Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.25 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 1655 86229 81368 2022-08-21T23:33:23Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Mainzer_Adam_und_Eva.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Adamu na Eva ni abantu bavugwa muri bibiliya yera bahoze batuye mu bwami bwa edeni]] [[Dosiye:Michelangelo,_Creation_of_Adam_03.jpg|thumb|Adamu]] ''Iy'ingingo iragaruka kunkuru ndetse no kwishusho rusange rya bibiliya. Kubindi bikoreshwa, Ukeneye ibisobanuro byimbitse ndetse no gusobanukirwa birushijeho, reba [[Adamu na Eva.]]'' Adamu ni ishusho mu gitabo cy'Itangiriro muri [[Bibiliya]] y'Igiheburayo, no muri Korowani no mu myizerere ya gikristo. Dukurikije imigani y'irema [1] y'amadini ya Aburahamu, niwe muntu wa mbere. Mu Itangiriro na Korowani, Adamu n'umugore we birukanwe mu busitani bwa Edeni bazira kurya imbuto z'igiti cy'ubumenyi bw'icyiza n'ikibi. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurema no gusobanura Bibiliya buvuga ko Adamu ari umuntu wamateka. Ibimenyetso bya siyansi ntibishyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe. [[Dosiye:Open bible isaiah.jpg|center|thumb|320x320px|bibiliya]] Ijambo adam rikoreshwa kandi muri Bibiliya nk'izina, umuntu ku giti cye nk '"umuntu" kandi mu buryo rusange nk "abantu". Adamu wo muri Bibiliya (umuntu, abantu) yaremewe kuva adamah (isi), kandi Itangiriro 1-8 ryerekana uruhare runini rwubucuti hagati yabo, kuko Adamu yatandukanijwe nisi kubwo kutumvira kwe. ==Indanganturo (Reference)== Byahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam [[Ikiciro:Isezerano rya Kera]] 5jkp9efae2zcsd7orxpx96h7poccf3n 0 2572 86231 72275 2022-08-21T23:48:08Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FD 1.jpg|thumb|<font color="grey">Umugati</font>]] [[File:L'embarcadere de GANVIER.jpg|thumb|Umugati ([[Bene]])]] [[Dosiye:Korb_mit_Brötchen.JPG|thumb|Imigati]] '''Umugati''' Mbere yo gutangira ibiryo uramutse uriye umugati, ukawuhekenya neza byagabanya inzara wari ufite bigatuma urya bike. [[Category:Ibiribwa]] cb2kfelbpmlyx7mskepvy1yuoilw8x3 0 3277 86220 81491 2022-08-21T22:59:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NyagatareDist.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Akarere ka Nyagatare</span>]] [[File:Nyagatare_district_map.jpg|thumb|Nyagatare district map]] [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|left|thumb|Rwanda]] '''Akarere ka Nyagatare''' ni kamwe mu Turere 7 tugize [[Intara y’Iburasirazuba]]. Igabanwemwo Imirenge 14, Utugari 106 n’Imidugudu 603. Akarere kari k’ubuso bwa 1.741 [[kilometero kare]], Akarere ka Nyagatare gahana imbibe n’igihugu cya [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru, [[Tanzaniya]] iri iburasirazuba, mu majyepfo hari [[Akarere ka Gatsibo]], m’uburengerazuba hakaba [[Akarere ka Gicumbi]]. == Imiterere y’ubutaka == Akarere ka Nyagatare kagizwe muri rusange n’imisozi migufi, usanga ahanini ifite ubutaka budatoshye kubera igihe kirekire cy’izuba rihera muri Kamena kugera kugera mu KUboza. Akarere ka Nyagatare gaherere mu bibaya bifite ubutumburuke bugera kuri metero 1513,5. Iyo miterere y’ubutaka ikaba ijyanye cyane n'ihingwa rya kijyambere, bikorohera nabahingisha amashini cyangwa ibimasa. == Imiterere y’ikirere == Akarere ka Nyagatare kagira imvura nkeya, kakagira n’ubushyuhe. Kagizwe n’ibihe bibiri: igihe cyambere n’igihe kirerekire cy’izuba gifata amezi 3 kugera kuri 5, icyo gihe gifite ibipimo by’ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 25,3°C na 27,7°C. Iboneka ry’imvura rirahindagurika buri mwaka, ibipimo by’imvura biri hasi cyane nukuvuga ko bingana na (827mm/ku mwaka), ibi ibipimo ntabwo bihagije cyanek’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. == Imitere y’inzuzi n'imigezi == Akarere ka Nyagatare gafite imiyobora mike y’amazi. Usibye umugezi wa [[Muvumba]] unyura mu Karere ka Nyagatare, imigezi y’[[Akagera]] n’[[umuyanja]] byo bigize imbibi n’ibihugu nka [[Tanzaniya]] n’[[Ubugande]]. Ibyo bikaba bituma ntawundi mugezi abaturage bashobora kwifashisha mu buhinzi n’ubworozi. Hari n’utundi tugezi duto nka: [[Nyiragahaya,]] [[Kayihenda,]] [[Karuruma]],[[Nyagasharara]] na [[Kaborogota]]. Kubera ibura ry’imigezi n’inzuzi,n’imiyoboro y’amazi bitera ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi kubaturage n’amatungo. == [[Ibimera]] n’[[inyamaswa]] == Akarere ka Nyagatare kagizwe n’igice kinini cya [[parike y’Akagera|pariki y’Akagera]], isangamo umubare w’inyamaswa nk’[[imbogo]], [[impala]] n’izindi. Tuhasanga kandi n’ubwoko bw’inyoni zitandukanye. [[Dosiye:Hippo_pod_edit.jpg|thumb|Imvubut]] Akarere gafite kandi n’utundi tunyamaswa, nk’inkende, ingurube z’ishyamba, n’izindi. Mu mugezi wa Muvumba, ho habamo imvubu. [[File:Pepeople_grazing_cows_in_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Ubworozi bw'amatungo muri Nyagatare]] [[File:Gathered_together_7.jpg|thumb|ibitera muri Nyagatare]] [[File:Imvubu_mumazi_muri_Parike_Akagera,_0785474017.jpg|thumb|Imvubu mu mazi muri Parike Akagera, ]] == Imiyoboro == {{Reflist}} *[http://www.nyagatare.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1&lang=rw www.nyagatare.gov.rw] [[Category:Akarere ka Nyagatare| ]] [[Category:Uturere tw’u Rwanda]] 06sv6cf78u2sprqeclax15b5mceuubf 0 3562 86219 70376 2022-08-21T22:56:09Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marco Polo portrait.jpg|thumb|250px|<font color="grey">Mariko Polo </font>]] [[Dosiye:Les_Merveilleux_Voyages_de_Marco_Polo,_éd._Turpaud,_1920_(page_55_crop).jpg|thumb|Mariko Polo ari mungendo]] Ubwo '''Mariko Polo''' ([[1254]] &ndash; [[8 Mutarama]] [[1324]]) yari agarutse mu mugi yari atuyemo wa [[Venice]] (soma [[Venise]]) nyuma y’imyaka myinshi yari amaze mu Burasirazuba, incuti ze zatekereje ko ingendo ze ndende zatumye aba umusazi. Yababwiye ibitekerezo batashoboye kwizera. Mariko yari yanyuze mu mugi wuzuyemo ifeza n’izahabu. Yari yarabonye amabuye y’umukara ashya, nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze yumva iby’amahindure yaka mu birunga. Yari yarabonye umwenda udashya n’ubwo wawujugunya mu muriro, nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze yumva ibya bene iyo myenda bita abestos. Yavuze ibyerekeye ibiyoka binini bifite uburebure bwa metero icumi bifite inzasaya nini cyane ku buryo zishobora kumira umuntu, amatunda afite ubunini bungana n’umutwe w’umuntu kandi akagira imbere hererana nk’amata, n’ibintu bitemba biva mu butaka bishobora gutuma amatara yaka. Nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze abona ingona zo mu ruzi, amatunda y’ibiti bya [[koko]] (''noix de coco''), cyangwa [[peteroli]]. Baramusetse ubwo bumvaga ibyo bitekerezo. Hashize iminsi myinshi ubwo Mariko yari aryamye agiye gupfa, umwe mu ncuti ze utaravugaga rumwe na we wari hafi y’aho yari aryamye yamubwiye kwivuguruza akabwira abari aho ko ibitekerezo yababwiye byose byari ibinyoma. [[Category:Abagabo]] 3w56jtu7vd1cbp3zrpc02jr3t04qv5p 0 5252 86221 77160 2022-08-21T23:03:55Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jatropha curcas1 henning.jpg|thumb|250px|<font color="grey">Ikivurahinda</font>]] [[Dosiye:Jatropha gossypifolia 8171.jpg|thumb|''Jatropha'']] [[Dosiye:Jatropha_nudicaulis_171860513.jpg|thumb|Ikivurahinda]] '''Ikivurahinda''' cyangwa '''Icyomoro''' , '''Jatrofa''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] : ''Jatropha'' ) Aya mavuta akorwa muri [[moringa]], ikivurahinda (jatrofa) n’amamesa afite umwihariko wo kutanduza ikirere, kuko atagira ibyotsi by’ umukara bizwi kuri [[mazutu]] ikomoka kuri ''petrole'' icukurwa.<ref>[http://www.orinfor.gov.rw/printmedia/news.php?type=rw&volumeid=51&cat=15&storyid=1611 Tuyishime Jean de Dieu, ''Amakoperative arasabwa umusaruro ku ngufu za biodiesel'']</ref> Amavuta y’igihingwa cy’ikivurahinda yageragejwe bwa mbere ku ndege yo muri [[Nuveli Zelande]]. == Notes == <references group="r" /> [[Category:Ibimera]] fxokoutlwm3engnsabwxhkk6doer1ej 0 6421 86222 81789 2022-08-21T23:06:36Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Soybean.USDA.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Soya</span>]] [[Dosiye:Glycine_max_003.JPG|thumb|Soya]] [[Dosiye:Glycine_max_pod_ripe3_Carol_Rose_(10220453695).jpg|thumb|Soya]] '''Soya''' (izina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] : ''Glycine max'') ni [[ikimera]] n’[[ikiribwa]]. [[Category:Ibimera]] [[Category:Ibiribwa]] qkcqc309bqkqhzqgrimdjelz37c8pbo 0 8442 86223 77625 2022-08-21T23:10:50Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rain_and_misty_mountains.jpg|thumb|Itumba n'igihe kirekire cy'imvura ]] [[Dosiye:Selo_Kostenets_rain.jpg|thumb|Mu igihe cy'itumba abaturage benshi imirimo yabo akenshi irahagara kubera imvura nyinshi itava ku muryango.]] [File:Wet season storm clouds over Iralalaro floodplain and Paitchau Range, Malahara, Lautem, Timor-Leste.Ni igihe kirekire cy’imvura kandi nyinshi, ni gihe haba hahingwa ibihingwa bikenera imvura nyinshi nk’urutoki, amasaka n’imbuto y’ibigori imwe n’imwe n’ibindi. Iki gihe gitangira ku wa 15 Werurwe kigasoza ku wa 15 Kamena. [[Dosiye:Wet_season_storm_clouds_over_Iralalaro_floodplain_and_Paitchau_Range,_Malahara,_Lautem,_Timor-Leste.jpg|thumb|Mu igihe cy'itumba abaturage benshi imirimo yabo akenshi irahagara kubera imvura nyinshi itava ku muryango.]] 2puiv9emcir10qd5thqu52fiefzrc1y 0 8444 86224 77619 2022-08-21T23:14:01Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Housewife.jpg|thumb|imeshyi]] [[Dosiye:Summer on Lamoka Lake.jpg|thumb|impeshyi]] [[Dosiye:Dry_season.jpg|thumb|Impeshyi]] Ni igihe kirekire cy’izuba ryinshi rikakaye, icyo gihe nibwo abantu baba basarura imyaka bahinze mu itumba, ndetse banarimira imyaka bazahinga mu muhindo. Igihe cy’icyi gitangira ku wa 15 Kamena kikageza ku wa 15 Nzeri. hshk8irng1ma51sswsvahvd1sjqlt4o 0 8524 86228 73790 2022-08-21T23:29:16Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abamaasai''' ( /m ɑː s aɪ, m ɑː s aɪ / ) ni ubwoko bw' abanilotic batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya [[Kenya]] no mu [[Dosiye:Maasai_People_Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Abamasayi bo muri ple Tanzania]] majyaruguru ya [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera aho batuye hafi ya parike nyinshi z’imikino yo mu [[Ibiyaga Bigari|biyaga bigari bya Afurika]], n'imigenzo yabo n'imyambarire yabo. <ref name="b">[http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/tribes/maasai/ Maasai - Introduction] Jens Fincke, 2000–2003</ref> Abamasyai bavuga ururimi rwa Maa (ɔl Maa), rumwe mu zigize umuryango w’ururimi rwa Nilotic ufitanye isano n’indimi za Dinka, Kalenjin na Nuer . Usibye abasaza bamwe baba mu cyaro, abamasayi benshi bavuga indimi zemewe za Kenya na Tanzaniya, [[Igiswahili|Igiswahiri]] [[Icyongereza|n'Icyongereza]] .  Abamasayi ibarura ryo muri 2019 ryagaragaje ko muri Kenya bangana na 1.189.522, ugereranyije ni 377.089 mw ibarura ryo 1989. leta za Tanzania na Kenya byatangije gahunda yo gushishikariza abamasayi kureka gakondo yabo ubuzima burangwa no guhora bimuka, ariko aba bakomeje imigenzo yabo yacyera. Amoko menshi ya abamasayi muri Tanzaniya na Kenya yishimira kwakira abashyitsi mu midugudu yabo kugira ngo bamenye umuco wabo, imigenzo, n'imibereho yabo, kugira ngo babone amafaranga. == Amateka == Abamasayi batuye mu [[Ibiyaga Bigari|karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika]] bahageze banyuze muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo . <ref name="Okothndaloh">A. Okoth & A. Ndaloh, ''Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies'', East African, p.60–61.</ref> Benshi mu bavuga ururimi rwa Nilotic muri kariya gace, barimo abamasayi, abaTurkana na abaKalenjin, ni abashumba, kandi bazwiho igitinyiro cyane kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuba indwanyi no gukirana n' amatungo. abamasayi n'andi matsinda yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bakiriye imigenzo n'imico bivuye mu matsinda aturanye nabo avuga ururimi rwigi Cushitike, harimo gahunda yo gushyiraho imyaka y'amashyirahamwe mbonezamubano, [[Gusiramura|gukebwa]], n imvugo. <ref name="Collins">Robert O. Collins, ''The southern Sudan in historical perspective'', (Transaction Publishers: 2006), p.9–10.</ref> <ref name="Wandi">S. Wandibba et al., p.19–20.</ref> === Inkomoko, kwimuka no kwivanga nandi moko === [[File:Maasai_man,_Eastern_Serengeti,_October_2006.jpg|right|thumb|Umugabo w' umumasayi]] Dukurikije amateka yabo yajyiye ahererekanwa mu mvugo, Abamasayi bakomotse mu kibaya cyo hepfo ya Nili mu majyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Turkana (mu majyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba bwa Kenya) maze batangira kwimukira mu majyepfo ahagana mu kinyejana cya 15, bagera mu gice kinini cy’ubutaka buva mu majyaruguru y' icyahoze ari Kenya kugeza ubu kikaba ari Tanzaniya hagati yikinyejana cya 17 na nyuma yikinyejana cya 18. Amoko menshi yari yaramaze gushinga imidugudu muri kariya karere yimuwe ku gahato n' Abamasayi bari bahagezee, mugihe abandi, cyane cyane amatsinda y’Abashushitike bo mumajyepfo, yinjiye mu muryango w' Abamasayi . Abakurambere ba Nilotic baba Kalenjin nabo bakiriye bamwe mubaturage baba Cushitike. <ref>International Labour Office, ''Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends'', (International Labour Organization: 2000), p.55.</ref> === Gutura muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba === Ifasi y' Abamasayi yageze ku bunini bwayo bushoboka hagati mu kinyejana cya 19,yaragendaga ikajyera mu kibaya kinini cya Rift ndetse n’ubutaka bwari buteganye nacyo ku musozi wa Marsabit mu majyaruguru kugera i [[Dodoma]] mu majyepfo. Muri iki gihe, Abamasayi , kimwe n'itsinda rinini ry' aba Nilotic bose babaga aho, borora inka kuva iburasirazuba ukajyenda ukagera ku nkombe za Tanga muri Tanganyika (ubu ni muri Tanzaniya). ibisambo byakoreshaga amacumu n'ingabo, ariko byari bitinyitse cyane kubera byari bizi gutera amacumu (orinka) byashoboraga kuyaterara muri metero 100 agahamya ku ntego. Mu 1852, hari raporo ivuga ko abarwanyi 800 b' abamasayi berekeje muri Kenya yubu. Mu 1857, nyuma yo kwuva mu "butayu bwa Wakuafi" mu cyahoze ari mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Kenya, abarwanyi babamasayi basatiriye Mombasa ku nkombe za Kenya. [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0556,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Massaikrieger.jpg|thumb|Abarwanyi babamasayi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba y' abadage, c. 1906–1918]] Kubera kwimuka, abamasayi ni bo bavuga cyane ururimi rw' abanyaNilotic yepfo . Igihe cyo kwaguka cyakurikiwe na Maasai "Emutai" yo mu 1883–1902. Iki gihe cyaranzwe n ibyorezo nka contegious bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (reba 1890 African rinderpest epizootic ), n'ubushita . Ikigereranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara bwa mbere n’umu liyetona w’umudage mu cyahoze ari amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Tanganyika, ni uko 90% by’inka na kimwe cya kabiri cy’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi zazize rinderpest. Abaganga b'Abadage bo muri ako gace bavuze ko "buri segonda" umunyafurika yazanaga ibidomo kwisura biturutse k' ubushita. Iki gihe cyahuriranye n’amapfa. Mu 1897 na 1898 imvura yarabuze burundu. Umushakashatsi wo [[Ositiriya|muri Ositarariya]] Oscar Baumann ubutaka bw' abamasayi hagati y' 1891 ni 1893, maze asobanura ugutura kw' abamasayi mu gace ka Ngorongoro mu gitabo cyo 1894 cyitwa ''Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle'' ("through the lands of massai to the source of Nile"): " Hari abagore bashizemo ari amagufwa yanamye gusa mumaso yabo yuzuye inzara igaragara ... abarwanyi no gukururuka ntibabishoboraga, hamwe nabasaza bintejye nke batagifite na kimwe bitayeho. Ibisiga byinshi byabakurikiranye kuva hejuru, bategereje abahohotewe. " Ugereranyije, bibiri bya gatatu by' abamasayi bapfuye muri iki gihe. Guhera ku masezerano yo mu 1904, akurikirwa n'andi yo mu 1911, ubutaka bwa abamasayi muri Kenya bwagabanutseho 60% igihe Abongereza babirukanaga kugira ngo babone aho bubakira abimukira, nyuma babashyira ahitwa samburu Samburu, Laikipia, Kajiado n' Uturere twa Narok. abamasayi muri Tanganyika (ubu ni Tanzaniya) bimuwe mu butaka burumbuka hagati y'umusozi wa Meru n'umusozi wa Kilimanjaro, ndetse n'imisozi miremire irumbuka hafi ya Ngorongoro mu myaka y' 1940. bambuwe ubutaka bwinshi bujyirwa ibyanya byo kubungabunga ibinyabuzima na parike z’igihugu: Parike y’igihugu ya Amboseli, Parike ya Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ikigo cy’igihugu cya Samburu, Pariki y’ikiyaga cya Nakuru na Tsavo muri Kenya; n'ikiyaga cya Manyara, Agace ko kubungabunga ibinyabuzima ka Ngorongoro, Tarangire na Parike y'igihugu ya Serengeti ahahoze ari Tanzaniya. abamasayi ni aborozi kandi banze icyifuzo cya guverinoma ya Tanzaniya na Kenya cyo kubahindurira ubuzima. Basabye uburenganzira bwo kuragirira muri parike nyinshi z’igihugu mu bihugu byombi. Abamasayi barwanyije ubucakara kandi babana ninyamaswa nyinshi zo mu gasozi ntabwo bahiga cyangwa ngo barye inyoni. Ubutaka bw' abamasayi ubu bufite uduce twiza two guhingiramo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Umuryango w' abamasayii ntiwigeze wihanganira igurishwa ry' abantu, kandi abantu bashakaga abacakara birinze abamasayi. Mubyukuri hari imirenge makumyabiri n' ibiri cyangwa amoko mato yumuryango w' abamasayi, buri umwe ufite imigenzo, isura, ubuyobozi n'imvugo yawo. Iyi mitwe izwi ku izina ry' 'ishyanga' cyangwa 'iloshon' mu rurimi rwa Maa: aba Keekonyokie, Damat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Kisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Loodokolani, Kaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu Laikipia, Loitokitoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. == jenetike == Iterambere ryagezweho mu isesengura rishingiye kuri jenetike ryafashije mu kumenya iremwa ry'amok yabamasayi. jenetike ishingiye ku bisekuruza , igikoresho gikoresha gene z'abaturage b' ubu kugirango bakurikirane ubwoko bwabo n’ igice cy' Isi bakomokamo, byafashije kandi gusobanura ahahise h' abamasayi bubu. === ADN ya Autosomal === ADN ya autosomal y' abamasayi yasuzumwe mubushakashatsi bwuzuye bwakozwe na Tishkoff n'abandi. (2009) mu kujyereranya jenetike y' abaturage batandukanye bo muri Afurika. Nk’uko abanditsi b’ubwo bushakashatsi babitangaza ngo abamasyi "bagumyek' umuco wabo imbere y’iterambere ryinshi ry imiterere y ibinyabuzima". Tishkoff n'abandi beerekanye kandi ko: "Benshi mu baturage bavuga ururimi rwa Nilo-Sahara muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, nk' abamasayi, berekana imirimo myinshi iva muri Nilo-Sahara [...] na Cushitike [. . . ] AACs, hajyendewe ku bimenyetso by' indimi kenshi abaNilotic b' injije Abanyakushi kuva mu myaka 3000 ishize kandi ku kigero cyo hejuru bahuje imihindagurikire y' umubiri yabanyafurica y' iburasirazuba yo kwihanganira ikinyabutabire cyo mu mata cyitwa lactose. " === Y-DNA === Ubushakashatsi kuri Y chromosome bw' akozwe na Wood et al. (2005).ku baturage batandukanye bo munsi y' ubutayu bwa sahara,harimo abamasayi 26 b' abagabo bo muri kenya bapima amasano y' ibisekuruza by' ababyeyi babagabo. Abanditsi barebeye hamwe haplogroup (amatsinda y' abantu bahuje igisekuruza) E1b1b -M35 (ntabwo M78) muri 35% y' abamasayi bapimwe,. E1b1b-M35-M78 muri 15%, abakurambere babo higanjemo abagabo benshi bo majyaruguru ya Cushitike, babayeho hashize imyaka irenga 13 000. Igisekuru cya kabiri cyakanza cyane mubamasyi ni Haplogroup A3b2, ikunze kuboneka mu baturage ba baNilotic, nka Alur ; byagaragaye muri 27% by'abagabo ba abamasayii. Ikimenyetso cya gatatu cy iganza cyane ku turemanyjingo ADN kubabyeyi babagabo mu bamasayi ni E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), ikunze kugaragara cyane mu karere ka Sahara; yabonetse muri 12% by' ibipimo byafashwe mu bamasayi. Haplogroup B-M60 yagaragaye mu bamasayi 8% , nayo iboneka muri 30% (16/53) yabanyaNilote bo muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo. === ADN ya mitochondial === Nkurikije ubushakashatsi bwa mtDNA bwakozwe na Castri n'abandi. (2008), hapimwe abamasayi muri Kenya, mu gisekuruza cy' ababyeyi babagore babamasayi basanze harimo uruvangitirane cyane, ariko nta tandukaniro rinini nandi moko y' abaturage babaNilo-Hamitic mu karere, nkaba Samburu .mu bamasayi benshi bapimwe bari abo mu matsinda atandukanye ya macro-haplogroup L sub-clade, harimo L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5 . tumwe mu turemanjyingo tw' ababyeyi babagore duturuka muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba natwo baratubonye, cyane cyane ko hari ubwoko bw' ijyisekuruza mtDNA haplogroup M hafi ya 12.5% by'ibipimo byafashwe muba masayii. == Umuco == [[File:Crocuta_vs_Maasai_2.png|left|thumb|Abarwanyi ba Maasai bahanganye nimpyisi, nkuko bafotowe muri wildest ''Africa'' (1907)]] Umuryango w' abamasayi umugabo niwe uba ari umutware muri kamere, aho nabasaza, rimwe na rimwe bifatanya nabasaza bacyuye igihe, bagahitamo ibikorwa byingenzi kuri buri tsinda rya abamasayi. Imbumbe y' amategeko nyamvugo akubiyemo ingingo nyinshi z' imyitwarire. ntabwo bizwi niba hari igihano cyo kwicwa bajyira, kandi mubisanzwe kwishyura inka nibyo bicyemura amakimbirane. Inzira yo hanze yurukiko nayo irakoreshwa yitwa ''amitu'', 'gushaka amahoro' birimo gusaba imbabazi. basenga imana imwe yitwa ''Enkai'' cyangwa ''Engai'' . Engai ifite kamere ebyiri: Engai Narok (Imana Yirabura) ni umugwaneza, naho Engai Na-nyokie (Imana Itukura) n iman y' ihorera. Hariho kandi inkingi ebyiri za societe ya abamasayi: Oodo Mongi, Inka itukura na Orok Kiteng, Inka yumukara igabanijwemo imiryango itanu cyangwa. abamasayi kandi bajyira inyamaswa baziririza, ikaba ntare; ariko, iyo nyamaswa ishobora kwicwa. Uburyo abamasyi bica intare butandukanye no guhiga hagamijwe kwishimisha kuko bikoreshwa mumihango yo kuva mu cyiciro cyimwe ujya mukindi. "Umusozi w'Imana", Ol Doinyo Lengai, uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya kandi ushobora kuwubona uri ku kiyaga cya Natron mu majyepfo ya Kenya. Umukuru mu myizerere ya kiMasayi ni '''laibon''' mu nshingano ze harimo ubuvuzi bwa gihanga, kuragura no guhanura, no kwemeza intsinzi mu ntambara cyangwa imvura ihagije. Uyu munsi, bafite uruhare rwa politiki rwiyonger kuri izo nshingano zindi kimwe kubera abayobozi. Imbaraga zose laibon yarafite zari zishingiye ku oko yabaga ateye ku giti cye aho gushingira kuri uwo mwanya. Benshi mu bamasayi bayobotse [[Ubukirisitu|ubukristu]] nubuyisilamu . abamasayi kujyira imitako itoroshye kandi mu myaka mirongo, bagurishije uwo mutungo kuri ba mukerarugendo nkubucuruzi. [[File:Maasai_Enkang_and_Hut.JPG|right|thumb|abamasayi n 'abahut kuri bariyeri ya enkang muburasirazuba bwa Serengeti, 2006]] Umubare wo hejuru w’impfu z’abana mu bamasayi watumye abana batamenyekana rwose kugeza bageze ku mezi 3 ''ilapaitin'' . Kwigisha abagore ba bamasayi gukoresha amavuriro n'ibitaro mugihe batwite byatumye impinja nyinshi zibaho.cyeretse mu bice biri kure cyane. Ku bamasayi kubaho ubuzima gakondo, iherezo ryubuzima usanga rwose nta mihango, kandi abapfuye babarecyera aho bakaribwa n' inkongoro . Umurambo wanzwe n' inkongoro ufatwa nkaho ufite imiziro, kandi ufatwa nk' uwateza umwaku; kubwibyo rero,nibisanzwe ko imibiri itwikirwa ibinure n'amaraso bivuye ku kimasa cya kinjwe . <ref name="attitudes">''Cultural and Public Attitudes: Improving the Relationship between Humans and Hyaenas'' from Mills, M.g.L. and Hofer, H. (compilers). (1998) ''Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vi + 154 pp.''</ref> Gushyingura mu bihe byashize byahariwe abatware bakomeye, kubera ko bakekaga ko byangiza ubutaka. Imibereho gakondo y' abamasayi ishingiye ku nka [[Inka|nka]], zikaba ariyo soko yabo yibanze yibiryo. Ubutunzi bwumugabo bupimirwa ku nka nabana afite. Ubushyo bwinka 50 burubahwa, kandi uko abana baba benshi nibyiza. Umugabo ufite kimwe muri ibi akabura ikindi afatwa nkumucyene. Imyizerere ishingiye ku idini ya' abamasayi ivuga ko Imana yabahaye inka zose zo ku isi, biganisha ku myizerere ivuga ko gushimuta inka mu yandi moko ari uburyo bwo kwisubiza ibyabo mu nzira ziciye mu mucyo, ariko uyu umuco ntabwo umenyerewe cyane. Abamasyi ibyo kurya byose bakenera babibona kunka. Barya inyama, banywa amata buri munsi, kandi banywa amaraso rimwe na rimwe. Ibimasa, ihene, nintama bibagwamo inyama mu bihe bidasanzwe no mumihango. Nubwo ubuzima bwabamasyi bwose bwagiye bushingira ku matungo yabo, vuba aha hamwe n’inka zabo zigenda zigabanuka, abamasayi bakuze batunzwe n’ibiribwa nk'amasaka, umuceri, ibirayi n' amashu (bizwi nabamasayi nk'amababi y'ihene). <ref>Nelson, Jimmy. The Maasai Tribe. Beforethey.com</ref> === Ingaruka zituruka ku mico yo hanze === [[File:Ludzie06(js).jpg|left|thumb|Abagore bamasayi basana inzu muri Maasai Mara (1996)]] [[File:Maasai_man_riding_a_motorcycle_(close_up).jpg|left|thumb|umumasayi atwaye moto (2014)]] Imibereho gakondo yubushumba yarushijeho kuba ingorabahizi kubera gukururwa n' ibijyezweho. Inyandiko ya Garrett Hardin, igaragaza "ibyago bya rubanda rugufi bitewe nubugugu bwa bamwe", ndetse na " cattle complex" ya Melville Herskovits byafashije abashakashatsi ku bidukikije ndetse n’abafata ibyemezo ku byerekeye ingaruka mbi abashumba ba abamasayi bateza akarere ka savannah. Iki gitekerezo cyaje kugaragara ko ari ibinyoma n’abahanga mu bumenyi bwa muntu ariko kiracyashinze imizi mu bitekerezo by’ abashakashatsi mu bidukikije ndetse n’abayobozi ba Tanzaniya. <ref name="Sustain">McCabe, Terrence. (2003). "Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania". Human Organization. Vol 62.2. pp. 100–111.</ref> Ibi byatumye abafata ibyemezo b’abakoloni babongereza mu 1951 bakura abamasayi bose muri parike y’igihugu ya Serengeti nuko babashyira mu turere two mu gace ka Ngorongoro conservation area (NCA). Gahunda ya NCA yari iyo gushyira inyungu zabamasayi hejuru y'ibindi byose, ariko iri sezerano ntiryigeze ryuzuzwa. Ikwirakwizwa rya virusi itera SIDA ryari ryinshi. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage babamasayii, gutakaza umubare w'inka bitewe n indwara, no kubura aho kuziragira kubera imbibi nshya za parike ndetse no gutura mu midugudu no guhinga kw'andi moko, abamasayi bahatiwe guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo kwibeshaho. Benshi muri bo batangiye guhinga ibigori nibindi bihingwa kugirango babeho, igikorwa bafataga nabi mu muco wabo. <ref name="Sustain">McCabe, Terrence. (2003). "Sustainability and livelihood diversification among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania". Human Organization. Vol 62.2. pp. 100–111.</ref> Guhinga byatangijwe bwa mbere mu bamasayi n’abagore ba bWaArusha na bWaMeru bimuwe mu byabo bashakanye n’abagabo babamasayi; ibisekuru byakurikiyeho byabayeho ubuzima bwo guhinga no korora. Imibereho yabo yarushijeho kugorana, mu 1975 Ngorongoro conservation area yabujije ibikorwa byo guhinga. Kugirango babeho bahatirwa kugira uruhare mu bukungu bw'amafaranga ya Tanzaniya. Bagombaga kugurisha amatungo yabo n'imiti gakondo kugirango bagure ibiryo. Kubuza guhinga byavanyweho mu 1992 kandi guhinga byongeye kuba igice cyingenzi mu mibereho ya abamasayi. Imipaka ya parike no kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ubutaka byakomeje kugabanya aho barajyira,Byatumye bahinduka cyane. <ref>Goodman, Ric. (2002). "Pastoral livelihoods in Tanzania: Can the Maasai benefit from conservation?" Current Issues in Tourism. Vol 5.3,4. P.280–286.</ref> Mu myaka yashize, imishinga myinshi yatangiye gufasha abayobozi b'imiryango yaabamasayi kubona uburyo bwo kubungabunga imigenzo yabo ndetse ikanahuza uburezi bw'abana babo kubw' isi ya none. Ubwoko bushya bw' imirimo mu baturage babamasayi burimo ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi (kugurisha imiti gakondo, resitora / amaduka, kugura no kugurisha amabuye y'agaciro, kugurisha amata n' ibiyakimokaho, kudoda imitako), n' akazi k' umushahara (nk'abashinzwe umutekano / abita kubakiriya, abayobora ba mukerarugendo), n'abandi bakora ibikorwa bya leta n'abikorera. Abamasayi benshi bavuye mu buzima bwo guhora bimuka bajya mu myanya y' ubucuruzi no muri guverinoma. Nyamara nubwo ubuzima bwo mu mijyi bugoye bashobora kuyobora, benshi bazishimira kwerekeza murugo bambaye imyenda idoze, gusa bazava murugo mu mwambaro gakondo bita shuka (umwenda wamabara), inkweto za sandari kandi bitwaje inkoni (o-rinka ) - bayakiriye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> == Imibanire mu muryango mugari == [[File:Young_Maasai_Warrior.jpg|right|thumb|umumasayi w' umwana witegura kuba indwanyi]] Igice nyamukuru cy' umuryango mugari w' abamasayi kumyaka umuntu aba afite. Abahungu bato boherezwa hamwe ninyana nintama vuba bishoboka, ariko ubwana bwabahungu ahanini babumara bakina, usibye imihango bakora kugirango bagerageze ubutwari no kwihangana byabo. Abakobwa bashinzwe imirimo nko guteka no gukama, ubuhanga bigira kuri ba nyina bakiri bato. Buri myaka 15 cyangwa irenga, hatangizwa ikiragano gishya cyaba Morans cyangwa Il-murran (abarwanyi). Haba harimo abahungu benshi bari hagati yimyaka 12 na 25, bageze mubugimbi kandi bagomba kuba batari bari mukiragano gishize. Umuhango umwe wo kuva mubuhungu ujya kumurwanyi muto ni umuhango wo [[Gusiramura|gukebwa]] bikorwa nta kinya. Muri iki gihe cya none, abahungu batuye hafi yimijyi hamwe nabaganga bashobora kwitabira iyi mihango batekanye, ariko nyamara nta nyinya babatera nubundi kuko bagomba kwihanganira ububabare buzabageza kubugabo. Uyu muhango mubusanzwe ukorwa nabakuru, bakoresha icyuma gityaye. Umuhungu agomba kwihanganira iki gikorwa acecetse. Kugaragaza ububabare bizana igisebo.kwikanga kwose gushobora gutera ikosa muri iki gikorwa gisaba kwitonda cyane, bishobora kukuviramo inkovu ubuzima bwawe bwose, gutakaza ubushobozi, no kubabara. ukira hagati y' amezi 3-4, muri iki gihe kwihagaririka birababaza kandi bikanga rimwe na rimwe, kandi abahungu bagomba kuguma bambaye imyenda yumukara mugihe cyamezi 4-8. Muri iki gihe, abasore bashya bakebwe batura muri "manyatta", "umudugudu" wubatswe na ba nyina. Manyatta nta bariyeri iyizengurutse yo kuyirinda, ishimangira uruhare rw'indwanyi rwo kurinda abaturage. Nta kraal y'imbere yubatswe, kubera ko abarwanyi batagira inka cyangwa ngo bakore imirimo y'ububiko. bisaba Indi mihango mbere yo kugera ku rwego rwindwanyi nkuru, bikarangirara mu birori bya eunoto, "ukuza kwimyaka". Iyo hatangijwe igisekuru gishya cy'abarwanyi, Il-murran irihoizamurwa mu cyiciro cyisumbuyeho, bagashingwa ibyemezo bya politiki kugeza igihe bazagera ku kiciro cyabakuru. Iyu muhango wo kuva kumurwanyi ujya kumukuru muto ibera mu muhuro munini witwa Eunoto. abahoze ari indwanyi bakata umusatsi wabo muremure ; abakuru bo baba bafite agasatsi gacyei. Indwanyi ntizemerewe kuryamana nabagore bakebwe,ariko bashobora gucudika n' abakobwa bataracyebwa. Kuri Eunoto, abarwanyi bashoboye kubahiriza iri tegeko barashimirwa byumwihariko. Abarwanyi bamara umwanya munini ubu bagenda hirya no hino kubutaka bw' abamasayi, no kurenga imbibi zabo. Bagira uruhare runini mu gucuruza inka kuruta uko byari bisanzwe, guteza imbere ubucuruzi no guhahirana aho kwiba nk'uko byahoze. hari imyizerere yo gukabya ko buri musore wumumasayi agomba kwica intare atarakebwa. Guhiga intare byari igikorwa cyahise, ariko byarabujijwe mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Afurika - nyamara intare ziracyahigwa iyo zishe amatungo yabamasayi, kandi abarwanyi bato bishora mu kwica intare mu migenzo gakondo ntibagira ingaruka zikomeye. Kwiyongera kw impujyenjye kubijyanye nubuzima bw'intare byatumye byibura habaho gahunda yo kwaka indishyi iyo intare yishe amatungo, aho guhiga no kwica intare yabikoze. Nubwo bimeze bityo, kwica intare biha agaciro gakomeye nubwamamare uwabikoze mubaturage. Abakobwa bakiri bato nabo bahura nikibazo cyo gukebwa kw'abagore, "emorata"mu rwego rwo gukora umuhango urambuye w'imihango yiswe "Emuatare," umuhango winjiza abakobwa babamasayi mu kiciro cyabakuze binyuze mu mihango yo gukebwa hanyuma bagashyingirwa bakiri bato. abamasayi bemeza ko gukebwa kwabagore ari ngombwa kandi abagabo babamasayi bashobora kwanga umugore uwo ari we wese utarigeze abikora kuko adashyingirwa cyangwa agakobwa ibyagaciro gake. Muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, abagore batakebwe, ndetse n'abadepite bize cyane nka Linah Kilimo, barashobora gushinjwa kuba badakuze bihagije ku buryo badahabwa agaciro. Ku bandi umuco wo gukebwa kw'abagore uzwi nko guca imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore, kandi ukanengwa cyane haba mu mahanga ndetse n'abagore benshi babikorewe, nk'umuntu uharanira inyungu zabamasayii, Agnes Pareyio . muri iki gihe bisigaye bikorwa mu magambo aho birangwa no kuririmba no kubyina mu mwanya wo gukebwa. Nyamara, iki gikorwa gikomeza gushinga imizi kandi kigahabwa agaciro numuco. Ijambo rya Maa ryo gukebwa, "emorata," rikoreshwa ku gukebwa kwigitsina gore nigitsina gabo. Gukata imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore ntibyemewe muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. Uku gukebwa mubusanzwe bikorwa nuwatumiwe udakunze kuba ari umumasayi, akenshi aba avuye mumatsinda yaba Dorobo . Ibyuma bakoresha biba byatatswe n'abacuzi, Kimwe nabasore, abakobwa bazakebwa bambara imyenda yijimye,bakishushanyaho ibimenyetso bakoresheje amarangi, hanyuma bagapfuka mu maso iyo imihango irangiye. Abagore bubatse batwite basonewe imirimo yose iremereye nko gukama no gutashya. Imibonano mpuzabitsina nayo irabujijwe kandi hari amategeko yihariye akoreshwa ku bagore batwite. [[File:We_Rule_the_School.jpg|thumb|Ishuri rya abamasayimuri Tanzaniya]] abamasayi mubisanzwe batunga abagore benshi ; ibi bikekwa ko babikora kubera umubare munini wimfu z’abana bato n’abarwanyi. Polyandry nayo irakorwa. Ariko, muri iyi minsi ibi byarahagaze. Umugore ntabwo arongora umugabo we gusa ahubwo itsinda ry ikiciro kimyaka. Abagabo biteganijwe ko batanga uburiri bwabo ku mushyitsi uri mukiciro cyimwe cyimyaka nawe; ariko ibi nabyo ntibigikorwa. Umugore niwe wihitiramo niba ararana numugabo wasuye. Umwana uwo ari we wese ushobora kuvamo ni umwana wumugabo nabazamukomokaho. ubwoko bwa gatanya burashoboka iyo umugore yahukaniye kwa se, ubusanzwe kubera gufata nabi umugore cyane. Kwishura inkwano, kurera abana, nibindi, byumvikanyweho. <ref>Spencer, P. (1988) ''The Maasai of Matapato: a study of rituals of rebellion'' Manchester University Press, Manchester. Spencer, P. (2003) ''Time, Space, and the Unknown: Maasai configurations of power and providence.'' Routledge, London.</ref> == Umuziki n'imbyino == [[File:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|left|thumb|Imbyino yo gusimbuka gakondo]] Umuziki wabamasayi usanzwe ugizwe ninjyana zitangwa n' ibitero byabaririmbyi baririmba bahigima mugihe umuyobozi windirimbo, aririmba ijwi ryingenzi. umuolaranyani mubusanzwe numuririmbyi ushobora kuririmba neza iyo ndirimbo, nubwo abantu benshi bashobora kuyobora indirimbo. umuolaranyani atangira aririmba umurongo cyangwa umutwe (namba) windirimbo. Itsinda rikikiririza rimwe, kandi umuolaranyani aririmbirambana nabandi ariko akabasimbya ijwi. Buri ndirimbo ifite imiterere yihariye ya namba ishingiye kumuhamagaro-no-kwitaba . Injyana isanzwe ni itandukaniro rya 5/4, 6/4 na 3/4 umukono wigihe. indirimbo iba yanditse ishingiye ku ngingo runaka kandi amagambo aguma yisubiramo. Kugenda kw'ijosi biherekeza kuririmba. Iyo uhumeka umutwe wegamiye imbere. Umutwe bawuhengekera inyuma kujyira basohore umwuka imbere. Muri rusange iyo bari rimba uba wumva ari amajwi menshi ajyenda asimburana. Bitandukanye nandi moko menshi yo muri Afrika,abamasayi bakoresha cyane drone polyphony. <ref>[[Joseph Jordania]]. [[Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution]]. Logos. Pg 17</ref> Abagore baririmba lullabies, indirimbo zirangwa no guhigimba, n'indirimbo zisingiza abahungu babo. Nambas, barimba bahamara banitabana, mwijwi rimwe,usanga basubiramo interuro imwe nyuma ya buri gitero aho bikiriza nijwi rijyiye hasi n'abaririmbyi basubiza ibitero byabo bwite ni ibiranga kuririmba kw' abagore. Iyo abagore benshi babamasayi bateraniye hamwe, baririmba bakabyina hagati yabo. Kimwe mubidasanzwe kumiterere yijwi ryumuziki wa abamasayi nugukoresha ihembe rya greater kudu kugirango uhamagare abamorans mumihango ya Eunoto. Kuririmba no kubyina byombi rimwe na rimwe bibera hafi ya manyattas, kandi usanga harimo no gureshyanya. Abasore bakora umurongo kandi bakaririmbe mu injyana, "Oooooh-yah", bijyana no guhigima no gukorora hamwe no kuzunguza igice cy umubiri cyo hepfo. Abakobwa bahagarara imbere yabagabo bakabyinisha igice cyo hepfo banaririmba "Oiiiyo..yo" mukajwi ko hejuru bitandukanye nabagabo. Nubwo imibiri yegerana cyane, ntabwo ikoranaho. Eunoto,imihango yindwanyi, ishobora kumara iminsi 10 ,yo kuririmba kubyina n'imigenzo. Abarwanyi ba Il-Oodokilani bakora ubwoko urugendo na '''adumu''', cyangwa aigus, rimwe na rimwe bita "imbyino yo gusimbuka" nabatari abamasayi. (Adumu na aigus zombi ni inshinga za Maa zisobanura "gusimbuka" hamwe na adumu bisobanura "Gusimbuka hejuru no kubyina". ) Indwanyi zirazwi cyane, kandi akenshi zifotorwa mugihe,muri aya marushanwa yo gusimbuka. Abarwanyi baca uruziga, noneho umwe cyangwa babiri icyarimwe bakinjira hagati kugirango batangire gusimbuka batarenga uruziga, agatsinsino kabo kadakora hasi. Abagize itsinda bazamura ijwi ryabo bakurikije uburebure bwo gusimbuka. Abakobwa b'inshuti zabamoran (inyie) bitambajyiza mumyambaro myiza yabonka kimwe mu bigize eunoto. Ababyeyi babamoran baririmba bakabyina bishimira ubutwari no gutinyuka kwabahungu babo. == Guhindura umubiri == [[File:Maasai_woman_with_stretched_ears.jpg|thumb|Umugore wumumasayi wakweduye amatwi]] Gupfumura no gukwedura amatwi nubintu bisanzwe mubamasayi nandi moko. Bakoresha ibikoresho bitadukanye muri iki gikorwa harimo amahwa mugupfumura, ibiti, amabuye, amenyo yinzovu nakabindi. abamasayi bacye bacye cyane cyane abahungu nibo bakora uyu muhango. abagore bambara imitako yamasaro kumatwi bapfumuye. gukura yamabwene abana bato bikorwa nabamasayi bo muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. abamasayi bafite imyizerere ikomeye ivuga ko impiswi, kuruka nizindi ndwara zoroheje zo mu bwana ziterwa no kubyimba kwishinya yo kumabwene, bakeka ko haba harimo inzoka. Iyi myizerere n'imikorere ntabwo byihariye mubamasayi. Mu cyaro cya Kenya hasuzumwe itsinda ry’abana 95 bafite hagati y’amezi atandatu n’imyaka ibiri mu 1991/92. 87% wasangaga barakuwe amabwene. Mu itsinda ryabafite hagati yimyaka 3-7, 72% mubana 111 basanze nabo barayakuwe. == Indyo == [[File:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Umushumba uragiye amatungo ye muri Ngorongoro, ]] Ubusanzwe, indyo yabamasayi yari igizwe n'inyama mbisi, amata adatetse, n'amaraso by' i[[Inka|nka]] . Menya ko inka zabamasayi ziri mubwoko bwa Zebu . Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1935, Dr. Weston A. Price yasuye abamasayi maze avuga ko nk'uko Dr. Anderson wo mu bitaro by’ubutegetsi bw’ibanze muri Kenya yabibinye amoko menshi adafite indwara. Benshi nta burwayi nabucye bwamenyo bari bafite . By'umwihariko abamasayi bari hasi ya 0.4% nibo bari bafite ikibazo cyo kubora kw' amenyo. Yavuze ko biterwa nimirire yabo mirire yabo igizwe (ukurikije ingano) amata adatetse, amaraso, inyama mbisi n'imboga n'imbuto zimwe na zimwe, nubwo mu midugudu myinshi batarya imbuto cyangwa imboga na gato. Yavuze ko buri mwana ukura ndetse n’umugore utwite cyangwa wonsa bahahabwa buri munsi amaraso iyo ahari. Dr. Weston A. Price yavuze kandi ko guverinoma yashyizeho ingufu mu 1935 kugira ngo abamasayi bajye mubuhinzi . Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ILCA (Nestel 1989) bugira buti: "Uyu munsi, indyo yuzuye yabamasayi igizwe n'amata y'inka n' ibigori. Igikoma gikomeye kizwi nka [[Ubugari|ugali]] kandi kiribwana n'amata; bitandukanye n' igikoma cy'amazi, ugali ntabwo itegurwa n'amata. Amavuta yinyamanswa akoreshwa muguteka, cyane cyane igikoma, ibigori, nibishyimbo. Amavuta kandi ni ibiryo byingenzi by'uruhinja. " Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubworozi muri Afurika (Bekure et al. 1991) bwerekana impinduka nini cyane mu mirire yabamasayi aho basigaye bakoresha nibindi bidakomoka kumatungo kn'ibigori bigize 12-39 ku ijana n' isukari 8–13 ku ijana; umuntu umwe anywa hafi litiro imwe y'amata ku munsi. Amenshi mu mata akoreshwa nk'amata avuze cyangwa amavuta. mu bipimo byose bakoresha amata ku rwego rwo hejurui.ibi bituma bobonamo ibyubaka umubiri bihajyije. Nyamara, fer, niacin, vitamine C, vitamine A, thiamine nibitanga ingufu ntabwo babibona mumata gusa. Bitewe nuko ibintu bigenda bihinduka, cyane cyane ibihe amata abonekera n amapfa akunze kubaho kenshi, abashumba benshi, harimo nabamasayi, ubu basigaye barya ibiryo nibihajyije ingano. Ubushyo bwihene nintama zabamasayi, harimo intama zitukura zabamasayi, hamwe ninka zagaciro. Ibizamini bya Electrocardiogram byakoreshejwe ku basore 400 bakuze babamasayi basanze nta kimenyetso na kimwe cy’indwara z'umutima, ubumuga cyangwa imikorere mibi yumubiri. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri karubone-ya14 bwerekanye ko impuzandengo ya cholesterol iri hafi ya 50 ku ijana ugereranije niyumunyamerika. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko umubiri muzima bafite ari ukubere morans. Isupu birashoboka ko bwo bwiza kuruta ibindi abamasayi babinye bwo kurya ibimera. ''Acacia nilotica nikimera'' gikoreshwa cyane. Igishishwa cyumuzi cyangwa uruti birabizwa mumazi hanyuma umazi avuyemo bakanywa yonyine cyangwa bakayavanga nisupu. abamasayi bakunda gufata iki kinyobwa nkumuti, kandi kizwiho kubatera imbaraga no kudatinyuka. abamasayi barya isupu ivanze n'ibishishwa bisharira n'imizi irimo saponine igabanya cholesterol; abo mu mijyibadafite ibimera bisharira bakunda kurwara umutima. <ref>National Geographic Oct. 1995, page 161</ref> imbuto zigize igice kinini cyibiryo biribwa nabana nabagore baba bacunze inka kimwe na mabamorani. Kuvanga amaraso yinka, aboneka mugutobora imitsi yazo, n'amata bikorwa mugutegura ikinyobwa cyimihango muminsi mikuru idasanzwe kandi nkintungamubiri kubarwayi. Ariko, gukoresha amaraso mumirire gakondo biragenda bigabanuka kubera kugabanuka kwamatungo. muri iki gihe abamasayi basigaye batunzwe cyane nibiryo biturutse ahandi nk'ibigori, umuceri, ibirayi, amashu n'ibindi. abamasayi batuye hafi y'abahinzi-borozi nabo bayobotse ubuhinzi nkuburyo bwibanze bwo kubaho. Muri utu turere, ingano yikibanza ntabwo iba ari nini kuburyo yakwirwaho amashyo yinyamaswa; bityo abamasayi bahatirwa guhinga. == Amazu == [[File:Maasai_shelter.jpg|right|thumb|inzu ihomesheje amase yinka ]] Nkabantu bazwiho guhora bimuka mumateka , abamasayi basanzwe bashingira kubikoresho byaho, byoroshye kuboneka hamwe nikoranabuhanga kavukire kugirango bubake amazu yabo. Inzu gakondo yabamasayi yubakagwa hagendewe ko bahora bimuka bityo ntabwo yamaraga igihe.aya mazu yabaga yenda kumera nkurukiramende, kandi yubatswe nabagore babishoboye. yabaga afite inkingi zibiti zishinze mubutaka kandi hasobekeranyijemo udushami duto tw' ibiti,nyuma bagahomesha imvange yicyondo, inkoni, ibyatsi,amase, inkari zabantu, n' ivu. Amase y'inka atuma inzu itava. Enkaj cyangwa engaji ni nto, ipima nka 3&nbsp;kuri&nbsp;5&nbsp;m na metero1.5 gusa&nbsp;mu buhagarike.haba haromo aho, umuryango utekera, urira, uryama, usabanira, kandi ubika ibiryo,ibicanwa, nibindi bintu byo murugo. Amatungo mato nayo akenshi arara muri enkaji. Imidugudu iab ikikijwe n'uruzitiro rwa acacia (enkang) rwubatswe nabagabo. Mwijoro, [[inka]] zose, [[ihene]] n'intama byose bishyirwa mu kigo hagati, kure yinyamaswa zagasozi .{{wide image|Maasai-Enkang-near-Sekenani.JPG|1000px|Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the inside}}{{wide image|Manyatta.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of Maasai Enkang, seen from the outside}} == Imyenda == [[File:Maasai_Woman_Meeyu_Sale_Wearing_her_Finest.jpg|right|thumb|Umugore wumumasayi wambaye imyenda ye myiza]] Imyambarire ihinduka bitewe n' imyaka n'ahantu. Urugero, abasore bambara umukara amezi menshi nyuma yo gukebwa kwabo. Nyamara, umutuku niwo ukunzwe. haba nimyenda y'ubururu, umukara, iyamabara. abamasayi batangiye gusimbuza uruhu rwinyamaswa, uruhu rwinyana nuruhu rwintama, imyenda yubudodo mu myaka ya za 1960. Shúkà ni ijambo ryo mururimi rwa Maa numwitero wa gakondo bambara bawizingiyeho.Mubisanzwe iba itukura, nubwo imwe iba ifite andi [[Ibara|mabara]] (urugero ubururu ) nibishusho. iroza, ndetse nimyenda iriho indabyo, indwanyi zirayirinda. Imyenda imwe izwi nka kanga, ijambo [[Igiswahili|ryigiswahiri]], irasanzwe. abamasayi baba hafi y' inkombe bashobora kwambara kikoi, ubwoko bw' imyitero iza mu amabara atandukanye n' ibitambaro Nyamara, benshi bakunda iyimirongo. Abamasayi benshi muri [[Tanzaniya]] bambara inkweto zudusandari, zari zisanzwe zikorwa muruhu rw' inka. ubu basigaye bazikora mu mapine cyangwa plastike . Abagabo n'abagore bambara udutako tw ibiti kumaboko. Abagore babamasayi bahora bari gukora imitako mu masaro n' utugozi . Ibi bibafasha gutaka imibiri yabo. Nubwo hariho itandukaniro mubisobanuro byamabara n' amasaro, ibisobanuro rusange kumabara make ni: umweru, amahoro ; ubururu, amazi ; umutuku, umurwanyi / amaraso / ubutwari. Gukora imitako, bikozwe nabagore, bifite amateka maremare mubamasayi, bagaragaza abaribo numwanya wabo mu muryango mugari binyuze mumitako yumubiri no gushushanya ku mubiri . Mbere yo guhura [[Burayi|n’abanyaburayi]], Amasaro yavaga mubikoresho bari basanganwe aho, amasaro y' umweru yavaga mw' ibumba, ibikonoshwa, amahembe y'inzovu, cyangwa amagufwa . Isaro ry'umukara n'ubururu ryakorwaga mu cyuma, amakara, imbuto, ibumba, cyangwa ihembe . Amasaro atukura yavaga mu mbuto, mu mbaho, amagufwa, amahembe y'inzovu, umuringa. Ahagana mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, amasaro menshi y’iburayi yageze muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bw' yepfo, abakora amasaro basimbuje amasaro ashaje ibikoresho bishya maze batangira gukoresha amabara menshi asobanutse. Ubu, amasaro atsindajyiye y' ibirahure adahanda niyo akunzwe. == Umusatsi == [[File:Maasai_woman.jpg|left|thumb|Umugore wumumasayi ufite umusatsi mugufi]] Kogosha umutwe biramenyerewe mumihango myinshi, byerekana intangiriro nshya izakorwa ubwo umuntu aba ava mu kiciro kimwe ajya mu kindi. abarwanyi nibo bamasayi bonyine baba bafite imisatsi miremire, bayibohesha imigozi yoroheje. Iyo ageze ku gihe cy' "amezi" 3, umwana yitwa izina kandi yogoshwa umutwe bagasiga akazingo kamwe kumusatsi, kuva ku gikanu kugeza ku gahanga. kikaba gishasha "imiterere yubuntu" bujyirirwa uruhinja. Umugore wakuyemo inda yubushize umusatsi awushyira imbere cyangwa inyuma yumutwe, biterwa nijyitsina cy' umwana yabuze. Ibi bishushanya gukira kwe. Abahungu bakebwa ku munsi wa kabiri, imitwe yabo ikogoshwa. Abarwanyi bato noneho bagatereka umusatsi wabo ugakura, kandi batakaza igihe kinini bita kumusatsi wabo. basigamo amavuta yinyamanswa na ocher, kandi igabanijwe hejuru yumutwe aho amatwi agarukira. Umusatsi bawuboha mu mafpude y inyabubiri. Ipamba cyangwa ubwoya bw'intama bishobora gukoreshwa mugukuza umusatsi. Umusatsi bashobora kuwureka ugatendera cyangwa bakawupfundikanya bakoresheje uruhu. Iyo abarwanyi banyuze muri ''Eunoto'', bakaba abakuru, imisatsi yabo miremire irogoshwa. Mugihe igitsina gabo cyogosha umusatsi iyo bava mu kiciro kimwe bajya mu kindi, uwitegura kuba umugeni yogosha umusatsi, kandi intama ebyiri zikicwa mukubahiriza uwo munsi. == Abamasayi bazwi == * Joseph Ole Lenku - Umunyamabanga wa Guverinoma muri Kenya ushinzwe imbere no guhuza ibikorwa bya Guverinoma y’igihugu kuva 2012 kugeza 2014 * David Rudisha - yiruka mu marushanwa yintera ndende na metero 800 ufite yabaye uwambere kurwego rwisi yisi * Edward Sokoine - Minisitiri w’intebe wa Tanzaniya kuva 1977 kugeza 1980 na none kuva 1983 kugeza 1984 * Edward Lowassa - Minisitiri w’intebe wa Tanzaniya kuva 2005 kugeza 2008. Umwanya wa kabiri inyuma ya John Pombe Magufuli mu matora rusange ya [[Tanzaniya]] 2015. * Olekina Ledama - Uwashinze, Maasai Education Discovery * James Ole Kiyiapi - umwarimu wungirije muri kaminuza ya Moi akaba n'umunyamabanga uhoraho muri minisiteri y’uburezi n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze * William Ole Ntimama - Umunyapolitike wo muri Kenya akaba n'umuyobozi w'umuryango wabaMaa * Francis Ole Kaparo - Uwahoze ari umuvujyizi wa National Assembly of Kenya * Joseph Nkaissery - Uwahoze ari umunyamabanga wa Guverinoma muri Kenya ushinzwe imbere no guhuza ibikorwa bya guverinoma y’igihugu kuva 2014 kugeza apfuye muri 2017 * Nice Nailantei Lengete - Umugore wa mbere yagejeje ijambo ku kanama k' abakuru mubamasayi ku musozi wa Kilimanjaro, maze yemeza akanama kubuza guca imyanya ndangagitsina yabagore muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. * Katoo Ole Metito - Umudepite mu Ntara ya Kajiado y'Amajyepfo == Reba kandi nibi == * [[:en:Maasai_mythology|Maasai mythology]] * [[:en:Maasai_language|Maasai language]] * [[:en:Maa_Civil_Society_Forum|Maa Civil Society Forum]] == Aho byasomwe == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ubundi bumenyi == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120715234704/http://www.africanpeople.info/ African People Ethnography | Maasai] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100107200159/http://www.uoregon.edu/~maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm Maasai online dictionary] * [http://www.e-solidarity.org/index-engl.htm Maasai Aid Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019024105/http://elandmaasai.org/ Working for a just and self-sustaining community for the Maasai People] * [http://www.maasaitrust.org/ Maasai Trust] * [http://www.maasaimara.com/the-mara/maasai-people The Maasai People - History and Culture] * [http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html Maasai people, Kenya at the Maasai Association] * [http://www.indiana.edu/~iuam/kenya/categories/16 Indiana University Art Museum Arts of Kenya online collection] [[Category:Amoko yo muri tanzaniya]] [[Category:Amoko yo muri kenya]] [[Category:Amoko yo muri africa]] [[Category:Umuco]] [[Category:Gukebwa]] [[Category:Ibidukikije]] [[Category:Imigenzo yo muri africa]] [[Category:Imyambaro gakondo]] [[Category:Ubworozi gakondo]] 1likoqop3d1un82uvmlk6w6evggoeax 0 8601 86230 79585 2022-08-21T23:37:14Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Y_Chromosome.png|thumb|149x149px|Y Chromosome]] [[Dosiye:Pseudoautosomal_regions_and_SRY_gene_in_human_Y_chromosome.gif|thumb|Y-chromosomal]] Muri genetics yabantu, Y-chromosomal abakurambere baheruka (Y-MRCA, bizwi ku izina rya Y-chromosomal Adam) ni ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) aho abagabo bose bazima bakomoka kuri ba sekuruza. Ijambo Y-MRCA ryerekana ko Y chromosomes yabagabo bose babaho muri iki gihe ikomoka kuri Y chromosome ya basekuruza ba kure. Igitekerezo gisa na ba matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka kumenyekana kizwi nka "Eva Mitochondrial Eva" (mt-MRCA, cyiswe kwanduza mtDNA), umugore uheruka gukomokamo abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Kimwe na "[[Eva Mitochondrial]] Eva", izina rya "Y-chromosomal Adam" ntirishyirwaho burundu kumuntu umwe, ariko rishobora gutera imbere mugihe cyamateka yumuntu kuko ibisekuruza byababyeyi bicika. [[Dosiye:Y_Chromosome_DNA.png|thumb|159x159px|Y Chromosome DNA]] Ikigereranyo cyigihe Y-MRCA yabayeho nacyo cyahindutse uko ubumenyi bugezweho bwabakurambere bwabantu buhinduka. Mu mwaka wa 2013, havumbuwe haplogroup ya Y-chromosomal yari itaramenyekana, [1] bituma hahindurwa gato imyaka igereranijwe y’umuntu Y-MRCA. [2] Mubisobanuro, ntabwo ari ngombwa ko Y-MRCA na mt-MRCA bagombye kubaho icyarimwe. [3] Mu gihe ibigereranyo guhera mu 2014 byerekanaga ko bishoboka ko abo bantu bombi bashobora kuba bari mu gihe kimwe, [4] ivumburwa rya kera Y-haplogroup ryasubije inyuma imyaka yagereranijwe ya Y-MRCA kurenza imyaka ishobora kuba ya mt-MRCA . Kugeza mu 2015, ibigereranyo byerekana imyaka Y-MRCA iri hagati yimyaka 200.000 na 300.000 ishize, ibyo bikaba bihuye no kuvuka kwabantu ba kijyambere. Amakuru Y-chromosomal yakuwe muri Neanderthal ukomoka muri El Sidrón, Espanye, yatanze Y-T-MRCA yo mu myaka 588.000 ishize kuri Neanderthal na Homo sapiens patrilineages, yiswe ante Adam na 275.000 ishize kuri Y-MRCA. [6] qugtrljhhnrlxq79tvtuzr1prxbkx5y 0 9225 86233 80095 2022-08-22T03:12:47Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Our Father Official Poster.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cya Abouna Filimi]] '''''Abouna''''' ( Arabic , English: "Our Father") ni filimi yo muri [[Cade|Chad]] yakinwe muri 2002,iyoborwa na Mahamat Saleh Haroun . Yafatiwe amashusho ahitwa Gaoui na N'Djamena, Tchad.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/nov/22/artsfeatures5</ref> == Umugambi == Abahungu babiri (Tahir na Amine) babyutse mugitondo basanga se yataye umuryango wabo<ref>https://transmettrelecinema.com/film/abouna-notre-pere/</ref>. Barumiwe, batangira kwitwara nabi. Mugihe bareba firime, batekereza ko babona se avugana nabo ,bakiba firime kugirango babone izo kureba<ref>https://www.intofilm.org/films/3084</ref>. Nyina wabo (Achta) amaherezo yihebye maze abohereza ku ishuri rya Koran<ref>https://mountainx.com/movies/reviews/abouna-php/</ref>. Ntibishimye, bateganya guhunga kugeza umuhungu w'imfura akundana n'umukobwa utumva (Khalil)<ref>https://www.reseau-canope.fr/atelier-val-d-oise/cinema/Abouna</ref>. == Gukina no gutanga umusaruro == Ahidjo Mahamat Moussa wakinnye Tahir wimyaka 15, yahawe abahungu ngo ahitemo gukina murumuna we Amine. Yahavuye ahitamo Hamza Moctar Aguid wimyaka umunani kuko yumvaga ko Aguid ashobora kuba murumuna we.<ref>https://www.screendaily.com/abouna-our-father/4011522.article</ref> Nyuma ya buri munsi wo gufata amashusho, film yoherejwe ibirometero 2600 i [[Paris]] kugirango itunganyirizwe<ref>https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/film/3/29-abouna</ref>. Gusa nyuma yo gutegereza iminsi myinshi, iyo ijambo ryagarukaga rivuga ko ntakibazo, gufata amashusho byarakomezaga. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/abouna.shtml ''Abouna''] by Josh Hillman, [[BBC Four]]</ref> == Ibihembo == Filime yatsindiye ibihembo bikurikira: <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0307913/awards Awards], [[IMDb]]</ref> * 2002 Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Hong Kong : Igihembo cya Firebird - Kuvuga bidasanzwe * 2002 Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Kerala: Igihembo cya FIPRESCI hamwe na Crow Pheasant * 2003 Iserukiramuco rya Filime na Televiziyo bya Ouagadougou Panafrican : Igihembo cy'imbuto za Baobab, Cinematografi nziza, Igihembo cya INALCO n'igihembo cya UNICEF ku bwana == references == [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] jmtbz4a1j3km7v0hn7r58v4evyq066y 0 9270 86235 80133 2022-08-22T03:17:02Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:'I want to be a pilot!' (8191945382).jpg|thumb]] '''''I Want to Be a Pilot''''' ni filimi ngufi yasohotse 2006 yegukanye igihembo gikomeye cyane cya Oscars muri 2006<ref>https://www.filmsshort.com/short-film-pages/i-want-to-be-a-pilot-diego-quemada-diez.html</ref>, ituruka muri [[Kenya]] - [[Megizike|Mexique]] yanditswe inayoborwa na Diego Quemada-Diez<ref>https://moviesthatmatter.nl/en/education/film/i-want-to-be-a-pilot/</ref><ref>https://www.osmaviationacademy.com/blog/10-flight-movies-you-should-see-before-becoming-a-pilot</ref>. Iyi filime imaze kubona ibihembo mpuzamahanga birenga 50<ref>https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/i-want-to-be-a-pilot-film-review-by-amber-wilkinson</ref><ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/315925-i-want-to-be-a-pilot</ref>, harimo ''igihembo cy’abateze amatwi'' mu iserukiramuco rya Filimi rya Los Angeles,<ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/315925-i-want-to-be-a-pilot</ref> kandi yitabiriye iserukiramuco rya firime risaga 200 nka Sundance, Locarno, Telluride, Edinburgh, Amiens, Los Angeles, São Paulo, Manhattan, Silverdocs, Bermuda, San Francisco<ref>https://www.senscritique.com/film/I_Want_to_Be_a_Pilot/41995016</ref> <ref>https://filmeducatie.nl/aan-de-slag/film/i-want-to-be-a-pilot</ref>. == Umugambi == Filime ivuga amateka y'umuhungu wibasiwe n'ubukene muri kamwe mu turere dukennye cyane two muri Kenya ureba mu kirere kandi arota kuba umupiloti w’indege<ref>https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film245640.html</ref><ref>https://mubi.com/films/i-want-to-be-a-pilot</ref>,. == Abakinnyi<ref>https://www.moviefone.com/movie/i-want-to-be-a-pilot/1337100/main/</ref> == * Joseph Kyalo Kioko * Kepha Onduru * Collins Otieno. . . Omondi * Gaudencia Ayuma Schichenga == references == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] ncsskyiv9ehibzt6plc44sdpylknrnd 0 9271 86236 80134 2022-08-22T03:19:21Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Njue at the private screening of Intellectual Scum.JPG|thumb|Njue ku munsi wo kwerekana Intellectual Scum]] '''''Intellectual Scum''''' ni film ngufi yo muri [[Kenya]] yasohotse 2015 iyobowe na Njue Kevin<ref>https://www.potentash.com/2015/04/04/intellectual-scum-a-movie-review/</ref> . Yakozwe na Rocque Pictures, iyi filime ni uguhuza ingingo itavugwaho rumwe 'Wowe Umunebwe (Umunyabwenge) wo muri [[Afurika]]!' <ref>https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/art-culture/the-brutal-honesty-in-the-short-film-intellectual-scum-465944?view=htmlamp</ref> yakozwe na Field Ruwe, umunyamerika ukora umwuga wo gutangaza amakuru muri Zambiya<ref>http://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PastEditions/2016/Film/Short%20Films/INTELLECTUAL%20SCUM</ref>. == Umugambi == Mu ndege y'ubucuruzi, umunyabwenge w'umunyafurika ( Field Ruwe ), yicaye iruhande rw'umuzungu (Walter)<ref>http://yamm.finance/wiki/Intellectual_Scum.html</ref>. Mu kiganiro cyabo, kikaba ari ubugome bukabije, inyangamugayo ndetse na bamwe mu bavangura amoko, Walter ashinja 'Abanyabwenge' kuba afurika iri aho iri ubu<ref>https://nairobifashionhub.co.ke/intellectual-scum-official-hd-trailer/</ref>.<ref>https://amakula.org/film/intellectual-scum-kenya/</ref> == Abakinnyi<ref>https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-entertainment-sc-movies-byo-113716.html</ref> == * Jason Corder nka Walter * Patrick Oketch nka Field Ruwe * Kevin Samuel nkuwasesenguye * Mkamzee Mwatela nkuyobora * Edward Kagure nkumujura * Niki Behr nkumukozi windege == Uko yakozwe == Amafoto yibanze kuri firime yatangiye ku ya 15 Ugushyingo 2015 arangira ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2015. Urukurikirane rw'indege kuri firime rwafatiwe ,amashusho ku ndege nyirizina ku kibuga cy'indege cya Wilson bitandukanye no gukora sound stage <ref>https://www.varcity.co.ke/the-controversial-intellectual-scum-movie-private-screening-glitz-glamour-and-inspiration/</ref>. Uyu muyobozi, Njue Kevin, kuri iki cyemezo yagize ati: "Twari gukoresha inshuro ebyiri ingengo y’imari itari ku kibuga cy’indege nyirizina. Iyo ku ngengo y'imari idahwitse, ugomba gukora ibyo ugomba gukora<ref>https://kenyanmusik.co.ke/blog/intellectual-scum-this-films-15-minutes-aboard-a-plane-will-be-the-best-you-ever-had/</ref>. " == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] l11ggmqk75dgg5g2rsmvqp2y2euml9l 0 9275 86237 80138 2022-08-22T03:39:10Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:NHL poster A1print.jpg|thumb|'''''Ikirango cya Nairobi Half Life''''' ]] '''''Nairobi Half Life''''' ni film y'ikinamico yo muri Kenya yasohotse 2012 iyobowe na David "Tosh" Gitonga<ref>https://www.trigon-film.org/en/movies/Nairobi_Half_Life</ref>. Iyi filime yatoranijwe nka filime yo muri kenya yinjiye neza mu rurimi rw'amahanga muri Oscar mu bihembo bya 85 bya Osama<ref>https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/nairobi-life-afi-fest-review-391847/</ref>, ariko ntiyaboneka k'urutonde rwa nyuma, kandi ni ubwa mbere Kenya itanga filime muri iki cyiciro<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nairobi_half_life_2012</ref>. Mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya 33 rya Durban, Joseph Wairimu yatsindiye igihembo cy'umukinnyi mwiza<ref>https://www.showmax.com/eng/movie/48wfzimm-nairobi-half-life</ref>. Yatsindiye kandi igihembo cya Afurika Movie Academy igihembo cy'umukinnyi wizewe cyane kuva mu birori bya 9<ref>https://africanfilmny.org/films/nairobi-half-life/</ref> . Yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi muri Afrika Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2014 <ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/nainotepad/2001264050/being-famous-doesnt-pay-rent-nairobi-half-life-actor-joseph-mwas-wairimu</ref>. == Abakinnyi == * Joseph Wairimu nka Mwas * Olwenya Maina nka Oti * Nancy Wanjiku Karanja nka Amina * Mugambi Nthiga nka Cedric * Paul Ogola nka Mose * Antony Ndung'u nka Waf * Johnson Gitau Chege nka Kyalo * Kamau Ndungu nka John Waya * Abubakar Mwenda nka Dingo * Mburu Kimani nka Papa M. * Mehul Savani nka Khanji * Maina Joseph nka Kimachia == Kwakira == ''Umunyamakuru wa Hollywood,'' Todd McCarthy, yashimye iyi filime nyuma yo kuyireba muri AFI Fest 2012<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/09/world/africa/kenya-film-nairobi-half-life/index.html</ref>: "Iyi kinamico igaragaramo ubunyangamugayo bufatika ." KenyaBuzz yerekanye imikorere yibye yakozwe na Maina Olwenya ubwo Oti yagize ati: "Iyi mico ni ghetto kuruta kumva alubumu za kera za NWA. Avuga ko afite ubugizi bwa nabi kandi agenda nkaho atunze umujyi nubwo ari umugizi wa nabi<ref>http://www.africine.org/film/nairobi-half-life/14212</ref>. "Muri Werurwe 2014 Afurika Magic Viewers Choice Awards muri Werurwe 2014, ''Nairobi Half Life'' yahawe ibihembo kuri<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/my-first-film-shows-nairobi-how-it-really-is/a-16301832</ref>: * Umukinnyi wa Sinema mwiza (Christian Almesberger) * Igishushanyo Cyiza cyo Kumurika (Mohamed Zain) * Umuhanzi mwiza wo kwisiga (Elayne Okaya) na * Umuyobozi mwiza wubuhanzi ( Barbara Minishi ). == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] 5qhpmtra1ygqih1binx040s49nlf09y 0 9280 86234 80151 2022-08-22T03:13:44Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne G. Mungai''' (wavutse 1957) ni umuyobozi wa firime yo muri Kenya. Azwi cyane muri firime ndende, ''Saikati'' (1992)<ref>https://www.adelphi.edu/news/dr-anne-mungai-named-associate-provost-for-strategic-initiatives-and-graduate-studies-at-adelphi/</ref>. Azwiho gucukumbura inkuru z'abakobwa b'Abanyafrika bakiri bato n'ingorane bahura nazo mu gihe bagenda muri Afurika nyuma y'ubukoloni.<ref>https://www.adelphi.edu/directory/anne-mungai/</ref> == Ubuzima == Anne Mungai yahawe impamyabumenyi mu kigo cya [[Kenya]] gishinzwe itumanaho rusange akomereza aho<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/database/IABO/entry/iab19972021/html</ref><ref>https://www.waterstones.com/author/anne-m-mungai/693583</ref>. Niwe washinze-umuyobozi w'ikinamico y'abana ya Shagilia.<ref>https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Mungai.html</ref> Mu 1993, Mungai yafatanyije gushinga Abagore muri Sinema muri [[Kenya]], ifatanya n’abagore b’abanyafurika muri Filime na Video nka komite y’agateganyo y’igice cyayo cya Kenya. <ref>Beti Ellerson, [https://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Mungai.html Interview with Anne Mungai], 1997.</ref> == Umwuga w'ubuyobozi == Umwuga wo kuyobora Anne Mungai watangiye mu 1980 n’igice gito cya mbere yise ''Nkomani Clinic.''<ref>https://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-Anne-Mungai/s?rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3AAnne+Mungai</ref> Kuva icyo gihe, yayoboye filime nyinshi ngufi-ndende, ndetse na filime ye ya mbere ''Saïkati.'' Iyi filime, kimwe n’ibikorwa byinshi bya Mungai<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thenairobian/author/anne-mungai</ref>, yibanda ku miterere y’umugore uba muri Afurika mu gihe gitandukanijwe n’imigenzo gakondo y’umuco nyafurika n’izanwa mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba mu gihe cy'abakoloni. <ref>https://www.mwakilishi.com/article/diaspora-news/2020-02-26/kenyan-born-anne-mungai-named-associate-provost</ref> [[Dosiye:Anne G. Mungai.jpg|thumb]] == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurica]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] ritnoeysxl5yg5u8mwj2as148e97gzt 0 9281 86238 80152 2022-08-22T03:43:19Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Adebukola Oladipupo in hat in MTV Shuga Naija.png|thumb|Adebukola Oladipupo muri MTV Shuga ]] '''''Shuga''''', izwi kandi ku izina rya '''''MTV Shuga'''''<ref>https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/project-examples/shuga-television-series</ref>, ni urukurikirane rw'ikinamico rwa televiziyo rwatangajwe bwa mbere mu Gushyingo 2009 kuri MTV Base mu rwego rwo kwitwa "MTV staying alive Ignite!"<ref>https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/sbcc-spotlights/mtv-shuga</ref> . Ibice byayo bibiri byambere byahawe inshingano na MTV Networks Africa ifatanije na MTV Staying Alive Foundation<ref>https://www.prepwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MTV-Shuga-Fact-Sheet.pdf</ref>, PEPFAR, Ubufatanye bw’umuryango urwanya virusi itera SIDA (HFG) na Guverinoma ya [[Kenya]], mu rwego rwo gukwirakwiza ubutumwa bugamije gukwirakwiza ubutumwa ku myitwarire yimibonano mpuzabitsina no kwihangana<ref>https://www.comminit.com/healthafrica/content/shuga-television-series</ref> Iyi filime yaje gukundwa cyane kandi yerekanwa mu bihugu 40 bitandukanye bya Afurika mbere yuko isohoka ku rwego mpuzamahanga kuri televiziyo zirenga 70<ref>https://www.africancelebs.com/mtv-shuga-tv-series/</ref>. Ikinamico yatekerezaga ko ari urukurikirane ruvuguruzanya cyane nabasekuruza bakuru ba Kenya kuko rwarimo amashusho amwe yarimo ibintu byerekeranye n'igitsina<ref>https://www.owlapps.net/owlapps_apps/articles?id=34920815&lang=en</ref>. Yabonye igihembo cya Zahabu muri Gicurasi 2010 mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga ry’itangazamakuru ryabereye i Hamburg mu [[Budage]] mu cyiciro cy’ubuzima rusange kubera kwibanda ku rukundo, amarangamutima, n’imyitwarire y’imibonano mpuzabitsina mu rubyiruko rwo muri [[Kenya]]<ref>https://www.netflixtvseries.com/tv/99108/mtv-shuga</ref>. == MTV Shuga (2020) == Kubera icyorezo cya Coronavirus, Shuga yagiye mu gitaramo gito cya nijoro cyiswe MTV Shuga Alone Together kigaragaza ibibazo bya Coronavirus ku ya 20 Mata 2020<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324569914_A_THEMATIC_ANALYSIS_OF_MTV_SHUGA_DOWN_SOUTH_DRAMA_SERIES</ref>. Iki gitaramo cyagombaga gutambuka amajoro 65 kandi abayishyigikiye barimo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] <ref>https://www.togetherforgirls.org/secrets-mtv-shugas-success/</ref>. Urukurikirane rushingiye muri [[Nijeriya]], [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika]] y'epfo, [[Kenya]] na [[Kote Divuwari|Côte D'Ivoire]] kandi inkuru isobanurwa n'ibiganiro kumurongo hagati yabantu nyamukuru<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/30/shuga-mtv-african-tv-show-safe-sex-hiv</ref>. Inyandiko yanditswe na Tunde Aladese <ref>https://allnigeriainfo.ng/shuga-a-sensational-tv-series/</ref> na Nkiru Njoku . Nibo banditsi bakuru kuri iki gitaramo kandi banayoboye ibice. Gufata amashusho, kumurika no kwisiga byakozwe nabakinnyi ubwabo<ref>https://republic.com.ng/october-november-2019/remarkable-strides-of-mtv-shuga/</ref>. == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] dfnjsnuzf34797wp8h1hlc86icpjlb3 0 9284 86240 80155 2022-08-22T03:48:56Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:TS-ONSET-small2.jpg|thumb|gufata amashusho ya Togetherness Supreme]] '''''Togetherness Supreme''''' ni [[Kenya|film yo muri Kenya]] yasohotse muri 2010<ref>https://cinereach.org/films/togetherness-supreme/</ref>. == Inyandiko == Ukurikije ibyabaye, ''Togetherness Supreme'' ni inkuru ya Kamau<ref>http://www.spla.pro/file.film.togetherness-supreme.13424.html</ref>, umuhanzi, ushakisha impinduka hagati y’amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mucyaro<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2011.571631</ref>. Kamau yahagurukiye kurwanya se n'umuryango we kugira ngo yinjire mu muryango uhanganye n'incuti ye Otieno<ref>https://www.filmaffinity.com/uk/film492401.html</ref>. Kamau na Otieno barwanira impinduka za politiki kubatuye mu bukene bukabije<ref>https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4de892747db88</ref>, ariko bafatiwe hagati y’amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko asenya igihugu cyabo kandi<ref>https://www.senscritique.com/film/Togetherness_Supreme/10915828</ref>, bahanganye kubera urukundo rwa Alice, umukobwa w’umuganga<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/138668/togetherness-supreme</ref>. Nyuma y’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu ateganijwe (amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu cya Kenya yo mu Kuboza 2007 )<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241735748_A_Review_of_Togetherness_Supreme</ref>, akajagari kadutse mu ihohoterwa kandi isi ya Kamau irasenyuka<ref>http://www.filmmuseum-potsdam.de/Togetherness-Supreme.html</ref>. == Ibihembo == * Ibihembo bya African Movie Academy Awards 2010: ibihembo 2<ref>https://www.posterazzi.com/togetherness-supreme-movie-poster-print-27-x-40-item-movib68401/</ref> * Filime nziza mpuzamahanga nziza - Santa Barbara Festival mpuzamahanga ya 2011 * Igihembo cyisi yose - Cinequest Film Festival 2011<ref>https://www.pri.org/stories/2010-08-04/kenya-film-togetherness-supreme</ref> == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] 9g3u7uhsr5jlv9kijiqtfqoatjmxemd 0 9285 86239 80156 2022-08-22T03:47:31Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Lascar VIDEO - Walk with the lions (4546884549).jpg|thumb]] '''''To Walk with Lions''''' ni film yo mu 1999 iyobowe na Carl Schultz ikinwamo na Richard Harris nka George Adamson na John Michie nka Tony Fitzjohn <ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_walk_with_lions</ref>. Bikurikiranye imyaka yakurikiyeho Ntare wunganira Adamson<ref>https://www.tvguide.com/movies/to-walk-with-lions/cast/2030060527/</ref>. Nyuma yo gushyingiranwa na Joy Adamson wa ''Born Free'' fame, Adamson yamaze igice cya nyuma cyubuzima bwe arinda intare n’ibindi binyabuzima muri Kora National Reserve, [[Kenya]] <ref>https://secondsightfilms.co.uk/products/to-walk-with-lions-dvd</ref>. Ahura na ba rushimusi na ruswa ya leta imubuza gushaka kubungabunga inyamaswa<ref>https://www.primevideo.com/detail/To-Walk-With-Lions/0K65C4TU3C4P9BOZW496707A4E</ref>. == Umugambi == Tony Fitzjohn (John Michie) aje gukora kuri Kora, kubungabunga intare, kubavandimwe babiri bageze mu zabukuru, George na Terence Adamson ( Ian Bannen )<ref>https://wildlifenow.com/to-walk-with-lions-trailer/</ref>. Ku munsi we wa mbere, Fitzjohn yirengagije inama za George zo kutiruka kandi hafi yarakubiswe<ref>https://www.timeout.com/movies/to-walk-with-lions</ref>. Kumenyeshwa ubu nuburyo umuntu wa nyuma wujuje umwanya we yapfuye<ref>https://mubi.com/films/to-walk-with-lions</ref>, Fitzjohn yanditse ahantu hose nk'umusazi ahitamo kugenda<ref>https://www.bestbuy.com/site/to-walk-with-lions-dvd-1999/19303174.p?skuId=19303174</ref>. Nyuma yumunota wanyuma uhinduye umutima, hamwe n'icyana cy'intare cyamuzanye muri pariki kugirango amutoze kandi yongere yinjire mwishyamba, avumbura umuhamagaro wukuri mubuzima bwe<ref>https://bestsimilar.com/movies/24195-to-walk-with-lions</ref>. == Abakinnyi == * Richard Harris nka George Adamson * Ian Bannen nka murumuna wa George Terrence Adamson * John Michie nka Tony Fitzjohn * Wubahe Blackman nka Byishimo Adamson * Kerry Fox nka Lucy Jackson * Hugh Quarshie nka Hugh * Geraldine Chaplin nka Victoria Anrecelli == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] kn090s0mc8rr0yow2z9qnhq4o8at2pf 0 9286 86241 80157 2022-08-22T03:49:53Z MrTallBoy 9928 #WPWP #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Veve logo.jpg|thumb|Ikirango cya Veve]] '''''Veve''''' ni film y'ikinamico yo muri [[Kenya]] 2014 iyobowe na Simon Mukali. VEVE ni co-production of One Fine Day Films na Ginger Ink.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141022014347/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000133975&story_title=Kenya-veve-depicts-kenya-s-political-fast-lane "‘Veve’ depicts Kenya’s political fast lane", ''Standard Digital News'']</ref>. == Umugambi == Amos, umwe mu bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko w’ibanze<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/thestandard/2000140630/movie-reviewveve</ref>, arashaka kuba guverineri wa Maua mu matora ari imbere mu gihe yagura inyungu z’ubucuruzi.<ref>http://www.spla.pro/file.film.veve.17196.html</ref> Ni umutanga wingenzi kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, Wadu, umucuruzi uzi ubwenge, utegeka umugabane munini wubucuruzi<ref>https://prod3.agileticketing.net/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=121808~163a5c15-c3ae-4635-ba12-bbe995cbeb29</ref>. Nyuma y'ikiganiro numucungamari we winyuma, Amos abona umwanya wo kuzamura umubano we w'akazi na Wadu no kubona imigabane minini mubucuruzi<ref>https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=231989.html</ref>. Yasangiye umugambi we n’umugabo we w’iburyo witwa Sammy<ref>https://www.kenyans247.com/7702/veve-film-.html</ref>, wagize uruhare runini mu kubaka imbaraga za Amosi, amukorera imirimo yanduye<ref>https://rateyourmusic.com/film/veve/</ref>. Ariko Sammy yifuza imirimo nk'iyi iragabanuka. Aracyafite agahinda k'urupfu rw'umugore we nubwo hashize imyaka mike, Sammy arwana urugamba rwo guhuza umubyeyi n'umuhungu we wigometse, uhumeka kole.<ref>https://www.potentash.com/2014/08/27/veve-movie-premiere-nakumatt-junction/</ref> == Abakinnyi<ref>https://hyperleap.com/topic/Veve_(film)</ref> == * Emo Rugene nka Kenzo * Lizz Njagah nka Esiteri * Conrad Makeni nka Sammy * Hasi Odhiambo nka Amosi * Adam Peevers nka Clint * Victor Munyua nka Morris * David Wambugu nka Kago * Joseph Peter Mwambia nka Mzee * Delvin Mudigi nka Julius * Albert Nyakundi nk'umupolisi ruswa * Philip Mwangi nka Bernard * Fidelis Nyambura nka Betty * Mary Gacheri nkumugore wa Mzee * Salim Paul nka Wadu Junior == references == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] 6d4hj8n4o5wcigc7z1v6tmz0cffvldl 0 9853 86225 81030 2022-08-21T23:19:12Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kalisa.jpg|thumb|Jessie Kalisa]] '''Jessie Kalisa Umutoni''' (wavutse 1973) ni [[Rwanda|rwiyemezamirimo w’umugore wo mu Rwanda]], umukire akaba n’umuyobozi wa G-Mart Ltd isosiyete ikora kandi igapakira ingwa zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mashuri yo mu [[Rwanda]]. <ref name=":0">https://allafrica.com/stories/201411270347.html</ref> <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Bahangayikishijwe-n-ikibazo-cy-ingwa-zibatera-uburwayi</ref> <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/83034/uruganda-g-mart-rukora-ingwa-batanze-inkunga-ya-miliyoni-esh-83034.html</ref> <ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abanyarwanda-binjiye-ku-isoko-rya-centrafrique-ibyo-bemerewe-ku-bashaka-gushora</ref> Mbere yo gutangiza isosiyete ye bwite '''Kalisa''' yari umuyobozi ushinzwe abakozi n’ubuyobozi muri Inyange iindustries kuva mu 2008 kandi mbere yaho yari umuhuzabikorwa muri MTN-Rwanda. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>https://en.igihe.com/business/rwanda-business-week-in-bujumbura-a-success</ref> <ref name=":1">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/103036</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Kalisa yavutse 1973 nk'imfura mu muryango w'abakobwa barindwi n'abahungu babiri; ababyeyi be ni Andrew Kalisa na Violette Mukansanga wo muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] ; ababyeyi be bari abarimu muri [[Uganda]], aho yize amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye, nyuma yinjira muri Nkumba College (Nkumba University). Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yakoze imirimo itandukanye hanyuma nyuma yimyaka cumi n'ibiri asubira mwishuri aho yakuye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri human resources. <ref name=":1">{{Template:Cite web}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/103036 "Jessie Kalisa Umutoni says women must become risk takers to succeed"]. ''The New Times | Rwanda''. 2012-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] g7tpi3wh0iuxipretcrqxrjoj84riyr 0 10108 86218 82364 2022-08-21T22:45:51Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki == uducurama == ubusnzwe agacurama ini agakoko kabarirwa mutunyamabere tuguruka ni agakoko kadakunda kugaragara kumanwa cyane kuko bivugwako aribwo kaba gasinziriye.ubu bwoko bw'[[inyamanswa]] bwari bwarateye Impungenge ko bwari bwarazimiye ndetse mumwaka wa 2021 umuryango mpuza mahanga wita kurusobe rw'ibinyabuzima uzwi nka [[IUCN]] wari waradushyize<ref>https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubuzima/article/ubwoko-bw-uducurama-byakekwaga-ko-bwazimye-bwavumbuwe-mu-rwanda</ref> kurutonde rw' [[inyamanswa]] zishobora kuzimira burundu kw'Isi hose kuko hari hashize imyaka isaga 40 ntawuraca agacurama iryera [[Dosiye:Wikipedia-Bats-001-v01.jpg|thumb|Uducurama]] == Agashya k'uducurama == nyuma y'imyaka 40 hariho impungenge yuko ubu bwoko bwizi [[Inyamanswa|nyamanswa]] z'inyamabere butazongera kuboneka mu [[Rwanda]] nahandi kw'Isi. uzwi nka John Flanders uyobora umuryango mpuzamahanga urengera ubu bwoko [[Inyamanswa|bwinyamanswa]] ziri munyamabere yatangaje ko kongera kuvumbura iz' [[Inyamanswa]] ari ibyagaciro kuriwe ndetse nitsinda bakorana mu [[Rwanda]] kuva muri 2013 uyu muryango ufatanya nurwgo rw'Igihugu rushinzwe iterambere mu [[Rwanda]] RDB ndetse n'ishyirahamwe [[Rwanda|nyarwanda]] rishinzwe kurengera ibinyabuzima mubushakashatsi bwo mwishyamba rya Nyungwe<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/inyamaswa-yo-mu-bwoko-bw-uducurama-yasanzwe-mu-rwanda-nyuma-y-imyaka-40</ref> muri 2019 nyuma yiminsi 10 bari mubushakashatsi mubuvumo bwa nyugwe butandukanye nibwo aba bahanga baje kuvumbura ubu bwoko bw'inyamabere bufite imisurire nkiy'agacurama. gusa byabasabye imyaka 3 kugirango bagenzure neza ubu bwoko bushya bwavumbuwe babona kwemeza ko aribyo.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-53510175</ref> == Akamaro == abahanga bavugako uducurama muturemangingo tutugize harimo uturemangingo tudutera imbaraga<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/musanze-babangamiwe-n-uducurama-tumaze-imyaka-9-mu-buvumo-bwa-susa</ref> zo kwirinda virus iyo ariyo yose yica kuburyo dushobora kuyandura ariko ntidupfe kuko utwo turemangingo tuduha ubwirinzi budasanzwe burinda [[Inyamanswa|izinyamanswa]] kwibasirwa na Virus zica<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-53510175</ref> umushakashatsi Prof Emma Teeling wo muri Kaminuza ya college Dublin avugako utwo turemangingo twizi nyamanswa dufite ubudahangarwa bwo guhangana numubiri byafasha kandi mubuzima bwa muntu mugukoresha ubudahangarwa bw'ibinyabuzima mugukora imiti imwe nimwe yo kwirinda Virus zitandukanye nka COVID19 nizindi. == Reba hano == o1gq0sxi2qugaaki8hi2n7ejsoxz0sa 0 12579 86227 85802 2022-08-21T23:24:25Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:15-07-12-Ciclistas-en-Mexico-RalfR-N3S_8973.jpg|thumb|Igare]] Igare ni ikinyabiziga gikoresha imbaraga zabantu cyangwa moteri, ukoreshwa na moteri gifite ibiziga bibiri bifatanye kumurongo kimwe inyuma yicyindi, wicaraho ukagenda uhinduranya pedal ebyiri ukoresheje amaguru yombi ukwiburyo n'ibumoso. Ugenda ku igare yitwa umunyonzi, cyangwa umunyegare.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle</ref> (Pedal= ibice ukandagiraho n'ibirenge)<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bicycle</ref> <ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=the+mining+of+bicycle&sxsrf=ALiCzsZBSeEB0s3YaH6eApEBAxW9a0X8Gw%3A1653234135404&ei=11mKYrCeGM-Oxc8PneenwAs&ved=0ahUKEwjw5fuKufP3AhVPR_EDHZ3zCbgQ4dUDCA0&uact=5&oq=the+mining+of+bicycle&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBAgAEBMyBAgAEBMyCggAEB4QCBAHEBMyCggAEB4QCBAHEBMyCggAEB4QDxANEBMyCAgAEB4QDRATMgoIABAeEA8QDRATMggIABAeEA0QEzIKCAAQHhAPEA0QEzIKCAAQHhAPEA0QEzoHCAAQRxCwA0oECEEYAEoECEYYAFDPB1jPB2CiEWgBcAF4AIABqQiIAakIkgEDNy0xmAEAoAEByAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz</ref> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Igare]] 7wtj0e5e7zwgdnbwitparslsv5ltqw1 0 12588 86226 85800 2022-08-21T23:22:02Z Stevenndori289 10902 #WPWPRW wikitext text/x-wiki Moto ni ikinyabiziga gifite moteri, kidafite umubiri (kidafite karisore), gifite ibiziga bibiri akenshi.<ref>https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocyclette</ref> [[Dosiye:Motocycle_in_black.jpg|thumb|Moto]] == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Moto]] mn083uenzszlxerrjibsh7e406wne6g 14 12649 86232 2022-08-22T03:09:40Z MrTallBoy 9928 Created page with "Ikiciro kirimo ibikomoka muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba" wikitext text/x-wiki Ikiciro kirimo ibikomoka muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba hq24hy8uup26it4zlut14129rzrtuok