[Vanilla (genus)|genus Vanilla]], tarutamo ''[[Vanilla planifolia]]''. Kato "vanilla" didapek..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:VanillaExtract.png|jmpl|Ekstrak vanilla]] [[Berkas:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png|jmpl|Bungo ''Vanilla planifolia'']] [[Berkas:Vanilla_plantation_in_wood_dsc00190.jpg|jmpl|ka|Kobun vanilla nan manyatu dangan [[utan]].]] [[Berkas:Vanilla_fragrans_2.jpg|jmpl|ka|Buah vanilla nan masih hijau]] '''Vanilla''' adolah [[pambari raso]] nan dihasilkan dari tanaman [[Vanilla (genus)|genus Vanilla]], tarutamo ''[[Vanilla planifolia]]''. Kato "vanilla" didapek dari bahaso Spanyol, {{lang|es|''vaina''}} nan punyo arti "polong", basobok bantuak buah vanila iyolah polong.<ref name=Ackerman>{{cite journal |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134375 |title=Vanilla |author=James D. Ackerman |journal=Flora of South America |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=507|date=June 2003 |accessdate=2008-07-22 |quote=Spanish vainilla, little pod or capsule, referring to long, podlike fruits}}</ref> ==Biologi== {{sadang karajo}} ==Rujuakan== {{Reflist}} ==Pautan lua== {{cookbook}} *{{Commons category inline|Vanilla extract|Vanila}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Vanilla |short=x}} * [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/ruud_kirs/ History, Classification and Lifecycle of Vanilla planifolia] * [http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/biomed/spice/index.cfm?displayID=27 ''Spices'' at UCLA History & Special Collections] * {{dmoz|Shopping/Food/Seasonings/Vanilla_and_Extracts|Vanilla and Extracts}} * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/view/1/27/ "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe"] by [[Thomas Kitchin]], 1778, in which Kitchin discusses vanilla {{biologi-stub}} f6s06mhl21v3qcpbpkx2vrsmkei8nf9