Etna

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      <comment>Ftit qari tal-provi</comment>
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      <text bytes="2880" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Catania-Etna-Sicilia-Italy-Castielli CC0 HQ1.JPG|thumb|right|Veduta tal-Etna fl-isfond]]
[[Stampa:2Etna.jpg|thumb|right|Eruzzjoni tal-Etna]]
[[Stampa:Etna1.jpg|thumb|right|Il-vulkan Etna]]
L-'''Etna''' hija muntanja u [[vulkan]] fi [[Sqallija]], l-[[Italja]], b'quċċata għolja 3,604 metru. Il-vulkan żbroffa bil-qawwi kemm-il darba b'periklu għall-eqreb belt kbira li hija [[Katanja]]. Dan il-vulkan jista' jidher minn [[Malta]]. Huwa wiehed mill-aktar vulkani attivi tad-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

L-ewwel żbroff irreġistrat tal-Etna seħħ fis-seklu 18 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]., għalkemm studji [[Ġeoloġija|ġeoloġiċi]] juru li l-vulkan kien attiv qabel dak il-perjodu. Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, nafu li żbroffa 90 darba u l-iktar żbroff devastanti kien dak tal-1169. Dan l-iżbroff qered il-belt ta' Katanja u qatel lil 15,000 ruħ, filwaqt li fi żbroff ieħor li seħħ fl-1669 mietu mal-20,000 ruħ. 

Aktar reċenti, fl-1928, żewġt irħula ntradmu kważi għalkollox minn xmara ta' [[lava]], u fl-1947, frott l-attività vulkanika, iffurmaw żewġ krateri ġodda. Il-vulkan Etna żbroffa wkoll fl-1971, fl-1981, fl-1983 u fl-1992, meta l-lava ġiet ikkontrollata permezz ta' splussiv immonitorjat. Fl-2001 seħħ numru ta' ċaqliq, li laħaq il-qofol tiegħu f'Lulju u fl-ewwel nofs ta' Awwissu meta xmajjar ħomor nar gelglu lejn il-belt ta' [[Nicolosi]]. B'dawn l-eruzzjonijiet infetħu sitt xpakkaturi li alteraw l-għamla ta' dan il-kon vulkaniku. Żbroff ieħor irreġistrat kien dak ta' April 2013, li wassal biex partijiet fin-Nofsinhar ta' [[Malta]] ġew affettwati bi trab iswed.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |url=http://www.newsbook.com.mt/artikli/2013/4/20/particelli-ta-trab-mill-etna-jasal-sa-partijiet-minn-naha-t-isfel-ta-malta.5729 |titlu=Trab mill-Etna jasal sa' partijiet minn naħa t'isfel ta' Malta |pubblikatur=Newsbook |awtur=Kris Gilson |data=2013-04-20 |data-aċċess=2013-04-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Il-vulkan Etna ġie ddeżinjat bħala [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1427/|titlu=Mount Etna|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2021-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' kriterju wieħed tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (viii)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju li jirrappreżenta stadji importanti tal-istorja tad-dinja, inkluż it-trapass tal-ħajja, il-proċessi ġeoloġiċi kontinwi sinifikanti fl-iżvilupp tat-tipi differenti ta' art, jew il-karatteristiċi ġeomorfiċi jew fiżjografiċi sinifikanti&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

[[Kategorija:Muntanji tal-Italja]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani tal-Italja]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani tal-Ewropa]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani tal-Mediterran]]
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
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== Paġna Prinċipali ==
Fuq il-paġna prinċipali hemm ''item'': Kommemorazzjonijiet...

Dan konna ħadnieh mit-Taljan:Oggi ricorre....
Ħlief għal xi ftit ġranet tas-sena dan ikun fih biss il-qaddisin ikkommemorati mill-Knisja Kattolika. Ta' min iżommu dan l-''item''?

Hemm ukoll Vetrina li rari jkun hemm xi ħaġa fiha. Nistgħu nuruha biss meta jkollna xi ħaġa x'nuru?

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 19:43, 16 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:Rigward il-Vetrina naħseb li tkun idea tajba li nippruvaw nerġgħu nqajjmuha. Fid-[[Utent:Chrisportelli/PaġnaPrinċipali|disinn il-ġdid]] li pproponejt hemma l-kaxxa tal-Vetrina però li nistgħu nagħmlu hu li kif qed tgħid int tinħeba meta ma jkunx hemm. —[[Utent:Chrisportelli|Chrisportelli]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Chrisportelli|d]]) 06:07, 17 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: L-aktar milli nikkunsidraw inżommux dan l-''item'' naħseb li tajjeb naraw hemmx lok li jsiru waħda minn żewġ affarijiet, jekk mhux it-tnejn: jew (a) naraw jistgħu jinħolqu paġni dwar dan il-qaddisin anke biex ma jkollnix daqs tant ħoloq ħomor fuq il-paġna prinċiali, u/jew (b) insibu mezz biex inżidu aktar magħhom flok qaddisin biss, jew kważi. Meta kont naħdem ma'/fuq aboutmalta.com kellna servizz ta' On This Day in Maltese History din kienet waħda mill-aktar paġni li kienet tiġbed nies lejha.
:: Dwar il-veterina naqbel kompletament ma' li qed tgħidu. {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} Kif għaddi r-Rebbiegħa CEE 2020 nistgħu naraw ma' WCM forsi nistgħu naraw noħolqux edit-a-tona fuq hekk, anke possibilment b'rabta ma' [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital_articles|dan li jidher hawn rigward paġni vitali għal mt.wikipedia]]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:12, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::{{irrispondi|Chrisportelli}} Is-sena t-tajba! Bl-għajnuna ta' [[Utent:Dans]] ħdimna naqra fuq verżjoni tikka differenti minn dik li pproponejt int u jekk m'hemmx oġġezzjoni mingħandek jew xi ħadd ieħor (b'mod partikolari [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-Vetrina) u [[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] (naqbel miegħek dwar il-mod kif ninvolvu lill-kommunità) li kienu parti mid-diskussjoni s'issa, allura għada filgħaxija noħorġuha għall-pubbliku bħala parti mill-ħidma li għaddejja bħalissa mill-kommunità b'rabta ma' [[Wikipedija:Wikipedia 20]]. Il-verżjoni li qed nipproponu tinstab [[Utent:Dans/Sandbox|hawn]]. Grazzi dejjem! --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:19, 18 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::: Forsi nista' nerġa' nqajjem id-diskussjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot;. Araw ir-rimarka fil-bidu ta' din it-taqsima. —[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 12:06, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} iva, grazzi. Punt tajjeb ħafna dan! Dwaru kien hemm żewġ kummenti fid-diskussjonijiet tal-kommunità illejla stess. L-ewwel huwa li hemm lok noħolqu attivitajiet biex intejbuh. Hemm il-mudell ta' 'On this day' mill-Ingliż li jidher ferm aħjar minn tat-Taljan għax rari jinkludi qaddisin.  It-tieni ħaġa hija li jekk inneħħuh ħabta u sabta il-Paġna Prinċipali taf tinħass naqra vojta.  Allura, dan li qed tgħid int huwa mhux biss punt tajjeb imma wieħed validissimu u li WCM qed tħares biex tużah fit-tfassil tal-attivitajiet tagħha.  Aktarx induru għal dan mill-ewwel wara li tgħaddi l-kampanja biex inżidu artikli dwar suġġetti essenzjali fil-Wikipedija bħala parti minn Wikipedia 20. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 17:16, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)
::::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}}{{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Naqbel li s-sezzjoni dwar &quot;Kommemorazzjonijiet&quot; tista titneħħa. Sa fejn naf jien din hija serje ta' files individwali li jridu jitneħħew individwalment. Jien naħseb li l-mudell Ingliż joffri iżjed varjazzjoni fit-tip ta' avvenimenti u nies li jiġu mfakkra. Naħseb ukoll li fiha ftit xogħol u ħsieb biex norganizzaw l-affarijiet sew - forsi nistgħu niddedikaw ftit ħin biex nippjanaw għalija waqt l-avvenimenti ta' Wikipedia 20 fil-ġimgħat li ġejjin? --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 17:52, 19 Jannar 2021 (UTC)

== Abbozz == 
Nixtieq nerġa niftaħ id-diskussjoni fuq it-terminu &quot;abbozz&quot;. 

Dan konna iddusketejnieh hawn:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2008#Stub_jew_Abbozz?

Xi artikli qsar ħafna ma jixirqilhom li jissejħu &quot;abbozz&quot; pereżemju https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa .

Jien kont għedt:
&quot;Togħġobni l-idea tal-Olandiż: &quot;Begintje&quot; jew &quot;bidu żgħir&quot;. Forsi jmissna nivvintaw kliem ġdid fejn ma nsibux kelma adekwata bħal &quot;bdejju&quot; - bidu żgħir! &quot; 

Kont issuġġerejt ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot;.

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 15:59, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Grazzi tassew ta' din. &quot;Abbozz&quot; huwa aktar &quot;draft&quot;, skond jien. Fl-ispirtu ta' dan li qed tipproponi inti, flok &quot;stub&quot; jiena kieku nipproponi &quot;loqma&quot; - xi tgħid? 

: Apparti hekk dan l-aħħar konna qed nitkellmu ukoll dwar aktar parametri li nistgħu norbtu mal-mudell &lt;nowiki&gt;{{stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} x'taħseb dwar din il-biċċa kollha? --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:19, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}Personalment &quot;loqma&quot; ma tantx togħġobni għax negattiva. Aquilina għal &quot;loqma&quot; jagħti piece of bread, morsel, a crust of bread. Kieku nippreferi xi ħaġa bħal &quot;Bidu ċkejken&quot; jew &quot;Nibbieta&quot; fis-sens li l-artiklu ħa jikber minnha.
:: [[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:39, 19 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}} Milli rajt fuq il-Wikipedija bl-Ingliż, donnhom jintużaw mudelli differenti skont il-kategorija tal-artiklu, imma forsi kellek xi ideat oħra? Rigward l-isem, kemm &quot;loqma&quot; kif ukoll &quot;nibbieta&quot; jogħġbuni, imma minix l-ikbar espert fuq x'isem għandu jingħata. —[[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Scutajar|d]]) 11:32, 20 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::: {{irrispondi|Leli Forte|Scutajar}}: Nasal naqbel magħkom faċilment. Loqma tassew li għandha konnotazzjonijiet negattivi, anke minħabba loqma ta' sigarett. Naħseb &quot;nibbieta&quot; ideali però mhux ċert għandiex tkun &quot;nebbieta&quot; minflok; [https://mlrs.research.um.edu.mt/resources/gabra/lexemes/view/55eea2269ba3c2094bf097ea araw hawn]. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 18:44, 21 Mej 2020 (UTC)
:::: {{irrispondi|ToniSant}}: Aquilina M-E jagħti t-tnejn (nibbieta/nebbieta). Jien kuntent bit-tnejn.

:::: Kont issuġġerejt dan:
{{ambox
| type  = style
| image = [[Image:Acer seedling drawing.png|55px]]
| text = '''Dan l-artiklu huwa [[Għajnuna:Stub|nibbieta]]''' li nittamaw li minnha jinbet artiklu sħiħ.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;Jekk trid, tista' [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} tikkontribwixxi issa] biex tkabbar u tiżviluppa dan l-artiklu, dejjem skont il-[[Għajnuna:Manwal tal-istil|konvenzjonijiet tal-Wikipedija]].&lt;br/&gt;Għal-lista tan-nibbitiet kollha, ara l-[[:category:stub|kategorija]] li għandha x'taqsam.&lt;/div&gt;
}}

::::[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:47, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

:::::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Din id-diskussjoni qamet ukoll waqt l-aħħar editathon tal-[[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2020]] ma' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]], [[Utent:Mewga|Mewga]], [[Utent:Angie Balzan|Angie Balzan]], [[Utent:EnriqueTabone|EnriqueTabone]], u [[Utent:Scutajar|Scutajar]]. Il-kunsens ġenerali kien li nużaw &quot;nebbieta&quot; u l-plural kollettiv ta' &quot;nebbitiet&quot;. Naħseb jekk ma hemm l-ebda oġġezzjoni nistgħu mmexxu b'dan il-mod. --[[Utent:Nevborg|Nevborg]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Nevborg|d]]) 16:47, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)
Araw diskussjoni oħra:

https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pjazza/Arkivju_2009#Stub

=== Abbozzi oħra ===
Hemm ukoll:

{{Abbandunat}}

u abbozzi bis-suġġett

{{Stub| Matematika}}

[[Utent:Leli Forte|Leli Forte]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Leli Forte|d]]) 16:56, 22 Mej 2020 (UTC)

::{{irrispondi|Leli Forte}} Bħala azzjoni konkreta vis-a-vis dak li kiteb dwaru {{irrispondi|Nevborg}} hawn fuq, {{irrispondi|Scutajar}} u jien ħidmna biċċa sew illum biex nibdew naqilbu dawk li kienu abbozzi/stubs għal nebbieta, a bażi ta' dak li ddiskutejna fuq il-proposta tiegħek. Idealment, id-diskussjoni issa [[Diskussjoni_Wikipedija:Nebbieta|għandha timxi għal hawn]] u b'hekk nibdew nifirdu ħidma fuq livell infrastrutturali fuq dan l-aspett u dawk ta' politika ta' kif jitħaddmu, kif bdejna anke niddiskutu ukoll hawn taħt fis-suġġett/taqsima li jmiss. --[[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 19:05, 29 Mej 2020 (UTC)

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&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. 

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:04, 15 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Dear community members, 

Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. 

If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories.

Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]].

More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]].

For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org.
------
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#8B0000&quot;&gt;'''ZI Jony'''&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Green&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Talk)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;]], {{&lt;includeonly&gt;subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 5, January 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates.
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]])
*'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:27, 29 Jannar 2022 (UTC)
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== Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''.

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations.

The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].'''

To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].'''

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].'''

Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. 

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br/&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 4 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== ĦU SEHEM: Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|130px|lemin]]
'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' huwa konkors annwali tal-fotografija miftuħ għal kulħadd, fejn int ukoll tista' żżid ritratti ta' aspetti mill-kultura folkoristika f'Malta u f'pajjiżi oħra madwar id-dinja. Din hija l-ewwel sena li Malta qed tkun inkluża f'din l-attività globali. F'Malta din l-inzjattiva titmexxa minn [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] li jorganizzaw attivitajiet ta' taħriġ u informazzjoni online għal min jixtieq jieħu sehem kull nhar ta' Ħamis fis-6pm matul ix-xahar ta' Frar.&lt;div class=&quot;main-footer&quot;&gt;''Ħu sehem minn din il-ħolqa fuq Wikimedia Commons: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 in Malta]]. --'' [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 16:43, 8 Frar 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work.

The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 9 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 04:50, 22 Frar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Coming soon ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 28 Frar 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki.

There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss:
* A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&amp;A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants.
* The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance &lt;br /&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]].

You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 8 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Hello! 

The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about &quot;Regional and Thematic Hubs&quot;. The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. 

Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9.

The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''.

Best regards,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Movement Strategy
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:31, 10 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:40, 14 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''.

Thank you,

From the Community Development team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 18 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 ==

[[Stampa:Rebbiegħa_CEE_logo.jpg|alt=CEE Spring logo|daqsminuri|Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]
L-għaqda voluntarja Wikimedia Community Malta (WCM) qed tistiednek tieħu sehem fit-tielet edizzjoni tal-konkors Rebbiegħa CEE 2022 fuq il-Wikipedija bil-Malti bejn il-21 ta' Marzu u l-20 ta' Ġunju 2022. Matul dan il-perjodu, il-WCM qed torganizza numru ta' edit-a-toni għal min jixtieq jitgħallem aktar dwar kif jinkitbu l-artiklu fuq il-Wikipedija. 

Ingħaqad ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikipedia madwar id-dinja biex tittraduċi artikli dwar suġġetti li għandhom x'jaqsmu mal-Ewropa Ċentrali u tal-Lvant. Hemm diversi premjijiet x'jintrebħu f'dan il-konkors. Id-dettalji kollha ssibhom fuq il-paġna [[Wikipedija:Rebbiegħa CEE 2022]]. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 09:34, 21 Marzu 2022 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 14:29, 26 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Greetings,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work.

The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Best regards,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 30 Marzu 2022 (UTC)
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== Konkors Internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 ==

[[File:Portes des Bombes in Floriana, Malta.jpg|300px|Bieb il-Bombi bil-lejl|lemin]]Ritratt tal-utent [[c:Special:ListFiles/Gizwardu|Gizwardu]] (George Abdilla) li juri [[Portes des Bombes|Portes de Bombes]] bil-lejl ġie kklassifikat fl-14-il-post fil-[[commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2021 winners|konkors internazzjonali Wiki Loves Monuments tal-2021]]. Tajjeb ngħidu li f'dan l-konkors ħadu ikkompetew 172,465 ritratt minn 37 pajjiż madwar id-dinja.  

Il-konkors Wiki Loves Monuments huwa organizzat f'Malta kull sena minn Wikimedia Community Malta matul ix-xahar ta' Settembru. L-aqwa 10 ritratt minn kull sena ([[:commons:Wiki_Loves_Monuments_2021_winners#Malta|ara tal-2021]]) jieħdu sehem ukoll fil-konkors internazzjonali organizzat mill-Fondazzjoni Wikimedia fl-ewwel xhur tas-sena ta' wara. 

[http://www.wikimalta.org Wikimedia Community Malta] tifraħ lil dan l-utent ta' dan is-suċċess u bi pjaċir issa naraw dan ir-ritratt fl-artiklu bil-Malti u bl-Ingliż dwar Bieb il-Bombi fil-Furjana.

Prosit, George! -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 14:59, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]])
*'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]])
*'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get  up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research

Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more.

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today!
&lt;br&gt;--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

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== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:14, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Editing news 2022 #1&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;
[[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]]

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages.  New editors are more successful with this new tool.  You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]].  Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test.  You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']]

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees.

The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team.

;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]].

Thank you for your support, 

Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
10:39, 10 Mejju 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct.  After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself.

Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments!  The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. 

Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. 

Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals.

On behalf of the UCoC project team &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 3 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Malta qed tieħu sehem għall-ewwel darba fil-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' matul ix-xahar ta' Ġunju. Diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu kull sena ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. F'Malta dan qed isir bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]]. Ir-rebbieħa ta' dan il-konkors jitħabbru f'Awwissu. [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 08:32, 5 Ġunju 2022 (UTC)

== Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Hi, Greetings

The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced!

We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]'''

Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project.

We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year.

'''Thank you,'''

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Utent:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:MediaWiki message delivery|d]]) 16:12, 4 Lulju 2022 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Maltese Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in Maltese language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Maltese Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback
* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.
* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Maltese Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity.

We plan to enable the tool on Maltese Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message
* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Maltese Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:ts:Special:ContentTranslation|https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool
* What you think about our plans to enable it
* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions.

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 05:23, 7 Lulju 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team

'''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice.

===Section Translation tool enabled in Maltese Wikipedia===

Hello Friends!
 
The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Section_translation Section Translation] tool is [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Especial:Traducci%C3%B3n_de_contenidos&amp;from=en&amp;to=mt&amp;sx=true&amp;section=#/ now enabled in Maltese Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease.

Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Maltese. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Malti. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below.
 
[[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|thumb|center|Image of the entry point]]

Content created with the tool will be marked [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Re%C4%A1istru?type=&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=sectiontranslation&amp;wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. 
 
So, [https://mt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation enjoy the tool] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation provide feedback] on improving it.

Thank you!

[[Utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:UOzurumba (WMF)|d]]) 16:59, 10 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]]

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

* July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass
* July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
* July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
* August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
* August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
* August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 14 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23215441 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.  

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; 

* '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]])
* '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]])
* '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]])
* '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]])
* '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]])
* '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]])
* '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]])
* '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]])
* '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]])
* '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 18 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23529147 --&gt;

== Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

'''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are:

* Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]])
* Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]])
* Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]])
* Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]])
* Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]])
* Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]])

You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election.

Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation.

Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia.

Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process.

'''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&amp;A]].
* See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles.
* Encourage others in your community to take part in the election.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 14:03, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23530132 --&gt;

== Vote for Election Compass Statements ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

*&lt;s&gt;July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements&lt;/s&gt;
*July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
*August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
*August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
*August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August

Best, 

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 21:01, 27 Lulju 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Earth 2022 f'Malta ==

[[Stampa:WLE_Austria_Logo_(transparent).svg|lemin|200x200px]]
Bi pjaċir kbir inħabbru [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022/Winners#Malta|r-rebbieħa minn Malta tal-konkors globali Wiki Loves Earth 2022]].

Kull sena diversi utenti tal-Wikipedija jingħaqdu ma' komunitajiet oħra tal-Wikimedia madwar id-dinja għal konkors fotografiku dwar wirt naturali protett. L-ewwel edizzjoni tal-konkors '''[[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2022_in_Malta|Wiki Loves Earth]]''' f'Malta saret matul ix-xhur ta' Ġunju u Lulju ta' din is-sena.  

F'Malta dawn il-konkorsi jsiru bil-kollaborazzjoni ta' [[metawiki:Wikimedia Community User Group Malta|Wikimedia Community Malta]] (WCM), li tifraħ lill-utenti kollha li ħadu sehem f'dan il-konkors, b'mod partikolari lil dawk li r-ritratti taħghom ingħażlu biex jipparteċipaw fil-konkors internazzjonali. Grazzi u prosit tassew!

Aktar dettalji dwar premjijiet u apprezzamenti tal-parteċipazzjoni dalwaqt, fuq is-sit ta' WCM. -- [[Utent:ToniSant|ToniSant]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:ToniSant|d]]) 10:44, 23 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== Mudell:Progress bar ==

Ħellow,
Jien editur Malti u m'ilnix wisq fuq il-WP Maltija. Waqt li qed nipprova nagħmel 'table' għall-reżultati ta elezzjoni ta Partit żgħir partikolari (dawn il-pettegorezzi żgħar ta infoboxes u templates jinteressawni ħafna) u nasal għas-Siġġijiet fil-Parlament Malti, insib li ma jeżistix xi forma ta mudell għal 'progress bar' jew indikazzjoni simili illi tallokala numru bhala 'fraction' u ggibulhek qishu loading bar. Fittixt ftit fil-lista ta Mudelli imma ma sibt xejn. Qed infittex ħażin, jew għadha ma teżistix? Fuq il-WP Ingliża dan huwa [[w:Template:Composition bar]] (Fuq kollox nispera li tfajt dal-messaġġ fiċ-'channel' tajjeb.)

[[Utent:Mtonna257|Mtonna257]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Mtonna257|d]]) 10:24, 25 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

:Ħloqt verżjoni tal-mudell fuq din il-wiki {{tl|Composition bar}}. Mhuwiex mibni kompletament fuq il-verżjoni tal-wiki Ingliża, pero naħseb għandu jaqdi l-għanijiet tiegħek. Kellimni f'każ li jkun hemm bżonn xi bidla. —[[Utent:Chrisportelli|Chrisportelli]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Chrisportelli|d]]) 19:20, 25 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)
::Prosit, perfetta. Skużi tad-dewmien fit-tweġiba.
::[[Utent:Mtonna257|Mtonna257]] ([[Diskussjoni utent:Mtonna257|d]]) 07:40, 26 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)

== The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote:

* Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics.
* Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]]

If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]]
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&amp;oldid=23708360 --&gt;

== Invitation to join the Movement Strategy Forum ==

:''{{More languages}}''
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
Hello everyone,

The [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Movement Strategy Forum] (MS Forum) is a multilingual collaborative space for all conversations about Movement Strategy implementation. 

We are inviting all Movement participants to collaborate on the MS Forum. The goal of the forum is to build community collaboration, using an inclusive multilingual platform.

The [[m:Movement Strategy|Movement Strategy]] is a collaborative effort to imagine and build the future of the Wikimedia Movement. Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy, from a comment to a full-time project.

;Join this forum with your Wikimedia account, engage in conversations, and ask questions in your language.

The Movement Strategy and Governance team (MSG) launched the proposal for the MS Forum in May 2022. There was a 2-month community review period, which ended on 24 July 2022. The community review process included several questions that resulted in interesting conversations. You can read the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 Community Review Report]. 

We look forward to seeing you at the MS Forum! 

Best regards,

the Movement Strategy and Governance Team

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 11:32, 29 Awwissu 2022 (UTC)
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      <sha1>76bc60doy427mc5w1jp2u73vfvh61gq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Utent:Trigcly</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>25623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279868</id>
      <parentid>279841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:21:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22289" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (778)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>8eytg0h2sbidf392uamc32jxqwbd53t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279874</id>
      <parentid>279868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22321" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (779)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>la00ixk7dez15pidjteyao4ipf3s6mc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279881</id>
      <parentid>279874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T17:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22331" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (780)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Fuji]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>n45dk0murqfgvda91vi5s5fiw31vs5s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279884</id>
      <parentid>279881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T19:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aġġornament</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22404" xml:space="preserve">== '''Kontribuzzjonijiet - Artikli ġodda (781)''' ==

=== &lt;u&gt;'''A'''&lt;/u&gt; ===

* [[Abbazija ta' Corvey]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Fontenay]]
* [[Abbazija ta' Lorsch]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe]]
*[[Abbazija ta' Sankt Gallen]]
*[[Abbazija ta’ Vézelay|Abbazija ta' Vezelay]]
*[[Abu al-Fida]]
*[[Abu Simbel]]
*[[Aflaj tal-Oman]]
*[[Afrodisja]]
*[[Agostino Carracci]]
*[[Agostino Matrenza]]
*[[Aït Benhaddou]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Padre Tembleque]]
*[[Akkwedott ta' Pontcysyllte]]
*[[Alatyr]]
*[[Alberobello]]
*[[Albi]]
*[[Alcide d'Orbigny]]
*[[Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin]]
*[[Alenush Terian]]
*[[Alessandro Scarlatti]]
*[[Alessandro Volta]]
*[[Alfred Hermann Fried]]
*[[Alfred Nobel]]
*[[Alfredo Casella]]
*[[Alto Douro]]
*[[Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)|''Amerigo Vespucci'' (vapur għoli)]]
* [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t’Isfel]]

* [[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta’ Fuq]]
*[[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
*[[Anastasia Golovina]]
*[[Anders Jonas Ångström]]
*[[André Citroën]]
*[[André Weil]]
* [[Angkor Wat]]
* [[Ani]]
*[[Anna Seghers]]
*[[Anna Sychravová]]
*[[Anne-Sophie Mutter]]
* [[Antartika]]
*[[Antoine de Jussieu]]
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
*[[Antoinette Miggiani]]
*[[Anton Diabelli]]
*[[Aquileia]]
*[[Arena Tettonika Żvizzera ta' Sardona]]
*[[Arġentier]]
*[[Arġentier (tad-deheb)]]
*[[Ark Ġeodetiku ta’ Struve|Ark Ġeodetiku ta' Struve]]
*[[Arkata Trijonfali ta' Orange]]
*[[Arkeoloġija]]
*[[Arkitett]]
*[[Arkitettura tas-Seklu 20 ta' Frank Lloyd Wright]]
*[[Arles]]
*[[Armata tat-Terrakotta]]
*[[Arslantepe]]
*[[Arti Paleolitika fl-Għerien tat-Tramuntana ta' Spanja]]
*[[Artiġjan]]
* [[Assisi]]
*[[Asuman Baytop]]
*[[Auschwitz]]
*[[Austin Camilleri]]
*[[Avukat]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;B&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Baeza]]
* [[Bagan]]
*[[Baħar ta' Wadden]]
*[[Bajjad]]
*[[Barbier]]
*[[Bardejov]]
*[[Bartolomé de Escobedo]]
*[[Battir]]
*[[Baxkortostan]]
*[[Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta’ Poreč|Bażilika Ewfrasjana ta' Poreč]]
*[[Bażilika ta' San Eġidju]]
*[[Beatriz Carrillo]]
*[[Beemster]]
*[[Belt ta' New York]]
*[[Belt ta' Vicenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto|Belt ta' Viċenza u l-Vilel ta' Palladio fil-Veneto]]
*[[Bennej]]
*[[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
*[[Bernard Grech]]
*[[Bidwi]]
*[[Bieb il-Belt]]
*[[Borobudur]]
*[[Brook Taylor]]
*[[Brú na Bóinne]]
*[[Bucha]]
*[[Bukhara]]
*[[Buskett]]
*[[Butrint]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ċ/C&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Calakmul]]
* [[Canaletto]]
* [[Caral]]
* [[Carcassonne]]
*[[Carl Bosch]]
*[[Carla Fracci]]
*[[Caroline Mikkelsen]]
*[[Casco Viejo, il-Panama]]
*[[Castel del Monte, Puglia]]
*[[Çatalhöyük]]
*[[Ċensu Apap]]
*[[Český Krumlov]]
*[[Ċetta Chevalier]]
*[[Chaîne des Puys]]
*[[Changdeokgung]]
*[[Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin]]
*[[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]]
*[[Charles Nicolle]]
*[[Charlie Watts]]
*[[Chersonesus Tawrika]]
*[[Chichén Itzá]]
*[[Chilehaus]]
*[[Choirokoitia]]
*[[Christiansfeld]]
*[[Christopher Polhem]]
*[[Ċikli ta' affreski tas-seklu 14 ta' Padova]]
*[[Cinque Terre]]
*[[Ċirkewwa]]
*[[Ċittadella Imperjali ta' Thăng Long]]
*[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
*[[Crespi d'Adda]]
*[[Cristofano Allori]]
*[[Cumalıkızık]]
*[[Cynthia Turner]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;D&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
*[[Dar ta’ Rietveld Schröder]]
*[[Delta tax-xmara Kızılırmak]]
*[[Dentist]]
*[[Denys Shmyhal]]
*[[Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu]]
*[[Diana, Prinċipessa ta' Wales]]
*[[Diga ta' Karakaya]]
*[[Dikjarazzjoni tal-Indipendenza tal-Ukrajna]]
*[[Dizzjunarju]]
*[[Djalett]]
*[[Djar Ewlenin ta' Victor Horta fi Brussell]]
*[[Dolċier]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Menga]]
*[[Dolmen ta' Viera]]
*[[Dolomiti]]
*[[Domenico Scarlatti]]
*[[Domowina]]
*[[Draginja Vuksanović-Stanković]]
*[[Dubrovnik]]
*[[Durmitor]]
* [[Dwejra]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;E&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Edinburgu]]
* [[Efesu]]
* [[Eise Eisinga]]
*[[Ekonomista]]
*[[El Jadida]]
*[[El Torcal]]
*[[Elisha Graves Otis]]
*[[Emil Nolde]]
*[[Emma Andrijewska]]
*[[Emma Muscat]]
*[[Ernst Schröder]]
*[[Esperantoloġija]]
*[[Estrazzjoni terminoloġika]]
*[[Eugenija Šimkūnaitė]]
*[[Eugenio Montale]]
*[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]]
*[[Evelyn Bonaci]]
*[[Ewropa tal-Lvant]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;F&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Fabbrika ta' Fagus]]
* [[Fabbrika ta' Van Nelle]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Azzar ta' Völklingen]]
* [[Fabbrika tal-Ħadid ta' Engelsberg]]
* [[Fanal ta' Cordouan]]
*[[Femminiżmu tar-Rom]]
*[[Fenno-Skandinavja]]
*[[Ferrara]]
*[[Festival ta' Sanremo]]
*[[Firenze]]
*[[Fjords Norveġiżi tal-Punent]]
*[[Flora Martirosian]]
*[[Fondoq ta' Ironbridge]]
*[[Foresti Antiki u Primordjali tal-Fagu tal-Karpazji u ta' Reġjuni Oħra tal-Ewropa]]
*[[Foresti Tropikali ta' Gondwana]]
* [[Forti ta' Agra]]
*[[Forti ta' Bahla]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta’ Kotor|Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Kotor]]
*[[Fortifikazzjonijiet ta' Vauban]]
*[[Fortijiet fl-Għoljiet ta' Rajasthan]]
*[[Fortizza ta' Diyarbakır]]
*[[Fotografu]]
*[[Francesco Guardi]]
*[[François-Alphonse Forel]]
*[[François Couperin]]
*[[Franġisk Zahra]]
*[[Franz Ritter von Hauer]]
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]]
*[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
* [[Frott]]
* [[Fruntieri Rumani tad-Danubju]]
* [[Fruntieri tal-Imperu Ruman]]
*[[Fuji]]
*[[Furnar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ġ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ġardinar]]
*[[Ġebla ta' Rosetta]]
* [[Ġebla tal-Ġeneral]]
* [[Ġeoloġija]]
* [[Ġibjun ta' Kiev]]
* [[Ġnien Botaniku ta' Padova]]
* [[Ġonna ta' Hevsel]]
*[[Ġurnalist]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Gammelstad]]
* [[Genova: It-Toroq Ġodda u s-Sistema tal-Palazzi tal-Listi]]
*[[Georg Ohm]]
*[[George Gallup]]
*[[Georges Bernanos]]
*[[Georges J.F. Kohler]]
*[[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]
*[[Getbol, il-Pjanuri tal-Marea tal-Korea t'Isfel]]
*[[Giacomo Zanella]]
*[[Giampiero Galeazzi]]
*[[Gianni Vella]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]]
*[[Giosuè Carducci]]
*[[Giovanni Arduino]]
*[[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Paisiello]]
*[[Giovanni Papini]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Gjirokastër]]
*[[Glossarju]]
*[[Göbekli Tepe]]
*[[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]]
*[[Grand Place, Brussell]]
*[[Graz]]
*[[Grazia Deledda]]
*[[Gregorio Allegri]]
*[[Gremxula ta' Malta]]
*[[Grotta ta' Chauvet]]
*[[Grupp ta' Monumenti ta' Khajuraho]]
*[[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
* [[Gżejjer Eolji]]
* [[Gżejjer Falkland]]
* [[Gżejjer Galapagos]]
*[[Gżira ta' Jeju]]
*[[Gżira tal-Mużewijiet]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;GĦ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Għajn Tuffieħa]]
* [[Għalliem]]
*[[Għar Dalam]]
*[[Għar ta' Altamira]]
*[[Għar ta' Karain]]
*[[Għar tal-Irħam]]
*[[Għarb]]
*[[Għerien ta’ Škocjan|Għerien ta' Škocjan]]
*[[Għerien u Arti tal-Era Glaċjali fil-Jura tas-Swabja]]
*[[Għoljiet, Djar u Kantini ta' Champagne]]
*[[Għoljiet Sagri ta' Piemonte u ta' Lombardia]]
*[[Għoljiet ta' Donets]]
*[[Għoljiet tal-Prosecco ta' Conegliano u Valdobbiadene]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;H&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Hagia Sophia]]
* [[Hallstatt]]
*[[Hans Geiger]]
*[[Hans Memling]]
*[[Hans Spemann]]
*[[Hatı Çırpan]]
*[[Hattusha]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz]]
*[[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
*[[Hermannus Contractus]]
*[[Hideki Shirakawa]]
*[[Hildesheim]]
*[[Holašovice]]
*[[Hospicio Cabañas]]
*[[Hospital de Sant Pau]]
*[[Hovgården]]
*[[Howard Carter]]
*[[Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko]]
*[[Hubert de Givenchy]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ħ&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ħaġar ta' Jelling]]
*[[Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina]]
*[[Ħitan Rumani ta' Lugo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;I&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Idrija]]
* [[Impjant Nukleari ta' Zaporizhzhia]]
*[[Impjant tal-Ippompjar bl-Istim ta' Wouda]]
*[[Inara Luigas]]
*[[Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f’Valcamonica|Inċiżjonijiet fuq il-Blat f'Valcamonica]]
*[[Indiċi]]
*[[Ingredjent]]
*[[Intaljatur]]
*[[Ipoġew ta’ Ħal Saflieni|Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni]]
* [[Ipproċessar testwali]]
* [[Irħula Kbar bi Spa fl-Ewropa]]
* [[Irpin]]
*[[Isabella d'Este]]
*[[ISBN]]
*[[Istmu Kuronjan]]
*[[Ivan Turgenev]]
*[[Ivrea]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;J&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Jacinto Benavente]]
*[[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
*[[Jean Antoine Houdon]]
*[[Jean Dieudonné]]
*[[Jean Picard]]
*[[Johan Jensen]]
*[[John Edward Critien]]
*[[John Kendrew]]
*[[John Strutt Rayleigh]]
*[[Jongmyo]]
*[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]]
*[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]
*[[Jože Plečnik]]
*[[Julia Malinova]]
*[[Júlia Sigmond]]
*[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
*[[Jum il-Ġifa]]
*[[Jum il-Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Jum l-Ewropa]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;K&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Kaja Kallas]]
*[[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]]
*[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]]
*[[Kappella]]
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]
*[[Karl Weierstrass]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Kroměříž|Kastell ta' Kroměříž]]
*[[Kastell ta' Kronborg]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Litomyšl|Kastell ta' Litomyšl]]
*[[Kastell ta’ Malbork|Kastell ta' Malbork]]
*[[Kastell ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kastell ta' Wartburg]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Augustusburg u Falkenlust fi Brühl]]
*[[Kastelli ta' Bellinzona]]
*[[Katarina Vitale]]
* [[Katidral]]
*[[Katidral ta' Aachen]]
*[[Katidral ta' Amiens]]
*[[Katidral ta' Köln]]
*[[Katidral ta' Naumburg]]
*[[Katidral ta' Santa Sofija (Kiev)]]
*[[Katidral ta’ Šibenik|Katidral ta' Šibenik]]
*[[Katidral ta' Tournai]]
*[[Katina Muntanjuża ta’ Meskheti]]
*[[Kauksi Ülle]]
* [[Kavallier ta’ San Ġakbu|Kavallier ta' San Ġakbu]]
*[[Kelma]]
*[[Kernavė]]
*[[Khiva]]
*[[Kinderdijk]]
*[[Kirurgu]]
*[[Kladruby nad Labem]]
* [[Klima ta' Malta]]
*[[Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta’ Troodos|Knejjes Impittrin fir-Reġjun ta' Troodos]]
*[[Knejjes Rumaneski Katalani tal-Vall de Boí]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tal-Karpazji Slovakki]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Injam tan-Nofsinhar ta’ Małopolskie]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Moldavja]]
*[[Knejjes tal-Paċi]]
*[[Knejjes u Kunventi ta' Goa]]
*[[Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji (Milan)|Knisja ta' Santa Marija tal-Grazzji, Milan]]
*[[Knisja ta' San Nikola tas-Saqaf]]
*[[Knisja tal-Paċi fi Świdnica]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta' San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk|Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġwann ta' Nepomuk]]
*[[Knisja tal-Pellegrinaġġi ta' Wies]]
*[[Knisja tal-Verġni Marija ta' Arakos]]
*[[Knisja tal-Vitorja]]
*[[Kok]]
*[[Kolomenskoye]]
*[[Kolonja tal-Artisti ta' Darmstadt]]
*[[Kolonna tat-Trinità Mqaddsa, Olomouc]]
* [[Kolossew]]
*[[Konversazzjoni]]
*[[Korfù]]
*[[Kosta Ġurassika]]
*[[Kosta ta' Amalfi]]
*[[Kostituzzjoni ta’ Malta|Kostituzzjoni ta' Malta]]
*[[Krater ta' Logoisk]]
*[[Kremlin ta' Kazan]]
*[[Kremlin ta’ Moska|Kremlin ta' Moska]]
*[[Krzemionki]]
*[[Kumpanija Ferrovjarja Retika]]
*[[Kunvent Benedittin ta' San Ġwann f'Müstair]]
*[[Kunvent ta' Spiš]]
*[[Kunvent ta’ Novodevichy|Kunvent ta' Novodevichy]]
*[[Kutná Hora]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;L&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[L-Arti]]
* [[Lagi ta' Willandra]]
*[[Landier]]
*[[Lapponja Żvediża]]
*[[Las Médulas]]
*[[Lascaux]]
*[[Lavra tat-Trinità ta' San Serġjo]]
*[[Lazzaro Pisani]]
*[[Lessikoloġija]]
* [[Lessiku]]
* [[Letoon]]
* [[Levoča, il-Kastell ta' Spiš u l-monumenti kulturali assoċjati]]
* [[Liftijiet Idrawliċi tal-Canal du Centre]]
*[[Lika Kavzharadze]]
*[[Lingwa Erżjana]]
*[[Linja ferrovjarja ta’ Semmering|Linja ferrovjarja ta' Semmering]]
*[[Linji ta' Nazca]]
*[[Linji tal-Ilma Difensivi Olandiżi]]
*[[Lista ta’ binjiet ta’ Gaudí]]
*[[Lista ta' Membri tal-Parlament ta' Malta, 2017–2022]]
*[[Lista ta' peniżoli]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Ċipru]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji f'Malta]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji taċ-Ċekja|Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fiċ-Ċekja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Bożnija-Ħerzegovina]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Każakistan]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Kroazja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Latvja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Litwanja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Maċedonja ta' Fuq]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Montenegro]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Polonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fis-Slovenja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fit-Turkija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Awstrija]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Estonja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Iran]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Irlanda]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Italja]]
*[[Lista ta' Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Loġġa tal-Ħarir]]
*[[Longobardi fl-Italja: Postijiet tal-Poter (568-774 W.K.)]]
*[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
*[[Lorenzo Valla]]
*[[Lucavsala]]
*[[Lučka Kajfež Bogataj]]
*[[Ludovico Carracci]]
*[[Luigi Boccherini]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Lumbini]]
*[[Lviv]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;M&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Machu Picchu]]
*[[Mafkar tal-Paċi ta' Hiroshima]]
* [[Malta taħt il-Franċiżi]]
*[[Maltin]]
*[[Måneskin]]
*[[Manhush]]
*[[Manto Mavrogenous]]
*[[Mantova]]
*[[Maria De Filippi]]
*[[Maria Dobroniega ta' Kiev]]
*[[Mario Draghi]]
*[[Martinu I ta' Sqallija]]
*[[Mary Moser]]
*[[Mawżolew ta’ Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]
*[[Meteora]]
*[[Michael Refalo]]
*[[Mikhail Ostrogradsky]]
*[[Milan]]
*[[Mina tal-Imħabba ta' Klevan]]
*[[Minjiera Storika tal-Fidda f'Tarnowskie Góry]]
*[[Minjiera tal-Melħ ta’ Wieliczka]]
*[[Minjiera tar-Ram ta' Falun]]
*[[Minjieri taż-Żnied Neolitiċi ta' Spiennes]]
*[[Mira Alečković]]
*[[Mirella Freni]]
*[[Modena]]
*[[Monasteri ta' Yuso u ta' Suso]]
*[[Monasteru ta’ Gračanica|Monasteru ta' Gračanica]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Poblet]]
*[[Monasteru tal-Ġlormini]]
*[[Monasteru Rjali ta' Santa Marija ta' Guadalupe]]
*[[Monasteru ta' Voroneț]]
*[[Monika Kryemadhi]]
*[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
*[[Monte San Giorgio]]
* [[Monument]]
* [[Monumenti Rumani, il-Katidral ta' San Pietru u l-Knisja tal-Madonna fi Trier]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi f'Novgorod u fl-Inħawi]]
* [[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Kjoto Antika (Bliet ta' Kjoto, Uji u Ōtsu)]]
*[[Monumenti Storiċi ta' Nara]]
*[[Moritz Cantor]]
*[[Moskea l-Kbira u Sptar ta' Divriği]]
*[[Moskea ta’ Selimiye, Edirne]]
*[[Motoori Norinaga]]
*[[Muħammed]]
*[[Muniċipju ta' Bremen]]
*[[Muntanji tal-Krimea]]
*[[Mużew ta' Plantin-Moretus]]
*[[Mużew ta' Trojja]]
*[[Mystras]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;N&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Nadur]]
* [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]
* [[Naħla tal-għasel ta' Malta]]
* [[Nancy]]
*[[Napli]]
*[[Nataliya Kobrynska]]
*[[Nekropoli ta' Monterozzi]]
*[[Nemrut Dağı]]
*[[New Secret (jott)]]
*[[Nexhmije Pagarusha]]
*[[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]]
*[[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]
*[[Nicolau Coelho]]
*[[Nikkō]]
*[[Nisa (Turkmenistan)]]
*[[Nisa f’Malta]]
*[[Nisa fl-elezzjonijiet ġenerali ta’ Malta]]
*[[Norman Morrison]]
*[[Nutar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;O&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Olga Tass]]
*[[Olimpja]]
*[[Oplontis]]
*[[Opri Venezjani tad-Difiża bejn is-sekli 15 u 17: Stato da Terra – Stato da Mar tal-Punent]]
*[[Oqbra imperjali tad-dinastiji Ming u Qing]]
*[[Ortografija Litwana]]
*[[Osservatorju ta' Jodrell Bank]]
*[[Otto Toeplitz]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;P&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Pajsaġġ Agrikolu tan-Nofsinhar ta' Öland]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Industrijali ta' Blaenavon]]
* [[Pajsaġġ Kulturali ta’ Lednice-Valtice]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Kaċċa Medjevali fit-Tramuntana ta' Zealand]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tal-Vinji ta' Piemonte: Langhe-Roero u Monferrato]]
* [[Pajsaġġ tax-Xogħol fil-Minjieri ta' Cornwall u l-Punent ta' Devon]]
*[[Palazz Irjali ta' Caserta]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Djoklezjanu|Palazz ta' Djoklezjanu]]
*[[Palazz ta' Drottningholm]]
*[[Palazz ta' Fontainebleau]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Schönbrunn|Palazz ta' Schönbrunn]]
*[[Palazz ta’ Stoclet|Palazz ta' Stoclet]]
*[[Palazz ta' Versailles]]
*[[Palazzi u Parks ta' Potsdam u Berlin]]
*[[Palenque]]
*[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale]]
*[[Palestina]]
*[[Palianytsia]]
*[[Pamukkale]]
*[[Panamá Viejo]]
*[[Parmigianino]]
*[[Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili]]
*[[Park Irjali ta' Studley]]
*[[Park Naturali Nazzjonali tal-Karpazji]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali Storiku ta' Göreme]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Belovezhskaya Pushcha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Chitwan]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Cilento, Vallo di Diano u Alburni]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta’ Fertő-Hanság]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Garajonay]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Sagarmatha]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Teide]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali ta' Ujung Kulon]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Għerien ta' Naracoorte]]
*[[Park Nazzjonali tal-Lagi ta’ Plitvice]]
*[[Park Storiku ta' Ayutthaya]]
*[[Park ta’ Muskau|Park ta' Muskau]]
*[[Parrukkier]]
*[[Paulo Coelho]]
*[[Pavlo Lee]]
*[[Pellegrinaġġ ta’ San Ġakbu]]
*[[Peña de los Enamorados]]
*[[Peniżola]]
*[[Pergamon]]
*[[Petra]]
*[[Philipp Otto Runge]]
*[[Pienza]]
*[[Piero Angela]]
*[[Pierre Fatou]]
*[[Pietro Longhi]]
*[[Pjanura ta’ Stari Grad]]
*[[Pjazza]]
* [[Pjazza tal-Mirakli]]
*[[Plamer]]
*[[Politika]]
*[[Pont Antik ta’ Mostar]]
*[[Pont ta' Forth]]
*[[Pont ta' Malabadi]]
*[[Pont ta' Mehmed Paša Sokolović]]
*[[Pont ta' Vizcaya]]
*[[Porfirio Barba-Jacob]]
*[[Port ta’ Marsamxett]]
*[[Porta Nigra]]
*[[Portiċi ta' Bologna]]
*[[Pożati]]
*[[Professjoni]]
*[[Provins]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Q&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Qala (Għawdex)]]
* [[Qalhat]]
* [[Il-Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann|Qtugħ ir-Ras ta’ San Ġwann Battista (Caravaggio)]]
* [[Quedlinburg]]
* [[Quseir Amra]]
* [[Qutb Minar]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;R&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ravenna]]
* [[Reġjun Naturali, Kulturali u Storiku ta’ Kotor]]
* [[Reġjun tal-Estrazzjoni tal-Minerali ta' Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří]]
*[[Reichenau]]
*[[Relattività (Maurits Cornelis Escher)]]
*[[Rembrandt]]
*[[Renata Scotto]]
*[[Renju tal-Ġonna ta' Dessau-Wörlitz]]
*[[Repubblika Sovjetika ta’ Don|Repubblika Sovjetika ta' Don]]
*[[Residenza tal-Metropolitani ta' Bukovina u tad-Dalmazja]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Familja Savoia]]
*[[Residenzi tal-Moderniżmu f'Berlin]]
*[[Rewwixta tal-Qassisin]]
*[[Riga]]
*[[Riversleigh]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta' Bashkiriya]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Kaniv]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali ta’ Yulen]]
*[[Riżerva Naturali tal-Flora fil-Ġibs]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera tal-Friefet Monarki]]
*[[Riżerva tal-Bijosfera Transkonfinali Ohrid-Prespa]]
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]]
* [[Roi Mata]]
* [[Ronald Searle]]
* [[Rotot ta’ Santiago de Compostela fi Franza]]
* [[Róža Domašcyna]]
*[[Rudolf Diesel]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;S&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Safranbolu]]
* [[Saint-Émilion]]
* [[Sajjied]]
*[[Sala taċ-Ċentenarju]]
*[[Salamanca]]
*[[Salvatore Accardo]]
*[[Salzburg]]
*[[Samantha Cristoforetti]]
*[[Samarkanda]]
*[[San Gimignano]]
*[[San Lawrenz (Għawdex)]]
*[[San Pietruburgu]]
*[[Sandra Mondaini]]
*[[Sandro Botticelli]]
*[[Sangiran]]
*[[Santiago de Compostela]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Bom Jesus do Monte]]
*[[Santwarju ta' Itsukushima]]
* [[Saryarka]]
* [[Sassi ta' Matera]]
*[[Schokland]]
*[[Seba’ Għeġubijiet Ġodda tad-Dinja]]
*[[Sebastian Brant]]
*[[Sengħa]]
*[[Seokguram]]
*[[Seowon]]
*[[Severo Ochoa]]
*[[Shahrisabz]]
*[[Sian Ka'an]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Siena]]
*[[Siracusa]]
*[[Sistema tal-Ġestjoni tal-Ilma ta' Augsburg]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta' Atapuerca]]
*[[Sit Arkeoloġiku ta’ Paphos]]
* [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]]
*[[Sit tad-Dolmens ta' Antequera]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Bat, Al-Khutm u Al-Ayn]]
*[[Siti Arkeoloġiċi ta' Tarraco]]
*[[Siti Awstraljani tal-Fossili tal-Mammiferi]]
*[[Siti Ewlenin tal-Estrazzjoni fil-Wallonja]]
*[[Siti Penitenzjarji Awstraljani]]
*[[Siti preistoriċi bil-puntali madwar l-Alpi|Siti Preistoriċi bil-Puntali Madwar l-Alpi]]
*[[Skarpan]]
*[[Skellig Michael]]
*[[Skogskyrkogården]]
*[[Skoll il-Kbir tal-Qroll]]
*[[Skoll tal-Qroll ta' New Caledonia]]
*[[Skrivan]]
*[[Sophie Germain]]
*[[Speicherstadt]]
*[[Sputnik 5]]
*[[Statwa]]
*[[Statwa ta' Roland ta' Bremen]]
*[[Statwa tal-Libertà]]
*[[Stazzjon ta' Chhatrapati Shivaji]]
*[[Stazzjon tar-Radju ta' Grimeton]]
*[[Stećak]]
*[[Stevns Klint]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Su Nuraxi]]
*[[Suq Ċentrali ta' Ljubljana]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;T&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Ta' Bakkja]]
* [[Ta' Kandja]]
*[[Tabib]]
*[[Taħdit]]
*[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Tallinn]]
*[[Tarraco]]
*[[Teatru Akkademiku Reġjonali ta' Donetsk]]
*[[Teatru Antik ta’ Epidaurus|Teatru Antik ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Teatru Rjal]]
*[[Teatru Ruman ta' Orange]]
*[[Teatru tal-Opri Margravjali]]
*[[Tekniku]]
*[[Telč]]
* [[Tempji Megalitiċi ta’ Malta u Għawdex|Tempji Megalitiċi ta' Malta u Għawdex]]
*[[Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f’Bassae|Tempju ta' Apollo Epikurju f'Bassae]]
*[[Tempju ta' Asklepju ta' Epidaurus]]
*[[Tempju ta' Haeinsa]]
*[[Tempju tal-Ġenna]]
* [[Terminoloġija]]
* [[Tetiana Ostashchenko]]
*[[Teżawru]]
*[[Tholos ta' El Romeral]]
*[[Thomas à Kempis]]
*[[Tian Shan]]
* [[Tieqa tad-Dwejra]]
* [[Tieqa tal-Wied il-Mielaħ]]
* [[Tikal]]
* [[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Alta]]
*[[Tinqix fuq il-Blat f'Tanum]]
*[[Tiryns]]
*[[Tlacotalpan]]
*[[TNMK]]
*[[Tobias Michael Carel Asser]]
*[[Tomaso Antonio Vitali]]
*[[Toroq tal-Ħarir: in-Network ta' Rotot tal-Kuritur ta' Chang'an-Tianshan]]
* [[Torri Mmejjel ta' Pisa]]
* [[Torri ta' Belém]]
*[[Torri ta' Erkole]]
*[[Toruń]]
*[[Tpittir fuq il-Blat tal-Baċir Mediterran Iberiku]]
*[[Třebíč]]
*[[Trogir]]
*[[Trojja]]
*[[Tropiċi Mistagħdra ta' Queensland]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija, Owczary]]
*[[Tserkva ta' Santa Marija Omm Alla, Chotyniec]]
*[[Tserkva tal-Injam tal-Karpazji fil-Polonja u fl-Ukrajna]]
*[[Tutankhamun]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;U&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Úbeda]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
*[[Uluru]]
*[[Um er-Rasas]]
*[[UNESCO]]
*[[Unjoni Sovjetika]]
*[[Urbino]]
*[[Uxmal]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;V&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Val d'Orcia]]
*[[Val di Noto]]
*[[Valentyna Radzymovska]]
*[[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]]
*[[Vallée de Mai]]
*[[Velimir Khlebnikov]]
*[[Venera 7]]
*[[Verona]]
*[[Vincent van Gogh]]
*[[Vilel u Ġonna tal-Familja Medici]]
*[[Villa d'Este]]
*[[Villa Romana del Casale]]
*[[Villa ta' Adrijanu]]
*[[Villa Tugendhat]]
*[[Vilnius]]
*[[Visby]]
*[[Vitaliy Kim]]
*[[Vito Volterra]]
*[[Vittorio De Sica]]
*[[Vjenna]]
*[[Vladimir Ashkenazy]]
*[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*[[Võros]]
*[[Vulkan tat-Tajn ta’ Lökbatan]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;W&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Wachau]]
*[[Wadi Rum]]
*[[Werrej]]
*[[Wied ta' Kathmandu]]
*[[Wied ta' Madriu-Perafita-Claror]]
*[[Wied tat-Tempji]]
*[[Wilhelm Grimm]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]]
*[[Willem de Sitter]]
*[[William Boeing]]
*[[Wirt tal-Foresti Tropikali ta' Sumatra]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;X&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Xatt it-Tiben]]
*[[Xeff]]
*[[Xochicalco]]
*[[Xogħlijiet ta' Jože Plečnik f'Ljubljana – Disinn Urban Iċċentrat fuq il-Bniedem]]
*[[Xogħol Arkitettoniku ta' Le Corbusier]]
*[[Xjenza spazjali]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Y&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Yagul]]
* [[Yeni-Kale]]
*[[Yuliya Gushchina]]
*[[Yuri Lysianskyi]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Ż&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Żiemel Abjad ta' Osmington]]
*[[Żona l-Kbira tal-Muntanji Blu]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Jungfrau-Aletsch]]
*[[Żona Protetta ta' Pliva, Janj u r-Riżerva ta' Janjske Otoke]]
*[[Żoni Storiċi ta' Baekje]]
*[[Żooloġija]]

=== '''&lt;u&gt;Z&lt;/u&gt;''' ===

* [[Zamość]]
* [[Ziba Ganiyeva]]
*[[Zofia Zamenhof]]
*[[Zollverein]]
*[[Zond 5]]</text>
      <sha1>6wz3eljvqygmuk6340sdtut7jemj9qa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Nasazzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>279862</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bidu tal-artiklu</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7134" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox plejer tal-futbol
|isem_plejer = José Nasazzi
|stampa = [[Stampa:Jose nasazzi urug.jpg|200px]]
|deskrizzjoni = José Nasazzi fl-1937
|isem_sħiħ = José Nasazzi Yarza&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418000039/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-data=2020-04-18 |titlu=José Nasazzi Biography and Olympic Results |pubblikatur=Sports-reference.com |data-aċċess=2010-12-21 |lingwa=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1901|3|24}}
|post_twelid = [[Montevideo]]
|pajjiż_twelid = Urugwaj
|data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1968|6|17|1901|3|24}}
|post_mewt = [[Montevideo]]
|tul = 1.82 m
|rwol = [[Difensur]]
|snin1 = 1918–1920
|klabb1 = Lito
|snin2 = 1921
|klabb2 = Rolando Moor
|snin3 = 1922–1932
|klabb3 = [[CA Bella Vista|Bella Vista]]
|snin4 = 1923–1938
|klabb4 = [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]
|snin_nazzjonali1 = 1923–1936
|tim_nazzjonali1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
|snin_kowċ1 = 1942–1945
|klabb_kowċ1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
}}
'''José Nasazzi Yarza''' (twieled fl-24 ta' Marzu 1901 – miet fis-17 ta' Ġunju 1968) kien plejer tal-[[futbol]] [[Urugwaj]]an li kien jilgħab bħala difensur. Hu kien il-[[kaptan (futbol)|kaptan]] tat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|tim nazzjonali]] li rebaħ l-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|edizzjoni inawgurali]] tat-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]].

== Bijografija ==
=== Bidu tal-karriera ===

José Nasazzi twieled nhar l-24 ta' Marzu 1901,{{nota|Xi sorsi jagħtu d-data tat-twelid fl-24 ta' Mejju 1901,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |isem=Jérôme |kunjom=Lecigne |titlu=José Nasazzi, le grand capitaine |url=https://lucarne-opposee.fr/index.php/culture-foot/6992-jose-nasazzi-le-grand-capitaine |sit=lucarne-opposee.fr |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; però s-sorsi uffiċjali jaqblu fuq l-24 ta' Marzu 1901.}} iben Jacinta Yarza, Urugwajana b'oriġini [[Pajjiż Bask (komunità awtonoma)|Baski Spanjoli]], u Giuseppe Nasazzi, emigrant Taljan oriġinarjament mil-[[Lombardija]]. Ta' seba' snin miet missieru u l-familja mxiet lejn il-viċinanzi ta' Bella Vista.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=José Nasazzi |url=http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104113010/http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-data=2017-01-04 |pubblikatur=CA Bella Vista |data=2017-01-04 |lingwa=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemmhekk studja fi skola [[Sależjani|Sależjana]] fejn ġie introdott għal-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |awtur=Redacción EG |titlu=1968. El día que se fue Nasazzi |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1090/32349/1968-el-dia-que-se-fue-nasazzi |pubblikatur=El Gráfico |data=2018-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara li telaq mill-iskola, hu sab xogħol fil-''Compañía de Materiales de Construcción'' fejn kien jaħdem fl-[[irħam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita ktieb |lingwa=en |titlu=The Ball is Round |isem=David |kunjom=Goldblatt |data=2007-08-30 |pubblikatur=Penguin Books Limited |paġna=209 |isbn=9780141911540 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ball_is_Round/HAUMGbLH5zoC?gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT209&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hu baqa' jipprattika l-futbol fejn ingħaqad ma' Centro Atlético Lito fl-1918, ftit żmien wara li twaqqaf il-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; Huma rebħu l-kampjonat tat-Tielet Diviżjoni (''Divisional Extra'') fl-1919&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Hans |kunjom=Schöggl |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions División Extra |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uruexchamp.html |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; u dak tat-Tieni Diviżjoni (''Divisional Intermedia'') fl-1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Francisco |kunjom=Fernández |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions Third Division (Primera C/Intermedia/Liga Amateur Metropolitana) |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uru3champ.html#im41 |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Ottubru tal-1920, il-[[Club Atlético Bella Vista]] ġie maħluq fil-viċinanzi fejn trabba José Nasazzi u dan tal-aħħar ried jissieħeb magħhom.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; L-amministrazzjoni ta' CA Lito irrifjutat li tħallih jitlaq u għal din ir-raġuni kellu jagħmel sena ma' klabb f'kampjonat minuri,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |isem=Ismael |kunjom=López |titlu=Jose Nasazzi: El inventor de la garra charrua |rivista=El Norte |data=2000-06-01 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A127323929/STND?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=ebsco&amp;xid=f83776c2 |paġni=48–49 }}&lt;/ref&gt; CA Rolando Moor fil-''Liga Nacional'', qabel ma kien ħieles li jitlaq mill-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt;

=== Bella Vista ===

Bħal CA Lito sentejn qabel, CA Bella Vista kienu rebħu d-''Divisional Extra'' fl-1921 u Nasazzi ġie magħhom meta kienu għadhom kif ġew promossi għad-''Divisional Intermedia''. Hu kien jilgħab b'mod regulari bħala attakkant&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; jew difensur ċentrali.&lt;ref name=&quot;tematica&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |awtur=Grupo Filatelico Tematico del Club Filatelico del Uruguay |titlu=José Nasazzi: El Capitán Histórico |rivista=Tematica Nro 28 |sena=2002 |url=http://www.clubfilatelicodeluruguay.com/books/Tematica/816.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{nota|F'dak iż-żmien, tim tal-futbol kien ikun strutturat f'formazzjoni ta' 2-3-5: żewġ difensuri laterali, wieħed fuq il-lemin u ieħor fuq ix-xellug, tliet ''mediani'' (illum imsejħa midfilders) u ħames attakkanti.}} Il-''Papales'', kif kienu msejħa l-plejers tal-klabb minħabba l-kuluri bojod u sofor tagħhom, rebħu l-kampjonat u ġew promossi għall-[[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Urugwajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

== Karatteristiċi tekniċi ==

Nasazzi kien kapaċi jilgħab bħala difensur laterali fuq il-lemin u anke ċentrali. Kien fiżikament b'saħħtu u insormontabbli fl-arja. Sal-lum għadu meqjus bħala fost l-aqwa difensuri li qatt lagħbu l-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiesa&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |isem=Carlo F. |kunjom=Chiesa |titlu=We are the champions - I 150 fuoriclasse che hanno fatto la storia del calcio |rivista=Calcio 2000 |pubblikatur=Action Group S.r.l. |post=Milan |ħarġa=22 |sena=1999 |paġna=122 |lingwa=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unuri ==

;Nacional
* [[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]]: 1933, 1934

;Bella Vista
* Divisional Intermedia: 1922

;Urugwaj
* [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]]: 1930
* [[Logħob Olimpiku|Midalja ta-deheb tal-Olimpjadi]]: 1924, 1928
* [[Copa América|Campeonato Sudamericano de Football]]: 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935
* [[Copa Lipton]]: 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929
* [[Copa Newton]]: 1929, 1930

== Noti ==
{{Noti}}

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{FIFA}}
* {{Nfteams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasazzi, Jose}}
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1901]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-168]]
[[Kategorija:Futbolers Urugwajani]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279863</id>
      <parentid>279862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:02:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Mietu fl-168]]; added [[Category:Mietu fl-1968]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7135" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox plejer tal-futbol
|isem_plejer = José Nasazzi
|stampa = [[Stampa:Jose nasazzi urug.jpg|200px]]
|deskrizzjoni = José Nasazzi fl-1937
|isem_sħiħ = José Nasazzi Yarza&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418000039/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-data=2020-04-18 |titlu=José Nasazzi Biography and Olympic Results |pubblikatur=Sports-reference.com |data-aċċess=2010-12-21 |lingwa=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1901|3|24}}
|post_twelid = [[Montevideo]]
|pajjiż_twelid = Urugwaj
|data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1968|6|17|1901|3|24}}
|post_mewt = [[Montevideo]]
|tul = 1.82 m
|rwol = [[Difensur]]
|snin1 = 1918–1920
|klabb1 = Lito
|snin2 = 1921
|klabb2 = Rolando Moor
|snin3 = 1922–1932
|klabb3 = [[CA Bella Vista|Bella Vista]]
|snin4 = 1923–1938
|klabb4 = [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]
|snin_nazzjonali1 = 1923–1936
|tim_nazzjonali1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
|snin_kowċ1 = 1942–1945
|klabb_kowċ1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
}}
'''José Nasazzi Yarza''' (twieled fl-24 ta' Marzu 1901 – miet fis-17 ta' Ġunju 1968) kien plejer tal-[[futbol]] [[Urugwaj]]an li kien jilgħab bħala difensur. Hu kien il-[[kaptan (futbol)|kaptan]] tat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|tim nazzjonali]] li rebaħ l-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|edizzjoni inawgurali]] tat-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]].

== Bijografija ==
=== Bidu tal-karriera ===

José Nasazzi twieled nhar l-24 ta' Marzu 1901,{{nota|Xi sorsi jagħtu d-data tat-twelid fl-24 ta' Mejju 1901,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |isem=Jérôme |kunjom=Lecigne |titlu=José Nasazzi, le grand capitaine |url=https://lucarne-opposee.fr/index.php/culture-foot/6992-jose-nasazzi-le-grand-capitaine |sit=lucarne-opposee.fr |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; però s-sorsi uffiċjali jaqblu fuq l-24 ta' Marzu 1901.}} iben Jacinta Yarza, Urugwajana b'oriġini [[Pajjiż Bask (komunità awtonoma)|Baski Spanjoli]], u Giuseppe Nasazzi, emigrant Taljan oriġinarjament mil-[[Lombardija]]. Ta' seba' snin miet missieru u l-familja mxiet lejn il-viċinanzi ta' Bella Vista.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=José Nasazzi |url=http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104113010/http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-data=2017-01-04 |pubblikatur=CA Bella Vista |data=2017-01-04 |lingwa=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemmhekk studja fi skola [[Sależjani|Sależjana]] fejn ġie introdott għal-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |awtur=Redacción EG |titlu=1968. El día que se fue Nasazzi |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1090/32349/1968-el-dia-que-se-fue-nasazzi |pubblikatur=El Gráfico |data=2018-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara li telaq mill-iskola, hu sab xogħol fil-''Compañía de Materiales de Construcción'' fejn kien jaħdem fl-[[irħam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita ktieb |lingwa=en |titlu=The Ball is Round |isem=David |kunjom=Goldblatt |data=2007-08-30 |pubblikatur=Penguin Books Limited |paġna=209 |isbn=9780141911540 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ball_is_Round/HAUMGbLH5zoC?gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT209&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hu baqa' jipprattika l-futbol fejn ingħaqad ma' Centro Atlético Lito fl-1918, ftit żmien wara li twaqqaf il-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; Huma rebħu l-kampjonat tat-Tielet Diviżjoni (''Divisional Extra'') fl-1919&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Hans |kunjom=Schöggl |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions División Extra |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uruexchamp.html |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; u dak tat-Tieni Diviżjoni (''Divisional Intermedia'') fl-1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Francisco |kunjom=Fernández |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions Third Division (Primera C/Intermedia/Liga Amateur Metropolitana) |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uru3champ.html#im41 |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Ottubru tal-1920, il-[[Club Atlético Bella Vista]] ġie maħluq fil-viċinanzi fejn trabba José Nasazzi u dan tal-aħħar ried jissieħeb magħhom.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; L-amministrazzjoni ta' CA Lito irrifjutat li tħallih jitlaq u għal din ir-raġuni kellu jagħmel sena ma' klabb f'kampjonat minuri,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |isem=Ismael |kunjom=López |titlu=Jose Nasazzi: El inventor de la garra charrua |rivista=El Norte |data=2000-06-01 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A127323929/STND?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=ebsco&amp;xid=f83776c2 |paġni=48–49 }}&lt;/ref&gt; CA Rolando Moor fil-''Liga Nacional'', qabel ma kien ħieles li jitlaq mill-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt;

=== Bella Vista ===

Bħal CA Lito sentejn qabel, CA Bella Vista kienu rebħu d-''Divisional Extra'' fl-1921 u Nasazzi ġie magħhom meta kienu għadhom kif ġew promossi għad-''Divisional Intermedia''. Hu kien jilgħab b'mod regulari bħala attakkant&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; jew difensur ċentrali.&lt;ref name=&quot;tematica&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |awtur=Grupo Filatelico Tematico del Club Filatelico del Uruguay |titlu=José Nasazzi: El Capitán Histórico |rivista=Tematica Nro 28 |sena=2002 |url=http://www.clubfilatelicodeluruguay.com/books/Tematica/816.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{nota|F'dak iż-żmien, tim tal-futbol kien ikun strutturat f'formazzjoni ta' 2-3-5: żewġ difensuri laterali, wieħed fuq il-lemin u ieħor fuq ix-xellug, tliet ''mediani'' (illum imsejħa midfilders) u ħames attakkanti.}} Il-''Papales'', kif kienu msejħa l-plejers tal-klabb minħabba l-kuluri bojod u sofor tagħhom, rebħu l-kampjonat u ġew promossi għall-[[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Urugwajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

== Karatteristiċi tekniċi ==

Nasazzi kien kapaċi jilgħab bħala difensur laterali fuq il-lemin u anke ċentrali. Kien fiżikament b'saħħtu u insormontabbli fl-arja. Sal-lum għadu meqjus bħala fost l-aqwa difensuri li qatt lagħbu l-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiesa&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |isem=Carlo F. |kunjom=Chiesa |titlu=We are the champions - I 150 fuoriclasse che hanno fatto la storia del calcio |rivista=Calcio 2000 |pubblikatur=Action Group S.r.l. |post=Milan |ħarġa=22 |sena=1999 |paġna=122 |lingwa=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unuri ==

;Nacional
* [[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]]: 1933, 1934

;Bella Vista
* Divisional Intermedia: 1922

;Urugwaj
* [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]]: 1930
* [[Logħob Olimpiku|Midalja ta-deheb tal-Olimpjadi]]: 1924, 1928
* [[Copa América|Campeonato Sudamericano de Football]]: 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935
* [[Copa Lipton]]: 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929
* [[Copa Newton]]: 1929, 1930

== Noti ==
{{Noti}}

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{FIFA}}
* {{Nfteams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasazzi, Jose}}
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1901]]
[[Kategorija:Mietu fl-1968]]
[[Kategorija:Futbolers Urugwajani]]</text>
      <sha1>72qxoan7x8npgg7etbktvpdp7agdwom</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279886</id>
      <parentid>279863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T20:03:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chrisportelli</username>
        <id>355</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bijografija */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14676" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox plejer tal-futbol
|isem_plejer = José Nasazzi
|stampa = [[Stampa:Jose nasazzi urug.jpg|200px]]
|deskrizzjoni = José Nasazzi fl-1937
|isem_sħiħ = José Nasazzi Yarza&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418000039/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/jose-nasazzi-1.html |arkivju-data=2020-04-18 |titlu=José Nasazzi Biography and Olympic Results |pubblikatur=Sports-reference.com |data-aċċess=2010-12-21 |lingwa=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|data_twelid = {{data tat-twelid|1901|3|24}}
|post_twelid = [[Montevideo]]
|pajjiż_twelid = Urugwaj
|data_mewt = {{data tal-mewt u età|1968|6|17|1901|3|24}}
|post_mewt = [[Montevideo]]
|tul = 1.82 m
|rwol = [[Difensur]]
|snin1 = 1918–1920
|klabb1 = Lito
|snin2 = 1921
|klabb2 = Rolando Moor
|snin3 = 1922–1932
|klabb3 = [[CA Bella Vista|Bella Vista]]
|snin4 = 1923–1938
|klabb4 = [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]]
|snin_nazzjonali1 = 1923–1936
|tim_nazzjonali1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
|snin_kowċ1 = 1942–1945
|klabb_kowċ1 = [[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|Urugwaj]]
}}
'''José Nasazzi Yarza''' (twieled fl-24 ta' Marzu 1901 – miet fis-17 ta' Ġunju 1968) kien plejer tal-[[futbol]] [[Urugwaj]]an li kien jilgħab bħala difensur. Hu kien il-[[kaptan (futbol)|kaptan]] tat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|tim nazzjonali]] li rebaħ l-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol 1930|edizzjoni inawgurali]] tat-[[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]].

== Bijografija ==
=== Bidu tal-karriera ===

José Nasazzi twieled nhar l-24 ta' Marzu 1901,{{nota|Xi sorsi jagħtu d-data tat-twelid fl-24 ta' Mejju 1901,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |isem=Jérôme |kunjom=Lecigne |titlu=José Nasazzi, le grand capitaine |url=https://lucarne-opposee.fr/index.php/culture-foot/6992-jose-nasazzi-le-grand-capitaine |sit=lucarne-opposee.fr |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; però s-sorsi uffiċjali jaqblu fuq l-24 ta' Marzu 1901.}} iben Jacinta Yarza, Urugwajana b'oriġini [[Pajjiż Bask (komunità awtonoma)|Baski Spanjoli]], u Giuseppe Nasazzi, emigrant Taljan oriġinarjament mil-[[Lombardija]]. Ta' seba' snin miet missieru u l-familja mxiet lejn il-viċinanzi ta' Bella Vista.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |titlu=José Nasazzi |url=http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104113010/http://www.cabellavista.com.uy/institucion/idolos-y-referentes/244-jose-nasazzi |arkivju-data=2017-01-04 |pubblikatur=CA Bella Vista |data=2017-01-04 |lingwa=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemmhekk studja fi skola [[Sależjani|Sależjana]] fejn ġie introdott għal-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |awtur=Redacción EG |titlu=1968. El día que se fue Nasazzi |url=https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1090/32349/1968-el-dia-que-se-fue-nasazzi |pubblikatur=El Gráfico |data=2018-08-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wara li telaq mill-iskola, hu sab xogħol fil-''Compañía de Materiales de Construcción'' fejn kien jaħdem fl-[[irħam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita ktieb |lingwa=en |titlu=The Ball is Round |isem=David |kunjom=Goldblatt |data=2007-08-30 |pubblikatur=Penguin Books Limited |paġna=209 |isbn=9780141911540 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ball_is_Round/HAUMGbLH5zoC?gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT209&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hu baqa' jipprattika l-futbol fejn ingħaqad ma' Centro Atlético Lito fl-1918, ftit żmien wara li twaqqaf il-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; Huma rebħu l-kampjonat tat-Tielet Diviżjoni (''Divisional Extra'') fl-1919&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Hans |kunjom=Schöggl |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions División Extra |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uruexchamp.html |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; u dak tat-Tieni Diviżjoni (''Divisional Intermedia'') fl-1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Francisco |kunjom=Fernández |titlu=Uruguay - List of Champions Third Division (Primera C/Intermedia/Liga Amateur Metropolitana) |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uru3champ.html#im41 |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Ottubru tal-1920, il-[[Club Atlético Bella Vista]] ġie maħluq fil-viċinanzi fejn trabba José Nasazzi u dan tal-aħħar ried jissieħeb magħhom.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; L-amministrazzjoni ta' CA Lito irrifjutat li tħallih jitlaq u għal din ir-raġuni kellu jagħmel sena ma' klabb f'kampjonat minuri,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |isem=Ismael |kunjom=López |titlu=Jose Nasazzi: El inventor de la garra charrua |rivista=El Norte |data=2000-06-01 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A127323929/STND?u=wikipedia&amp;sid=ebsco&amp;xid=f83776c2 |paġni=48–49 }}&lt;/ref&gt; CA Rolando Moor fil-Liga Nacional, qabel ma kien ħieles li jitlaq mill-klabb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt;

=== Bella Vista ===

Bħal CA Lito sentejn qabel, CA Bella Vista kienu rebħu d-Divisional Extra fl-1921 u Nasazzi ġie magħhom meta kienu għadhom kif ġew promossi għad-Divisional Intermedia. Hu kien jilgħab b'mod regulari bħala attakkant&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; jew difensur ċentrali.&lt;ref name=&quot;tematica&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |awtur=Grupo Filatelico Tematico del Club Filatelico del Uruguay |titlu=José Nasazzi: El Capitán Histórico |rivista=Tematica Nro 28 |sena=2002 |url=http://www.clubfilatelicodeluruguay.com/books/Tematica/816.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{nota|F'dak iż-żmien, tim tal-futbol kien ikun strutturat f'formazzjoni ta' 2-3-5: żewġ difensuri laterali, wieħed fuq il-lemin u ieħor fuq ix-xellug, tliet ''mediani'' (illum imsejħa midfilders) u ħames attakkanti.}} Il-''Papales'', kif kienu msejħa l-plejers tal-klabb minħabba l-kuluri bojod u sofor tagħhom, rebħu l-kampjonat u ġew promossi għall-[[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]], l-ogħla livell tal-futbol Urugwajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Nasazzi skorja l-ewwel gowl ta' Bella Vista fl-ogħla diviżjoni fl-1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;bv&quot; /&gt; Bella Vista spiċċaw it-tielet fil-kampjonat u fl-1924 temmew it-tieni, żewġ punti biss taħt iċ-ċampjins [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] b'sittax-il rebħa u telfa waħda minn 22 logħba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem1=Dinant |kunjom1=Abbink |isem2=Martín |kunjom2=Tabeira |titlu=Uruguay - List of Final Tables 1900-2000 |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesu/uruhist.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-gvern Urugwajan issospenda l-kompetizzjonijiet domestiċi fl-1925 sabiex jipperswadi r-riżoluzzjoni tal-kunflitt li kien inqala' meta [[Peñarol]] kienu ġew esklużi milli jikkompetu, u dawn tal-aħħar kien waqqfu federazzjoni u kampjonat separat.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |kunjom=Mazza |isem=Bruno |titlu=El cisma del fútbol uruguayo |url=http://www.padreydecano.com/cms/noticias/el-cisma-del-futbol-uruguayo/ |pubblikatur=Padre y Decano - El Sitio del Pueblo |data=2021-11-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nacional ħadu l-opportunità ta' dan il-waqfien biex jorganizzaw xi logħob fl-[[Ewropa]] għal perjodu ta' ħames xhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Minħabba li [[Pedro Petrone]] kien weġġa' serjament u l-akkwist il-ġdid [[José Leandro Andrade|José Andrade]], ukoll minn Bella Vista, ma kienx disponibbli għal xahrejn, Nacional ftehmu ma' Bella Vista għas-self ta' Nasazzi. Magħhom lagħab kemm fid-difiża kif ukoll f'pożizzjonijiet avvanzati&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |pubblikatur=Comisión Historia - Club Nacional de Football |titlu=Nasazzi, José |url=https://atilio.uy/jugador:1267 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |titlu=France-Uruguay et France-Belgique |awtur=Robert Le Brun |rivista=La Presse |numru=3696 |data=1925-05-17 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6017736/f1 |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |titlu=Dernière exhibition de Montevideo à Paris |rivista=La Presse |numru=3745 |data=1925-05-17 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k601832r/f3 |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; u ħalla rendiment ta' disa' gowls fi sbatax-il logħba.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Pablo |kunjom=Ciullini |titlu=European trip of Club Nacional de Football 1925 - Match Details |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nacional-trip25det.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-kompetizzjonijiet uffiċjali fl-Urugwaj irritornaw fl-1927. Nasazzi, li kien irritorna ma' Bella Vista wara l-esperjenza ma' Nacional, irnexxielu jwassal lit-tim biss sa nofs il-klassifika fl-istaġuni ta' wara, hekk kif il-kampjonat beda jiġi ddominat miż-żewġ klabbs il-kbar tal-Urugwaj ta' Nacional u Peñarol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Rikonoxximent mat-tim nazzjonali ===

[[Stampa:Uruguay 1923.jpg|thumb|250px|right|It-tim nazzjonali tal-Urugwaj fl-1923. Nasazzi huwa l-ewwel wieħed bil-wieqfa mix-xellug.]]
Il-kwalitajiet li wera Nasazzi ma' Bella Vista laqqtu l-għajn ta' [[Leonardo De Lucca]], kowċ tat-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Urugwaj|tim nazzjonali tal-Urugwaj]]. Hu ġie mgħajjat f'Ottubru tal-1923 fl-okkażjoni tal-[[Campeonato Sudamericano 1923|Kampjonat Sud-Amerikan]] li sar fl-Urugwaj stess. Nasazzi ifforma koppja difensiva ma' [[Fermín Uriarte]], plejer ta' CA Lito, u lagħab it-tliet logħbiet tal-Urugwaj li rriżultaw għalih fir-rebħ tal-ewwel titlu internazzjonali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=es |pubblikatur=Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol |titlu=José Nasazzi |url=https://www.auf.org.uy/jose-nasazzi-yarza/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Martín |kunjom=Tabeira |titlu=Southamerican Championship 1923 |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tables/23safull.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fi tmiem il-kampjonat, hu ġie innominat bħala l-aqwa plejer.&lt;ref name=&quot;trivia&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Martín |kunjom=Tabeira |titlu=The Copa América Archive - Trivia |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/sachampfulltrivia.html#best-players |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ir-rebħ tat-titlu wassal biex l-Urugwaj jirrappreżentaw lill-Amerika t'Isfel fil-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf 1924|Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf tal-1924]] f'[[Pariġi]], l-ewwel kompetizzjoni uffiċjali internazzjonali li qatt laqqgħet timijiet nazzjonali Ewropej u Amerikani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Karel |kunjom=Stokkermans |titlu=Football Tournament 1924 Olympiad |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/ol1924f-det.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabiex jieħu sehem fil-kompetizzjoni, Nasazzi ħalla xogħlu fil-kumpanija tal-irħam. Mal-wasla tagħhom fil-belt Pariġina, ''La Celeste'' ħallew impressjoni kbira fejn rebħu l-ħames logħbiet tagħhom u skorja għoxrin gowl u sofrew żewġ gowls biss.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |isem=Gabriel |kunjom=Hanot |titlu=Vie sportive : L’intérêt du tournoi olympique de football s'accroit |rivista=L'Intransigeant |data=1924-05-28 |url=https://www.retronews.fr/journal/l-intransigeant/28-mai-1924/44/906251/3 |lingwa=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |titlu=When Uruguay dominated the world of football |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/when-uruguay-dominated-the-world-of-football |pubblikatur=Kumitat Olimpiku Internazzjonali |data=2021-09-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=fr |titlu=José Andrade, Paris à ses pieds |url=https://www.sofoot.com/jose-andrade-paris-a-ses-pieds-203226.html |sit=SOFOOT.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; Nasazzi lagħab il-logħbiet kollha bħala [[kaptan (futbol)|kaptan]] b'[[Pedro Arispe]] jieħu post Uriarte biswit Nasazzi fil-qalba tad-difiża.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Mar-ritorn tagħhom mill-esperjenza Ewropea, f'Ottubru tal-1924, l-Urugwaj ħadu sehem mill-ġdid f'[[Campeonato Sudamericano 1924|edizzjoni oħra]] tal-Kampjonat Sud-Amerikan. Nasazzi lagħab it-tliet logħbiet u għal darb'oħra l-Urugwaj irnexxielhom jiddefendu it-titlu mirbuħ fl-edizzjoni preċedenti tas-sena ta' qabel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Minħabba s-sospensjoni fuq il-futbol Urugwajan, it-tim nazzjonali reġa' ħa sehem f'din il-kompetizzjoni fl-[[Campeonato Sudamericano 1926|edizzjoni tal-1926]]. Nasazzi, li kien għadu pedina importanti mal-ewwel ħdax u kaptan tat-tim, lagħab l-erba' logħbiet u għen biex jikseb titlu ieħor kontinentali.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |lingwa=es |titlu=Noveno Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol de 1926 |url=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/visor/BND:98916 |rivista=Los Sports |sena=1926 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Martín |kunjom=Tabeira |titlu=Southamerican Championship 1926 |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tables/26safull.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; Għat-[[Campeonato Sudamericano 1927|turnew tal-1927]], Nasazzi naqas milli jagħmel il-vjaġġ lejn il-[[Perù]] u postu ħadu minn [[Adhemar Canavesi]]. L-Urugwaj tilfu l-kompetizzjoni b'telfa fil-logħba deċiżiva kontra l-[[Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol tal-Arġentina|Arġentina]] b'riżultat ta' 3–2, fejn Canavesi kellu jkun l-awtur tal-awtogowl li wassal għal din it-telfa.&lt;ref&gt;{{ċita web |lingwa=en |isem=Martín |kunjom=Tabeira |titlu=Southamerican Championship 1927 |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tables/27safull.html |pubblikatur=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) |sit=rsssf.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karatteristiċi tekniċi ==

Nasazzi kien kapaċi jilgħab bħala difensur laterali fuq il-lemin u anke ċentrali. Kien fiżikament b'saħħtu u insormontabbli fl-arja. Sal-lum għadu meqjus bħala fost l-aqwa difensuri li qatt lagħbu l-logħba tal-futbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiesa&quot;&gt;{{ċita pubblikazzjoni |isem=Carlo F. |kunjom=Chiesa |titlu=We are the champions - I 150 fuoriclasse che hanno fatto la storia del calcio |rivista=Calcio 2000 |pubblikatur=Action Group S.r.l. |post=Milan |ħarġa=22 |sena=1999 |paġna=122 |lingwa=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unuri ==

;Nacional
* [[Primera División (Urugwaj)|Primera División]]: 1933, 1934

;Bella Vista
* Divisional Intermedia: 1922

;Urugwaj
* [[Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol|Tazza tad-Dinja]]: 1930
* [[Logħob Olimpiku|Midalja ta-deheb tal-Olimpjadi]]: 1924, 1928
* [[Copa América|Campeonato Sudamericano de Football]]: 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935
* [[Copa Lipton]]: 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929
* [[Copa Newton]]: 1929, 1930

== Noti ==
{{Noti}}

== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi}}

== Ħoloq esterni ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{FIFA}}
* {{Nfteams}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasazzi, Jose}}
[[Kategorija:Twieldu fl-1901]]
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  <page>
    <title>Katidral ta' Amiens</title>
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      <text bytes="36252" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:0 Amiens - Cathédrale Notre-Dame (1).JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-'''Bażilika-Katidral tal-Madonna ta' Amiens''' (bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens''), jew sempliċement il-'''Katidral ta'''' '''Amiens''', huwa knisja [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattolika Rumana]]. Il-[[katidral]] huwa s-sede tal-Isqof ta' [[Amiens]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bboui.html|titlu=Archbishop Jean-Luc Marie Maurice Louis Bouilleret [Catholic-Hierarchy]|sit=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinsab fuq għolja żgħira fuq ix-xmara [[Somme]] f'Amiens, il-[[belt kapitali]] amministrattiva tar-reġjun ta' Picardie ta' [[Franza]], madwar 120 kilometru (75 mil) fit-Tramuntana ta' [[Pariġi]].

Il-katidral inbena kważi kollu bejn l-1220 u madwar l-1270, perjodu tassew qasir għal katidral [[Gotiku]], u b'hekk għandha unità mhux tas-soltu fl-istil. Il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa eżempju klassiku tal-istil Gotiku Superjuri tal-arkitettura Gotika. Għandu wkoll xi karatteristiċi tal-istil ''Rayonnant'' ta' wara fit-twieqi għoljin imkabbrin tal-kor, li ġew miżjuda f'nofs is-snin 50 tas-seklu 13.&lt;ref&gt;Watkin 1986, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-[[Bennej|bennejja]] tiegħu ppruvaw jimmassimizzaw id-dimensjonijiet interni sabiex jgħollu il-binja kemm jistgħu u jidħol iktar dawl. B'riżultat ta' dan, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa l-ikbar wieħed fi Franza&lt;ref&gt;Mignon 2015, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fih 200,000 metru kubu, jiġifieri kbir biżżejjed bih ġo fih joqogħdu żewġ katidrali bid-daqs tal-[[Katidral ta' Notre Dame, Pariġi|Katidral ta' Notre Dame]] ta' Pariġi.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral tniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162/|titlu=Amiens Cathedral|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Għalkemm tilef il-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[ħġieġ]] ikkulurit oriġinali tiegħu, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa rinomat għall-kwalità u għall-kwantità ta' [[Skultura|skulturi]] Gotiċi bikrin tas-seklu 13 fil-faċċata prinċipali tal-Punent u fil-portal tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar, kif ukoll għall-kwantità kbira ta' skulturi polikromatiċi minn perjodi iktar 'il quddiem fuq ġewwa tal-binja.

== Storja ==

=== Katidrali bikrin ===
Skont it-tradizzjoni lokali, il-[[Kristjaneżmu]] twassal f'Amiens fis-seklu 3 W.K. permezz ta' żewġ martri Kristjani, magħrufa bħala Firmin il-Martri u Firmin il-Kunfessur. San Martin ġie mgħammed f'Amiens fit-334. Il-knisja ġiet maħnuqa mill-invażjonijiet tal-[[Vandali]], u ma reġgħetx irpiljat qabel tmiem is-seklu 5, permezz tal-magħmudija ta' [[Clovis I]] fl-498 jew fl-499. L-ewwel Isqof ta' Amiens kien [[Edibus]], li pparteċipa f'Kunsill fil-511. Katidral bikri b'żewġ knejjes iddedikati liż-żewġ Firmini jingħad fid-dokumenti li eżista fis-sit tal-knisja attwali, iżda ma hemm l-ebda evidenza [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Salvius]], l-isqof ta' Amiens għall-ħabta tas-600, huwa kkreditat li bena dan il-katidral, iżda l-akkuratezza tal-''Ħajja'' tiegħu hija dubjuża ħafna.&lt;ref&gt;Sachy 1770.&lt;/ref&gt;

In-nar qered iż-żewġ knejjes u l-biċċa l-kbira tar-raħal, u minflok inbena katidral [[Rumanesk]] bejn l-1137 u l-1152. Dan il-katidral ospita ż-żwieġ fl-1193 tar-Re [[Filippu II ta' Franza]]. Fl-1206 il-Katidral ta' Amiens irċieva relikwa famuża, ras [[Ġwanni l-Battista]], li kienet inxtrat f'[[Istanbul|Kostantinopli]]. Din ir-relikwa wasslet biex il-Katidral ta' Amiens isir destinazzjoni ewlenija tal-pellegrinaġġi, u taha sors importanti ta' dħul. Ir-relikwarju nqered matul ir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]] iżda replika magħmula fl-1876 minn ġojjellier minn Pariġi, li uża ftit mill-kristalli tal-blat oriġinali, tintwera sa llum il-ġurnata fit-Teżor tal-Katidral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:78687979е.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Pjanta trasversali tal-katidral.]]
In-nar qered il-katidral Rumanesk fl-1218. Pjanta għal katidral ġdid tfasslet mill-[[arkitett]] [[Robert de Luzarches]], u fl-1220 l-Isqof [[Evrard de Fouilloy]] poġġa l-ewwel ġebla. Luzarches irrivoluzzjona s-sistema tal-kostruzzjoni Gotika billi uża ġebel b'daqsijiet u b'għamliet standardizzati, minflok ma għamel blokok uniċi għal kull funzjoni differenti. Huwa kien l-arkitett sal-1228, u minfloku laħaq [[Thomas de Cormont]] sal-1258. Ibnu, [[Renaud de Cormont]], kompla warajh sal-1288.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux, 2003, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-kostruzzjoni twettqet, kuntrarjament għas-soltu, mill-Punent għal-Lvant, u x-xogħol beda min-navata. De Cormont ta d-dimensjonijiet u l-armonija lill-istruttura permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tal-arkati grandjużi u t-twieqi ta' fuq. In-navata tlestiet fl-1236, u sal-1269, it-twieqi ta' fuq tal-kor tlestew ukoll. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, id-&quot;dirgħajn&quot; tat-transett tlestew, u fil-bidu tas-seklu 14 tlestew il-faċċati u t-torrijiet ta' fuq. Sakemm kienu qed isiru dawn ix-xogħlijiet, żdiedu l-[[Kappella|kappelli]] bejn id-dniefel (tipi speċifiċi ta' riffieda) u fl-angoli tat-transett.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tisħiħ (is-seklu 15) ===
[[Stampa:Cathédrale, AmiensTP.JPG|daqsminuri|269x269px|Il-katidral minn wara.]]
Id-disinn oriġinali tad-dniefel madwar il-kor kien poġġihom wisq fl-għoli biex jikkumpensaw għall-forza tal-ħnejja tas-saqaf li timbottahom 'il barra li tirriżulta f'forzi laterali eċċessivi fuq il-kolonni vertikali. L-istruttura ġiet salvata biss meta l-bennejja għamlu t-tieni ringiela ta' dniefel iktar b'saħħithom ikkollegati mal-ħajt ta' barra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103232538/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/building-gothic-cathedrals.html|titlu=NOVA {{!}} Building the Great Cathedrals|data=2010-11-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1497 l-erba' pilastri tas-salib tat-transett, kif ukoll iż-żewġ kolonni tax-xellug tax-''chevet'' bdew jixxaqqu u juru sinjali oħra ta' ċediment. Tim ta' esperti eżamina l-ħsara u għamel xi tiswijiet, iżda x-xquq baqgħu jiffurmaw. Il-problema finalment ġiet solvuta minn [[Pierre Tarisel]], li fl-1498 installa katina tal-[[ħadid]] ferrobattut mad-dawra sabiex tirreżisti l-forzi li kienu qed jimbottaw il-kolonni tal-ġebel 'il barra. Il-katina ġiet installata meta kienet ħamra nar u tikwi sabiex taġixxi bħala minċott, li jorbot iktar mal-istruttura u jsaħħaħha malli jibred, u għadu fil-post. Fl-1503 Tarisel għamel l-istess ħaġa biex isaħħaħ partijiet mid-daħla tal-kor.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modifiki (is-sekli 16-18) ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathedral 002.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|236x236px|Ir-rużun elaborat tan-Nofsinhar (tas-seklu 16).]]
Fis-seklu 16, il-katidral ġarrab ħsarat min-nirien, mill-maltempati bir-riħ, u mill-isplużjoni ta' fabbrika tal-porvli, iżda mhux ħsarat estensivi. Sarulu diversi modifiki biex jakkomodaw it-tibdil fl-istili; rużun elaborat ġdid bl-istil Gotiku tpoġġa fit-transett tal-Punent. Fis-seklu 18 saru modifiki arkitettoniċi biex ikun hemm konformità mad-digrieti l-ġodda tal-Kunsill ta' [[Trento]]. Il-ħajt diviżorju [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] antik bejn il-kor u n-navata ġie sostitwit b'grilja diviżorja elaborata tal-ħadid, biex b'hekk il-parroċċani fin-navata setgħu jaraw l-artal. L-artal innifsu ġie mmodifikat billi tneħħew it-tnax-il kandelabru enormi u t-tnax-il sniedaq bir-relikwi tal-qaddisin li mietu martri. Twettqu wkoll xogħlijiet kbar biex jissaħħu d-dniefel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rivoluzzjoni u s-seklu 19 ===
[[Stampa:Interior da Catedral de Amiens by Jules Victor Genisson, 1842.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Pittura]] tal-Katidral ta' Amiens minn ġewwa ta' [[Jules Victor Genisson]], 1842.]]
Il-katidral, bħal katidrali oħra fi Franza, ġarrab ħsara konsiderevoli matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-iskulturi ġew imfarrka bl-imrietel, u l-irjus ta' bosta [[Statwa|statwi]] tkissru. Ħafna mill-għamara, mill-oġġetti u mit-teżori nsterqu; parti mill-katidral intużat bħala maħżen għal materjali li kienu jintużaw f'diversi ċelebrazzjonijiet Rivoluzzjonarji.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral reġa' beda jintuża għall-funzjoni [[Reliġjon|reliġjuża]] tiegħu fl-1800, u l-ewwel xogħol ta' restawr beda fl-1802. Mill-bidu tal-1810, l-arkitett Neoklassiku [[Etienne Hyppolyte Godde]] tqabbad jagħmel ix-xogħol, u warajh fl-1821 kompla [[Francois Auguste Cheussey]], li kkummissjona tliet skulturi biex jagħmlu statwi ġodda. Wara li l-istampa kkritikat xi difetti fl-iskulturi u fir-restawr, Cheussey irriżenja u ġie sostitwit fl-1849 minn [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. Viollet-le-Duc beda programm iżjed ambizzjuż bil-mira li l-binja terġa' lura kemm jista' jkun għall-ispirtu Medjevali tagħha, inkluż iż-żieda ta' gargoyles skolpiti u karatteristiċi Gotiċi tipiċi oħra. Viollet-le-Duc ħadem kważi b'mod kontinwu fuq il-katidral sal-1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Protezzjoni u restawr (is-seklu 20) ===
[[Stampa:Damage done by the second shell which struck the Cathedral (4687985979).jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Uħud mill-ħsarat li ġarrab il-katidral fl-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.]]
It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-knisja tneħħew biex jiġu protetti matul [[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]] u [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u l-knisja ġarrbet ħsarat żgħar biss. Madankollu, fl-1920, uħud mit-twieqi, li kienu maħżuna fl-istudjo tal-produttur ewlieni tal-ħġieġ, biex jiġu protetti, inqerdu minħabba n-nar.

Bejn l-1973 u l-1980, il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira, ġiet irrestawrata għalkollox. Fl-1981, il-katridral ġie ddikjarat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ir-restawr tal-faċċata tal-Punent tlesta fl-2001. Fl-1992, l-istoriku tal-[[arti]] [[Stephen Murray]] inħatar mill-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]] fil-kumitat xjentifiku biex jissorvelja r-restawr tal-Katidral ta' Amiens. Murray sar ċittadin onorarju ta' Amiens u ngħata dottorat onorarju fl-Università ta' Picardie ta' [[Jules Verne]], wara x-xogħol li wettaq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.35.html#:~:text=Stephen%20Murray,%20a%20leading%20authority,00%20P.M.%20in%20Low%20Rotunda.|titlu=Murray to Give 70th University Lecture|sit=www.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://arthistory.columbia.edu/|titlu=Department of Art History &amp; Archaeology|sit=arthistory.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kronoloġija ==

* '''346''' - L-ewwel darba li ssemma isqof, Eulogius, f'Amiens.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1137-52''' - Il-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral Rumanesk.
* '''1206''' - Il-kranju ta' San Ġwann il-Battista ġie ttrasportat lejn il-katidral minn Kostantinopli.
* '''1218''' - Il-katidral Rumanesk inħakem min-nirien u nqered.
* '''1220''' - Tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-katidral Gotiku.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1240''' – Tlestija tan-navata.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1269''' - Tlestija probabbli tax-''chevet'' u installazzjoni tat-twieqi għoljin.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1284-1305''' - Inbena s-saqaf ta' fuq ix-''chevet'', it-transett u n-navata.
* '''1373-1375''' - Inbnew il-Kappelli ta' San Ġwann il-Battista u ta' [[San Ġwann Appostlu u Evanġelista|San Ġwann l-Evanġelista]], u nbdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-''Beau Pilier''.
* '''1498''' - Żdiedu l-ktajjen tal-ħadid biex jissaħħaħ it-triforju.
* '''1508-1519''' - Tpoġġew f'posthom is-sedji tal-kor.
* '''1528''' - L-ispira nqerdet minn sajjetta.
* '''1755''' - Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor tneħħa u l-kor ġie mmudellat mill-ġdid skont id-digrieti tal-Kunsill ta' Trento.
* '''1766-1768''' - Il-kor ġie mżejjen mill-ġdid bl-istil [[Barokk]] u bl-istil klassiku Franċiż.
* '''1793-1794''' - Wara r-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża, ħafna mill-għamara nqerdet, u parti mill-katidral intużat biex jinħażen it-tiżjin għall-festi pubbliċi.
* '''1802''' - Il-knisja ġiet irrestawrata u reġgħet bdiet tintuża esklużivament bħala Knisja Kattolika.
* '''1805''' - Beda r-restawr tal-knisja.
* '''1849-1874''' - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc issorvelja r-restawr tal-katidral.
* '''1854''' - Il-Kappella ta' San Teodożju ġiet iddedikata fil-preżenza tal-Imperatur [[Napuljun III]].
* '''1914-1918''' - Il-ħġieġ ikkulurit tneħħa biex jiġi protett; il-faċċata tal-katidral iġġarrab ħsara żgħira matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.
* '''1920''' - Ftit mill-ħġieġ ikkulurit Gotiku li kien maħżun fi studjo biex jiġi protett jinqered bin-nar.
* '''1973-80''' - Tlesta r-restawr tal-ispira.
* '''1981''' - Il-katidral ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* '''2001''' - Restawr ġdid tal-faċċata tal-Punent jiżvela traċċi taż-żebgħa oriġinali fuq l-iskulturi.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|daqsminuri|261x261px|Dettall tal-iskulturi tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju fil-faċċata tal-katidral.]]
Il-Katidral ta' Amiens ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-kriterju (ii) &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Apparti l-katidral kollu, fl-1999 it-torrijiet tal-Katidral ta' Amiens ġew inklużi wkoll bħala wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji transnazzjonali tal-[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943/|titlu=Belfries of Belgium and France|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju fir-rigward ta' dak is-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Minn barra ==

=== Faċċata tal-Punent u l-portali ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathédrale10.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|287x287px|Il-portali tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-faċċata tal-Punent tal-katidral inbniet f'kampanja waħda tal-kostruzzjoni mill-1220 sal-1236, u għalhekk fiha livell mhux tas-soltu ta' unità artistika. Is-sular tar-rużun tlesta għall-ħabta tal-1240. Wara dan, il-kostruzzjoni mexiet iktar bil-mod. Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet ma tlestewx qabel is-seklu 14.

Il-faċċata għandha tliet zuntieri fondi b'arkati ppuntati, li jkopru t-tliet portali. Fuq il-portali hemm żewġ galleriji; dik ta' fuq hija l-Gallerija tar-Rejiet, bi 22 statwa b'daqs ta' [[bniedem]] tar-Rejiet ta' Franza. Kważi l-istatwi kollha jmorru lura għar-restawr ta' Viollet-le-Duc. Fuq il-gallerija hemm ir-rużun, b'qafas tal-ġebel li jmur lura għas-seklu 16. Fuq ir-rużun hemm il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti jew id-Daqqaqa tal-Qniepen, li hija rikostruzzjoni tas-seklu 19 tal-gallerija oriġinali.

Il-portal ċentrali huwa ddedikat lill-Aħħar Ġudizzju, il-portal tax-xellug lill-martri San Firmin, u l-portal tal-lemin lill-[[Santa Marija|Madonna]]. Fuq kull portal hemm frontispizju mimli bl-iskulturi. Il-figura ċentrali tal-frontispizju tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju hija l-figura ta' [[Ġesù|Kristu]], b'idejh mgħollijin, jiġġudika lil dawk ta' taħtu. Fuq in-naħa tal-lemin u tax-xellug tiegħu, il-Madonna u San Ġwann jappellaw għall-ħniena tiegħu. Il-Kristjani t-tajbin, fuq il-lemin tiegħu, jiġu eskortati lejn il-ġenna, filwaqt li l-midinbin, fuq ix-xellug tiegħu, jintefgħu fl-[[infern]]. Tindif reċenti tal-iskulturi żvela traċċi ta' marki ħomor taż-żebgħa fuq idejn l-istatwa ta' Kristu, li jirrappreżentaw fejn iddaħħlulu l-imsiemer meta ġie msallab.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-istatwi tal-qaddisin fil-frontispizju hemm il-qaddisin lokali San Victoricus u San Gentian, San Domitius, Santa Ulphia u San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527105336/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/Mcahweb/facade/footnotes.html|titlu=footnotes|data=2011-05-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:ND Amiens tour sud 1.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar.]]

=== Kampnari ===
Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet tal-faċċata tal-Punent, fuq ir-rużun, inbnew wara, u kull wieħed għandu għoli differenti. Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar fuq il-lemin li jħares lejn il-faċċata huwa iqsar u tlesta l-ewwel wieħed għall-ħabta tal-1366. Il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana tlesta fl-1406, u huwa mżejjen bl-istil Gotiku elaborat. Il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti, li tgħaqqad flimkien iż-żewġ kampnari fil-livell tas-saqaf, żdiedet lejn dan iż-żmien, u ġiet restawrata u rikostruwita b'mod sostanzjali fis-seklu 19 minn Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja mill-ġdid il-gallerija fuq il-mudell tal-gallerija tal-[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] tal-istess perjodu.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Beau Pilier'' ===
[[Stampa:Contrefort tour Nord Amiens 180908 03.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|164x164px|L-istatwa tar-Re Karlu I ta' Franza fuq il-''Beau Pilier.'']]
Karatteristika mhux tas-soltu tat-torrijiet hija l-''Beau Pilier'' (il-Pilastru s-Sabiħ), riffieda ta' appoġġ li ġiet miżjuda fis-seklu 14 bejn il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana u l-ewwel waħda miż-żewġ kappelli ġodda tat-Tramuntana. Il-pilastru u l-kappelli ġew ikkummissjonati minn [[Jean de la Grange]], l-Isqof ta' Amiens fl-1373-1375, li kien il-konsulent prinċipali tar-Re [[Karlu VI ta' Franza]].

Il-pilastru fih disa' statwi li jirrappreżentaw figuri [[Politika|politiċi]], reliġjużi u militari ewlenin ta' Franza ta' dak iż-żmien; isfel nett, il-Kardinal de la Grange nnifsu, iċ-Ċambellan tal-Bureau de la Riviere u l-Ammirall [[Jean de Vienne]]; fuqhom, ir-Re Karlu nnifsu fiċ-ċentru; ibnu d-Dauphin, ir-re futur Karlu VI ta' Franza, u ibnu ż-żgħir. Fuq dawn l-istatwi hemm l-istatwi ta' San Ġwann il-Battista, tal-Madonna u ta' San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 32-33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Flèche'' ===
[[Stampa:Flèche Cathédrale d'Amiens 300908 2.jpg|daqsminuri|L-iskulturi tal-ispira.]]
Il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira oriġinali tas-seklu 13 tal-katidral, li kienet tinsab fejn it-transett jiltaqa' man-navata, inqerdet b'sajjetta fl-1528, iżda ġiet sostitwita minn spra tal-[[injam]] miksi bil-pjanċi taċ-ċomb indurati. Spiss kienet iġġarrab ħsarat minħabba xi maltempata u tissewwa fis-snin ta' wara, iżda għad-differenza tal-ispira tal-Katidral ta' Notre Dame ta' Pariġi, qatt ma ġiet iddisinjat jew mibnija mill-ġdid għalkollox. Għad għandha ħafna mill-materjal oriġinali tas-seklu 16, inkluż il-qafas tal-injam. Mill-art sas-serduq skolpit fil-pinnaklu, l-ispira tilħaq għoli ta' 112.70-il metru (369.8 pied).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-istatwi fuq l-ispira, magħmulin biċ-ċomb, jirrappreżentaw lil Kristu (iħares lejn in-navata); [[Pawlu l-Appostlu|San Pawl]], San Firmin (liebes il-mitra tal-isqof); San Ġwann l-Evanġelista; il-Madonna bil-kuruna u bil-Bambin Ġesù f'idejha; San Ġwann il-Battista; San Ġakbu l-Kbir u San Pietru.

=== Dniefel ===
[[Stampa:Amiens France Cathédrale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-11.jpg|daqsminuri|249x249px|Id-dniefel tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Id-dniefel huma r-riffieda arkitettoniċi li għamluha possibbli li jintlaħaq l-għoli eċċezzjonali tal-ħitan tan-navata u tal-kor. Ir-riffieda bl-arkati joħorġu 'l barra fuq il-livell estern ta' taħt tal-katidral, fejn hemm il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor u l-kappelli, biex jistabbilizzaw il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju. Huma jikkumpensaw għall-imbottatura 'l barra u 'l isfel tas-saqaf bil-volti, u b'hekk il-ħitan bejn ir-riffieda seta' jkun irqiq u fil-biċċa l-kbira mimli bi twieqi kbar. Ir-riffieda iktar 'il quddiem ingħataw iktar stabbiltà permezz ta' pinnakli tqal tal-ġebel fil-quċċata tal-pilastri vertikali tagħhom. Ir-riffieda tan-navata huma iktar antiki, tal-ħabta tal-1230, u kull pilastru għandu żewġ arkati, waħda fuq l-oħra. It-tnejn li huma jagħmlu &quot;qabża&quot; waħda lejn il-ħajt tan-navata; arkata waħda tiltaqa' mal-ħajt eżatt 'il fuq mill-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra mill-volta tan-navata; u l-oħra eżatt taħt dak il-punt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-buttress|titlu=flying buttress {{!}} Definition, Purpose, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://kliemustorja.com/2021/07/15/arkitettura-ekklezjastika/|titlu=ARKITETTURA EKKLEŻJASTIKA|data=2021-07-15|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-dame arc-boutant sud-est 4.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|253x253px|Veduta tad-dniefel.]]
Ir-riffieda tal-kor inbnew ftit wara u tlestew għall-ħabta tal-1260 b'disinn differenti. Kull denfil għandu żewġ pilastri vertikali, wieħed itwal mill-ieħor, u l-arkati jaslu mal-ħajt permezz ta' żewġ volti, u jiltaqgħu miegħu fil-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra. Dawn ir-riffieda tal-kor għandhom funzjoni addizzjonali; għandhom gandotti fuq l-arkati li minnhom jgħaddi l-ilma tax-xita u jittieħed 'il bogħod kemm jista' jkun mill-istruttura, u joħroġ minn ħalq il-qattara mnaqqxa b'għamla ta' ''gargoyles''.

== Minn ġewwa ==
[[Stampa:Voutes amiens.JPG|daqsminuri|244x244px|It-twieqi ta' fuq tan-navata.]]

=== Navata ===
In-navata u t-transett kienu l-postijiet fejn il-pubbliku kienu jqimu l-[[Alla l-Missier|Alla]], filwaqt li l-kor kien irriżervat għall-kleru. Fil-Katidral ta' Amiens, in-navata segwiet il-mudell tal-Katidral Gotiku Bikri ta' Chartres u tal-[[Katidral ta' Soissons]]. In-navata fiha tliet livelli bħala elevazzjoni: l-arkati l-kbar, it-triforju, u l-klerestorju fuq nett. L-arkati l-kbar, għad-differenza ta' katidrali iktar bikrin, jokkupaw in-nofs kollu tal-għoli tal-ħajt. Il-pilastri tal-arkata, b'għoli ta' 18-il metru, huma magħmula minn kolonni enormi mdawra minn erba' kollonni iżgħar u iktar irqaq, li jibqgħu telgħin mal-ħajt biex jirfdu s-saqaf bil-volti. L-għoli totali tal-ħitan taħt il-volti huwa ta' 42 metru, imqabbael ma' 36 metru fil-Katidral ta' Chartres u fil-[[Katidral ta' Reims]]. Dawk tal-[[Katidral ta' Beauvais]] biss huma ogħla minnhom, għalkemm il-volti tiegħu ċedew parzjalment fl-1284.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral Nave 2, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-pulptu Barokk u n-navata.]]

=== Pulptu ===
Il-pulptu Barokk fuq in-naħa tat-Tramuntana tan-navata nbena fl-1773 u huwa magħmul bl-injam indurat u mpitter. Il-pulptu huwa mirfud permezz ta' statwi li jirrappreżentaw il-Fidi, it-Tama u l-Karità, u warajhom qisu drapp indurat tal-ġebel. Il-baldakkin huwa mnaqqax biex jidher qisu sħabiet mirfuda minn anġli tal-ġebel. Fuq is-&quot;sħabiet&quot; hemm anġlu ikbar, jipponta lejn is-smewwiet, u jżomm ktieb bil-kitba ''Hoc fac et vives'' (Agħmel dan u tgħix).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Innen Vierung 2.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|264x264px|Il-volta b'għamla ta' stilla tat-transett, fejn tiltaqa' man-navata.]]
It-transett minn naħa għall-oħra tal-knisja fiċ-ċentru huwa twil sebgħin metru, u huwa maqsum fi tlieta. Iċ-ċentru tat-transett, fejn jaqsam minn naħa għall-oħra tan-navata, huwa mgħotti b'volta enormi b'għamla ta' stilla, waħda mill-eqdem ta' Franza, mirfuda minn erba' pilastri kbar. L-elevazzjoni fiha tliet livelli bħan-navata; l-arkati, it-triforju u l-klerestorju fuq nett. It-triforju u l-klerestorju huma mdawra għalkollox bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit, u b'hekk iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ikun imdawwal bid-dawl naturali. Ir-rużuni żdiedu wara. Ir-rużun tat-Tramuntana għandu stil ''Rayonnant'', filwaqt li r-rużun tan-Nofsinhar li żdied wara għandu stil ''Flamboyant''. L-ispira fuq il-parti ċentrali tal-volta żdiedet bejn l-1529 u l-1533.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kor ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral choir Wikimedia Commons.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kor u s-sedji tal-kor fil-Lvant, faċċata tal-apsida.]]
Is-sedji tal-kor tal-bidu tas-seklu 16 huma fost l-ikbar teżori tal-katidral. Ir-ringieli ta' fuq kienu jkunu okkupati mill-Kanoni u dawk t'isfel mill-[[Skrivan|Iskrivana]]. Ir-rappreżentant tar-Re kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tat-Tramuntana, u d-Djaknu tal-katidral, l-iżjed wieħed b'anzjanità fil-kleru, kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tan-Nofsinhar.

Is-sedji huma mżejna b'diversi figuri mnaqqxa, saħansitra iktar minn erbat elef. Il-poġġamani, it-triangoli bil-kurvatura u l-pjattaforma l-baxxa tagħhom huma mżejna wkoll b'mod elaborat u rikk bi xbihat skolpiti ta' [[Annimal|annimali]] reali u mitoloġiċi, figuri mit-[[Testment il-Qadim|Testment l-Antik]] u mit-[[Testment il-Ġdid]], u xbihat lajċi ta' professjonisti u ħaddiema tas-[[sengħa]] tal-belt. 110 mill-120 sedja oriġinali għad għandhom it-tapizzerija u t-tinqix oriġinali tas-seklu 16.

Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor huwa mżejjen b'mod rikk bi skulturi polikromatiċi u maġenbu hemm diversi kappelli. Waħda mill-iżjed lussużi hija l-Kappella tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti. L-industrija tat-tessuti kienet l-iżjed komponent dinamiku tal-ekonomija Medjevali, speċjalment fit-Tramuntana ta' Franza, u l-merkanti tad-drappijiet kienu jkunu ħerqana li juru l-ġid li kellhom bi kburija ċivika. Kappella oħra li tispikka hija dik tas-seklu 13 iddedikata lil San Tumas ta' [[Canterbury]], dedika li tikkomplementa l-lista sħiħa ta' martri tal-katidral stess.

Fuq ġewwa, il-kappella fiha opri tal-arti u tiżjin minn kull perjodu tal-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral. B'mod partikolari dawn huma pitturi Barokki tas-[[seklu 17]], magħmula minn artisti bħal [[Frans II Francken]] u [[Laurent de La Hyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ħajt diviżorju tal-kor (għall-ħabta tas-sekli 15 u 16) ===
[[Stampa:1074 - Cathédrale mausolée de Ferry de Beauvoir - Amiens.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|263x263px|Xeni mill-ħajja ta' San Firmin u l-qabar tal-Isqof [[Ferry de Beauvoir]] (1490-1530).]]
Fost l-iżjed teżori tal-arti famużi tal-katidral hemm l-iskulturi polikromatiċi tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, mal-ħitan ta' barra tal-kor. Juru l-ħajja ta' San Firmin (fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar; magħmula bejn l-1490 u l-1530) u ta' Ġwanni l-Battista (fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana, north side; magħmula fl-1531). It-tnejn kellhom rabta mal-katidral: ir-relikwa ta' ras Ġwanni l-Battista kienet ferm importanti u kienet tinżamm fit-Teżor, u l-martri San Firmin kien meqjus l-ewwel isqof ta' Amiens. Grupp ieħor ta' skulturi polikromatiċi fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana juru b'mod immaġinattiv lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju. L-oqbra ta' diversi isqfijiet u figuri reliġjużi oħra tal-katidral, imżejna b'mod abbundanti wkoll, jinstabu fil-partijiet t'isfel tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, taħt ix-xeni skolpiti.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Grille Cathédrale d'Amiens 110608 1.jpg|daqsminuri|186x186px|Il-grilja Barokka tal-ħadid fil-kor.]]

=== Artal ===
F'nofs is-seklu 18, iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ġie ddisinjat kollu mill-ġdid bl-istiI [[Rokokò]], f'konformità mal-bidliet ordnati fit-tagħlim tal-Knisja skont id-digriet tal-Kunsill ta' Trento u l-bidliet fil-gosti arkitettoniċi. L-art saret mill-ġdid b'irħam ikkulurit, flimkien ma' artal maġġur ġdid. Fl-1768, wara l-artal, inbena xenarju [[Monument|monumentali]] Barokk tal-injam indurat u skolpit magħruf bħala l-&quot;Gloire&quot;, li jirrappreżenta l-ġenna mimlija kerubini u anġli.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labirint ===
[[Stampa:AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-labirint fuq l-art tal-katidral.]]
Fiċ-ċentru tal-art tan-navata hemm labirint, li kienet karatteristika komuni tal-katidrali Gotiċi Bikrin u Aħħarin; dawn il-labirinti jinstabu wkoll fil-Katidrali ta' [[Sens]], Chartres, [[Arras]] u Reims. Il-labirint kien simbolu tal-ostakli u tal-mogħdijiet imserpin fil-vjaġġ lejn is-salvazzjoni, iżda kien juri wkoll li bid-determinazzjoni l-vjaġġ kien possibbli. F'ċerti btajjel reliġjużi, il-pellegrini kienu jsegwu l-labirint għarkopptejhom. Il-labirint tal-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa twil 240 metru u oriġinarjament ġie stabbilit fl-1288 mill-arkitett [[Rene de Cormont]]. Il-labirint attwali huwa replika eżatta li saret fis-seklu 19.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Chevet'' u l-kappelli tal-Lvant ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Chor 05.jpg|daqsminuri|265x265px|Ix-''chevet'' jew in-naħa tal-Lvant tal-katidral.]]
In-naħa tal-Lvant jew ix-''chevet'' tal-katidral inġenerali tippreserva d-disinn Medjevali oriġinali bil-kor, l-ispazju rriżervat għall-kleru. Hija mdawra b'ħajt diviżorju tal-injam imnaqqax b'mod mirqum u fiha seba' kappelli fl-apsida semiċirkolari. Hemm korsija li tippermetti lill-viżitaturi jżuru l-kappelli ta' wara l-kor.

Il-ħajt semiċirkolari fin-naħa tal-Lvant immarka stadju ġdid fl-iżvilupp tal-arkitettura Gotika. Il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju, eżatt taħt il-volti, u l-ħitan tat-triforju ta' taħthom, imtlew kompletament bil-ħġieġ. Il-ħnejjiet tat-triforju u l-arkati ġew imżejna bi ħnejjiet oħra ppuntati, li jenfasizzaw l-istruttura vertikali, u li jħallu ħafna dawl naturali jidħol minn direzzjonijiet u għoli differenti, skont il-ħin tal-jum. Id-dawl kien jiffiltra wkoll mis-sulari ta' fuq.

Madwar in-naħa tal-Lvant semiċirkolari hemm seba' kappelli. Il-Kappella tal-Madonna, fit-tarf nett tal-katidral, kienet irriżervata għall-qaddejja tal-Kanoni li kienu jgħixu fil-kjostri tal-katidral. L-ewwel kappella fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tax-''chevet'' hija ddedikata lil Sant'Eloi, u issa sservi bħala d-daħla tat-Teżor tal-katidral. It-tiżjin primarju tagħha hija sensiela ta' tmien pitturi tas-Sibilli tas-seklu 16.

Tliet kappelli tan-naħa tal-Lvant ġew mgħammra mill-ġdid għalkollox minn Viollet-le-Duc fis-seklu 19 biex jerġa' jkollhom dak li kien maħsub bħala l-aspett Medjevali preċedenti tagħhom; dawn huma l-Kappella ta' San Teodożju fit-Tramuntana, il-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti fin-nofs, u l-Kappella ta' San Ġakbu jew tal-Qalb Imqaddsa fin-Nofsinhar. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja l-għamara kollha kif ukoll it-tiżjin tagħhom, inkluż l-artal tal-bronż indurat fil-Kappella tal-Qalb Imqaddsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Kappelli laterali u tat-transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens-Cathedral-Stained-Glass.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Minbarra l-kappella fin-naħa tal-Lvant, hemm kappelli żgħar ukoll li jokkupaw iż-żewġ naħat tan-navata u l-angoli tat-transett. It-tiżjin oriġinali ta' dawn il-kappelli ġie sostitwit fis-seklu 18 bit-tiżjin attwali. Kull kappella hija ddedikata lil qaddis partikolari, u hija mżejna b'pitturi kbar sat-twieqi, b'artali, u bi statwi tal-ġebel u tal-injam, kollha tas-seklu 18. Il-kappella huma magħluqa permezz ta' grilji ornamentali tal-ħadid ferrobattut.

Fit-transett tat-Tramuntana, il-Kappella ta' San Pietru tokkupa r-rokna tal-Grigal. Din inħolqot bħala rispons għall-epidemija tal-[[Pesta s-sewda|pesta]] li nfirxet f'Amiens fl-1667-1668, iżda ma tlestiex qabel l-1709 minn [[Gilles Oppenord]], wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-istil Rokokò.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuq in-naħa tal-Lvant tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm il-Kappella ta' [[San Bastjan]], magħrufa wkoll bħala l-Kappella tal-Pilastru l-Aħdar. Fuq nett tagħha hemm skultura magħmula minn [[Nicolas Blasset]] ta' San Bastjan imdawwar bl-allegoriji tal-Ġustizzja, il-Paċi u San Rokku, li tlestiet fl-1627. Fl-1832, fil-kappella żdiedet skultura ta' San Alwiġi magħmula minn [[Louis Duthoit]].

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm erba' xeni b'riljiev għoli li juru lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju, u dawn ġew magħmula fl-1523 minn [[Jean Wytz]].

Xogħol bikri ieħor fit-transett huwa r-retablu tal-artal tal-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Pilastru l-Aħmar, magħmul minn skulturi u pitturi madwar pilastru prinċipali. Dan tlesta fl-1627 minn [[Nicolas Blasset]]. Il-pittura tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna (1627) ġiet magħmula minn [[François Franken]], filwaqt li l-iskulturi ta' San Bastjan, il-Madonna, David u Salamun, u Ġuditta u Santa Genevieve ġew magħmula minn Blasset.

It-transett tan-Nofsinhar fih il-Kappella ta' San Pietru u San Pawl, fir-rokna tax-Xlokk, bl-istatwi taż-żewġ qaddisin magħmula minn [[Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis]] fl-1749. Il-kappella fiha wkoll artal b'pittura tal-Adorazzjoni tal-Maġi mill-bidu tas-seklu 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar hemm grupp ta' riljievi polikromatiċi li juru l-wegħda ta' Ġwanni l-Battista, li ġew magħmula fl-1511.
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Spectacle 190908 03.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-portal imdawwal fl-ispettaklu tad-dwal li jsir billejl fis-sajf u fil-Fiera [[Milied]].]]

== Difniet u mfakar notevoli ==

* [[Eliżabetta, il-Kontessa ta' Vermandois]], il-mara ta' [[Filippu I, il-Konti tal-Fjandri]].
* [[Charles de Hémard de Denonville]], isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.
* [[Antoine de Créqui Canaples]] (qalbu biss), isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.

=== Imfakar ===

* Id-daħla tan-Nofsinhar tal-katidral fiha ħdax-il lapida bħala mfakar għall-mejtin tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, l-iktar dawk li ġġieldu fil-Battalja tas-Somme (1916). Fost in-nazzjonijiet imfakkra hemm l-[[Imperu Brittaniku]] u d-dominji tiegħu (illum il-ġurnata l-pajjiżi tar-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda]], il-[[Kanada]], l-[[Awstralja]] u [[New Zealand]]).
* Fost l-individwi notevoli mfakkra hemm il-Ġeneral Franċiż tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija [[Marie-Eugène Debeney]], l-uffiċjal tal-Armata Brittanika [[Raymond Asquith]], u l-Ġeneral Franċiż tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]].

== Biblijografija ==

* Brisac, Catherine (1994). Le Vitrail (in French). Paris: La Martinière. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-73-242117-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Duvanel, Maurice (1998). La Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Poire-Choquet. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-9502147-5-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lours, Mathieu (2018). Dictionnaire des Cathédrales (bil-Franċiż). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27558-0765-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Mignon, Olivier (2015). Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Ouest-France. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7373-6535-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Plagnieux, Philippe (2003). Cathérale Notre Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27577-0404-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Sachy, Jean-Baptiste Maurice de (1770). Histoire des évesques d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Abbeville: Veuve de Vérité Libraire.

* Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7126-1279-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Iktar qari ==

* Dusevel, Hyacinthe (1839). Notice historique et descriptive sur l'église cathédrale d'Amiens (Second ed.). Amiens: Caron, Vitet.

* Murray, Stephen (1996). Notre Dame, Cathedral of Amiens: The Power of Change in Gothic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-49735-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Murray, Stephen (2021). Notre-Dame of Amiens: Life of the Gothic Cathedral. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780231195768&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="36288" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:0 Amiens - Cathédrale Notre-Dame (1).JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-'''Bażilika-Katidral tal-Madonna ta' Amiens''' (bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens''), jew sempliċement il-'''Katidral ta'''' '''Amiens''', huwa knisja [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattolika Rumana]]. Il-[[katidral]] huwa s-sede tal-Isqof ta' [[Amiens]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bboui.html|titlu=Archbishop Jean-Luc Marie Maurice Louis Bouilleret [Catholic-Hierarchy]|sit=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinsab fuq għolja żgħira fuq ix-xmara [[Somme]] f'Amiens, il-[[belt kapitali]] amministrattiva tar-reġjun ta' Picardie ta' [[Franza]], madwar 120 kilometru (75 mil) fit-Tramuntana ta' [[Pariġi]].

Il-katidral inbena kważi kollu bejn l-1220 u madwar l-1270, perjodu tassew qasir għal katidral [[Gotiku]], u b'hekk għandha unità mhux tas-soltu fl-istil. Il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa eżempju klassiku tal-istil Gotiku Superjuri tal-arkitettura Gotika. Għandu wkoll xi karatteristiċi tal-istil ''Rayonnant'' ta' wara fit-twieqi għoljin imkabbrin tal-kor, li ġew miżjuda f'nofs is-snin 50 tas-seklu 13.&lt;ref&gt;Watkin 1986, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-[[Bennej|bennejja]] tiegħu ppruvaw jimmassimizzaw id-dimensjonijiet interni sabiex jgħollu il-binja kemm jistgħu u jidħol iktar dawl. B'riżultat ta' dan, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa l-ikbar wieħed fi Franza&lt;ref&gt;Mignon 2015, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fih 200,000 metru kubu, jiġifieri kbir biżżejjed bih ġo fih joqogħdu żewġ katidrali bid-daqs tal-[[Katidral ta' Notre Dame, Pariġi|Katidral ta' Notre Dame]] ta' Pariġi.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral tniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162/|titlu=Amiens Cathedral|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Għalkemm tilef il-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[ħġieġ]] ikkulurit oriġinali tiegħu, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa rinomat għall-kwalità u għall-kwantità ta' [[Skultura|skulturi]] Gotiċi bikrin tas-seklu 13 fil-faċċata prinċipali tal-Punent u fil-portal tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar, kif ukoll għall-kwantità kbira ta' skulturi polikromatiċi minn perjodi iktar 'il quddiem fuq ġewwa tal-binja.

== Storja ==

=== Katidrali bikrin ===
Skont it-tradizzjoni lokali, il-[[Kristjaneżmu]] twassal f'Amiens fis-seklu 3 W.K. permezz ta' żewġ martri Kristjani, magħrufa bħala Firmin il-Martri u Firmin il-Kunfessur. San Martin ġie mgħammed f'Amiens fit-334. Il-knisja ġiet maħnuqa mill-invażjonijiet tal-[[Vandali]], u ma reġgħetx irpiljat qabel tmiem is-seklu 5, permezz tal-magħmudija ta' [[Clovis I]] fl-498 jew fl-499. L-ewwel Isqof ta' Amiens kien [[Edibus]], li pparteċipa f'Kunsill fil-511. Katidral bikri b'żewġ knejjes iddedikati liż-żewġ Firmini jingħad fid-dokumenti li eżista fis-sit tal-knisja attwali, iżda ma hemm l-ebda evidenza [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Salvius]], l-isqof ta' Amiens għall-ħabta tas-600, huwa kkreditat li bena dan il-katidral, iżda l-akkuratezza tal-''Ħajja'' tiegħu hija dubjuża ħafna.&lt;ref&gt;Sachy 1770.&lt;/ref&gt;

In-nar qered iż-żewġ knejjes u l-biċċa l-kbira tar-raħal, u minflok inbena katidral [[Rumanesk]] bejn l-1137 u l-1152. Dan il-katidral ospita ż-żwieġ fl-1193 tar-Re [[Filippu II ta' Franza]]. Fl-1206 il-Katidral ta' Amiens irċieva relikwa famuża, ras [[Ġwanni l-Battista]], li kienet inxtrat f'[[Istanbul|Kostantinopli]]. Din ir-relikwa wasslet biex il-Katidral ta' Amiens isir destinazzjoni ewlenija tal-pellegrinaġġi, u taha sors importanti ta' dħul. Ir-relikwarju nqered matul ir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]] iżda replika magħmula fl-1876 minn ġojjellier minn Pariġi, li uża ftit mill-kristalli tal-blat oriġinali, tintwera sa llum il-ġurnata fit-Teżor tal-Katidral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:78687979е.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Pjanta trasversali tal-katidral.]]
In-nar qered il-katidral Rumanesk fl-1218. Pjanta għal katidral ġdid tfasslet mill-[[arkitett]] [[Robert de Luzarches]], u fl-1220 l-Isqof [[Evrard de Fouilloy]] poġġa l-ewwel ġebla. Luzarches irrivoluzzjona s-sistema tal-kostruzzjoni Gotika billi uża ġebel b'daqsijiet u b'għamliet standardizzati, minflok ma għamel blokok uniċi għal kull funzjoni differenti. Huwa kien l-arkitett sal-1228, u minfloku laħaq [[Thomas de Cormont]] sal-1258. Ibnu, [[Renaud de Cormont]], kompla warajh sal-1288.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux, 2003, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-kostruzzjoni twettqet, kuntrarjament għas-soltu, mill-Punent għal-Lvant, u x-xogħol beda min-navata. De Cormont ta d-dimensjonijiet u l-armonija lill-istruttura permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tal-arkati grandjużi u t-twieqi ta' fuq. In-navata tlestiet fl-1236, u sal-1269, it-twieqi ta' fuq tal-kor tlestew ukoll. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, id-&quot;dirgħajn&quot; tat-transett tlestew, u fil-bidu tas-seklu 14 tlestew il-faċċati u t-torrijiet ta' fuq. Sakemm kienu qed isiru dawn ix-xogħlijiet, żdiedu l-[[Kappella|kappelli]] bejn id-dniefel (tipi speċifiċi ta' riffieda) u fl-angoli tat-transett.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tisħiħ (is-seklu 15) ===
[[Stampa:Cathédrale, AmiensTP.JPG|daqsminuri|269x269px|Il-katidral minn wara.]]
Id-disinn oriġinali tad-dniefel madwar il-kor kien poġġihom wisq fl-għoli biex jikkumpensaw għall-forza tal-ħnejja tas-saqaf li timbottahom 'il barra li tirriżulta f'forzi laterali eċċessivi fuq il-kolonni vertikali. L-istruttura ġiet salvata biss meta l-bennejja għamlu t-tieni ringiela ta' dniefel iktar b'saħħithom ikkollegati mal-ħajt ta' barra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103232538/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/building-gothic-cathedrals.html|titlu=NOVA {{!}} Building the Great Cathedrals|data=2010-11-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1497 l-erba' pilastri tas-salib tat-transett, kif ukoll iż-żewġ kolonni tax-xellug tax-''chevet'' bdew jixxaqqu u juru sinjali oħra ta' ċediment. Tim ta' esperti eżamina l-ħsara u għamel xi tiswijiet, iżda x-xquq baqgħu jiffurmaw. Il-problema finalment ġiet solvuta minn [[Pierre Tarisel]], li fl-1498 installa katina tal-[[ħadid]] ferrobattut mad-dawra sabiex tirreżisti l-forzi li kienu qed jimbottaw il-kolonni tal-ġebel 'il barra. Il-katina ġiet installata meta kienet ħamra nar u tikwi sabiex taġixxi bħala minċott, li jorbot iktar mal-istruttura u jsaħħaħha malli jibred, u għadu fil-post. Fl-1503 Tarisel għamel l-istess ħaġa biex isaħħaħ partijiet mid-daħla tal-kor.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modifiki (is-sekli 16-18) ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathedral 002.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|236x236px|Ir-rużun elaborat tan-Nofsinhar (tas-seklu 16).]]
Fis-seklu 16, il-katidral ġarrab ħsarat min-nirien, mill-maltempati bir-riħ, u mill-isplużjoni ta' fabbrika tal-porvli, iżda mhux ħsarat estensivi. Sarulu diversi modifiki biex jakkomodaw it-tibdil fl-istili; rużun elaborat ġdid bl-istil Gotiku tpoġġa fit-transett tal-Punent. Fis-seklu 18 saru modifiki arkitettoniċi biex ikun hemm konformità mad-digrieti l-ġodda tal-Kunsill ta' [[Trento]]. Il-ħajt diviżorju [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] antik bejn il-kor u n-navata ġie sostitwit b'grilja diviżorja elaborata tal-ħadid, biex b'hekk il-parroċċani fin-navata setgħu jaraw l-artal. L-artal innifsu ġie mmodifikat billi tneħħew it-tnax-il kandelabru enormi u t-tnax-il sniedaq bir-relikwi tal-qaddisin li mietu martri. Twettqu wkoll xogħlijiet kbar biex jissaħħu d-dniefel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rivoluzzjoni u s-seklu 19 ===
[[Stampa:Interior da Catedral de Amiens by Jules Victor Genisson, 1842.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Pittura]] tal-Katidral ta' Amiens minn ġewwa ta' [[Jules Victor Genisson]], 1842.]]
Il-katidral, bħal katidrali oħra fi Franza, ġarrab ħsara konsiderevoli matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-iskulturi ġew imfarrka bl-imrietel, u l-irjus ta' bosta [[Statwa|statwi]] tkissru. Ħafna mill-għamara, mill-oġġetti u mit-teżori nsterqu; parti mill-katidral intużat bħala maħżen għal materjali li kienu jintużaw f'diversi ċelebrazzjonijiet Rivoluzzjonarji.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral reġa' beda jintuża għall-funzjoni [[Reliġjon|reliġjuża]] tiegħu fl-1800, u l-ewwel xogħol ta' restawr beda fl-1802. Mill-bidu tal-1810, l-arkitett Neoklassiku [[Etienne Hyppolyte Godde]] tqabbad jagħmel ix-xogħol, u warajh fl-1821 kompla [[Francois Auguste Cheussey]], li kkummissjona tliet skulturi biex jagħmlu statwi ġodda. Wara li l-istampa kkritikat xi difetti fl-iskulturi u fir-restawr, Cheussey irriżenja u ġie sostitwit fl-1849 minn [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. Viollet-le-Duc beda programm iżjed ambizzjuż bil-mira li l-binja terġa' lura kemm jista' jkun għall-ispirtu Medjevali tagħha, inkluż iż-żieda ta' gargoyles skolpiti u karatteristiċi Gotiċi tipiċi oħra. Viollet-le-Duc ħadem kważi b'mod kontinwu fuq il-katidral sal-1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Protezzjoni u restawr (is-seklu 20) ===
[[Stampa:Damage done by the second shell which struck the Cathedral (4687985979).jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Uħud mill-ħsarat li ġarrab il-katidral fl-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.]]
It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-knisja tneħħew biex jiġu protetti matul [[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]] u [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u l-knisja ġarrbet ħsarat żgħar biss. Madankollu, fl-1920, uħud mit-twieqi, li kienu maħżuna fl-istudjo tal-produttur ewlieni tal-ħġieġ, biex jiġu protetti, inqerdu minħabba n-nar.

Bejn l-1973 u l-1980, il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira, ġiet irrestawrata għalkollox. Fl-1981, il-katridral ġie ddikjarat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ir-restawr tal-faċċata tal-Punent tlesta fl-2001. Fl-1992, l-istoriku tal-[[arti]] [[Stephen Murray]] inħatar mill-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]] fil-kumitat xjentifiku biex jissorvelja r-restawr tal-Katidral ta' Amiens. Murray sar ċittadin onorarju ta' Amiens u ngħata dottorat onorarju fl-Università ta' Picardie ta' [[Jules Verne]], wara x-xogħol li wettaq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.35.html#:~:text=Stephen%20Murray,%20a%20leading%20authority,00%20P.M.%20in%20Low%20Rotunda.|titlu=Murray to Give 70th University Lecture|sit=www.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://arthistory.columbia.edu/|titlu=Department of Art History &amp; Archaeology|sit=arthistory.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kronoloġija ==

* '''346''' - L-ewwel darba li ssemma isqof, Eulogius, f'Amiens.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1137-52''' - Il-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral Rumanesk.
* '''1206''' - Il-kranju ta' San Ġwann il-Battista ġie ttrasportat lejn il-katidral minn Kostantinopli.
* '''1218''' - Il-katidral Rumanesk inħakem min-nirien u nqered.
* '''1220''' - Tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-katidral Gotiku.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1240''' – Tlestija tan-navata.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1269''' - Tlestija probabbli tax-''chevet'' u installazzjoni tat-twieqi għoljin.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1284-1305''' - Inbena s-saqaf ta' fuq ix-''chevet'', it-transett u n-navata.
* '''1373-1375''' - Inbnew il-Kappelli ta' San Ġwann il-Battista u ta' [[San Ġwann Appostlu u Evanġelista|San Ġwann l-Evanġelista]], u nbdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-''Beau Pilier''.
* '''1498''' - Żdiedu l-ktajjen tal-ħadid biex jissaħħaħ it-triforju.
* '''1508-1519''' - Tpoġġew f'posthom is-sedji tal-kor.
* '''1528''' - L-ispira nqerdet minn sajjetta.
* '''1755''' - Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor tneħħa u l-kor ġie mmudellat mill-ġdid skont id-digrieti tal-Kunsill ta' Trento.
* '''1766-1768''' - Il-kor ġie mżejjen mill-ġdid bl-istil [[Barokk]] u bl-istil klassiku Franċiż.
* '''1793-1794''' - Wara r-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża, ħafna mill-għamara nqerdet, u parti mill-katidral intużat biex jinħażen it-tiżjin għall-festi pubbliċi.
* '''1802''' - Il-knisja ġiet irrestawrata u reġgħet bdiet tintuża esklużivament bħala Knisja Kattolika.
* '''1805''' - Beda r-restawr tal-knisja.
* '''1849-1874''' - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc issorvelja r-restawr tal-katidral.
* '''1854''' - Il-Kappella ta' San Teodożju ġiet iddedikata fil-preżenza tal-Imperatur [[Napuljun III]].
* '''1914-1918''' - Il-ħġieġ ikkulurit tneħħa biex jiġi protett; il-faċċata tal-katidral iġġarrab ħsara żgħira matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.
* '''1920''' - Ftit mill-ħġieġ ikkulurit Gotiku li kien maħżun fi studjo biex jiġi protett jinqered bin-nar.
* '''1973-80''' - Tlesta r-restawr tal-ispira.
* '''1981''' - Il-katidral ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* '''2001''' - Restawr ġdid tal-faċċata tal-Punent jiżvela traċċi taż-żebgħa oriġinali fuq l-iskulturi.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|daqsminuri|261x261px|Dettall tal-iskulturi tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju fil-faċċata tal-katidral.]]
Il-Katidral ta' Amiens ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-kriterju (ii) &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Apparti l-katidral kollu, fl-1999 it-torrijiet tal-Katidral ta' Amiens ġew inklużi wkoll bħala wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji transnazzjonali tal-[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943/|titlu=Belfries of Belgium and France|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju fir-rigward ta' dak is-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Minn barra ==

=== Faċċata tal-Punent u l-portali ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathédrale10.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|287x287px|Il-portali tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-faċċata tal-Punent tal-katidral inbniet f'kampanja waħda tal-kostruzzjoni mill-1220 sal-1236, u għalhekk fiha livell mhux tas-soltu ta' unità artistika. Is-sular tar-rużun tlesta għall-ħabta tal-1240. Wara dan, il-kostruzzjoni mexiet iktar bil-mod. Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet ma tlestewx qabel is-seklu 14.

Il-faċċata għandha tliet zuntieri fondi b'arkati ppuntati, li jkopru t-tliet portali. Fuq il-portali hemm żewġ galleriji; dik ta' fuq hija l-Gallerija tar-Rejiet, bi 22 statwa b'daqs ta' [[bniedem]] tar-Rejiet ta' Franza. Kważi l-istatwi kollha jmorru lura għar-restawr ta' Viollet-le-Duc. Fuq il-gallerija hemm ir-rużun, b'qafas tal-ġebel li jmur lura għas-seklu 16. Fuq ir-rużun hemm il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti jew id-Daqqaqa tal-Qniepen, li hija rikostruzzjoni tas-seklu 19 tal-gallerija oriġinali.

Il-portal ċentrali huwa ddedikat lill-Aħħar Ġudizzju, il-portal tax-xellug lill-martri San Firmin, u l-portal tal-lemin lill-[[Santa Marija|Madonna]]. Fuq kull portal hemm frontispizju mimli bl-iskulturi. Il-figura ċentrali tal-frontispizju tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju hija l-figura ta' [[Ġesù|Kristu]], b'idejh mgħollijin, jiġġudika lil dawk ta' taħtu. Fuq in-naħa tal-lemin u tax-xellug tiegħu, il-Madonna u San Ġwann jappellaw għall-ħniena tiegħu. Il-Kristjani t-tajbin, fuq il-lemin tiegħu, jiġu eskortati lejn il-ġenna, filwaqt li l-midinbin, fuq ix-xellug tiegħu, jintefgħu fl-[[infern]]. Tindif reċenti tal-iskulturi żvela traċċi ta' marki ħomor taż-żebgħa fuq idejn l-istatwa ta' Kristu, li jirrappreżentaw fejn iddaħħlulu l-imsiemer meta ġie msallab.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-istatwi tal-qaddisin fil-frontispizju hemm il-qaddisin lokali San Victoricus u San Gentian, San Domitius, Santa Ulphia u San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527105336/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/Mcahweb/facade/footnotes.html|titlu=footnotes|data=2011-05-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:ND Amiens tour sud 1.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar.]]

=== Kampnari ===
Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet tal-faċċata tal-Punent, fuq ir-rużun, inbnew wara, u kull wieħed għandu għoli differenti. Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar fuq il-lemin li jħares lejn il-faċċata huwa iqsar u tlesta l-ewwel wieħed għall-ħabta tal-1366. Il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana tlesta fl-1406, u huwa mżejjen bl-istil Gotiku elaborat. Il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti, li tgħaqqad flimkien iż-żewġ kampnari fil-livell tas-saqaf, żdiedet lejn dan iż-żmien, u ġiet restawrata u rikostruwita b'mod sostanzjali fis-seklu 19 minn Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja mill-ġdid il-gallerija fuq il-mudell tal-gallerija tal-[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] tal-istess perjodu.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Beau Pilier'' ===
[[Stampa:Contrefort tour Nord Amiens 180908 03.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|164x164px|L-istatwa tar-Re Karlu I ta' Franza fuq il-''Beau Pilier.'']]
Karatteristika mhux tas-soltu tat-torrijiet hija l-''Beau Pilier'' (il-Pilastru s-Sabiħ), riffieda ta' appoġġ li ġiet miżjuda fis-seklu 14 bejn il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana u l-ewwel waħda miż-żewġ kappelli ġodda tat-Tramuntana. Il-pilastru u l-kappelli ġew ikkummissjonati minn [[Jean de la Grange]], l-Isqof ta' Amiens fl-1373-1375, li kien il-konsulent prinċipali tar-Re [[Karlu VI ta' Franza]].

Il-pilastru fih disa' statwi li jirrappreżentaw figuri [[Politika|politiċi]], reliġjużi u militari ewlenin ta' Franza ta' dak iż-żmien; isfel nett, il-Kardinal de la Grange nnifsu, iċ-Ċambellan tal-Bureau de la Riviere u l-Ammirall [[Jean de Vienne]]; fuqhom, ir-Re Karlu nnifsu fiċ-ċentru; ibnu d-Dauphin, ir-re futur Karlu VI ta' Franza, u ibnu ż-żgħir. Fuq dawn l-istatwi hemm l-istatwi ta' San Ġwann il-Battista, tal-Madonna u ta' San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 32-33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Flèche'' ===
[[Stampa:Flèche Cathédrale d'Amiens 300908 2.jpg|daqsminuri|L-iskulturi tal-ispira.]]
Il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira oriġinali tas-seklu 13 tal-katidral, li kienet tinsab fejn it-transett jiltaqa' man-navata, inqerdet b'sajjetta fl-1528, iżda ġiet sostitwita minn spra tal-[[injam]] miksi bil-pjanċi taċ-ċomb indurati. Spiss kienet iġġarrab ħsarat minħabba xi maltempata u tissewwa fis-snin ta' wara, iżda għad-differenza tal-ispira tal-Katidral ta' Notre Dame ta' Pariġi, qatt ma ġiet iddisinjat jew mibnija mill-ġdid għalkollox. Għad għandha ħafna mill-materjal oriġinali tas-seklu 16, inkluż il-qafas tal-injam. Mill-art sas-serduq skolpit fil-pinnaklu, l-ispira tilħaq għoli ta' 112.70-il metru (369.8 pied).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-istatwi fuq l-ispira, magħmulin biċ-ċomb, jirrappreżentaw lil Kristu (iħares lejn in-navata); [[Pawlu l-Appostlu|San Pawl]], San Firmin (liebes il-mitra tal-isqof); San Ġwann l-Evanġelista; il-Madonna bil-kuruna u bil-Bambin Ġesù f'idejha; San Ġwann il-Battista; San Ġakbu l-Kbir u San Pietru.

=== Dniefel ===
[[Stampa:Amiens France Cathédrale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-11.jpg|daqsminuri|249x249px|Id-dniefel tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Id-dniefel huma r-riffieda arkitettoniċi li għamluha possibbli li jintlaħaq l-għoli eċċezzjonali tal-ħitan tan-navata u tal-kor. Ir-riffieda bl-arkati joħorġu 'l barra fuq il-livell estern ta' taħt tal-katidral, fejn hemm il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor u l-kappelli, biex jistabbilizzaw il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju. Huma jikkumpensaw għall-imbottatura 'l barra u 'l isfel tas-saqaf bil-volti, u b'hekk il-ħitan bejn ir-riffieda seta' jkun irqiq u fil-biċċa l-kbira mimli bi twieqi kbar. Ir-riffieda iktar 'il quddiem ingħataw iktar stabbiltà permezz ta' pinnakli tqal tal-ġebel fil-quċċata tal-pilastri vertikali tagħhom. Ir-riffieda tan-navata huma iktar antiki, tal-ħabta tal-1230, u kull pilastru għandu żewġ arkati, waħda fuq l-oħra. It-tnejn li huma jagħmlu &quot;qabża&quot; waħda lejn il-ħajt tan-navata; arkata waħda tiltaqa' mal-ħajt eżatt 'il fuq mill-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra mill-volta tan-navata; u l-oħra eżatt taħt dak il-punt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-buttress|titlu=flying buttress {{!}} Definition, Purpose, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://kliemustorja.com/2021/07/15/arkitettura-ekklezjastika/|titlu=ARKITETTURA EKKLEŻJASTIKA|data=2021-07-15|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-dame arc-boutant sud-est 4.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|253x253px|Veduta tad-dniefel.]]
Ir-riffieda tal-kor inbnew ftit wara u tlestew għall-ħabta tal-1260 b'disinn differenti. Kull denfil għandu żewġ pilastri vertikali, wieħed itwal mill-ieħor, u l-arkati jaslu mal-ħajt permezz ta' żewġ volti, u jiltaqgħu miegħu fil-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra. Dawn ir-riffieda tal-kor għandhom funzjoni addizzjonali; għandhom gandotti fuq l-arkati li minnhom jgħaddi l-ilma tax-xita u jittieħed 'il bogħod kemm jista' jkun mill-istruttura, u joħroġ minn ħalq il-qattara mnaqqxa b'għamla ta' ''gargoyles''.

== Minn ġewwa ==
[[Stampa:Voutes amiens.JPG|daqsminuri|244x244px|It-twieqi ta' fuq tan-navata.]]

=== Navata ===
In-navata u t-transett kienu l-postijiet fejn il-pubbliku kienu jqimu l-[[Alla l-Missier|Alla]], filwaqt li l-kor kien irriżervat għall-kleru. Fil-Katidral ta' Amiens, in-navata segwiet il-mudell tal-Katidral Gotiku Bikri ta' Chartres u tal-[[Katidral ta' Soissons]]. In-navata fiha tliet livelli bħala elevazzjoni: l-arkati l-kbar, it-triforju, u l-klerestorju fuq nett. L-arkati l-kbar, għad-differenza ta' katidrali iktar bikrin, jokkupaw in-nofs kollu tal-għoli tal-ħajt. Il-pilastri tal-arkata, b'għoli ta' 18-il metru, huma magħmula minn kolonni enormi mdawra minn erba' kollonni iżgħar u iktar irqaq, li jibqgħu telgħin mal-ħajt biex jirfdu s-saqaf bil-volti. L-għoli totali tal-ħitan taħt il-volti huwa ta' 42 metru, imqabbael ma' 36 metru fil-Katidral ta' Chartres u fil-[[Katidral ta' Reims]]. Dawk tal-[[Katidral ta' Beauvais]] biss huma ogħla minnhom, għalkemm il-volti tiegħu ċedew parzjalment fl-1284.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral Nave 2, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-pulptu Barokk u n-navata.]]

=== Pulptu ===
Il-pulptu Barokk fuq in-naħa tat-Tramuntana tan-navata nbena fl-1773 u huwa magħmul bl-injam indurat u mpitter. Il-pulptu huwa mirfud permezz ta' statwi li jirrappreżentaw il-Fidi, it-Tama u l-Karità, u warajhom qisu drapp indurat tal-ġebel. Il-baldakkin huwa mnaqqax biex jidher qisu sħabiet mirfuda minn anġli tal-ġebel. Fuq is-&quot;sħabiet&quot; hemm anġlu ikbar, jipponta lejn is-smewwiet, u jżomm ktieb bil-kitba ''Hoc fac et vives'' (Agħmel dan u tgħix).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Innen Vierung 2.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|264x264px|Il-volta b'għamla ta' stilla tat-transett, fejn tiltaqa' man-navata.]]
It-transett minn naħa għall-oħra tal-knisja fiċ-ċentru huwa twil sebgħin metru, u huwa maqsum fi tlieta. Iċ-ċentru tat-transett, fejn jaqsam minn naħa għall-oħra tan-navata, huwa mgħotti b'volta enormi b'għamla ta' stilla, waħda mill-eqdem ta' Franza, mirfuda minn erba' pilastri kbar. L-elevazzjoni fiha tliet livelli bħan-navata; l-arkati, it-triforju u l-klerestorju fuq nett. It-triforju u l-klerestorju huma mdawra għalkollox bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit, u b'hekk iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ikun imdawwal bid-dawl naturali. Ir-rużuni żdiedu wara. Ir-rużun tat-Tramuntana għandu stil ''Rayonnant'', filwaqt li r-rużun tan-Nofsinhar li żdied wara għandu stil ''Flamboyant''. L-ispira fuq il-parti ċentrali tal-volta żdiedet bejn l-1529 u l-1533.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kor ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral choir Wikimedia Commons.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kor u s-sedji tal-kor fil-Lvant, faċċata tal-apsida.]]
Is-sedji tal-kor tal-bidu tas-seklu 16 huma fost l-ikbar teżori tal-katidral. Ir-ringieli ta' fuq kienu jkunu okkupati mill-Kanoni u dawk t'isfel mill-[[Skrivan|Iskrivana]]. Ir-rappreżentant tar-Re kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tat-Tramuntana, u d-Djaknu tal-katidral, l-iżjed wieħed b'anzjanità fil-kleru, kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tan-Nofsinhar.

Is-sedji huma mżejna b'diversi figuri mnaqqxa, saħansitra iktar minn erbat elef. Il-poġġamani, it-triangoli bil-kurvatura u l-pjattaforma l-baxxa tagħhom huma mżejna wkoll b'mod elaborat u rikk bi xbihat skolpiti ta' [[Annimal|annimali]] reali u mitoloġiċi, figuri mit-[[Testment il-Qadim|Testment l-Antik]] u mit-[[Testment il-Ġdid]], u xbihat lajċi ta' professjonisti u ħaddiema tas-[[sengħa]] tal-belt. 110 mill-120 sedja oriġinali għad għandhom it-tapizzerija u t-tinqix oriġinali tas-seklu 16.

Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor huwa mżejjen b'mod rikk bi skulturi polikromatiċi u maġenbu hemm diversi kappelli. Waħda mill-iżjed lussużi hija l-Kappella tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti. L-industrija tat-tessuti kienet l-iżjed komponent dinamiku tal-ekonomija Medjevali, speċjalment fit-Tramuntana ta' Franza, u l-merkanti tad-drappijiet kienu jkunu ħerqana li juru l-ġid li kellhom bi kburija ċivika. Kappella oħra li tispikka hija dik tas-seklu 13 iddedikata lil San Tumas ta' [[Canterbury]], dedika li tikkomplementa l-lista sħiħa ta' martri tal-katidral stess.

Fuq ġewwa, il-kappella fiha opri tal-arti u tiżjin minn kull perjodu tal-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral. B'mod partikolari dawn huma pitturi Barokki tas-[[seklu 17]], magħmula minn artisti bħal [[Frans II Francken]] u [[Laurent de La Hyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ħajt diviżorju tal-kor (għall-ħabta tas-sekli 15 u 16) ===
[[Stampa:1074 - Cathédrale mausolée de Ferry de Beauvoir - Amiens.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|263x263px|Xeni mill-ħajja ta' San Firmin u l-qabar tal-Isqof [[Ferry de Beauvoir]] (1490-1530).]]
Fost l-iżjed teżori tal-arti famużi tal-katidral hemm l-iskulturi polikromatiċi tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, mal-ħitan ta' barra tal-kor. Juru l-ħajja ta' San Firmin (fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar; magħmula bejn l-1490 u l-1530) u ta' Ġwanni l-Battista (fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana, north side; magħmula fl-1531). It-tnejn kellhom rabta mal-katidral: ir-relikwa ta' ras Ġwanni l-Battista kienet ferm importanti u kienet tinżamm fit-Teżor, u l-martri San Firmin kien meqjus l-ewwel isqof ta' Amiens. Grupp ieħor ta' skulturi polikromatiċi fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana juru b'mod immaġinattiv lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju. L-oqbra ta' diversi isqfijiet u figuri reliġjużi oħra tal-katidral, imżejna b'mod abbundanti wkoll, jinstabu fil-partijiet t'isfel tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, taħt ix-xeni skolpiti.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Grille Cathédrale d'Amiens 110608 1.jpg|daqsminuri|186x186px|Il-grilja Barokka tal-ħadid fil-kor.]]

=== Artal ===
F'nofs is-seklu 18, iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ġie ddisinjat kollu mill-ġdid bl-istiI [[Rokokò]], f'konformità mal-bidliet ordnati fit-tagħlim tal-Knisja skont id-digriet tal-Kunsill ta' Trento u l-bidliet fil-gosti arkitettoniċi. L-art saret mill-ġdid b'irħam ikkulurit, flimkien ma' artal maġġur ġdid. Fl-1768, wara l-artal, inbena xenarju [[Monument|monumentali]] Barokk tal-injam indurat u skolpit magħruf bħala l-&quot;Gloire&quot;, li jirrappreżenta l-ġenna mimlija kerubini u anġli.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labirint ===
[[Stampa:AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-labirint fuq l-art tal-katidral.]]
Fiċ-ċentru tal-art tan-navata hemm labirint, li kienet karatteristika komuni tal-katidrali Gotiċi Bikrin u Aħħarin; dawn il-labirinti jinstabu wkoll fil-Katidrali ta' [[Sens]], Chartres, [[Arras]] u Reims. Il-labirint kien simbolu tal-ostakli u tal-mogħdijiet imserpin fil-vjaġġ lejn is-salvazzjoni, iżda kien juri wkoll li bid-determinazzjoni l-vjaġġ kien possibbli. F'ċerti btajjel reliġjużi, il-pellegrini kienu jsegwu l-labirint għarkopptejhom. Il-labirint tal-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa twil 240 metru u oriġinarjament ġie stabbilit fl-1288 mill-arkitett [[Rene de Cormont]]. Il-labirint attwali huwa replika eżatta li saret fis-seklu 19.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Chevet'' u l-kappelli tal-Lvant ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Chor 05.jpg|daqsminuri|265x265px|Ix-''chevet'' jew in-naħa tal-Lvant tal-katidral.]]
In-naħa tal-Lvant jew ix-''chevet'' tal-katidral inġenerali tippreserva d-disinn Medjevali oriġinali bil-kor, l-ispazju rriżervat għall-kleru. Hija mdawra b'ħajt diviżorju tal-injam imnaqqax b'mod mirqum u fiha seba' kappelli fl-apsida semiċirkolari. Hemm korsija li tippermetti lill-viżitaturi jżuru l-kappelli ta' wara l-kor.

Il-ħajt semiċirkolari fin-naħa tal-Lvant immarka stadju ġdid fl-iżvilupp tal-arkitettura Gotika. Il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju, eżatt taħt il-volti, u l-ħitan tat-triforju ta' taħthom, imtlew kompletament bil-ħġieġ. Il-ħnejjiet tat-triforju u l-arkati ġew imżejna bi ħnejjiet oħra ppuntati, li jenfasizzaw l-istruttura vertikali, u li jħallu ħafna dawl naturali jidħol minn direzzjonijiet u għoli differenti, skont il-ħin tal-jum. Id-dawl kien jiffiltra wkoll mis-sulari ta' fuq.

Madwar in-naħa tal-Lvant semiċirkolari hemm seba' kappelli. Il-Kappella tal-Madonna, fit-tarf nett tal-katidral, kienet irriżervata għall-qaddejja tal-Kanoni li kienu jgħixu fil-kjostri tal-katidral. L-ewwel kappella fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tax-''chevet'' hija ddedikata lil Sant'Eloi, u issa sservi bħala d-daħla tat-Teżor tal-katidral. It-tiżjin primarju tagħha hija sensiela ta' tmien pitturi tas-Sibilli tas-seklu 16.

Tliet kappelli tan-naħa tal-Lvant ġew mgħammra mill-ġdid għalkollox minn Viollet-le-Duc fis-seklu 19 biex jerġa' jkollhom dak li kien maħsub bħala l-aspett Medjevali preċedenti tagħhom; dawn huma l-Kappella ta' San Teodożju fit-Tramuntana, il-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti fin-nofs, u l-Kappella ta' San Ġakbu jew tal-Qalb Imqaddsa fin-Nofsinhar. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja l-għamara kollha kif ukoll it-tiżjin tagħhom, inkluż l-artal tal-bronż indurat fil-Kappella tal-Qalb Imqaddsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Kappelli laterali u tat-transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens-Cathedral-Stained-Glass.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Minbarra l-kappella fin-naħa tal-Lvant, hemm kappelli żgħar ukoll li jokkupaw iż-żewġ naħat tan-navata u l-angoli tat-transett. It-tiżjin oriġinali ta' dawn il-kappelli ġie sostitwit fis-seklu 18 bit-tiżjin attwali. Kull kappella hija ddedikata lil qaddis partikolari, u hija mżejna b'pitturi kbar sat-twieqi, b'artali, u bi statwi tal-ġebel u tal-injam, kollha tas-seklu 18. Il-kappella huma magħluqa permezz ta' grilji ornamentali tal-ħadid ferrobattut.

Fit-transett tat-Tramuntana, il-Kappella ta' San Pietru tokkupa r-rokna tal-Grigal. Din inħolqot bħala rispons għall-epidemija tal-[[Pesta s-sewda|pesta]] li nfirxet f'Amiens fl-1667-1668, iżda ma tlestiex qabel l-1709 minn [[Gilles Oppenord]], wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-istil Rokokò.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuq in-naħa tal-Lvant tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm il-Kappella ta' [[San Bastjan]], magħrufa wkoll bħala l-Kappella tal-Pilastru l-Aħdar. Fuq nett tagħha hemm skultura magħmula minn [[Nicolas Blasset]] ta' San Bastjan imdawwar bl-allegoriji tal-Ġustizzja, il-Paċi u San Rokku, li tlestiet fl-1627. Fl-1832, fil-kappella żdiedet skultura ta' San Alwiġi magħmula minn [[Louis Duthoit]].

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm erba' xeni b'riljiev għoli li juru lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju, u dawn ġew magħmula fl-1523 minn [[Jean Wytz]].

Xogħol bikri ieħor fit-transett huwa r-retablu tal-artal tal-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Pilastru l-Aħmar, magħmul minn skulturi u pitturi madwar pilastru prinċipali. Dan tlesta fl-1627 minn [[Nicolas Blasset]]. Il-pittura tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna (1627) ġiet magħmula minn [[François Franken]], filwaqt li l-iskulturi ta' San Bastjan, il-Madonna, David u Salamun, u Ġuditta u Santa Genevieve ġew magħmula minn Blasset.

It-transett tan-Nofsinhar fih il-Kappella ta' San Pietru u San Pawl, fir-rokna tax-Xlokk, bl-istatwi taż-żewġ qaddisin magħmula minn [[Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis]] fl-1749. Il-kappella fiha wkoll artal b'pittura tal-Adorazzjoni tal-Maġi mill-bidu tas-seklu 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar hemm grupp ta' riljievi polikromatiċi li juru l-wegħda ta' Ġwanni l-Battista, li ġew magħmula fl-1511.
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Spectacle 190908 03.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-portal imdawwal fl-ispettaklu tad-dwal li jsir billejl fis-sajf u fil-Fiera [[Milied]].]]

== Difniet u mfakar notevoli ==

* [[Eliżabetta, il-Kontessa ta' Vermandois]], il-mara ta' [[Filippu I, il-Konti tal-Fjandri]].
* [[Charles de Hémard de Denonville]], isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.
* [[Antoine de Créqui Canaples]] (qalbu biss), isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.

=== Imfakar ===

* Id-daħla tan-Nofsinhar tal-katidral fiha ħdax-il lapida bħala mfakar għall-mejtin tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, l-iktar dawk li ġġieldu fil-Battalja tas-Somme (1916). Fost in-nazzjonijiet imfakkra hemm l-[[Imperu Brittaniku]] u d-dominji tiegħu (illum il-ġurnata l-pajjiżi tar-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda]], il-[[Kanada]], l-[[Awstralja]] u [[New Zealand]]).
* Fost l-individwi notevoli mfakkra hemm il-Ġeneral Franċiż tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija [[Marie-Eugène Debeney]], l-uffiċjal tal-Armata Brittanika [[Raymond Asquith]], u l-Ġeneral Franċiż tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]].

== Biblijografija ==

* Brisac, Catherine (1994). Le Vitrail (in French). Paris: La Martinière. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-73-242117-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Duvanel, Maurice (1998). La Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Poire-Choquet. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-9502147-5-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lours, Mathieu (2018). Dictionnaire des Cathédrales (bil-Franċiż). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27558-0765-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Mignon, Olivier (2015). Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Ouest-France. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7373-6535-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Plagnieux, Philippe (2003). Cathérale Notre Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27577-0404-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Sachy, Jean-Baptiste Maurice de (1770). Histoire des évesques d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Abbeville: Veuve de Vérité Libraire.

* Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7126-1279-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Iktar qari ==

* Dusevel, Hyacinthe (1839). Notice historique et descriptive sur l'église cathédrale d'Amiens (Second ed.). Amiens: Caron, Vitet.

* Murray, Stephen (1996). Notre Dame, Cathedral of Amiens: The Power of Change in Gothic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-49735-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Murray, Stephen (2021). Notre-Dame of Amiens: Life of the Gothic Cathedral. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780231195768&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

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      <text bytes="36313" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:0 Amiens - Cathédrale Notre-Dame (1).JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-'''Bażilika-Katidral tal-Madonna ta' Amiens''' (bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens''), jew sempliċement il-'''Katidral ta'''' '''Amiens''', huwa knisja [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattolika Rumana]]. Il-[[katidral]] huwa s-sede tal-Isqof ta' [[Amiens]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bboui.html|titlu=Archbishop Jean-Luc Marie Maurice Louis Bouilleret [Catholic-Hierarchy]|sit=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinsab fuq għolja żgħira fuq ix-xmara [[Somme]] f'Amiens, il-[[belt kapitali]] amministrattiva tar-reġjun ta' Picardie ta' [[Franza]], madwar 120 kilometru (75 mil) fit-Tramuntana ta' [[Pariġi]].

Il-katidral inbena kważi kollu bejn l-1220 u madwar l-1270, perjodu tassew qasir għal katidral [[Gotiku]], u b'hekk għandha unità mhux tas-soltu fl-istil. Il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa eżempju klassiku tal-istil Gotiku Superjuri tal-arkitettura Gotika. Għandu wkoll xi karatteristiċi tal-istil ''Rayonnant'' ta' wara fit-twieqi għoljin imkabbrin tal-kor, li ġew miżjuda f'nofs is-snin 50 tas-seklu 13.&lt;ref&gt;Watkin 1986, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-[[Bennej|bennejja]] tiegħu ppruvaw jimmassimizzaw id-dimensjonijiet interni sabiex jgħollu il-binja kemm jistgħu u jidħol iktar dawl. B'riżultat ta' dan, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa l-ikbar wieħed fi Franza&lt;ref&gt;Mignon 2015, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fih 200,000 metru kubu, jiġifieri kbir biżżejjed bih ġo fih joqogħdu żewġ katidrali bid-daqs tal-[[Katidral ta' Notre Dame, Pariġi|Katidral ta' Notre Dame]] ta' Pariġi.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral tniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162/|titlu=Amiens Cathedral|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Għalkemm tilef il-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[ħġieġ]] ikkulurit oriġinali tiegħu, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa rinomat għall-kwalità u għall-kwantità ta' [[Skultura|skulturi]] Gotiċi bikrin tas-seklu 13 fil-faċċata prinċipali tal-Punent u fil-portal tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar, kif ukoll għall-kwantità kbira ta' skulturi polikromatiċi minn perjodi iktar 'il quddiem fuq ġewwa tal-binja.

== Storja ==

=== Katidrali bikrin ===
Skont it-tradizzjoni lokali, il-[[Kristjaneżmu]] twassal f'Amiens fis-seklu 3 W.K. permezz ta' żewġ martri Kristjani, magħrufa bħala Firmin il-Martri u Firmin il-Kunfessur. San Martin ġie mgħammed f'Amiens fit-334. Il-knisja ġiet maħnuqa mill-invażjonijiet tal-[[Vandali]], u ma reġgħetx irpiljat qabel tmiem is-seklu 5, permezz tal-magħmudija ta' [[Clovis I]] fl-498 jew fl-499. L-ewwel Isqof ta' Amiens kien [[Edibus]], li pparteċipa f'Kunsill fil-511. Katidral bikri b'żewġ knejjes iddedikati liż-żewġ Firmini jingħad fid-dokumenti li eżista fis-sit tal-knisja attwali, iżda ma hemm l-ebda evidenza [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Salvius]], l-isqof ta' Amiens għall-ħabta tas-600, huwa kkreditat li bena dan il-katidral, iżda l-akkuratezza tal-''Ħajja'' tiegħu hija dubjuża ħafna.&lt;ref&gt;Sachy 1770.&lt;/ref&gt;

In-nar qered iż-żewġ knejjes u l-biċċa l-kbira tar-raħal, u minflok inbena katidral [[Rumanesk]] bejn l-1137 u l-1152. Dan il-katidral ospita ż-żwieġ fl-1193 tar-Re [[Filippu II ta' Franza]]. Fl-1206 il-Katidral ta' Amiens irċieva relikwa famuża, ras [[Ġwanni l-Battista]], li kienet inxtrat f'[[Istanbul|Kostantinopli]]. Din ir-relikwa wasslet biex il-Katidral ta' Amiens isir destinazzjoni ewlenija tal-pellegrinaġġi, u taha sors importanti ta' dħul. Ir-relikwarju nqered matul ir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]] iżda replika magħmula fl-1876 minn ġojjellier minn Pariġi, li uża ftit mill-kristalli tal-blat oriġinali, tintwera sa llum il-ġurnata fit-Teżor tal-Katidral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:78687979е.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Pjanta trasversali tal-katidral.]]
In-nar qered il-katidral Rumanesk fl-1218. Pjanta għal katidral ġdid tfasslet mill-[[arkitett]] [[Robert de Luzarches]], u fl-1220 l-Isqof [[Evrard de Fouilloy]] poġġa l-ewwel ġebla. Luzarches irrivoluzzjona s-sistema tal-kostruzzjoni Gotika billi uża ġebel b'daqsijiet u b'għamliet standardizzati, minflok ma għamel blokok uniċi għal kull funzjoni differenti. Huwa kien l-arkitett sal-1228, u minfloku laħaq [[Thomas de Cormont]] sal-1258. Ibnu, [[Renaud de Cormont]], kompla warajh sal-1288.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux, 2003, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-kostruzzjoni twettqet, kuntrarjament għas-soltu, mill-Punent għal-Lvant, u x-xogħol beda min-navata. De Cormont ta d-dimensjonijiet u l-armonija lill-istruttura permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tal-arkati grandjużi u t-twieqi ta' fuq. In-navata tlestiet fl-1236, u sal-1269, it-twieqi ta' fuq tal-kor tlestew ukoll. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, id-&quot;dirgħajn&quot; tat-transett tlestew, u fil-bidu tas-seklu 14 tlestew il-faċċati u t-torrijiet ta' fuq. Sakemm kienu qed isiru dawn ix-xogħlijiet, żdiedu l-[[Kappella|kappelli]] bejn id-dniefel (tipi speċifiċi ta' riffieda) u fl-angoli tat-transett.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tisħiħ (is-seklu 15) ===
[[Stampa:Cathédrale, AmiensTP.JPG|daqsminuri|269x269px|Il-katidral minn wara.]]
Id-disinn oriġinali tad-dniefel madwar il-kor kien poġġihom wisq fl-għoli biex jikkumpensaw għall-forza tal-ħnejja tas-saqaf li timbottahom 'il barra li tirriżulta f'forzi laterali eċċessivi fuq il-kolonni vertikali. L-istruttura ġiet salvata biss meta l-bennejja għamlu t-tieni ringiela ta' dniefel iktar b'saħħithom ikkollegati mal-ħajt ta' barra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103232538/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/building-gothic-cathedrals.html|titlu=NOVA {{!}} Building the Great Cathedrals|data=2010-11-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1497 l-erba' pilastri tas-salib tat-transett, kif ukoll iż-żewġ kolonni tax-xellug tax-''chevet'' bdew jixxaqqu u juru sinjali oħra ta' ċediment. Tim ta' esperti eżamina l-ħsara u għamel xi tiswijiet, iżda x-xquq baqgħu jiffurmaw. Il-problema finalment ġiet solvuta minn [[Pierre Tarisel]], li fl-1498 installa katina tal-[[ħadid]] ferrobattut mad-dawra sabiex tirreżisti l-forzi li kienu qed jimbottaw il-kolonni tal-ġebel 'il barra. Il-katina ġiet installata meta kienet ħamra nar u tikwi sabiex taġixxi bħala minċott, li jorbot iktar mal-istruttura u jsaħħaħha malli jibred, u għadu fil-post. Fl-1503 Tarisel għamel l-istess ħaġa biex isaħħaħ partijiet mid-daħla tal-kor.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modifiki (is-sekli 16-18) ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathedral 002.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|236x236px|Ir-rużun elaborat tan-Nofsinhar (tas-seklu 16).]]
Fis-seklu 16, il-katidral ġarrab ħsarat min-nirien, mill-maltempati bir-riħ, u mill-isplużjoni ta' fabbrika tal-porvli, iżda mhux ħsarat estensivi. Sarulu diversi modifiki biex jakkomodaw it-tibdil fl-istili; rużun elaborat ġdid bl-istil Gotiku tpoġġa fit-transett tal-Punent. Fis-seklu 18 saru modifiki arkitettoniċi biex ikun hemm konformità mad-digrieti l-ġodda tal-Kunsill ta' [[Trento]]. Il-ħajt diviżorju [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] antik bejn il-kor u n-navata ġie sostitwit b'grilja diviżorja elaborata tal-ħadid, biex b'hekk il-parroċċani fin-navata setgħu jaraw l-artal. L-artal innifsu ġie mmodifikat billi tneħħew it-tnax-il kandelabru enormi u t-tnax-il sniedaq bir-relikwi tal-qaddisin li mietu martri. Twettqu wkoll xogħlijiet kbar biex jissaħħu d-dniefel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rivoluzzjoni u s-seklu 19 ===
[[Stampa:Interior da Catedral de Amiens by Jules Victor Genisson, 1842.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Pittura]] tal-Katidral ta' Amiens minn ġewwa ta' [[Jules Victor Genisson]], 1842.]]
Il-katidral, bħal katidrali oħra fi Franza, ġarrab ħsara konsiderevoli matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-iskulturi ġew imfarrka bl-imrietel, u l-irjus ta' bosta [[Statwa|statwi]] tkissru. Ħafna mill-għamara, mill-oġġetti u mit-teżori nsterqu; parti mill-katidral intużat bħala maħżen għal materjali li kienu jintużaw f'diversi ċelebrazzjonijiet Rivoluzzjonarji.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral reġa' beda jintuża għall-funzjoni [[Reliġjon|reliġjuża]] tiegħu fl-1800, u l-ewwel xogħol ta' restawr beda fl-1802. Mill-bidu tal-1810, l-arkitett Neoklassiku [[Etienne Hyppolyte Godde]] tqabbad jagħmel ix-xogħol, u warajh fl-1821 kompla [[Francois Auguste Cheussey]], li kkummissjona tliet skulturi biex jagħmlu statwi ġodda. Wara li l-istampa kkritikat xi difetti fl-iskulturi u fir-restawr, Cheussey irriżenja u ġie sostitwit fl-1849 minn [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. Viollet-le-Duc beda programm iżjed ambizzjuż bil-mira li l-binja terġa' lura kemm jista' jkun għall-ispirtu Medjevali tagħha, inkluż iż-żieda ta' gargoyles skolpiti u karatteristiċi Gotiċi tipiċi oħra. Viollet-le-Duc ħadem kważi b'mod kontinwu fuq il-katidral sal-1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Protezzjoni u restawr (is-seklu 20) ===
[[Stampa:Damage done by the second shell which struck the Cathedral (4687985979).jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Uħud mill-ħsarat li ġarrab il-katidral fl-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.]]
It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-knisja tneħħew biex jiġu protetti matul [[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]] u [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u l-knisja ġarrbet ħsarat żgħar biss. Madankollu, fl-1920, uħud mit-twieqi, li kienu maħżuna fl-istudjo tal-produttur ewlieni tal-ħġieġ, biex jiġu protetti, inqerdu minħabba n-nar.

Bejn l-1973 u l-1980, il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira, ġiet irrestawrata għalkollox. Fl-1981, il-katridral ġie ddikjarat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ir-restawr tal-faċċata tal-Punent tlesta fl-2001. Fl-1992, l-istoriku tal-[[arti]] [[Stephen Murray]] inħatar mill-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]] fil-kumitat xjentifiku biex jissorvelja r-restawr tal-Katidral ta' Amiens. Murray sar ċittadin onorarju ta' Amiens u ngħata dottorat onorarju fl-Università ta' Picardie ta' [[Jules Verne]], wara x-xogħol li wettaq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.35.html#:~:text=Stephen%20Murray,%20a%20leading%20authority,00%20P.M.%20in%20Low%20Rotunda.|titlu=Murray to Give 70th University Lecture|sit=www.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://arthistory.columbia.edu/|titlu=Department of Art History &amp; Archaeology|sit=arthistory.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kronoloġija ==

* '''346''' - L-ewwel darba li ssemma isqof, Eulogius, f'Amiens.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1137-52''' - Il-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral Rumanesk.
* '''1206''' - Il-kranju ta' San Ġwann il-Battista ġie ttrasportat lejn il-katidral minn Kostantinopli.
* '''1218''' - Il-katidral Rumanesk inħakem min-nirien u nqered.
* '''1220''' - Tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-katidral Gotiku.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1240''' – Tlestija tan-navata.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1269''' - Tlestija probabbli tax-''chevet'' u installazzjoni tat-twieqi għoljin.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1284-1305''' - Inbena s-saqaf ta' fuq ix-''chevet'', it-transett u n-navata.
* '''1373-1375''' - Inbnew il-Kappelli ta' San Ġwann il-Battista u ta' [[San Ġwann Appostlu u Evanġelista|San Ġwann l-Evanġelista]], u nbdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-''Beau Pilier''.
* '''1498''' - Żdiedu l-ktajjen tal-ħadid biex jissaħħaħ it-triforju.
* '''1508-1519''' - Tpoġġew f'posthom is-sedji tal-kor.
* '''1528''' - L-ispira nqerdet minn sajjetta.
* '''1755''' - Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor tneħħa u l-kor ġie mmudellat mill-ġdid skont id-digrieti tal-Kunsill ta' Trento.
* '''1766-1768''' - Il-kor ġie mżejjen mill-ġdid bl-istil [[Barokk]] u bl-istil klassiku Franċiż.
* '''1793-1794''' - Wara r-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża, ħafna mill-għamara nqerdet, u parti mill-katidral intużat biex jinħażen it-tiżjin għall-festi pubbliċi.
* '''1802''' - Il-knisja ġiet irrestawrata u reġgħet bdiet tintuża esklużivament bħala Knisja Kattolika.
* '''1805''' - Beda r-restawr tal-knisja.
* '''1849-1874''' - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc issorvelja r-restawr tal-katidral.
* '''1854''' - Il-Kappella ta' San Teodożju ġiet iddedikata fil-preżenza tal-Imperatur [[Napuljun III]].
* '''1914-1918''' - Il-ħġieġ ikkulurit tneħħa biex jiġi protett; il-faċċata tal-katidral iġġarrab ħsara żgħira matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.
* '''1920''' - Ftit mill-ħġieġ ikkulurit Gotiku li kien maħżun fi studjo biex jiġi protett jinqered bin-nar.
* '''1973-80''' - Tlesta r-restawr tal-ispira.
* '''1981''' - Il-katidral ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* '''2001''' - Restawr ġdid tal-faċċata tal-Punent jiżvela traċċi taż-żebgħa oriġinali fuq l-iskulturi.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|daqsminuri|261x261px|Dettall tal-iskulturi tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju fil-faċċata tal-katidral.]]
Il-Katidral ta' Amiens ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-kriterju (ii) &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Apparti l-katidral kollu, fl-1999 it-torrijiet tal-Katidral ta' Amiens ġew inklużi wkoll bħala wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji transnazzjonali tal-[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943/|titlu=Belfries of Belgium and France|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju fir-rigward ta' dak is-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Minn barra ==

=== Faċċata tal-Punent u l-portali ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathédrale10.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|287x287px|Il-portali tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-faċċata tal-Punent tal-katidral inbniet f'kampanja waħda tal-kostruzzjoni mill-1220 sal-1236, u għalhekk fiha livell mhux tas-soltu ta' unità artistika. Is-sular tar-rużun tlesta għall-ħabta tal-1240. Wara dan, il-kostruzzjoni mexiet iktar bil-mod. Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet ma tlestewx qabel is-seklu 14.

Il-faċċata għandha tliet zuntieri fondi b'arkati ppuntati, li jkopru t-tliet portali. Fuq il-portali hemm żewġ galleriji; dik ta' fuq hija l-Gallerija tar-Rejiet, bi 22 statwa b'daqs ta' [[bniedem]] tar-Rejiet ta' Franza. Kważi l-istatwi kollha jmorru lura għar-restawr ta' Viollet-le-Duc. Fuq il-gallerija hemm ir-rużun, b'qafas tal-ġebel li jmur lura għas-seklu 16. Fuq ir-rużun hemm il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti jew id-Daqqaqa tal-Qniepen, li hija rikostruzzjoni tas-seklu 19 tal-gallerija oriġinali.

Il-portal ċentrali huwa ddedikat lill-Aħħar Ġudizzju, il-portal tax-xellug lill-martri San Firmin, u l-portal tal-lemin lill-[[Santa Marija|Madonna]]. Fuq kull portal hemm frontispizju mimli bl-iskulturi. Il-figura ċentrali tal-frontispizju tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju hija l-figura ta' [[Ġesù|Kristu]], b'idejh mgħollijin, jiġġudika lil dawk ta' taħtu. Fuq in-naħa tal-lemin u tax-xellug tiegħu, il-Madonna u San Ġwann jappellaw għall-ħniena tiegħu. Il-Kristjani t-tajbin, fuq il-lemin tiegħu, jiġu eskortati lejn il-ġenna, filwaqt li l-midinbin, fuq ix-xellug tiegħu, jintefgħu fl-[[infern]]. Tindif reċenti tal-iskulturi żvela traċċi ta' marki ħomor taż-żebgħa fuq idejn l-istatwa ta' Kristu, li jirrappreżentaw fejn iddaħħlulu l-imsiemer meta ġie msallab.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-istatwi tal-qaddisin fil-frontispizju hemm il-qaddisin lokali San Victoricus u San Gentian, San Domitius, Santa Ulphia u San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527105336/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/Mcahweb/facade/footnotes.html|titlu=footnotes|data=2011-05-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:ND Amiens tour sud 1.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar.]]

=== Kampnari ===
Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet tal-faċċata tal-Punent, fuq ir-rużun, inbnew wara, u kull wieħed għandu għoli differenti. Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar fuq il-lemin li jħares lejn il-faċċata huwa iqsar u tlesta l-ewwel wieħed għall-ħabta tal-1366. Il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana tlesta fl-1406, u huwa mżejjen bl-istil Gotiku elaborat. Il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti, li tgħaqqad flimkien iż-żewġ kampnari fil-livell tas-saqaf, żdiedet lejn dan iż-żmien, u ġiet restawrata u rikostruwita b'mod sostanzjali fis-seklu 19 minn Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja mill-ġdid il-gallerija fuq il-mudell tal-gallerija tal-[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] tal-istess perjodu.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Beau Pilier'' ===
[[Stampa:Contrefort tour Nord Amiens 180908 03.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|164x164px|L-istatwa tar-Re Karlu I ta' Franza fuq il-''Beau Pilier.'']]
Karatteristika mhux tas-soltu tat-torrijiet hija l-''Beau Pilier'' (il-Pilastru s-Sabiħ), riffieda ta' appoġġ li ġiet miżjuda fis-seklu 14 bejn il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana u l-ewwel waħda miż-żewġ kappelli ġodda tat-Tramuntana. Il-pilastru u l-kappelli ġew ikkummissjonati minn [[Jean de la Grange]], l-Isqof ta' Amiens fl-1373-1375, li kien il-konsulent prinċipali tar-Re [[Karlu VI ta' Franza]].

Il-pilastru fih disa' statwi li jirrappreżentaw figuri [[Politika|politiċi]], reliġjużi u militari ewlenin ta' Franza ta' dak iż-żmien; isfel nett, il-Kardinal de la Grange nnifsu, iċ-Ċambellan tal-Bureau de la Riviere u l-Ammirall [[Jean de Vienne]]; fuqhom, ir-Re Karlu nnifsu fiċ-ċentru; ibnu d-Dauphin, ir-re futur Karlu VI ta' Franza, u ibnu ż-żgħir. Fuq dawn l-istatwi hemm l-istatwi ta' San Ġwann il-Battista, tal-Madonna u ta' San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 32-33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Flèche'' ===
[[Stampa:Flèche Cathédrale d'Amiens 300908 2.jpg|daqsminuri|L-iskulturi tal-ispira.]]
Il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira oriġinali tas-seklu 13 tal-katidral, li kienet tinsab fejn it-transett jiltaqa' man-navata, inqerdet b'sajjetta fl-1528, iżda ġiet sostitwita minn spra tal-[[injam]] miksi bil-pjanċi taċ-ċomb indurati. Spiss kienet iġġarrab ħsarat minħabba xi maltempata u tissewwa fis-snin ta' wara, iżda għad-differenza tal-ispira tal-Katidral ta' Notre Dame ta' Pariġi, qatt ma ġiet iddisinjat jew mibnija mill-ġdid għalkollox. Għad għandha ħafna mill-materjal oriġinali tas-seklu 16, inkluż il-qafas tal-injam. Mill-art sas-serduq skolpit fil-pinnaklu, l-ispira tilħaq għoli ta' 112.70-il metru (369.8 pied).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-istatwi fuq l-ispira, magħmulin biċ-ċomb, jirrappreżentaw lil Kristu (iħares lejn in-navata); [[Pawlu l-Appostlu|San Pawl]], San Firmin (liebes il-mitra tal-isqof); San Ġwann l-Evanġelista; il-Madonna bil-kuruna u bil-Bambin Ġesù f'idejha; San Ġwann il-Battista; San Ġakbu l-Kbir u San Pietru.

=== Dniefel ===
[[Stampa:Amiens France Cathédrale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-11.jpg|daqsminuri|249x249px|Id-dniefel tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Id-dniefel huma r-riffieda arkitettoniċi li għamluha possibbli li jintlaħaq l-għoli eċċezzjonali tal-ħitan tan-navata u tal-kor. Ir-riffieda bl-arkati joħorġu 'l barra fuq il-livell estern ta' taħt tal-katidral, fejn hemm il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor u l-kappelli, biex jistabbilizzaw il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju. Huma jikkumpensaw għall-imbottatura 'l barra u 'l isfel tas-saqaf bil-volti, u b'hekk il-ħitan bejn ir-riffieda seta' jkun irqiq u fil-biċċa l-kbira mimli bi twieqi kbar. Ir-riffieda iktar 'il quddiem ingħataw iktar stabbiltà permezz ta' pinnakli tqal tal-ġebel fil-quċċata tal-pilastri vertikali tagħhom. Ir-riffieda tan-navata huma iktar antiki, tal-ħabta tal-1230, u kull pilastru għandu żewġ arkati, waħda fuq l-oħra. It-tnejn li huma jagħmlu &quot;qabża&quot; waħda lejn il-ħajt tan-navata; arkata waħda tiltaqa' mal-ħajt eżatt 'il fuq mill-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra mill-volta tan-navata; u l-oħra eżatt taħt dak il-punt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-buttress|titlu=flying buttress {{!}} Definition, Purpose, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://kliemustorja.com/2021/07/15/arkitettura-ekklezjastika/|titlu=ARKITETTURA EKKLEŻJASTIKA|data=2021-07-15|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-dame arc-boutant sud-est 4.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|253x253px|Veduta tad-dniefel.]]
Ir-riffieda tal-kor inbnew ftit wara u tlestew għall-ħabta tal-1260 b'disinn differenti. Kull denfil għandu żewġ pilastri vertikali, wieħed itwal mill-ieħor, u l-arkati jaslu mal-ħajt permezz ta' żewġ volti, u jiltaqgħu miegħu fil-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra. Dawn ir-riffieda tal-kor għandhom funzjoni addizzjonali; għandhom gandotti fuq l-arkati li minnhom jgħaddi l-ilma tax-xita u jittieħed 'il bogħod kemm jista' jkun mill-istruttura, u joħroġ minn ħalq il-qattara mnaqqxa b'għamla ta' ''gargoyles''.

== Minn ġewwa ==
[[Stampa:Voutes amiens.JPG|daqsminuri|244x244px|It-twieqi ta' fuq tan-navata.]]

=== Navata ===
In-navata u t-transett kienu l-postijiet fejn il-pubbliku kienu jqimu l-[[Alla l-Missier|Alla]], filwaqt li l-kor kien irriżervat għall-kleru. Fil-Katidral ta' Amiens, in-navata segwiet il-mudell tal-Katidral Gotiku Bikri ta' Chartres u tal-[[Katidral ta' Soissons]]. In-navata fiha tliet livelli bħala elevazzjoni: l-arkati l-kbar, it-triforju, u l-klerestorju fuq nett. L-arkati l-kbar, għad-differenza ta' katidrali iktar bikrin, jokkupaw in-nofs kollu tal-għoli tal-ħajt. Il-pilastri tal-arkata, b'għoli ta' 18-il metru, huma magħmula minn kolonni enormi mdawra minn erba' kollonni iżgħar u iktar irqaq, li jibqgħu telgħin mal-ħajt biex jirfdu s-saqaf bil-volti. L-għoli totali tal-ħitan taħt il-volti huwa ta' 42 metru, imqabbael ma' 36 metru fil-Katidral ta' Chartres u fil-[[Katidral ta' Reims]]. Dawk tal-[[Katidral ta' Beauvais]] biss huma ogħla minnhom, għalkemm il-volti tiegħu ċedew parzjalment fl-1284.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral Nave 2, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-pulptu Barokk u n-navata.]]

=== Pulptu ===
Il-pulptu Barokk fuq in-naħa tat-Tramuntana tan-navata nbena fl-1773 u huwa magħmul bl-injam indurat u mpitter. Il-pulptu huwa mirfud permezz ta' statwi li jirrappreżentaw il-Fidi, it-Tama u l-Karità, u warajhom qisu drapp indurat tal-ġebel. Il-baldakkin huwa mnaqqax biex jidher qisu sħabiet mirfuda minn anġli tal-ġebel. Fuq is-&quot;sħabiet&quot; hemm anġlu ikbar, jipponta lejn is-smewwiet, u jżomm ktieb bil-kitba ''Hoc fac et vives'' (Agħmel dan u tgħix).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Innen Vierung 2.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|264x264px|Il-volta b'għamla ta' stilla tat-transett, fejn tiltaqa' man-navata.]]
It-transett minn naħa għall-oħra tal-knisja fiċ-ċentru huwa twil sebgħin metru, u huwa maqsum fi tlieta. Iċ-ċentru tat-transett, fejn jaqsam minn naħa għall-oħra tan-navata, huwa mgħotti b'volta enormi b'għamla ta' stilla, waħda mill-eqdem ta' Franza, mirfuda minn erba' pilastri kbar. L-elevazzjoni fiha tliet livelli bħan-navata; l-arkati, it-triforju u l-klerestorju fuq nett. It-triforju u l-klerestorju huma mdawra għalkollox bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit, u b'hekk iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ikun imdawwal bid-dawl naturali. Ir-rużuni żdiedu wara. Ir-rużun tat-Tramuntana għandu stil ''Rayonnant'', filwaqt li r-rużun tan-Nofsinhar li żdied wara għandu stil ''Flamboyant''. L-ispira fuq il-parti ċentrali tal-volta żdiedet bejn l-1529 u l-1533.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kor ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral choir Wikimedia Commons.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kor u s-sedji tal-kor fil-Lvant, faċċata tal-apsida.]]
Is-sedji tal-kor tal-bidu tas-seklu 16 huma fost l-ikbar teżori tal-katidral. Ir-ringieli ta' fuq kienu jkunu okkupati mill-Kanoni u dawk t'isfel mill-[[Skrivan|Iskrivana]]. Ir-rappreżentant tar-Re kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tat-Tramuntana, u d-Djaknu tal-katidral, l-iżjed wieħed b'anzjanità fil-kleru, kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tan-Nofsinhar.

Is-sedji huma mżejna b'diversi figuri mnaqqxa, saħansitra iktar minn erbat elef. Il-poġġamani, it-triangoli bil-kurvatura u l-pjattaforma l-baxxa tagħhom huma mżejna wkoll b'mod elaborat u rikk bi xbihat skolpiti ta' [[Annimal|annimali]] reali u mitoloġiċi, figuri mit-[[Testment il-Qadim|Testment l-Antik]] u mit-[[Testment il-Ġdid]], u xbihat lajċi ta' professjonisti u ħaddiema tas-[[sengħa]] tal-belt. 110 mill-120 sedja oriġinali għad għandhom it-tapizzerija u t-tinqix oriġinali tas-seklu 16.

Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor huwa mżejjen b'mod rikk bi skulturi polikromatiċi u maġenbu hemm diversi kappelli. Waħda mill-iżjed lussużi hija l-Kappella tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti. L-industrija tat-tessuti kienet l-iżjed komponent dinamiku tal-ekonomija Medjevali, speċjalment fit-Tramuntana ta' Franza, u l-merkanti tad-drappijiet kienu jkunu ħerqana li juru l-ġid li kellhom bi kburija ċivika. Kappella oħra li tispikka hija dik tas-seklu 13 iddedikata lil San Tumas ta' [[Canterbury]], dedika li tikkomplementa l-lista sħiħa ta' martri tal-katidral stess.

Fuq ġewwa, il-kappella fiha opri tal-arti u tiżjin minn kull perjodu tal-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral. B'mod partikolari dawn huma pitturi Barokki tas-[[seklu 17]], magħmula minn artisti bħal [[Frans II Francken]] u [[Laurent de La Hyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ħajt diviżorju tal-kor (għall-ħabta tas-sekli 15 u 16) ===
[[Stampa:1074 - Cathédrale mausolée de Ferry de Beauvoir - Amiens.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|263x263px|Xeni mill-ħajja ta' San Firmin u l-qabar tal-Isqof [[Ferry de Beauvoir]] (1490-1530).]]
Fost l-iżjed teżori tal-arti famużi tal-katidral hemm l-iskulturi polikromatiċi tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, mal-ħitan ta' barra tal-kor. Juru l-ħajja ta' San Firmin (fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar; magħmula bejn l-1490 u l-1530) u ta' Ġwanni l-Battista (fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana, north side; magħmula fl-1531). It-tnejn kellhom rabta mal-katidral: ir-relikwa ta' ras Ġwanni l-Battista kienet ferm importanti u kienet tinżamm fit-Teżor, u l-martri San Firmin kien meqjus l-ewwel isqof ta' Amiens. Grupp ieħor ta' skulturi polikromatiċi fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana juru b'mod immaġinattiv lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju. L-oqbra ta' diversi isqfijiet u figuri reliġjużi oħra tal-katidral, imżejna b'mod abbundanti wkoll, jinstabu fil-partijiet t'isfel tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, taħt ix-xeni skolpiti.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Grille Cathédrale d'Amiens 110608 1.jpg|daqsminuri|186x186px|Il-grilja Barokka tal-ħadid fil-kor.]]

=== Artal ===
F'nofs is-seklu 18, iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ġie ddisinjat kollu mill-ġdid bl-istiI [[Rokokò]], f'konformità mal-bidliet ordnati fit-tagħlim tal-Knisja skont id-digriet tal-Kunsill ta' Trento u l-bidliet fil-gosti arkitettoniċi. L-art saret mill-ġdid b'irħam ikkulurit, flimkien ma' artal maġġur ġdid. Fl-1768, wara l-artal, inbena xenarju [[Monument|monumentali]] Barokk tal-injam indurat u skolpit magħruf bħala l-&quot;Gloire&quot;, li jirrappreżenta l-ġenna mimlija kerubini u anġli.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labirint ===
[[Stampa:AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-labirint fuq l-art tal-katidral.]]
Fiċ-ċentru tal-art tan-navata hemm labirint, li kienet karatteristika komuni tal-katidrali Gotiċi Bikrin u Aħħarin; dawn il-labirinti jinstabu wkoll fil-Katidrali ta' [[Sens]], Chartres, [[Arras]] u Reims. Il-labirint kien simbolu tal-ostakli u tal-mogħdijiet imserpin fil-vjaġġ lejn is-salvazzjoni, iżda kien juri wkoll li bid-determinazzjoni l-vjaġġ kien possibbli. F'ċerti btajjel reliġjużi, il-pellegrini kienu jsegwu l-labirint għarkopptejhom. Il-labirint tal-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa twil 240 metru u oriġinarjament ġie stabbilit fl-1288 mill-arkitett [[Rene de Cormont]]. Il-labirint attwali huwa replika eżatta li saret fis-seklu 19.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Chevet'' u l-kappelli tal-Lvant ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Chor 05.jpg|daqsminuri|265x265px|Ix-''chevet'' jew in-naħa tal-Lvant tal-katidral.]]
In-naħa tal-Lvant jew ix-''chevet'' tal-katidral inġenerali tippreserva d-disinn Medjevali oriġinali bil-kor, l-ispazju rriżervat għall-kleru. Hija mdawra b'ħajt diviżorju tal-injam imnaqqax b'mod mirqum u fiha seba' kappelli fl-apsida semiċirkolari. Hemm korsija li tippermetti lill-viżitaturi jżuru l-kappelli ta' wara l-kor.

Il-ħajt semiċirkolari fin-naħa tal-Lvant immarka stadju ġdid fl-iżvilupp tal-arkitettura Gotika. Il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju, eżatt taħt il-volti, u l-ħitan tat-triforju ta' taħthom, imtlew kompletament bil-ħġieġ. Il-ħnejjiet tat-triforju u l-arkati ġew imżejna bi ħnejjiet oħra ppuntati, li jenfasizzaw l-istruttura vertikali, u li jħallu ħafna dawl naturali jidħol minn direzzjonijiet u għoli differenti, skont il-ħin tal-jum. Id-dawl kien jiffiltra wkoll mis-sulari ta' fuq.

Madwar in-naħa tal-Lvant semiċirkolari hemm seba' kappelli. Il-Kappella tal-Madonna, fit-tarf nett tal-katidral, kienet irriżervata għall-qaddejja tal-Kanoni li kienu jgħixu fil-kjostri tal-katidral. L-ewwel kappella fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tax-''chevet'' hija ddedikata lil Sant'Eloi, u issa sservi bħala d-daħla tat-Teżor tal-katidral. It-tiżjin primarju tagħha hija sensiela ta' tmien pitturi tas-Sibilli tas-seklu 16.

Tliet kappelli tan-naħa tal-Lvant ġew mgħammra mill-ġdid għalkollox minn Viollet-le-Duc fis-seklu 19 biex jerġa' jkollhom dak li kien maħsub bħala l-aspett Medjevali preċedenti tagħhom; dawn huma l-Kappella ta' San Teodożju fit-Tramuntana, il-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti fin-nofs, u l-Kappella ta' San Ġakbu jew tal-Qalb Imqaddsa fin-Nofsinhar. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja l-għamara kollha kif ukoll it-tiżjin tagħhom, inkluż l-artal tal-bronż indurat fil-Kappella tal-Qalb Imqaddsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Kappelli laterali u tat-transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens-Cathedral-Stained-Glass.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Minbarra l-kappella fin-naħa tal-Lvant, hemm kappelli żgħar ukoll li jokkupaw iż-żewġ naħat tan-navata u l-angoli tat-transett. It-tiżjin oriġinali ta' dawn il-kappelli ġie sostitwit fis-seklu 18 bit-tiżjin attwali. Kull kappella hija ddedikata lil qaddis partikolari, u hija mżejna b'pitturi kbar sat-twieqi, b'artali, u bi statwi tal-ġebel u tal-injam, kollha tas-seklu 18. Il-kappella huma magħluqa permezz ta' grilji ornamentali tal-ħadid ferrobattut.

Fit-transett tat-Tramuntana, il-Kappella ta' San Pietru tokkupa r-rokna tal-Grigal. Din inħolqot bħala rispons għall-epidemija tal-[[Pesta s-sewda|pesta]] li nfirxet f'Amiens fl-1667-1668, iżda ma tlestiex qabel l-1709 minn [[Gilles Oppenord]], wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-istil Rokokò.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuq in-naħa tal-Lvant tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm il-Kappella ta' [[San Bastjan]], magħrufa wkoll bħala l-Kappella tal-Pilastru l-Aħdar. Fuq nett tagħha hemm skultura magħmula minn [[Nicolas Blasset]] ta' San Bastjan imdawwar bl-allegoriji tal-Ġustizzja, il-Paċi u San Rokku, li tlestiet fl-1627. Fl-1832, fil-kappella żdiedet skultura ta' San Alwiġi magħmula minn [[Louis Duthoit]].

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm erba' xeni b'riljiev għoli li juru lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju, u dawn ġew magħmula fl-1523 minn [[Jean Wytz]].

Xogħol bikri ieħor fit-transett huwa r-retablu tal-artal tal-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Pilastru l-Aħmar, magħmul minn skulturi u pitturi madwar pilastru prinċipali. Dan tlesta fl-1627 minn [[Nicolas Blasset]]. Il-pittura tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna (1627) ġiet magħmula minn [[François Franken]], filwaqt li l-iskulturi ta' San Bastjan, il-Madonna, David u Salamun, u Ġuditta u Santa Genevieve ġew magħmula minn Blasset.

It-transett tan-Nofsinhar fih il-Kappella ta' San Pietru u San Pawl, fir-rokna tax-Xlokk, bl-istatwi taż-żewġ qaddisin magħmula minn [[Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis]] fl-1749. Il-kappella fiha wkoll artal b'pittura tal-Adorazzjoni tal-Maġi mill-bidu tas-seklu 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar hemm grupp ta' riljievi polikromatiċi li juru l-wegħda ta' Ġwanni l-Battista, li ġew magħmula fl-1511.
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Spectacle 190908 03.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-portal imdawwal fl-ispettaklu tad-dwal li jsir billejl fis-sajf u fil-Fiera [[Milied]].]]

== Difniet u mfakar notevoli ==

* [[Eliżabetta, il-Kontessa ta' Vermandois]], il-mara ta' [[Filippu I, il-Konti tal-Fjandri]].
* [[Charles de Hémard de Denonville]], isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.
* [[Antoine de Créqui Canaples]] (qalbu biss), isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.

=== Imfakar ===

* Id-daħla tan-Nofsinhar tal-katidral fiha ħdax-il lapida bħala mfakar għall-mejtin tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, l-iktar dawk li ġġieldu fil-Battalja tas-Somme (1916). Fost in-nazzjonijiet imfakkra hemm l-[[Imperu Brittaniku]] u d-dominji tiegħu (illum il-ġurnata l-pajjiżi tar-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda]], il-[[Kanada]], l-[[Awstralja]] u [[New Zealand]]).
* Fost l-individwi notevoli mfakkra hemm il-Ġeneral Franċiż tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija [[Marie-Eugène Debeney]], l-uffiċjal tal-Armata Brittanika [[Raymond Asquith]], u l-Ġeneral Franċiż tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]].

== Biblijografija ==

* Brisac, Catherine (1994). Le Vitrail (in French). Paris: La Martinière. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-73-242117-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Duvanel, Maurice (1998). La Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Poire-Choquet. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-9502147-5-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lours, Mathieu (2018). Dictionnaire des Cathédrales (bil-Franċiż). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27558-0765-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Mignon, Olivier (2015). Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Ouest-France. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7373-6535-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Plagnieux, Philippe (2003). Cathérale Notre Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27577-0404-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Sachy, Jean-Baptiste Maurice de (1770). Histoire des évesques d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Abbeville: Veuve de Vérité Libraire.

* Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7126-1279-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Iktar qari ==

* Dusevel, Hyacinthe (1839). Notice historique et descriptive sur l'église cathédrale d'Amiens (Second ed.). Amiens: Caron, Vitet.

* Murray, Stephen (1996). Notre Dame, Cathedral of Amiens: The Power of Change in Gothic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-49735-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Murray, Stephen (2021). Notre-Dame of Amiens: Life of the Gothic Cathedral. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780231195768&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Katidrali]]</text>
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      <text bytes="36335" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:0 Amiens - Cathédrale Notre-Dame (1).JPG|daqsminuri|Il-faċċata tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-'''Bażilika-Katidral tal-Madonna ta' Amiens''' (bil-[[Lingwa Franċiża|Franċiż]]: ''Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens''), jew sempliċement il-'''Katidral ta'''' '''Amiens''', huwa knisja [[Knisja Kattolika|Kattolika Rumana]]. Il-[[katidral]] huwa s-sede tal-Isqof ta' [[Amiens]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bboui.html|titlu=Archbishop Jean-Luc Marie Maurice Louis Bouilleret [Catholic-Hierarchy]|sit=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinsab fuq għolja żgħira fuq ix-xmara [[Somme]] f'Amiens, il-[[belt kapitali]] amministrattiva tar-reġjun ta' Picardie ta' [[Franza]], madwar 120 kilometru (75 mil) fit-Tramuntana ta' [[Pariġi]].

Il-katidral inbena kważi kollu bejn l-1220 u madwar l-1270, perjodu tassew qasir għal katidral [[Gotiku]], u b'hekk għandha unità mhux tas-soltu fl-istil. Il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa eżempju klassiku tal-istil Gotiku Superjuri tal-arkitettura Gotika. Għandu wkoll xi karatteristiċi tal-istil ''Rayonnant'' ta' wara fit-twieqi għoljin imkabbrin tal-kor, li ġew miżjuda f'nofs is-snin 50 tas-seklu 13.&lt;ref&gt;Watkin 1986, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-[[Bennej|bennejja]] tiegħu ppruvaw jimmassimizzaw id-dimensjonijiet interni sabiex jgħollu il-binja kemm jistgħu u jidħol iktar dawl. B'riżultat ta' dan, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa l-ikbar wieħed fi Franza&lt;ref&gt;Mignon 2015, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;, u fih 200,000 metru kubu, jiġifieri kbir biżżejjed bih ġo fih joqogħdu żewġ katidrali bid-daqs tal-[[Katidral ta' Notre Dame, Pariġi|Katidral ta' Notre Dame]] ta' Pariġi.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral tniżżel fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162/|titlu=Amiens Cathedral|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Għalkemm tilef il-biċċa l-kbira tal-[[ħġieġ]] ikkulurit oriġinali tiegħu, il-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa rinomat għall-kwalità u għall-kwantità ta' [[Skultura|skulturi]] Gotiċi bikrin tas-seklu 13 fil-faċċata prinċipali tal-Punent u fil-portal tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar, kif ukoll għall-kwantità kbira ta' skulturi polikromatiċi minn perjodi iktar 'il quddiem fuq ġewwa tal-binja.

== Storja ==

=== Katidrali bikrin ===
Skont it-tradizzjoni lokali, il-[[Kristjaneżmu]] twassal f'Amiens fis-seklu 3 W.K. permezz ta' żewġ martri Kristjani, magħrufa bħala Firmin il-Martri u Firmin il-Kunfessur. San Martin ġie mgħammed f'Amiens fit-334. Il-knisja ġiet maħnuqa mill-invażjonijiet tal-[[Vandali]], u ma reġgħetx irpiljat qabel tmiem is-seklu 5, permezz tal-magħmudija ta' [[Clovis I]] fl-498 jew fl-499. L-ewwel Isqof ta' Amiens kien [[Edibus]], li pparteċipa f'Kunsill fil-511. Katidral bikri b'żewġ knejjes iddedikati liż-żewġ Firmini jingħad fid-dokumenti li eżista fis-sit tal-knisja attwali, iżda ma hemm l-ebda evidenza [[Arkeoloġija|arkeoloġika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Salvius]], l-isqof ta' Amiens għall-ħabta tas-600, huwa kkreditat li bena dan il-katidral, iżda l-akkuratezza tal-''Ħajja'' tiegħu hija dubjuża ħafna.&lt;ref&gt;Sachy 1770.&lt;/ref&gt;

In-nar qered iż-żewġ knejjes u l-biċċa l-kbira tar-raħal, u minflok inbena katidral [[Rumanesk]] bejn l-1137 u l-1152. Dan il-katidral ospita ż-żwieġ fl-1193 tar-Re [[Filippu II ta' Franza]]. Fl-1206 il-Katidral ta' Amiens irċieva relikwa famuża, ras [[Ġwanni l-Battista]], li kienet inxtrat f'[[Istanbul|Kostantinopli]]. Din ir-relikwa wasslet biex il-Katidral ta' Amiens isir destinazzjoni ewlenija tal-pellegrinaġġi, u taha sors importanti ta' dħul. Ir-relikwarju nqered matul ir-[[Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża]] iżda replika magħmula fl-1876 minn ġojjellier minn Pariġi, li uża ftit mill-kristalli tal-blat oriġinali, tintwera sa llum il-ġurnata fit-Teżor tal-Katidral.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Kostruzzjoni ===
[[Stampa:78687979е.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Pjanta trasversali tal-katidral.]]
In-nar qered il-katidral Rumanesk fl-1218. Pjanta għal katidral ġdid tfasslet mill-[[arkitett]] [[Robert de Luzarches]], u fl-1220 l-Isqof [[Evrard de Fouilloy]] poġġa l-ewwel ġebla. Luzarches irrivoluzzjona s-sistema tal-kostruzzjoni Gotika billi uża ġebel b'daqsijiet u b'għamliet standardizzati, minflok ma għamel blokok uniċi għal kull funzjoni differenti. Huwa kien l-arkitett sal-1228, u minfloku laħaq [[Thomas de Cormont]] sal-1258. Ibnu, [[Renaud de Cormont]], kompla warajh sal-1288.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux, 2003, p. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-kostruzzjoni twettqet, kuntrarjament għas-soltu, mill-Punent għal-Lvant, u x-xogħol beda min-navata. De Cormont ta d-dimensjonijiet u l-armonija lill-istruttura permezz tal-kostruzzjoni tal-arkati grandjużi u t-twieqi ta' fuq. In-navata tlestiet fl-1236, u sal-1269, it-twieqi ta' fuq tal-kor tlestew ukoll. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, id-&quot;dirgħajn&quot; tat-transett tlestew, u fil-bidu tas-seklu 14 tlestew il-faċċati u t-torrijiet ta' fuq. Sakemm kienu qed isiru dawn ix-xogħlijiet, żdiedu l-[[Kappella|kappelli]] bejn id-dniefel (tipi speċifiċi ta' riffieda) u fl-angoli tat-transett.&lt;ref&gt;Lours, 2018, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tisħiħ (is-seklu 15) ===
[[Stampa:Cathédrale, AmiensTP.JPG|daqsminuri|269x269px|Il-katidral minn wara.]]
Id-disinn oriġinali tad-dniefel madwar il-kor kien poġġihom wisq fl-għoli biex jikkumpensaw għall-forza tal-ħnejja tas-saqaf li timbottahom 'il barra li tirriżulta f'forzi laterali eċċessivi fuq il-kolonni vertikali. L-istruttura ġiet salvata biss meta l-bennejja għamlu t-tieni ringiela ta' dniefel iktar b'saħħithom ikkollegati mal-ħajt ta' barra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103232538/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/building-gothic-cathedrals.html|titlu=NOVA {{!}} Building the Great Cathedrals|data=2010-11-03|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fl-1497 l-erba' pilastri tas-salib tat-transett, kif ukoll iż-żewġ kolonni tax-xellug tax-''chevet'' bdew jixxaqqu u juru sinjali oħra ta' ċediment. Tim ta' esperti eżamina l-ħsara u għamel xi tiswijiet, iżda x-xquq baqgħu jiffurmaw. Il-problema finalment ġiet solvuta minn [[Pierre Tarisel]], li fl-1498 installa katina tal-[[ħadid]] ferrobattut mad-dawra sabiex tirreżisti l-forzi li kienu qed jimbottaw il-kolonni tal-ġebel 'il barra. Il-katina ġiet installata meta kienet ħamra nar u tikwi sabiex taġixxi bħala minċott, li jorbot iktar mal-istruttura u jsaħħaħha malli jibred, u għadu fil-post. Fl-1503 Tarisel għamel l-istess ħaġa biex isaħħaħ partijiet mid-daħla tal-kor.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Modifiki (is-sekli 16-18) ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathedral 002.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|236x236px|Ir-rużun elaborat tan-Nofsinhar (tas-seklu 16).]]
Fis-seklu 16, il-katidral ġarrab ħsarat min-nirien, mill-maltempati bir-riħ, u mill-isplużjoni ta' fabbrika tal-porvli, iżda mhux ħsarat estensivi. Sarulu diversi modifiki biex jakkomodaw it-tibdil fl-istili; rużun elaborat ġdid bl-istil Gotiku tpoġġa fit-transett tal-Punent. Fis-seklu 18 saru modifiki arkitettoniċi biex ikun hemm konformità mad-digrieti l-ġodda tal-Kunsill ta' [[Trento]]. Il-ħajt diviżorju [[Medjuevu|Medjevali]] antik bejn il-kor u n-navata ġie sostitwit b'grilja diviżorja elaborata tal-ħadid, biex b'hekk il-parroċċani fin-navata setgħu jaraw l-artal. L-artal innifsu ġie mmodifikat billi tneħħew it-tnax-il kandelabru enormi u t-tnax-il sniedaq bir-relikwi tal-qaddisin li mietu martri. Twettqu wkoll xogħlijiet kbar biex jissaħħu d-dniefel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rivoluzzjoni u s-seklu 19 ===
[[Stampa:Interior da Catedral de Amiens by Jules Victor Genisson, 1842.jpg|daqsminuri|[[Pittura]] tal-Katidral ta' Amiens minn ġewwa ta' [[Jules Victor Genisson]], 1842.]]
Il-katidral, bħal katidrali oħra fi Franza, ġarrab ħsara konsiderevoli matul ir-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża. Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-iskulturi ġew imfarrka bl-imrietel, u l-irjus ta' bosta [[Statwa|statwi]] tkissru. Ħafna mill-għamara, mill-oġġetti u mit-teżori nsterqu; parti mill-katidral intużat bħala maħżen għal materjali li kienu jintużaw f'diversi ċelebrazzjonijiet Rivoluzzjonarji.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-katidral reġa' beda jintuża għall-funzjoni [[Reliġjon|reliġjuża]] tiegħu fl-1800, u l-ewwel xogħol ta' restawr beda fl-1802. Mill-bidu tal-1810, l-arkitett Neoklassiku [[Etienne Hyppolyte Godde]] tqabbad jagħmel ix-xogħol, u warajh fl-1821 kompla [[Francois Auguste Cheussey]], li kkummissjona tliet skulturi biex jagħmlu statwi ġodda. Wara li l-istampa kkritikat xi difetti fl-iskulturi u fir-restawr, Cheussey irriżenja u ġie sostitwit fl-1849 minn [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. Viollet-le-Duc beda programm iżjed ambizzjuż bil-mira li l-binja terġa' lura kemm jista' jkun għall-ispirtu Medjevali tagħha, inkluż iż-żieda ta' gargoyles skolpiti u karatteristiċi Gotiċi tipiċi oħra. Viollet-le-Duc ħadem kważi b'mod kontinwu fuq il-katidral sal-1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Protezzjoni u restawr (is-seklu 20) ===
[[Stampa:Damage done by the second shell which struck the Cathedral (4687985979).jpg|daqsminuri|243x243px|Uħud mill-ħsarat li ġarrab il-katidral fl-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.]]
It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-knisja tneħħew biex jiġu protetti matul [[l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija]] u [[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], u l-knisja ġarrbet ħsarat żgħar biss. Madankollu, fl-1920, uħud mit-twieqi, li kienu maħżuna fl-istudjo tal-produttur ewlieni tal-ħġieġ, biex jiġu protetti, inqerdu minħabba n-nar.

Bejn l-1973 u l-1980, il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira, ġiet irrestawrata għalkollox. Fl-1981, il-katridral ġie ddikjarat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ir-restawr tal-faċċata tal-Punent tlesta fl-2001. Fl-1992, l-istoriku tal-[[arti]] [[Stephen Murray]] inħatar mill-Ministeru Franċiż għall-[[Kultura]] fil-kumitat xjentifiku biex jissorvelja r-restawr tal-Katidral ta' Amiens. Murray sar ċittadin onorarju ta' Amiens u ngħata dottorat onorarju fl-Università ta' Picardie ta' [[Jules Verne]], wara x-xogħol li wettaq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss22/record2122.35.html#:~:text=Stephen%20Murray,%20a%20leading%20authority,00%20P.M.%20in%20Low%20Rotunda.|titlu=Murray to Give 70th University Lecture|sit=www.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://arthistory.columbia.edu/|titlu=Department of Art History &amp; Archaeology|sit=arthistory.columbia.edu|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kronoloġija ==

* '''346''' - L-ewwel darba li ssemma isqof, Eulogius, f'Amiens.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''1137-52''' - Il-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral Rumanesk.
* '''1206''' - Il-kranju ta' San Ġwann il-Battista ġie ttrasportat lejn il-katidral minn Kostantinopli.
* '''1218''' - Il-katidral Rumanesk inħakem min-nirien u nqered.
* '''1220''' - Tpoġġiet l-ewwel ġebla tal-katidral Gotiku.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1240''' – Tlestija tan-navata.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1269''' - Tlestija probabbli tax-''chevet'' u installazzjoni tat-twieqi għoljin.
* '''Għall-ħabta tal-1284-1305''' - Inbena s-saqaf ta' fuq ix-''chevet'', it-transett u n-navata.
* '''1373-1375''' - Inbnew il-Kappelli ta' San Ġwann il-Battista u ta' [[San Ġwann Appostlu u Evanġelista|San Ġwann l-Evanġelista]], u nbdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-''Beau Pilier''.
* '''1498''' - Żdiedu l-ktajjen tal-ħadid biex jissaħħaħ it-triforju.
* '''1508-1519''' - Tpoġġew f'posthom is-sedji tal-kor.
* '''1528''' - L-ispira nqerdet minn sajjetta.
* '''1755''' - Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor tneħħa u l-kor ġie mmudellat mill-ġdid skont id-digrieti tal-Kunsill ta' Trento.
* '''1766-1768''' - Il-kor ġie mżejjen mill-ġdid bl-istil [[Barokk]] u bl-istil klassiku Franċiż.
* '''1793-1794''' - Wara r-Rivoluzzjoni Franċiża, ħafna mill-għamara nqerdet, u parti mill-katidral intużat biex jinħażen it-tiżjin għall-festi pubbliċi.
* '''1802''' - Il-knisja ġiet irrestawrata u reġgħet bdiet tintuża esklużivament bħala Knisja Kattolika.
* '''1805''' - Beda r-restawr tal-knisja.
* '''1849-1874''' - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc issorvelja r-restawr tal-katidral.
* '''1854''' - Il-Kappella ta' San Teodożju ġiet iddedikata fil-preżenza tal-Imperatur [[Napuljun III]].
* '''1914-1918''' - Il-ħġieġ ikkulurit tneħħa biex jiġi protett; il-faċċata tal-katidral iġġarrab ħsara żgħira matul l-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.
* '''1920''' - Ftit mill-ħġieġ ikkulurit Gotiku li kien maħżun fi studjo biex jiġi protett jinqered bin-nar.
* '''1973-80''' - Tlesta r-restawr tal-ispira.
* '''1981''' - Il-katidral ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* '''2001''' - Restawr ġdid tal-faċċata tal-Punent jiżvela traċċi taż-żebgħa oriġinali fuq l-iskulturi.

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
[[Stampa:Cathédrale d'Amiens, façade - détail.JPG|daqsminuri|261x261px|Dettall tal-iskulturi tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju fil-faċċata tal-katidral.]]
Il-Katidral ta' Amiens ġie ddeżinjat bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji fl-1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (i)''' &quot;Rappreżentazzjoni ta' kapulavur frott il-kreattività tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-kriterju (ii) &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Apparti l-katidral kollu, fl-1999 it-torrijiet tal-Katidral ta' Amiens ġew inklużi wkoll bħala wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Sit ta' Wirt Dinji transnazzjonali tal-[[Kampnari tal-Belġju u ta' Franza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943/|titlu=Belfries of Belgium and France|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju fir-rigward ta' dak is-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' &quot;Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Minn barra ==

=== Faċċata tal-Punent u l-portali ===
[[Stampa:Amiens cathédrale10.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|287x287px|Il-portali tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Il-faċċata tal-Punent tal-katidral inbniet f'kampanja waħda tal-kostruzzjoni mill-1220 sal-1236, u għalhekk fiha livell mhux tas-soltu ta' unità artistika. Is-sular tar-rużun tlesta għall-ħabta tal-1240. Wara dan, il-kostruzzjoni mexiet iktar bil-mod. Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet ma tlestewx qabel is-seklu 14.

Il-faċċata għandha tliet zuntieri fondi b'arkati ppuntati, li jkopru t-tliet portali. Fuq il-portali hemm żewġ galleriji; dik ta' fuq hija l-Gallerija tar-Rejiet, bi 22 statwa b'daqs ta' [[bniedem]] tar-Rejiet ta' Franza. Kważi l-istatwi kollha jmorru lura għar-restawr ta' Viollet-le-Duc. Fuq il-gallerija hemm ir-rużun, b'qafas tal-ġebel li jmur lura għas-seklu 16. Fuq ir-rużun hemm il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti jew id-Daqqaqa tal-Qniepen, li hija rikostruzzjoni tas-seklu 19 tal-gallerija oriġinali.

Il-portal ċentrali huwa ddedikat lill-Aħħar Ġudizzju, il-portal tax-xellug lill-martri San Firmin, u l-portal tal-lemin lill-[[Santa Marija|Madonna]]. Fuq kull portal hemm frontispizju mimli bl-iskulturi. Il-figura ċentrali tal-frontispizju tal-Aħħar Ġudizzju hija l-figura ta' [[Ġesù|Kristu]], b'idejh mgħollijin, jiġġudika lil dawk ta' taħtu. Fuq in-naħa tal-lemin u tax-xellug tiegħu, il-Madonna u San Ġwann jappellaw għall-ħniena tiegħu. Il-Kristjani t-tajbin, fuq il-lemin tiegħu, jiġu eskortati lejn il-ġenna, filwaqt li l-midinbin, fuq ix-xellug tiegħu, jintefgħu fl-[[infern]]. Tindif reċenti tal-iskulturi żvela traċċi ta' marki ħomor taż-żebgħa fuq idejn l-istatwa ta' Kristu, li jirrappreżentaw fejn iddaħħlulu l-imsiemer meta ġie msallab.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fost l-istatwi tal-qaddisin fil-frontispizju hemm il-qaddisin lokali San Victoricus u San Gentian, San Domitius, Santa Ulphia u San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527105336/http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/Mcahweb/facade/footnotes.html|titlu=footnotes|data=2011-05-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:ND Amiens tour sud 1.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar.]]

=== Kampnari ===
Il-partijiet ta' fuq tat-torrijiet tal-faċċata tal-Punent, fuq ir-rużun, inbnew wara, u kull wieħed għandu għoli differenti. Il-kampnar tan-Nofsinhar fuq il-lemin li jħares lejn il-faċċata huwa iqsar u tlesta l-ewwel wieħed għall-ħabta tal-1366. Il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana tlesta fl-1406, u huwa mżejjen bl-istil Gotiku elaborat. Il-Gallerija tal-Mużiċisti, li tgħaqqad flimkien iż-żewġ kampnari fil-livell tas-saqaf, żdiedet lejn dan iż-żmien, u ġiet restawrata u rikostruwita b'mod sostanzjali fis-seklu 19 minn Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja mill-ġdid il-gallerija fuq il-mudell tal-gallerija tal-[[Katidral ta' Chartres]] tal-istess perjodu.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 16.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Beau Pilier'' ===
[[Stampa:Contrefort tour Nord Amiens 180908 03.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|164x164px|L-istatwa tar-Re Karlu I ta' Franza fuq il-''Beau Pilier.'']]
Karatteristika mhux tas-soltu tat-torrijiet hija l-''Beau Pilier'' (il-Pilastru s-Sabiħ), riffieda ta' appoġġ li ġiet miżjuda fis-seklu 14 bejn il-kampnar tat-Tramuntana u l-ewwel waħda miż-żewġ kappelli ġodda tat-Tramuntana. Il-pilastru u l-kappelli ġew ikkummissjonati minn [[Jean de la Grange]], l-Isqof ta' Amiens fl-1373-1375, li kien il-konsulent prinċipali tar-Re [[Karlu VI ta' Franza]].

Il-pilastru fih disa' statwi li jirrappreżentaw figuri [[Politika|politiċi]], reliġjużi u militari ewlenin ta' Franza ta' dak iż-żmien; isfel nett, il-Kardinal de la Grange nnifsu, iċ-Ċambellan tal-Bureau de la Riviere u l-Ammirall [[Jean de Vienne]]; fuqhom, ir-Re Karlu nnifsu fiċ-ċentru; ibnu d-Dauphin, ir-re futur Karlu VI ta' Franza, u ibnu ż-żgħir. Fuq dawn l-istatwi hemm l-istatwi ta' San Ġwann il-Battista, tal-Madonna u ta' San Firmin.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 32-33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Flèche'' ===
[[Stampa:Flèche Cathédrale d'Amiens 300908 2.jpg|daqsminuri|L-iskulturi tal-ispira.]]
Il-''flèche'' jew l-ispira oriġinali tas-seklu 13 tal-katidral, li kienet tinsab fejn it-transett jiltaqa' man-navata, inqerdet b'sajjetta fl-1528, iżda ġiet sostitwita minn spra tal-[[injam]] miksi bil-pjanċi taċ-ċomb indurati. Spiss kienet iġġarrab ħsarat minħabba xi maltempata u tissewwa fis-snin ta' wara, iżda għad-differenza tal-ispira tal-Katidral ta' Notre Dame ta' Pariġi, qatt ma ġiet iddisinjat jew mibnija mill-ġdid għalkollox. Għad għandha ħafna mill-materjal oriġinali tas-seklu 16, inkluż il-qafas tal-injam. Mill-art sas-serduq skolpit fil-pinnaklu, l-ispira tilħaq għoli ta' 112.70-il metru (369.8 pied).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

L-istatwi fuq l-ispira, magħmulin biċ-ċomb, jirrappreżentaw lil Kristu (iħares lejn in-navata); [[Pawlu l-Appostlu|San Pawl]], San Firmin (liebes il-mitra tal-isqof); San Ġwann l-Evanġelista; il-Madonna bil-kuruna u bil-Bambin Ġesù f'idejha; San Ġwann il-Battista; San Ġakbu l-Kbir u San Pietru.

=== Dniefel ===
[[Stampa:Amiens France Cathédrale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-11.jpg|daqsminuri|249x249px|Id-dniefel tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Id-dniefel huma r-riffieda arkitettoniċi li għamluha possibbli li jintlaħaq l-għoli eċċezzjonali tal-ħitan tan-navata u tal-kor. Ir-riffieda bl-arkati joħorġu 'l barra fuq il-livell estern ta' taħt tal-katidral, fejn hemm il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor u l-kappelli, biex jistabbilizzaw il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju. Huma jikkumpensaw għall-imbottatura 'l barra u 'l isfel tas-saqaf bil-volti, u b'hekk il-ħitan bejn ir-riffieda seta' jkun irqiq u fil-biċċa l-kbira mimli bi twieqi kbar. Ir-riffieda iktar 'il quddiem ingħataw iktar stabbiltà permezz ta' pinnakli tqal tal-ġebel fil-quċċata tal-pilastri vertikali tagħhom. Ir-riffieda tan-navata huma iktar antiki, tal-ħabta tal-1230, u kull pilastru għandu żewġ arkati, waħda fuq l-oħra. It-tnejn li huma jagħmlu &quot;qabża&quot; waħda lejn il-ħajt tan-navata; arkata waħda tiltaqa' mal-ħajt eżatt 'il fuq mill-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra mill-volta tan-navata; u l-oħra eżatt taħt dak il-punt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-buttress|titlu=flying buttress {{!}} Definition, Purpose, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://kliemustorja.com/2021/07/15/arkitettura-ekklezjastika/|titlu=ARKITETTURA EKKLEŻJASTIKA|data=2021-07-15|lingwa=mt|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-dame arc-boutant sud-est 4.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|253x253px|Veduta tad-dniefel.]]
Ir-riffieda tal-kor inbnew ftit wara u tlestew għall-ħabta tal-1260 b'disinn differenti. Kull denfil għandu żewġ pilastri vertikali, wieħed itwal mill-ieħor, u l-arkati jaslu mal-ħajt permezz ta' żewġ volti, u jiltaqgħu miegħu fil-punt tal-ikbar forza 'l barra. Dawn ir-riffieda tal-kor għandhom funzjoni addizzjonali; għandhom gandotti fuq l-arkati li minnhom jgħaddi l-ilma tax-xita u jittieħed 'il bogħod kemm jista' jkun mill-istruttura, u joħroġ minn ħalq il-qattara mnaqqxa b'għamla ta' ''gargoyles''.

== Minn ġewwa ==
[[Stampa:Voutes amiens.JPG|daqsminuri|244x244px|It-twieqi ta' fuq tan-navata.]]

=== Navata ===
In-navata u t-transett kienu l-postijiet fejn il-pubbliku kienu jqimu l-[[Alla l-Missier|Alla]], filwaqt li l-kor kien irriżervat għall-kleru. Fil-Katidral ta' Amiens, in-navata segwiet il-mudell tal-Katidral Gotiku Bikri ta' Chartres u tal-[[Katidral ta' Soissons]]. In-navata fiha tliet livelli bħala elevazzjoni: l-arkati l-kbar, it-triforju, u l-klerestorju fuq nett. L-arkati l-kbar, għad-differenza ta' katidrali iktar bikrin, jokkupaw in-nofs kollu tal-għoli tal-ħajt. Il-pilastri tal-arkata, b'għoli ta' 18-il metru, huma magħmula minn kolonni enormi mdawra minn erba' kollonni iżgħar u iktar irqaq, li jibqgħu telgħin mal-ħajt biex jirfdu s-saqaf bil-volti. L-għoli totali tal-ħitan taħt il-volti huwa ta' 42 metru, imqabbael ma' 36 metru fil-Katidral ta' Chartres u fil-[[Katidral ta' Reims]]. Dawk tal-[[Katidral ta' Beauvais]] biss huma ogħla minnhom, għalkemm il-volti tiegħu ċedew parzjalment fl-1284.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral Nave 2, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-pulptu Barokk u n-navata.]]

=== Pulptu ===
Il-pulptu Barokk fuq in-naħa tat-Tramuntana tan-navata nbena fl-1773 u huwa magħmul bl-injam indurat u mpitter. Il-pulptu huwa mirfud permezz ta' statwi li jirrappreżentaw il-Fidi, it-Tama u l-Karità, u warajhom qisu drapp indurat tal-ġebel. Il-baldakkin huwa mnaqqax biex jidher qisu sħabiet mirfuda minn anġli tal-ġebel. Fuq is-&quot;sħabiet&quot; hemm anġlu ikbar, jipponta lejn is-smewwiet, u jżomm ktieb bil-kitba ''Hoc fac et vives'' (Agħmel dan u tgħix).&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Innen Vierung 2.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|264x264px|Il-volta b'għamla ta' stilla tat-transett, fejn tiltaqa' man-navata.]]
It-transett minn naħa għall-oħra tal-knisja fiċ-ċentru huwa twil sebgħin metru, u huwa maqsum fi tlieta. Iċ-ċentru tat-transett, fejn jaqsam minn naħa għall-oħra tan-navata, huwa mgħotti b'volta enormi b'għamla ta' stilla, waħda mill-eqdem ta' Franza, mirfuda minn erba' pilastri kbar. L-elevazzjoni fiha tliet livelli bħan-navata; l-arkati, it-triforju u l-klerestorju fuq nett. It-triforju u l-klerestorju huma mdawra għalkollox bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit, u b'hekk iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ikun imdawwal bid-dawl naturali. Ir-rużuni żdiedu wara. Ir-rużun tat-Tramuntana għandu stil ''Rayonnant'', filwaqt li r-rużun tan-Nofsinhar li żdied wara għandu stil ''Flamboyant''. L-ispira fuq il-parti ċentrali tal-volta żdiedet bejn l-1529 u l-1533.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kor ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathedral choir Wikimedia Commons.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-kor u s-sedji tal-kor fil-Lvant, faċċata tal-apsida.]]
Is-sedji tal-kor tal-bidu tas-seklu 16 huma fost l-ikbar teżori tal-katidral. Ir-ringieli ta' fuq kienu jkunu okkupati mill-Kanoni u dawk t'isfel mill-[[Skrivan|Iskrivana]]. Ir-rappreżentant tar-Re kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tat-Tramuntana, u d-Djaknu tal-katidral, l-iżjed wieħed b'anzjanità fil-kleru, kien jokkupa l-ewwel post fis-sedji tan-Nofsinhar.

Is-sedji huma mżejna b'diversi figuri mnaqqxa, saħansitra iktar minn erbat elef. Il-poġġamani, it-triangoli bil-kurvatura u l-pjattaforma l-baxxa tagħhom huma mżejna wkoll b'mod elaborat u rikk bi xbihat skolpiti ta' [[Annimal|annimali]] reali u mitoloġiċi, figuri mit-[[Testment il-Qadim|Testment l-Antik]] u mit-[[Testment il-Ġdid]], u xbihat lajċi ta' professjonisti u ħaddiema tas-[[sengħa]] tal-belt. 110 mill-120 sedja oriġinali għad għandhom it-tapizzerija u t-tinqix oriġinali tas-seklu 16.

Il-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor huwa mżejjen b'mod rikk bi skulturi polikromatiċi u maġenbu hemm diversi kappelli. Waħda mill-iżjed lussużi hija l-Kappella tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti. L-industrija tat-tessuti kienet l-iżjed komponent dinamiku tal-ekonomija Medjevali, speċjalment fit-Tramuntana ta' Franza, u l-merkanti tad-drappijiet kienu jkunu ħerqana li juru l-ġid li kellhom bi kburija ċivika. Kappella oħra li tispikka hija dik tas-seklu 13 iddedikata lil San Tumas ta' [[Canterbury]], dedika li tikkomplementa l-lista sħiħa ta' martri tal-katidral stess.

Fuq ġewwa, il-kappella fiha opri tal-arti u tiżjin minn kull perjodu tal-kostruzzjoni tal-katidral. B'mod partikolari dawn huma pitturi Barokki tas-[[seklu 17]], magħmula minn artisti bħal [[Frans II Francken]] u [[Laurent de La Hyre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ħajt diviżorju tal-kor (għall-ħabta tas-sekli 15 u 16) ===
[[Stampa:1074 - Cathédrale mausolée de Ferry de Beauvoir - Amiens.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|263x263px|Xeni mill-ħajja ta' San Firmin u l-qabar tal-Isqof [[Ferry de Beauvoir]] (1490-1530).]]
Fost l-iżjed teżori tal-arti famużi tal-katidral hemm l-iskulturi polikromatiċi tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, mal-ħitan ta' barra tal-kor. Juru l-ħajja ta' San Firmin (fin-naħa tan-Nofsinhar; magħmula bejn l-1490 u l-1530) u ta' Ġwanni l-Battista (fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana, north side; magħmula fl-1531). It-tnejn kellhom rabta mal-katidral: ir-relikwa ta' ras Ġwanni l-Battista kienet ferm importanti u kienet tinżamm fit-Teżor, u l-martri San Firmin kien meqjus l-ewwel isqof ta' Amiens. Grupp ieħor ta' skulturi polikromatiċi fin-naħa tat-Tramuntana juru b'mod immaġinattiv lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju. L-oqbra ta' diversi isqfijiet u figuri reliġjużi oħra tal-katidral, imżejna b'mod abbundanti wkoll, jinstabu fil-partijiet t'isfel tal-ħajt diviżorju tal-kor, taħt ix-xeni skolpiti.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Grille Cathédrale d'Amiens 110608 1.jpg|daqsminuri|186x186px|Il-grilja Barokka tal-ħadid fil-kor.]]

=== Artal ===
F'nofs is-seklu 18, iċ-ċentru tal-katidral ġie ddisinjat kollu mill-ġdid bl-istiI [[Rokokò]], f'konformità mal-bidliet ordnati fit-tagħlim tal-Knisja skont id-digriet tal-Kunsill ta' Trento u l-bidliet fil-gosti arkitettoniċi. L-art saret mill-ġdid b'irħam ikkulurit, flimkien ma' artal maġġur ġdid. Fl-1768, wara l-artal, inbena xenarju [[Monument|monumentali]] Barokk tal-injam indurat u skolpit magħruf bħala l-&quot;Gloire&quot;, li jirrappreżenta l-ġenna mimlija kerubini u anġli.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Labirint ===
[[Stampa:AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-labirint fuq l-art tal-katidral.]]
Fiċ-ċentru tal-art tan-navata hemm labirint, li kienet karatteristika komuni tal-katidrali Gotiċi Bikrin u Aħħarin; dawn il-labirinti jinstabu wkoll fil-Katidrali ta' [[Sens]], Chartres, [[Arras]] u Reims. Il-labirint kien simbolu tal-ostakli u tal-mogħdijiet imserpin fil-vjaġġ lejn is-salvazzjoni, iżda kien juri wkoll li bid-determinazzjoni l-vjaġġ kien possibbli. F'ċerti btajjel reliġjużi, il-pellegrini kienu jsegwu l-labirint għarkopptejhom. Il-labirint tal-Katidral ta' Amiens huwa twil 240 metru u oriġinarjament ġie stabbilit fl-1288 mill-arkitett [[Rene de Cormont]]. Il-labirint attwali huwa replika eżatta li saret fis-seklu 19.&lt;ref&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Chevet'' u l-kappelli tal-Lvant ===
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Notre-Dame Chor 05.jpg|daqsminuri|265x265px|Ix-''chevet'' jew in-naħa tal-Lvant tal-katidral.]]
In-naħa tal-Lvant jew ix-''chevet'' tal-katidral inġenerali tippreserva d-disinn Medjevali oriġinali bil-kor, l-ispazju rriżervat għall-kleru. Hija mdawra b'ħajt diviżorju tal-injam imnaqqax b'mod mirqum u fiha seba' kappelli fl-apsida semiċirkolari. Hemm korsija li tippermetti lill-viżitaturi jżuru l-kappelli ta' wara l-kor.

Il-ħajt semiċirkolari fin-naħa tal-Lvant immarka stadju ġdid fl-iżvilupp tal-arkitettura Gotika. Il-ħitan ta' fuq tal-klerestorju, eżatt taħt il-volti, u l-ħitan tat-triforju ta' taħthom, imtlew kompletament bil-ħġieġ. Il-ħnejjiet tat-triforju u l-arkati ġew imżejna bi ħnejjiet oħra ppuntati, li jenfasizzaw l-istruttura vertikali, u li jħallu ħafna dawl naturali jidħol minn direzzjonijiet u għoli differenti, skont il-ħin tal-jum. Id-dawl kien jiffiltra wkoll mis-sulari ta' fuq.

Madwar in-naħa tal-Lvant semiċirkolari hemm seba' kappelli. Il-Kappella tal-Madonna, fit-tarf nett tal-katidral, kienet irriżervata għall-qaddejja tal-Kanoni li kienu jgħixu fil-kjostri tal-katidral. L-ewwel kappella fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tax-''chevet'' hija ddedikata lil Sant'Eloi, u issa sservi bħala d-daħla tat-Teżor tal-katidral. It-tiżjin primarju tagħha hija sensiela ta' tmien pitturi tas-Sibilli tas-seklu 16.

Tliet kappelli tan-naħa tal-Lvant ġew mgħammra mill-ġdid għalkollox minn Viollet-le-Duc fis-seklu 19 biex jerġa' jkollhom dak li kien maħsub bħala l-aspett Medjevali preċedenti tagħhom; dawn huma l-Kappella ta' San Teodożju fit-Tramuntana, il-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Bejjiegħa tat-Tessuti fin-nofs, u l-Kappella ta' San Ġakbu jew tal-Qalb Imqaddsa fin-Nofsinhar. Viollet-le-Duc iddisinja l-għamara kollha kif ukoll it-tiżjin tagħhom, inkluż l-artal tal-bronż indurat fil-Kappella tal-Qalb Imqaddsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Kappelli laterali u tat-transett ===
[[Stampa:Amiens-Cathedral-Stained-Glass.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-twieqi bil-ħġieġ ikkulurit tal-Katidral ta' Amiens.]]
Minbarra l-kappella fin-naħa tal-Lvant, hemm kappelli żgħar ukoll li jokkupaw iż-żewġ naħat tan-navata u l-angoli tat-transett. It-tiżjin oriġinali ta' dawn il-kappelli ġie sostitwit fis-seklu 18 bit-tiżjin attwali. Kull kappella hija ddedikata lil qaddis partikolari, u hija mżejna b'pitturi kbar sat-twieqi, b'artali, u bi statwi tal-ġebel u tal-injam, kollha tas-seklu 18. Il-kappella huma magħluqa permezz ta' grilji ornamentali tal-ħadid ferrobattut.

Fit-transett tat-Tramuntana, il-Kappella ta' San Pietru tokkupa r-rokna tal-Grigal. Din inħolqot bħala rispons għall-epidemija tal-[[Pesta s-sewda|pesta]] li nfirxet f'Amiens fl-1667-1668, iżda ma tlestiex qabel l-1709 minn [[Gilles Oppenord]], wieħed mill-pijunieri tal-istil Rokokò.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Plagnieux 2003, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuq in-naħa tal-Lvant tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm il-Kappella ta' [[San Bastjan]], magħrufa wkoll bħala l-Kappella tal-Pilastru l-Aħdar. Fuq nett tagħha hemm skultura magħmula minn [[Nicolas Blasset]] ta' San Bastjan imdawwar bl-allegoriji tal-Ġustizzja, il-Paċi u San Rokku, li tlestiet fl-1627. Fl-1832, fil-kappella żdiedet skultura ta' San Alwiġi magħmula minn [[Louis Duthoit]].

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tat-Tramuntana hemm erba' xeni b'riljiev għoli li juru lil Kristu jkeċċi lill-merkanti mit-Tempju, u dawn ġew magħmula fl-1523 minn [[Jean Wytz]].

Xogħol bikri ieħor fit-transett huwa r-retablu tal-artal tal-Kappella tal-Madonna tal-Pilastru l-Aħmar, magħmul minn skulturi u pitturi madwar pilastru prinċipali. Dan tlesta fl-1627 minn [[Nicolas Blasset]]. Il-pittura tat-Tlugħ is-Sema tal-Madonna (1627) ġiet magħmula minn [[François Franken]], filwaqt li l-iskulturi ta' San Bastjan, il-Madonna, David u Salamun, u Ġuditta u Santa Genevieve ġew magħmula minn Blasset.

It-transett tan-Nofsinhar fih il-Kappella ta' San Pietru u San Pawl, fir-rokna tax-Xlokk, bl-istatwi taż-żewġ qaddisin magħmula minn [[Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis]] fl-1749. Il-kappella fiha wkoll artal b'pittura tal-Adorazzjoni tal-Maġi mill-bidu tas-seklu 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mal-ħajt tal-Punent tat-transett tan-Nofsinhar hemm grupp ta' riljievi polikromatiċi li juru l-wegħda ta' Ġwanni l-Battista, li ġew magħmula fl-1511.
[[Stampa:Amiens Cathédrale Spectacle 190908 03.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-portal imdawwal fl-ispettaklu tad-dwal li jsir billejl fis-sajf u fil-Fiera [[Milied]].]]

== Difniet u mfakar notevoli ==

* [[Eliżabetta, il-Kontessa ta' Vermandois]], il-mara ta' [[Filippu I, il-Konti tal-Fjandri]].
* [[Charles de Hémard de Denonville]], isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.
* [[Antoine de Créqui Canaples]] (qalbu biss), isqof u kardinal Kattoliku.

=== Imfakar ===

* Id-daħla tan-Nofsinhar tal-katidral fiha ħdax-il lapida bħala mfakar għall-mejtin tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija, l-iktar dawk li ġġieldu fil-Battalja tas-Somme (1916). Fost in-nazzjonijiet imfakkra hemm l-[[Imperu Brittaniku]] u d-dominji tiegħu (illum il-ġurnata l-pajjiżi tar-[[Repubblika tal-Irlanda]], il-[[Kanada]], l-[[Awstralja]] u [[New Zealand]]).
* Fost l-individwi notevoli mfakkra hemm il-Ġeneral Franċiż tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija [[Marie-Eugène Debeney]], l-uffiċjal tal-Armata Brittanika [[Raymond Asquith]], u l-Ġeneral Franċiż tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]].

== Biblijografija ==

* Brisac, Catherine (1994). Le Vitrail (in French). Paris: La Martinière. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-73-242117-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Duvanel, Maurice (1998). La Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Poire-Choquet. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-9502147-5-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Lours, Mathieu (2018). Dictionnaire des Cathédrales (bil-Franċiż). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27558-0765-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Mignon, Olivier (2015). Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques (bil-Franċiż). Éditions Ouest-France. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7373-6535-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Plagnieux, Philippe (2003). Cathérale Notre Dame d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-27577-0404-2&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Sachy, Jean-Baptiste Maurice de (1770). Histoire des évesques d'Amiens (bil-Franċiż). Abbeville: Veuve de Vérité Libraire.

* Watkin, David (1986). A History of Western Architecture. Barrie and Jenkins. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7126-1279-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Iktar qari ==

* Dusevel, Hyacinthe (1839). Notice historique et descriptive sur l'église cathédrale d'Amiens (Second ed.). Amiens: Caron, Vitet.

* Murray, Stephen (1996). Notre Dame, Cathedral of Amiens: The Power of Change in Gothic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-521-49735-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

* Murray, Stephen (2021). Notre-Dame of Amiens: Life of the Gothic Cathedral. New York: Columbia University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780231195768&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Katidrali]]
[[Kategorija:Franza]]</text>
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    <title>Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili</title>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:53:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kontenut, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
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      <text bytes="4101" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Hilli Grand Tomb.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili.]]
Il-'''Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili''' (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: حَدِيْقَة آثَار ٱلْهِيْلِي, b'ittri Rumani&lt;small&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ḥadīqat Āthar Al-Hīlī'') huwa l-post fejn instabu fdalijiet ta' Żmien il-Bronż ta' [[Al Ain]], f'[[Abu Dhabi]], l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010346/http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alhilli.archaelogical.park.aspx|titlu=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture &amp; Heritage - ADACH - Al Hilli Archaelogical park|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit huwa wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain, l-unika [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1343/|titlu=Cultural Sites of Al Ain &amp;#x28;Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas&amp;#x29;|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskrizzjoni u storja ==
[[Stampa:Hili Achaelogical Park, Al-Ain - panoramio (1).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-ġonna tal-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili.]]
Fi ħdan il-Park [[Arkeoloġija|Arkeoloġiku]] ta' Hili hemm l-ikbar sit ta' Żmien il-Bronż fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda, li jmur lura għat-3000 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Fost il-fdalijiet hemm ukoll dawk ta' insedjamenti, oqbra u ''falaj'' li jmorru lura għal Żmien il-[[Ħadid]]. Parti mis-sit arkeoloġiku jibqa' ħiereġ barra mill-park f'żona protetta. L-artefatti li nstabu mis-sit arkeoloġiku jintwerew fil-[[Mużew]] Nazzjonali ta' Al Ain fiċ-ċentru tal-belt. Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili huwa torri-qabar rikostruwit b'dijametru ta' 12-il metru (39 pied) u fuq id-daħla ċkejkna tiegħu hemm it-tinqix imbuzzat ta' żewġ għażżiela u żewġ [[Bniedem|bnedmin]]. Dan il-qabar flimkien mal-pedamenti ta' oqbra oħra iżgħar simili jagħmlu parti mill-[[kultura]] ta' Umm al-Nar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/where-to-go/parks-and-zoos/hili-archaeological-garden|titlu=Hili Archaeological Park {{!}} Visit Abu Dhabi|sit=visitabudhabi.ae|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Mejju 2019, id-Dipartiment ta' Abu Dhabi għall-Kultura u t-Turiżmu rrapporta li fis-sezzjoni ta' Hili II fi ħdan il-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili nstabu marki tas-swaba' ta' madwar 3,000 sena ilu. Milli jidher kien il-marki tas-swaba' tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] li bnew xi ħajt fis-sit arkeoloġiku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/3000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-al-ains-world-heritage-site-1.64257186|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at Al Ain’s World Heritage Site|sit=gulfnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/3-000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-ancient-village-in-al-ain-1.867588|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at ancient village in Al Ain|kunjom=Dennehy|isem=John|data=2019-05-29|sit=The National|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Is-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud u l-Inħawi tal-Oażi) ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==</text>
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        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4137" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Hilli Grand Tomb.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili.]]
Il-'''Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili''' (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: حَدِيْقَة آثَار ٱلْهِيْلِي, b'ittri Rumani&lt;small&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ḥadīqat Āthar Al-Hīlī'') huwa l-post fejn instabu fdalijiet ta' Żmien il-Bronż ta' [[Al Ain]], f'[[Abu Dhabi]], l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010346/http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alhilli.archaelogical.park.aspx|titlu=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture &amp; Heritage - ADACH - Al Hilli Archaelogical park|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit huwa wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain, l-unika [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1343/|titlu=Cultural Sites of Al Ain &amp;#x28;Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas&amp;#x29;|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskrizzjoni u storja ==
[[Stampa:Hili Achaelogical Park, Al-Ain - panoramio (1).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-ġonna tal-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili.]]
Fi ħdan il-Park [[Arkeoloġija|Arkeoloġiku]] ta' Hili hemm l-ikbar sit ta' Żmien il-Bronż fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda, li jmur lura għat-3000 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Fost il-fdalijiet hemm ukoll dawk ta' insedjamenti, oqbra u ''falaj'' li jmorru lura għal Żmien il-[[Ħadid]]. Parti mis-sit arkeoloġiku jibqa' ħiereġ barra mill-park f'żona protetta. L-artefatti li nstabu mis-sit arkeoloġiku jintwerew fil-[[Mużew]] Nazzjonali ta' Al Ain fiċ-ċentru tal-belt. Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili huwa torri-qabar rikostruwit b'dijametru ta' 12-il metru (39 pied) u fuq id-daħla ċkejkna tiegħu hemm it-tinqix imbuzzat ta' żewġ għażżiela u żewġ [[Bniedem|bnedmin]]. Dan il-qabar flimkien mal-pedamenti ta' oqbra oħra iżgħar simili jagħmlu parti mill-[[kultura]] ta' Umm al-Nar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/where-to-go/parks-and-zoos/hili-archaeological-garden|titlu=Hili Archaeological Park {{!}} Visit Abu Dhabi|sit=visitabudhabi.ae|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Mejju 2019, id-Dipartiment ta' Abu Dhabi għall-Kultura u t-Turiżmu rrapporta li fis-sezzjoni ta' Hili II fi ħdan il-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili nstabu marki tas-swaba' ta' madwar 3,000 sena ilu. Milli jidher kien il-marki tas-swaba' tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] li bnew xi ħajt fis-sit arkeoloġiku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/3000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-al-ains-world-heritage-site-1.64257186|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at Al Ain’s World Heritage Site|sit=gulfnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/3-000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-ancient-village-in-al-ain-1.867588|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at ancient village in Al Ain|kunjom=Dennehy|isem=John|data=2019-05-29|sit=The National|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Is-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud u l-Inħawi tal-Oażi) ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>279871</id>
      <parentid>279870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Siti arkeoloġiċi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4171" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Hilli Grand Tomb.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili.]]
Il-'''Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili''' (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: حَدِيْقَة آثَار ٱلْهِيْلِي, b'ittri Rumani&lt;small&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ḥadīqat Āthar Al-Hīlī'') huwa l-post fejn instabu fdalijiet ta' Żmien il-Bronż ta' [[Al Ain]], f'[[Abu Dhabi]], l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010346/http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alhilli.archaelogical.park.aspx|titlu=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture &amp; Heritage - ADACH - Al Hilli Archaelogical park|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit huwa wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain, l-unika [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1343/|titlu=Cultural Sites of Al Ain &amp;#x28;Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas&amp;#x29;|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskrizzjoni u storja ==
[[Stampa:Hili Achaelogical Park, Al-Ain - panoramio (1).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-ġonna tal-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili.]]
Fi ħdan il-Park [[Arkeoloġija|Arkeoloġiku]] ta' Hili hemm l-ikbar sit ta' Żmien il-Bronż fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda, li jmur lura għat-3000 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Fost il-fdalijiet hemm ukoll dawk ta' insedjamenti, oqbra u ''falaj'' li jmorru lura għal Żmien il-[[Ħadid]]. Parti mis-sit arkeoloġiku jibqa' ħiereġ barra mill-park f'żona protetta. L-artefatti li nstabu mis-sit arkeoloġiku jintwerew fil-[[Mużew]] Nazzjonali ta' Al Ain fiċ-ċentru tal-belt. Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili huwa torri-qabar rikostruwit b'dijametru ta' 12-il metru (39 pied) u fuq id-daħla ċkejkna tiegħu hemm it-tinqix imbuzzat ta' żewġ għażżiela u żewġ [[Bniedem|bnedmin]]. Dan il-qabar flimkien mal-pedamenti ta' oqbra oħra iżgħar simili jagħmlu parti mill-[[kultura]] ta' Umm al-Nar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/where-to-go/parks-and-zoos/hili-archaeological-garden|titlu=Hili Archaeological Park {{!}} Visit Abu Dhabi|sit=visitabudhabi.ae|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Mejju 2019, id-Dipartiment ta' Abu Dhabi għall-Kultura u t-Turiżmu rrapporta li fis-sezzjoni ta' Hili II fi ħdan il-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili nstabu marki tas-swaba' ta' madwar 3,000 sena ilu. Milli jidher kien il-marki tas-swaba' tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] li bnew xi ħajt fis-sit arkeoloġiku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/3000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-al-ains-world-heritage-site-1.64257186|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at Al Ain’s World Heritage Site|sit=gulfnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/3-000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-ancient-village-in-al-ain-1.867588|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at ancient village in Al Ain|kunjom=Dennehy|isem=John|data=2019-05-29|sit=The National|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Is-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud u l-Inħawi tal-Oażi) ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Preistorja]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4197" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Hilli Grand Tomb.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili.]]
Il-'''Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili''' (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: حَدِيْقَة آثَار ٱلْهِيْلِي, b'ittri Rumani&lt;small&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ḥadīqat Āthar Al-Hīlī'') huwa l-post fejn instabu fdalijiet ta' Żmien il-Bronż ta' [[Al Ain]], f'[[Abu Dhabi]], l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010346/http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alhilli.archaelogical.park.aspx|titlu=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture &amp; Heritage - ADACH - Al Hilli Archaelogical park|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit huwa wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain, l-unika [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1343/|titlu=Cultural Sites of Al Ain &amp;#x28;Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas&amp;#x29;|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskrizzjoni u storja ==
[[Stampa:Hili Achaelogical Park, Al-Ain - panoramio (1).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-ġonna tal-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili.]]
Fi ħdan il-Park [[Arkeoloġija|Arkeoloġiku]] ta' Hili hemm l-ikbar sit ta' Żmien il-Bronż fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda, li jmur lura għat-3000 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Fost il-fdalijiet hemm ukoll dawk ta' insedjamenti, oqbra u ''falaj'' li jmorru lura għal Żmien il-[[Ħadid]]. Parti mis-sit arkeoloġiku jibqa' ħiereġ barra mill-park f'żona protetta. L-artefatti li nstabu mis-sit arkeoloġiku jintwerew fil-[[Mużew]] Nazzjonali ta' Al Ain fiċ-ċentru tal-belt. Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili huwa torri-qabar rikostruwit b'dijametru ta' 12-il metru (39 pied) u fuq id-daħla ċkejkna tiegħu hemm it-tinqix imbuzzat ta' żewġ għażżiela u żewġ [[Bniedem|bnedmin]]. Dan il-qabar flimkien mal-pedamenti ta' oqbra oħra iżgħar simili jagħmlu parti mill-[[kultura]] ta' Umm al-Nar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/where-to-go/parks-and-zoos/hili-archaeological-garden|titlu=Hili Archaeological Park {{!}} Visit Abu Dhabi|sit=visitabudhabi.ae|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Mejju 2019, id-Dipartiment ta' Abu Dhabi għall-Kultura u t-Turiżmu rrapporta li fis-sezzjoni ta' Hili II fi ħdan il-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili nstabu marki tas-swaba' ta' madwar 3,000 sena ilu. Milli jidher kien il-marki tas-swaba' tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] li bnew xi ħajt fis-sit arkeoloġiku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/3000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-al-ains-world-heritage-site-1.64257186|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at Al Ain’s World Heritage Site|sit=gulfnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/3-000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-ancient-village-in-al-ain-1.867588|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at ancient village in Al Ain|kunjom=Dennehy|isem=John|data=2019-05-29|sit=The National|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Is-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud u l-Inħawi tal-Oażi) ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]]
[[Kategorija:Preistorja]]</text>
      <sha1>mide1vrazrd31ccn6luckkzaqnnh4io</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>279873</id>
      <parentid>279872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T12:55:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Emirati Għarab Magħquda]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4238" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Hilli Grand Tomb.jpg|daqsminuri|Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili.]]
Il-'''Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili''' (bl-[[Lingwa Għarbija|Għarbi]]: حَدِيْقَة آثَار ٱلْهِيْلِي, b'ittri Rumani&lt;small&gt;:&lt;/small&gt; ''Ḥadīqat Āthar Al-Hīlī'') huwa l-post fejn instabu fdalijiet ta' Żmien il-Bronż ta' [[Al Ain]], f'[[Abu Dhabi]], l-[[Emirati Għarab Magħquda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010346/http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/heritage/alhilli.archaelogical.park.aspx|titlu=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture &amp; Heritage - ADACH - Al Hilli Archaelogical park|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sit huwa wieħed mill-komponenti tas-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain, l-unika [[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]] fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1343/|titlu=Cultural Sites of Al Ain &amp;#x28;Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas&amp;#x29;|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskrizzjoni u storja ==
[[Stampa:Hili Achaelogical Park, Al-Ain - panoramio (1).jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|Il-ġonna tal-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili.]]
Fi ħdan il-Park [[Arkeoloġija|Arkeoloġiku]] ta' Hili hemm l-ikbar sit ta' Żmien il-Bronż fl-Emirati Għarab Magħquda, li jmur lura għat-3000 [[Ante Christum natum|Q.K]]. Fost il-fdalijiet hemm ukoll dawk ta' insedjamenti, oqbra u ''falaj'' li jmorru lura għal Żmien il-[[Ħadid]]. Parti mis-sit arkeoloġiku jibqa' ħiereġ barra mill-park f'żona protetta. L-artefatti li nstabu mis-sit arkeoloġiku jintwerew fil-[[Mużew]] Nazzjonali ta' Al Ain fiċ-ċentru tal-belt. Il-Qabar il-Kbir ta' Hili huwa torri-qabar rikostruwit b'dijametru ta' 12-il metru (39 pied) u fuq id-daħla ċkejkna tiegħu hemm it-tinqix imbuzzat ta' żewġ għażżiela u żewġ [[Bniedem|bnedmin]]. Dan il-qabar flimkien mal-pedamenti ta' oqbra oħra iżgħar simili jagħmlu parti mill-[[kultura]] ta' Umm al-Nar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/where-to-go/parks-and-zoos/hili-archaeological-garden|titlu=Hili Archaeological Park {{!}} Visit Abu Dhabi|sit=visitabudhabi.ae|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Mejju 2019, id-Dipartiment ta' Abu Dhabi għall-Kultura u t-Turiżmu rrapporta li fis-sezzjoni ta' Hili II fi ħdan il-Park Arkeoloġiku ta' Hili nstabu marki tas-swaba' ta' madwar 3,000 sena ilu. Milli jidher kien il-marki tas-swaba' tal-[[Artiġjan|artiġjani]] li bnew xi ħajt fis-sit arkeoloġiku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/3000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-al-ains-world-heritage-site-1.64257186|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at Al Ain’s World Heritage Site|sit=gulfnews.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/3-000-year-old-fingerprints-found-at-ancient-village-in-al-ain-1.867588|titlu=3,000-year-old fingerprints found at ancient village in Al Ain|kunjom=Dennehy|isem=John|data=2019-05-29|sit=The National|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
Is-Siti Kulturali ta' Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud u l-Inħawi tal-Oażi) ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (iii)''' &quot;Xhieda unika jew minn tal-inqas eċċezzjonali ta' tradizzjoni kulturali jew ta' ċivilizzazzjoni li għadha ħajja jew li għebet&quot;; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem&quot;; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' &quot;Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Siti arkeoloġiċi]]
[[Kategorija:Preistorja]]
[[Kategorija:Emirati Għarab Magħquda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fuji</title>
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        <username>Trigcly</username>
        <id>17859</id>
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      <comment>Kontenut inizjali, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="30692" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo held ''yabusame'' archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours. Alcock's brief narrative in ''The Capital of the Tycoon'' was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died in the disaster, which was attributed to the extreme clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. There is a memorial for the crash a short distance down from the Gotemba New fifth station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice. It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. It has been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.

=== Klima ===
The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ''ET''). The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) recorded in August 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="30728" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo held ''yabusame'' archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours. Alcock's brief narrative in ''The Capital of the Tycoon'' was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died in the disaster, which was attributed to the extreme clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. There is a memorial for the crash a short distance down from the Gotemba New fifth station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice. It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. It has been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.

=== Klima ===
The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ''ET''). The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) recorded in August 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]</text>
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      <text bytes="30752" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo held ''yabusame'' archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours. Alcock's brief narrative in ''The Capital of the Tycoon'' was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died in the disaster, which was attributed to the extreme clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. There is a memorial for the crash a short distance down from the Gotemba New fifth station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice. It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. It has been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.

=== Klima ===
The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ''ET''). The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) recorded in August 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
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      <text bytes="30775" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo held ''yabusame'' archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours. Alcock's brief narrative in ''The Capital of the Tycoon'' was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died in the disaster, which was attributed to the extreme clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. There is a memorial for the crash a short distance down from the Gotemba New fifth station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice. It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. It has been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.

=== Klima ===
The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ''ET''). The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) recorded in August 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Muntanji]]
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      <text bytes="30798" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo held ''yabusame'' archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours. Alcock's brief narrative in ''The Capital of the Tycoon'' was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure from Tokyo International Airport. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died in the disaster, which was attributed to the extreme clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. There is a memorial for the crash a short distance down from the Gotemba New fifth station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice. It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Mount Fuji is a very distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures. Four small cities surround it: Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide views of the mountain. The mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana when the sky is clear. It has been photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.

=== Klima ===
The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ''ET''). The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) recorded in August 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Muntanji]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani]]
[[Kategorija:Ġappun]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33780" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Is-samuraj tal-qedem kienu jużaw il-bażi tal-muntanja bħala żona remota għat-taħriġ tagħhom, qrib ir-raħal attwali ta' Gotemba. Ix-''shōgun'' [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] kien jorganizza kompetizzjonijiet ''yabusame'' bil-qaws u l-vleġeġ fl-inħawi fil-bidu tal-perjodu ta' [[Kamakura]].

L-ewwel barrani li tela' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji kien Sir [[Rutherford Alcock]] f'Settembru 1860, li tela' fi tmien sigħat u niżel fi tliet sigħat. Ir-rakkont qasir ta' Alcock f'''The Capital of the Tycoon'' kien l-ewwel deskrizzjoni mifruxa b'mod wiesa' tal-muntanja fil-Punent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sinjura [[Fanny Parkes]], il-mara tal-ambaxxatur Brittaniku Sir [[Harry Parkes]], kienet l-ewwel mara mhux Ġappuniża li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fl-1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-fotografu Felix Beato tela' sentejn wara.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fil-5 ta' Marzu 1966, it-titjira BOAC 911 fuq Boeing 707 kellha xi ħsarat fl-ajru u kkraxxjat ħdejn il-ħames stazzjon ta' Gotemba, ftit wara t-tluq mill-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Tokjo. Il-113-il passiġġier u l-11-il membru tal-ekwipaġġ kollha mietu fid-diżastru, li ntqal li seħħ minħabba t-turbolenza estrema fl-ajru kkawżata mill-irjieħ 'l isfel tal-muntanja. Hemm mafkar tal-ħabta ftit 'l isfel mill-ħames stazzjon il-ġdid ta' Gotemba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Illum il-ġurnata, Fuji hija destinazzjoni internazzjonali għat-turisti u għax-xabbaturi tal-muntanji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327032252/http://www.ibarakijets.org/guides/fujiguide.pdf|titlu=Climbing Mount Fuji? route maps}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035316/http://www.christmaswhistler.web44.net/adventure/mtFuji.html|titlu=christmasWhistler - adventure - mtFuji|data=2016-03-05|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-bidu tas-seklu 20, il-lekċers taċ-Chautauqua tal-edukatur populista [[Frederick Starr]] dwar id-diversi drabi li tela' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji— fl-1913, fl-1919 u fl-1923 — kienu magħrufa sew fl-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|data=1923-10-01|titlu=STARR TELLS OF ESCAPE.; American Scientist Found Refuge in a Tokio Temple.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/01/archives/starr-tells-of-escape-american-scientist-found-refuge-in-a-tokio.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qawl magħruf Ġappuniż jissuġġerixxi li xi ħadd għaref jitla' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji darba f'ħajtu, iżda xi ħadd iblah biss jitla' darbtejn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/SMl2A|titlu=09/15/97 MASTERING MT. FUJI|data=2013-01-18|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja hija simbolu popolari fil-kultura Ġappuniża u ntużat f'diversi films&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=Bloody Spear at Mount Fuji|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Spear_at_Mount_Fuji&amp;oldid=1096013303|data-aċċess=|lingwa=en|data=|iktar=}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ispirat il-logo ta' Infiniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030092013/http://cases.lippincott-margulies.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/LMCases.woa/wa/viewcaseid?1000509|titlu=Lippincott Mercer {{!}} Clients {{!}} Infiniti|data=2006-10-30|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, u saħansitra ntużat fl-ippakkjar tal-[[Mediċina|mediċini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sadeghian H (September 2000). &quot;Mount Fuji sign in tension pneumocephalus&quot;. ''Archives of Neurology''. '''57''' (9): 1366.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heckmann JG, Ganslandt O; Ganslandt (April 2004). &quot;Images in clinical medicine. The Mount Fuji sign&quot;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''350''' (18): 1881.&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Settembru 2004, l-istazzjon meteoroloġiku bil-persunal fil-quċċata tal-muntanja ngħalaq wara 72 sena ta' ħidma. L-osservaturi kienu jimmonitoraw it-temp bir-radar sabiex ibassru meta kien se jkun hemm xi tifuni jew maltempati kbar bix-xita. L-istazzjon, li kien l-ogħla wieħed fil-Ġappun f'għoli ta' 3,780 metru (12,402 pied) ġie sostitwit b'sistema meteoroloġika awtomatizzata għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/09/30/Weather-station-on-Mt-Fuji-closes/48221096533395/|titlu=Weather station on Mt. Fuji closes|sit=UPI|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013 Fuji tniżżlet fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO bħala sit kulturali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Fuji hija karatteristika li tispikka ħafna fil-[[ġeografija]] tal-Ġappun. Il-muntanja hija għolja 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) u tinsab qrib il-kosta [[Oċean Paċifiku|Paċifika]] taċ-ċentru ta' Honshu, ftit lejn il-Lbiċ ta' Tokjo. Tinsab fil-konfini bejn il-Prefettura ta' Shizuoka u dik ta' Yamanashi. Madwarha hemm erba' bliet żgħar: Gotemba fil-Lvant, Fujiyoshida fit-Tramuntana, Fujinomiya fil-Lbiċ, u l-belt ta' Fuji fin-Nofsinhar. Il-muntanja hija mdawra b'ħames lagi: il-Lag Kawaguchi, il-Lag Yamanaka, il-Lag Sai, il-Lag Motosu u l-Lag Shōji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283030|titlu=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Fujisan|sit=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawn l-erba' lagi, flimkien mal-Lag Ashi fil-qrib, jipprovdu veduti xeniċi tal-muntanja. Il-vulkan huwa parti mill-Park Nazzjonali ta' Fuji-Hakone-Izu. Wieħed jista' jarah mill-bogħod minn [[Yokohama]], Tokjo, u xi kultant saħansitra minn Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki u l-Lag Hamana meta t-temp ikun bnazzi. Ittieħdu ritratti tal-vulkan mill-ispazju matul missjuni bix-shuttle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210234251/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-107/html/s107e05690.html|titlu=Photo-s107e05690|data=2003-02-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Klima ===
Il-quċċata ta' Fuji għandha klima tat-tundra (skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta' Köppen: ''ET''). It-temperatura tkun baxxa ħafna f'altitudni għolja, u l-kon ikun miksi bil-borra għal diversi xhur fis-sena. L-iżjed temperatura baxxa li qatt ġiet irreġistrata kienet −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) fi Frar 1981, u l-ogħla temperatura rreġistrata kienet 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) f'Awwissu 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=49&amp;block_no=47639&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=|titlu=気象庁｜過去の気象データ検索|sit=www.data.jma.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Amurian Plate, Okhotsk Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet. These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively. The Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is also located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.

Mt. Fuji's main crater is 780 metres (2,560 ft) in diameter and 240 metres (790 ft) in depth. The bottom of the crater is 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of 1.5–2 kilometres (0.93–1.24 mi) are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called ''Sen-komitake'', is composed of an andesite core recently discovered deep within the mountain. ''Sen-komitake'' was followed by the &quot;''Komitake'' Fuji&quot;, a basalt layer believed to be formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, &quot;Old Fuji&quot; was formed over the top of ''Komitake'' Fuji. The modern, &quot;New Fuji&quot; is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again which formed Komitake Volcano in the same location. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitake Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, and is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but which is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli and volcanic ash, have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.

As of December 2002, the volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (''Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month''), and ended about January 1, 1708 (''Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month''). The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei (after the Hōei era), halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash which fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. Since then, there have been no signs of an eruption. However, on the evening of March 15, 2011, there was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side. But according to the Japanese Meteorological Service there was no sign of any eruption.

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava began to erupt from the west side of the top of the ancient Fuji mountain. This lava formed the new Fuji which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of the ancient Fuji and the new Fuji are side by side. About 2500–2800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji caused a large-scale landslide due to weathering, and finally, only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. There are ten known eruptions that can be traced to reliable records.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Date(s)
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|July 31, 781
|The eruption was recorded in the ''Shoku Nihongi'' and it was noted that &quot;ash fell&quot;, but there are no other details.
|
|-
|April 11 – May 15, 800
February 13, 802
|The ''Nihon Kiryaku'' states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the ''Nippon Kiseki'', which notes that gravel fell like hail.
|
|-
|June–September 864
December 865 – January 866
|Both phases were recorded in the ''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.
|
|-
|November 937
|This was recorded in the ''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|
|-
|March 999
|It is noted in the ''Honchō Seiki'' that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.
|
|-
|January 1033
|According to the ''Nihon Kiryaku'', news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.
|
|-
|April 17, 1083
|The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the ''Fusō Ryakuki''. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.
|
|-
|between January 30, 1435 and January 18, 1436
|A record of this appears in the ''Ōdaiki'', a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).
|
|-
|August 1511
|The ''Katsuyamaki'' (or ''Myōhōjiki''), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.
|
|-
|December 16, 1707
|The Hōei eruption
|
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, there was speculation in the media that the shock may induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than it was before its last eruption in 1707. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent. However, since there is no known method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP are speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
The forest at the northwest base of the mountain is named Aokigahara. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, Yūrei and Yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places poor families abandoned the very young and the very old. Aokigahara is the world's third most popular suicide location after San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. Since the 1950s, more than 500 people have died in the forest, mostly suicides. Approximately 30 suicides have been counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 bodies in 2002. The recent increase in suicides prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince individuals experiencing suicidal intent to re-think their desperate plans, and sometimes these messages have proven effective. The numbers of suicides in the past creates an allure that has persisted across the span of decades.

Many of these hikers mark their travelled routes by leaving coloured plastic tapes behind as they pass, causing concerns from prefectural officials with regard to the forest's ecosystem.

== Trasport ==
The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mount Fuji. The major international airports serving Tokyo, Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Tokyo and Narita International Airport in Chiba are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

== Avventura ==

=== Climbing routes ===
Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009. The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest. Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1. Climbing from October to May is very strongly discouraged, after a number of high-profile deaths and severe cold weather. Most Japanese climb the mountain at night in order to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called 御来光 ''goraikō'', &quot;arrival of light&quot;.

There are four major routes to the summit, each has numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting North): Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes. Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. There are four additional routes from the foot of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.

Even though it has only the second-highest fifth stations, the Yoshida route is the most-popular route because of its large parking area and many large mountain huts where a climber can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next-popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the new fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours while the descent can take from three to four hours.

Even though most climbers do not climb the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, one could run down these ash-covered paths in approximately 30 minutes. Besides these routes, there are tractor routes along the climbing routes. These tractor routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and they tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, the tractor paths are off-limits to the climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, one can sometimes see people riding mountain bikes along the tractor routes down from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it becomes difficult to control speed and may send some rocks rolling along the side of the path, which may hit other people.

The four routes from the foot of the mountain offer historical sites. The Murayama is the oldest Mount Fuji route and the Yoshida route still has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity recently and are being restored, but climbing from the foot of the mountain is still relatively uncommon. Also, bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during the climbing season, but huts below fifth stations are not usually staffed for climbers. The number of open huts on routes are proportional to the number of climbers—Yoshida has the most while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to start later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Also, because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

There are eight peaks around the crater at the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (it was replaced by an automated system in 2004). Climbers are able to visit each of these peaks.

=== Paragliding ===
Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on the south side of the mountain, in addition to several other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', in ''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', in ''Nihon Shoki'') is one of the two gods born from &quot;something like a reed that arose from the soil&quot; when the earth was chaotic. According to the ''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated for her.

In ancient times the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185) volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646). The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so they would be reborn, &quot;purified and... able to find happiness.&quot; The cult waned in the Meiji period and although it persists to this day it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.

=== Buddiżmu ===
The Buddhist Hokkeko believers of Nichiren Shoshu sect piously claim that the Dai Gohonzon mandala grants supernatural protection from the Buddhist deities against possible volcanic eruption of Mount Fuji through the daylight morning ritual of Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in various art media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's ''Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji'' and ''100 Views of Mount Fuji'' from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as &quot;The Fuji of America,&quot; for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Muntanji]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani]]
[[Kategorija:Ġappun]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-29T11:16:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="44431" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Views of Mount Fuji from Ōwakudani 20211202.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Veduta tal-vulkan Fuji minn Ōwakudani.]]
'''Fuji''' (bil-[[Lingwa Ġappuniża|Ġappuniż]]: 富士山, ''Fujisan'', &lt;small&gt;Japanese:&lt;/small&gt; [ɸɯꜜ(d)ʑisaɴ] (listen)), jew '''Fugaku''', hija hija l-ogħla muntanja u [[Vulkan (diżambigwazzjoni)|vulkan]] fil-gżira ta' Honshū, il-[[Ġappun]], u tlaħħaq 3,776.24 metru (12,389.2 pied). Hija wkoll it-tieni l-ogħla vulkan fuq gżira fl-[[Asja]] (wara [[Kerinci]] fil-gżira ta' [[Sumatra]], l-[[Indoneżja]]), u s-seba' l-ogħla quċċata ta' gżira fid-[[Id-Dinja|Dinja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/fujisabo/fuji_info/fuji_info-top.html|titlu=富士山情報コーナー|sit=www.cbr.mlit.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp/|titlu=Information inspection service of the Triangulation station|sit=sokuseikagis1.gsi.go.jp|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuji hija stratovulkan rieqed li żbroffa l-aħħar mill-1707 sal-1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Quat_Vol/act_map_e.html|titlu=Active Volcano Map|sit=gbank.gsj.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Fuji|titlu=Mount Fuji {{!}} Facts, Height, Location, &amp; Eruptions {{!}} Britannica|sit=www.britannica.com|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tinsab madwar 100 kilometru (62 mil) fil-Lbiċ tal-[[belt kapitali]] [[Tokjo]] u tidher minn hemm meta jkun bnazzi. Il-kon eċċezzjonalment simetriku ta' Fuji, li jkun miksi bil-borra għal madwar ħames xhur fis-sena, spiss jintuża bħala ikona [[Kultura|kulturali]] tal-Ġappun u sikwit jintuża fl-[[arti]] u fil-[[fotografija]], u jżuruh bosta viżitaturi u xabbaturi.&lt;ref&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States: Reader's Digest Association. p. 153. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;0-89577-087-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuji hija waħda minn &quot;Tliet Muntanji Sagri&quot; (bil-Ġappuniż: 三霊山, ''Sanreizan'') tal-Ġappun flimkien mal-muntanji [[Tate]] u [[Haku]]. Titqies bħala Post Speċjali ta' Sbuħija Xenika u hija wieħed mis-Siti Storiċi tal-Ġappun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003540/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/japan-s-mt-fuji-granted/720700.html|titlu=Japan's Mt Fuji granted World Heritage status - Channel NewsAsia|data=2013-06-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013, Fuji żdiedet bħala sit kulturali fil-lista tas-[[Sit ta' Wirt Dinji|Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]] tal-[[UNESCO]]. Skont l-UNESCO, Fuji &quot;ispirat lill-artisti u lill-[[Poeta|poeti]] u kienet destinazzjoni tal-pellegrinaġġi għal sekli sħaħ&quot;. L-UNESCO tirrikonoxxi 25 komponent ta' dan il-wirt dinji li jinkludu l-muntanja u s-santwarju tax-[[Xintoiżmu]], Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/|titlu=Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration|kunjom=Centre|isem=UNESCO World Heritage|sit=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimoloġija ==
Il-pittogrammi ''kanji'' għal Fuji, 富 u 士, ifissru &quot;ġid&quot; jew &quot;abbundanti&quot; u &quot;raġel imlaħħaq&quot; rispettivament. Madankollu, l-oriġini ta' din l-ortografija u tal-isem ''Fuji'' għadha mhix ċerta.

Test tas-seklu 9, ''Ġrajja ta' Wieħed li Jaqta' l-Bambù'', jirrakkonta li l-isem ġej minn &quot;immortali&quot; (不死, ''fushi, fuji'') kif ukoll mill-pittogramma ta' &quot;suldati&quot; (士, ''shi, ji'') &quot;abbundanti&quot; (富, ''fu'') telgħin ix-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja. [[Etimoloġija]] [[Folklor|folkloristika]] bikrija ssostni li l-isem ''Fuji'' oriġina minn 不二 (''mhux'' + ''tnejn''), jiġifieri &quot;mingħajr ekwivalenti&quot;. Oħra ssostni li oriġina minn 不尽 (''ma'' + ''tgħejjiex''), jiġifieri &quot;bla tmiem&quot;.

[[Hirata Atsutane]], studjuż klassiku Ġappuniż fil-perjodu Edo, kien jispekula li l-isem ġej minn tifsira ta' kelma, &quot;muntanja wieqfa qisha sbula (穂, ''ho'') ta' pjanta tar-ross&quot;. Il-missjunarju [[Renju Unit|Brittaniku]] [[John Batchelor]] (1854-1944) argumenta li l-isem ġej mill-kelma Ainu għal &quot;nar&quot; (''fuchi'') tad-divinità tan-nar Kamui Fuchi, li hija teorija li ġiet irrifjutata mil-lingwist Ġappuniż [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]] abbażi tal-iżvilupp [[Fonoloġija|fonetiku]] (tibdil fil-ħsejjes). Jingħad ukoll li ''huchi'' tfisser &quot;mara anzjana&quot; u ''ape'' tfisser &quot;nare&quot;, għaldaqstant ''ape huchi kamuy'' tirreferi għad-divinità tan-nar. Ir-riċerka fit-toponimi (l-ismijiet tal-postijiet) li jinkludu ''fuji'' bħala parti minnhom tissuġġerixxi wkoll li l-oriġini tal-kelma ''fuji'' ġejja mil-lingwa Yamato iktar milli mil-lingwa Ainu. It-toponimista Ġappuniż [[Kanji Kagami]] argumenta li l-isem għandu l-istess għerq bħal wisterja (bil-Ġappuniż: 藤, ''fuji'', tip ta' pjanta) u qawsalla (bil-Ġappuniż: 虹, ''niji'', iżda b'interpretazzjoni alternattiva, ''fuji''), u ġie mis-&quot;sura tax-xaqliba twila&quot; tagħha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531001107/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/e-museum/fujiyama/furufuji4.htm|titlu=富士山の名前の由来|data=2008-05-31|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://tisen.jp/tisenwiki/index.php?%25C9%25D9%25BB%25CE%25BB%25B3|titlu=%C9%D9%BB%CE%BB%B3 の編集 - 知泉Wiki|sit=tisen.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/iI9zd|titlu=地名・富士山の意味|data=2008-06-03|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hi5k-stu/aynu/huji.htm|titlu=富士山アイヌ語語源説について|sit=www.asahi-net.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-lingwist modern [[Alexander Vovin]] jipproponi ipoteżi alternattiva bbażata fuq l-interpretazzjoni tal-Ġappuniż Antik */puⁿzi/: il-kelma jaf ġiet missellfda mill-Ġappuniż Antik tal-Lvant */pu nusi/ 火主 li tfisser &quot;sinjur tan-nar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Vovin, Alexander (January 1, 2017). &quot;On the Etymology of the Name of Mt. Fuji&quot;. ''Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond''. Languages of Asia. Vol. 16. Brill. pp. 80–89. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789004351134&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Varjazzjonijiet ===
Xi sorsi jirreferu għall-muntanja Fuji bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;, &quot;Fujiyama&quot; jew, b'mod ridondanti, &quot;Muntanja Fujiyama&quot;. Il-kelliema tal-Ġappuniż jirreferu għall-muntanja bħala &quot;Fuji-san&quot;. Hawnhekk &quot;san&quot; mhuwiex is-suffiss tar-rispett li jintuża mal-ismijiet tan-[[Bniedem|nies]], bħal pereżempju Watanabe-san, iżda l-interpretazzjoni [[Lingwa ċiniża|Ċiniża]]-Ġappuniża tal-pittogramma ''yama'' (山, &quot;muntanja&quot;) li tintuża fil-kliem kompost fiċ-Ċiniż u fil-Ġappuniż. B'ittri Rumani tan-Nihon-shiki u tal-Kunrei-shiki, l-isem jiġi ttrażlitterat bħala ''Huzi''.

Ismijiet Ġappuniżi oħra li saru antikwati jew poetiċi jinkludu ''Fuji-no-Yama'' (ふじの山, &quot;il-muntanja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuji-no-Takane'' (ふじの高嶺, &quot;il-Quċċata l-Għolja ta' Fuji&quot;), ''Fuyō-hō'' (芙蓉峰, &quot;il-Quċċata tal-Lotus&quot;), u ''Fugaku'' (富岳／富嶽), maħluqa bil-kombinament tal-ewwel karattru ta' 富士, ''Fuji'', u 岳, &quot;muntanja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722101305/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?p=%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3&amp;enc=UTF-8&amp;stype=0&amp;dtype=0|titlu=ふじ‐さん【富士山】 の意味とは - Yahoo!辞書|data=2011-07-22|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Storja ==
[[Stampa:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|284x284px|II-litografija fuq blokka tal-[[injam]] imsejħa ''Żiffa Fina, Għodwa Ċara'' ta' Hokusai magħmula fis-seklu 19.]]
Fuji hija kon vulkaniku attraenti u suġġett frekwenti fl-arti Ġappuniża speċjalment wara l-1600, meta Edo (issa Tokjo) saret il-belt kapitali u n-nies kienu jaraw il-muntanja huma u jivvjaġġaw tul it-triq ta' Tōkaidō. Skont l-istoriku [[H. Byron Earhart]], &quot;fil-[[Medjuevu|Medju Evu]] eventwalment ġiet meqjusa mill-Ġappuniżi bħala l-muntanja &quot;numru wieħed&quot; tad-dinja magħrufa tat-tliet pajjiżi tal-[[Indja]], iċ-[[Ċina]] u l-Ġappun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/20/H.-Byron-Earhart/3528/article.html|titlu=Mount Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace−−|sit=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja tissemma tul iż-żmien fil-letteratura Ġappuniża u hija s-suġġett ta' bosta [[Poeżija|poeżiji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/6470|titlu=富士山吉田口登山道関連遺跡II|sit=sitereports.nabunken.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-quċċata ilha meqjusa bħala sagra mill-qedem u għaldaqstant kienet ipprojbita għan-nisa. Iżda fl-4 ta' Mejju 1872 il-gvern Ġappuniż ħareġ l-Editt 98 tal-Gran Kunsill tal-Istat li ddikjara li &quot;Kwalunkwe prattika ta' esklużjoni tan-nisa minn artijiet tas-santwarji u tat-tempji għandha tiġi abolita minnufih, u n-nisa li jkunu jridu jitilgħu fuq il-muntanja għall-qima, eċċ. għandhom jitħallew&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dewitt, Lindsey E. (March 2016). &quot;Envisioning and Observing Women's Exclusion from Sacred Mountains in Japan&quot;. ''Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University''. '''1''': 19–28.&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, [[Tatsu Takayama]] (magħrufa wkoll bħala Takayama Tatsu), mara Ġappuniża, saret l-ewwel mara ddokumentata li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fil-ħarifa tal-1832.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2022/07/04/lifestyle/japan-female-mountaineers/|titlu=Climb every mountain: Japan’s female mountaineers scale new heights|kunjom=Budgen|isem=Mara|data=2022-07-04|sit=The Japan Times|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Intersect. Volumi 9-10, p. 39. Il-Ġappun, PHP Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;

Is-samuraj tal-qedem kienu jużaw il-bażi tal-muntanja bħala żona remota għat-taħriġ tagħhom, qrib ir-raħal attwali ta' Gotemba. Ix-''shōgun'' [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] kien jorganizza kompetizzjonijiet ''yabusame'' bil-qaws u l-vleġeġ fl-inħawi fil-bidu tal-perjodu ta' [[Kamakura]].

L-ewwel barrani li tela' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji kien Sir [[Rutherford Alcock]] f'Settembru 1860, li tela' fi tmien sigħat u niżel fi tliet sigħat. Ir-rakkont qasir ta' Alcock f'''The Capital of the Tycoon'' kien l-ewwel deskrizzjoni mifruxa b'mod wiesa' tal-muntanja fil-Punent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita ktieb|kunjom=Alcock|isem=Sir Rutherford|data=1863|titlu=The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years' Residence in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79QMAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=alcock+Tycoon|lingwa=en|iktar=|pubblikatur=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green}}&lt;/ref&gt; Is-sinjura [[Fanny Parkes]], il-mara tal-ambaxxatur Brittaniku Sir [[Harry Parkes]], kienet l-ewwel mara mhux Ġappuniża li telgħet sal-quċċata ta' Fuji fl-1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/259|titlu=Biographies {{!}} Lillian Hope PARKES (#259) - The Cobbold Family History Trust|sit=family-tree.cobboldfht.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-fotografu Felix Beato tela' sentejn wara.&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Anne Wilkes; et al. (2003). ''The History of Japanese Photography''. p. 30. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-300-09925-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fil-5 ta' Marzu 1966, it-titjira BOAC 911 fuq Boeing 707 kellha xi ħsarat fl-ajru u kkraxxjat ħdejn il-ħames stazzjon ta' Gotemba, ftit wara t-tluq mill-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Tokjo. Il-113-il passiġġier u l-11-il membru tal-ekwipaġġ kollha mietu fid-diżastru, li ntqal li seħħ minħabba t-turbolenza estrema fl-ajru kkawżata mill-irjieħ 'l isfel tal-muntanja. Hemm mafkar tal-ħabta ftit 'l isfel mill-ħames stazzjon il-ġdid ta' Gotemba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660305-1|titlu=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-436 G-APFE Mount Fuji|kunjom=Ranter|isem=Harro|sit=aviation-safety.net|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji from Omiya by Kusakabe Kimbei c1890.png|daqsminuri|294x294px|[[Pittura]] ta' Fuji minn Omiya, għall-ħabta tal-1890.]]
Illum il-ġurnata, Fuji hija destinazzjoni internazzjonali għat-turisti u għax-xabbaturi tal-muntanji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327032252/http://www.ibarakijets.org/guides/fujiguide.pdf|titlu=Climbing Mount Fuji? route maps}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035316/http://www.christmaswhistler.web44.net/adventure/mtFuji.html|titlu=christmasWhistler - adventure - mtFuji|data=2016-03-05|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fil-bidu tas-seklu 20, il-lekċers taċ-Chautauqua tal-edukatur populista [[Frederick Starr]] dwar id-diversi drabi li tela' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji— fl-1913, fl-1919 u fl-1923 — kienu magħrufa sew fl-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|data=1923-10-01|titlu=STARR TELLS OF ESCAPE.; American Scientist Found Refuge in a Tokio Temple.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/10/01/archives/starr-tells-of-escape-american-scientist-found-refuge-in-a-tokio.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qawl magħruf Ġappuniż jissuġġerixxi li xi ħadd għaref jitla' sal-quċċata ta' Fuji darba f'ħajtu, iżda xi ħadd iblah biss jitla' darbtejn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/SMl2A|titlu=09/15/97 MASTERING MT. FUJI|data=2013-01-18|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-muntanja hija simbolu popolari fil-kultura Ġappuniża u ntużat f'diversi films&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=Bloody Spear at Mount Fuji|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Spear_at_Mount_Fuji&amp;oldid=1096013303|data-aċċess=|lingwa=en|data=|iktar=}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ispirat il-logo ta' Infiniti&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030092013/http://cases.lippincott-margulies.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/LMCases.woa/wa/viewcaseid?1000509|titlu=Lippincott Mercer {{!}} Clients {{!}} Infiniti|data=2006-10-30|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, u saħansitra ntużat fl-ippakkjar tal-[[Mediċina|mediċini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sadeghian H (September 2000). &quot;Mount Fuji sign in tension pneumocephalus&quot;. ''Archives of Neurology''. '''57''' (9): 1366.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heckmann JG, Ganslandt O; Ganslandt (April 2004). &quot;Images in clinical medicine. The Mount Fuji sign&quot;. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''350''' (18): 1881.&lt;/ref&gt;

F'Settembru 2004, l-istazzjon meteoroloġiku bil-persunal fil-quċċata tal-muntanja ngħalaq wara 72 sena ta' ħidma. L-osservaturi kienu jimmonitoraw it-temp bir-radar sabiex ibassru meta kien se jkun hemm xi tifuni jew maltempati kbar bix-xita. L-istazzjon, li kien l-ogħla wieħed fil-Ġappun f'għoli ta' 3,780 metru (12,402 pied) ġie sostitwit b'sistema meteoroloġika awtomatizzata għalkollox.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/09/30/Weather-station-on-Mt-Fuji-closes/48221096533395/|titlu=Weather station on Mt. Fuji closes|sit=UPI|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fit-22 ta' Ġunju 2013 Fuji tniżżlet fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO bħala sit kulturali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ġeografija ==
[[Stampa:Mt Fuji NASA ISS002-E-6971 large.jpg|daqsminuri|269x269px|Ritratt satellitari ta' Fuji fil-bidu tas-sajf mill-[[Stazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali|Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali]].]]
Fuji hija karatteristika li tispikka ħafna fil-[[ġeografija]] tal-Ġappun. Il-muntanja hija għolja 3,776.24 metru (12,389 pied) u tinsab qrib il-kosta [[Oċean Paċifiku|Paċifika]] taċ-ċentru ta' Honshu, ftit lejn il-Lbiċ ta' Tokjo. Tinsab fil-konfini bejn il-Prefettura ta' Shizuoka u dik ta' Yamanashi. Madwarha hemm erba' bliet żgħar: Gotemba fil-Lvant, Fujiyoshida fit-Tramuntana, Fujinomiya fil-Lbiċ, u l-belt ta' Fuji fin-Nofsinhar. Il-muntanja hija mdawra b'ħames lagi: il-Lag Kawaguchi, il-Lag Yamanaka, il-Lag Sai, il-Lag Motosu u l-Lag Shōji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283030|titlu=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Fujisan|sit=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawn l-erba' lagi, flimkien mal-Lag Ashi fil-qrib, jipprovdu veduti xeniċi tal-muntanja. Il-vulkan huwa parti mill-Park Nazzjonali ta' Fuji-Hakone-Izu. Wieħed jista' jarah mill-bogħod minn [[Yokohama]], Tokjo, u xi kultant saħansitra minn Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki u l-Lag Hamana meta t-temp ikun bnazzi. Ittieħdu ritratti tal-vulkan mill-ispazju matul missjuni bix-shuttle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210234251/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-107/html/s107e05690.html|titlu=Photo-s107e05690|data=2003-02-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Klima ===
Il-quċċata ta' Fuji għandha klima tat-tundra (skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta' Köppen: ''ET''). It-temperatura tkun baxxa ħafna f'altitudni għolja, u l-kon ikun miksi bil-borra għal diversi xhur fis-sena. L-iżjed temperatura baxxa li qatt ġiet irreġistrata kienet −38.0 °C (−36.4 °F) fi Frar 1981, u l-ogħla temperatura rreġistrata kienet 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) f'Awwissu 1942.
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |''Data'' klimatika ta' Fuji (1991-2020, temperaturi normali u estremi mill-1932 sa issa)
|-
!Xahar
!Jan
!Fra
!Mar
!Apr
!Mej
!Ġun
!Lul
!Aww
!Set
!Ott
!Nov
!Diċ
!Sena
|-
!Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F)
|−1.7
(28.9)
|0.0
(32.0)
|1.0
(33.8)
|4.7
(40.5)
|12.2
(54.0)
|12.3
(54.1)
|17.4
(63.3)
|17.8
(64.0)
|16.3
(61.3)
|14.0
(57.2)
|6.9
(44.4)
|3.6
(38.5)
|17.8
(64.0)
|-
!Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F)
|−15.3
(4.5)
|−14.3
(6.3)
|−10.9
(12.4)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−0.6
(30.9)
|4.0
(39.2)
|8.0
(46.4)
|9.5
(49.1)
|6.5
(43.7)
|0.7
(33.3)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−3.0
(26.6)
|-
!Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F)
|−18.2
(−0.8)
|−17.4
(0.7)
|−14.1
(6.6)
|−8.8
(16.2)
|−3.2
(26.2)
|1.4
(34.5)
|5.3
(41.5)
|6.4
(43.5)
|3.5
(38.3)
|−2.0
(28.4)
|−8.7
(16.3)
|−15.1
(4.8)
|−5.9
(21.4)
|-
!Temp. baxxa medja f'°C (°F)
|−21.4
(−6.5)
|−21.1
(−6.0)
|−17.7
(0.1)
|−12.2
(10.0)
|−6.3
(20.7)
|−1.4
(29.5)
|2.8
(37.0)
|3.8
(38.8)
|0.6
(33.1)
|−5.1
(22.8)
|−11.8
(10.8)
|−18.3
(−0.9)
|−9.0
(15.8)
|-
!Temp. baxxa rekord f'°C (°F)
|−37.3
(−35.1)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|−33.9
(−29.0)
|−27.8
(−18.0)
|−18.9
(−2.0)
|−13.1
(8.4)
|−6.9
(19.6)
|−4.3
(24.3)
|−10.8
(12.6)
|−19.5
(−3.1)
|−28.1
(−18.6)
|−33.0
(−27.4)
|−38.0
(−36.4)
|-
!Umdità relattiva medja (%)
|53
|56
|61
|63
|60
|70
|79
|75
|67
|53
|52
|52
|62
|-
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Sors: L-Aġenzija Meteoroloġika tal-Ġappun&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php?prec_no=49&amp;block_no=47639&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=|titlu=気象庁｜過去の気象データ検索|sit=www.data.jma.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ġeoloġija ==
[[Stampa:Mount Fuji Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg|daqsminuri|Mappa tar-riljievi ta' Fuji.]]
Fuji tinsab f'trunċiera fejn jiltaqgħu flimkien tliet plakek [[Ġeoloġija|ġeoloġiċi]]: il-Plakka Amurjana, il-Plakka ta' Okhotsk u l-Plakka tal-Baħar tal-[[Filippini]].&lt;ref&gt;Moores, Eldridge M.; Twiss, Robert J. (1995). ''Tectonics''. Waveland Press. p. 208. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4786-2199-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Dawn it-tliet plakek jiffurmaw il-parti tal-Punent tal-Ġappun, il-parti tal-Lvant tal-Ġappun, u l-[[Peniżola]] ta' Izu rispettivament.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Oguchi, Takashi; Oguchi, Chiaki (2010). Migon, Piotr (ed.). ''Mt. Fuji: The Beauty of a Symmetric Stratovolcano, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World''. Springer. pp. 303–309. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9789048130542&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Plakka Paċifika qed tisfronda bil-mod il-mod taħt dawn il-plakek, u dan jirriżulta f'attività vulkanika. Fuji tinsab ukoll ħdejn tliet arki ta' ġżejjer: l-Ark tal-Lbiċ tal-Ġappun, l-Ark tal-Grigal tal-Ġappun, u l-Ark ta' Izu-Bonin-Mariana.

Il-krater prinċipali ta' Fuji għandu dijametru ta' 780 metru (2,560 pied) u huwa fond 240 metru (790 pied). Il-qiegħ tal-krater għandu dijametru ta' 100-130 metru (330-430 pied). L-angoli tax-xaqlibiet mill-krater sa distanza ta' 1.5–2 kilometri (0.93–1.24 mil) huma ta' 31°-35°, li huwa l-angolu l-iktar wieqaf li fuqu jistrieħ iż-żrar niexef. Lil hinn minn din id-distanza, l-angoli tax-xaqlibiet huma ta' madwar 27°, li huma kkawżati minn żieda fil-blat ignew. L-angoli tax-xaqlibiet ta' nofs il-ġnub tal-vulkan jonqsu minn 23° għal inqas minn 10° lejn il-bażi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Fuji 3D.gif|xellug|daqsminuri|Animazzjoni tridimensjonali ta' Fuji żviluppata bid-''data'' SRTM.]]
Ix-xjenzati identifikaw erba' fażijiet distinti ta' attività vulkanika fil-formazzjoni ta' Fuji. L-ewwel fażi, imsejħa ''Sen-komitake'', hija magħmula mill-qalba tal-andesit li ġiet skoperta reċentement fil-fond tal-muntanja. Wara l-fażi ''Sen-komitake'' kien hemm il-fażi ''Komitake'' Fuji, fejn ifforma saff tal-bażalt diversi mijiet ta' eluf ta' snin ilu. Madwar 100,000 sena ilu, ''Fuji l-Antika'' ġiet iffurmata fuq il-quċċata ta' ''Komitake'' Fuji. ''Fuji l-Ġdida'', li hija l-muntanja kif nafuha llum il-ġurnata, x'aktarx li ffurmat fuq il-quċċata ta' ''Fuji l-Antika'' madwar 10,000 sena ilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/VRC/vrc/others/fujigeol.html|titlu=Fuji Geology|sit=www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Geologycal cross-section of Fuji.png|daqsminuri|263x263px|Mappa ġeoloġika trasversali ta' Fuji.]]
Il-vulkan ta' qabel il-fażi ''Komitake Fuji'' beda jiżbroffa fil-Plejstoċen Nofsani f'żona xi seba' kilometri (4.3 mili) fit-Tramuntana ta' Fuji. Wara pawża relattivament qasira, l-iżbroffar reġa' beda u fforma l-vulkan Komitake fl-istess post. Dan l-iżbroffar intemm 100,000 sena ilu. Il-vulkan Ashitake kien attiv minn 400,000 sa 100,000 sena ilu, u jinsab 20 kilometru (12-il mil) fix-Xlokk ta' Fuji. Il-vulkan Fuji beda jiżbroffa 100,000 sena ilu, u Ko-Fuji (Fuji l-Antika) iffurmat 100,000 sa 17,000 sena ilu, iżda issa tinsab kważi mirduma għalkollox. Ċediment kbir tal-art max-xaqliba tal-Lbiċ seħħ madwar 18,000 sena ilu. Żbroffar ta' Shin-Fuji (Fuji l-Ġdida) fil-forma ta' [[lava]], lapilli u rmied vulkaniku seħħ bejn 17,000 u 8,000 sena ilu, bejn 7,000 u 3,500 sena ilu, u bejn 4,000 u 2,000 sena ilu. L-iżbroffar laterali fix-xaqlibiet, l-iktar fil-forma ta' koni parassitiċi tal-irmied waqfu fl-1707. L-ikbar kon, Omuro-Yama, huwa wieħed minn iktar minn 100 kon allinjati NW-SE u NE-SW mal-quċċata. Barra minn hekk, il-vulkan Fuji għandu iktar minn 70 mina tal-lava u forom estensivi ta' fdalijiet tas-siġar fil-lava. Fil-widien Yoshida-Osawa u Osawa-Kuzure seħħew żewġ ċedimenti kbar tal-art.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Stampa:Hasshinpo of Mt.Fuji 40.jpg|daqsminuri|291x291px|Il-krater ta' Fuji.]]
Minn Diċembru 2002, il-vulkan ġie kklassifikat bħala attiv b'riskju baxx ta' żbroffar. L-aħħar żbroffar irreġistrat kien l-iżbroffar ta' Hōei li beda fis-16 ta' Diċembru 1707 u ntemm fl-1 ta' Jannar 1708.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html|titlu=●宝永四年（1707）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iżbroffar ifforma krater ġdid u t-tieni quċċata msejħa Hōei (għall-epoka Hōei), nofs triq 'l isfel mix-xaqliba tax-Xlokk ta' Fuji. Meta seħħ l-iżbroffar, l-irmied vulkaniku niżel qisu xita f'Izu, f'Kai, f'Sagami u f'Musashi.&lt;ref&gt;Hayashi Gahō (1834) [1652]. &quot;Siyun-sai Rin-siyo&quot;. ''Nipon o daï itsi ran or Annales des empereurs du Japon''. Translated by Titsingh, Isaac. [[Pariġi]]: Oriental Translation Society of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 416.&lt;/ref&gt; Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, ma kien hemm l-ebda sinjal ta' żbroffar. Madankollu, fil-15 ta' Marzu 2011 filgħaxija, kien hemm terremot qawwi ta' 6.2 mhux wisq fil-fond u ftit kilometri 'l bogħod min-naħa tan-Nofsinhar ta' Fuji. Iżda skont is-Servizz Meteoroloġiku Ġappuniż ma kien hemm l-ebda sinjal ta' żbroffar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212611/http://www.peoplestar.co.uk/index.html?news=508|titlu=6.0 Earthquake east of Tokyo, signs of Mt. Fujiyama unrest is possible|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Żbroffar irreġistrat ===
Madwar 11,000 sena ilu, ammont kbir ta' lava beda jiżbroffa min-naħa tal-Punent tal-quċċata ta' Fuji l-Antika. Din il-lava ffurmat lil Fuji l-Ġdida li hija l-formazzjoni aħħarija ta' Fuji. Minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn, il-qċaċet ta' Fuji l-Antika u ta' Fuji l-Ġdida jinsabu ħdejn xulxin. Madwar 2500-2800 sena ilu, il-parti ta' fuq ta' Fuji l-Antika kkawżat ċediment tal-art fuq skala kbira minħabba l-erożjoni, u fl-aħħar mill-aħħar baqgħet biss il-quċċata ta' Shin-Fuji. Hemm għaxar żbroffi magħrufa li ġew iddokumentati u rreġistrati b'mod affidabbli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/0index.html|titlu=歴史時代の富士山噴火史の再検討|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://pandoraboss.com/2021/10/08/all-about-mount-fuji/|titlu=All About Mount Fuji • PandorabossAll About Mount Fuji|kunjom=admin|data=2021-10-08|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Dati
!Noti
!Ref
|-
|Il-31 ta' Lulju 781
|L-iżbroffar ġie rreġistrat fix-''Shoku Nihongi'' u ssemma li &quot;niżel l-irmied&quot;, iżda ma hemmx iżjed dettalji oħra.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/781.html|titlu=●天応元年（781）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Il-11 ta' April – il-15 ta' Mejju 800 sat-13 ta' Frar 802
|In-''Nihon Kiryaku'' jiddikjara li matul l-ewwel fażi, is-smewwiet kienu skuri anke binhar. It-tieni fażi hija magħrufa min-''Nippon Kiseki'', li jsemmi li ż-żrar niżel qisu silġ mis-smewwiet.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/800.html|titlu=●延暦十九～二十一年（800～802）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ġunju–Settembru 864
Diċembru 865 – Jannar 866
|Iż-żewġ fażijiet ġew irreġistrati fin-''Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku''. Dan l-iżbroffar ħoloq tlieta mill-Ħames Lagi ta' Fuji: Motosu, Shōji u Saiko, minn lag wieħed li ġie sseparat minħabba l-fluss tal-lava.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/864.html|titlu=●貞観六～七年（864～866初頭）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Novembru 937
|Dan l-iżbroffar ġie rreġistrat fin-''Nihon Kiryaku''.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/937.html|titlu=●承平七年（937）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Marzu 999
|Ġie rreġistrat fil-''Honchō Seiki'' li fi [[Kjoto]] kienu waslu aħbarijiet dwar xi żbroffar, iżda ma hemmx dettalji oħra.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/999.html|titlu=●長保元年（999）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Jannar 1033
|Skont in-''Nihon Kiryaku'', l-aħbarijiet dwar dan l-iżbroffar waslu fi Kjoto xahrejn wara.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1033.html|titlu=●長元五年末（1033初頭）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Is-17 ta' April 1083
|L-unika dokumentazzjoni kontemporanja ta' dan l-iżbroffar saret minn patri [[Buddiżmu|Buddist]] u tinstab fil-''Fusō Ryakuki''. Kitbiet li saru wara jindikat li l-ħoss tal-iżbroffar seta' jinstema' minn Kjoto.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1083.html|titlu=●永保三年（1083）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bejn it-30 ta' Jannar 1435 u t-18 ta' Jannar 1436
|Dan l-iżbroffar ġie rreġistrat fl-''Ōdaiki'', ġrajja ta' kronaka miżmuma mill-patrijiet fis-Santwarju ta' Kubo Hachiman fil-belt ta' Yamanashi u tiddikjara li l-fjammi kienu viżibbli f'Fuji. Peress li ma jissemmiex id-duħħan, x'aktarx li kien żbroffar tat-tip ta' [[Hawaii]] (lava biss).
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita enċiklopedija|titlu=Shizuoka University|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_University&amp;oldid=1099510164|data-aċċess=2022-08-29|lingwa=en|data=|iktar=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Awwissu 1511
|Il-''Katsuyamaki'' (jew ''Myōhōjiki''), miktuba mill-patrijiet ta' Myōhō-ji f'Fujikawaguchiko, tindika li kien hemm in-nirien fil-vulkan Fuji dak iż-żmien, iżda peress li ma hemm l-ebda veġetazzjoni fil-post deskritt, x'aktar li kien hemm fluss tal-lava.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1511.html|titlu=●永正八年（1511）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Is-16 ta' Diċembru 1707
|L-iżbroffar ta' Hōei.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://sakuya.vulcania.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html|titlu=●宝永四年（1707）噴火|sit=sakuya.vulcania.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Periklu attwali ta' żbroffar ===
Wara t-terremot ta' Tōhoku fl-2011, kien hemm spekulazzjoni fil-mezzi tax-xandir li t-theżżiż seta' jwassal għal attività vulkanika fil-vulkan Fuji. F'Settembru 2012, mudelli [[Matematika|matematiċi]] maħluqa mill-Istitut tar-Riċerka Nazzjonali għax-Xjenza tad-Dinja u l-Prevenzjoni tad-Diżastri (NRIESDP) issuġġerew li l-pressjoni fil-kompartiment tal-magma ta' Fuji setgħet tkun 1.6 megapascal ogħla minn qabel l-aħħar żbroffar fl-1707. Dan ġie interpretat minn xi mezzi tax-xandir li xi żbroffar fil-vulkan Fuji seta' jseħħ b'mod imminenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Nast|isem1=Condé|titlu=Pressure in Mount Fuji is now higher than last eruption, warn experts|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mount-fuji|rivista=Wired UK|lingwa=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madankollu, peress li ma hemm l-ebda metodu magħruf ta' kejl dirett tal-pressjoni ta' kompartiment tal-magma ta' vulkan, il-kalkoli indiretti mwettqa mill-NRIESDP huma spekulattivi u mhux verifikabbli. Indikaturi oħra li jissuġġerixxu żieda fil-periklu ta' żbroffar, bħal fumaroli (xquq vulkaniċi li minnhom joħorġu gassijiet jaħarqu tal-kubrit) attivi u xi xquq skopruti reċentement, huma okkorenzi tipiċi f'dan it-tip ta' vulkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Klemetti|isem1=Erik|titlu=Doooom! The Perception of Volcano Research by the Media|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/doom-volcano-research-media/|rivista=Wired|lingwa=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foresta ta' Aokigahara ==
[[Stampa:Mount Ashiwada and Mount Fuji.jpg|daqsminuri|255x255px|Il-Foresta ta' Aokigahara bil-muntanji ta' Fuji u ta' Ashiwada fl-isfond.]]
Il-foresta fil-bażi tal-Majjistral tal-muntanja jisimha Aokigahara. Ġrajjiet u leġġendi [[Folklor|folkloristiċi]] jirrakkontaw li hemm fatati, xjaten, Yūrei u Yōkai fil-foresta, u fis-seklu 19, il-Foresta ta' Aokigahara kienet wieħed mill-bosta postijiet fejn il-familja foqra kienu jabbandunaw lit-tfal u lill-anzjani li ma setgħux jieħdu ħsieb iktar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japan-s-harvest-of-death-5368465.html|titlu=Japan's harvest of death|data=2000-10-23|sit=The Independent|lingwa=en|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-Foresta ta' Aokigahara hija t-tielet l-iktar post popolari fejn jitwettqu suwiċidji fid-dinja wara l-[[Pont ta' Golden Gate]] f'[[San Francisco]], l-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]], u l-Pont tax-Xmara f'[[Nanjing]], iċ-[[Ċina]]. Mis-snin 50 tas-seklu 20, iktar minn 500 ruħ mietu fil-foresta, l-iktar b'suwiċidju.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806040432/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/books/nonfiction/reviews/article_1070655.php/Book_Review_Cliffs_of_Despair_A_Journey_to_Suicides_Edge|titlu=Book Review: Cliffs of Despair A Journey to Suicide's Edge - Monsters and Critics|data=2012-08-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xi 30 suwiċidju jiġu magħduda kull sena, b'saħansitra kważi 80 wieħed fl-2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1373287/Japan-struggles-with-soaring-death-toll-in-Suicide-Forest.html|titlu=Japan struggles with soaring death toll in Suicide Forest|sit=www.telegraph.co.uk|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iż-żieda reċenti fl-għadd ta' suwiċidji ħeġġeġ lill-uffiċjali pubbliċi jwaħħlu tabelli biex jippruvaw jikkonvinċu lill-individwi li jkunu qed jaħsbuha biex iwettqu suwiċidju biex jerġgħu jaħsbuha, u xi kultant dawn il-messaġġi fuq it-tabelli kienu effettivi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://archive.ph/EdNzE|titlu=Sign saves lives of 29 suicidal people : National : DAILY YOMIURI ONL…|data=2008-03-02|sit=archive.ph|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-għadd ta' suwiċidji fl-imgħoddi donnu attira lin-nies fl-aħħar deċennji.&lt;ref&gt;Yoshitomo, Takahashi (Summer 1988). &quot;Aokigahara-jukai: Suicide and Amnesia in Mt. Fuji's Black Forest&quot;. ''Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior''. '''18''' (2): 164–75.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.seekjapan.jp/the-suicide-woods-of-mt-fuji/|titlu=The Suicide Woods of Mt. Fuji|data=2021-02-25|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ħafna min-nies li jżuru l-foresta jimmarkaw ir-rotot tagħhom billi jħallu biċċiet tat-tejp ikkuluriti tal-plastik tul ir-rotor, u dan ikkawża tħassib fost l-uffiċjali tal-prefetturi fir-rigward tal-ekosistema tal-foresta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506060315/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200805020328.html|titlu=asahi.com : Intruders tangle 'suicide forest' with tape - ENGLISH|data=2008-05-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trasport ==
L-eqreb ajruport b'servizz internazzjonali skedat huwa l-ajruport Shizuoka ta' Fuji li nfetaħ f'Ġunju 2009. Jinsab madwar 80 kilometru (50 mil) mill-vulkan Fuji. L-ajruporti internazzjonali maġġuri li jaqdu lill-belt ta' Tokjo, l-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Tokjo (l-Ajruport ta' Haneda) f'Tokyo u l-Ajruport Internazzjonali ta' Narita f'Chiba jinsabu madwar tliet sigħat u kwart 'il bogħod minn Fuji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204258/http://www.pref.shizuoka.jp/kuukou/contents/english/en_information.htm|titlu=Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport English|data=2008-05-16|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Avventura ==
[[Stampa:Fuji in the Mountains of Taisekiji LACMA M.2006.136.141a-b.jpg|daqsminuri|Veduta ta' Fuji mit-tempju ta' Taisekiji fuq blokka tal-injam tal-artist [[Katsushika Hokusai]].]]

=== Rotot tax-xabbaturi ===
Fl-2009 madwar 300,000 ruħ telgħu sal-quċċata ta' Fuji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.env.go.jp/park/fujihakone/topics/090917a.html|titlu=環境省_富士箱根伊豆国立公園_ニュース＆トピックス_【お知らせ】平成21年度の富士山登山者数について|sit=www.env.go.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-iżjed perjodu popolari li fih ix-xabbaturi jitilgħu sal-quċċata ta' Fuji huwa minn Lulju sa Awwissu, meta r-rifuġji u faċilitajiet oħra jkunu qed joperaw u t-temp ikun l-iktar sħun. Il-karozzi tal-linja li jwasslu sal-bidu tar-rotot li tipikament jintużaw mix-xabbaturi jibdew joperaw mill-1 ta' Lulju.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fujisan-climb.jp/en/season/index.html|titlu=Climbing Season {{!}} Read before climbing {{!}} Official Web Site for Mt. Fuji Climbing|sit=www.fujisan-climb.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wara għadd ta' mwiet ta' xabbaturi ta' profil għoli u temp tassew kiesaħ li normalment ikun qed jaħkem lil Fuji f'dak iż-żmien, il-perjodu minn Ottubru sa Mejju mhuwiex suġġerit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-d6flBDoQ8|titlu=Video: Climbing Mount Fuji, Japan in May (closed season) fuq Youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Ġappuniżi jitilgħu l-muntanja billejl biex jilħqu jaslu sal-quċċata jew fil-qrib meta meta titla' x-[[xemx]]. Id-dawl ta' filgħodu jissejjaħ 御来光 ''goraikō'', jiġifieri l-&quot;wasla tad-dawl&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita aħbar|kunjom=Glass|isem=Kathy|data=1990-08-26|titlu=Climbing Mount Fuji By Night|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/26/travel/climbing-mount-fuji-by-night.html|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Fuji illustration.jpeg|xellug|daqsminuri|Illustrazzjoni storika tar-rotot sal-quċċata ta' Fuji.]]
Hemm erba' rotot ewlenin li jwasslu sal-quċċata ta' Fuji, u kull waħda għandha stazzjonijiet bin-numri tul ir-rotta. Skont l-arloġġ mit-Tramuntana huma r-rotot Kawaguchiko, Subashiri, Gotemba u Fujinomiya. Ix-xabbaturi normalment jibdew fil-ħames stazzjon ta' kull rotta, peress li wieħed jista' jasal għalihom bil-[[karozza]] jew bil-karozza tal-linja. Il-quċċata hija l-għaxar stazzjon ta' kull rotta. L-istazzjonijiet fir-rotot differenti jinsabu f'elevazzjonijiet differenti; l-ogħla ħames stazzjon jinsab f'Fujinomiya, segwit minn dak ta' Yoshida, ta' Subashiri u ta' Gotemba. Hemm erba' rotot addizzjonali mill-bażi tal-muntanja li huma r-rotot Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama u Murayama.

Minkejja li għandha t-tieni l-ogħla ħames stazzjon, ir-rotta ta' Yoshida hija l-iżjed rotta popolari minħabba li għandha parkeġġ kbir għall-karozzi u bosta rifuġji kbar tal-muntanja fejn ix-xabbaturi jistgħu jistrieħu jew jissoġġornaw. Matul l-istaġun tas-sajf, il-biċċa l-kbir tal-kowċis turistiċi għat-tlugħ sal-quċċata ta' Fuji jaslu hemmhekk. It-tieni l-iktar popolari hija r-rotta ta' Fujinomiya, li għandha l-ogħla ħames stazzjon, segwita minn dawk ta' Subashiri u ta' Gotemba. It-tlugħ mill-ħames stazzjon il-ġdid ta' din ir-rotta normalment idum bejn ħames u seba' sigħat, filwaqt li l-inżul idum bejn tlieta u erba' sigħat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fujisan-climb.jp/en/trails/index.html|titlu=Mountain Trails {{!}} Read before climbing {{!}} Official Web Site for Mt. Fuji Climbing|sit=www.fujisan-climb.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Torii near the summit of mount Fuji 2015.jpg|daqsminuri|276x276px|Daħla ''Torii'' qrib il-quċċata ta' Fuji.]]
Minkejja li l-biċċa l-kbira tax-xabbaturi ma jitilgħux mir-rotot ta' Subashiri u ta' Gotemba, ħafna jinżlu minnhom minħabba li għandhom mogħdijiet fl-irmied. Mis-seba' stazzjon sa ħdejn il-ħames stazzjon, wieħed jista' jiġri 'l isfel minn dawn il-mogħdijiet fl-irmied f'madwar 30 minuta. Maġenb dawn ir-rotot, hemm ukoll rotot għat-tratturi. Dawn jintużaw għat-trasport tal-ikel u ta' materjali oħra lejn ir-rifuġji tal-muntanja. Peress li t-tratturi normalment jokkupaw il-biċċa l-kbira tal-wisa' ta' dawn il-mogħdijiet u jċaqilqu blat kbir mill-ġnub tal-mogħdijiet, dawn il-mogħdijiet għat-tratturi huma pprojbiti għax-xabbaturi. Minkejja dan, mhijiex l-ewwel darba li jkun hemm ċiklisti li jinżlu minnhom mill-quċċata bir-roti tal-muntanji u b'hekk ikunu ta' periklu għalihom u għal ħaddieħor.
[[Stampa:Summit of Mt. Fuji - panoramio.jpg|daqsminuri|256x256px|Il-quċċata ta' Fuji.]]
Fl-erba' rotot mill-bażi tal-muntanja hemm ukoll siti storiċi. Ir-rotta ta' Murayama hija l-eqdem rotta ta' Fuji u r-rotta ta' Yoshida għandha bosta santwarji antiki, djar tat-te u rifuġji. Dawn ir-rotot kulma jmur qed isiru popolari u qed jiġu rrestawrati, iżda ma tantx hija komuni li xabbatur jibda tiela' l-muntanja mill-bażi tagħha. Barra minn hekk, tul ir-rotta ta' Yoshida ntlemħu xi [[Ors|orsijiet]] ukoll.

Normalment ir-rifuġji fil-ħames stazzjon u iktar 'il fuq ikunu operattivi matul l-istaġun tax-xabbaturi bil-persunal preżenti, iżda r-rifuġji taħt il-ħames stazzjon normalment ma jkollhomx personal fihom. L-għadd ta' rifuġji miftuħa tul ir-rotot huma proporzjonali mal-għadd ta' xabbaturi — ir-rotta ta' Yoshida l-iktar li għandha filwaqt li dik ta' Gotemba l-inqas li għandha. Ir-rifuġji tul ir-rotta ta' Gotemba normalment jiftħu iktar tard u jagħlqu iktar kmieni minn dawk tar-rotta ta' Yoshida. Barra minn hekk, minħabba li Fuji hija wkoll park nazzjonali, huwa illegali li wieħed jikkampja 'l fuq mill-ħames stazzjon.

Hemm tmien qċaċet differenti madwar il-krater. L-ogħla punt fil-Ġappun, Ken-ga-mine, huwa l-post fejn kien hemm is-Sistema tar-Radar ta' Fuji (li ġiet sostitwita b'sistema awtomatizzata fl-2004). Ix-xabbaturi jistgħu jżuru kull waħda minn dawn il-qċaċet.

=== Paragliding ===
Il-punt ta' tluq ewlieni għal min jipprattika l-paragliding huwa qrib il-ħames stazzjon u l-parkeġġ tar-rotta ta' Gotemba, bejn il-qċaċet ta' Subashiri u ta' Hōei-zan fuq in-naħa tan-Nofsinhar tal-muntanja, apparti diversi postijiet oħra, dejjem skont id-direzzjoni tar-riħ. Diversi skejjel tal-paragliding jużaw ix-xaqliba wiesgħa tar-ramel/tal-ħaxix bejn il-parkeġġi tar-rotot ta' Gotemba u ta' Subashiri bħala għolja tat-taħriġ.

== Kultura ==

=== Mitoloġija Xintoista ===
[[Stampa:Outer shrine of Fujisan Hongu SengenTaisha (富士山本宮浅間大社) - panoramio.jpg|daqsminuri|Santwarju ta' barra ta' Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.]]
Fil-mitoloġija [[Xintoiżmu|Xintoista]], Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami'', fil-''Kojiki'')(国常立尊&lt;sup&gt;?&lt;/sup&gt;, ''Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto'', fin-''Nihon Shoki'') huwa wieħed miż-żewġ allat imwielda minn &quot;xi ħaġa bħall-qasab li nibet mill-ħamrija&quot; meta d-dinja kienet kaotika. Skont in-''Nihon Shoki'', Konohanasakuya-hime, il-mara ta' Ninigi, hija l-alla femminili ta' Fuji, u s-santwarju ta' Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha huwa ddedikat lilha.

Fil-qedem, il-muntanja kienet tiġi meqjuma mill-bogħod. Is-santwarju ta' Asama ġie stabbilit fl-għoljiet fil-bażi tal-muntanja biex inaffar l-iżbroffar. Fil-perjodu Heian (794-1185), l-attività vulkanika naqset u Fuji ntużat bħala bażi għax-Shugendō, [[reliġjon]] sinkretika li tikkombina l-qima tal-muntanja u l-[[Buddiżmu]]. Il-prattikanti tagħha bdew jixxabtu max-xaqlibiet tal-muntanja u sal-bidu tas-seklu 12, [[Matsudai Shonin]] kien stabbilixxa tempju fil-quċċata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.fujisan223.com/en/reason/|titlu=Mt. Fuji's selection as a cultural World Heritage site {{!}} The Complete Guide to Mt. Fuji|sit=www.fujisan223.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-Fuji-kō kien twemmin tal-perjodu Edo ċċentrat fuq il-muntanja u ġie stabbilit mill-axxetiku [[Hasegawa Kakugyō]] (1541-1646). Fil-qalba ta' dan it-twemmin kien hemm il-qima tal-muntanja bħala divinità femminili, u l-membri tat-twemmin kienu jiġu mħeġġa jixxabtu sal-quċċata. B'hekk kien jemmnu li kienu jitwieldu mill-ġdid, jiġu &quot;ppurifikati u... kapaċi jsibu l-kuntentizza&quot;. It-twemmin batta fil-perjodu Meiji u għalkemm għadu jippersisti sa llum il-ġurnata, ħafna drabi żvinta f'setet Xintoisti.&lt;ref&gt;Melton, J. Gordon. ''Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena.'' Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2008, p. 231.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Buddiżmu ===
Dawk li jemmnu fil-Buddiżmu Hokkeko tas-setta ta' Nichiren Shoshu jsostnu b'mod devot li l-mandala ta' Dai Gohonzon tagħti protezzjoni sovranaturali mid-divinitajiet Buddisti kontra l-possibbiltà tal-iżbroffar vulkaniku ta' Fuji permezz tar-ritwal ta' filgħodu ta' Ushitora Gongyo.

=== Kultura popolari ===
Bħala simbolu nazzjonali tal-pajjiż, il-muntanja ntużat f'diversi forom ta' arti bħal [[Pittura|pitturi]], blokok tal-injam (bħal ''Sitta u Tletin Veduta ta''' ''Fuji'' u ''100 Veduta ta' Fuji'' ta' Hokusai tas-snin 30 tas-seklu 19), [[Poeżija|poeżiji]], mużika, teatru, films, manga, anime, xogħol bil-fuħħar u saħansitra sottokultura Kawaii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.sunritz-hattori-museum.or.jp/masterpieces/index.html|titlu=収蔵品のご紹介 {{!}} サンリツ服部美術館|sit=www.sunritz-hattori-museum.or.jp|data-aċċess=2022-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qabel l-iżbroffar splussiv tal-vulkan fl-1980, il-muntanja St. Helens xi darba kienet magħrufa bħala ''l-Fuji tal-Amerka'', minħabba li kienet tixbah lil Fuji. Il-muntanja Taranaki / Egmont f'[[New Zealand]] jingħad li wkoll tixbah lil Fuji, u għal din ir-raġuni ntużat bħala alternattiva għal Fuji fil-films u fit-televiżjoni.

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Muntanji]]
[[Kategorija:Vulkani]]
[[Kategorija:Ġappun]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amerigo Vespucci (vapur għoli)</title>
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        <username>Trigcly</username>
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      <comment>Kontenut, stampi, kwotazzjonijiet u ħoloq</comment>
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      <text bytes="13541" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|daqsminuri|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' fil-port ta' [[Belt ta' New York|New York]] fl-1976.]]
L-'''''Amerigo Vespucci''''' huwa vapur għoli tat-tbaħħir tal-Flotta Navali Militari Taljana (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: ''Marina Militare'') li ngħata isem u kunjom l-esploratur [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. Huwa replika tax-xini li salpa lejn l-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]] fl-imgħoddi. Il-port ospitanti ewlieni tiegħu huwa dak ta' [[La Spezia]], l-[[Italja]], u jintuża għat-taħriġ tal-flotta navali militari. Il-motto tal-vapur (li saħansitra huwa miktub fuqu) huwa: ''Non chi comincia ma quel che persevera'' (Mhux min jibda jgħodd, iżda min jibqa' jirsisti).

== Storja ==
Fl-1925, ir-''Regia Marina'' ordnat żewġ vapuri tat-tbaħħir għat-taħriġ skont disinn tal-Ġeneral Logutenent [[Francesco Rotundi]] tal-Korp tal-Inġinerija tal-Flotta Navali Taljana, ispirat mill-istil tal-vapuri l-kbar b'74 kanun tal-aħħar tas-seklu 18 (bħall-vapur [[Napli|Naplitan]] ''Monarca''). L-ewwel vapur, imsejjaħ ''Cristoforo Colombo'', beda jopera fl-1928 u ntuża mill-Flotta Navali Taljana sal-1943. Wara [[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], dan il-vapur ingħata lill-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] bħala kumpens għall-gwerra u ftit wara ma baqax ibaħħar iktar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.naplesldm.com/criscol.php|titlu=Naples Life,Death &amp; Miracle|sit=www.naplesldm.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Sail 1980.ogv|xellug|daqsminuri|288x288px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' f'[[Amsterdam]], in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], fl-1980.]]
It-tieni vapur kien l-''Amerigo Vespucci'', li nbena fl-1930 fit-Tarzna Navali (li qabel kienet Irjali) ta' [[Castellammare di Stabia]] (Napli). Il-vapur ġie varat fit-22 ta' Frar 1931 u beda jopera f'Lulju ta' dik is-sena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122050/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Vespucci_ENG.aspx|titlu=Marina Militare|data=2014-10-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-bastiment għandu buq tal-azzar bi tliet arbli u bil-qlugħ imħaddmin kompletament bil-ħbula. Il-buq tiegħu huwa twil 82.4 metru (270 pied), u t-tul kumplessiv tal-bastiment huwa ta' 101 metru (331 pied) bil-pupress inkluż, filwaqt li l-wisa' kumplessiva tiegħu hija ta' 15.5-il metru (51 pied). Għandu pixka ta' madwar seba' metri (23 pied) u spostament (il-piż totali inkluż il-merkanzija) meta jkun mgħobbi kompletament ta' 4,146 tunnellata. Permezz tal-propulsjoni awżiljari bid-diżil u bl-elettriku, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jista' jlaħħaq veloċità ta' 10 knots (19-il kilometru fis-siegħa) b'medda ta' 5,450 mil nawtiku b'medja ta' 6.5 knots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207135249/http://www.port-of-rome.com/mare_vivo/vespucci.htm|titlu=Amerigo Vespucci|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It-tliet arbli tal-azzar huma għoljin 50, 54 u 43 metru rispettivament, u jġorru qlugħ b'erja totali ta' 2,824 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (30,400 pied kwadru). L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' għandu 26 qala' – qlugħ kwadri,  qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-veloċità, u qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-erja: il-qlugħ kollha huma tal-kanvas. Meta l-bastiment ikun qed ibaħħar f'kundizzjonijiet ta' baħar u ta' riħ qawwi jista' jilħaq veloċità ta' 12-il (22 kilometru fis-siegħa). Il-bastiment fih xi 30 kilometru ta' ħbula. Il-ħbula kollha tal-qlugħ huma ħbila tradizzjonali tal-qanneb; iċ-ċimi tal-irmiġġ biss huma sintetiċi biex il-bastiment ikun konformi mar-regolamenti tal-portijiet.

Il-buq huwa miżbugħ iswed b'żewġ strixxi bojod, li jibqgħu sejrin saż-żewġ gverti ewlenin tal-kanuni tal-bastiment li fuqhom huwa bbażat id-disinn, għalkemm l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jġorr żewġ kanuni tas-salut ta' sitt libbri kull wieħed biss fuq muntaturi li jduru fuq il-gverta, quddiem l-arblu prinċipali. It-tavluni tal-gverta huma tal-[[injam]] tat-tikk u jridu jinbidlu kull tliet snin. Il-pruwa u l-poppa huma mżejna b'tiżjin mirqum u l-bastiment għandu pulena ta' daqs ta' [[bniedem]] ta' Amerigo Vespucci. Il-gallerija tal-poppa hija aċċessibbli biss mill-kabina tal-kaptan.
[[Stampa:Amerigo Vespucci, Akershus Festning, Norway.jpg|daqsminuri|339x339px|L-Amerigo Vespucci rmiġġat fil-port ta' [[Oslo]], in-[[Norveġja]], fl-2005.]]
L-ekwipaġġ standard tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jinkludi 16-il uffiċjal, 70 uffiċjal mhux ikkummissjonati u 190 baħri. Fis-sajf, meta jitilgħu abbord il-kadetti tal-Akkademja Navali (bit-Taljan: ''Accademia Navale''), l-ekwipaġġ jitla' għal xi 450 ruħ.

Fl-1964, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke u bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip FIAT B 308 ESS li jaħdmu bid-diżil, li ssostitwew il-magni oriġinali 2-stroke b'sitt ċilindri tat-tip FIAT Q 426. Dawn il-magni kienu jiġġeneraw qawwa elettrika għal magna waħda bi propulsjoni elettrika li kienet tipproduċi sa madwar 1,471 kW (1,973 hp).

Wara xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar bejn l-2013 u l-2016, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi 12-il ċilindru tat-tip MTU, ta' 1,32 MW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip MTU, ta' 760 kW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'magna elettrika waħda tat-tip NIDEC (Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127010728/http://www.marina.difesa.it/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20151215_vespucci.aspx|titlu=Prima accensione dei nuovi motori. Nave Vespucci torna a far sentire la sua voce. - Marina Militare|data=2016-01-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011057/https://ambdublino.esteri.it/ambasciata_dublino/it/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2016/08/marina-militare-training-tall-ship.html|titlu=MARINA MILITARE: TRAINING TALL SHIP AMERIGO VESPUCCI WILL VISIT DUBLIN (IRELAND) FROM 10th TILL 13th AUGUST 2016|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waqt l-istess xogħlijiet, il-vapur ġie armat b'radar ġdid tat-tip GEM Elettronica AN/SPS-753(V)5 u b'antenna satellitari ġdida tat-tip ORBIT AL-7103.

Meta jkollu l-kadetti abbord, il-vapur normalment jiġi kkwartjat mill-istazzjon tat-tmun manwali fil-poppa, li jitħaddem permezz ta' erba' roti tal-ikkwartjar bi tnejn min-nies ma' kull rota. Fi żminijiet oħra jintuża t-tagħmir tal-ikkwartjar assistit b'mod idrawliku fuq il-briġġ. Għajr għall-winċ tal-ankra, il-winċijiet abbord mhumiex motorizzati. Il-briġġ huwa mgħammar bi strumenti elettroniċi moderni u sofistikati tan-navigazzjoni.

Ħlief fit-[[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' kien attiv b'mod kontinwu. Il-biċċa l-kbira tat-tbaħħir ta' taħriġ tiegħu jsir fl-ibħra [[Ewropa|Ewropej]], iżda baħħar ukoll lejn l-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u l-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], kif ukoll fl-[[Oċean Paċifiku]]. Fl-2002, il-bastiment wettaq vjaġġ madwar id-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

Fl-1960, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' ġarr it-torċa [[Logħob Olimpiku|Olimpika]] minn [[Piraeus]] sa [[Siracusa]] għal-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf]] li sar f'[[Ruma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.olympic-museum.de/torches/olympic-games-torch-1960.php|titlu=Torch Olympic Games 1960 Rome|sit=www.olympic-museum.de|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waqt li kien qed ibaħħar fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]] fl-1962, it-trasportatur tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] ''USS Independence'' teptep id-dawl lejn l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' u staqsa: &quot;Min inti?&quot; Il-vapur għoli armat bil-qlugħ kollha wieġeb: &quot;Il-vapur tat-taħriġ ''Amerigo Vespucci'' tal-Flotta Navali Taljana&quot;. Il-''USS'' ''Independence'' rrisponda: &quot;Inti l-isbaħ vapur fid-dinja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520081556/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/2012/10/09/APiJS5eD-bordo_della_vespucci.shtml|titlu=A bordo della Vespucci, la nave più bella del mondo {{!}} Liguria {{!}} Genova {{!}} Il Secolo XIX|data=2016-05-20|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' spiss jieħu sehem f'parati tat-tbaħħir u fi tlielaq tal-vapuri għoljin, fejn għandha rivalità amikevoli mal-''Gorch Fock''. Meta tkun sorġuta fil-port, normalment jiġu offruti żjarat pubbliċi fuq il-bastiment. Il-bastiment dar dawra mad-dinja fl-2003. Mill-2013, l-''Amerigo'' ''Vespucci'' sar jiddependi direttament fuq il-Kmandant Kap tal-Flotta Navali.

Mill-2013 sal-2016, il-bastiment sarulu bosta xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar. Fis-7 ta' Lulju 2018, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' wasal fil-port ta' [[Almeria]], [[Spanja]] għat-tielet darba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/amerigo-vespucci-entra-20180707225937-ntvo.html|titlu=El Amerigo Vespucci entra al puerto hoy en su tercera visita a Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708023237/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/buque-escuela-amerigo-20180708215533-ntvo.html|titlu=El buque escuela Amerigo Vespucci entra en el Puerto de Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel darba li żar dak il-port kien fl-1932&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; u t-tieni darba kien fl-1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010618/http://www.almeriahoy.com/2018/07/el-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-en-almeria.html|titlu=El 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca en Almería tras 29 años de su última visita {{!}} ALMERÍA HOY|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bastiment salpa mill-port fl-10 ta' Lulju 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040554/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3388386/0/puertos-buque-escuela-italiano-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-este-sabado-almeria-dentro-su-instruccion/|titlu=Puertos.- El buque escuela italiano 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca este sábado en Almería dentro de su instrucción|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imbagħad baħħar lejn [[Ponta Delgada]] fil-[[Gżejjer Ażores]], il-[[Portugall]], u qasam l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] sat-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2018/07/marina-militare-nave-vespucci/1120345/|titlu=Marina Militare: la Nave Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria da 7 al 10 Luglio - Meteo Web|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709132052/https://www.ladigetto.it/interno/forze-armate/77607-l-amerigo-vespucci-in-sosta-ad-almeria-dal-7-al-10-luglio.html|titlu=www.ladigetto.it - L'Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria dal 7 al 10 luglio|data=2018-07-09|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Le grand voilier Amerigo Vespucci (114).JPG|daqsminuri|239x239px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'', wara li sarulu xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar, fil-port ta' [[La Rochelle]], [[Franza]], fl-2018.]]
Mill-25 sat-28 ta' Awwissu 2022, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' rmiġġa fil-[[Il-Port il-Kbir|Port il-Kbir]], il-[[Valletta|Belt Valletta]], [[Malta]]. Il-bastiment salpa għall-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ minn [[Livorno]] fit-2 ta' Lulju 2022 u segwa rotta fil-Mediterran u l-Atlantiku, irmiġġa f'[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale|Palermo]], l-Italja, f'[[Tuneż]], it-[[Tuneżija]], fl-[[Alġier]], l-[[Alġerija]], f'[[Liżbona]], il-Portugall, f'[[Casablanca]], il-[[Marokk]], f'[[Cadiz]], Spanja, u fi [[Trapani]], l-Italja. Mill-Belt Valletta, il-bastiment irritorna l-Italja, fejn il-kadetti kkonkludew il-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/il-bastiment-amerigo-vespucci-jibda-waqfa-ta-3-ijiem-fmalta/|titlu=Il-bastiment Amerigo Vespucci jibda waqfa ta' 3 ijiem f'Malta|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi ==
Dawn huma xi speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'':&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221031/http://www.velaemotore.it/nuovo-tender-per-la-vespucci-vela-12610|titlu=NUOVO TENDER PER LA VESPUCCI - Vela e Motore|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Impjant tal-Bini tal-Vapuri: Cantiere Nautico Tagliapietra, [[Venezja]], l-Italja;
* Spostament: sitt tunnellati;
* Tul: 10 metri (32 pied u 10 pulzieri);
* Wisa': 2.6 metri (tmien piedi u sitt pulzieri);
* Propulsjoni: 2 magni FPT S30 ta' 170 hp (130 kW) kull waħda;
* Veloċità: 16-il knots (30 kilometru fis-siegħa);
* Medda: 180 mil nawtiku (330 km; 210 mil).

== Referenzi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="13568" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|daqsminuri|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' fil-port ta' [[Belt ta' New York|New York]] fl-1976.]]
L-'''''Amerigo Vespucci''''' huwa vapur għoli tat-tbaħħir tal-Flotta Navali Militari Taljana (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: ''Marina Militare'') li ngħata isem u kunjom l-esploratur [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. Huwa replika tax-xini li salpa lejn l-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]] fl-imgħoddi. Il-port ospitanti ewlieni tiegħu huwa dak ta' [[La Spezia]], l-[[Italja]], u jintuża għat-taħriġ tal-flotta navali militari. Il-motto tal-vapur (li saħansitra huwa miktub fuqu) huwa: ''Non chi comincia ma quel che persevera'' (Mhux min jibda jgħodd, iżda min jibqa' jirsisti).

== Storja ==
Fl-1925, ir-''Regia Marina'' ordnat żewġ vapuri tat-tbaħħir għat-taħriġ skont disinn tal-Ġeneral Logutenent [[Francesco Rotundi]] tal-Korp tal-Inġinerija tal-Flotta Navali Taljana, ispirat mill-istil tal-vapuri l-kbar b'74 kanun tal-aħħar tas-seklu 18 (bħall-vapur [[Napli|Naplitan]] ''Monarca''). L-ewwel vapur, imsejjaħ ''Cristoforo Colombo'', beda jopera fl-1928 u ntuża mill-Flotta Navali Taljana sal-1943. Wara [[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], dan il-vapur ingħata lill-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] bħala kumpens għall-gwerra u ftit wara ma baqax ibaħħar iktar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.naplesldm.com/criscol.php|titlu=Naples Life,Death &amp; Miracle|sit=www.naplesldm.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Sail 1980.ogv|xellug|daqsminuri|288x288px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' f'[[Amsterdam]], in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], fl-1980.]]
It-tieni vapur kien l-''Amerigo Vespucci'', li nbena fl-1930 fit-Tarzna Navali (li qabel kienet Irjali) ta' [[Castellammare di Stabia]] (Napli). Il-vapur ġie varat fit-22 ta' Frar 1931 u beda jopera f'Lulju ta' dik is-sena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122050/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Vespucci_ENG.aspx|titlu=Marina Militare|data=2014-10-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-bastiment għandu buq tal-azzar bi tliet arbli u bil-qlugħ imħaddmin kompletament bil-ħbula. Il-buq tiegħu huwa twil 82.4 metru (270 pied), u t-tul kumplessiv tal-bastiment huwa ta' 101 metru (331 pied) bil-pupress inkluż, filwaqt li l-wisa' kumplessiva tiegħu hija ta' 15.5-il metru (51 pied). Għandu pixka ta' madwar seba' metri (23 pied) u spostament (il-piż totali inkluż il-merkanzija) meta jkun mgħobbi kompletament ta' 4,146 tunnellata. Permezz tal-propulsjoni awżiljari bid-diżil u bl-elettriku, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jista' jlaħħaq veloċità ta' 10 knots (19-il kilometru fis-siegħa) b'medda ta' 5,450 mil nawtiku b'medja ta' 6.5 knots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207135249/http://www.port-of-rome.com/mare_vivo/vespucci.htm|titlu=Amerigo Vespucci|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It-tliet arbli tal-azzar huma għoljin 50, 54 u 43 metru rispettivament, u jġorru qlugħ b'erja totali ta' 2,824 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (30,400 pied kwadru). L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' għandu 26 qala' – qlugħ kwadri,  qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-veloċità, u qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-erja: il-qlugħ kollha huma tal-kanvas. Meta l-bastiment ikun qed ibaħħar f'kundizzjonijiet ta' baħar u ta' riħ qawwi jista' jilħaq veloċità ta' 12-il (22 kilometru fis-siegħa). Il-bastiment fih xi 30 kilometru ta' ħbula. Il-ħbula kollha tal-qlugħ huma ħbila tradizzjonali tal-qanneb; iċ-ċimi tal-irmiġġ biss huma sintetiċi biex il-bastiment ikun konformi mar-regolamenti tal-portijiet.

Il-buq huwa miżbugħ iswed b'żewġ strixxi bojod, li jibqgħu sejrin saż-żewġ gverti ewlenin tal-kanuni tal-bastiment li fuqhom huwa bbażat id-disinn, għalkemm l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jġorr żewġ kanuni tas-salut ta' sitt libbri kull wieħed biss fuq muntaturi li jduru fuq il-gverta, quddiem l-arblu prinċipali. It-tavluni tal-gverta huma tal-[[injam]] tat-tikk u jridu jinbidlu kull tliet snin. Il-pruwa u l-poppa huma mżejna b'tiżjin mirqum u l-bastiment għandu pulena ta' daqs ta' [[bniedem]] ta' Amerigo Vespucci. Il-gallerija tal-poppa hija aċċessibbli biss mill-kabina tal-kaptan.
[[Stampa:Amerigo Vespucci, Akershus Festning, Norway.jpg|daqsminuri|339x339px|L-Amerigo Vespucci rmiġġat fil-port ta' [[Oslo]], in-[[Norveġja]], fl-2005.]]
L-ekwipaġġ standard tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jinkludi 16-il uffiċjal, 70 uffiċjal mhux ikkummissjonati u 190 baħri. Fis-sajf, meta jitilgħu abbord il-kadetti tal-Akkademja Navali (bit-Taljan: ''Accademia Navale''), l-ekwipaġġ jitla' għal xi 450 ruħ.

Fl-1964, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke u bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip FIAT B 308 ESS li jaħdmu bid-diżil, li ssostitwew il-magni oriġinali 2-stroke b'sitt ċilindri tat-tip FIAT Q 426. Dawn il-magni kienu jiġġeneraw qawwa elettrika għal magna waħda bi propulsjoni elettrika li kienet tipproduċi sa madwar 1,471 kW (1,973 hp).

Wara xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar bejn l-2013 u l-2016, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi 12-il ċilindru tat-tip MTU, ta' 1,32 MW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip MTU, ta' 760 kW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'magna elettrika waħda tat-tip NIDEC (Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127010728/http://www.marina.difesa.it/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20151215_vespucci.aspx|titlu=Prima accensione dei nuovi motori. Nave Vespucci torna a far sentire la sua voce. - Marina Militare|data=2016-01-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011057/https://ambdublino.esteri.it/ambasciata_dublino/it/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2016/08/marina-militare-training-tall-ship.html|titlu=MARINA MILITARE: TRAINING TALL SHIP AMERIGO VESPUCCI WILL VISIT DUBLIN (IRELAND) FROM 10th TILL 13th AUGUST 2016|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waqt l-istess xogħlijiet, il-vapur ġie armat b'radar ġdid tat-tip GEM Elettronica AN/SPS-753(V)5 u b'antenna satellitari ġdida tat-tip ORBIT AL-7103.

Meta jkollu l-kadetti abbord, il-vapur normalment jiġi kkwartjat mill-istazzjon tat-tmun manwali fil-poppa, li jitħaddem permezz ta' erba' roti tal-ikkwartjar bi tnejn min-nies ma' kull rota. Fi żminijiet oħra jintuża t-tagħmir tal-ikkwartjar assistit b'mod idrawliku fuq il-briġġ. Għajr għall-winċ tal-ankra, il-winċijiet abbord mhumiex motorizzati. Il-briġġ huwa mgħammar bi strumenti elettroniċi moderni u sofistikati tan-navigazzjoni.

Ħlief fit-[[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' kien attiv b'mod kontinwu. Il-biċċa l-kbira tat-tbaħħir ta' taħriġ tiegħu jsir fl-ibħra [[Ewropa|Ewropej]], iżda baħħar ukoll lejn l-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u l-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], kif ukoll fl-[[Oċean Paċifiku]]. Fl-2002, il-bastiment wettaq vjaġġ madwar id-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

Fl-1960, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' ġarr it-torċa [[Logħob Olimpiku|Olimpika]] minn [[Piraeus]] sa [[Siracusa]] għal-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf]] li sar f'[[Ruma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.olympic-museum.de/torches/olympic-games-torch-1960.php|titlu=Torch Olympic Games 1960 Rome|sit=www.olympic-museum.de|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waqt li kien qed ibaħħar fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]] fl-1962, it-trasportatur tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] ''USS Independence'' teptep id-dawl lejn l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' u staqsa: &quot;Min inti?&quot; Il-vapur għoli armat bil-qlugħ kollha wieġeb: &quot;Il-vapur tat-taħriġ ''Amerigo Vespucci'' tal-Flotta Navali Taljana&quot;. Il-''USS'' ''Independence'' rrisponda: &quot;Inti l-isbaħ vapur fid-dinja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520081556/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/2012/10/09/APiJS5eD-bordo_della_vespucci.shtml|titlu=A bordo della Vespucci, la nave più bella del mondo {{!}} Liguria {{!}} Genova {{!}} Il Secolo XIX|data=2016-05-20|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' spiss jieħu sehem f'parati tat-tbaħħir u fi tlielaq tal-vapuri għoljin, fejn għandha rivalità amikevoli mal-''Gorch Fock''. Meta tkun sorġuta fil-port, normalment jiġu offruti żjarat pubbliċi fuq il-bastiment. Il-bastiment dar dawra mad-dinja fl-2003. Mill-2013, l-''Amerigo'' ''Vespucci'' sar jiddependi direttament fuq il-Kmandant Kap tal-Flotta Navali.

Mill-2013 sal-2016, il-bastiment sarulu bosta xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar. Fis-7 ta' Lulju 2018, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' wasal fil-port ta' [[Almeria]], [[Spanja]] għat-tielet darba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/amerigo-vespucci-entra-20180707225937-ntvo.html|titlu=El Amerigo Vespucci entra al puerto hoy en su tercera visita a Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708023237/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/buque-escuela-amerigo-20180708215533-ntvo.html|titlu=El buque escuela Amerigo Vespucci entra en el Puerto de Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel darba li żar dak il-port kien fl-1932&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; u t-tieni darba kien fl-1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010618/http://www.almeriahoy.com/2018/07/el-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-en-almeria.html|titlu=El 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca en Almería tras 29 años de su última visita {{!}} ALMERÍA HOY|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bastiment salpa mill-port fl-10 ta' Lulju 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040554/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3388386/0/puertos-buque-escuela-italiano-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-este-sabado-almeria-dentro-su-instruccion/|titlu=Puertos.- El buque escuela italiano 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca este sábado en Almería dentro de su instrucción|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imbagħad baħħar lejn [[Ponta Delgada]] fil-[[Gżejjer Ażores]], il-[[Portugall]], u qasam l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] sat-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2018/07/marina-militare-nave-vespucci/1120345/|titlu=Marina Militare: la Nave Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria da 7 al 10 Luglio - Meteo Web|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709132052/https://www.ladigetto.it/interno/forze-armate/77607-l-amerigo-vespucci-in-sosta-ad-almeria-dal-7-al-10-luglio.html|titlu=www.ladigetto.it - L'Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria dal 7 al 10 luglio|data=2018-07-09|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Le grand voilier Amerigo Vespucci (114).JPG|daqsminuri|239x239px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'', wara li sarulu xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar, fil-port ta' [[La Rochelle]], [[Franza]], fl-2018.]]
Mill-25 sat-28 ta' Awwissu 2022, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' rmiġġa fil-[[Il-Port il-Kbir|Port il-Kbir]], il-[[Valletta|Belt Valletta]], [[Malta]]. Il-bastiment salpa għall-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ minn [[Livorno]] fit-2 ta' Lulju 2022 u segwa rotta fil-Mediterran u l-Atlantiku, irmiġġa f'[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale|Palermo]], l-Italja, f'[[Tuneż]], it-[[Tuneżija]], fl-[[Alġier]], l-[[Alġerija]], f'[[Liżbona]], il-Portugall, f'[[Casablanca]], il-[[Marokk]], f'[[Cadiz]], Spanja, u fi [[Trapani]], l-Italja. Mill-Belt Valletta, il-bastiment irritorna l-Italja, fejn il-kadetti kkonkludew il-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ tagħhom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/il-bastiment-amerigo-vespucci-jibda-waqfa-ta-3-ijiem-fmalta/|titlu=Il-bastiment Amerigo Vespucci jibda waqfa ta' 3 ijiem f'Malta|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi ==
Dawn huma xi speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'':&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221031/http://www.velaemotore.it/nuovo-tender-per-la-vespucci-vela-12610|titlu=NUOVO TENDER PER LA VESPUCCI - Vela e Motore|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Impjant tal-Bini tal-Vapuri: Cantiere Nautico Tagliapietra, [[Venezja]], l-Italja;
* Spostament: sitt tunnellati;
* Tul: 10 metri (32 pied u 10 pulzieri);
* Wisa': 2.6 metri (tmien piedi u sitt pulzieri);
* Propulsjoni: 2 magni FPT S30 ta' 170 hp (130 kW) kull waħda;
* Veloċità: 16-il knots (30 kilometru fis-siegħa);
* Medda: 180 mil nawtiku (330 km; 210 mil).

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Bastimenti]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13793" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|daqsminuri|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' fil-port ta' [[Belt ta' New York|New York]] fl-1976.]]
L-'''''Amerigo Vespucci''''' huwa vapur għoli tat-tbaħħir tal-Flotta Navali Militari Taljana (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: ''Marina Militare'') li ngħata isem u kunjom l-esploratur [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. Huwa replika tax-xini li salpa lejn l-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]] fl-imgħoddi. Il-port ospitanti ewlieni tiegħu huwa dak ta' [[La Spezia]], l-[[Italja]], u jintuża għat-taħriġ tal-flotta navali militari. Il-motto tal-vapur (li saħansitra huwa miktub fuqu) huwa: ''Non chi comincia ma quel che persevera'' (Mhux min jibda jgħodd, iżda min jibqa' jirsisti).

== Storja ==
Fl-1925, ir-''Regia Marina'' ordnat żewġ vapuri tat-tbaħħir għat-taħriġ skont disinn tal-Ġeneral Logutenent [[Francesco Rotundi]] tal-Korp tal-Inġinerija tal-Flotta Navali Taljana, ispirat mill-istil tal-vapuri l-kbar b'74 kanun tal-aħħar tas-seklu 18 (bħall-vapur [[Napli|Naplitan]] ''Monarca''). L-ewwel vapur, imsejjaħ ''Cristoforo Colombo'', beda jopera fl-1928 u ntuża mill-Flotta Navali Taljana sal-1943. Wara [[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], dan il-vapur ingħata lill-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] bħala kumpens għall-gwerra u ftit wara ma baqax ibaħħar iktar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.naplesldm.com/criscol.php|titlu=Naples Life,Death &amp; Miracle|sit=www.naplesldm.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Sail 1980.ogv|xellug|daqsminuri|288x288px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' f'[[Amsterdam]], in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], fl-1980.]]
It-tieni vapur kien l-''Amerigo Vespucci'', li nbena fl-1930 fit-Tarzna Navali (li qabel kienet Irjali) ta' [[Castellammare di Stabia]] (Napli). Il-vapur ġie varat fit-22 ta' Frar 1931 u beda jopera f'Lulju ta' dik is-sena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122050/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Vespucci_ENG.aspx|titlu=Marina Militare|data=2014-10-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-bastiment għandu buq tal-azzar bi tliet arbli u bil-qlugħ imħaddmin kompletament bil-ħbula. Il-buq tiegħu huwa twil 82.4 metru (270 pied), u t-tul kumplessiv tal-bastiment huwa ta' 101 metru (331 pied) bil-pupress inkluż, filwaqt li l-wisa' kumplessiva tiegħu hija ta' 15.5-il metru (51 pied). Għandu pixka ta' madwar seba' metri (23 pied) u spostament (il-piż totali inkluż il-merkanzija) meta jkun mgħobbi kompletament ta' 4,146 tunnellata. Permezz tal-propulsjoni awżiljari bid-diżil u bl-elettriku, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jista' jlaħħaq veloċità ta' 10 knots (19-il kilometru fis-siegħa) b'medda ta' 5,450 mil nawtiku b'medja ta' 6.5 knots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207135249/http://www.port-of-rome.com/mare_vivo/vespucci.htm|titlu=Amerigo Vespucci|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It-tliet arbli tal-azzar huma għoljin 50, 54 u 43 metru rispettivament, u jġorru qlugħ b'erja totali ta' 2,824 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (30,400 pied kwadru). L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' għandu 26 qala' – qlugħ kwadri,  qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-veloċità, u qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-erja: il-qlugħ kollha huma tal-kanvas. Meta l-bastiment ikun qed ibaħħar f'kundizzjonijiet ta' baħar u ta' riħ qawwi jista' jilħaq veloċità ta' 12-il (22 kilometru fis-siegħa). Il-bastiment fih xi 30 kilometru ta' ħbula. Il-ħbula kollha tal-qlugħ huma ħbila tradizzjonali tal-qanneb; iċ-ċimi tal-irmiġġ biss huma sintetiċi biex il-bastiment ikun konformi mar-regolamenti tal-portijiet.

Il-buq huwa miżbugħ iswed b'żewġ strixxi bojod, li jibqgħu sejrin saż-żewġ gverti ewlenin tal-kanuni tal-bastiment li fuqhom huwa bbażat id-disinn, għalkemm l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jġorr żewġ kanuni tas-salut ta' sitt libbri kull wieħed biss fuq muntaturi li jduru fuq il-gverta, quddiem l-arblu prinċipali. It-tavluni tal-gverta huma tal-[[injam]] tat-tikk u jridu jinbidlu kull tliet snin. Il-pruwa u l-poppa huma mżejna b'tiżjin mirqum u l-bastiment għandu pulena ta' daqs ta' [[bniedem]] ta' Amerigo Vespucci. Il-gallerija tal-poppa hija aċċessibbli biss mill-kabina tal-kaptan.
[[Stampa:Amerigo Vespucci, Akershus Festning, Norway.jpg|daqsminuri|339x339px|L-Amerigo Vespucci rmiġġat fil-port ta' [[Oslo]], in-[[Norveġja]], fl-2005.]]
L-ekwipaġġ standard tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jinkludi 16-il uffiċjal, 70 uffiċjal mhux ikkummissjonati u 190 baħri. Fis-sajf, meta jitilgħu abbord il-kadetti tal-Akkademja Navali (bit-Taljan: ''Accademia Navale''), l-ekwipaġġ jitla' għal xi 450 ruħ.

Fl-1964, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke u bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip FIAT B 308 ESS li jaħdmu bid-diżil, li ssostitwew il-magni oriġinali 2-stroke b'sitt ċilindri tat-tip FIAT Q 426. Dawn il-magni kienu jiġġeneraw qawwa elettrika għal magna waħda bi propulsjoni elettrika li kienet tipproduċi sa madwar 1,471 kW (1,973 hp).

Wara xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar bejn l-2013 u l-2016, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi 12-il ċilindru tat-tip MTU, ta' 1,32 MW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip MTU, ta' 760 kW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'magna elettrika waħda tat-tip NIDEC (Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127010728/http://www.marina.difesa.it/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20151215_vespucci.aspx|titlu=Prima accensione dei nuovi motori. Nave Vespucci torna a far sentire la sua voce. - Marina Militare|data=2016-01-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011057/https://ambdublino.esteri.it/ambasciata_dublino/it/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2016/08/marina-militare-training-tall-ship.html|titlu=MARINA MILITARE: TRAINING TALL SHIP AMERIGO VESPUCCI WILL VISIT DUBLIN (IRELAND) FROM 10th TILL 13th AUGUST 2016|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waqt l-istess xogħlijiet, il-vapur ġie armat b'radar ġdid tat-tip GEM Elettronica AN/SPS-753(V)5 u b'antenna satellitari ġdida tat-tip ORBIT AL-7103.

Meta jkollu l-kadetti abbord, il-vapur normalment jiġi kkwartjat mill-istazzjon tat-tmun manwali fil-poppa, li jitħaddem permezz ta' erba' roti tal-ikkwartjar bi tnejn min-nies ma' kull rota. Fi żminijiet oħra jintuża t-tagħmir tal-ikkwartjar assistit b'mod idrawliku fuq il-briġġ. Għajr għall-winċ tal-ankra, il-winċijiet abbord mhumiex motorizzati. Il-briġġ huwa mgħammar bi strumenti elettroniċi moderni u sofistikati tan-navigazzjoni.

Ħlief fit-[[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' kien attiv b'mod kontinwu. Il-biċċa l-kbira tat-tbaħħir ta' taħriġ tiegħu jsir fl-ibħra [[Ewropa|Ewropej]], iżda baħħar ukoll lejn l-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u l-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], kif ukoll fl-[[Oċean Paċifiku]]. Fl-2002, il-bastiment wettaq vjaġġ madwar id-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

Fl-1960, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' ġarr it-torċa [[Logħob Olimpiku|Olimpika]] minn [[Piraeus]] sa [[Siracusa]] għal-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf]] li sar f'[[Ruma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.olympic-museum.de/torches/olympic-games-torch-1960.php|titlu=Torch Olympic Games 1960 Rome|sit=www.olympic-museum.de|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waqt li kien qed ibaħħar fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]] fl-1962, it-trasportatur tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] ''USS Independence'' teptep id-dawl lejn l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' u staqsa: &quot;Min inti?&quot; Il-vapur għoli armat bil-qlugħ kollha wieġeb: &quot;Il-vapur tat-taħriġ ''Amerigo Vespucci'' tal-Flotta Navali Taljana&quot;. Il-''USS'' ''Independence'' rrisponda: &quot;Inti l-isbaħ vapur fid-dinja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520081556/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/2012/10/09/APiJS5eD-bordo_della_vespucci.shtml|titlu=A bordo della Vespucci, la nave più bella del mondo {{!}} Liguria {{!}} Genova {{!}} Il Secolo XIX|data=2016-05-20|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' spiss jieħu sehem f'parati tat-tbaħħir u fi tlielaq tal-vapuri għoljin, fejn għandha rivalità amikevoli mal-''Gorch Fock''. Meta tkun sorġuta fil-port, normalment jiġu offruti żjarat pubbliċi fuq il-bastiment. Il-bastiment dar dawra mad-dinja fl-2003. Mill-2013, l-''Amerigo'' ''Vespucci'' sar jiddependi direttament fuq il-Kmandant Kap tal-Flotta Navali.

Mill-2013 sal-2016, il-bastiment sarulu bosta xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar. Fis-7 ta' Lulju 2018, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' wasal fil-port ta' [[Almeria]], [[Spanja]] għat-tielet darba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/amerigo-vespucci-entra-20180707225937-ntvo.html|titlu=El Amerigo Vespucci entra al puerto hoy en su tercera visita a Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708023237/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/buque-escuela-amerigo-20180708215533-ntvo.html|titlu=El buque escuela Amerigo Vespucci entra en el Puerto de Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel darba li żar dak il-port kien fl-1932&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; u t-tieni darba kien fl-1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010618/http://www.almeriahoy.com/2018/07/el-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-en-almeria.html|titlu=El 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca en Almería tras 29 años de su última visita {{!}} ALMERÍA HOY|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bastiment salpa mill-port fl-10 ta' Lulju 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040554/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3388386/0/puertos-buque-escuela-italiano-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-este-sabado-almeria-dentro-su-instruccion/|titlu=Puertos.- El buque escuela italiano 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca este sábado en Almería dentro de su instrucción|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imbagħad baħħar lejn [[Ponta Delgada]] fil-[[Gżejjer Ażores]], il-[[Portugall]], u qasam l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] sat-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2018/07/marina-militare-nave-vespucci/1120345/|titlu=Marina Militare: la Nave Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria da 7 al 10 Luglio - Meteo Web|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709132052/https://www.ladigetto.it/interno/forze-armate/77607-l-amerigo-vespucci-in-sosta-ad-almeria-dal-7-al-10-luglio.html|titlu=www.ladigetto.it - L'Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria dal 7 al 10 luglio|data=2018-07-09|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Le grand voilier Amerigo Vespucci (114).JPG|daqsminuri|239x239px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'', wara li sarulu xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar, fil-port ta' [[La Rochelle]], [[Franza]], fl-2018.]]
Mill-25 sat-28 ta' Awwissu 2022, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' rmiġġa fil-[[Il-Port il-Kbir|Port il-Kbir]], il-[[Valletta|Belt Valletta]], [[Malta]]. Il-bastiment salpa għall-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ minn [[Livorno]] fit-2 ta' Lulju 2022 u segwa rotta fil-Mediterran u l-Atlantiku, irmiġġa f'[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale|Palermo]], l-Italja, f'[[Tuneż]], it-[[Tuneżija]], fl-[[Alġier]], l-[[Alġerija]], f'[[Liżbona]], il-Portugall, f'[[Casablanca]], il-[[Marokk]], f'[[Cadiz]], Spanja, u fi [[Trapani]], l-Italja. Mill-Belt Valletta, il-bastiment irritorna l-Italja, fejn il-kadetti kkonkludew il-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ tagħhom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/il-bastiment-amerigo-vespucci-jibda-waqfa-ta-3-ijiem-fmalta/|titlu=Il-bastiment Amerigo Vespucci jibda waqfa ta' 3 ijiem f'Malta|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan il-bastiment ilu ambaxxatur tal-[[UNICEF]] minn Settembru 2007, u ngħata wkoll il-bandiera tad-Deċennju tax-[[Xjenza]] tal-Oċeani tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|Nazzjonijiet Uniti]] mill-[[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi ==
Dawn huma xi speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'':&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221031/http://www.velaemotore.it/nuovo-tender-per-la-vespucci-vela-12610|titlu=NUOVO TENDER PER LA VESPUCCI - Vela e Motore|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Impjant tal-Bini tal-Vapuri: Cantiere Nautico Tagliapietra, [[Venezja]], l-Italja;
* Spostament: sitt tunnellati;
* Tul: 10 metri (32 pied u 10 pulzieri);
* Wisa': 2.6 metri (tmien piedi u sitt pulzieri);
* Propulsjoni: 2 magni FPT S30 ta' 170 hp (130 kW) kull waħda;
* Veloċità: 16-il knots (30 kilometru fis-siegħa);
* Medda: 180 mil nawtiku (330 km; 210 mil).

== Referenzi ==

[[Kategorija:Bastimenti]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13829" xml:space="preserve">[[Stampa:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|daqsminuri|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' fil-port ta' [[Belt ta' New York|New York]] fl-1976.]]
L-'''''Amerigo Vespucci''''' huwa vapur għoli tat-tbaħħir tal-Flotta Navali Militari Taljana (bit-[[Lingwa Taljana|Taljan]]: ''Marina Militare'') li ngħata isem u kunjom l-esploratur [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. Huwa replika tax-xini li salpa lejn l-[[Stati Uniti|Amerka]] fl-imgħoddi. Il-port ospitanti ewlieni tiegħu huwa dak ta' [[La Spezia]], l-[[Italja]], u jintuża għat-taħriġ tal-flotta navali militari. Il-motto tal-vapur (li saħansitra huwa miktub fuqu) huwa: ''Non chi comincia ma quel che persevera'' (Mhux min jibda jgħodd, iżda min jibqa' jirsisti).

== Storja ==
Fl-1925, ir-''Regia Marina'' ordnat żewġ vapuri tat-tbaħħir għat-taħriġ skont disinn tal-Ġeneral Logutenent [[Francesco Rotundi]] tal-Korp tal-Inġinerija tal-Flotta Navali Taljana, ispirat mill-istil tal-vapuri l-kbar b'74 kanun tal-aħħar tas-seklu 18 (bħall-vapur [[Napli|Naplitan]] ''Monarca''). L-ewwel vapur, imsejjaħ ''Cristoforo Colombo'', beda jopera fl-1928 u ntuża mill-Flotta Navali Taljana sal-1943. Wara [[Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], dan il-vapur ingħata lill-[[Unjoni Sovjetika]] bħala kumpens għall-gwerra u ftit wara ma baqax ibaħħar iktar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=http://www.naplesldm.com/criscol.php|titlu=Naples Life,Death &amp; Miracle|sit=www.naplesldm.com|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Sail 1980.ogv|xellug|daqsminuri|288x288px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' f'[[Amsterdam]], in-[[Pajjiżi l-Baxxi|Netherlands]], fl-1980.]]
It-tieni vapur kien l-''Amerigo Vespucci'', li nbena fl-1930 fit-Tarzna Navali (li qabel kienet Irjali) ta' [[Castellammare di Stabia]] (Napli). Il-vapur ġie varat fit-22 ta' Frar 1931 u beda jopera f'Lulju ta' dik is-sena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122050/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Vespucci_ENG.aspx|titlu=Marina Militare|data=2014-10-06|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Il-bastiment għandu buq tal-azzar bi tliet arbli u bil-qlugħ imħaddmin kompletament bil-ħbula. Il-buq tiegħu huwa twil 82.4 metru (270 pied), u t-tul kumplessiv tal-bastiment huwa ta' 101 metru (331 pied) bil-pupress inkluż, filwaqt li l-wisa' kumplessiva tiegħu hija ta' 15.5-il metru (51 pied). Għandu pixka ta' madwar seba' metri (23 pied) u spostament (il-piż totali inkluż il-merkanzija) meta jkun mgħobbi kompletament ta' 4,146 tunnellata. Permezz tal-propulsjoni awżiljari bid-diżil u bl-elettriku, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jista' jlaħħaq veloċità ta' 10 knots (19-il kilometru fis-siegħa) b'medda ta' 5,450 mil nawtiku b'medja ta' 6.5 knots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207135249/http://www.port-of-rome.com/mare_vivo/vespucci.htm|titlu=Amerigo Vespucci|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It-tliet arbli tal-azzar huma għoljin 50, 54 u 43 metru rispettivament, u jġorru qlugħ b'erja totali ta' 2,824 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (30,400 pied kwadru). L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' għandu 26 qala' – qlugħ kwadri,  qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-veloċità, u qlugħ triangolari għaż-żieda tal-erja: il-qlugħ kollha huma tal-kanvas. Meta l-bastiment ikun qed ibaħħar f'kundizzjonijiet ta' baħar u ta' riħ qawwi jista' jilħaq veloċità ta' 12-il (22 kilometru fis-siegħa). Il-bastiment fih xi 30 kilometru ta' ħbula. Il-ħbula kollha tal-qlugħ huma ħbila tradizzjonali tal-qanneb; iċ-ċimi tal-irmiġġ biss huma sintetiċi biex il-bastiment ikun konformi mar-regolamenti tal-portijiet.

Il-buq huwa miżbugħ iswed b'żewġ strixxi bojod, li jibqgħu sejrin saż-żewġ gverti ewlenin tal-kanuni tal-bastiment li fuqhom huwa bbażat id-disinn, għalkemm l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jġorr żewġ kanuni tas-salut ta' sitt libbri kull wieħed biss fuq muntaturi li jduru fuq il-gverta, quddiem l-arblu prinċipali. It-tavluni tal-gverta huma tal-[[injam]] tat-tikk u jridu jinbidlu kull tliet snin. Il-pruwa u l-poppa huma mżejna b'tiżjin mirqum u l-bastiment għandu pulena ta' daqs ta' [[bniedem]] ta' Amerigo Vespucci. Il-gallerija tal-poppa hija aċċessibbli biss mill-kabina tal-kaptan.
[[Stampa:Amerigo Vespucci, Akershus Festning, Norway.jpg|daqsminuri|339x339px|L-Amerigo Vespucci rmiġġat fil-port ta' [[Oslo]], in-[[Norveġja]], fl-2005.]]
L-ekwipaġġ standard tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'' jinkludi 16-il uffiċjal, 70 uffiċjal mhux ikkummissjonati u 190 baħri. Fis-sajf, meta jitilgħu abbord il-kadetti tal-Akkademja Navali (bit-Taljan: ''Accademia Navale''), l-ekwipaġġ jitla' għal xi 450 ruħ.

Fl-1964, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke u bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip FIAT B 308 ESS li jaħdmu bid-diżil, li ssostitwew il-magni oriġinali 2-stroke b'sitt ċilindri tat-tip FIAT Q 426. Dawn il-magni kienu jiġġeneraw qawwa elettrika għal magna waħda bi propulsjoni elettrika li kienet tipproduċi sa madwar 1,471 kW (1,973 hp).

Wara xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar bejn l-2013 u l-2016, il-vapur ġie armat b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi 12-il ċilindru tat-tip MTU, ta' 1,32 MW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'żewġ magni 4-stroke bi tmien ċilindri tat-tip MTU, ta' 760 kW kull waħda, li jaħdmu bid-diżil, b'magna elettrika waħda tat-tip NIDEC (Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali).&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127010728/http://www.marina.difesa.it/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20151215_vespucci.aspx|titlu=Prima accensione dei nuovi motori. Nave Vespucci torna a far sentire la sua voce. - Marina Militare|data=2016-01-27|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011057/https://ambdublino.esteri.it/ambasciata_dublino/it/ambasciata/news/dall_ambasciata/2016/08/marina-militare-training-tall-ship.html|titlu=MARINA MILITARE: TRAINING TALL SHIP AMERIGO VESPUCCI WILL VISIT DUBLIN (IRELAND) FROM 10th TILL 13th AUGUST 2016|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waqt l-istess xogħlijiet, il-vapur ġie armat b'radar ġdid tat-tip GEM Elettronica AN/SPS-753(V)5 u b'antenna satellitari ġdida tat-tip ORBIT AL-7103.

Meta jkollu l-kadetti abbord, il-vapur normalment jiġi kkwartjat mill-istazzjon tat-tmun manwali fil-poppa, li jitħaddem permezz ta' erba' roti tal-ikkwartjar bi tnejn min-nies ma' kull rota. Fi żminijiet oħra jintuża t-tagħmir tal-ikkwartjar assistit b'mod idrawliku fuq il-briġġ. Għajr għall-winċ tal-ankra, il-winċijiet abbord mhumiex motorizzati. Il-briġġ huwa mgħammar bi strumenti elettroniċi moderni u sofistikati tan-navigazzjoni.

Ħlief fit-[[It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija|Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]], l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' kien attiv b'mod kontinwu. Il-biċċa l-kbira tat-tbaħħir ta' taħriġ tiegħu jsir fl-ibħra [[Ewropa|Ewropej]], iżda baħħar ukoll lejn l-[[L-Amerika ta' Fuq|Amerka ta' Fuq]] u l-[[L-Amerika t'Isfel|Amerka t'Isfel]], kif ukoll fl-[[Oċean Paċifiku]]. Fl-2002, il-bastiment wettaq vjaġġ madwar id-[[Id-Dinja|dinja]].

Fl-1960, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' ġarr it-torċa [[Logħob Olimpiku|Olimpika]] minn [[Piraeus]] sa [[Siracusa]] għal-[[Logħob Olimpiku tas-sajf]] li sar f'[[Ruma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://www.olympic-museum.de/torches/olympic-games-torch-1960.php|titlu=Torch Olympic Games 1960 Rome|sit=www.olympic-museum.de|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waqt li kien qed ibaħħar fil-[[Baħar Mediterran]] fl-1962, it-trasportatur tal-inġenji tal-ajru tal-[[Stati Uniti|Istati Uniti]] ''USS Independence'' teptep id-dawl lejn l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' u staqsa: &quot;Min inti?&quot; Il-vapur għoli armat bil-qlugħ kollha wieġeb: &quot;Il-vapur tat-taħriġ ''Amerigo Vespucci'' tal-Flotta Navali Taljana&quot;. Il-''USS'' ''Independence'' rrisponda: &quot;Inti l-isbaħ vapur fid-dinja&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520081556/http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/genova/2012/10/09/APiJS5eD-bordo_della_vespucci.shtml|titlu=A bordo della Vespucci, la nave più bella del mondo {{!}} Liguria {{!}} Genova {{!}} Il Secolo XIX|data=2016-05-20|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

L-''Amerigo Vespucci'' spiss jieħu sehem f'parati tat-tbaħħir u fi tlielaq tal-vapuri għoljin, fejn għandha rivalità amikevoli mal-''Gorch Fock''. Meta tkun sorġuta fil-port, normalment jiġu offruti żjarat pubbliċi fuq il-bastiment. Il-bastiment dar dawra mad-dinja fl-2003. Mill-2013, l-''Amerigo'' ''Vespucci'' sar jiddependi direttament fuq il-Kmandant Kap tal-Flotta Navali.

Mill-2013 sal-2016, il-bastiment sarulu bosta xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar. Fis-7 ta' Lulju 2018, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' wasal fil-port ta' [[Almeria]], [[Spanja]] għat-tielet darba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/amerigo-vespucci-entra-20180707225937-ntvo.html|titlu=El Amerigo Vespucci entra al puerto hoy en su tercera visita a Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708023237/http://www.ideal.es/almeria/almeria/buque-escuela-amerigo-20180708215533-ntvo.html|titlu=El buque escuela Amerigo Vespucci entra en el Puerto de Almería {{!}} Ideal|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; L-ewwel darba li żar dak il-port kien fl-1932&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; u t-tieni darba kien fl-1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011309/http://www.europapress.es/andalucia/almeria-00350/noticia-sucesos-buque-escuela-marina-italiana-amerigo-vespucci-recala-almeria-tercera-vez-1932-20180707170303.html|titlu=El buque escuela de la marina italiana Amerigo Vespucci recala en Almería por tercera vez desde 1932|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010618/http://www.almeriahoy.com/2018/07/el-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-en-almeria.html|titlu=El 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca en Almería tras 29 años de su última visita {{!}} ALMERÍA HOY|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Il-bastiment salpa mill-port fl-10 ta' Lulju 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040554/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3388386/0/puertos-buque-escuela-italiano-amerigo-vespucci-atraca-este-sabado-almeria-dentro-su-instruccion/|titlu=Puertos.- El buque escuela italiano 'Amerigo Vespucci' atraca este sábado en Almería dentro de su instrucción|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imbagħad baħħar lejn [[Ponta Delgada]] fil-[[Gżejjer Ażores]], il-[[Portugall]], u qasam l-[[Oċean Atlantiku]] sat-Tramuntana tal-Ewropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010832/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2018/07/marina-militare-nave-vespucci/1120345/|titlu=Marina Militare: la Nave Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria da 7 al 10 Luglio - Meteo Web|data=2018-07-10|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709132052/https://www.ladigetto.it/interno/forze-armate/77607-l-amerigo-vespucci-in-sosta-ad-almeria-dal-7-al-10-luglio.html|titlu=www.ladigetto.it - L'Amerigo Vespucci in sosta ad Almeria dal 7 al 10 luglio|data=2018-07-09|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Stampa:Le grand voilier Amerigo Vespucci (114).JPG|daqsminuri|239x239px|L-''Amerigo Vespucci'', wara li sarulu xi xogħlijiet ta' mmodernizzar, fil-port ta' [[La Rochelle]], [[Franza]], fl-2018.]]
Mill-25 sat-28 ta' Awwissu 2022, l-''Amerigo Vespucci'' rmiġġa fil-[[Il-Port il-Kbir|Port il-Kbir]], il-[[Valletta|Belt Valletta]], [[Malta]]. Il-bastiment salpa għall-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ minn [[Livorno]] fit-2 ta' Lulju 2022 u segwa rotta fil-Mediterran u l-Atlantiku, irmiġġa f'[[Palermo Għarbija-Normanna u l-Katidrali ta' Cefalù u Monreale|Palermo]], l-Italja, f'[[Tuneż]], it-[[Tuneżija]], fl-[[Alġier]], l-[[Alġerija]], f'[[Liżbona]], il-Portugall, f'[[Casablanca]], il-[[Marokk]], f'[[Cadiz]], Spanja, u fi [[Trapani]], l-Italja. Mill-Belt Valletta, il-bastiment irritorna l-Italja, fejn il-kadetti kkonkludew il-vjaġġ ta' taħriġ tagħhom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://tvmnews.mt/news/il-bastiment-amerigo-vespucci-jibda-waqfa-ta-3-ijiem-fmalta/|titlu=Il-bastiment Amerigo Vespucci jibda waqfa ta' 3 ijiem f'Malta|lingwa=en-US|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dan il-bastiment ilu ambaxxatur tal-[[UNICEF]] minn Settembru 2007, u ngħata wkoll il-bandiera tad-Deċennju tax-[[Xjenza]] tal-Oċeani tan-[[Ġnus Magħquda|Nazzjonijiet Uniti]] mill-[[UNESCO]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi ==
Dawn huma xi speċifikazzjonijiet tekniċi tal-''Amerigo Vespucci'':&lt;ref&gt;{{Ċita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221031/http://www.velaemotore.it/nuovo-tender-per-la-vespucci-vela-12610|titlu=NUOVO TENDER PER LA VESPUCCI - Vela e Motore|data=2018-07-08|sit=web.archive.org|data-aċċess=2022-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Impjant tal-Bini tal-Vapuri: Cantiere Nautico Tagliapietra, [[Venezja]], l-Italja;
* Spostament: sitt tunnellati;
* Tul: 10 metri (32 pied u 10 pulzieri);
* Wisa': 2.6 metri (tmien piedi u sitt pulzieri);
* Propulsjoni: 2 magni FPT S30 ta' 170 hp (130 kW) kull waħda;
* Veloċità: 16-il knots (30 kilometru fis-siegħa);
* Medda: 180 mil nawtiku (330 km; 210 mil).

== Referenzi ==
{{referenzi}}

{{titlu bil-korsiv}}

[[Kategorija:Bastimenti]]</text>
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