Scots leid

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    <title>Scots leid</title>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-25T01:04:27Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="42511" xml:space="preserve">{{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}}
{{Infobox leid
|name=Scots
|nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans''
|states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Zebi]]
|region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]&lt;br&gt;Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]]
|speakers=110,000–125,000
|date=1999–2011
|ref=&lt;ref&gt;7% o the population (100,000–115,000) report uising Scots at home in the 2011 census; 10,000 speakers in Ireland are reportit bi ''Ethnologue''&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers2=1.5 million [[Seicont leid|L2]] speakers.&lt;ref name=Ethnologue&gt;{{e17|sco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;In the 2011 census, respondents indicatit that 1.54 million (30%) are able tae speak Scots.&lt;ref name=Census&gt;[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/QS212SC.pdf Scotland's Census 2011 - Scots language skills]&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]]
|fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]]
|fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]]
|ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]]
|ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]]
|ancestor3=[[Early Scots]]
|ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]]
|minority=Unitit Kinrick ([[Scotland]] an [[Northren Ireland]])
|naition=''Nane''&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;tradeetional leid&quot;'' bi the [[Scots Govrenment]].&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;regional or minoritie leid&quot;'' unner the [[European Chairter fer Regional or Minoritie Leids]], ratified bi the [[Unitit Kinrick]] in 2001.&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;tradeetional leid&quot;'' bi ''[[The North/Sooth Leid Body|The Noarth/Sooth Buird o Leid]]''.
|agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, &lt;small&gt;altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Govrenment's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises &quot;support&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;— [[Ireland]]: Nane, &lt;small&gt;altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established aes an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.&lt;/small&gt;
|dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]]
|dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]]
|dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]]
|dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]]
|dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]]
|script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]]
|iso2=sco
|iso3=sco
|lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: &lt;br&gt;52-ABA-aaa to -aav)
|map=Idioma escocés.png
|mapcaption=Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spoken in the 20t century&lt;ref&gt;Grant, William  (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Scots''' (or &quot;[[Lallans]]&quot;, Inglis translation ''lowlands'' or Scots; &quot;lawland Scots&quot;, {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o tha [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] varietie that's spaken on tha [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an en tha stewartrie o [[Ulster]] en [[Ireland]] (whaur it's kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|&quot;Ulster-Scots&quot;, &quot;Scotch&quot;, or &quot;Ullans&quot;]]) an tha leids o [[Scots Wikipedia]]. En maist airts, it is spaken anent tha an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] leid.

Up til tha 15t [[yeirhunder]] ''Scottis'' (modern furm ''Scots'') wis the name o the Gallic, the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the aunshint Scots. Thaim that bruikit Scots cried tha [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]] ''Erse'' (meinin ''Irish''). Tha Gallic o Scotland is noo maistly cried the Scots Gallic an is yit spaken bi sum en tha western [[Scots Hielands]] an ilands. Fur tha maist pairt, Scots originatit fae tha Northumbrian variety o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)]], tho wi a meikle influence fae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, the [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an law Saxon thro troke wi (an incummers fae) tha law kintras, an tha [[Romance leids|Romance]]  fae itse uise in the Kirk an legal Latin, Anglo-Norman an possibly Pairisian French cause o the [[Auld Alliance]].

Anglian spikkers wir weil staiblisht in sooth-eist Scotland bi tha 7t yeirhunder. In tha 13t yeirhunder Norman launainers an thair reteiners, speakin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middil Inglis]], war bade tae cum an sattil bi tha King. Scots kyth'd fer tha first tym en scrieved form en tha mids o tha 14t yeirhunder an didnae differ mukkil fae ither northren Inglis byleids. The Anglian leid o Scotland gra an its ain sinsyn. Bi tha lat 15t yeirhunder tha sicht fowk haed o tha differs wi tha leid spaken faurder sooth cam til tha fore an Scots-spikkin Scots begoud tae crie thair leid &quot;Scots&quot;. Scots haes lend-wirds fae tha fak thit tha Scots fowk haed contak wi Gaelic spikkers. Thair lend-wirds is fer ordinair anerlì fer geographical an cultural hings, sik as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lyk onì leivin leid, Scots haes chynged ae bittie ower tha yeirs, tho hit haes arguablì stey'd naurer til its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis. Monie Scots wirds hae becum pairt o the Inglis ava: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''.

En Scotland's census o 2011, ae speir on Scots wis speired.

== Scrievid Scots ==

Monie writers nou evyts apostrofies whaur thay ar thocht tae shaw letters thit's &quot;missin&quot; fae Inglis (the [[apologetic apostrophe|apologeteec apostrophe]]). Sikna letters niver wer missin en Scots at aw. Fur exemple, en the twalt yeirhunder, Barbour spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as 'tane'. Haein been nae ''k'' en the wird fer mair nor 700 yeir, shawin the want o't wi aen apostrofie coud be caa'd specious. The modren speelin is for ordinair 'taen'. Vouel nummers is fae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] n the foneteecs is en [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. Maugre the establisht tradeetional speelin conventions descrived ablo, durin the twantiet centuair ae wheen o propones fer speelin reform wis pitten forrit. Commentin on sicweys, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes thit &quot;devisin ae normativ ortografee fer Scots haes been waen o the grattest linguestic hobbies o the past centuair.&quot; N writin aneat the affcome o thon en ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee merkit that speelin reform &quot;haes had the effeck o caain doun the kynd-o-a staudartisation that aareadie exeestit&quot; n that &quot;Speelin haes gotten tae be ae free-fer-aw, wi the tradeetional model bemeanit, n nae populair replacement&quot; leadin til mair speelin variation, nae less.

===Consonants===

Maist consonants is fer ordinair soondit sic n sae as en Inglis bit:
*'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as en Inglis.
*'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499&lt;/ref&gt; '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Seemilar til the German &quot;Na'''ch'''t&quot;.
*'''ch''': waird ineetial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc.
*'''ck''': at the end o a silable&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&amp;startset=4948443&amp;query=C&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&amp;startset=4948443&amp;query=C&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n whan intervocaleec&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&amp;startset=20617909&amp;query=K&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&amp;startset=20617909&amp;query=K&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; efter ae cuttie vouel e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. 
*'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;/&gt; ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc.
*'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''nch''': fer ordinair {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500&lt;/ref&gt; ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc.
*'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511&lt;/ref&gt; i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhoteeclie]].
*'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&amp;startset=33999048&amp;query=S&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&amp;startset=33999048&amp;query=S&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''t''': micht be ae glottal stap atween vouels or waird final.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;/&gt; En Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even fer 'd'.
*'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as is Inglis. En Mid Northren varieties n intervocallic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506&lt;/ref&gt; Initial 'th' en ''thing'', ''think'' and ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''wh''': fer ordinair {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499&quot;/&gt; Northren byleids haes {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;/&gt;
*'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} en Northern byleids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;/&gt; ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc.
*'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe en som wirds aes ae substitute fer the aulder &lt;{{lang|ang|ȝ}}&gt; ([[yoch]]). Fer example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'' n the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc. (Aes aen affcome o the want o edducation in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi ae {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceeved soondin o the scrieved form, aes mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.)

===Seelent letters===
*The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' n '''ld'''&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503&lt;/ref&gt; bit aften soodit in derived forms. Whiles jist 'n' n 'l' or 'n&amp;#39;' n 'l&amp;#39;' e.g. ''auld'' n ''haund'' etc., aes en the [[Dens leid]].
*'t' en medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) n '''st''' n afore final '''en'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509&lt;/ref&gt; e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' n the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in Inglis.
*'t' en wird final '''ct''' n '''pt'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509&quot;/&gt; bit aften soondit en derived forms e.g. ''respect'' n ''accept'' etc.

===Vouels===

Fer ae histereecal luikower see the [[Phonological history o Scots|Phonologeecal histerie o Scots]].

The vouel seestem o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):&lt;ref&gt;Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow
Varsity Press 1977&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
| 8
| 8a
| 9
| 10
| 11
| 12
| 13
| 14
| 15
| 16
| 17
| 18
| 19
|rowspan=2 style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; | 1. Generally merges wi vouels 2, 4 or 8.&lt;br&gt;
2. Merges wi vouels 1 an 8. in central dialects&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.&lt;br&gt;
3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br&gt;
4. Antrin mergers wi vouel 5.
|-
|  cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}&lt;br&gt;lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} 
|  {{IPA|/i/}}
|  {{IPA|/e, i/}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/e/}}
|  {{IPA|/o/}}
|  {{IPA|/u/}}
|  {{IPA|/ø/}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/eː/}}
|  {{IPA|/əi/}}
|  {{IPA|/oe/}}
|  {{IPA|/əi/}}
|  {{IPA|/iː/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}}
|  {{IPA|/ʌu/}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/ju/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɔ/}}&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|}

En Scots, [[vouel length]] is fer ordinair condeetiont bi the [[Scots Vouel Lenth Rule]]. Wirds that differ jist ae bittie en soondin fae [[Scots English|Scots Ingils]] is fer ordinair spelt aes en Ingils. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ en soondin, fer ensaumple: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' n ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. n ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' n ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}.
*The onstrest vouel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter.
*'''a''' (vowel 17): fer ordinair {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} en sooth wast n Ulster byleids,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; bit {{IPA|/aː/}} en Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vouel 12) en ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw depending on the byleid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''au''', '''aw''' (vouel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} en Soothren, Central n Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren bileids, wi ''au'' fer ordinair in medial poseetions&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n ''aw'' in final poseetions.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 4&quot;/&gt; Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&amp;#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&amp;startset=45678332&amp;query=W&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&amp;startset=45678332&amp;query=W&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, speciallie in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren n Insular byleids.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 1&quot;/&gt; The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc.
*'''ai''' (vouel 8) en ineetial n medial poseetions&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;/&gt; (vouel 4) n '''ay''' (vouel 8) fer ordinair in final poseetions.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:E 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aw generallie {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin en some wairds wi vouel 4 n ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wairds wi vouel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. n waird final ''brae'' n ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes fer vouel 7 an aw en ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:E 3&quot; /&gt; En Northren byleids the vouel en the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}}&lt;ref&gt;Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44&lt;/ref&gt; n efter {{IPA|/w/}} n daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461&lt;/ref&gt; En Sooth Scots n monie Central n Ulster varieties ''ae'', ''ane'' n ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} n {{IPA|/jɪns/}} aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' n ''yince'' en byleid writin.
*'''ea''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ei'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 3), haes generallie merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vouel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the by leid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. En Northren varieties the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}} n en the faur north {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe en aw environments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455&lt;/ref&gt; ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc.
*'''ee'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 2). Whiles '''ei''' n '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' fer ordinair afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit en ae few ither wairds an aw, n ''ie'' fer ordinair afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is fer ordinair {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} bit en Northren varieties micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} n {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455&quot;/&gt; Final vouel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} en Southren byleids.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456&lt;/ref&gt; e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'' , ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes en ae few wairds lyk ''sea'' n ''tea'' an aw.
*'''e'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc.
*'''eu'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart Ingils kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'' etc.
*'''ew''' (vouel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. En Northren bileids a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc.
*'''i'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Vouel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}} specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes en Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc.
*'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ey''' (vouels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is fer ordinair {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' n ''aye''. En Dundee hit is ae kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.
*'''o'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}) aften speelt phoneteeclie ''oa'' in byleid speelins lyk ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) n ''oan'' (on) etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''oa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}.
*'''oi''', '''oy''' (vouel 9)
*'''ow''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vouel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k' vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe speciallie en wastren n Ulster byleids. ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc.
*'''ou''' the ordinair leeterar speelin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; o vouel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' en some wairds: {{IPA|/u/}} the foregane aften representit bi '''oo''', ae 19t centuair lend fae Staundairt Ingils.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe en Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'' etc.
*'''u'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc.
*'''ui''', the ordinair leeterar speelin&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 4i&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; o vouel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the speelin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, speciallie afore nasals,&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 4i&quot;/&gt; n '''oo''' fae the speelin o Staundairt Ingils cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids fer ordinair {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} n {{IPA|/k/}} aften speelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, n {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} en some airts e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun n Donegal byleids haes {{IPA|/i/}}. En central n north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie n vouel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' en byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. En central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' n. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}.

== Some graimmar featurs ==
=== The definit airtikil ===
''The'' is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences n acadeemic subjeks. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airtikil n instad o a possesseev pronoun n aw: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''The deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'' etc.

=== Nouns ===
Nouns fer ordinair eiks –(''e'')''s'' fer the plural bit some irraigulair plurals kith: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''.
Nouns o meisur an quantitie byds the same en the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''.
Raigular plurals incluid ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' n ''wifes'', etc.

=== Dimeenuteeves ===
Dimeenuteeves wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' n Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie'', baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic dimeenuteeve -''ag''.

=== Modal verbs ===
The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' isna aften bruikit in Scots n this is histereec, bit is whiles still fand in anglifie'd leeterair Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', n ''will/wul'' is the prefer'd Scots maks. 
Scots employs doobel modal maks ''He'll no can cum the day'', ''A micht cud cum the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae hit, but no nou''.

=== Praisent tense o verbs ===
The praisent tense o verbs ends en –''s'' en aw persons n nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, ''Thay say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee'' etc. ''Thay'r cummin an aw'' bit ''Five o thaim's cummin'', ''The lassies? Thay'v went'' bit ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that cums first is ser'd first''. ''The trees growes green en the simmer''.

''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but na widdershins: ''Ye were''/''wis thaur''.

=== Past tense o verbs ===
The raigulair past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs haes kenspeakle maks ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''.

=== Wird order ===
Scots aften haes tha wird order ''He turnt oot tha licht'' an na ''He turnt tha licht oot'' an ''Gie me hit'' an na ''Gie hit til me''.

Antrin verbs is aften uised progressive ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''.

Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore aen adverb or adverb phrases o motion ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil tha hoose an see him''.

Partecipils gaes til tha end o tha clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is impleid (pairtéculair in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''.

=== Ordinal nummers ===
Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'' ''seicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''Thrid''/''third''.

=== Adverbs ===
Adverbs fer ordinair taks the same mak aes the verb ruit or adjecteeve specialie efter verbs. ''Haein ae real guid day''. ''She's gey fauchelt''.&lt;br /&gt;
Adverbs is shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whyls'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''.

=== Subordinate clauses ===
Verbless subordinate clauses is brocht en wi, ''n'' pittin ower surpreese or skunner ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''.

=== Negation ===
Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb ''na'', en the North Eist ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm na cummin'', or bi bruikin the suffix –''na'' (soondin lippens oan byleid), aes in ''&quot;A dinnae ken&quot;'', ''Thay canna cum'' n ''We coudna hae telt him''. 
The uiss wi ''na'' is fer ordinair taen foreby –''na'' wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lyk –''ll'' fer ''will'', or en ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair ''He'll na cum'' n ''Did he na cum?''

=== Reelateeve pronoon ===
The reelateeve pronoon is ''that'' (''&amp;#39;at'' is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit hit can cum aboot bi contraction) fer aw persons n nummers, bit micht be drappit ''Thaur's na monie fowk'' (''that'') ''byds en that glen''. The anglifie'd maks ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', n the auld-farrant ''whilk'' is j ist leeterair pensfuness; ''whilk'' is alanerlie bruikit eftir ae statement ''He said he'd tint hit, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear''. The possesseeve cums aboot bi eikin '''s'' or bi bruikin aen appropriate pronoon ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairit''; ''the men that thair boat wis tint''.

The thrid adjecteeve/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the speaker n the leestener, ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' n ''that'' is ''thae'' n ''thir''. Northren byleids taks ''this'' n ''that'' fer the plural ava.

== Hamelt leids ==

Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids''. Thir include;

* [[Sooth Scots]]
* [[Doric]]
* [[Shetlandic]]
* Urban Scots (Scots as spaken in tha céties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae)
* [[Central Scots]]
* Northren Scots
* [[Ulster Scots]] (Spaken in Northren Irland an Coontie Dunnagal)

== See foreby ==

* [[IPA chairt for Scots|IPA chairt fer Scots]]
* [[Scots Language Centre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
* Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1
* Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique.
* Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2
* Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf
* Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4
* Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3
* Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7
* McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2
* McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland.
* Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1
* Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd.
* Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7
* Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers.
* Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf

{{Commons|Scots language}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Commonscat|Scots language}}
* [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }}
* [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt]
* [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online]
* [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society]
* [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }}
* [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – fer bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }}
* [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots
* [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }}
* [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots]
* [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }}
* [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }}
* [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated]
* [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts &amp; Speech] – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
* [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre]
* [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung]
* [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas]

{{Germanic leids}}

[[Category:Scots leid| ]]
[[Category:Leids o Scotland]]
[[Category:Leids o Ireland]]
[[Category:Inglis leids]]
[[Category:SVO leids]]</text>
      <sha1>4qa6w45jmcx13gme4kww2k32ev8ojdg</sha1>
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      <text bytes="42514" xml:space="preserve">{{itheruises|Scots fowk|Scots leid (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Scots Inglis|Scots Gaelic}}
{{Infobox leid
|name=Scots
|nativename=(''Braid'') ''Scots'', ''Lallans''
|states= [[Unitit Kinrick]], [[Republic o Ireland]]
|region=Scotland: [[Scots Lawlands]], [[Northren Isles]], [[Caithness]], [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] an [[Cammeltoun]]&lt;br&gt;Ulster (Ireland): [[Coonties o Ireland|Coonties]] [[Coonty Doun|Doun]], [[Coonty Antrim|Antrim]], [[Coonty Derry|Derry]] an [[Coonty Donegal|Donegal]]
|speakers=110,000–125,000
|date=1999–2011
|ref=&lt;ref&gt;7% o the population (100,000–115,000) report uising Scots at home in the 2011 census; 10,000 speakers in Ireland are reportit bi ''Ethnologue''&lt;/ref&gt;
|speakers2=1.5 million [[Seicont leid|L2]] speakers.&lt;ref name=Ethnologue&gt;{{e17|sco}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;In the 2011 census, respondents indicatit that 1.54 million (30%) are able tae speak Scots.&lt;ref name=Census&gt;[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/QS212SC.pdf Scotland's Census 2011 - Scots language skills]&lt;/ref&gt;
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic leids|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]]
|fam4=[[Anglo-Frisie leids|Anglo-Frisie]]
|fam5=[[Anglic leids|Anglic]]
|ancestor=[[Auld Inglis]]
|ancestor2=[[Middle Inglis leid|Middle Inglis]]
|ancestor3=[[Early Scots]]
|ancestor4=[[Middle Scots]]
|minority=Unitit Kinrick ([[Scotland]] an [[Northren Ireland]])
|naition=''Nane''&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;tradeetional leid&quot;'' bi the [[Scots Govrenment]].&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;regional or minoritie leid&quot;'' unner the [[European Chairter fer Regional or Minoritie Leids]], ratified bi the [[Unitit Kinrick]] in 2001.&lt;br /&gt;— Classeefied aes ae ''&quot;tradeetional leid&quot;'' bi ''[[The North/Sooth Leid Body|The Noarth/Sooth Buird o Leid]]''.
|agency=— [[Scotland]]: Nane, &lt;small&gt;altho the ''[[Dictionar o the Scots Leid]]'' carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Govrenment's ''Partnership for a Better Scotland'' coalition agreement (2003) promises &quot;support&quot;.&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;— [[Ireland]]: Nane, &lt;small&gt;altho the cross-border ''[[Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch]]'', established aes an ootcome o the [[Guid Friday Agreement|''Guid Friday Greeance'']], promotes ussage.&lt;/small&gt;
|dia1=[[Central Scots|Central]]
|dia2=[[Sooth Scots|Soothren]]
|dia3=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster]]
|dia4=[[Northren Scots|Northren]]
|dia5=[[Insular Scots|Insular]]
|script=[[Laitin script|Laitin]]
|iso2=sco
|iso3=sco
|lingua=52-ABA-aa (varieties: &lt;br&gt;52-ABA-aaa to -aav)
|map=Idioma escocés.png
|mapcaption=Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spoken in the 20t century&lt;ref&gt;Grant, William  (1931) [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 Scottish National Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173629/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/INTRO/map.php?num=2 |date=2012-01-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gregg R.J. (1972) ''The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries'' in Ulster in Wakelin M.F., Patterns in the Folk Speech of The British Isles, London&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Scots''' (or &quot;[[Lallans]]&quot;, Inglis translation ''lowlands'' or Scots; &quot;lawland Scots&quot;, {{lang-gd|Beurla Ghallta/Albais}}) is a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic]] [[leid]] o tha [[Anglic leids|Anglic]] varietie that's spaken on tha [[Scots lawlands|Lawlands]] o [[Scotland]] an en tha stewartrie o [[Ulster]] en [[Ireland]] (whaur it's kent as [[Ulster Scots leid|&quot;Ulster-Scots&quot;, &quot;Scotch&quot;, or &quot;Ullans&quot;]]) an tha leids o [[Scots Wikipedia]]. En maist airts, it is spaken anent tha an [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] leid.

Up til tha 15t [[yeirhunder]] ''Scottis'' (modern furm ''Scots'') wis the name o the Gallic, the [[Celtic Leids|Celtic leid]] o the aunshint Scots. Thaim that bruikit Scots cried tha [[Gaelic leid|Gaelic]] ''Erse'' (meinin ''Irish''). Tha Gallic o Scotland is noo maistly cried the Scots Gallic an is yit spaken bi sum en tha western [[Scots Hielands]] an ilands. Fur tha maist pairt, Scots originatit fae tha Northumbrian variety o [[Auld Inglis leid|Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)]], tho wi a meikle influence fae the [[Auld Norse]] o the Vikings, the [[Dutch leid|Dutch]] an law Saxon thro troke wi (an incummers fae) tha law kintras, an tha [[Romance leids|Romance]]  fae itse uise in the Kirk an legal Latin, Anglo-Norman an possibly Pairisian French cause o the [[Auld Alliance]].

Anglian spikkers wir weil staiblisht in sooth-eist Scotland bi tha 7t yeirhunder. In tha 13t yeirhunder Norman launainers an thair reteiners, speakin Northumbrian [[Middle Inglis leid|Middil Inglis]], war bade tae cum an sattil bi tha King. Scots kyth'd fer tha first tym en scrieved form en tha mids o tha 14t yeirhunder an didnae differ mukkil fae ither northren Inglis byleids. The Anglian leid o Scotland gra an its ain sinsyn. Bi tha lat 15t yeirhunder tha sicht fowk haed o tha differs wi tha leid spaken faurder sooth cam til tha fore an Scots-spikkin Scots begoud tae crie thair leid &quot;Scots&quot;. Scots haes lend-wirds fae tha fak thit tha Scots fowk haed contak wi Gaelic spikkers. Thair lend-wirds is fer ordinair anerlì fer geographical an cultural hings, sik as ''clan'' an ''loch''. Lyk onì leivin leid, Scots haes chynged ae bittie ower tha yeirs, tho hit haes arguablì stey'd naurer til its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis. Monie Scots wirds hae becum pairt o the Inglis ava: ''flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob''.

En Scotland's census o 2011, ae speir on Scots wis speired.

== Scrievid Scots ==

Monie writers nou evyts apostrofies whaur thay ar thocht tae shaw letters thit's &quot;missin&quot; fae Inglis (the [[apologetic apostrophe|apologeteec apostrophe]]). Sikna letters niver wer missin en Scots at aw. Fur exemple, en the twalt yeirhunder, Barbour spelt the Scots [[cognate]] o ''taken'' as 'tane'. Haein been nae ''k'' en the wird fer mair nor 700 yeir, shawin the want o't wi aen apostrofie coud be caa'd specious. The modren speelin is for ordinair 'taen'. Vouel nummers is fae [[A.J. Aitken|Aitken]] n the foneteecs is en [[Internaitional Phonetic ABC|IPA]]. Maugre the establisht tradeetional speelin conventions descrived ablo, durin the twantiet centuair ae wheen o propones fer speelin reform wis pitten forrit. Commentin on sicweys, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes thit &quot;devisin ae normativ ortografee fer Scots haes been waen o the grattest linguestic hobbies o the past centuair.&quot; N writin aneat the affcome o thon en ''Lallans'' 57, Caroline Macafee merkit that speelin reform &quot;haes had the effeck o caain doun the kynd-o-a staudartisation that aareadie exeestit&quot; n that &quot;Speelin haes gotten tae be ae free-fer-aw, wi the tradeetional model bemeanit, n nae populair replacement&quot; leadin til mair speelin variation, nae less.

===Consonants===

Maist consonants is fer ordinair soondit sic n sae as en Inglis bit:
*'''c''': {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/s/}}, as en Inglis.
*'''ch''': {{IPA|/x/}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.499&lt;/ref&gt; '''gh''' an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northren dialects. ''loch'', ''nicht'', ''dochter'', ''dreich'', etc. Seemilar til the German &quot;Na'''ch'''t&quot;.
*'''ch''': waird ineetial or whaur it follaes 'r' {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. ''airch'', ''mairch'', etc.
*'''ck''': at the end o a silable&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&amp;startset=4948443&amp;query=C&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd |title=SND: C |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205745/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=2306&amp;startset=4948443&amp;query=C&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n whan intervocaleec&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&amp;startset=20617909&amp;query=K&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: K |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=7690&amp;startset=20617909&amp;query=K&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; efter ae cuttie vouel e.g. ''bick'', ''geck'', ''muckle'', ''ruck'', etc. 
*'''gn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/ɡn/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.501&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''kn''': {{IPA|/n/}}. In Northren dialects {{IPA|/kn/}} or {{IPA|/tn/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;/&gt; ''knap'' ''knee'', ''knowe'', etc.
*'''ng''': is aye {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''nch''': fer ordinair {{IPA|/nʃ/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.500&lt;/ref&gt; ''brainch'', ''dunch'', etc.
*'''r''': {{IPA|/r/}} or {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is pronoonced in aw positions,&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.510-511&lt;/ref&gt; i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhoteeclie]].
*'''s''' or '''se''': {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/z/}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&amp;startset=33999048&amp;query=S&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: S |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703205657/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=9474&amp;startset=33999048&amp;query=S&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''t''': micht be ae glottal stap atween vouels or waird final.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.501&quot;/&gt; En Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even fer 'd'.
*'''th''': {{IPA|/ð/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}} as is Inglis. En Mid Northren varieties n intervocallic {{IPA|/ð/}} micht be soondit {{IPA|/d/}}.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.506&lt;/ref&gt; Initial 'th' en ''thing'', ''think'' and ''thank'', etc. micht be {{IPA|/h/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''wh''': fer ordinair {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, aulder {{IPA|/xʍ/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.499&quot;/&gt; Northren byleids haes {{IPA|/f/}} an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;/&gt;
*'''wr''': {{IPA|/wr/}} mair aften {{IPA|/r/}} bit micht be {{IPA|/vr/}} en Northern byleids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.507&quot;/&gt; ''wrack'', ''wrang'', ''write'', ''wrocht'', etc.
*'''z''': {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, micht kythe en som wirds aes ae substitute fer the aulder &lt;{{lang|ang|ȝ}}&gt; ([[yoch]]). Fer example: ''brulzie'', ''gaberlunzie'' n the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc. (Aes aen affcome o the want o edducation in Scots, ''Mackenzie'' is nou generally soondit wi ae {{IPA|/z/}} follaein the perceeved soondin o the scrieved form, aes mair controversial is whiles ''Menzies''.)

===Seelent letters===
*The wird final 'd' in '''nd''' n '''ld'''&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503&lt;/ref&gt; bit aften soodit in derived forms. Whiles jist 'n' n 'l' or 'n&amp;#39;' n 'l&amp;#39;' e.g. ''auld'' n ''haund'' etc., aes en the [[Dens leid]].
*'t' en medial '''cht''' ('ch' = {{IPA|/x/}}) n '''st''' n afore final '''en'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509&lt;/ref&gt; e.g. ''fochten'', ''thristle'' n the 't' in ''aften'' etc. an aw., as in Inglis.
*'t' en wird final '''ct''' n '''pt'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.509&quot;/&gt; bit aften soondit en derived forms e.g. ''respect'' n ''accept'' etc.

===Vouels===

Fer ae histereecal luikower see the [[Phonological history o Scots|Phonologeecal histerie o Scots]].

The vouel seestem o Scots (in [[Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]):&lt;ref&gt;Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow
Varsity Press 1977&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
| 8
| 8a
| 9
| 10
| 11
| 12
| 13
| 14
| 15
| 16
| 17
| 18
| 19
|rowspan=2 style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; | 1. Generally merges wi vouels 2, 4 or 8.&lt;br&gt;
2. Merges wi vouels 1 an 8. in central dialects&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Also {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} dependin on dialect.&lt;br&gt;
3. Vocalisation tae {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/k/}}.&lt;br&gt;
4. Antrin mergers wi vouel 5.
|-
|  cuttie {{IPA|/əi/}}&lt;br&gt;lang {{IPA|/aɪ/}} 
|  {{IPA|/i/}}
|  {{IPA|/e, i/}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/e/}}
|  {{IPA|/o/}}
|  {{IPA|/u/}}
|  {{IPA|/ø/}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/eː/}}
|  {{IPA|/əi/}}
|  {{IPA|/oe/}}
|  {{IPA|/əi/}}
|  {{IPA|/iː/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɑː, ɔː/}}
|  {{IPA|/ʌu/}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/ju/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɑ, a/}}
|  {{IPA|/ɔ/}}&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|  {{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|}

En Scots, [[vouel length]] is fer ordinair condeetiont bi the [[Scots Vouel Lenth Rule]]. Wirds that differ jist ae bittie en soondin fae [[Scots English|Scots Ingils]] is fer ordinair spelt aes en Ingils. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ en soondin, fer ensaumple: ''aunt'', ''swap'', ''want'' n ''wash'' wi {{IPA|/a/}}, ''bull'', ''full'' v. n ''pull'' wi {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, ''bind'', ''find'' n ''wind'' v., etc. wi {{IPA|/ɪ/}}.
*The onstrest vouel {{IPA|/ə/}} micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter.
*'''a''' (vowel 17): fer ordinair {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, aften {{IPA|/ɑː/}} en sooth wast n Ulster byleids,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 1 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; bit {{IPA|/aː/}} en Northren byleids. Maurk final ''a'' (vouel 12) en ''awa'', ''twa'' an ''wha'' micht be {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, {{IPA|/aː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}} an aw depending on the byleid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''au''', '''aw''' (vouel 12) {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} en Soothren, Central n Ulster byleids bit {{IPA|/aː/}} in Northren bileids, wi ''au'' fer ordinair in medial poseetions&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 4 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n ''aw'' in final poseetions.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 4&quot;/&gt; Sometimes '''a''' or '''a&amp;#39;''' representin [[L-vocalisation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&amp;startset=45678332&amp;query=W&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&amp;startset=45678332&amp;query=W&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The digraph '''aa''' kythes an aw, speciallie in scrieved representations o the ({{IPA|/aː/}}) soondin in Northren n Insular byleids.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 1&quot;/&gt; The cluster 'auld' micht be {{IPA|/ʌul/}} in Ulster an aw, e.g. ''aw'', ''cauld'', ''braw'', ''faw'', ''snaw'', etc.
*'''ai''' (vouel 8) en ineetial n medial poseetions&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 5 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; n '''a'''(consonant)'''e''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&amp;startset=14&amp;query=A&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vowel 4). The graphemes '''ae'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;/&gt; (vouel 4) n '''ay''' (vouel 8) fer ordinair in final poseetions.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:A 5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:E 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aw generallie {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}. Aften {{IPA|/ɛ/}} afore {{IPA|/r/}}. The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph ''ai'' occurrin en some wairds wi vouel 4 n ''a''(consonant)''e'' occurrin in some wairds wi vouel 8, e.g. ''saip'', ''hale'', ''ane'', ''ance'', ''bane'', etc. n waird final ''brae'' n ''day'' etc. The digraph ''ae'' kythes fer vouel 7 an aw en ''dae'', ''tae'' v. an ''shae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:E 3&quot; /&gt; En Northren byleids the vouel en the cluster 'ane' is aften {{IPA|/i/}}&lt;ref&gt;Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44&lt;/ref&gt; n efter {{IPA|/w/}} n daurk {{IPA|/l/}} the soondin {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.461&lt;/ref&gt; En Sooth Scots n monie Central n Ulster varieties ''ae'', ''ane'' n ''ance'' micht be soondit {{IPA|/jeː/}}, {{IPA|/jɪn/}} n {{IPA|/jɪns/}} aften scrieved ''yae'', ''yin'' n ''yince'' en byleid writin.
*'''ea''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ei'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 3), haes generallie merged wi {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} (vouel 2) or {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the by leid. {{IPA|/ɛ/}} micht kythe afore {{IPA|/r/}}. En Northren varieties the soondin micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} an {{IPA|/ʍ/}} n en the faur north {{IPA|/əi/}} micht kythe en aw environments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455&quot;&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.455&lt;/ref&gt; ''deid'', ''heid'', ''meat'', ''clear'' etc.
*'''ee'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouels 2 an 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 2). Whiles '''ei''' n '''i.e.''' wi ''ei'' fer ordinair afore ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), bit en ae few ither wairds an aw, n ''ie'' fer ordinair afore ''l'' an ''v''. The soondin is fer ordinair {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} bit en Northren varieties micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} efter {{IPA|/w/}} n {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston, Paul 1997 p.455&quot;/&gt; Final vouel 11 ({{IPA|/iː/}}) micht be {{IPA|/əi/}} en Southren byleids.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, Paul (1997) ''Regional Variation'' in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456&lt;/ref&gt; e.g. ''e'', ''een'', ''speir'' , ''steek'', ''here'', etc. The digraph ''ea'' kythes en ae few wairds lyk ''sea'' n ''tea'' an aw.
*'''e'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 1 (3) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 16): {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. ''bed'', ''het'', ''yett'', etc.
*'''eu'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:E 3 (5) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204357/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=6959&amp;startset=10343167&amp;query=E&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 7 afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''): {{IPA|/(j)u/}} or {{IPA|/(j)ʌ/}} dependin on dialect. Whiles ''u''(consonant)''e''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whiles ''u'' phonetically an ''oo'' efter Staundart Ingils kythes an aw, e.g. ''beuk'', ''eneuch'', ''keuk'', ''leuk'', ''teuk'' etc.
*'''ew''' (vouel 14): {{IPA|/ju/}}. En Northren bileids a ruit final 'ew' micht be {{IPA|/jʌu/}}. ''few'', ''new'', etc.
*'''i'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Vouel 15): {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, but aften varies atween {{IPA|/ɪ/}} an {{IPA|/ʌ/}} specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|/æ/}} kythes en Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants. ''big'', ''fit'', ''wid'', etc.
*'''i'''(consonant)'''e''', '''y'''(consonant)'''e''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:I 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204720/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9180&amp;startset=19388917&amp;query=I&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ey''' (vouels 1, 8a an 10): {{IPA|/əi/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. 'ay' is fer ordinair {{IPA|/e/}} bit {{IPA|/əi/}} in ''ay'' n ''aye''. En Dundee hit is ae kenspeckle {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.
*'''o'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 18): {{IPA|/ɔ/}} bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 ({{IPA|/o/}}) aften speelt phoneteeclie ''oa'' in byleid speelins lyk ''boax'' (box), ''coarn'' (corn), ''Goad'' (God)''joab'' (job) n ''oan'' (on) etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''oa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 5): {{IPA|/o/}}.
*'''oi''', '''oy''' (vouel 9)
*'''ow''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 3 (4)(ii) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''owe''' (ruit final), seendle '''ou''' (vouel 13): {{IPA|/ʌu/}}. Afore 'k' vocalisation til {{IPA|/o/}} micht kythe speciallie en wastren n Ulster byleids. ''bowk'', ''bowe'', ''howe'', ''knowe'', ''cowp'', ''yowe'', etc.
*'''ou''' the ordinair leeterar speelin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND: U 3 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; o vouel 6. Whiles '''u'''(consonant)'''e''' en some wairds: {{IPA|/u/}} the foregane aften representit bi '''oo''', ae 19t centuair lend fae Staundairt Ingils.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:O 5 (1) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202201/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=10072&amp;startset=27366693&amp;query=O&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruit final {{IPA|/ʌu/}} micht kythe en Soothren byleids. ''cou'', ''broun'', ''hoose'', ''moose'' etc.
*'''u'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 4 (2) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (vouel 19): {{IPA|/ʌ/}}. ''but'', ''cut'', etc.
*'''ui''', the ordinair leeterar speelin&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 4i&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:U 2 (4)(i) |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703202753/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=8382&amp;startset=44916040&amp;query=U&amp;fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&amp;dregion=entry&amp;dtext=snd#fhit |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; o vouel 7 (binna afore {{IPA|/k/}} an {{IPA|/x/}} see '''eu'''), the speelin ''u''(consonant)''e'' whiles kythed, speciallie afore nasals,&lt;ref name=&quot;SND:U 2 4i&quot;/&gt; n '''oo''' fae the speelin o Staundairt Ingils cognates: {{IPA|/ø/}} in conservative byleids. In pairts o [[Fife]], [[Dundee]] north [[Coonty Aintrim|Aintrim]] {{IPA|/e/}}. In Northren byleids fer ordinair {{IPA|/i/}} bit {{IPA|/wi/}} efter {{IPA|/ɡ/}} n {{IPA|/k/}} aften speelt ''ee'' in byleid writin, n {{IPA|/u/}} an aw afore {{IPA|/r/}} en some airts e.g. ''fuird''. Mid Doun n Donegal byleids haes {{IPA|/i/}}. En central n north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 ({{IPA|/ɪ/}}) occurs whan cuttie n vouel 8 ({{IPA|/eː/}}) whan lang, aften scrieved ''ai'' en byleid writin, e.g. ''buird'', ''buit'', ''cuit'', ''fluir'', ''guid'', ''schuil'', etc. En central byleids ''uise'' v. an ''uiss'' n. (use) is {{IPA|[jeːz]}} an {{IPA|[jɪs]}}.

== Some graimmar featurs ==
=== The definit airtikil ===
''The'' is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences n acadeemic subjeks. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airtikil n instad o a possesseev pronoun n aw: ''the hairst'', ''the Wadensday'', ''awa til the kirk'', ''the nou'', ''the dei'', ''the haingles'', ''the Laitin'', ''The deuk ett the bit breid'', ''the wife'' etc.

=== Nouns ===
Nouns fer ordinair eiks –(''e'')''s'' fer the plural bit some irraigulair plurals kith: ''ee''/''een'', ''cauf''/''caur'', ''horse''/''horse'', ''cou''/''kye'', ''shae''/''shuin''.
Nouns o meisur an quantitie byds the same en the plural ''fower fit'', ''twa mile'', ''five pund'', ''three hunnerwecht''.
Raigular plurals incluid ''laifs'', ''leafs'', ''shelfs'' n ''wifes'', etc.

=== Dimeenuteeves ===
Dimeenuteeves wi –''ie'', ''burnie'' (''wee burn''), ''feardie''/''feartie'', ''gamie'', ''kiltie'', ''postie'', ''wifie'', ''rhodie'', an wi ''ock'', ''bittock'', ''playock'', ''sourock'' n Northren –''ag'', ''bairnag'' (''wee bairn''), ''Cheordag'', -''ockie'', ''hooseockie'', ''wifeockie'', baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic dimeenuteeve -''ag''.

=== Modal verbs ===
The modal verbs ''mey'', ''ocht tae'', an ''sall'' isna aften bruikit in Scots n this is histereec, bit is whiles still fand in anglifie'd leeterair Scots. ''Can'', ''shid'', n ''will/wul'' is the prefer'd Scots maks. 
Scots employs doobel modal maks ''He'll no can cum the day'', ''A micht cud cum the morn'', ''A uised tae cud dae hit, but no nou''.

=== Praisent tense o verbs ===
The praisent tense o verbs ends en –''s'' en aw persons n nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb, ''Thay say he's ower wee'', ''Thaim that says he's ower wee'', ''Thir lassies says he's ower wee'' etc. ''Thay'r cummin an aw'' bit ''Five o thaim's cummin'', ''The lassies? Thay'v went'' bit ''Ma brakes haes went''. ''Thaim that cums first is ser'd first''. ''The trees growes green en the simmer''.

''Wis'' micht can tak the steid o ''war'', but na widdershins: ''Ye were''/''wis thaur''.

=== Past tense o verbs ===
The raigulair past form o the verb is –(''i'')''t'' or –(''e'')''d'', gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel ''hurtit'', ''skelpit'', ''Mendit'', ''kent''/''kenned'', ''cleant''/''cleaned'', ''skreived'', ''telt''/''tauld'', ''dee'd''. Some verbs haes kenspeakle maks ''greet''/''grat''/''grutten'', ''fesh''/''fuish''/''fuishen'', ''lauch''/''leuch''/''lauchen'', ''gae''/''gaed''/''gane'', ''gie''/''gied''/''gien'', ''pit''/''pat''/''pitten'', ''git''/''gat''/''gotten''.

=== Wird order ===
Scots aften haes tha wird order ''He turnt oot tha licht'' an na ''He turnt tha licht oot'' an ''Gie me hit'' an na ''Gie hit til me''.

Antrin verbs is aften uised progressive ''He wis thinkin he wad tell her'', ''He wis wantin tae tell her''.

Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore aen adverb or adverb phrases o motion ''Ah'm awa til ma bed'', ''That's me awa hame'', ''Ah'll intil tha hoose an see him''.

Partecipils gaes til tha end o tha clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is impleid (pairtéculair in Ulster): ''He's awfu auld gettin'', ''Ah hae ma siller chynged''.

=== Ordinal nummers ===
Ordinal nummers ends wi –''t'' ''seicont'', ''fowert'', ''fift'', ''saxt'' etc. ''first'', ''Thrid''/''third''.

=== Adverbs ===
Adverbs fer ordinair taks the same mak aes the verb ruit or adjecteeve specialie efter verbs. ''Haein ae real guid day''. ''She's gey fauchelt''.&lt;br /&gt;
Adverbs is shaped wi –''s'', -''lies'', ''lins'', ''gate''(''s'') an ''wey''(''s'') – ''whyls'', ''mebbes'', ''brawlies'', ''geylies'', ''aiblins'', ''airselins'', ''hauflins'', ''hidlins'', ''maistlins'', ''awgates'', ''ilkagate'', ''oniegate'', ''ilkawey'', ''onywey''(''s''), ''endweys'', ''fit weys''.

=== Subordinate clauses ===
Verbless subordinate clauses is brocht en wi, ''n'' pittin ower surpreese or skunner ''She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant'', ''He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg''.

=== Negation ===
Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb ''na'', en the North Eist ''nae'', as in ''Ah'm na cummin'', or bi bruikin the suffix –''na'' (soondin lippens oan byleid), aes in ''&quot;A dinnae ken&quot;'', ''Thay canna cum'' n ''We coudna hae telt him''. 
The uiss wi ''na'' is fer ordinair taen foreby –''na'' wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lyk –''ll'' fer ''will'', or en ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair ''He'll na cum'' n ''Did he na cum?''

=== Reelateeve pronoon ===
The reelateeve pronoon is ''that'' (''&amp;#39;at'' is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit hit can cum aboot bi contraction) fer aw persons n nummers, bit micht be drappit ''Thaur's na monie fowk'' (''that'') ''byds en that glen''. The anglifie'd maks ''wha'', ''wham'', ''whase'', n the auld-farrant ''whilk'' is j ist leeterair pensfuness; ''whilk'' is alanerlie bruikit eftir ae statement ''He said he'd tint hit, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear''. The possesseeve cums aboot bi eikin '''s'' or bi bruikin aen appropriate pronoon ''The wifie that's hoose gat burnt'', ''the wumman that her dochter gat mairit''; ''the men that thair boat wis tint''.

The thrid adjecteeve/adverb ''yon''/''yonder'', ''thon''/''thonder'' pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the speaker n the leestener, ''D'ye see yon''/''thon hoose ower yonder''/''thonder?'' The plurals o ''this'' n ''that'' is ''thae'' n ''thir''. Northren byleids taks ''this'' n ''that'' fer the plural ava.

== Hamelt leids ==

Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or ''byleids''. Thir include;

* [[Sooth Scots]]
* [[Doric]]
* [[Shetlandic]]
* Urban Scots (Scots as spaken in tha céties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae)
* [[Central Scots]]
* Northren Scots
* [[Ulster Scots]] (Spaken in Northren Irland an Coontie Dunnagal)

== See foreby ==

* [[IPA chairt for Scots|IPA chairt fer Scots]]
* [[Scots Language Centre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Aitken, A.J. (1977) ''How to Pronounce Older Scots'' in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
* Aitken, A. J. (1987) ''The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language''. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 0-08-034530-1
* Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) ''The Pronoun in Early Scots''. Helsinki, Société Néophilique.
* Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) ''The Edinburgh Companion to Scots''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1596-2
* Eagle, Andy (2005) ''Wir Ain Leid''. Scots-Online. Available in full at http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/WirAinLeid.pdf
* Jones, Charles (1997) ''The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language''. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4
* Jones, Charles (1995) ''A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century''. Edinburgh, John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-427-3
* Kingsmore, Rona K. (1995) ''Ulster Scots Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study''. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0711-7
* McClure, J. Derrick (1997) ''Why Scots Matters''. Edinburgh, Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-071-2
* McKay, Girvan (2007) ''The Scots Tongue (La skota lingvo)'', Polyglot Publications, Tullamore, Ireland.
* Niven, Liz; Jackson, Robin (Eds.) (1998) ''The Scots Language: its place in education''. Watergaw Publications. ISBN 0-9529978-5-1
* Robertson, T.A.; Graham, J.J. (1991) ''Grammar and Use of the Shetland Dialect''. Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd.
* Ross, David; Smith, Gavin D. (Editors)(1999) ''Scots-English, English-Scots Practical Dictionary''. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1985) ''Concise Scots Dictionary ''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-01-0
* Scottish Language Dictionaries (1990) ''Scots Thesaurus''. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-902930-03-7
* Warrack, Alexander (Editor)(1911) ''Chambers Scots Dictionary''. Chambers.
* Yound, C.P.L. (2004) ''Scots Grammar''. Scotsgate. Available in full at http://www.scotsgate.com/scotsgate01.pdf

{{Commons|Scots language}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Commonscat|Scots language}}
* [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ Dictionar o the Scots Leid – 22 volumes o Scots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220110231/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/ |date=2008-02-20 }}
* [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm#cairt Byleid cairt]
* [http://www.scots-online.org/grammar Scots-online]
* [http://www.lallans.co.uk/ The Scots Language Society]
* [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114220539/http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ |date=2013-01-14 }}
* [http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/ SLD's Scuil Wab – fer bairns o aw ages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307235813/http://scuilwab.org.uk/ |date=2009-03-07 }}
* [http://www.scotstext.org/ ScotsteXt]—beuks, poems an texts in Scots
* [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm A Tait Wanchancie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192838/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wirhoose/but/wan/index.htm |date=2012-10-11 }}
* [http://www.scots-online.org/airticles/phonetics.htm SAMPA for Scots]
* [http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp Scots in Skuils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811152122/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/specialfocus/scots/index.asp |date=2004-08-11 }}
* [http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html Scots at the Varsitie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818225430/http://www.englang.ed.ac.uk/scots.html |date=2006-08-18 }}
* [http://www.stooryduster.co.uk/ Scottish words – illustrated]
* [http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/ Scottish Corpus of Texts &amp; Speech] – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
* [http://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots Language Centre]
* [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/scots-the-auld-an-nobill-tung/ ''Words Without Borders'' Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung]
* [https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/ Scots Syntax Atlas]

{{Germanic leids}}

[[Category:Scots leid| ]]
[[Category:Leids o Scotland]]
[[Category:Leids o Ireland]]
[[Category:Inglis leids]]
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[[File:Mercat Cross, Edinburgh.jpg|right|200px]]
Walcome tae the Mercat Cross! This is the airt tae tauk aboot the technical wirkins o the Wikipedia.

&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #add8e6; padding: 5px 15px; border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;Tae raise or discuss spellin o Scots wirds, an which we shuid be uisin, please gaun tae '''[[Wikipedia: Spellin Fettle|Spellin Fettle]]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* '''sco:''' {{int:please-translate}}.
* '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection.

*Archives: [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/1|1]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/2|2]] · [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross/Archive/3|3]].

{{TOC limit|2}}

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== Scots Warks - Showcase &amp; In Conversation livestream 3rt &amp; 4rt Septemmer 2021 ==

Ay ay aw!

Director o [http://www.scotslanguage.com The Scots Language Centre] here tae tell ye aboot the completion o wir project on Adult Scots Literacy.  Some o yees cam alang tae oor sessions at the Editathons ower the past year an we were aw affae gled tae meet yees.

The nicht, Friday 3rt Septemmer, we premiere wir creative stream o the Scots Warks project '''Scots Warks : Showcase''' on oor [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIs7XZJ8uCk youtube channel] at 7pm Scotland time.  It'd be braw if ye kin mak it alang, an onie mentions on social media uise the hashtag #ScotsWarks.  The 4hr Showcase is the response o a wheen o airtists tae the theme &quot;Writin in Scots&quot;.  A'm that taen aback at hou fowk hae wrate sic inspeerin warks, an A howp ye enjoy them.  Efter the premiere the video'll stey up on the channel.  Sae ye kin stull catch it if ye'r no able tae jyne in on the nicht.

We'll see new warks fae Susi Briggs, Michael Dempster, Iona Fyfe, Emma Grae, Sara Thomas, Gerda Stevenson, Martin Travers, Antonia Uri, Christie Williamson &amp; Morna Young.

Efter this we'll launch the wabsteid [http://www.ScotsLanguage.com/Scots-Warks www.ScotsLanguage.com/Scots-Warks] whaur we hae aw the individual warks available in video, an in their written forms.  On tap o that we're gled tae mak available, in English fir lairners, an in a Scots owersettin fae Dr Dauvit Horsbroch, oor 60 page buik o guidance fir thaim thit's new tae scrievin in Scots.  This is taen fae spikkin wi yersels, an ither fowk stertin oot writin Scots, an fae the experiences o aw thaim thit taen parit in the project.  We howp this'll be a braw resoorce fir aw here an hereaboots fir years tae come.  Please share it aboot.

An finally, tae shut the project, on Setturday 4rt Septemmer we hae '''Scots Warks : In Conversation''' on oor [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfOXeK6tnW4 YouTube channel] at 7pm Scotland time.  Whaur we talk tae Dr Sally Garden, L. Colin Wilson, Pauline Cairns Speitel, Michael Hance, Andy Eagle, Susan Rennie, Dr Tom Hubbard and Christy Scott aw aboot Scots an Scots literacy.  There a wealth o knawledge an experience ahin thae conversations we howp tae spreid.

Tae aw yous thit we'v met ower the past year, It haes been braw!  An gaun forret the Scots Language Centre wull aye be there tae support the editin community an we'll stey in touch.

An fae aw at the centre a muckle congratulation tae Wikimedian o the Year - Marco Cafolla!

As aye - the day is juist the stert!

Dr D

P.S.  Here twa airticles anent the project - wire in!

https://www-tmp.thenational.scot/news/19552577.scots-language-centre-offer-new-guide-writing-leid/

https://www.scotsradio.com/scots-language-centre-launches-scots-warks-3rd-september-7pm-a-new-resource-to-promote-adult-literary-in-scots/

== Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Dear community members, 

Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. 

If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories.

Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]].

More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]].

For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org.
------
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== Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Hi, Greetings

The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced!

We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]'''

Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project.

We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year.

'''Thank you,'''

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 16:13, 4 Julie 2022 (UTC)

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== Scots Wikipedia Writin Drive - Julie 2022 ==

We'r hostin a new Writin Drive Event (Umwhile Editathons) fae the 18t Julie tae the 24t.

The themes fur this event ur '''Scots Leid Relatit Hings''' an '''Notable Biggins in Scotland an Ireland'''.

Aw levels ur walcome. We will hiv tasks for fowk less confident.

[[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Aw the details will be pit on the event page.]]

We'll hiv Eventbrite events on the Tuesday an Thursday o that week an aw fur collaborative eeditin.

Sign yersels uptae the [[wmfdashboard:courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022)?enroll=fsjhugce|Dashboard]] an aw so we kin tak tent o nummber an stateestics durin the event. The trystwird is ''fsjhugce''.

Howp tae see awyese at the event!

---

{{gd}} Tha sinn ag òstaireachd tachartas Writing Drive (Roimhe na Editathons) air an 18mh a 24mh an t-Iuchair.

B' e '''Rudan mu dheidhinn Albais''' agus '''Togalaichean iomraitiche ann an Alba agus Innis Tìle''' a tha ann na cuspairean.

[[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Bidh na mion-phuing air fad air an dileag tachart an-seo.]]

Bidh tachartasan an Eventbrite ann cuideachd. Anns an Dimàirt agus an Diardaoin.

Clàraich aig an [[wmfdashboard:courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022)?enroll=fsjhugce|Dashboard]] cudeachd. 'S e ''fsjhugce'' a tha ann an facal-faire.

Tha sinn an dòchas gu bheil sibh eile an-sin!

---

{{en}} We're hosting a new Writing Drive Event (Formerly Editathons) from the 18th July to the 24th.

The themes for this event are '''Scots Language Related Articles''' an '''Notable Building in Scotland and Ireland'''.

All levels are welcome. We will have tasks for people who are less confident.

[[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Aw the details will be pit on the event page.]]

We will also have Eventbrite events on the Tuesday and Thursday.

Sign up to the [[wmfdashboard:courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022)?enroll=fsjhugce|Dashboard]] as well so we can keep track of numbers and statistics during the event. The password is ''fsjhugce''.

Hope to see you all there!

- [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 15:46, 7 Julie 2022 (UTC)

== Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]]

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

* July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass
* July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
* July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
* August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
* August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
* August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 14 Julie 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.  

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; 

* '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]])
* '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]])
* '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]])
* '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]])
* '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]])
* '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]])
* '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]])
* '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]])
* '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]])
* '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 18 Julie 2022 (UTC)
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|native_name = Cymru
|image_flag = Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg
|national_motto = {{native phrase|cy|&quot;Cymru am byth&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|&quot;Wales Foriver&quot; or &quot;Lang leeve Wales&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/cymru-am-byth-meaning-behind-8592076 |title=Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto |publisher=[[WalesOnline]] |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=22 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|national_anthem = &quot;{{lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}&quot;&lt;br/&gt;{{small|&quot;Laund o My Fathers&quot;}}
|status = [[Kintra o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]]
|capital = [[Cairdiff]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Caerdydd}}'')}}
|coordinates ={{coord|52.3|N|3.6|W|display=title|scale:5000000}}
|largest_city = caipital
|languages_type = [[Leids o Wales|Offeecial leids]]
|languages = {{flatlist|
* [[Welsh leid|Welsh]]
* [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]}}
|demonym = [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Cymry}}'')}}
&lt;!--Government--&gt;
|legal_jurisdiction = [[Ingland an Wales]]
|politics_link = Politics o Wales
|government_type = [[Welsh devolution|Devolved]] [[Pairlament|pairlamentar legislatur]] within [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
|monarch = [[Elizabeth&amp;nbsp;II]]
|first_minister = {{nowrap|[[Mark Drakeford]]}}
|prime_minister = {{nowrap|[[Boris Johnson]]}}
|secretary_of_state = {{nowrap|[[Simon Hart]]}}
|number_of_mps = 40
|legislature = {{plainlist|
*[[Naitional Assembly for Wales|Naitional Assembly]]
*[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]}}
|sovereignty_type = [[Wales in the High Middle Ages|Formation]]
|established_event1 = Unification bi {{nowrap|[[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]]}}
|established_date1 = 1057&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Hist 100&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) p. 100&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Statute o Rhuddlan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100419253|title=Statute of Rhuddlan| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|established_date2 = 3 Mairch 1284
|established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Laws in Wales Act]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/27/26/contents|title=Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|established_date3 = 1535
|established_event4 = [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998|Devolution]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents|title=Government of Wales Act 1998| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|established_date4 = 31 Julie 1998
|area_rank = 
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area_km2 = 20,779
|area_sq_mi = 8,022
|percent_water = 
|population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = 
|population_census = 3,063,456
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 148
|population_density_sq_mi = 381
|population_density_rank = 
|GDP_rank = 
|GDP_nominal = £54 billion
|GDP_nominal_year = 2014&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2015&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = £18,000
|GVA_rank = 
|GVA = £56 billion&lt;ref name=GVA&gt;{{cite web |title=Regional gross value added (income approach), UK: 1997 to 2015, December 2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2016|author=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=24 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GVA_year = 2015
|GVA_per_capita = £18,002&lt;ref name=GVA/&gt;
|Gini_year = |Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |Gini = &lt;!--number only--&gt; |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = 
|HDI_year = |HDI_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |HDI = &lt;!--number only--&gt; |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 
|patron_saint = [[Saunt Dauvit]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Dewi&amp;nbsp;Sant}}'')}}
|official_website = {{URL|http://www.wales.com/}}
}}

'''Wales''' ({{lang-cy|Cymru}} {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ||Cymru.ogg}}) is a [[kintra]] that is [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|pairt]] o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an the island o [[Great Breetain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stats 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|title=The Countries of the UK|publisher=statistics.gov.uk |accessdate=10 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is mairchit bi [[Ingland]] tae the [[Wales–Ingland mairch|east]], the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth. It haed a population in 2011 o 3,063,456 an haes a tot aurie o {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline an is lairgely moontainous, wi its heicher peaks in the north an central auries, includin [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), its heichest summit. The kintra lees within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]] an haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]].

[[Welsh fowk|Welsh naitional identity]] kythed amang the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] efter the [[Roman widrawal frae Britain]] in the 5t century, an Wales is regairdit as ane o the modren [[Celtic naitions]]. [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]]'s daith in 1282 merkit the completion o [[Edward I o Ingland]]'s [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|conquest]] o Wales, tho [[Owain Glyndŵr]] briefly sturkent unthirldom tae Wales in the early 15t century. The hale o Wales wis annexed bi Ingland an incorporate within the [[Inglis law|Inglis legal seestem]] unner the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]]. Distinctive [[Welsh politics]] developit in the 19t century. Welsh [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberalism]], exemplifeed in the early 20t century bi [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], wis displaced bi the growthe o [[socialism]] an the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]]. Welsh naitional feelin growed ower the century; ''[[Plaid Cymru]]'' wis formed in 1925 an the [[Welsh Leid Society]] in 1962. Established unner the [[Government o Wales Act 1998]], the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] hauds responsibeelity for a range o [[Contemporary Welsh Law#Auries toae legislate: The devolved auries|devolved policy matters]].

At the dawn o the [[Industrial Revolution]], development o the [[minin in Wales|minin]] an [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries transformed the kintra frae an agricultural society intae an industrial naition; the [[South Wales Coalfield]]'s exploitation gart a fest waxin o Wales' population. Twa-thirds o the population leeve in [[sooth Wales]], mainly in an aroond [[Cairdiff]] (the caipital), [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an in the naurhaun [[Sooth Wales valleys|valleys]]. Nou that the kintra's tradeetional howkin an hivy industries hae gane or is dwynin, Wales' economy depends on the [[public sector]], licht an service industries an [[Tourism in Wales|tourism]]. Wales' 2010 [[Gross Value Added|gross vailyie addit (GVA)]] wis £45.5 billion (£15,145 per heid, 74.0% o the average for the UK, an the lawest GVA per heid in Breetain).

Awtho Wales closely skares its poleetical an social history wi the rest o Great Breetain, an the vast majority o the population speaks [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], the kintra haes reteened a distinct [[Welsh cultur|cultural identity]] an is offeecially [[bilingual]]. Ower 560,000 [[Welsh leid]] speakers leeve in Wales, an the leid is spoken bi a majority o the population in pairts o the north an wast. Frae the late 19t century onwart, Wales acquired its popular eemage as the &quot;laund o sang&quot;, in pairt due tae the ''[[eisteddfod]]'' tradeetion. At mony internaitional sportin events, sic as the [[FIFA Warld Cup]], [[Rugby Warld Cup]] an the [[Commonweel Gemmes]], Wales haes its awn naitional teams, tho at the [[Olympic Gemmes]], Welsh athletes compete as pairt o a [[Great Breetain at the Olympics|Great Breetain team]]. [[Rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional awaurness.

==Etymology==
The wirds &quot;Wales&quot; an &quot;Welsh&quot; derive frae the same [[German leids|Germanic]] ruit (singular ''[[Walha|Walh]]'', plural ''Walha''), that wis itsel derived frae the name o the Celtic tribe kent tae the Romans as [[Volcae]] an that cam tae refer haund ower heid tae aw Celts. The modren Welsh name for thairsels is ''Cymry'', an ''Cymru'' is the Welsh name for Wales. Thir words (baith o which are pronoonced {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ|}}) are descendit frae the [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]] wird ''combrogi'', meanin &quot;fellae-kintramen&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist Wales 69&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; The uise o the wird ''Cymry'' as a sel-designation derives frae the location in the [[Sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman Era]] (efter the arrival o the Anglo-Saxons) o the Welsh (Brythonic-speakin) fowk in modren Wales as well as in northren Ingland an soothren Scotland (&quot;[[Hen Ogledd|Yr Hen Ogledd]]&quot;) ({{lang-sco|The Auld North}}). It emphasised that the Welsh in modren Wales an in the ''Hen Ogledd'' war ane fowk, different frae ither fowks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |year=1911 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name &quot;Cymry&quot;) |volume=I |edition=Second |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |publication-date=1912 |publication-place=London |pages=191–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA191 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
===Auncient an Roman eras===
[[File:BrynCelliDdu3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bryn Celli Ddu]], a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey|alt=A law grassy mound wi an entrance at its centre framed bi cyclopean stones]]
Accordin tae paleontologists, Wales haes been indwellt bi [[anatomically modren humans|modren humans]] for at least 29,000 year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CA 2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm|accessdate=28 September 2010|publisher=Current Archaeology|date=6 November 2007|work=archaeology.co.uk website}} : ''see'' [[Reid Lady o Paviland]]&lt;/ref&gt; Conteenuous human habitation dates frae the end o the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]], atween 12,000 an 10,000&amp;nbsp;[[Afore Present|years afore present (BP)]], whan [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherers]] frae [[central Europe]] begoud tae migrate tae Great Breetain. Neolithic colonists integratit wi the indigenous fowk, gradually cheengin thair lifestyles frae a nomadic life o huntin an gaitherin, tae acome settled fermers aboot 6,000&amp;nbsp;BP – the [[Neolithic Revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Hist 4–6&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) pp. 4–6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GGAT 72&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=GGAT 72 Overviews|url=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|page= 47|accessdate=30 December 2008|publisher=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|year=2003|work=A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA}} &lt;!-- Not a dead link, though the ggat web site is sometimes down --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Thay cleared the forests tae establish pastur an tae cultivate the laund, developit new technologies sic as ceramics an textile production, an biggit [[Dolmen|cromlechs]] sic as [[Pentre Ifan]], [[Bryn Celli Ddu]] an [[Parc Cwm long cairn]] atween aboot 5,800&amp;nbsp;BP an 5,500&amp;nbsp;BP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Pentre Ifan Dolmen|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/pentreifan.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Bryn Celli Ddu Burial chamber|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/bryncelliddu.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coflein1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Parc le Breos Burial Chamber; Parc CWM Long Cairn|url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales|year=2006|work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website|archive-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052935/http://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Wales History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Themes Prehistoric Wales: The Stone Age|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/prehistoric02.shtml|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] |year=2008|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; In common wi fowk leevin aw ower Great Breetain, ower the follaein centuries the fowk leevin in whit wis tae acome kent as Wales assimilatit immigrants an excheenged ideas o the [[Bronze Age]] an [[Airn Age]] [[Celts|Celtic]] culturs. Bi the time o the [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman invasion o Britain]] the aurie o modren Wales haed been dividit amang the tribes o the [[Deceangli]], [[Ordovices]], [[Cornovii (Midlands)|Cornovii]], [[Demetae]] an [[Silures]] for centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Hist 4–6&quot;/&gt;

The Roman conquest o Wales begoud in AD 48 an teuk 30 year tae complete. Roman rule lastit ower 300 year. The campaigns o conquest are the maist widely kent featur o Wales during the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], acause o the speeritit, but hinderly unsuccessfu, defence o thair hamelands bi twa native tribes: the [[Silures]] an the [[Ordovices]]. Roman rule in Wales wis a militar occupation, sauf for the soothren coastal region o [[sooth Wales]], east o the [[Gower Peninsula]], whaur thare is a legacy o Romanisation.&lt;ref name=Jones1&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jones|first1=Barri|last2=Mattingly| first2=David|year=1990 |contribution=The Development of the Provinces|title=An Atlas of Roman Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|publication-date=2007|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone/page/151 151]|isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awtho Laitin acame the offeecial leid o Wales, the fowk tendit tae conteena tae speak in [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]]. Forder Roman influence cam throu the spreid o [[Christianity]], that gained mony follaers whan Christians war allaed tae worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4t&amp;nbsp;century, as a result o [[Constantine I]] issuin an [[Edict o Milan|edict o toleration]] in 313.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies915&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p.915&lt;/ref&gt;

Early historians, includin the 6t century cleric [[Gildas]], hae notit 383 as a signeeficant pynt in Welsh history,&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies531&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p.531&lt;/ref&gt; as it is statit in leeteratur as the foondation pynt o several medieval ryal dynasties. In that year the Roman general [[Magnus Maximus]], or Macsen Wledig, strippit aw o wastren an northren Breetain o truips an senior admeenistrators, tae faw tae a sonsie bid for imperial pouer; conteenuin tae rule Breetain frae [[Gaul]] as emperor.&lt;ref name=Frere1&gt;
{{Cite book |last=Frere |first=Sheppard Sunderland |author-link=Sheppard Frere |year=1987 |contribution=The End of Roman Britain |title=Britannia: A History of Roman Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4 |edition=3rd, revised |publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul |publication-date=1987 |publication-place=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4/page/354 354] |isbn=0-7102-1215-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=1841 |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=John Allen |editor-link=John Allen Giles |contribution=The Works of Gildas, The History, Ch. 14 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&amp;pg=PA1 |title=The Works of Gildas and Nennius |publisher=James Bohn |publication-date=1841 |publication-place=London |page=13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gildas, writin in aboot 540, says that Maximus depairtit Britain, takkin wi him aw o its Roman truips, airmed baunds, govrenors an the flouer o its youth, niver tae return. Haein left wi the truips an Roman admeenistrators, an plannin tae conteena as the ruler o Breetain in the futur, his practical coorse wis tae transfer local authority tae local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies gie Maximus the role o foondin faither for several ryal dynasties, includin thae o [[Kinrick o Powys|Powys]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|year=1887 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlUrAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA83 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=VIII |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1887 |pages=83–92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Phillimore |first=Egerton|year=1888 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA141 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=IX |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1888 |pages=141–183}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis this transfer o pouer that haes gien rise tae the belief that he wis the faither o the Welsh Naition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies531&quot;/&gt; He is gien as the auncestor o a Welsh king on the [[Pillar o Eliseg]], erectit near 500 year efter he left Breetain, an he feegurs in leets o the [[Fifteen Tribes o Wales]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rachel Bromwich 2006&quot;&gt;Rachel Bromwich, eeditor an translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: [[University of Wales Press]], Third Edition, 2006. 441–444&lt;/ref&gt;

===Post-Roman era===
The 400-year period follaein the collapse o Roman rule is the maist difficult tae interpret in the history o Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies915&quot;/&gt; Efter the [[End o Roman rule in Breetain|Roman depairtur frae Breetain]] in AD 410, muckle o the lawlands o Breetain tae the east an sooth-east wis owerrun bi various [[Germanic fowks]]. Afore extensive studies o the distribution o [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b Y-DNA subclades]], some previously mainteened that native [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] war displaced bi the invaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-england.html |title=Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests |publisher=National Geographic News |first=Kate |last=Ravilious |date=21 July 2006 |accessdate=9 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; This idea haes been discairdit in the face o evidence that muckle o the population haes, at the latest, [[Hallstatt cultur|Hallstatt]] era oreegins, but probably late [[European Neolithic|Neolithic]], or at earliest [[Mesolithic]] oreegins wi little contreibution frae Anglo-Saxon soorce auries.&lt;ref name=Myres2010&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene effect in Central and Western Europe – see discussion results at end of article, the distribution maps and the supplementary tables|year=2010|last1=Myres|first1=Natalie|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.146|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/full/ejhg2010146a.html|pmid=20736979|volume=19|issue=1|pmc=3039512|last2=Rootsi|first2=Siiri|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A|last4=Järve|first4=Mari|last5=King|first5=Roy J|last6=Kutuev|first6=Ildus|last7=Cabrera|first7=Vicente M|last8=Khusnutdinova|first8=Elza K|last9=Pshenichnov|first9=Andrey|last10=Yunusbayev|first10=Bayazit|last11=Balanovsky|first11=Oleg|last12=Balanovska|first12=Elena|last13=Rudan|first13=Pavao|last14=Baldovic|first14=Marian|last15=Herrera|first15=Rene J|last16=Chiaroni|first16=Jacques|last17=Di Cristofaro|first17=Julie|last18=Villems|first18=Richard|last19=Kivisild|first19=Toomas|last20=Underhill|first20=Peter A|pages=95–101}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Houiver, bi AD 500, the laund that wad acome Wales haed dividit intae a nummer o kinricks free frae Anglo-Saxon rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies915&quot;/&gt; The kinricks o [[kinrick o Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[kinrick o Powys|Powys]], [[kinrick o Deheubarth|Dyfed an Seisyllwg]], [[Glywysing|Morgannwg]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]] emerged as independent Welsh [[successor states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies915&quot;/&gt; In this period, thare wis conflict atween thir states. In 853, the [[Viking]]s raidit Anglesey, but in 856, [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]] defeatit an killed thair leader, Gorm.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 911&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medieval era===
[[File:Dolwyddelan Castle2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dolwyddelan Castle]] – biggit bi [[Llywelyn ab Iorwerth]] in the early 13t century tae watch ower ane o the valley routes intae Gwynedd]]
Frae 800 onwart, a series o dynastic mairiages led tae [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]]'s (r. 844–77) inheritance o [[Gwynedd]] an [[Powys]]. His sons in turn wad foond three principal dynasties ([[Aberffraw]] for Gwynedd, [[Hoose o Dinefwr|Dinefwr]] for [[Deheubarth]] an [[Mathrafal]] for Powys). Rhodri's grandson [[Hywel Dda]] (r. 900–50) foondit Deheubarth oot o his maternal an paternal inheritances o [[Dyfed]] an [[Seisyllwg]] in 930, oustit the [[Aberffraw]] dynasty frae Gwynedd an Powys an then codified [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh law]] in the 940s.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 388&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maredudd ab Owain]] (r. 986–99) o Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) wad, (again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line frae control o Gwynedd an Powys. Maredudd's great-grandson (throu his dauchter Princess [[Angharad]]) [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] (r. 1039–63) wad conquer his cousins' realms frae his base in Powys, an even extend his authority intae Ingland. [[Owain Gwynedd]] (1100–70) o the Aberffraw line wis the first Welsh ruler tae uise the teetle ''princeps Wallensium'' (prince o the Welsh), a teetle o substance gien his veectory on the [[Berwyn Moontains]], accordin tae John Davies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Hist 128&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) p. 128&lt;/ref&gt;

Owain Gwynedd's grandson [[Llywelyn the Great|Llywelyn Fawr]] (the Great, 1173–1240), wrestit concessions throu the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215 an receivin the [[fealty]] o ither Welsh lairds in 1216 at the cooncil at [[Aberdyfi]], acame the first [[Prince o Wales]].&lt;ref&gt;Davies (1994) pp. 133–134&lt;/ref&gt; His grandson [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] an aa secured the recogneetion o the title ''[[Prince o Wales]]'' frae [[Henry III o Ingland|Henry III]] wi the [[Treaty o Montgomery]] in 1267.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (1994) pp. 143–144&lt;/ref&gt; Later houiver, a succession o disputes, includin the impreesonment o Llywelyn's wife [[Eleanor de Montfort|Eleanor]], dauchter o [[Simon de Montfort, 6t Earl o Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], culminatit in the first invasion bi [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o Ingland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies151&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) pp. 151–152&lt;/ref&gt; As a result o militar defeat, the [[Treaty o Aberconwy]] exactit Llywelyn's fealty tae Ingland in 1277.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies151&quot;/&gt; Peace wis short leeved an, wi the 1282 [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|Edwardian conquest]], the rule o the Welsh princes permanently endit. Wi Llywelyn's daith an his brither prince [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd|Dafydd]]'s execution, the few remeenin [[Welsh Peers|Welsh lairds]] did homage for thair launds tae [[Edward I]]. Llywelyn's heid wis cairied throu Lunnon on a spear; his baby dauchter [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn|Gwenllian]] wis locked in the [[priory]] at [[Sempringham]], whaur she remeened till her daith 54&amp;nbsp;years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/786625.stm |title=Tribute to lost Welsh princess |publisher=BBC News |date=12 June 2000|accessdate=5 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tae help mainteen his dominance, Edward constructit a series o great stane castles: [[Beaumaris Castle|Beaumaris]], [[Caernarfon Castle|Caernarfon]] an [[Conwy Castle|Conwy]]. His son, the futur [[Edward II o Ingland|Keeng Edward II o Ingland]], wis born at Edward's new castle at [[Caernarfon]] in 1284.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (1994) p. 162&lt;/ref&gt; He acame the first Inglis [[Prince o Wales]], nae as an infant, but in 1301. Efter the failed revolt in 1294–95 o [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] – wha styled himsel Prince o Wales in the [[Penmachno Document]] – an the risin o [[Llywelyn Bren]] (1316), the next major uprisin wis that led bi [[Owain Glyndŵr]] , against [[Henry IV o Ingland]]. In 1404, Owain wis reputitly crouned Prince o Wales in the presence o emissaries frae Fraunce, Spain an Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wales Hist 194&quot;&gt;Davies (1994) p. 194&lt;/ref&gt; Glyndŵr went on tae haud pairlamentar assemblies at several Welsh touns, includin [[Machynlleth]]. But the rebellion failed, an Owain went intae hidin in 1412; peace wis essentially restored in Wales bi 1415. Awtho the [[Statute o Rhuddlan]] in 1284 providit the constitutional basis for post-conquest government o the Principality o north Wales frae 1284 till 1536, thare wis na formal Union till 1536.&lt;ref name=&quot;RDEOGB1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1/page/459 459] |publisher=Reader's Digest|year=1999 |location=London |isbn=0-276-42412-3 |quote=A country and principality within the mainland of Britain&amp;nbsp;... about half a million}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly efterwarts Welsh law, that haed conteena'd tae be uised in Wales efter the Norman conquest, wis fully replaced bi Inglis law, unner whit wad acome kent as the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Act o Union]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Tudors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=BBC – History – British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml|accessdate=21 September 2010|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2009|work=BBC website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Earlie Modren Wales===
Prior tae the Breetish [[Industrial Revolution]], that saw a rapid economic expansion atween 1750 an 1850, thare war signs o smaw-scale industries scaitert ootthrou Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies392&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 392&lt;/ref&gt; Thir ranged frae industries connectit tae agricultur, sic as millin an the [[Oo industry in Wales|manufacture o ooen textiles]], throu tae minin an quarrelin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies392&quot;/&gt; Till the Industrial Revolution, Wales haed ayeweys been reliant on its agricultural ootput for its walth an employment an the earliest industrial businesses war smaw scale an localised in manner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies392&quot;/&gt; In the late 18t century, slate quarrelin begoud tae expand rapidly, maist notably in north Wales. The [[Penrhyn Quarry]], appent in 1770 bi [[Richard Pennant]], wis employin 15,000 men bi the late 19t century,&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies818&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 818&lt;/ref&gt; an alang wi [[Dinorwic Quarry]], it dominatit the Welsh slate tred. As the [[sooth Wales coalfield]] wis exploitit, mainly in the upland valleys aroond [[Aberdare]] an later the [[Rhondda]], the ports o Swansea, Cairdiff an later Penarth, growed intae warld exporters ofcoal an, wi them, cam a population buim.

Historian [[Kenneth O. Morgan|Kenneth Morgan]] descrived Wales on the even o the [[First Warld War]] as a &quot;relatively placid, sel-confident an successfu naition&quot;. Ootput frae the coalfields continued tae increase, wi the Rhondda Valley recordin a peak o 9.6 million tons o coal extractit in 1913.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=John |first=Arthur H. |title=Glamorgan County History, Volume V, Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff|page=183}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ootbreak o the First Warld War (1914–1918) saw Wales send 272,924 Welshmen in the war, representin 21.5% o the male population. The twa maist notable battles o the War tae include [[38t (Welsh) Infantry Diveesion|Welsh forces]] war thae at [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] on the Somme an the [[Battle o Passchendaele]].&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 285&lt;/ref&gt;

===Late Modren Wales===

The first quarter o the 20t century an aa saw a shift in the poleetical laundscape o Wales. Syne 1865, the [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberal Pairty]] haed held a pairlamentar majority in Wales an, follaein the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1906|general election o 1906]], anerly ane non-Leeberal Member o Pairlament, [[Keir Hardie]] o [[Merthyr Tydfil (UK Pairlament constituency)|Merthyr Tydfil]], representit a Welsh constituency at Wastmeenster.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies461&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 461&lt;/ref&gt; Yet bi 1906, industrial dissension an poleetical militancy haed began tae unnermine Leeberal consensus in the soothren coalfields.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies461&quot;/&gt; In 1916, [[David Lloyd George]] acame the first Welshman tae acome Prime Meenister o Breetain whan he wis made heid o the [[Unitit Kinrick coaleetion govrenment (1916–1922)|1916 coaleetion govrenment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=David Lloyd George (1863–1945)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lloyd_george.shtml |accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 1918, Lloyd George wis re-electit at the heid o a Conservative-dominated coaleetion govrenment, an his puir haundlin o the 1919 coalminers' strike wis a key factor in destroyin support for the Leeberal pairty in sooth Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies515&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 515&lt;/ref&gt; The industrial wirkers o Wales begoud shiftin taewart a new poleetical organisation, established bi Hardie an ithers tae ensur an electit representation for the wirkin cless, that is nou cried the Labour Pairty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies439&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 439&lt;/ref&gt; Whan in 1908 the [[Naitional Union o Minewirkers (Great Breetain)|Miners' Federation o Great Breetain]] acame affiliatit tae the Labour Pairty, the fower Labour candidates sponsored bi miners war aw electit as MPs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies439&quot;/&gt; Bi 1922, hauf o the Welsh seats at Wastmeenster war held bi Labour politeecians—the stairt o a Labour hegemony that wad dominate Wales intae the 21st century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies439&quot;/&gt;

Efter economic growthe in the first twa decades o the 20t century, Wales' staple industries endured a prolanged slump frae the early 1920s tae the late 1930s, leadin tae widespread unemployment an poverty in the sooth Wales valleys.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth O.|title=Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980|url=https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821760-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/208 208]–210|location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the first time in centuries, the population o Wales went intae decline. The Seicont Warld War (1939–1945) saw Welsh servicemen an weemen fecht in aw the major theatres o war, wi some 15,000 o them killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies807&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 807&lt;/ref&gt; Bombin raids brocht major loss o life as the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] tairgetit the docks at [[Swansea Blitz|Swansea]], [[Cairdiff Blitz|Cairdiff]] an [[Pembroke Dock|Pembroke]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies807&quot;/&gt;

The 20t century saw a revival in Welsh naitional feelin. Plaid Cymru wis formed in 1925, seekin greater autonomy or unthirldom frae the rest o the UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;LLGC Plaid&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Disestablishment, Cymru Fydd and Plaid Cymru |url=http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=llgc.org.uk |work=National Library of Wales |archive-date=2010-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206031034/http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term &quot;[[Ingland an Wales]]&quot; acame common for descrivin the aurie tae that Inglis law applee'd, an in 1955 Cairdiff wis proclaimed as caipital ceety o Wales. ''[[Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg]]'' ({{lang|sco|The Welsh Leid Society}}) wis formed in 1962, in response tae lang-held fears that the leid micht suin dee oot.&lt;ref name=&quot;GTJ Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg's first protest, 1963 |url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=gtj.org.uk |work=Gathering the Jewels |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054912/http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Efter watter projects caused tensions, naitionalist feelins growed. At a bi-election in 1966, [[Gwynfor Evans]] wan the pairlamentar seat o [[Carmarthen (UK Pairlament constituency)|Carmarthen]], Plaid Cymru's first Pairlamentar seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gwynfor&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gwynfor |first=Evans |authorlink =Gwynfor Evans |title=The Fight for Welsh Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan |publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf., Talybont |year=2000 |isbn=0-86243-515-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan/page/152 152]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the first [[Wales referendum, 1979|referendum]], in 1979, the Welsh electorate votit on the creaution o an assembly for Wales, but thare wis a lairge majority for the &quot;na&quot; vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Long Walk&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Betsan|last=Powys|title=The long Welsh walk to devolution|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/wales_politics/7813837.stm|accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=BBC |date=12 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver in 1997 a referendum on the same issue siccared a &quot;ay&quot;, awtho bi a verra narrae majority.&lt;ref name=&quot;Long Walk&quot;/&gt; The [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] (''Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru'') wis set up in 1999 (unner the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]]) an haes the pouer tae determine hou the central govrenment budget for Wales is spent an admeenistert, awtho the UK pairlament reserves the richt tae set leemits on the pouers o the Welsh Assembly.

==Govrenment an politics==
Wales is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stats 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER, 2011, p.27]. Accessed 8 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Constitutionally, the UK is a ''[[de jure]]'' [[unitar state]], its pairlament an govrenment in [[Unitit Kinrick Pairlament|Wastmeenster]]. In the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] – the lawer hoose o the UK govrenment – Wales is representit bi 40 [[Member o Pairlament|MPs]] (oot o 650) frae [[Unitit Kinrick constituencies#Wales|Welsh constituencies]]. [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] MPs haud 25 o the 40 seats, the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservatives]] eleiven, [[Plaid Cymru]] three an the [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] haud ane seat.

Referendums held in Wales an Scotland in [[Welsh devolution referendum, 1997|1997]] chuise tae establish a form o sel-govrenment in baith kintras. In Wales, the consequent process o [[Devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolution]] begoud wi the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]], that creatit the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] ({{lang-cy|Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Westminster 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UK Parliament -Parliament's role|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role.cfm|accessdate=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|United Kingdom Parliament]]|date=29 June 2009|work=United Kingdom Parliament website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labour remained the lairgest Assembly pairty follaein the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales election, 2007|2007 election]], winnin 26 o the 60 seats.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6622157.stm |title=Plaid gamble pays off in Llanelli |publisher= BBC |date=4 May 2007|accessdate=6 October 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haein insufficient support tae form a govrenment, the Labour Pairty entered intae the '[[Ane Wales]]' agreement wi Plaid Cymru, formin a [[coaleetion]], wi the Labour leader as First Meenister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cynulliad 2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6278848.stm |title=Labour-Plaid coalition is sealed|publisher= BBC |date=7 July 2007 |accessdate=29 September 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Carwyn Jones]] haes been First Meenister an leader o [[Welsh Labour]] syne [[Rhodri Morgan]] retired frae office in December 2009, efter nine year an ten month as First Meenister.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2009/12/09/carwyn-jones-officially-nominated-as-first-minister-91466-25357282/|title=Carwyn Jones officially nominated as First Minister |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |date=9 December 2009 |accessdate=9 December 2009 |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The twinty auries o responsibeelity devolved tae the Welsh Govrenment, kent as &quot;subjects&quot;, include agricultur, economic development, eddication, heal, hoosin, local govrenment, social services, tourism, transport an the Welsh leid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cynulliad 3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Making laws for Wales |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2010 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922170818/http://assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cynulliad 4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Schedule 5 to the Government of Wales Act 2006 (as amended) |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2006 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120052232/http://assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On its creaution in 1999, the Naitional Assembly for Wales haed na primar legislative pouers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cynulliad 5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Government of Wales Act 1998 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents |accessdate=6 October 2010|publisher=[[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|HM Government]] |year=2010 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wales is an aa a distinct UK [[Wales (European Pairlament constituency)|electoral region]] o the European Union representit bi fower [[Members o the European Pairlament]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Your Members in the European Parliament|url=http://www.europarl.org.uk/en/your_meps.html|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=8 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the purposes o local govrenment, Wales haes been dividit intae 22 cooncil auries syne 1996. Thir &quot;principal auries&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Part 1, Local Government (Wales) Act 1994&lt;/ref&gt; are responsible for the provision o aw local govrenment services, includin eddication, social wark, environment an roads services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |title=Local Authorities |publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archive-date=2014-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530004428/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie==
[[File:Snowdon from Llyn Llydaw.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Snowdon]], [[Gwynedd]], the heichest moontain in Wales]]
Wales is a generally moontainous [[kintra]] on the wastren side o central soothren [[Great Breetain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ONS Cymru&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social-trends-rd/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom/2005-edition/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom---2005-edition.pdf|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |year=2004 |title=UK 2005 – The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |pages=2 &amp; 30|accessdate=10 February 2012 |isbn=0-11-621738-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is aboot {{convert|170|mi}} north–sooth an {{convert|60|mi}} east–wast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|title=Geography: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |year= 2010 |accessdate=3 October 2010 |work=[[Visit Wales]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; The oft-quotit '[[The size o Wales|size o Wales]]' is aboot {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Size of Wales project|url=http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|accessdate=10 February 2012|publisher=Size of Wales|year=|archive-date=2012-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074121/http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |publisher=[[EULIS|European Land Information Service]] |title=England and Wales |accessdate=2 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727105357/http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales is mairchit bi Ingland tae the east an bi sea in aw ither directions: the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, [[St George's Channel]] an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae the soothwast an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite hansard |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989|title=Celtic Sea |house=House of Commons |date=16 December 1974 |volume=883 |column=317W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections|year=1971|publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]]|accessdate=12 November 2010|page=42 [corrections to page 13]|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales haes aboot {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline (alang the mean heich watter merk), includin the mainland, Anglesey an Holyhead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Leet o islands o Wales|Ower 50 islands]] lee aff the Welsh mainland; the lairgest bein [[Isle o Anglesey|Anglesey]], in the north-wast.

Muckle o Wales' diverse laundscape is moontainous, pairticularly in the north an central regions. The moontains war shapit during the last ice age, the [[Devensian glaciation]]. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] ({{lang|cy|Eryri}}), o that five are ower {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The heichest o thir is [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), at {{convert|1085|m|ft|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/aug/02/mount-snowdon-cafe|publisher=[[guardian.co.uk]] |date=2 August 2009|title=High tea: Mount Snowdon's magical mountaintop cafe |accessdate=28 September 2010 |location=London |first=Jonathan |last=Glancey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WalesOnline mynyddoedd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/09/22/mountain-upgraded-to-super-status-91466-27315826/ |title = Mountain upgraded to 'super' status |accessdate = 30 September 2010 |date = 22 September 2010 |publisher = [[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''[[Seiven Wunners o Wales]]'' is a leet in [[doggerel]] verse o seiven geographic an cultural laundmerks in Wales probably componed in the late 18t century unner the influence o tourism frae Ingland.&lt;ref&gt;See Meic Stephens (ed.), ''Companion to Welsh Literature''. The doggerel verse wis componed in Inglis, probably for the benefit o veesitors frae athort [[Offa's Dyke]].&lt;/ref&gt; Aw the &quot;wonders&quot; are in north Wales: Snowdon (the heichest moontain), the [[Gresford]] bells (the peal o bells in the medieval kirk o [[All Saints' Church, Gresford|All Saints]] at Gresford), the [[Llangollen]] brig (biggit in 1347 ower the River Dee), [[St Winefride's Well]] (a [[pilgrimage]] steid at [[Holywell]]) in [[Flintshire]], the [[Wrexham]] ({{lang|cy|Wrecsam}}) [[steeple (airchitectur)|steeple]] (16t-century touer o [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham]]), the [[Overton-on-Dee|Overton]] [[taxus|yew]] trees (auncient yew trees in the kirkyaird o St. Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) an [[Pistyll Rhaeadr]] – a taw watterfaw, at {{convert|240|ft|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=wonders&gt;{{cite web|title=Seven Wonders of Wales|url=http://www.visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|publisher=Visit Flintshire|accessdate=3 April 2016|archive-date=2016-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331140709/http://visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Climate===
{{climate chart
|Wales
|1.3|6.5|158.6
|1.1|6.6|114
|2.4|8.6|118.8
|3.4|11|85.9
|6|14.5|80.7
|8.6|16.8|86.2
|10.9|19.1|78.4
|10.7|18.8|106
|8.8|16.2|124
|6.5|12.8|153.2
|3.7|9.3|156.8
|2.2|7.4|173.3
|source=[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html Met Office]
|float=right
}}
Wales lies within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]]. It haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]] an is ane o the weetest kintras in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Off 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/wl/ |publisher=[[Met Office]] |year=2010|title=Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales|accessdate=26 September 2010 |work=[[Met Office]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies148-150&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) pp. 148–150&lt;/ref&gt; Welsh wather is eften cloody, weet an windy, wi wairm simmers an mild winters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Off 1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WalesOnline soggy&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=14140027&amp;method=full&amp;siteid=50082&amp;headline=soggiest-city-in-britain-pays-high-price-for-rain-name_page.html|title=Soggiest city in Britain pays high price for rain|publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]]|last=Turner |first=Robert|accessdate = 26 September 2010|date = 26 July 2010}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Rainfaw patterns shaw signeeficant variation. The forder wast, the heicher the expectit rainfaw; up tae 40% mair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies148-150&quot;/&gt; At law elevations, rain is unpredictable at ony time o year, awtho the shouers tend tae be shorter in simmer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Airport guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cardiff-cwl.airports-guides.com/cwl_climate.html|publisher=TravelSmart Ltd|year=2010|title=Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U|accessdate= 26 September 2010|work=Airports guides website}}&lt;/ref&gt; The uplands o Wales hae maist rain, normally mair nor 50 days o rain during the winter months (December tae Februar), fawin tae aroond 35 rainy days during the simmer months (Juin tae August).

{{Weather box
|location = Wales
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 18.3
|Feb record high C = 18.7
|Mar record high C = 23.9
|Apr record high C = 26.2
|May record high C = 29.2
|Jun record high C = 33.7
|Jul record high C = 34.6
|Aug record high C = 35.2
|Sep record high C = 31.1
|Oct record high C = 28.2
|Nov record high C = 22.4
|Dec record high C = 18.0
|year record high C = 35.2
|Jan record low C = -23.3
|Feb record low C = -20.0
|Mar record low C = -21.7
|Apr record low C = -11.2
|May record low C = -6.1
|Jun record low C = -4.0
|Jul record low C = -2.5
|Aug record low C = -2.8
|Sep record low C = -5.5
|Oct record low C = -9.0
|Nov record low C = -18.0
|Dec record low C = -22.7
|year record low C = -23.3
|source 1 = Met Office
}}

==Economy==
Ower the last 250 year, Wales haes been transformed first frae a predominantly agricultural kintra tae an industrial, an nou a [[post-industrial economy]].&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008), p.233&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Day|first=Graham|title=Making sense of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg|year=2002|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=0-7083-1771-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg/page/n96 87]|location=Cardiff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syne the Seicont Warld War, the [[service sector]] haes come tae accoont for the majority o jobs, a featur teepifyin maist advanced economies.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008), p.233–4&lt;/ref&gt; Frae the middle o the 19t century till the post-war era, the minin an export o coal wis a dominant industrie. Accordin tae [[Phil Williams (Welsh politeecian)|Professor Phil Williams]], the [[Great Depression]] &quot;devastatit Wales&quot;, north an sooth, acause o its &quot;owerwhelmin dependence on coal an steel&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IWA 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams |first=Professor Phil |authorlink=Phil Williams (Welsh politician) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oXtL_7xFssC&amp;pg=PA31|title=The psychology of distance: Wales: one nation |series=Papurau Gregynog |volume=3 |publisher=[[Institute of Welsh Affairs]] |publication-date=2003 |location=Cardiff |page=31 |isbn=1-86057-066-6| date=September 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Acause o puir-quality sile, muckle o Wales is unsuitable for crap-growin an [[fermstockin]] fermin haes tradeetionally been the focus o agricultur. The Welsh laundscape (pertectit bi three naitional parks) an 45 [[Blue Flag saunds]], as well as the unique cultur o Wales, attract lairge nummers o tourists, wha play an especially vital role in the economy o rural auries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/8672318.stm |title=Tourism hope over record 45 beach flags in Wales |publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2010|accessdate=7 September 2010|work=[[BBC News]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |title=Tourism – Sector Overview Wales |publisher=[[GO Wales]] |accessdate=7 September 2010 |work=[[GO Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072132/http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[poond sterling]] is the siller uised in Wales.

==Demografie==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year
! Population o Wales

|-
| 1536
| 278,000
|-
| 1620
| 360,000
|-
| 1770
| 500,000
|-
| 1801
| 587,000
|-
| 1851
| 1,163,000
|-
| 1911
| 2,421,000
|-
| 1921
| 2,656,000
|-
| 1939
| 2,487,000
|-
| 1961
| 2,644,000
|-
| 1991
| 2,811,865
|-
| 2011
| 3,063,000
|}

Soorce: {{cite book|author=John Davies|title=A History of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogTq2KRuu9IC&amp;pg=PT257|year=1993|pages=258–59, 319}}; Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)]

The population o Wales doobled frae 587,000 in 1801 tae 1,163,000 in 1851 an haed reached 2,421,000 bi 1911. Maist o the increase cam in the coal minin destricts, especially [[Glamorganshire]], which grew frae 71,000 in 1801 tae 232,000 in 1851 an 1,122,000 in 1911.&lt;ref&gt;Brian R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane,  ''Abstract of British Historical Statistics'' (Cambridge, 1962) pp 20, 22&lt;/ref&gt; Pairt o this increase can be attributit tae the [[demografic transeetion]] seen in maist industrialisin kintras in the [[Industrial Revolution]], as daith rates dropped an birth rates remeened steady. Houever, thare wis an aa lairge-scale migration intae Wales in the Industrial Revolution. The Inglis war the maist numerous group, but thare war an aa conseederable nummers o Erse an smawer nummers o ither ethnic groups,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/storyofwelsh/content/industrialrevolution.shtml |title=Industrial Revolution |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=LSJ Services [Wales] Ltd |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Population '&amp;#39;therhondda.co.uk'&amp;#39;. Retrieved 9 May 2006 |publisher=Therhondda.co.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |archivedate=20 May 2008 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-07-01 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; includin [[Welsh Italians|Italians]], wha migratit tae South Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/migration_italian.shtml |title=BBC Wales&amp;nbsp;— History&amp;nbsp;— Themes&amp;nbsp;— Italian immigration |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales an aa received immigration frae various pairts o the Breetish [[Commonweel o Naitions]] in the 20t century, an [[Black Breetish|African-Caribbean]] an [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] commonties add tae the ethno-cultural mix, pairteecularly in urban Wales. Mony o thir sel-identify as Welsh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|title=Socialist Unity – Debate &amp; analysis for activists &amp; trade unionists|publisher=|access-date=2017-07-01|archive-date=2011-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018050201/http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] shawed Wales' population tae be 3,063,456, the heichest in its history.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011census&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for Wales |page=6 |date= March 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |format=PDF |accessdate=13 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, 27% (837,000) o the tot population o Wales war nae born in Wales,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=9 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; includin 636,000 fowk (21% o the tot population o Wales) wha war born in Ingland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=15 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordin tae the 2001 census, 96% o the population wis [[White Breetish]], an 2.1% non-white (mainly o [[Breetish Asian]] oreegin).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |title=A Statistical Focus on Ethnicity in Wales |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |page=1 |year=2004 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2011-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214010543/http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maist non-white groups war concentratit in Cardiff, Newport an Swansea. The [[tot fertility rate]] (TFR) in Wales wis 1.90 in 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |title=Total Fertility Rate and General Fertility Rate by year |publisher=Statswales.wales.gov.uk |accessdate=17 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228112127/https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; that is ablo the [[replacement rate]] o 2.1.

{{Largest cities
| name        = Lairgest ceeties o Wales
| class       = info
| country     = Wales
| stat_ref    = [[Office for National Statistics]] 2011 Census&lt;ref&gt;{{United Kingdom district population citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| list_by_pop = Leet o touns an ceeties in Wales bi population
| div_name    = Cooncil aurie
| div_link    =
| city_1 = Cairdiff | div_1 = Cardiff Cooncil{{!}}Ceety &amp; Coonty o Cairdiff | pop_1 = 335,145 | img_1 = Cardiff Castle and Millennium Stadium.jpg
| city_2 = Swansea | div_2 = Ceety an County o Swansea Council{{!}}Ceety &amp; Coonty o Swansea | pop_2 = 239,000 | img_2 = Meridian Tower Swansea Skyline.jpg
| city_3 = Newport, Wales{{!}}Newport | div_3 = Newport Ceety Cooncil{{!}}Newport Ceety | pop_3 = 128,060 | img_3 = Newportciviccentre.jpg
| city_4 = Wrexham | div_4 = Wrexham Coonty Burgh | pop_4 = 61,603 | img_4 = Wrexham - geograph.org.uk - 163421.jpg
| city_5 = Barry, Wales{{!}}Barry | div_5 = Vale o Glamorgan | pop_5 = 54,673
| city_6 = Neath | div_6 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_6 = 50,658
| city_7 = Cwmbran | div_7 = Torfaen | pop_7 = 46,915
| city_8 = Bridgend | div_8 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh| pop_8 = 46,757
| city_9 = Llanelli | div_9 = Carmarthenshire | pop_9 = 43,878
| city_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | div_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | pop_10 = 43,820
| city_11 = Caerphilly | div_11 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_11 = 41,402
| city_12 = Port Talbot | div_12 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_12 = 37,276
| city_13 = Pontypridd | div_13 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_13 = 30,457
| city_14 = Aberdare | div_14 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_14 = 29,748
| city_15 = Colwyn Bay| div_15 = Conwy Coonty Burgh | pop_15 = 29,405
| city_16 = Pontypool| div_16 = Torfaen | pop_16 = 28,334
| city_17 = Penarth| div_17 = Vale of Glamorgan | pop_17 = 27,226
| city_18 = Rhyl| div_18 = Denbighshire | pop_18 = 25,149
| city_19 = Blackwood, Wales{{!}}Blackwood| div_19 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_19 = 24,042
| city_20 = Maesteg | div_20 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh | pop_20 = 18,888
}}

Baith Inglis an Welsh are conseedert offeecial leids o Wales,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%20Documents/About%20the%20Assembly%20section%20documents/ols/ols-en.pdf Official Languages Scheme, July 2013], Assembly Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; wi Welsh forder recognised in law as haein &quot;offeecial status&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Inglis is spoken bi awmaist aw fowk in Wales an is the main leid in maist o the kintra. The lairgest releegion in Wales is Christianity, wi 57.6% o the population descrivin themsels as Christian in the 2011 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Census Faith&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Religion |title=Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 December 2012|accessdate=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The seicont lairgest attendin faith in Wales is [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], wi an estimatit 43,000 adherents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faith in Wales&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |title=Faith in Wales, Counting for Communities |page=21 |year=2008 |accessdate=6 September 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024162623/http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Islam]] is the lairgest non-Christian releegion in Wales, wi mair nor 24,000 (0.8%) reportit Muslims in the 2011 census.&lt;ref name=&quot;2011 Census Faith&quot;/&gt;

==Cultur==
Wales haes a distinctive cultur includin its awn leid, customs, halidays an muisic.

Wales haes three [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: [[Castles an Toun Waws o Keeng Edward in Gwynedd|The Castles an Toun wals o Keeng Edward I in Gwynedd]]; [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]]; an the [[Blaenavon Industrial Laundscape]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb |title=World Heritage – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2010 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |work=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Convention]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Airts===
Wales can claim ane o the auldest unbreuken leeterar tradeetions in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies464&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 464&lt;/ref&gt; The leeterar tradeetion o Wales stretches back tae the saxt century an includes [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] an [[Gerald o Wales]], regairdit bi historian [[John Davies (historian)|John Davies]] as amang the finest Laitin authors o the Middle Ages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies464&quot;/&gt; In 1588 [[William Morgan (Bible translator)|William Morgan]] acame the first person tae translate the [[Welsh Bible|Bible intae Welsh]], frae Greek an Ebreu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davies465&quot;&gt;Davies (2008) p. 465&lt;/ref&gt; 1885 saw the publication o ''[[Rhys Lewis (novelle)|Rhys Lewis]]'' bi [[Daniel Owen]], creeditit as the first novelle written in the Welsh leid.

Mony warks o [[Celtic airt]] hae been foond in Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938/ |title=Celtic Art in Iron Age Wales, NMOW |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales]] |accessdate=19 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023922/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maist Welsh pented left Wales tae dae thair wirk.

Wales is eften referred tae as &quot;the laund o sang&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica|edition=Online|year=2006|title=Wales: Cultural life: Music, literature and film}}&lt;/ref&gt; an is notable for its hairpists, male choirs, an solo airtists. Tradeetional instruments o Wales include ''telyn deires'' ([[triple hairp]]), fiddle, [[crwth]], ''pibgorn'' (hornpipe) an ither instruments.&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 179&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 281&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 353&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2008) p. 677&lt;/ref&gt;

===Seembols===
The [[Banner o Wales]] incorporates the [[Welsh Draigon|reid draigon]] ({{lang|cy|Y Ddraig Goch}}) o [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd|Prince Cadwalader]] alang wi the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] colours o green an white.&lt;ref name=&quot;dragon and war&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |title=The dragon and war |accessdate=2 October 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=BBC |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128093849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |archivedate=28 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis uised bi [[Henry VII o Ingland|Henry VII]] at the [[Battle o Bosworth Field|Battle o Bosworth]] in 1485 efter that it wis cairied in state tae [[St. Paul's Cathedral]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dragon and war&quot;/&gt; The reid draigon wis then includit in the Tudor ryal airms tae signifee thair Welsh strynd. It wis offeecially recognised as the Welsh naitional banner in 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1959/feb/23/welsh-flag#S5CV0600P0-04661|title = Welsh flag, 23 February 1959 vol 600 cc121-2W |accessdate=3 October 2010 |publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]] |work=[[Hansard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[daffodil]] an the [[leek]] are an aa seembols o Wales. The Prince o Wales' [[heraldic badge]] is an aa whiles uised tae seembolise Wales. The badge, kent as the [[Prince o Wales's feathers]], conseests o three white feathers emerging frae a gowd coronet. ''&quot;[[Hen Wlad fy Nhadau]]&quot; ({{lang-sco|Laund o My Faithers}})'' is the Naitional Anthem o Wales, an is played at events sic as fitbaa or rugby matches involvin the Wales naitional team as weel as the openin o the Welsh Assembly an ither offeecial occasions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |title=Welsh National Anthem: History: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |year= 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010 |work=[[Visit Wales]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= The anthem in more recent years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm|accessdate=21 October 2010 |publisher=BBC |date=1 December 2008 |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}&lt;/ref&gt; In sport, [[rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional consciousness.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliografie==
* Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)] 
*{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=John|authorlink=John Davies (historian)|title=A History of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi_g1b0| publisher=Penguin| year=1994| location=London|isbn = 0-14-014581-8}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 }}

{{Commonscat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wales| ]]
[[Category:Celtic naitions]]
[[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Island kintras]]
[[Category:NUTS 1 stateestical regions o the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Unitit Kinrick bi kintra]]
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  <page>
    <title>Republict o the Fowk o Cheena</title>
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      <text bytes="19754" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan
| native_name = {{vunblist|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|中华人民共和国}}}} |{{small|''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''}}}}&lt;!--Please do not add official regional/minority languages here; use the langbox template directly below, included specifically for that purpose--&gt;
| common_name = the People's Republic of China&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Aurie controlled bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[Mairch o the Volunteers]]&quot;}} }} [[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg|center]]
| official_languages = {{nowrap|[[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>869027</id>
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      <text bytes="19622" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan
| native_name = {{vunblist|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|中华人民共和国}}}} |{{small|''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''}}}}&lt;!--Please do not add official regional/minority languages here; use the langbox template directly below, included specifically for that purpose--&gt;
| common_name = the Republic of West Taiwan&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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 ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>jjvrmc0vwcr56e05oj49ze5xr1tazcd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869028</id>
      <parentid>869027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-24T14:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.210.254.185</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19349" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan

| common_name = the Republic of West Taiwan&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
&lt;!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
 | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia |
 | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. |
 | |
 | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. |
 | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] &amp; [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. |
 | |
 | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or |
 | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link |
 | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) |
 | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |
 ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
      <sha1>9w5pgg3jz88v2yfs4m7ldjejv54ccsm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>869029</id>
      <parentid>869028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-24T14:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>112.210.254.185</ip>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19346" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan

| common_name = the Republic of West Taiwan&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Mao Zedong is a wanker''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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 ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan

| common_name = the Republic of West Taiwan&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Mao Zedong is a wanker''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese aka &quot;Fake Chinese&quot; ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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 ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan

| common_name = the Republic of West Taiwan&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CH''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese aka &quot;Fake Chinese&quot; ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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 ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o West Taiwan}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic o West Taiwan

| common_name = the Republic of the Fowk o Cheenae&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in dark green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CH''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[With the Communist Party, there will be no new China]]&quot;}} }} [[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese aka &quot;Fake Chinese&quot; ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Taipei]]{.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[multi-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[democratic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [Tsai Ing-wen]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
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[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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{{Dablink|&quot;Cheenae&quot; is eften linked here. For Cheenese region, see [[Cheenae (region)]].}}
{{Distinguish|Republic o Cheenae}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
| native_name = {{vunblist|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|中华人民共和国}}}} |{{small|''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''}}}}&lt;!--Please do not add official regional/minority languages here; use the langbox template directly below, included specifically for that purpose--&gt;
| common_name = the People's Republic of China&lt;!-- so the template links correctly to &quot;(Topic) of the People's Republic of China&quot; articles --&gt;
| image_flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| image_coat = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
| symbol_type = Naitional Emblem
| image_map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Aurie controlled bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae shawn in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shawn in licht green.
| map_width = 220px
| national_anthem = {{vunblist|{{lang|zh-hans|《义勇军进行曲》}} &lt;!--NOT TO BE CHANGED AWAY FROM 《》; &quot; &quot; IS NOT USED IN CHINESE--&gt;|''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Pinyin]])}} |{{small|&quot;[[Mairch o the Volunteers]]&quot;}} }} [[File:March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg|center]]
| official_languages = {{nowrap|[[Staundart Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |title=Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37) |publisher=Chinese Government |date=31 October 2000 |accessdate=21 June 2013 |quote=For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. |archive-date=2013-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724204951/http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|[[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] ([[Macau]] anly), [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ([[Hong Kong]] anly).}}&lt;!--end nowrap:--&gt;}}
| languages_type = Offeecial written leid
| languages = [[Written vernacular Cheenese|Vernacular Cheenese]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Offeecial script]]
| languages2 = [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Semplifee'd Cheenese]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langlaw&quot;/&gt;
| languages2_sub = yes
| regional_languages = {{small|{{hlist |[[Mongolian leid|Mongolian]] |[[Staundart Tibetan|Tibetan]] |[[Uyghur leid|Uyghur]] |[[Staundart Zhuang|Zhuang]] |[[Leids o Cheenae|various ithers]]}}}}
| ethnic_groups =

{{vunblist
  | 91.51% [[Han Cheenese|Han]]&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=Tabulation of the 2010 Census of the People's Republic of China|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/censusdata/rkpc2010/indexch.htm|publisher=China Statistics Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  | {{collapsible list
     |title = {{small|[[Leet o ethnic groups in Cheenae|55 minorities]]{{efn|Ethnic minorities that are recognized offeecially.}}}}
     |1.30% [[Zhuang fowk|Zhuang]] |0.86% [[Manchu fowk|Manchu]] |0.79% [[Uyghur fowk|Uyghur]] |0.79% [[Hui fowk|Hui]] |0.72% [[Miao fowk|Miao]] |0.65% [[Yi fowk|Yi]] |0.62% [[Tujia fowk|Tujia]] |0.47% [[Ethnic Mongols in Cheenae|Mongol]] |0.44% [[Tibetan fowk|Tibetan]] |0.26% [[Buyei]] |0.15% [[Koreans in Cheenae|Korean]] |1.05% ithers
    }}
 }}

| capital = [[Beijing]]{{efn|Or (previously) &quot;Peking&quot;.}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|39|55|N|116|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Shanghai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chan, Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |accessdate=7 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2013|doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383}} p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = Cheenese
| government_type = [[Single-pairty state|Single-pairty]] [[socialist republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Preses]]
| leader_name1 = [[Xi Jinping]]{{efn|Xi Jinping haulds fower concurrent poseetions: [[General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae]], [[Preses o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]], an [[Chairman o the Central Militar Commission]] for baith state an pairty.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/ &quot;New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China&quot;]. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| leader_title2 = [[Premier o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Li Keqiang]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Staundin Committee o the Naitional Fowk's Congress|Congress Chairman]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Zhang Dejiang]]
| leader_title4 = {{nowrap|[[Chairman o the Naitional Committee o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference|Conference Chairman]]}}
| leader_name4 = [[Yu Zhengsheng]]
| legislature = [[Naitional Fowk's Congress]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History o Cheenae|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Qin's wars o unification#Conquest o Qi|Unification o Cheenae]] unner the Qin Dynasty
| established_date1 = 221 BCE
| established_event2 = [[Xinhai Revolution#Establishment o the Republic|Republic established]]
| established_date2 = 1 Januar 1912
| established_event3 = [[Cheenese Ceevil War|Fowkrepublic proclaimed]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1949
| area_km2 = 9,596,961
| area_footnote = {{efn|The aurie gien is the offeecial Unitit Naitions figur for [[Mainland Cheenae|the mainland]] an excludes [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] an [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN Stat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It an aa excludes the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Aksai Chin]] {{convert|37244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an ither territories in dispute wi Indie. The tot aurie o Cheenae is leetit as {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} bi the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China |title=China |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=16 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further information, see [[Territorial chynges o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]].}}
| area_sq_mi = 3,705,407 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| area_rank = 3rd/4t
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| percent_water = 0.28%{{efn|This figure wis calculatit uisin data frae the CIA Warld Factbeuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=23 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_estimate                = {{increase}} 1,400,050,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;&gt;[http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01] &gt;人口&gt;总人口, [[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census                = 1,340,910,000&lt;ref name=&quot;govPPL&quot;/&gt;
| population_estimate_year                = 2019
| population_estimate_rank                = 1st
| population_census_year                = 2010
| population_census_rank                = 1st
| population_density_km2                = 145&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area)
|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_sq_mi                = 373 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
| population_density_rank                = 83rd
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $29.471 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&amp;pr.y=8&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank                = 1st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita                = {{increase}} $20,984&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| GDP_nominal                = {{increase}} $15.269 trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|The accuracy o Cheenae's offeecial GDP stateestics haes been quaistened bi a wide variety o academics an institutions, an it believed tae be lawer nor statit.}}
| GDP_nominal_year                = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank                = 2nt
| GDP_nominal_per_capita                = {{increase}} $10,872&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOCN&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank                = 67t
| Gini                = 46.7 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year                = 2018
| Gini_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;GINI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33063/China-Economic-Update-December-2019-Cyclical-Risks-and-Structural-Imperatives.pdf |title=China Economic Update, December 2019 : Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives |page=21 |publisher=World Bank |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=The Gini coefficient, a measure of overall income inequality, declined to 0.462 in 2015, and has since risen to 0.467 in 2018 (Figure 27). Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution. The eastern coastal regions have been the driver of China's rapid growth, due to its geographic location and the early introduction of reforms. As a result, the eastern coastal region is now home to 38 percent of the population, and its per capita GDP was 77 percent higher than that of the central, western, and northeastern regions in 2018. This gap widened further in the first three quarters of 2019. This is in part due to a disproportionate slowdown in interior provinces, which are more dependent on commodities and heavy industry. The slowdown has been negatively affected by structural shifts, especially necessary cuts in overcapacity (Figure 28).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank                = 
| HDI                = 0.758 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                = 2018&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                = increase &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                = 85t
| currency = [[Renminbi|Renminbi (yuan)]](¥){{efn|The [[Hong Kong Dollar]] is used in [[Hong Kong]] and the [[Macanese pataca]] is used in [[Macau]].}}
| currency_code = CNY
| time_zone = [[Cheenae Staundart Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{vunblist |yyyy-mm-dd |''or'' yyyy{{lang|zh|年}}m{{lang|zh|月}}d{{lang|zh|日}} |([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Cheenese calendar|CE-1949]])}}
| drives_on = richt{{efn|Except [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].}}
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.cn]] |[[.中國]] |[[.中国]]}}
| calling_code = [[+86]]
}}
The '''Fowkrepublic o Cheenae''' ('''FRC'''; [[Semplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 中华人民共和国, [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 中華人民共和國; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó'' {{Audio|Zh-Zhonghua renmin gongheguo.ogg|listen}}, or '''[[Cheenae]]'''), is a [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asie]]. Wi a population o mair nor 1.3 billion fowk, the FRC is the maist populous kintra in the warld.

The [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae]] (CPC) haes led the FRC unner a [[Ae-pairty state|ae-pairty]] seestem syne the kintra's foondin in 1949. Mauger this, naur hauf the FRC's economy haes been [[privatisation|privatised]] in the bygane three decades unner &quot;[[Socialism wi Cheenese chairacteristics]].&quot; Durin the 1980s, thir [[Chenese economic reform|economic reforms]] helpit lift millions o fowk oot o puirtith, bringin the poverty rate doun tae 12% frae the oreeginal ae-third o the population ''([http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1686/MR1686.ch2.pdf China’s Institutional and Structural fault lines], that cites World Bank, 1992, p. 4 as the reference)''. Houaniver, acause o this [[mixt economy|mixin]] o [[mercat economy|mercat]] an [[planned economy|planned economies]], the FRC is faced wi a nummer o problems associate wi ilkane, includin unemployment an increasin rural/urban income gap. Mauger failins, greater prosperity haes led tae growin Cheenese [[Geopolitics|global]] influence in [[economics|economic]], [[Politics o Cheena|poleetical]], [[meelitary]], [[science|scieentific]], [[technology|technological]], an [[Cultur o Cheenae|cultural]] affairs.

In an ongaun dispute, the FRC [[Poleetical status o Taiwan|claims suyerainty ower Taiwan]] an some naurby islands, that's been actually controllt bi the [[Republic o Cheenae]] syne 1949. The FRC threaps that the Republic o Cheena is an illegeetimate an supplantit entity an admeenistratively categorizes [[Taiwan]] as a province o the FRC. The term &quot;[[mainlaund China]]&quot; is whiles uised tae denote the aurie unner FRC owerins, but for normal excludin the twa [[Speicial Administrative Region (Cheenae)|Speicial Administrative Regions]], [[Hong Kong]] an [[Macau]].

* '''Name'''

The wird &quot;China&quot; his been yaised in Englis since the 16th centurie; hooever, it wasnae a wird used by the Cheenese theresels at this time. Hits origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit wird ''Cīna'', used in ancient India.

&quot;China&quot; appears in Richard Eden's 1555 owersett o the 1516 journal o the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. Barbosa's yaisage wis derivit fae Persian ''Chīn'' (چین), which wis in turn derivit from Sanskrit ''Cīna'' (चीन). ''Cīna'' was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century bce) and the ''Laws o Manu'' (2nd century bce). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the wird China is derivit ultimately fae the name o the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE). Although this derivation is still gien in various sources, the origin o the Sanskrit wird is a matter of debate, according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.

The official name o the modern state is the &quot;Fowksrepublic o Cheenae&quot; (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''). The shorter form is &quot;Cheenae&quot; ''Zhōngguó'' (中国; 中國) fae ''''zhōng'''' (&quot;central&quot;) and ''''guó'''' (&quot;state&quot;), a term which developed durin the Western Zhou dynasty in reference tae its royal demesne. It was then applied tae the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China's Central Plain afore being yaised as an occasional synonym fir the state under the Qing. It was often used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Huaxia fowk fae perceived &quot;barbarians&quot;. The name ''Zhongguo'' is also translated as &quot;Middle Kingdom&quot; in English.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{Sister project links|China}}
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'''Overviews'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News — ''Kintra Profile: Cheenae'']
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] bi Yiching Wu
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Documentaries'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ &quot;Cheenae on the Rise&quot;] PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* ''[http://www.nytimes.com/specials/chinarises/intro/index.html China Rises]'' a documentary co-produced bi ''The New York Times'', ''Discovery Times'', CBC, ZDF, Fraunce 5 an S4C. 9 Aprile 2006.
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/red/ ''Cheenae in the Red''], 1998–2001. PBS Frontline.
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/ Cheenae Frae the Inside]'' A documentary series co-produced bi KQED Public Telly an Granada Telly.
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Govrenment'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central Fowk's Government o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Language icon|en}}
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ Cheenae Internet Information Center (China.org.cn)] {{Language icon|en}} - Authorised govrenment portal steid tae Cheenae
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Studies'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0 Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy] – analysis bi Minxin Pei, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°15, 2006
* [http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032418/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 |date=2007-12-12 }} 11 Februar 2005.
* [http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History o The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426054307/http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm |date=2013-04-26 }} Timeline o Key Events syne 1949.
* [http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertisin, an urban life in Cheenae]
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Traivel'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* {{Wikivoyage|China}}
&lt;/div&gt;

'''Maps'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&amp;ll=30.600094,103.710938&amp;spn=64.10009,177.1875&amp;om=1 Google Maps – China]
* [http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm Google Maps – China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104218/http://www.china-profile.com/maps/map_overview_1.htm |date=2008-09-07 }} Interestin locations
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Commonscat|China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheenae, Fowkrepublic o}}
[[Category:Central Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Cheenae|*]]
[[Category:Cheenese-speakin kintras an territories]]
[[Category:Northeast Asie kintras|Cheenae]]
[[Category:Fowkrepublic o Cheenae| ]]
[[Category:Single-pairty states]]
[[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]]
[[Category:G20 naitions]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1949]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marxism</title>
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      <text bytes="5567" xml:space="preserve">'''Marxism''' is an economic an sociopoleetical warldview an method o socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a [[Historical materialism|materialist interpretation o history]], a [[dialectic]]al view o social chynge, an an analysis an critique o the development o [[caipitalism]]. Marxism wis pioneered in the early tae mid 19th century bi twa [[German philosophy|German philosophers]], [[Karl Marx]] an [[Friedrich Engels]]. Marxism encompasses [[Marxian economics|Marxian economic theory]], a [[Marxist sociology|sociological theory]] an a [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] view o social chynge that haes influenced [[socialist]] poleetical muivements aroond the warld.

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{commonscat|Marxism}}

== Leeteratur ==
* {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead &amp; Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}}
* {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Callinicos|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}}
* {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelcastromylif0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}}
* {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}}
* {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}}
* {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}}
* {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=Bruce Trigger|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}}
{{Refend}}
* {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000avin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=Shlomo Avineri}}
* {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|date=1959|authorlink=Ralf Dahrendorf|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* [[Jon Elster]], ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986.
* Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975.
* Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5.
* {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=Leszek Kołakowski}}
* {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=Henry Bamford Parkes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L.  |authorlink1= David Prychitko |last2=  |first2=  |authorlink2= |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]}}
* [[Cedric Robinson|Robinson, Cedric J.]]: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000
* [[R. J. Rummel|Rummel, R.J.]] (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]''
* {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}}
* Shenfield, S.D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm ''Vladislav Bugera: Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker'']
* {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|authorlink=David McLellan (academic)}}

[[Category:Economic ideologies]]
[[Category:Marxism| ]]
[[Category:Creeticism o releegion]]
[[Category:Filosofical muivements]]
[[Category:Philosophical traditions]]
[[Category:Theories o history]]
[[Category:Karl Marx]]
[[Category:Sociological paradigms]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Materialism]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yerevan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12348" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Yerevan
|native_name= Երևան
|native_name_lang = hy
|settlement_type = Ceety
|image_skyline = Երեւան.JPG
|image_caption= Yerevan skyline wi [[Munt Ararat]] in the backgrund
|imagesize = 350px
|image_flag = Yerevan flag.gif
|image_seal = Coat of Arms of Yerevan.png
|mapsize = 150px
|pushpin_map = Armenia
|map_caption = Location o Yerevan in Armenie
|subdivision_type = [[Kintra]]
|subdivision_name = [[Armenie]]
|established_title = Established
|established_date = 782 BC
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Karen Karapetyan]]
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 300
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2009
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 1,119,000
|population_metro =
|population_density_km2 = 4896
|timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT+4]]
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST =
|area_code = +374 10
|coordinates = {{coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|region:AM|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 989.4
|website = [http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page_id=1&amp;lang=3 www.yerevan.am]
|footnotes = Sources: Yerevan city area &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstat RA capital&quot;&gt;Armstat [http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/81.pdf Yerevan]&lt;/ref&gt; Sources: City population &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/demos_09_2.pdf |title=Armenia's Population}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Yerevan''' ({{lang-hy|[[wikt:Երևան|Երևան]] or [[wikt:Երեւան|Երեւան]]}}, {{IPA-hy|jɛɾɛˈvɑn}}) is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] an lairgest ceety o [[Armenie]] an ane o the warld's [[Leet o ceeties bi time o continuous habitation|auldest continuously-inhabitit ceeties]]. Situatit alang the [[Hrazdan River]], Yerevan is the admeenistrative, cultural, an industrial centre o the kintra. It haes been the caipital syne 1918, the thirteent in the [[history o Armenie]].

The history o Yerevan dates back tae the 8t century BC, wi the foondin o the fortress o [[Erebuni Fortress|Erebuni]] in 782 BC bi king [[Argishti I]] at the wastren extreme o the [[Ararat plain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Katsenelinboĭgen
 |first=Aron
 |title=The Soviet Union: Empire, Nation and Systems
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats
 |publisher=Transaction Publishers
 |year=1990
 |location=New Brunswick
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sovietunionempir0000kats/page/143 143]
 |isbn=0887383327}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Efter [[Warld War I]], Yerevan became the caipital o the [[Democratic Republic o Armenie]] as thoosans o [[Armenian Genocide survivors|survivors]] o the [[Armenie Genocide]] settled in the aurie. The ceety expandit rapidly durin the 20t century as Armenie became ane o the [[Republics o the Soviet Union|fifteen republics]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. In fiftie years, Yerevan wis transformed frae a toun o a few thoosan residents athin the [[Roushie Empire]], tae Armenie's principal cultural, airtistic, an industrial center, as well as becomin the seat o naitional govrenment.

Wi the growthe o the [[Economy o Armenie|economy o the kintra]], Yerevan haes been unnergoin major transformation as mony pairts o the ceety hae been the recipient o new construction syne the early 2000s, an retail ootlets sic as restaurants, shops an street cafes, which wur rare durin Soviet times, hae multiplied.

In 2009, the population o Yerevan wis estimatit tae be 1,119,000 fowk wi the [[agglomeration]] aroond the ceety regroupin 1,245,700 fowk (2007 offeecial estimate),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor&amp;lang=eng |title=Population of each district in Yerevan according to the city's official website |publisher=Yerevan.am |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02 |archive-date=2009-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113190256/http://www.yerevan.am/index.php?page=mayor&amp;lang=eng |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mair nor a third o aw the population o Armenie.

==Sports==
The maist played an popular sport in Yerevan is [[fitbaa]]. Yerevan haes mony [[:Category:Armenian fitbaa clubs|fitbaa clubs]] wi five in the [[2010 Armenian Premier League|2010 saison]] o the Armenian Premier League.

{| style=&quot;margin:0 0 0 1em; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:95%;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef; border-bottom:2px solid gray;&quot;
! Club !! Stadium
|-
|[[FC Banants]] || [[Banants Stadium]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|[[Kilikia FC]] || [[Hrazdan Stadium]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|[[Mika FC]] || [[Mika Stadium]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|[[Pyunik FC]] || [[Hanrapetakan Stadium|Republican Stadium]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|[[Ulisses FC]] || [[Hrazdan Stadium]]&lt;/tr&gt;
|}

Yerevan haes fower major stadiums which are [[Banants Stadium]], [[Mika Stadium]], [[Hanrapetakan Stadium|Republican Stadium]] an [[Hrazdan Stadium]], alang wi twa sma anes; [[Nairi Stadium]] an Erebuni Stadium. Hrazdan is the main an biggest stadium which an aa hooses a sports complex that is componed o [[boxin]] an [[karate]] trainin facilities, soummin puil, [[basketbaw]] arena an tennis courts.

The biggest indoor arena o the ceety an the whole kintra is the [[Karen Demirchyan Complex|Karen Demirchyan Sports an Concerts Complex]], which is maistly uised for [[Figure Skatin]] shows an concerts.

Armenie haes aye excelled in chess wi its players bein vera aften amang the heichest ranked an decoratit. The heidquarters o the Armenian Chess Federation is locatit in the [[Kentron (destrict)|Kentron]] (central destrict) in Yerevan an thare exists plenty o chess clubs in the ceety. In 1996, despite a severe [[economic crisis]], Yerevan hostit the [[32nt Chess Olympiad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/1996/1996in.html|title=32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996|accessdate=2008-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the fower members frae Yerevan o the Armenie chess team wan the [[37t Chess Olympiad]] in [[Turin]] an repeatit the feat at the [[38t Chess Olympiad]] in [[Dresden]]. The Yerevan-born leader o this team, [[Levon Aronian]], is currently ane o the warld's tap chess players an is nummer sax on the Aprile 2008 [[FIDE]] rankins.

==Internaitional relations==
{{Main|Leet_o_twin_touns_an_sister_ceeties_in_Asie#Armenie|l1=List o twin touns an sister ceeties in Armenie}}
Yerevan is member o 6 internaitional organisations: the &quot;International Assembly of CIS Countries' Capitals an Big Cities&quot; (MAG), the &quot;Black Sea Capitals' Association&quot; (BSCA), the &quot;International Association of Francophone Mayors&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = AIMF:  Liste des membres| url = http://www.aimf.asso.fr/default.asp?id=40| access-date = 2010-12-27| archive-date = 2010-10-26| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101026092436/http://www.aimf.asso.fr/default.asp?id=40| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (AIMF), the &quot;Organization of World Heritage Cities&quot; (OWHC), the &quot;International Association of Large-scale Communities&quot; an the &quot;International Urban Community Lighting Association&quot; (LUCI).

===Twin touns — sister ceeties===

Currently, Yerevan haes thirty [[twin touns an sister ceeties|seester an pairtner ceeties]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&amp;id=184&amp;page_name=news|title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|publisher=© 2005-2009 [http://www.yerevan.am www.yerevan.am]|accessdate=2010-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!  style=&quot;width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;&quot;|Ceety
!  style=&quot;width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;&quot;|Kintra
!  style=&quot;width:150px; background:#f9f9f9;&quot;|Year
|-
|'''[[Carrara]]'''
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Syne 1965
|-
|'''[[Podgorica]]'''
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]]
|Syne 1974
|-
|'''[[Antananarivo]]'''
|{{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]]
|Syne 1981
|-
|'''[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]]'''
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Unitit States]]
|Syne 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;dept&quot;&gt;[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 &quot;A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,&quot;] 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thompson&quot;&gt;Richard Thompson. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full &quot;Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',&quot;] ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[[Marseille]]'''
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]]
|Syne 1992
|-
|'''[[Athens]]'''
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]]
|Syne 1993
|-
|'''[[Lyon]]'''
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]]
|Syne 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon|accessdate=2009-07-17|archive-date=2009-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003816/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[[Stavropol]]'''
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]]
|Syne 1994
|-
|'''[[Isfahan]]'''
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
|Syne 1995
|-
|'''[[Kiev]]'''
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
|Syne 1995
|-
|'''[[Moscow]]'''
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]]
|Syne 1995
|-
|'''[[Odessa]]'''
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
|Syne 1995
|-
|'''[[Florence]]'''
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Syne 1996
|-
|'''[[Tbilisi]]'''
|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]
|Syne 1996
|-
|'''[[Beirut]]'''
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]]
|Syne 1997
|-
|'''[[Damascus]]'''
|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Sirie]]
|Syne 1997
|-
|'''[[Saunt Petersburg]]'''
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]]
|Syne 1997
|-
|'''[[Paris]]'''
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]]
|Syne 1998
|-
|'''[[Montreal]]'''
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadae]]
|Syne 1998
|-
|'''[[Volgograd]]'''
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]]
|Syne 1998
|-
|'''[[Bratislava]]'''
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakie]]
|Syne 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;Bratislava&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[[Minsk]]'''
|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belaroushie]]
|Syne 2002
|-
|'''[[São Paulo]]'''
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
|Syne 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo&quot;&gt;[http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 Prefeitura.Sp - Descentralized Cooperation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222805/http://www2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/ingles/descentralized_cooperation/sister_cities/0001 |date=2008-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations - São Paulo City Hall - Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2010-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[[Chişinău]]'''
|{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovae]]
|Syne 2005
|-
|'''[[Rostov-on-Don]]'''
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roushie]]
|Syne 2005
|-
|'''[[Rio de Janeiro]]'''
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
|Syne 2007
|-
|'''[[Los Angeles]]'''
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Unitit States]]
|Syne 2007
|-
|'''[[Nice]]'''
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Fraunce]]
|Syne 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Yerevan official web: Sister cities: Nice| url = http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=229&amp;lang=3| access-date = 2010-12-27| archive-date = 2013-10-06| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006013347/http://www.yerevan.am/main.php?page_id=229&amp;lang=3| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''[[Delhi]]'''
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Indie]]
|Syne 2008
|-
|'''[[Sofia]]'''
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarie]]
|Syne 2008
|-
|'''[[Shanghai]]'''
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]
|Syne 2009
|-
|'''[[Beijing]]'''
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]
|Syne 2011
|-
|'''[[Venice]]'''
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Syne 2011
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{City of Yerevan}}
{{Administrative divisions of Armenia}}
{{Cities and towns in Armenia}}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Yerevan| ]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Armenie]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Asie]]
[[Category:Provinces o Armenie]]
[[Category:780s BC establishments]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Northren Cyprus</title>
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      <text bytes="9477" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|coordinates            = {{Coord|35|11|N|33|22|E|type:city}}
|conventional_long_name = Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus
|native_name            = {{native name|tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti}}
|image_flag             = Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg
|image_coat             = Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg
|common_name            = Northern Cyprus
|symbol_type            = Coat o airms
|national_anthem        = {{lang|tr|[[İstiklal Marşı]]}}&lt;br/&gt;{{small|''Unthirldom Mairch''}}&lt;br/&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Istiklâl Marsi instrumetal.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|image_map              = Northern Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width              = 220px
|status                 = [[Leet o states wi leemitit recogneetion|Recognised anerly bi Turkey]]
|capital                = [[North Nicosia]]
|largest_city           = caipital
|official_languages     = [[Turkis leid|Turkis]]
|demonym                = [[Turkis Cypriot]]
|government_type        = [[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Semi-presidential seestem|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1          = [[Preses o Northren Cyprus|Preses]]
|leader_name1           = [[Ersin Tatar]]
|leader_title2          = [[Prime Meenister o Northren Cyprus|Prime Meenister]]
|leader_name2           = [[Ersan Saner]]
|leader_title3          = [[List o Speakers o the Assembly o the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly Speaker]]
|leader_name3           = [[Önder Sennaroğlu]]

|legislature            = [[Assemmly o the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assemmly o the Republic]]
|established_event1     = Proclaimed
|sovereignty_type       = [[Unthirldom]] {{nobold|frae the [[Cyprus|Republic o Cyprus]]}}
|established_date1      = [[wikisource:Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|15 November 1983]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.ct.tr/cyprus-negotiation-process/historical-background/ |title=Historical Background |publisher=Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=3 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|area_km2               = 3,355
|area_rank              = {{small|unranked}}
|area_sq_mi             = 1,295
|percent_water          = 2.7
|population_estimate        = 326,000&lt;ref name=&quot;treconomy&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=KKTC |url=http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/home/disIliskiler/ulkeler/ulke-detay/KKTC |publisher=Turkish Ministry of Economy |accessdate=28 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_estimate_year   = 2017
|population_census          = 286,257
|population_census_year     = 2011
|population_density_km2     = 93
|population_density_rank    = 117t
|population_density_sq_mi   = 242
|GDP_PPP                    = 
|GDP_PPP_year               = 
|GDP_PPP_rank               = 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita         = 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank    =
|GDP_nominal                = $3.685 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;treconomy&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_year           = 2017
|GDP_nominal_rank           =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita     = $12,702&lt;ref name=&quot;treconomy&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|currency                    = [[Turkis lira]] {{Turkis lira}} (&lt;code&gt;TRY&lt;/code&gt;)
|time_zone                   = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] ([[UTC+2]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saatler geri alınıyor! |url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/saatler-geri-aliniyor-95079h.htm |publisher=[[Yeni Düzen]] |accessdate=18 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|time_zone_DST               = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST              = +3
|drives_on                   = left
|calling_code                = [[+90 392]]
}}
'''Northren Cyprus''' or '''North Cyprus''' ({{lang-tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs}}), formally named the '''Turkish Republic o Northren Cyprus''' ('''TRNC''') ({{lang-tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti}}   (KKTC),&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&amp;pg=PA187 &quot;The social and economic impact of EU membership on northern Cyprus&quot;], {{cite book |last=Diez |first=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunioncyp0000unse |page=[https://archive.org/details/europeanunioncyp0000unse/page/187 187] |year=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=0719060796}}&lt;/ref&gt;), is a ''[[de facto]]'' state&lt;ref name=HISTORY&gt;Antiwar.com. [http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042 In Praise of 'Virtual States'], Leon Hadar, 16 November 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=defacto1&gt;Carter Johnson, University of Maryland. [http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/dcawcp/paper/DCAWCP_CJohnson_Partition.pdf Sovereignty or Demography? Reconsidering the Evidence on Partition in Ethnic Civil Wars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626134359/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/dcawcp/paper/DCAWCP_CJohnson_Partition.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }}, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Emerson|first= Michael|title= The Wider Europe Matrix|year= 2004|publisher= CPSE|isbn=9290794690}}&lt;/ref&gt; locatit in the northren portion o the island o [[Cyprus]].  Tensions atween the Greek Cypriot an Turkish Cypriot populations culminatit in 1974 wi a [[coup d'état]], an attempt tae annex the island tae [[Greece]] an a [[Turkish invasion o Cyprus|military invasion]] bi [[Turkey]] in response resultit in a partitionin o the island,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/keyword/cyprus/2 New York Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110172645/http://www.nytimes.com/keyword/cyprus/2 |date=2012-11-10 }} Quote:   The dinner follows a meal Mr. Denktash held on Dec. 6, when Mr. Clerides made his first visit to northern Cyprus, which was invaded by Turkey in 1974 and has been governed by Turkish Cypriots ever since. Mr. Clerides is recognized internationally as the president of Cyprus, but Turkey is the only country that....&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4644652.stm BBC News] Quote: &quot;Cyprus has been split into the Greek Cypriot-controlled south and the Turkish-occupied north since Turkey invaded in 1974, in the wake of an abortive coup by supporters of union with Greece.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7101593.ece Unity talks under threat as hardliner elected President] The Times Quote:   on divided island a stance that would scuttle a deal. Cyprus was split on ethnic and religious lines by a Turkish invasion in 1974, triggered by a brief, Greek-inspired coup.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/aug/03/cyprus-problem-fuelling-racism Cyprus problem is fuelling racism] The Guardian Quote: &quot;Whether one chooses to date the situation to the invasion by Turkey in 1974, the coup by junta-officered Greek Cypriots the same year, the bombings by Turkey in 1964, the attempt...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; the resettlement o mony o its indwallers, an, eventually,  a unilateral declaration o unthrildom bi the north in 1983.  Northren Cyprus haes received [[diplomatic recognition]] anerlie frae Turkey,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm  BBC:] The status o Northren Cyprus as a separate entity is recognised anerlie bi Turkey, which keeps aroond 30,000 troops in the north o the island.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Europe Review'', Kogan Page, 2003, p.79&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney, ''Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey'', Ashgate Publishing, 2007, p.161&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The CIA World Factbook 2010'', Central Intelligence Agency (U.S.), p.182&lt;/ref&gt; upon which it is dependent for economic, poleetical an military support.  The rest o the internaitional community, includin the [[Unitit Naitions]] an the [[European Union]], recognises the ''[[de jure]]'' sovereignty o the [[Cyprus|Republic o Cyprus]] ower the entire island.

Attempts tae reach a solution tae the dispute hae sae far been unsuccessful. In 2004 a fift revision o the  UN [[Annan Plan for Cyprus|Annan Plan]] tae settle the [[Cyprus dispute]] wis acceptit bi a majority o [[Turkish Cypriots]] in [[Cypriot Annan Plan referendum, 2004|a referendum]], but rejectit bi a majority o [[Greek Cypriots]]. The [[Turkish Airmy]] maintains a lairge force in Northren Cyprus; its presence is supportit an approved bi the ''[[de facto]]'' local govrenment, but the Republic o Cyprus an the internaitional community regaird it as an illegal occupation force, an its presence haes an aa been denoonced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.

Northren Cyprus extends frae the tip o the [[Karpass Peninsula]] ([[Cape Apostolos Andreas]]) in the northeast, wastward tae [[Morphou Bay]] an [[Cape Kormakitis]] (the [[Kokkina]]/Erenköy [[exclave]] marks the wastrenmaist extent o the aurie), an soothward tae the veelage o [[Louroujina Salient|Louroujina/Akıncılar]]. A [[Unitit Naitions Buffer Zone in Cyprus|buffer zone]] unner the control o the [[Unitit Naitions]] stretches atween Northren Cyprus an the rest o the island an divides [[Nicosia]], the island's lairgest ceety an caipital o baith states.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Cyprus}}

{{Turkic-speakin regions}}

[[Category:Unrecognized or lairgely unrecognized states]]
[[Category:Bicontinental kintras]]
[[Category:Wastren Asie kintras]]
[[Category:Middle Eastren kintras]]
[[Category:Turkic kintras]]
[[Category:Dividit regions]]
[[Category:Mediterranean islands]]
[[Category:Island kintras]]
[[Category:Secession]]
[[Category:States an territories established in 1983]]
[[Category:Wastren Asie]]
[[Category:Disputit territories in Europe]]

&lt;!--Other languages--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sukhumi</title>
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      <text bytes="10969" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Sukhumi
|other_name             = Sokhumi, Akwa
|native_name            = სოხუმი, Аҟәа&lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        =
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = Scruj23.JPG
|imagesize              =
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = Gerb Sukhum.png
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           =
|shield_size            =
|city_logo              =
|citylogo_size          =
|image_map              = Abkhazia detail map2.png
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            = location of Sukhumi within Abkhazia
|image_map1             =
|mapsize1               =
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Georgia (country)
|pushpin_label_position = none
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location o Sukhumi in Georgie
|pushpin_mapsize        = 280
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Georgie}}
|subdivision_type1      = Partially recognized country &lt;!--De facto--&gt;
|subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Abkhazie}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Abkhazia-note}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|subdivision_type2      =
|subdivision_name2      =
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|subdivision_type4      =
|subdivision_name4      =
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =Mayor
|leader_name            =[[Alias Labakhua]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=8198&amp;phrase_id=7085 Алиас Лабахуа вступил в должность мэра столицы] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083748/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=8198&amp;phrase_id=7085 |date=2012-10-25 }} (''Alias Labakhua takes office of the capital's mayor''), 18.09.2007 {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =   &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       = 6t century BC
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date2      =
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref                = &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|population_as_of               = 2011
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 62914
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =
|population_blank1              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
|timezone               = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]
|utc_offset             = +4
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|43|00|12|N|41|00|55|E|region:{{Xb|ABK}}|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_max_m        = 140
|elevation_min_m        = 5
|elevation_ft           =
|postal_code_type       =  Postal code
|postal_code            =
|area_code              = +7 840 22x-xx-xx
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                =
|footnotes              =
}}
'''Sukhumi''' ({{lang-ab|Аҟәа}}, ''Aqwa''; {{lang-ka|სოხუმი}}, ''Sokhumi''; {{lang-ru|Сухум or Сухуми}}, ''Sukhum'' or ''Sukhumi'') is the caipital o [[Abkhazie]], a disputit region on the [[Black Sea]] coast. The ceety suffered hivily durin the [[Georgian-Abkhaz conflict]] in the early 1990s.

== Namin ==
In Abkhaz, the ceety is kent as {{unicode|Аҟәа}} (''Aqwa'') which accordin tae native tradeetion signifies ''water''.&lt;ref name=&quot;colarusso_mp54&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Pontic-horse.pdf|title=More Pontic: Further Etymologies between Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian|last=Colarusso|first=John|page=54|accessdate=2009-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Georgian, the ceety is kent as {{unicode|სოხუმი}} (''Sokhumi'') or აყუ (''Aqu''),&lt;ref&gt;http://www.abkhazworld.com/Pdf/Abkhaz_Loans_in_Megrelian_Chirikba.pdf, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Megrelian leid|Megrelian]] as აყუჯიხა (''Aqujikha''),&lt;ref&gt;Otar Kajaia, 2001–2004, [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etca/cauc/megr/kajaia/kajai.htm Megrelian-Georgian Dictionary] (entry ''aq'ujixa'').&lt;/ref&gt; an in Roushie as {{unicode|Сухум}} (''Sukhum'') or {{unicode|Сухуми}} (''Sukhumi''). The etymology o the form ''Sokhumi'' is disputit. The ceety wis earlier kent in Turkis as ''Suhum-Kale'', which can be read tae mean 'watter-sand fortress'.&lt;ref name=&quot;goltzgd056&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Goltz|first=Thomas|title=Georga Diary|url=https://archive.org/details/georgiadiarychro0000golt|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, New York / London, England|date=2009|origyear=2006|edition=Expanded |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgiadiarychro0000golt/page/56 56]|chapter=4. An Abkhazian Interlude|isbn=978-0-7656-2416-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://abkhazeti.info/ethno/EkplpAVElyHNzaIaLX2.php] {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alternatively, it haes been proposed that the ceety haed already afore been kent as ''Tskhumi'' in Georgian, an that aw thir forms (includin the Turkis) fynd thair oreegin herein. Tskhumi in turn then is derived frae the [[Svan leid]] wird for 'het'&lt;ref name=&quot;Adrian Room&quot;&gt;Room, A. (2005), ''Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites''. McFarland &amp; Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, ISBN 0-7864-2248-3, p. 361&lt;/ref&gt;, or the Georgian wird for '[[hornbeam]] tree'. The competin etymologies hae been uised as putative evidence in the argument ower the ethnicity o Sukhumi's historical indwallers.

The endin -i in the abuin forms represents the Georgian nominative-suffix. The toun wis initially offeecially describit in Roushie as {{unicode|Сухум}} (''Sukhum''), till 16 August 1936 when this wis chynged tae {{unicode|Сухуми}} (''Sukhumi''). This remained sae till 4 December 1992, when the Supreme Cooncil o Abkhazie restored the &quot;oreeginal&quot; version&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rrc.ge/law/dadg_1992_12_04_R.htm?lawid=719&amp;lng_3=ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142954/http://www.rrc.ge/law/dadg_1992_12_04_R.htm?lawid=719&amp;lng_3=ru |date=2015-04-02 }} {{ru icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;, that wis approved in Roushie in hairst 2008&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newsru.com/arch/russia/13nov2008/colors.html Абхазию и Южную Осетию на картах в РФ выкрасят в &quot;негрузинские&quot; цвета]&lt;/ref&gt;, even tho {{unicode|Сухуми}} is an aa still bein uised.

In Inglis, the maist common form the day is ''Sukhumi'', awtho ''Sokhumi'' is uised as well bi some soorces, includin ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sokhumi&quot;. (2006). In [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved November 6, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070213] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226033820/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070213 |date=2007-12-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; an ''[[MSN Encarta]]''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sokhumi&quot;. (2006). In [[Encarta]]. Retrieved November 6, 2006: [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761584388/Sokhumi.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230011021/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761584388/Sokhumi.html |date=2007-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Historically, Sukhumi wis first cawed {{unicode|Διοσκουριάς}} (''Dioskurias'') bi the Greeks, then frae the time o [[Emperor o Rome]] [[Augustus]] onwards {{unicode|Σεβαστούπολις}} (Sebastopolis)&lt;ref name=hewitt_taah&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=MNOHKnF1nl8C Hewitt, George (1998) ''The Abkhazians: a handbook''] St. Martin's Press, New York, p. 62, ISBN 0-312-21975-X&lt;/ref&gt; till it became Suhum-kail unner the [[Ottomans]].

== General information ==
Sukhumi is locatit on a wide bay o the eastren coast o the [[Black Sea]] an serves as a port, rail junction an a holiday resort. It is kent for its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-watter spas an semitropical climate. Sukhumi is an aa an important air link for Abkhazie as the [[Sukhumi Dranda Airport]] is locatit nearbi the ceety. Sukhumi contains a nummer o sma-tae-medium size hotels servin chiefly the Roushie tourists. [[Sukhumi botanical garden]] wis established in 1840, ane o the auldest botanical gardens in the Caucasus.

The ceety haes a nummer o research institutes, the Abkhazian State University an the Sukhumi Branch o the [[Tbilisi State University]] (currently functionin in Tbilisi). In [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, it contained a renouned [[ape]] breedin station. Frae 1945 tae 1954 the ceety's electron pheesics laboratory wis involved in the Soviet program tae develop nuclear wappens.

The ceety is a member o the [[International Black Sea Club]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.i-bsc.info/emember.php International Black Sea Club, members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722072027/http://www.i-bsc.info/emember.php |date=2011-07-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Twin touns - sister ceeties ==
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Podolsk]], Roushie&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://translate.google.com/translate?sourceid=navclient&amp;hl=en&amp;u=http%3a%2f%2fadmpodolsk.ru%2findex.php%3fcategoryid%3d126 |title=Podolsk sister cities |publisher=Translate.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|Moldova}}/{{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Tiraspol]], [[Transnistrie]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Sukhumi| ]]
[[Category:Milesian Pontic colonies]]
[[Category:Auncient Greek ceeties]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Asie]]
[[Category:Caipitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Port ceeties in Asie]]
[[Category:Port ceeties in Europe]]
[[Category:Black Sea]]
[[Category:Greek colonies in Georgie (kintra)]]


{{Stub/Georgie}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wulver</title>
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      <text bytes="2320" xml:space="preserve">The '''wulver''' is a craitur fae the [[fowklair]] o [[Shetland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bane|first=Theresa|title=Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology|publisher=McFarland|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4766-1242-3|pages=346|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They ur aften descrived as fowk kivert in broun fur an wi the heid o a wouf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Allardice|first=Pamela|title=Myths, Gods and Fantasy: A Sourcebook|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsfantasy0000alla_o5z4|publisher=Prism Press|year=1990|isbn=1853270520|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsfantasy0000alla_o5z4/page/224 224]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Katherine Mary|title=A Dictionary of Fairies: Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa00brig|publisher=Pantheon books, New York|year=1976|isbn=0-394-40918-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa00brig/page/445 445]–446|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unalike the [[warwouf]] o European fowklair, the wulver wis aye a wulver an nae a man thit got turnt intae wan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 July 2016|title=Six ancient myths from the Scottish islands|work=The Scotsman|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/six-ancient-myths-scottish-islands-1472666|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The wulver wis kent as a kind soul wha widnae hairm onybodie wha didnae hairm them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Narváez|first=Peter|title=The Good People: New Fairylore Essays|publisher=Garland Pub|year=1991|isbn=9780824071004|pages=243|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They cuid aften be fund fishin oan a stane in deep watter, still tae this day kent as &quot;Wulver's Stane&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Saxby|first=Jessia|title=Shetland Traditional Lore|publisher=Grant and Murray|year=1932|pages=141|lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, an wuid share whit they caught wi fowk wha lived near.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; They wir weel-kent fur leavin fish oan a puir bodie's windae-sole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Relatit Pages ==
* [[Warwouf]], fowk fae European fowklair thit kin turn intae a wouf.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scots meethologie]]
[[Category:Warwoufs]]
[[Category:Scots leegendar craiturs]]
[[Category:Scandinavie leegendar craiturs]]
[[Category:Shetlandic cultur]]</text>
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    <title>Nideggen</title>
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      <text bytes="2009" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}}{{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox German location|type=Stadt|name=Nideggen|image_coa=DEU Nideggen COA.svg|image_photo=Nideggen-Zülpicher Tor-CTH.JPG|image_caption=Town gate - the Zülpicher Tor|coordinates={{coord|50|42|N|06|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|image_plan=Nideggen in DN.svg|state=North Rhine-Westphalia|region=Köln|district=Düren|elevation=304|area=65.04|postal_code=52385|area_code=02425, 02427, 02474|licence=DN, JÜL|Gemeindeschlüssel=05 3 58 044|divisions=9|website=[http://www.nideggen.de/ www.nideggen.de]|mayor=Marco Schmunkamp&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;|party=Ind}}[[Image:BurgNideggen Wohnturm.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Restored keep o Burg Nideggen]]

'''Nideggen''' is a toun in the [[Düren (destrict)|destrict o Düren]] in the state o [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]]. It is locatit on the river [[Rur]], in the [[Eifel]] hills, approx. 15&amp;nbsp;km sooth o [[Düren]].

Nideggen is kent for its ruined, but pairtly restored [[castle]] (Burg Nideggen) an the [[saundstane]] rocks alang the Rur. It is twinned wi [[Thatcham]] in [[Berkshire]], [[Ingland]]. The first mention in history wis in 1184.

The toun wis creatit in 1972 bi amalgamation o aicht till then independent communities: Abenden (853 indwallers), Berg-Thuir (721), Brück (308), Embken (814), Muldenau (197), Nideggen (3.271), Rath (902), Schmidt (3.093), Wollersheim (707). It is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres abuin sea level.

==Geographical position==
Nideggen lies on the river Rur an at the banks o the Rurtalsperre, the seicont lairgest dam in Germany. The region is famous for its precipitous [[Early Triassic]] rocks o [[Buntsandstein]] in the valley o Rur an is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres ower sea level.

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Stub/Germany}}{{Commonscat}}


[[Category:Touns in North Rhine-Westphalie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1977" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}}{{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox German location|type=Stadt|name=Nideggen|image_coa=DEU Nideggen COA.svg|image_photo=Nideggen-Zülpicher Tor-CTH.JPG|image_caption=Toun gate - the Zülpicher Tor|coordinates={{coord|50|42|N|06|29|E}}|image_plan=Nideggen in DN.svg|state=North Rhine-Westphalia|region=Köln|district=Düren|elevation=304|area=65.04|postal_code=52385|area_code=02425, 02427, 02474|licence=DN, JÜL|Gemeindeschlüssel=05 3 58 044|divisions=9|website=[http://www.nideggen.de/ www.nideggen.de]|mayor=Marco Schmunkamp&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;|party=Ind}}[[Image:BurgNideggen Wohnturm.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Restored keep o Burg Nideggen]]

'''Nideggen''' is a toun in the [[Düren (destrict)|destrict o Düren]] in the state o [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]]. It is locatit on the river [[Rur]], in the [[Eifel]] hills, approx. 15&amp;nbsp;km sooth o [[Düren]].

Nideggen is kent for its ruined, but pairtly restored [[castle]] (Burg Nideggen) an the [[saundstane]] rocks alang the Rur. It is twinned wi [[Thatcham]] in [[Berkshire]], [[Ingland]]. The first mention in history wis in 1184.

The toun wis creatit in 1972 bi amalgamation o aicht till then independent communities: Abenden (853 indwallers), Berg-Thuir (721), Brück (308), Embken (814), Muldenau (197), Nideggen (3.271), Rath (902), Schmidt (3.093), Wollersheim (707). It is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres abuin sea level.

==Geographical position==
Nideggen lies on the river Rur an at the banks o the Rurtalsperre, the seicont lairgest dam in Germany. The region is famous for its precipitous [[Early Triassic]] rocks o [[Buntsandstein]] in the valley o Rur an is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres ower sea level.

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Stub/Germany}}{{Commonscat}}


[[Category:Touns in North Rhine-Westphalie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1986" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:coordinates|coord|display=title}}{{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox German location|type=Stadt|name=Nideggen|image_coa=DEU Nideggen COA.svg|image_photo=Nideggen-Zülpicher Tor-CTH.JPG|image_caption=Toun gate - the Zülpicher Tor|coordinates={{coord|50|42|N|06|29|E}}|image_plan=Nideggen in DN.svg|state=North Rhine-Westphalia|region=Köln|district=Düren|elevation=304|area=65.04|postal_code=52385|area_code=02425, 02427, 02474|licence=DN, JÜL|Gemeindeschlüssel=05 3 58 044|divisions=9|website=[http://www.nideggen.de/ www.nideggen.de]|mayor=Marco Schmunkamp&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;|party=Ind}}[[Image:BurgNideggen Wohnturm.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Restored keep o Burg Nideggen]]

'''Nideggen''' is a toun in the [[Düren (destrict)|destrict o Düren]] in the state o [[North Rhine-Westphalie]], [[Germany]]. It is locatit on the river [[Rur]], in the [[Eifel]] hills, approx. 15&amp;nbsp;km sooth o [[Düren]].

Nideggen is kent for its ruined, but pairtly restored [[castle]] (Burg Nideggen) an the [[saundstane]] rocks alang the Rur. It is twinned wi [[Thatcham]] in [[Berkshire]], [[Ingland]]. The first mention in history wis in 1184.

The toun wis creatit in 1972 bi amalgamation o aicht till then independent communities: Abenden (853 indwallers), Berg-Thuir (721), Brück (308), Embken (814), Muldenau (197), Nideggen (3.271), Rath (902), Schmidt (3.093), Wollersheim (707). It is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres abuin sea level.

==Geographical position==
Nideggen lies on the river Rur an at the banks o the Rurtalsperre, the seicont lairgest dam in Germany. The region is famous for its precipitous [[Early Triassic]] rocks o [[Buntsandstein]] in the valley o Rur an is situatit atween 250 an 450 metres ower sea level.

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Stub/Germany}}{{Commonscat}}


[[Category:Touns in North Rhine-Westphalie]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaunas</title>
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      <text bytes="4451" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                    = Kaunas
|nickname               = [[Temporar caipital o Lithuanie|Laikinoji sostinė]]
|settlement_type        = Ceety municipality
|image_skyline          = Kaunas montage.jpg
|image_caption          = Top: [[Kaunas Castle]]&lt;br/&gt;
Middle left: [[Hoose o Perkūnas]], right: [[:en:Town Hall, Kaunas|Kaunas ceety haw]]&lt;br/&gt;
The 3rd row: [[Kaunas lagoon]]&lt;br/&gt;
Bottom left: [[Vytautas the Great War Museum]], right: [[St. Michael the Archangel Kirk, Kaunas|Kirk o Saunt Michael the Archangel]].
|image_map              = Kaunas_city_in_Lithuania.svg
|map_caption            = Location o Kaunas
|image_flag             = LTU Kaunas flag.svg
|image_shield           = Coat of arms of Kaunas.svg
|subdivision_type       = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]]
|subdivision_name       = {{LTU}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions o Lithuanie|Ethnographic&amp;nbsp;region]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Aukštaitija]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[File:LTU Kauno apskritis flag.svg|20px]] [[Kaunas Coonty]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Coonties o Lithuanie|Coonty]]
|subdivision_name3      = Kaunas ceety municipality
|subdivision_type3      = [[Leet o municipalities o Lithuanie|Municipality]]
|subdivision_type6      = [[Caipital (poleetical)|Caipital o]]
|subdivision_name6      = [[Kaunas Coonty]]&lt;br/&gt;Kaunas ceety municipality&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaunas Destrict Municipality]]
|part_type              = [[Elderships o Lithuanie|Elderships]]
|p1 = [[Aleksotas]]
|p2 = [[Centras (Kaunas)|Centras]]
|p3 = [[Dainava (Kaunas)|Dainava]]
|p4 = [[Eiguliai]]
|p5 = [[Gričiupis]]
|p6 = [[Panemunė (Kaunas)|Panemunė]]
|p7 = [[Petrašiūnai]]
|p8 = [[Šančiai]]
|p9 = [[Šilainiai]]
|p10= [[Vilijampolė]]
|p11= [[Žaliakalnis]]
|established_date       = 1361
|established_title      = First mentioned
|established_date2      = 1408
|established_title2     = Granted [[Magdeburg rights|city rights]]
|population_total       = 311,148
|population_as_of       = 2012
|population_metro       = 673,706 ([[Kaunas County]])
|population_footnotes   =
|area_total_km2         = 157
|density_km2            = 1982
|timezone               = [[Eastren European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST         = +3
|coordinates            = {{coord|54|54|N|23|56|E|region:LT_type:city(355000)|display=inline,title}}
|website = [http://www.kaunas.lt/go.php/lit/English kaunas.lt]
}}

'''Kaunas''' is the seicont lairgest [[ceety]] in [[Lithuanie]], an haes historically been a leadin centre o Lithuanie economic, academic, an cultural life.

==Internaitional relations==
{{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceities in Lithuanie}}

===Twin touns — Sister ceeties===
Kaunas is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot;
|- valign=&quot;top&quot;
|
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]], [[Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Wrocław]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łomża]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Trabzon]], [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Myślibórz]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]], [[Estonie]]
||
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Tampere]], [[Finland]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Odense]], [[Denmark]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Grenoble]], [[Fraunce]], syne 1997
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Linköping]], [[Swaden]]
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Brescia]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Ferrara]], [[Italy]]
||
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Hordaland]], [[Norawa]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Växjö]], [[Swaden]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Cava dei Tirreni]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Tyumen]], [[Roushie]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Xiamen]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Antignano]], [[Italy]]
|}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.kaunas.lt/ Wabsteid o Kaunas ceety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218095653/http://kaunas.lt/ |date=2012-12-18 }}
*{{wikivoyage|Kaunas}}
*[http://visit.kaunas.lt/ Tourist Information Centre o Kaunas region]

{{Kaunas Coonty}}
{{Municipalities o Lithuanie}}
{{Hanseatic League}}

[[Category:Kaunas| ]]
[[Category:Caipitals o Lithuanie coonties]]
[[Category:Ceeties in Kaunas Coonty]]
[[Category:Umwhile naitional caipitals]]
[[Category:Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Municipalities o Kaunas Coonty]]

{{Stub/Balt}}
{{Stub/Ceety}}</text>
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    <title>Warld War II</title>
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'''Warld War II''', or the '''Seicont Warld War''' (aften abbreviatit as '''WWII''' or WW2), wis a global war that stertit in 1939 an endit in 1945. It inrowed [[Warld War II bi country|the wappin forces o the warld's naitions]]—includin aw o the [[great pouer]]s—at the hinner en formin twa opponin [[military alliance]]s: the [[Feres o Warld War II|Feres]] an the [[Axis pouers|Axis]]. It wis the braidest  [[war]] in history, an directly inrowed mair nor 100 million fowk frae ower 30 kintras. In a state o &quot;[[tot war]]&quot;, the major participants funged thair hail economic, industrial, an scienteefic cawpabilities ahint the [[war brash]], erasin the distinction atween [[ceevilian]] an [[militar]] resoorces. Merkit bi mass daiths o ceevilians, includin the [[Holocaust]] (in whilk thareaboot 11 million fowk wis killt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2011|p=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hedgepeth|Saidel|2010|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; an the [[strategic bombin during Warld War II|strategic bombin o industrial an population centres]] (in whilk thareaboot ane million fowk wis killt, includin the [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise o twa nuclear wappens in combat]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count |url=https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne |author=James A. Tyner |page=[https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne/page/n63 49] |date=March 3, 2009 |publisher=The Guilford Press; 1 edition |isbn=1-6062-3038-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; it resultit in an estimate [[Warld War II casualties|50 million tae 85 million fatalities]]. Thir made Warld War&amp;nbsp;II the [[Leet o wars an disasters by death toll|deidliest pingle]] in [[History o the warld|human history]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sommerville 2008 5&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Sommerville|2011|p=5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Empire o Japan]] ettilt tae dominate [[Asie]] an the [[Paceefic]] an wis awready [[Seicont Sino-Japanese War|at war]] wi the [[Republic o Cheenae (1912–1949)|Republic o Cheenae]] in 1937,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar&amp;Shyu 2001 6&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Barrett|Shyu|2001|p=6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; but the warld war is generally said tae hae began on 1 September 1939&lt;ref&gt;Axelrod, Alan (2007) ''Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1''. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659.&lt;/ref&gt; wi the [[invasion o Poland|invasion]] o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] bi [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] an subsequent declarations o war on Germany bi [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Frae late 1939 tae early 1941, in a series o campaigns an [[Tripartite Pact|treaties]], Germany vinkisht or maunt the feck o continental Europe, an formed the Axis alliance wi [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] an [[Empire o Japan|Japan]]. Follaein the [[Treaty o Non-Aggression atween Germany an the Soviet Union|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], Germany an the Soviet Union pairteetioned an annexed territories o thair European neighbours, [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Poland]], [[Winter War|Finland]], [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabia an Northren Bukovina|Romanie]] an the [[Occupation o the Baltic states|Baltic states]]. The Unitit Kinrick an the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Breetish Commonweel]] wis the anerly Allied forces continuin the fecht agin the European Axis pouers, wi campaigns in [[Wastren Desert Campaign|North Africae]] an the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|Horn o Africae]] as weel as the lang-rinnin [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. In Juin 1941, the European Axis pouers lencht [[Operation Barbarossa|an invasion o the Soviet Union]], appenin the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|lairgest laund war theatre in history]], whilk trappit the feck o the Axis' militar forces intae a [[Attrition warfare|attrition war]]. In December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attackit the Unitit States]] an [[Japanese invasion o Malaya|European territories]] in the Paceefic Ocean, an swith vinkisht a fait feck o the Wastren Paceefic.

The Axis forderin hautit in 1942 whan Japan lost the creetical [[Battle o Midway]], near [[Hawaii]], an Germany wis defait in the [[Seicont Battle o El Alamein|North Africae]] an syne, decisively, at [[Battle o Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in the Soviet Union. In 1943, wi a series o German defaits on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]], the [[Allied invasion o Sicily|Allied invasion]] o Italy whilk rase Italian renooncement, an Allied owerhauns in the Paceefic, the Axis lost the initiative an taen legbail on haun on aw fronts. In 1944, the Wastren Allies [[Normandy landings|invadit German-occupied Fraunce]], while the Soviet Union won back aw o its territorial losses an invadit Germany an its feres. Durin 1944 an 1945 the Japanese dreed major reverses in mainland Asie in [[Second Guangxi Campaign|Sooth]] [[Battle o Wast Hunan|Central Cheenae]] an [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], while the Allies lamed the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] an fangt key Wastren Paceefic islands.

The war in Europe endit wi an [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|invasion o Germany]] bi the Wastren Allies an the Soviet Union culminatin in the [[Battle o Berlin|tak o Berlin]] bi Soviet an Pols truips an the subsequent [[German Instrument o Surrender|German uncondeetional surrender]] on [[Victory in Europe Day|8 Mey 1945]]. Follaein the [[Potsdam Declaration]] bi the Allies on the 26t Julie 1945 an Japan's refuise o tae renoonce unner its terms, the Unitit States [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]] on the 6t August an the 9t August respectively. Wi an [[Operation Downfall|invasion o the Japanese airchipelago]] imminent, the possibility o addeetional atomic bombins, an the [[Soviet-Japanese War (1945)|Soviet Union's declaration o war on Japan]] an [[Soviet invasion o Manchuria|invasion o Manchuria]], [[Surrender o Japan|Japan renoonced]] on the 15t August 1945. Sicweys endit the war in Asie, souderin the Allies' tot victory.

Warld War&amp;nbsp;II chynged the warld's poleetical alignment an social structur. The [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) wis estaiblisht fur tae forder internaitional comploutherin an fur tae prevene futur conflicks. The gree-bearin [[great pouer]]s—the Unitit States, the Soviet Union, Cheenae, the Unitit Kinrick, an Fraunce—became the [[Permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Council|permanent memmers]] o the [[Unitit Naotions Security Cooncil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The UN Security Council&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=The UN Security Council|url=http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|accessdate=15 May 2012|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviet Union an the Unitit States ootcam as rival [[superpouer]]s, settin the stage fur the [[Cauld War]], whilk lastit fur the neist 46 year. Atween haun, the European great pouers' hank waned, while the [[decolonisation o Asie]] an [[decolonisation o Africae|Africae]] began. Maist kintras whase industries haed been damaged muived taewart [[post-Warld War II economic expansion|economic betterness]]. Poleetical integration, inspecially [[European integration|in Europe]], wis a war ootcome, as pairt o a ettle at endin afore-war laith an creautin a common identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=From War to Peace: A European Tale|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-lecture_en.html|publisher=Nobel Lecture by the European Union|accessdate=4 January 2014|author=Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council|author2=José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission|date=10 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Backgrund==
=== Europe ===
[[Warld War I]] haed radically altert the [[Geopolitics|poleetical]] European map, wi the defeat o the [[Central Powers]]—includin [[Austrick-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kinrick o Bulgarie|Bulgarie]] an the [[Ottoman Empire]]—an the 1917 [[October Revolution|Bolshevik seizur o pouer]] in [[Roushie Republic|Roushie]], that hinderly led tae the foondin o the [[Soviet Union]]. Atween haun, the veectorious [[Allies o Warld War I]], sic as Fraunce, Belgium, Italy, Romanie an Greece, gained territory, an new [[naition-states]] wis creatit oot o the collapse o Austrick-Hungary an the Ottoman an [[Roushie Empire]]s. Fur tae prevene a futur warld war, the [[League o Naitions]] wis creatit in the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]].

Maugre strang [[pacifism|pacifist]] sentiment [[eftermath o Warld War I|efter Warld War I]],{{sfn|Ingram|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&amp;pg=PA76 76–8]}} its eftermath still caused [[irredentist]] an [[revanchist]] [[naitionalism]] in several European states. Thir sentiments wis especially merkit in Germany acause o the signeeficant territorial, colonial, an financial losses incurred bi the [[Treaty o Versailles]]. Unner the treaty, Germany lost aroond 13 percent o its hame territory an aw o [[German colonial empire|its owerseas possessions]], while German annexation o ither states wis prohibitit, [[Warld War I reparations|reparations]] war imposed, an leemits wis placed on the size an capability o the kintra's [[Reichswehr|airmed forces]].{{sfn|Kantowicz|1999|p=149}}

The German Empire wis dissolved in the [[German Revolution o 1918–1919]], an a democratic govrenment, later kent as the [[Weimar Republic]], wis creautit. The interwar period saw strife atween supporters o the new republic an hardline opponents on baith the [[richt-weeng politics|richt]] an [[left-weeng politics|left]]. Italy, as an Entente ally, haed made some post-war territorial gains; houiver, Italian naitionalists wis angert that the [[Treaty o Lunnon (1915)|promises made]] bi Breetain an Fraunce tae siccar Italian entrance intae the war wisnae fulfilt in the peace dounset. Frae 1922 tae 1925, the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] muivement led bi [[Benito Mussolini]] seized pouer in Italy wi a naitionalist, [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], an [[cless collaboration]]ist agenda that abolisht representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-weeng an leeberal forces, an pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at makkin Italy a [[warld pouer]], promisin the creaution o a &quot;[[New Roman Empire]]&quot;.{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=35}}

[[File:Nürnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at a German [[Naitional Socialist]] poleetical rally in [[Nürnberg]], August 1933]]

[[Adolf Hitler]], efter an [[Beer Hall Putsch|unsuccessfu attempt tae owerthraw the German govrenment]] in 1923, eventually acame the [[Adolf Hitler's rise tae pouer|Chancellor o Germany in 1933]]. He abolisht democracy, espoosin a [[New Order (Nazism)|radical, racially motivatit revision o the warld order]], an suin begoud a massive [[German re-airmament|reairmament campaign]].{{sfn|Brody|1999|p=4}} Meanwhile, Fraunce, tae siccar its alliance, [[Franco-Italian Greement|alloued Italy a free haund in Ethiopie]], that Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation wis aggravatit in early 1935 whan the [[Saar (League o Naitions)|Territory o the Saar Basin]] wis legally reunitit wi Germany an Hitler repudiatit the Treaty o Versailles, acceleratit his reairmament programme, an introduced [[conscription]].{{sfn|Zalampas|1989|p=62}}

Hitler defee'd the Versailles an [[Locarno treaties]] bi [[Remilitarisation o the Rhineland|remilitarisin]] the [[Rhineland]] in Mairch 1936, [[Appeasement|encoonterin little opposeetion]].{{sfn|Adamthwaite|1992|p=52}} In October 1936, Germany an Italy formed the [[Roum–Berlin Axis]]. A month later, Germany an Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], that Italy wad jyne in the follaein year.

=== Asie ===
The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) pairty in Cheenae launched a [[Northren Expedition|unification campaign]] against [[Warlaird Era|regional warlairds]] an nominally unifee'd Cheenae in the mid-1920s, but wis suin embrulyie'd in a [[Cheenese Ceevil War|ceevil war]] against its umwhile [[Cheenese Communist Pairty]] allies{{sfn|Preston|1998|p=104}} an [[Central Plains War|new regional warlairds]]. In 1931, an [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|increasinly militareestic]] [[Empire o Japan]], that haed lang soct influence in Cheenae{{sfn|Myers|Peattie|1987|p=458}} as the first step o whit its govrenment saw as the kintra's [[Hakko ichiu|richt tae rule Asie]], uised the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext tae [[Japanese invasion o Manchurie|launch an invasion o Manchurie]] an establish the [[puppet state]] o [[Manchukuo]].{{sfn|Smith|Steadman|2004|p=28}}

Ower waik tae resist Japan, Cheenae appealt tae the [[League o Naitions]] fur help. Japan widrew frae the League o Naitions efter bein [[Lytton Report|condemned]] fur its incursion intae Manchurie. The twa naitions syne focht several battles, in [[28 Januar Incident|Shanghai]], [[Battle o Rehe|Rehe]] an [[Defence o the Great Waw|Hebei]], till the [[Tanggu Truce]] wis signed in 1933. Thareefter, Cheenese volunteer forces conteena'd the reseestance tae Japanese aggression in [[Pacification o Manchukuo|Manchurie]], an [[Actions in Inner Mongolie (1933–1936)|Chahar an Suiyuan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Coogan|1993}}: &quot;Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Efter the 1936 [[Xi'an Incident]], the Kuomintang an communist forces greed on a ceasefire tae present a [[Seicont Unitit Front|unitit front]] fur tae oppone Japan.{{sfn|Busky|2002|p=10}}

== Pre-war events ==
=== Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–39) ===
{{Main|Spaingie Ceevil War}}

Whan ceevil war ootbrak in Spain, Hitler an Mussolini lent militar uphaudin tae the [[Naitionalist faction (Spaingie Ceevil War)|Naitionalist rebels]], led bi General [[Francisco Franco]]. The Soviet Union uphaudit the existin govrenment, the [[Seicont Spaingie Republic|Spaingie Republic]]. Ower 30,000 foreign volunteers, kent as the [[Internaitional Brigades]], forby focht agin the Naitionalists. Baith Germany an the USSR uised this [[proxy war]] as an opportunity fur tae test in combat thair maist advanced wappens an tactics. The Naitionalists wan the ceevil war in Apryle 1939; Franco, nou dictator, remeened offeecially neutral in World War II but generally favoured the Axis.{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=271}} His greatest collaboration wi Germany wis the sendin o [[Blue Diveesion|volunteers]] tae fecht on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]].{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=146}}

=== Japanese invasion o Cheenae (1937) ===
{{Main|Seicont Sino-Japanese War}}
In Julie 1937, Japan capturt the umwhile Cheenese imperial caipital o [[Peking]] efter instigatin the [[Marco Polo Brig Incident]], that culminatit in the Japanese campaign tae invade aw o Cheenae.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|pp=547–51}} The Soviets quickly signed a [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|non-aggression pact wi Cheenae]] tae lend [[materiel]] uphaudin, effectively endin Cheenae's prior [[Sino-German comploutherin 1926–1941|comploutherin wi Germany]]. Frae September tae November, the Japanese attackit [[Battle o Taiyuan|Taiyuan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo 1971 221&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Guo|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hsu &amp; Chang 1971 221&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=195–200}}.&lt;/ref&gt; as weel as engagin the [[Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|Kuomintang Airmy]] [[Battle o Xinkou|aroond Xinkou]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Guo 1971 221&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hsu &amp; Chang 1971 221&quot;/&gt; an [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist forces]] [[battle o Pingxingguan|in Pingxingguan]].&lt;ref name=Tucker2009&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&amp;pg=PA1873|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=27 August 2017|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=yang&gt;Yang Kuisong, &quot;On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] deployed his [[German-trained diveesions in the Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|best airmy]] tae [[Battle o Shanghai|defend Shanghai]], but, efter three month o fechtin, Shanghai fell. The Japanese conteena'd tae push the Cheenese forces back, [[Battle o Nanking|capturin the caipital Nanking]] in December 1937. Efter the faw o Nanking, tens o thoosands, gif no hunders o thoosands, o Cheenese ceevilians an disairmed combatants wis [[Nanking Massacre|murthert bi the Japanese]].&lt;ref&gt;Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. ''The Massacre in History''. 1999, page 223-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tot&gt;Totten, Samuel. ''Dictionary of Genocide''. 2008, 298–9.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Mairch 1938, Naitionalist Cheenese forces wan thair [[Battle o Taierzhuang|first major veectory at Taierzhuang]] but then the ceety o [[Xuzhou]] [[Battle o Xuzhou|wis taken bi Japanese]] in Mey.{{sfn|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=221–230}} In Juin 1938, Cheenese forces stawed the Japanese advance bi [[1938 Yellae River fluid|fluidin the Yellae River]]; this manoeuvre bocht time fur the Cheenese tae prepare thair defences at [[Wuhan]], but the [[Battle o Wuhan|ceety wis takken]] bi October.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|p=566}} Japanese militar veectories didnae bring aboot the collapse o Cheenese resistance that Japan haed howpit tae achieve; insteid the Cheenese govrenment relocatit inland tae [[Chongqing]] an conteena'd the war.{{sfn|Taylor|2009|pp=150–2}}{{sfn|Sella|1983|pp=651–87}}

=== European occupations an agreements ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|right|thumb|upright|German Foreign Meenister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] (richt) an the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], efter signin the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], 23 August 1939]]
In Europe, Germany an Italy wis becomin aggressiver. In Mairch 1938, Germany [[Anschluss|annexed Austrick]], again provokin [[Appeasement o Hitler|a bittock response]] frae ither European pouers.{{sfn|Collier|Pedley|2000|p=144}} Encouraged, Hitler begoud pressin German claims on the [[Sudetenland]], an aurie o [[Czechoslovakie]] wi a predominantly [[ethnic German]] population; an suin Breetain an Fraunce follaed the coonsel o Breetish Prime Meenister [[Neville Chamberlain]] an concedit this territory tae Germany in the [[Munich Greement]], that wis made agin the wishes o the Czechoslovak govrenment, in exchynge fur a promise o nae mair territorial demands.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|pp=121–2}} Suin efterwart, Germany an Italy forced Czechoslovakie tae [[First Vienna Awaird|cede addeetional territory]] tae [[Hungary]] an Poland annexed Czechoslovakie's [[Zaolzie]] region.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|p=157}}

Awtho aw o Germany's statit demands haed been satisfee'd bi the greement, preevatly Hitler wis furious that Breetish interference haed preventit him frae seizin aw o Czechoslovakie in ane operation. In subsequent speeches, Hitler attackit Breetish an Jewish &quot;war-mongers&quot; an in Januar 1939 [[Plan Z|saicretly ordered a major big-up o the German navy]] tae challenge Breetish naval supremacy. In Mairch 1939, [[German occupation o Czechoslovakie|Germany invadit the remeender o Czechoslovakie]] an subsequently split it intae the German [[Pertectorate o Bohemie an Moravie]] an a pro-German [[client state]], the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]].{{sfn|Davies|2006|loc=pp. 143–4 (2008 ed.)}} Hitler forby deleevered the 20 Mairch 1939 [[1939 German ultimatum tae Lithuanie|ultimatum tae Lithuanie]], forcin the concession o the [[Klaipėda Region]].

Greatly alairmed an wi Hitler makkin forder demands on the [[Free Ceety o Danzig]], Breetain an Fraunce [[Anglo-Pols militar alliance#Breetish Guarantee tae Poland|guaranteed thair uphaudin o Pols unthirldom]]; whan [[Italian invasion o Albanie|Italy conquered Albanie]] in Apryle 1939, the same guarantee wis extendit tae Romanie an [[Greece]].{{sfn|Lowe|Marzari|2002|p=330}} Shortly efter the [[Franco-Pols Militar Alliance|Franco]]-Breetish pledge tae Poland, Germany an Italy formalised thair awn alliance wi the [[Pact o Steel]].{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=234}} Hitler accuised Breetain an Poland o tryin tae &quot;encircle&quot; Germany an renoonced the [[Anglo-German Naval Greement]] an the [[German–Pols Non-Aggression Pact]].

The situation reakit a general creesis in late August as German truips conteena'd tae mobilise agin the Pols mairch. In August 23, whan tripartite negotiations aboot a militar alliance atween Fraunce, Breetain an USSR stawed&lt;ref&gt;Derek Watson, Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939, ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jun., 2000), pp. 695-722 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/153322]&lt;/ref&gt;, Soviet Union signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] wi Germany.{{sfn|Shore|2003|p=108}} This pact haed a saicret protocol that defined German an Soviet &quot;spheres o influence&quot; (wastren [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] an [[Lithuanie]] for Germany; [[Territories o Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union|eastren Poland]], Finland, [[Estonie]], Latvie an [[Bessarabie]] fur the USSR), an raised the quaisten o conteenuin Pols unthirldom.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=608}} The pact neutralised the possibility o Soviet opposeetion tae a campaign against Poland an assured that Germany wad nae hae tae face the prospect o a twa-front war, as it haed in Warld War I. Immediately efter that, Hitler ordert the attack tae proceed on 26 August, but upon hearin that Breetain haed concludit a formal mutual assistance pact wi Poland, an that Italy wad mainteen neutrality, he decidit tae delay it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5|title=The German Campaign In Poland (1939)|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response tae Breetish requests fur direct negotiations fur tae evit war, Germany made demands on Poland, that anerly served as a pretext tae worsen relations.&lt;ref name=ww2db_com&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162 |title=The Danzig Crisis |website=ww2db.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Pols [[plenipotentiary]] immediately traivel fur tae Berlin tae negotiate the haundower o [[Danzig]], an tae allou a [[plebiscite]] in the [[Pols Corridor]] in that the German minority wad vote on secession.&lt;ref name=ww2db_com/&gt; The Poles refuised tae complee wi the German demands, an on the nicht o 30–31 August in a veeolent meetin wi the Breetish ambassador [[Neville Henderson]], Ribbentrop declared that Germany conseedert its claims rejectit.&lt;ref name=ibiblio1939&gt;{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1939, with explanation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coorse o the war ==

=== War braks oot in Europe (1939–40) ===
[[File:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|left|thumb|German battleship [[SMS Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]] firin first salvos o WWII in the attack o [[battle o Westerplatte|Westerplatte]]. Gdańsk, 1 September 1939]]
On 1 September 1939, upon [[Operation Himmler|haein staged]] several [[Gleiwitz incident|mairch incidents]], Germany [[Invasion o Poland|invadit Poland]]. {{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=1–2}} The [[Battle o Westerplatte]] is aften descrived as the first European battle o Warld War II. Breetain respondit wi an ultimatum tae Germany tae cease militar operations, an on 3 September, efter the ultimatum wis ignored, Fraunce, Breetain, [[Australie]], an [[New Zealand]] declared a war on Germany. This alliance wis jynt bi [[Union o Sooth Africae|Sooth Africae]] (6 September) an [[Canadae]] (10 September). The alliance providit [[Phoney War|na direct militar support]] tae Poland, ootside o a [[Saar Offensive|cautious French probe intae the Saarland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Keegan 1997 35&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Keegan|1997|p=35}}.&lt;br /&gt;{{Harvnb|Cienciala|2010|p=128}}, observes that, while it is true that Poland wis faur awey, makkin it difficult for the French an Breetish tae provide support, &quot;[f]ew Western historians of World War II&amp;nbsp;... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Allies o Warld War II|Wastren Allies]] forby begoud a [[Blockade o Germany (1939–45)|naval blockade o Germany]], that aimed tae damage the kintra's economy an war effort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=248–9}}; {{Harvnb|Roskill|1954|p=64}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Germany respondit bi orderin [[Submarine warfare#Warld War II|U-boat warfare]] agin Allied merchand an warships, that wad later escalate intae the [[Battle o the Atlantic]].

On 8 September, German truips reached suburbs o [[Warsaw]]. The Pols wastlin [[Battle o Bzura|coonter offensive]] hautit the German advance fur several day, but it wis ootflankit an encircled bi the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Remnants o the Pols airmy brak throu tae [[Battle o Warsaw (1939)|besieged Warsaw]]. On 17 September 1939, efter signin a [[Battles o Khalkhin Gol|cease-fire wi Japan]], the [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Soviets invadit Eastren Poland]].{{sfn|Zaloga|2002|pp=80, 83}}

On 27 September, Warsaw gairison signed a cease-fire an surrendered tae the Germans, an [[Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie|the last lairge operational unit o the Pols Airmy]] [[Battle o Kock (1939)|surrendered on 6 October]]. Maugre a militar defeat, the Pols govrenment niver surrendered; the Pols resistance established an [[Pols Unnergrund State|Unnergrund State]] an a pairtisan [[Hame Airmy]].{{sfn|Hempel|2005|p=24}}.

Germany [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] the wastren an [[General Govrenment|occupied]] the central pairt o Poland, an the USSR [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] its eastren pairt; smaw shares o Pols territory war transferred tae [[Territorial chynges o Poland#Warld War II|Lithuanie]] an [[Slovak invasion o Poland|Slovakie]].
On the 6t October, Hitler made a public peace owertur tae Breetain an Fraunce, but said that the futur o Poland wis tae be determined exclusively bi Germany an the Soviet Union. The proposal wis rejectit&lt;ref name=ibiblio1939/&gt;, an Hitler ordered an immediate offensive agin Fraunce,&lt;ref&gt;Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive frae Hitler in October 1939 whilk concludes: &quot;The attack [on France] is tae be launcht this Autumn if conditions is possible ava.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; that wad be postponed till the ware o 1940 due tae bad wather. {{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Bullock|1990|loc=pp. 563–4, 566, 568–9, 574–5 (1983 ed.)}}&lt;ref&gt;Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, p186-7. Deighton states that &quot;the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

The Soviet Union forced the [[Baltic states|Baltic kintras]]—Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, the states that war in a Soviet [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|sphere o influence]]&quot;—tae sign [[Backgrund o the occupation o the Baltic states#Soviet ultimatums an occupation|&quot;mutual assistance pacts&quot;]] that stipulatit stationin Soviet truips in thir kintras. Suin efter that, signeeficant Soviet militar contingent wis muived thare.{{sfn|Smith|Pabriks|Purs|Lane|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}}{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=55–6}}. Finland refuised tae sign a seemilar pact an rejectit tae cede pairt o its territory tae the USSR, thar promptit a Soviet invasion in November 1939{{sfn|Spring|1986|p=207-226}}, an the USSR wis expelt frae the League o Naitions&lt;ref&gt;Carl van Dyke. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. Frank Cass Publishers, Lindon, Portland, OR. {{ISBN|0-7146-4753-5}}, p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;. Despite owerwhelmin numerical superiority, Soviet militar sonse wis modest, an the [[Winter War|Finno-Soviet war]] endit in Mairch 1940 wi [[Moscow Peace Treaty|meenimal Finnish concessions]].{{sfn|Hanhimäki|1997|p=12}}

In Juin 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed [[Soviet occupation o the Baltic states (1940)|Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie]],{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}} an the disputit Romanie regions o [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|Bessarabie, Northren Bukovina an Hertza]]. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet poleetical rapprochement an economic co-operation{{sfn|Ferguson|2006|pp=367, 376, 379, 417}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=118ff}} gradually stawed,{{sfn|Koch|1983}}{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=56}} an baith states begoud preparations for war.{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=59}}

=== Wastren Europe (1940–41) ===
{{main|Wastren Front (Warld War II)}}
[[File:Maginot Line ln-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map o the French [[Maginot Line]]]]

In Apryle 1940, [[Operation Weserübung|Germany invadit Denmark an Norawa]] tae pertect shipments o [[Swwadish airn-ure minin in World War II|airn ore frae Swaden]], that the Allies war [[Operation Wilfred|attemptin tae cut aff]] bi unilaterally minin neutral Norse watters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=57–63}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Denmark]] capitulatit efter a few oors, an [[Norse Campaign|mauggre Allied support]], in that the important herbour o [[Narvik]] temporarily wis recapturt frae the Germans, [[Norawa]] wis conquert within twa month.{{sfn|Commager|2004|p=9}} [[Norawa Debate|Breetish discontent ower the Norse campaign]] led tae the replacement o the Breetish Prime Meenister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], wi [[Winston Churchill]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=76}}

Germany [[Battle o Fraunce|launcht an offensive agin Fraunce]] an, adherin tae the [[Manstein Plan]] forby attackit the neutral naitions o [[Battle o Belgium|Belgium]], [[Battle o the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], an [[German invasion o Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=122–3}} That same day, Breetish forces laundit in [[Invasion o Iceland|Iceland]] an the [[Breetish occupation o the Faroe Islands|Faroes]] tae preempt a possible German invasion o the islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=436}}. The Americans later relieved the Breetish, wi marines arrivin in Reykjavik on 7 Julie 1941 ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).&lt;/ref&gt; The US, in close co-operation wi [[Henrik Kauffmann|the Dens envoy tae Washington D.C.]], greed tae pertect [[Greenland in Warld War II|Greenland]], layin the poleetical framewark for the formal establishment o bases in Apryle 1941. The [[Netherlands in Warld War II|Netherlands]] an [[Belgium in Warld War II|Belgium]] wis owerrun uisin [[blitzkrieg]] tactics in a few days an weeks, respectively.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=721–3}} The French-fortifee'd [[Maginot Line]] an the main bouk o the Allied forces that haed muived intae Belgium wae circumventit bi a flankin muivement throu the thickly widdit [[Ardennes]] region,{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=59–60}} mistakenly perceived bi Allied planners as an impenetrable naitural barrier against airmoured vehicles.{{sfn|Regan|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|p=48}} As a result, the bouk o the Allied airmies foond themsels trappit in an encirclement an war beaten. The majority war takken prisoner, whilst ower 300,000, maistly Breetish an French, war [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated frae the continent at Dunkirk]] bi early Juin, awtho abandonin awmaist aw o thair equipment.{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=66–7}}

On the 10t Juin, [[Italian invasion o Fraunce|Italy invadit Fraunce]], declarin war on baith Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=207}} Paris fell tae the Germans on the 14t Juin an aicht days later [[Airmistice o 22 Juin 1940|Fraunce signed an airmistice wi Germany]] an wis suin dividit intae [[German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce in Warld War II|German]] an [[Italian occupation o Fraunce|Italian occupation zones]],{{sfn|Umbreit|1991|p=311}} an a wanoccupied [[rump state]] unner the [[Vichy Regime]], that, tho offeecially neutral, wis generally aligned wi Germany. Fraunce kept its fleet but the Breetish feared the Germans wad seize it, sae on 3 Julie, the Breetish [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|attacked it]].{{sfn|Brown|2004|p=xxx}}

The [[Battle o Breetain]]{{sfn|Keegan|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8kcx9hTssC&amp;pg=PA72 72]}} begoud in early Julie wi [[Kanalkampf|Luftwaffe attacks on shippin an herbours]].&lt;ref name=Murray_BoB&gt;{{harvnb|Murray|1983|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-2.html#cn70 The Battle of Britain].}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 Julie, Hitler again publicly offert tae end the war, sayin he wisna wantin tae destroy the [[Breetish Empire]]. The Unitit Kinrick rejectit this ultimatum.&lt;ref name=ibiblio_1940&gt;{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1940, with explanation |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main [[Adlertag|German air superiority campaign]] stairtit in August but failed tae defeat [[RAF Fechter Command]], an a [[Operation Sea Lion|proponed invasion]] wis postponed indefinitely on 17 September. The German [[strategic bombin]] offensive intensifee'd as nicht attacks on Lunnon an ither ceeties in [[the Blitz]], but lairgely failed tae disrupt the Breetish war effort.{{r|Murray_BoB}}

Uisin newly capturt French ports, the German Navy [[Battle o the Atlantic#'Happy Time' (Juin 1940&amp;nbsp;– Februar 1941)|enjoyed success]] against an ower-extendit [[Ryal Navy]], uisin [[U-boat]]s agin Breetish shippin in the [[Battle o the Atlantic|Atlantic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Goldstein|2004|p=35}}. Aircraft played a heichly important role in defeatin the German U-boats ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS --&gt; The Breetish scored a signeeficant veectory on 27 Mey 1941 bi [[Last battle o the battleship Bismarck|sinkin the German battleship ''Bismarck'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Steury|1987|p=209}}; {{Harvnb|Zetterling|Tamelander|2009|p=282}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Aiblins maist importantly, in the Battle o Breetain the [[Ryal Air Force]] haed successfully reseestit the Luftwaffe's assault, an the German bombin campaign lairgely endit in Mey 1941.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=108–9}}

Ootthrou this period, the neutral Unitit States teuk meisurs tae assist Cheenae an the Wastren Allies. In November 1939, the American [[Neutrality Acts o 1930s|Neutrality Act]] wis amendit tae allou [[Cash an cairy (World War II)|&quot;cash an cairy&quot;]] purchases bi the Allies.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|pp=328–30}} In 1940, follaein the German captur o Paris, the size o the [[Unitit States Navy]] wis [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|signeeficantly increased]]. In September, the Unitit States forder greed tae a [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|tred o American destroyers for Breetish bases]].{{sfn|Maingot|1994|p=52}} Still, a lairge majority o the American public conteena'd tae oppone ony direct militar intervention intae the conflict weel inte 1941.{{sfn|Cantril|1940|p=390}} Awtho Roosevelt haed promised tae keep the Unitit States oot o the war, he nivertheless teuk concrete steps tae prepare for war.

At the end o September 1940, the [[Tripartite Pact]] unitit Japan, Italy an Germany tae formalise the [[Axis Pouers]]. The Tripartite Pact stipulatit that ony kintra, wi the exception o the Soviet Union, no in the war that attacked ony Axis Power wad be forced tae gae tae war agin aw three.{{Sfn|Bilhartz|Elliott|2007|p=179}} The Axis expandit in November 1940 whan Hungary, Slovakie an [[Kinrick o Romanie|Romanie]] jynt the Tripartite Pact.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=877}} Romanie wad mak a [[Romanie in Warld War II|major contreibution]] (as [[Hungary in Warld War II|did Hungary]]) tae the Axis war agin the USSR, pairtially tae recaptur [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|territory cedit tae the USSR]], pairtially tae pursue its leader [[Ion Antonescu]]'s desire tae combat communism.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=745–6}}

=== Mediterranean (1940–41) ===
[[File:9 Div Tobruk(AWM 020779).jpg|thumb|right|Sodgers o the [[Breetish Empire in Warld War II|Breetish Commonweel forces]] frae the Australie Airmy's [[9t Diveesion (Australie)|9t Diveesion]] in the [[Siege o Tobruk]]; [[North African Campaign]], August 1941]]

Italy begoud operations in the Mediterranean, ineetiatin a [[Siege o Maltae (Warld War II)|siege o Maltae]] in Juin, [[Italian conquest o Breetish Somaliland|conquerin Breetish Somaliland]] in August, an [[Italian invasion o Egyp|makkin an incursion intae Breetish-held Egyp]] in September 1940. In October 1940, Italy stairtit the [[Greco-Italian War]] acause o Mussolini's jealousy o Hitler's success but within days wis repulsed wi few territorial gains an a stalemate suin occurred.{{sfn|Clogg|2002|p=118}} The Unitit Kinrick respondit tae Greek requests for assistance bi sendin truips tae Crete an providin air support tae Greece. Hitler decidit that whan the wather impruived he wad tak action against Greece tae assist the Italians an prevent the Breetish frae gaining a fithauld in the Balkans, tae strike against the Breetish naval dominance o the Mediterranean, an tae siccar his hauld on Romanie ile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=146, 152}}; {{Harvnb|US Army|1986|pp=[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm 4–6]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi late Mairch 1941, follaein [[Bulgarie]]'s signin o the [[Tripartite Pact]], the Germans war in poseetion tae intervene in Greece. Plans chynged, houiver, acause o developments in neighbourin [[Yugoslavie]]. The Yugoslav govrenment haed signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 Mairch, anerly tae be owerthrawn twa day efter bi a [[Yugoslav coup d'état|Breetish-encouraged coup]]. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile an immediately decidit tae eliminate it. On 6 Apryle Germany simultaneously invadit baith [[Invasion o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an [[Battle o Greece|Greece]], makkin rapid progress an forcin baith naitions tae surrender within the month. The Breetish war driven frae the Balkans efter Germany [[Battle o Crete|conquered the Greek island o Crete]] bi the end o Mey.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=229}} &lt;!-- REFERENCE SEEMS VERY NARROW FOR RANGE OF EVENTS COVERED --&gt; Awtho the Axis veectory wis swift, bitter pairtisan warfare subsequently brak oot agin the [[Axis occupation o Yugoslavie]], whilk conteena'd till the end o the war.

=== Axis attack on the USSR (1941) ===

Wi the situation in Europe an Asie relatively stable, Germany, Japan, an the Soviet Union made preparations. Wi the Soviets waurie o moontin tensions wi Germany an the Japanese plannin tae tak advantage o the European War bi seizin resoorce-rich European possessions in [[Sootheast Asie]], the twa pouers signed the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]] in Apryle 1941.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=114}} Bi contrast, the Germans war steadily makkin preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massin forces on the Soviet mairch.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=195}}

Hitler believed that Breetain's refuisal tae end the war wis based on the howp that the Unitit States an the Soviet Union wad enter the war agin Germany suiner or later.{{sfn|Murray|1983|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html 69]}} He tharefore decidit tae try tae strenthen Germany's relations wi the Soviets, or failin that, tae attack an eliminate them as a factor. In November 1940, [[German–Soviet Axis talks|negotiations teuk place]] tae determine if the Soviet Union wad jyne the Tripartite Pact. The Soviets shawed some interest, but asked for concessions frae Finland, Bulgarie, Turkey, an Japan that Germany conseedert unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive tae prepare for an invasion o the Soviet Union.

On 22 Juin 1941, Germany, supportit bi Italy an Romanie, invadit the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]], wi Germany accusin the Soviets o plottin agin them. Thay war jynt shortly bi Finland an Hungary.&lt;ref name=Events1941&gt;{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=pp. 267–312 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The primar targets o this surprise offensive{{sfn|Sella|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} war the [[Baltic region]], Moscow an [[Ukraine]], wi the [[Strategic goal (militar)|ultimate goal]] o endin the 1941 campaign near the [[A-A line|Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line]], frae the [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] tae the [[White Sea]]s. Hitler's objectives war tae eliminate the Soviet Union as a militar pouer, exterminate Communism, generate ''[[Lebensraum]]'' (&quot;leevin space&quot;){{sfn|Kershaw|2007|pp=66–9}} bi [[Generalplan Ost|dispossessin the native population]]{{sfn|Steinberg|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an guarantee access tae the strategic resoorces needit tae defeat Germany's remeenin rivals.{{sfn|Hauner|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}}

[[File:German troops in Russia, 1941 - NARA - 540155.jpg|thumb|left|German sodgers in the invasion o the Soviet Union bi the [[Axis pouers]], 1941]]

Awtho the [[Reid Airmy]] wis preparin for strategic [[coonter-offensive]]s afore the war,{{sfn|Roberts|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} ''Barbarossa'' forced the [[Stavka|Soviet supreme command]] tae adopt a [[strategic defence]]. In the simmer, the Axis made signeeficant gains intae Soviet territory, inflictin immense losses in baith personnel an materiel. By the middle o August, houiver, the German [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Airmy Heich Command]] decidit tae [[Battle o Smolensk (1941)|suspend the offensive]] o a conseederably depletit [[Airmy Group Centre]], an tae divert the [[2nt Panzer Group]] tae reinforce truips advancin taewart central Ukraine an Leningrad.{{sfn|Wilt|1981}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} The [[Battle o Kiev (1941)|Kiev offensive]] wis owerwhalminly successfu, resultin in encirclement an elimination o fower Soviet airmies, an made possible further [[Crimean Campaign|advance intae Crimea]] an industrially developit Eastren Ukraine (the [[First Battle o Kharkov]]).{{sfn|Erickson|2003|pp=114–37}}

The diversion o three quarter o the Axis truips an the majority o thair air forces frae Fraunce an the central Mediterranean tae the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]]{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=9}} promptit Breetain tae reconseeder its [[grand strategy]].{{sfn|Farrell|1993}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} In Julie, the UK an the Soviet Union formed a [[Anglo-Soviet Greement|militar alliance against Germany]]{{sfn|Keeble|1990|p=29}} The Breetish an Soviets [[Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran|invadit neutral Iran]] tae siccar the [[Persian Corridor]] an Iran's [[ile field]]s.{{sfn|Bueno de Mesquita|Smith|Siverson|Morrow|2003|p=425}} In August, the Unitit Kinrick an the Unitit States jyntly issued the [[Atlantic Chairter]].{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=220}}

Bi October Axis [[operational objective]]s in Ukraine an the Baltic region war achieved, wi anerly the sieges o [[siege o Leningrad|Leningrad]]{{sfn|Kleinfeld|1983}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an [[Siege o Sevastopol (1941–42)|Sevastopol]] conteenain.{{sfn|Jukes|2001|p=113}} A major [[battle o Moscow|offensive against Moscow]] wis renewed; efter twa month o fierce battles in increasinly hersh wather the German airmy awmaist reached the ooter suburbs o Moscow, whaur the exhaustit truips&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=26}}: &quot;By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; war forced tae suspend thair offensive.{{sfn|Reinhardt|1992|p=227}} Lairge territorial gains war made bi Axis forces, but thair campaign haed failed tae achieve its main objectives: twa key ceeties remeened in Soviet haunds, the Soviet [[Militar capability|capability tae resist]] wis nae brak, an the Soviet Union reteened a conseederable pairt o its militar potential. The ''blitzkrieg'' [[Phase (combat)|phase]] o the war in Europe haed endit.{{sfn|Milward|1964}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}}

Bi early December, freshly mobilised [[Militar reserve force|reserves]]{{sfn|Rotundo|1986}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae achieve numerical parity wi Axis truips.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=26}} This, as weel as [[Richard Sorge#Wartime intelligence supplee'd bi the Sorge Ring|intelligence data]] that established that a meenimal nummer o Soviet truips in the East wad be sufficient tae deter ony attack bi the Japanese [[Kwantung Airmy]],{{sfn|Garthoff|1969}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae begin a [[Soviet Offensive (1941–1942)|massive coonter-offensive]] that stairtit on 5 December aw alang the front an pushed German truips {{convert|100|-|250|km|mi}} wast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Beevor|1998|pp=41–2}}; {{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=213–4}}, notes that &quot;Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before.&amp;nbsp;... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== War braks out in the Paceefic (1941) ===
{{main|Paceefic War}}
In 1939, the Unitit States haed renoonced its tred treaty wi Japan; an, beginnin wi an [[aviation petrol]] ban in Julie 1940, Japan becam subject tae increasin economic pressur.{{r|ibiblio_1940}} In this time, Japan launched its [[Battle o Changsha (1939)|first attack against Changsha]], a strategically important Cheenese ceety, but wis repulsed bi late September.{{sfn|Jowett|Andrew|2002|p=14}} Despite [[1939–40 Winter Offensive|several offensives]] bi baith sides, the war atween Cheenae an Japan wis stalematit bi 1940. Tae increase pressur on Cheenae bi blockin supply routes, an tae better poseetion Japanese forces in the event o a war wi the Wastren powers, Japan invadit an [[Japanese invasion o French Indocheenae|occupied northren Indocheenae]].{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=289}} Efterwart, the Unitit States [[embargo]]ed airn, steel an mechanical pairts against Japan.{{sfn|Morison|2002|p=60}} Ither sanctions suin follaed.

[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burnin efter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} in the Japanese surprise air attack on the [[Unitit States Paceefic Fleet|American paceefic fleet]], 7 December 1941]]

Syne early 1941 the Unitit States an Japan haed been engaged in negotiations in an attempt tae impruive thair streened relations an end the war in Cheenae. In thir negotiations Japan advanced a nummer o proponements that war dismissed bi the Americans as inadequate.&lt;ref name=USAWWIIcp5&gt;{{cite web |title=The decision for War |website=US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |pp=113–27 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time the US, Breetain, an the Netherlands engaged in saicret discussions for the jynt defence o thair territories, in the event o a Japanese attack against ony o them.&lt;ref name=USAWWIIcp4&gt;{{cite web |title=The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=63–96 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roosevelt reinforced [[Commonweel o the Philippines|the Philippines (an American pertectorate scheduled for unthirldom in 1946)]] an wairned Japan that the US wad react tae Japanese attacks against ony &quot;neebourin kintra&quot;.{{r|USAWWIIcp4}} Japan prepared for war efter failed negotiations.

On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asie time zones), Japan attacked Breetish an American hauldins wi near-simultaneous [[Japanese expansion (1941–1942)|offensives against Sootheast Asie an the Central Paceefic]].{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} Thir includit an [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor]], [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|the Philippines]], [[Malayan Campaign|landings in Thailand an Malaya]]{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} an the [[battle o Hong Kong]]. Thir attacks led the [[Unitit States declaration o war on Japan|Unitit States]], [[Unitit Kinrick declaration o war on Japan|Unitit Kinrick]], Cheenae, Australie an several ither states tae formally declare war on Japan, whauras the Soviet Union, bein hivily involved in lairge-scale hostilities wi European Axis kintras, mainteened its neutrality agreement wi Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dunn|1998|p=157}}. According to {{Harvnb|May|1955|p=155}}, Churchill stated: &quot;Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Germany, follaed bi the ither Axis states, declared war on the Unitit States&lt;ref&gt;[[s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States|Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States]] in Wikisource.&lt;/ref&gt; in solidarity wi Japan, citin as juistification the American attacks on German war veshels that haed been ordered bi Roosevelt.{{r|Events1941}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=p. 310 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Axis advance staws (1942–43) ===

In 1942, Allied offeecials debatit on the appropriate [[grand strategy]] tae pursue. Aw agreed that [[Europe first|defeatin Germany]] wis the primar objective. The Americans favourt a straichtforrit, [[Operation Sledgehammer|lairge-scale attack]] on Germany throu Fraunce. The Soviets wis forby demandin a seicont front. The Breetish, on the ither haund, argied that militar operations shoud target peripheral auries tae weir oot German strenth, leadin tae increasin demoralisation, an bolster resistance forces. Germany itsel wad be subject tae a hivy bombin campaign. An offensive agin Germany wad then be launched primarily bi Allied airmour withoot uisin lairge-scale airmies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=97–119 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually, the Breetish persuadit the Americans that a laundingin Fraunce wis infeasible in 1942 an thay shoud insteid focus on drivin the Axis oot o North Africae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=266–92 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Paceefic (1942–43) ====
Bi the end o Apryle 1942, Japan an its ally Thailand haed awmaist fully conquered [[Japanese conquest o Burma|Burma]], [[Battle o Malaya|Malaya]], [[Dutch East Indies campaign|the Dutch East Indies]], [[Battle o Singapore|Singapore]], an [[Rabaul]], inflictin severe losses on Allied truips an takkin a lairge nummer o preesoners.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=247–267, 345}} Despite stubborn [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|resistance]] bi Filipino an US forces, the [[Philippine Commonweel]] wis eventually capturt in Mey 1942, forcin its govrenment intae exile.{{sfn|Lewis|1953|loc=p. 529 (Table 11)}}

In airly Mey 1942, Japan ineetiatit operations tae [[Operation Mo|captur Port Moresby]] bi [[amphibious assault]] an sicweys sever communications an supply lines atween the Unitit States an Australie. The plant invasion wis thortert whan an Allied task force, centred on twa American fleet cairiers, focht Japanese naval forces tae a draw in the [[Battle o the Coral Sea]].{{sfn|Maddox|1992|pp=111–2}} Japan's next plan, motivatit bi the earlier [[Doolittle Raid]], wis tae seize [[Midway Atoll]] an wyse American cairiers intae battle tae be eliminatit; as a diversion, Japan wad forby send forces tae [[Aleutian Islands Campaign|occupy the Aleutian Islands]] in Alaska.{{sfn|Salecker|2001|p=186}} In mid-Mey, Japan stairtit the [[Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]] in Cheenae, wi the goal o inflictin retribution on the Cheenese that aidit the survivin American airmen in the Doolittle Raid bi destroyin air bases an fechtin against the Cheenese 23rd an 32nd Airmy Groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Schoppa|2011|p=28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&amp;pg=PA19 Chevrier &amp; Chomiczewski &amp; Garrigue 2004], p.19.&lt;/ref&gt; In early Juin, Japan put its operations intae action but the Americans, haein brak [[Japanese naval codes]] in late Mey, war fully awaur o plans an order o battle, an uised this knawledge tae achieve a decisive [[Battle o Midway|veectory at Midway]] ower the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Ropp|2000|p=368}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Eastren Front (1942–43) ====
[[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Reid Airmy]] sodgers on the coonterattack, in the [[Battle o Stalingrad]], Februar 1943]]
Maugre conseederable losses, in airly 1942 Germany an its allies stappit a major Soviet offensive in central an soothren Roushie, keepin maist territorial gains thay haed achieved in the umwhile year.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=31}}

Bi mid-November, the Germans haed [[Battle o Stalingrad|nearly takken Stalingrad]] in bitter [[urban warfare|street fechtin]] whan the Soviets begoud thair seicont winter coonter-offensive, stairtin wi an [[Operation Uranus|encirclement o German forces at Stalingrad]]{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=239–65}} an an assault on the [[Operation Mars|Rzhev salient near Moscow]], tho the latter failed disastrously.{{sfn|Black|2003|p=119}} Bi early Februar 1943, the German Airmy haed taen tremendous losses; German truips at Stalingrad haed been forced tae surrender,{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=383–91}} an the front-line haed been pushed back ayont its poseetion afore the simmer offensive. In mid-Februar, efter the Soviet push haed tapered aff, the Germans launcht anither [[Third Battle o Kharkov|attack on Kharkov]], creautin a [[Salients, re-entrants an pockets|salient]] in thair front line aroond the Soviet ceety o [[Kursk]].{{sfn|Erickson|2001|p=142}}

==== Wastren Europe/Atlantic an Mediterranean (1942–43) ====
Exploitin puir American naval command deceesions, [[Seicont Happy Time|the German navy ravaged Allied shippin aff the American Atlantic coast]].{{sfn|Milner|1990|p=52}} Bi November 1941, Commonweel forces haed launched a coonter-offensive, [[Operation Crusader]], in North Africae, an reclaimed aw the gains the Germans an Italians haed made.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=224–8}}

In Juin 1943 the Breetish an Americans begoud [[Combined Bomber Offensive|a strategic bombin campaign]] against Germany wi a goal tae disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, an &quot;[[de-hoosin|de-hoose]]&quot; the ceevilian population.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc &quot;The Civilians&quot;] United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Bombin o Hamburg in Warld War II|firebombin o Hamburg]] wis amang the first attacks in this campaign, it lead tae signeeficant causalities an inflictit conseederable losses on infrastructur o this important industrial centre.{{sfn|Overy|1995|pp=119–120}}

=== Allies gain momentum (1943–44) ===
On 3 September 1943, the Wastren Allies [[Allied invasion o Italy|invadit the Italian mainland]], follaein [[Airmistice o Cassibile|Italy's airmistice wi the Allies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|p=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Germany wi the help o fascists respondit bi disairmin Italian forces that wis in mony places withoot superior orders, seizin militar control o Italian auries,{{sfn|Mazower|2008|p=362}} an creautin a series o defensive lines.{{sfn|Hart|Hart|Hughes|2000|p=151}} German special forces then [[Gran Sasso raid|rescued Mussolini]], that then suin established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the [[Italian Social Republic]],{{sfn|Blinkhorn|2006|p=52}} causin an [[Italian Ceevil War|Italian ceevil war]]. The Wastren Allies focht throu several lines till reachin the [[Winter Line|main German defensive line]] in mid-November.{{sfn|Read|Fisher|2002|p=129}}

In November 1943, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an Winston Churchill met wi [[Chiang Kai-shek]] [[Cairo Conference|in Cairo]] an then wi Joseph Stalin [[Tehran Conference|in Tehran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolko 1990 211,235,267_268&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|pp=211, 235, 267–8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The umwhile conference determined the post-war return o Japanese territory&lt;ref name=&quot;Iriye 1981 154&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Iriye|1981|p=154}}.&lt;/ref&gt; an the militar plannin fur the [[Burma Campaign]],{{sfn|Mitter|2014|p=286}} while the latter includit greement that the Wastren Allies wad invade Europe in 1944 an that the Soviet Union wad declare war on Japan within three month o Germany's defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;polley148&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Polley|2000|p=148}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bi the end o Januar 1944, a major [[Leningrad Front|Soviet]] [[Siege o Leningrad#Soviet relief o the siege|offensive herried oot German forces]] frae the [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad region]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Glantz 2002 327_366&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Glantz|2002|pp=327–66}}.&lt;/ref&gt; endin the langest an [[Leet o battles bi casualties#Sieges an urban combat|maist lethal siege in history]]. Bi late Mey, the Soviets haed [[Crimean Offensive|leeberatit Crimea]], lairgely expelled Axis forces frae Ukraine, an made [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|incursions intae Romanie]], that war repulsed bi the Axis truips.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chubarov 2001 122&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Chubarov|2001|p=122}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Allied offensives in Italy haed succeedit an, at the expense o allouin several German diveesions tae retreat, on 4 Juin, Roum wis capturt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Holland|2008|pp=169–84}}; {{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=568–73}}.&lt;br /&gt;The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ({{Harvnb|Mazower|2008|pp=500–2}}). The period featurt massacres wi victims in the hundrers at [[Civitella in Val di Chiana|Civitella]] ({{Harvnb|de Grazia|Paggi|1991}}; {{Harvnb|Belco|2010}}), [[Ardeatine massacre|Fosse Ardeatine]] ({{Harvnb|Portelli|2003}}), an [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre|Sant'Anna di Stazzema]] ({{Harvnb|Gordon|2012|pp=10–1}}), an is kaipit wi the [[Marzabotto massacre]].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Allies close in (1944) ===
[[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|American truips approachin [[Omaha Beach]], in the [[invasion o Normandy]] on [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]], 6 Juin 1944]]
On 6 Juin 1944 (kent as [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]]), efter three year o Soviet pressur,&lt;ref name=rees406&gt;{{Harvnb|Rees|2008|pp=406–7}}: &quot;Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; the Wastren Allies [[Invasion o Normandy|invadit northren Fraunce]]. Efter reassignin several Allied divisions frae Italy, thay forby [[Operation Dragoon|attacked soothren Fraunce]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinberg 2005 695&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Weinberg|2005|p=695}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thir laundins war successfu, an led tae the defeat o the [[Falaise Pocket|German Airmy units]] in Fraunce. Paris wis [[Leeberation o Paris|leeberatit]] bi the [[French Reseestance|local reseestance]] assistit bi the [[Free French Forces]], baith led bi General [[Charles de Gaulle]], on 25 August&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Badsey|1990|p=91}}.&lt;/ref&gt; an the Wastren Allies conteena'd tae [[Allied advance frae Paris tae the Rhine|push back German forces]] in wastren Europe in the latter pairt o the year. An attempt tae advance intae northren Germany speirheidit bi [[Operation Market Garden|a major airborne operation]] in the Netherlands failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=562}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thareefter, the Wastren Allies slawly pushed intae Germany, but [[Operation Queen|failed tae cross the Ruhr river]] in a lairge offensive. In Italy, Allied advance forby slawed due tae the [[Gothic Line|last major German defensive line]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Forrest|Evans|Gibbons|2012|p=191}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 Juin, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belaroushie (&quot;[[Operation Bagration]]&quot;) that destroyed the German [[Airmy Group Centre]] awmaist completely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zaloga 1996 7&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Zaloga|1996|p=7}}: &quot;It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Suin efter that [[Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive|anither Soviet strategic offensive]] forced German truips frae Wastren Ukraine an Eastren Poland. The Soviet advance promptit [[Armia Krajowa|reseestance forces in Poland]] tae [[Operation Tempest|ineetiate several uprisins]] agin the German occupation. Houiver, the lairgest o thir [[Warsaw Uprisin|in Warsaw]], whaur German sodgers massacred 200,000 ceevilians, an a [[Slovak Naitional Uprisin|naitional uprisin]] in [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakie]], did nae receive Soviet support an war subsequently suppressed bi the Germans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Berend|1996|p=8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Reid Airmy's [[Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|strategic offensive in eastren Romanie]] cut aff an destroyed the [[Airmy Group Sooth Ukraine|conseederable German truips thare]] an triggered [[Keeng Michael's Coup|a successfu coup d'état in Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie coup d'état o 1944|in Bulgarie]], follaed bi thae kintras' shift tae the Allied side.&lt;ref name=&quot;countrystudies.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|title=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=14 November 2009|quote=The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war agin the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists jist played a uphaudin role in the coup; efter-war Romanian historians, housomeir, ascribe tae the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 1944, Soviet truips advanced intae [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an forced the rapid widrawal o German Airmy Groups [[Airmy Group E|E]] an [[Airmy Group F|F]] in [[Axis occupation o Greece|Greece]], [[Albanie Kinrick (1943–44)|Albanie]] an Yugoslavie tae rescue them frae bein cut aff.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans 2008 653&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=653}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bi this pynt, the Communist-led [[Yugoslav Pairtisans|Pairtisans]] unner Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]], that haed led an [[Warld War II in Yugoslavia|increasinly successfu guerrilla campaign]] against the occupation syne 1941, controlled muckle o the territory o Yugoslavie an engaged in delayin efforts against German forces forder sooth. In northren [[Serbie (1941–1944)|Serbie]], the [[Reid Airmy]], wi leemitit support frae Bulgarie forces, assisted the Pairtisans in a jynt [[Belgrade Offensive|leeberation o the caipital ceety o Belgrade]] on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a [[Budapest Offensive|massive assault]] against [[Operation Panzerfaust|German-occupied]] Hungary that lastit till [[Battle o Budapest|the faw o Budapest]] in Februar 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Wiest|Barbier|2002|pp=65–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Unlik impressive Soviet veectories in the Balkans, [[Continuation War|bitter Finnish reseestance]] tae the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive|Soviet offensive]] in the [[Karelie Isthmus]] denee'd the Soviets occupation o Finland an led tae a [[Moscow Airmistice|Soviet-Finnish airmistice]] on relatively mild condeetions,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wiktor|first=Christian L|title=Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=1998|isbn=90-411-0584-0|page=426}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Newton|2004}}.&lt;/ref&gt; awtho Finland wis forced tae [[Lapland War|fecht thair umwhile allies]].

In the Paceefic, US forces conteena'd tae press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-Juin 1944, thay begoud thair [[Mariana an Palau Islands campaign|offensive agin the Mariana an Palau islands]], an decisively defeatit Japanese forces in the [[Battle o the Philippine Sea]]. Thir defeats led tae the resignation o the Japanese Prime Meenister, [[Hideki Tojo]], an providit the Unitit States wi air bases tae launch intensive hivy bomber attacks on the Japanese hame islands. In late October, American forces [[Battle o Leyte|invadit the Filipino island o Leyte]]; suin efter, Allied naval forces scored anither lairge veectory in the [[Battle o Leyte Gulf]], ane o the lairgest naval battles in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cook|Bewes|1997|p=305}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Axis collapse, Allied veectory (1944–45) ===
[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&amp;W).jpg|thumb|[[Yalta Conference]] held in Februar 1945, wi [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[Joseph Stalin]]]]
On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Wastren Front bi uisin maist o its remeenin reserves tae launch [[Battle o the Bulge|a massive coonter-offensive in the Ardennes]] an [[Operation Nordwind|alang the French–German mairch]] tae split the Wastren Allies, encircle lairge portions o Wastren Allied truips an captur thair primar supply port at [[Antwerp]] tae prompt a poleetical dounset.&lt;ref name=&quot;parkerxiii&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Parker|2004|pp=xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bi Januar, the offensive haed been repulsed wi na strategic objectives fulfilled.&lt;ref name=&quot;parkerxiii&quot;/&gt; In Italy, the Wastren Allies remeened stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-Januar 1945, the Soviets an Poles attacked in Poland, [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|pushin frae the Vistula tae the Oder]] river in Germany, an [[East Proushie Offensive|overran East Proushie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=85}}.&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 Februar, Soviet, Breetish an US leaders met for the [[Yalta Conference]]. Thay greed on the occupation o post-war Germany, an on whan the Soviet Union wad jyne the war against Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=709–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Februar, the Soviets [[Silesie Offensives|entered Silesie]] an [[East Pomeranie Offensive|Pomeranie]], while [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|Wastren Allies entered wastren Germany]] an closed tae the [[Rhine]] river. Bi Mairch, the Wastren Allies crossed the Rhine [[Operation Plunder|north]] an [[Remagen|sooth]] o the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Ruhr Pocket|encirclin the German Airmy Group B]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=21}}.&lt;/ref&gt; while the Soviets advanced tae [[Vienna offensive|Vienna]]. In early Apryle, the Wastren Allies feenally [[Ware 1945 offensive in Italy|pushed forrit in Italy]] an soopit athort wastren Germany capturin [[Battle o Hamburg (1945)|Hamburg]] an [[Battle o Nuremberg (1945)|Nuremberg]], while Soviet an Polshforces [[Battle o Berlin|stormed Berlin]] in late Apryle. [[Elbe Day|American an Soviet forces met at the Elbe river]] on 25 Apryle. On 30 Apryle 1945, the [[Reichstag biggin|Reichstag]] wis capturt, seegnallin the militar defeat o Nazi Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shepardson 1998&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shepardson|1998}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Several chynges in leadership occurred in this period. On 12 Apryle, Preses Roosevelt dee'd an wis succeedit bi [[Harry S. Truman]]. Benito Mussolini [[Daith o Benito Mussolini|wis killt]] bi [[Italian reseestance muivement|Italian pairtisans]] on 28 Apryle.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Reilly 2001 244&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Reilly|2001||p=244}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Twa days later, [[Daith o Adolf Hitler|Hitler committit suicide]], an wis succeedit bi [[Grand Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 Apryle. [[German Instrument o Surrender|Tot an uncondeetional surrender]] wis signed [[Veectory in Europe Day|on 7 Mey]], tae be effective bi the end o [[Veectory Day (Eastren Front)|8 Mey]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans 2008 737&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=737}}.&lt;/ref&gt; German Airmy Group Centre [[Prague Offensive|reseestit in Prague]] till 11 Mey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glantz 1998 34&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Glantz|1998|p=24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Paceefic theatre, American forces accompanied bi the forces o the [[Philippine Commonweel]] advanced [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|in the Philippines]], [[Battle o Leyte|clearin Leyte]] bi the end o Apryle 1945. Thay [[Battle o Luzon|laundit on Luzon]] in Januar 1945 an [[Battle o Manila (1945)|recapturt Manila]] in Mairch follaein a battle that reduced the ceety tae ruins. Fechtin conteena'd on Luzon, [[Battle o Mindanao|Mindanao]], an ither islands o the Philippines till the [[End o Warld War II in Asie|end o the war]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chant|first=Christopher|year=1986|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan|publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan/page/118 118]|isbn=0-7102-0718-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the [[Unitit States Airmy Air Forces]] (USAAF) war destroyin strategic an populatit ceeties an touns in Japan in an effort tae destroy Japanese war industrie an ceevilian morale. On the nicht o 9–10 Mairch, USAAF [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]]s [[Bombin o Tokyo|struck Tokyo]] wi thoosands o [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], that killt 100,000 ceevilians an destroyed {{convert|16|sqmi}} within a few oors. Ower the next five month, the USAAF [[Air raids on Japan|firebombed a tot o 67 Japanese ceeties]], killin 393,000 ceevilians an destroyin 65% o biggit-up auries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=John Dower|title=Lessons from Iwo Jima|journal=Perspectives|year=2007|volume= 45|issue=6|pages=54–56|url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 Julie, Allied leaders [[Potsdam Conference|met in Potsdam, Germany]]. Thay [[Potsdam Greement|confirmed earlier greements]] aboot Germany,&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams 2006 90&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=90}}.&lt;/ref&gt; an reiteratit the demand for uncondeetional surrender o aw Japanese forces bi Japan, speceefically statin that &quot;the alternative for Japan is prompt an utter destruction&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miscamble 2007 201&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=201}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In this conference, the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1945|Unitit Kinrick held its general election]], an [[Clement Attlee]] replaced Churchill as Prime Meenister.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miscamble 2007 203_204&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|pp=203–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese foreign affairs meenister [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] signs the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender]] on buird {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, 2 September 1945]]

The Allies cried for uncondeetional Japanese surrender in the [[Potsdam Declaration]] o 27 Julie, but the Japanese govrenment rejectit the cry. In early August, the USAAF [[Atomic bombings o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]]. Atween the twa bombins, the Soviets, pursuant tae the Yalta greement, [[Soviet invasion o Manchurie|invadit Japanese-held Manchurie]], an quickly defeatit the [[Kwantung Airmy]], that wis the lairgest Japanese fechtin force.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Glantz|2005}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pape 1993&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Pape|1993}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Reid Airmy an aw capturt [[Sakhalin]] Island an the [[Kuril Islands]]. On 15 August 1945, [[Surrender o Japan|Japan surrendered]], wi the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender|surrender documents]] feenally signed at [[Tokyo Bay]] on the deck o the American battleship [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] on 2 September 1945, endin the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beevor 2012 776&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=776}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Eftermath ==
The Allies established occupation admeenistrations in [[Allied-occupied Austrick|Austrick]] an [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]. The umwhile becam a neutral state, non-aligned wi ony poleetical bloc. The latter wis dividit intae wastren an eastren occupation zones controlled bi the Wastren Allies an the USSR, accordinly. A [[denazification]] programme in Germany led tae the [[Nuremberg trials|prosecution o Nazi war criminals]] an the remuival o ex-Nazis frae power, awtho this policy muived taewart amnesty an re-integration o ex-Nazis intae Wast German society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frei 2002 41_66&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Frei|2002|pp=41–66}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In an effort tae mainteen [[warld peace]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Yoder 1997 39&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Yoder|1997|p=39}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the Allies formed the [[Unitit Naitions]], that offeecially cam intae exeestence on 24 October 1945,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |title=History of the UN |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |archivedate=18 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; an adoptit the [[Universal Declaration o Human Richts]] in 1948, as a common staundart for aw [[Member states o the Unitit Naitions|member naitions]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Waltz 2002&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Waltz|2002}}.&lt;br /&gt;
The UDHR is viewable here [https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/].&lt;/ref&gt;

Post-war diveesion o the warld wis formalised bi twa internaitional militar alliances, the Unitit States-led [[NATO]] an the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Borstelmann 2005 318&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Borstelmann|2005|p=318}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the lang period o poleetical tensions an militar competeetion atween them, the [[Cauld War]], wad be accompanied bi an unprecedentit [[airms race]] an [[proxy war]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Leffler|Westad|2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Korea]], umwhile [[Korea unner Japanese rule|unner Japanese rule]], wis [[Diveesion o Korea|dividit an occupied]] bi the Soviet Union in the [[North Korea|North]] an the US in the [[Sooth Korea|Sooth]] atween 1945 an 1948. Separate republics emerged on baith sides o the 38t parallel in 1948, ilk claimin tae be the legitimate govrenment for aw o Korea, that led ultimately tae the [[Korean War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Stueck|2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Cheenae, naitionalist an communist forces resumed [[Cheenese Ceevil War|the ceevil war]] in Juin 1946. Communist forces war veectorious an established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainland, while naitionalist forces retreatit tae [[Taiwan]] in 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lynch 2010 12_13&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Lynch|2010|pp=12–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impact ==

=== Casualties an war crimes ===
Estimates fur the tot nummer o casualties in the war varies, acause mony diaths went wanrecordit. Maist suggests that some 60 million fowk dee'd in the war, includin aboot [[Battle casualties o Warld War II|20 million militar personnel]] an 40 million ceevilians.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWII: C&amp;C&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Prof. Joseph V |title=World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945) |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archivedate=25 December 2010 |work=Obee's History Page |publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice |accessdate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2010-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=White|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second|work=Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Matthew White's Homepage|accessdate=20 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World War II Fatalities|url=http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|publisher=secondworldwar.co.uk|accessdate=20 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mony o the ceevilians dee'd acause o deliberate [[genocide]], [[Leet o massacres|massacres]], [[Strategic bombin in Warld War II|mass-bombins]], [[Infectious disease|disease]], an [[stairvation]].

[[File:Chinese civilians to be buried alive.jpg|thumb|Cheenese civilians bein buiried alive bi sodgers o the [[Imperial Japanese Airmy]], in the [[Nanking Massacre]], December 1937]]

In Asie an the Paceefic, atween 3 million an mair nor 10 million ceevilians, maistly Cheenese (estimatit at 7.5 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=290}}.&lt;/ref&gt;), wis killt bi the Japanese occupation forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=Statistics|last=Rummell|first=R. J|work=Freedom, Democide, War|publisher=The University of Hawaii System|accessdate=25 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The best-kent Japanese atrocity wis the [[Nanking Massacre]], in that fifty tae three hunder thoosand Cheenese ceevilians war raped an murthert.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Chang|1997|p=102}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitsuyoshi Himeta reportit that 2.7 million casualties occurred in the ''[[Three Alls Policy|Sankō Sakusen]]''. General [[Yasuji Okamura]] implementit the policy in Heipei an [[Shantung]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=?}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Soviet Union wis responsible for the [[Katyn massacre]] o 22,000 Pols officers,&lt;ref&gt;Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). &quot;Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre&quot;. Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; an the impreesonment or execution o thoosands o poleetical preesoners bi the [[NKVD]],&lt;ref&gt;Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} p. 391&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Genocide an concentration camps ===
The German govrenment led bi [[Adolf Hitler]] an the [[Nazi Pairty]] wis responsible for [[the Holocaust]] (killin o thareaboot 6 million Jews), as weel as fur killin o 2.7 million ethnic [[Nazi crimes agin the Pols nation|Poles]],&lt;ref&gt;Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski an Szarota. page 9 ''&quot;Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000&quot;''.&lt;/ref&gt; an 4 million ithers that war deemed &quot;[[life unworthy o life|unworthy o life]]&quot; (includin the [[Disabeelity|disabled]] an [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]], [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet preesoners o war]], [[homosexuals]], [[Freemasons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an [[Romani fowk|Romani]]) as pairt o a programme o deliberate extermination. [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet POWs]] wis kept in especially unbeirable condeetion, an, awtho thair extermination wisnae an offeecial goal, 3.6 million o Soviet POWs oot o 5.7 dee'd in Nazi camps in the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Herbert|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA222 222]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Overy 2004 568_569&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Overy|2004|pp=568–9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addeetion tae [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], [[Extermination camp|daith camps]] wis creatit in Nazi Germany fur tae exterminate fowk at an industrial scale.

==Notes==
&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;/&gt;

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
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:{{Cite book|last1=DeLong|first1=J. Bradford&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|author1-link=J. Bradford DeLong|last2=Eichengreen|first2=Barry|author2-link=Barry Eichengreen|year=1993|chapter=The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;189–230)''|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Eastman|first=Lloyd E.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1986|chapter=Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945|title=''In [[John&amp;nbsp;K. Fairbank]] and [[Denis C. Twitchett|Denis Twitchett]],&amp;nbsp;eds.,'' [[The Cambridge History of China|The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2]]|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-24338-4|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Emadi-Coffin|first=Barbara&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2002|title=Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance|location=London and New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-19540-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book |last=Erickson |first=John&lt;!--was small caps--&gt; |authorlink=John Erickson (historian) |editor1-last=Shukman |editor1-first=Harold |editor1-link=:ru:Шукман, Гарольд |year=2001 |chapter=Moskalenko |title=Stalin's Generals |pages=137–154 |location=London |publisher=[[Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson|Phoenix Press]] |isbn=978-1-84212-513-7 |ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2003|title=The Road to Stalingrad|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtostalingrad0000eric_o8x6|location=London|publisher=[[Cassell Military Paperbacks|Cassell Military]]|isbn=978-0-304-36541-8|ref=CITEREFErickson2003}}
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:{{Cite book|last1=Fairbank|first1=John King&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|author1-link=John K. Fairbank|last2=Goldman|first2=Merle|author2-link=Merle Goldman|year=2006|origyear=1994|title=China: A New History|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge,&amp;nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-01828-0|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Hosking|first=Geoffrey A.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2006|title=Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union|url=https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-02178-5|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Ingram|first=Norman&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2006|chapter=Pacifism|title=''In [[Lawrence Kritzman|Lawrence&amp;nbsp;D. Kritzman]] and Brian&amp;nbsp;J. Reilly,&amp;nbsp;eds.,'' The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;76–78)''|location=New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-10791-4|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Jowett|first=Philip S.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2001|title=The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume&amp;nbsp;2: Africa 1940–43|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-865-5|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Steven T.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1997|title=American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle|location=Abingdon and New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7146-4634-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Rottman|first=Gordon L.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2002|title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-31395-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Rotundo|first=Louis&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1986|title=The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign|journal=Military Affairs|volume=50|issue=1|pages=21–8|jstor=1988530|doi=10.2307/1988530|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Salecker|first=Gene Eric&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2001|title=Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific|location=Conshohocken, PA|publisher=Combined Publishing|isbn=978-1-58097-049-5|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|editor-last=Schain|editor-first=Martin A.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2001|title=The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-333-92983-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Schmitz|first=David F.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2000|title=Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man|location=Lanham,&amp;nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-8420-2632-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Schofield|first=B. B.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1981|title=The Defeat of the U-Boats during World War II|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=16|issue=1|pages=119–129|jstor=260619|doi=10.1177/002200948101600107|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Schoppa|first=R. Keith|year=2011|title=In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War|url=https://archive.org/details/inseaofbitternes0000scho|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-6740-5988-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Sella|first=Amnon&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Amnon Sella|year=1978|title=&quot;Barbarossa&quot;: Surprise Attack and Communication|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=13|issue=3|pages=555–583|jstor=260209|doi=10.1177/002200947801300308|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|author=———|year=1983|title=Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1983-10_18_4/page/651|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=651–687|jstor=260307|ref=CITEREFSella1983}}
:{{Cite book|last=Senn|first=Alfred Erich&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Alfred E. Senn|year=2007|title=Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above|location=Amsterdam &amp; New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|isbn=978-90-420-2225-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Anthony&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2000|title=World War II: Day by Day|location=Osceola,&amp;nbsp;WI|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Shepardson|first=Donald E.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1998|title=The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1998-01_62_1/page/135|journal=[[Journal of Military History]]|volume=62|issue=1|pages=135–154|jstor=120398|doi=10.2307/120398|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=William L. Shirer|year=1990|origyear=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany]]|location=New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-72868-7 |ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Shore|first=Zachary&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2003|title=What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0|location=New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-518261-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Slim|first=William&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1956|title=Defeat into Victory|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0-304-29114-5|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Alan&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1993|title=Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-08924-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=J.W.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1994|title=The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment|publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy|isbn=0-9624423-2-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2002|origyear=1970|title=Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta|edition=5th|location=Manchester|publisher=Goodall|isbn=978-0-907579-19-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David&amp;nbsp;J.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Pabriks|first2=Artis|last3=Purs|first3=Aldis|last4=Lane|first4=Thomas|year=2002|title=The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania|url=https://archive.org/details/balticstatesesto0000smit_l0z8|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-28580-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Winston&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Steadman|first2=Ralph|year=2004|title=All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3|publisher=Last Gasp|isbn=978-0-86719-616-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Timothy D. Snyder|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_e5a3|location=London|publisher=[[The Bodley Head]]|isbn=978-0-224-08141-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book |last=Sommerville |first=Donald |year=2008 |title=The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm |location=Leicester |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-075481898-4 |ref=harv }}
:{{Cite journal|last=Spring|first=D.&amp;nbsp;W.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1986|title=The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=207–226|jstor=151203|doi=10.1080/09668138608411636|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Jonathan Steinberg|year=1995|title=The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=110|issue=437|pages=620–651|jstor=578338|ref=harv|doi=10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Steury|first=Donald P.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1987|title=Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/209|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=209–233|jstor=260931|doi=10.1177/002200948702200202|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Stueck|first=William&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2010|chapter=The Korean War|title=''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&amp;nbsp;I: Origins ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;266–287)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }}
:{{Cite book|last1=Sumner|first1=Ian&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Baker|first2=Alix|year=2001|title=The Royal Navy 1939–45|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-195-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Bruce&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2001|title=A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45|location=Crows Nest|publisher=[[Allen &amp; Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-86508-352-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1992|title=The Cominform: Tito's International?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-09_35_3/page/641|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=641–663|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026017|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Yuki&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1996|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=A. J. P. Taylor|year=1961|title=The Origins of the Second World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=1979|title=How Wars Begin|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=978-0-241-10017-2|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1979}} }}
:{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2009|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|location=Cambridge,&amp;nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Andrew|first2=Stephen|year=1998|title=German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa &amp; Balkans|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-640-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|author2-link=Stephen Randall (political scientist)|year=2008|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom|edition=4th|location=Athens, GA|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Marc&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Marc Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|location=Princeton,&amp;nbsp;NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00273-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink1=Spencer C. Tucker|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-999-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Hans&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1991|chapter=The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe|title=''In P.&amp;nbsp;S. Falla,&amp;nbsp;ed.,'' Germany and the Second World War, Volume&amp;nbsp;2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;227–326)''|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-822885-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=United States Army&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=United States Army|year=1986|origyear=1953|title=The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|ref=CITEREFUS_Army1986|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|url-status=dead}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Waltz|first=Susan&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Susan Waltz|year=2002|title=Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2002_23_3/page/437|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=437–448|jstor=3993535|doi=10.1080/01436590220138378|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas A.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2010|title=Aerospace Propulsion Systems|location=Singapore|publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-82497-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=William E.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=William E. Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&amp;nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.| authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy
:{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&amp;nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|location=Abingdon &amp; New York,&amp;nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&amp;nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&amp;nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&amp;nbsp;B.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London &amp; Washington,&amp;nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&amp;nbsp;J.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}}
: Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars
:{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas&lt;!--was small caps--&gt;|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|location=Drexel Hill,&amp;nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1939]]
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[[Category:Warld War II|*]]</text>
      <sha1>38kqvzg9s9s6n73rz34ny8oirl0hq0r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sotk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869036</id>
      <parentid>849851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-24T21:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.8</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4732" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Sotk
|native_name =Սոթք
|pushpin_map            =Armenia
|mapsize                =150px
|subdivision_type       = Kintra
|subdivision_name       = [[Armenie]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|Marz (Province)]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Gegharkunik Province|Gegharkunik]]
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|established_title      =Foondit
|established_date       = 15t century
|area_total_km2           =
|area_footnotes           =
|population_as_of         = 2008
|population_total =1135
|population_density_km2   =
|timezone =&amp;nbsp;
|utc_offset             = +4
|timezone_DST           = &amp;nbsp;
|utc_offset_DST         = +5
|coordinates            = {{coord|40|12|11|N|45|51|53|E|region:AM|display=inline}}
|elevation_m            = 2032
|area_code              =
|website                =
}}
'''Sotk''' ({{lang-hy|Սոթք}}, till 1991 '''Zod''') is a toun in the [[Gegharkunik Province]] o [[Armenie]].

==History==
At the end o the 19t century Zod wis a veelage wi 1100 [[Azerbaijani fowk|Tatar]] inhabitants.&lt;ref&gt;[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/brokminor/article/18/18951.html?text=%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B4&amp;encid=brokminor&amp;encid=brokminor Article &quot;''Зод''&quot;, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (''in Russian'')]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  It grew intae a toun durin the region's industrialisation in the 1960 an 1970s, primarily due tae the exploitation o the [[Zod gowd mines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/ |title=SOVIET GOLD POLICY (S-09110), 16 December 1975, CIA De-Classified reports, accessed on 09.12.2009 |access-date=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211431/http://www.foia.cia.gov/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thare is nou a gowd mine an a licht metallurgie fabrication in the ootskirts o the toun. The toun haes a ruined Armenie basilica kirk said tae date frae the 7t century, wi 13t century gravestanes in its waws. The toun wis maistly populatit bi ethnic Azeris till 1988, when they fled tae Azerbaijan as a result o ethnic clashes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D8TN?OpenDocument Reliew web] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060312083719/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64D8TN?OpenDocument |date=2006-03-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The refugees frae Zod foondit the veelage o [[Yeni Zod]] in the Goygol rayon o Azerbaijan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.azerbaijan-news.az/index.php?Lng=aze&amp;year=2008&amp;Pid=22096 Newspaper 'Azerbaijan' on visit of President of Azerbaijan to Yeni Zod village on 04 March 2008 (in Azerbaijani)]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Famous fowk frae the toun==
* Prof. Dr. [[Ahliman Amiraslanov]] - Oncologist, Rector o [[Azerbaijan Medical University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.science.az/en/acmembers/amiraslanovaltg.htm |title=Web site of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100601/http://www.science.az/en/acmembers/amiraslanovaltg.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/34_folder/34_articles/34_meduniversity.html Azerbaijan International Journal]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Hafiz Hajiyev]] - Chairman o Modren Musavat Pairty in Azerbaijan, Presidential candidate in 2003 an in 2008, umwhile CEO o &quot;Azerfish&quot; State Concern &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/WhosWhoAzeriOpposition.pdf Web site of Jamestown Foundation]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://azerbaijan-election.net/eng/aboutvotes/kondidat |title=Ibid |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-date=2012-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171546/http://azerbaijan-election.net/eng/aboutvotes/kondidat/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Etibar Hajiyev]] (1971–92) - Naitional Hero o Azerbaijan &lt;ref&gt;[http://e-qanun.az/viewdoc.aspx?id=7239&amp;type=1&amp;state=1&amp;df=2 Decree No 6 of 23 June 1992 the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Legislative database of Azerbaijan]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{GEOnet2|32FA881E67703774E0440003BA962ED3}}
*[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-17&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=abcdefghinoq&amp;msz=1500&amp;pt=c&amp;va=x World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &amp;ndash; World-Gazetteer.com
*{{ArmenianCensus|146}}
*{{RediscoveringArmenia|82}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
{{Gegharkunik}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Gegharkunik Province]]
[[Category:Populatit places established in 1969]]
[[Category:Ceeties an touns biggit in the Soviet Union]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nishinomiya</title>
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      <text bytes="8081" xml:space="preserve">{{Needs Mair Soorces}}{{Infobox Ceety Japan
|Name= Nishinomiya
|JapaneseName= 西宮
|official_name= 西宮市 · Nishinomiya
|settlement_type= [[Core ceety]] 
|ImageSkyline= Shukugawa Park in spring.jpg
|ImageSize= 
|ImageCaption= [[Shukugawa Pairk]] in ware
|MapImage= Nishinomiya in Hyogo Prefecture Ja.svg
|Region= [[Kansai]]
|Prefecture= [[Hyōgo Prefectur|Hyōgo]]
|District= 
|Area_km2= 99.96
|PopDate= October 1, 2011
|Population= 483598
|Coords= 
|coordinates = {{coord|34|44|15.35|N|135|20|29.63|E|region:JP|display=inline,title}}
|Tree= [[Camphor Laurel]]
|Flower= [[Sakura]]
|Bird= 
|SymbolImage= Flag of Nishinomiya, Hyogo.svg{{!}}border
|SymbolDescription= Flag
|Mayor= Masahiro Kouno
|CityHallPostalCode= 662-8567
|CityHallAddress= 10-3 Rokutanji-chō, Nishinomiya-shi, Hyōgo-ken
|CityHallPhone= 0798-35-3151
|CityHallLink= [http://www.nishi.or.jp/ City of Nishinomiya]
}}

{{nihongo|'''Nishinomiya'''|西宮市|Nishinomiya-shi}} is a [[ceeties o Japan|ceety]] fund in [[Hyōgo Prefectur|Hyōgo]], [[Japan]], atween the ceeties o [[Osaka|Ōsaka]] an [[Kobe|Kōbe]]. On Apryle 1, 2005, the ceety o Nishinomiya celebratit its 80t anniversary. It is baist kent as the home o [[Koshien Stadium|Kōshien Stadium]], whaur the [[Hanshin Tigers]] [[basebaw]] team plays home gemmes an whaur Japan's annual [[Heich schuil basebaw in Japan|heich schuil basebaw championship]] is held. It is an aa the location o [[Kwansei Gakuin Varsity]], a private varsity foondit bi American missionaries in the nineteent century. Nishinomiya is an important commercial an shippin ceety in the [[Kansai region]] wi the third lairgest population in Hyōgo Prefectur.

==Topografie==
Nishinomiya Ceety is locatit in the sooth-east o Hyōgo Prefectur atween the ceeties o Kobe an Osaka. It haes mairches wi Osaka Bay tae the sooth, the ceeties o [[Amagasaki]], [[Itami]] an [[Takarazuka]] alang the Mukogawa an Nigawa rivers tae the east an bi a pairt o the Rokko Muntains an Kobe Ceety tae the north. The ceety can be dividit intae twa auries: a muntainous aurie in the north an a coastal plain in the sooth. Situatit in the middle is [[Munt Kabuto]] (309 meters), a laundmerk o the ceety.

== History ==
*Aprile 1, 1924: Openin o Kōshien Stadium
*Aprile 1925: Nishinomiya Toun acame a municipal organization.
*Aprile 1933: Ceety merged wi Imazu Toun, Shiba Veelage an Taisha Veelage.  
*Februar 1941: Ceety merged wi Koto Veelage.  
*Mey 1942: Ceety merged wi Kawaragi Veelage.  
*Aprile 1951: Ceety merged wi Naruo Veelage, Yamaguchi Veelage, an Shiose Veelage.  
*Januar 17, 1995: [[Great Hanshin yirdquauk]] disaster. Nishinomiya Ceety received widespread damage.

==Industry==
Based on shippin vollum, Nishinomiya ranks aicht in Hyōgo Prefecture as o 2001, wi fuid processin industries makin up 78.1% o the tot. O this percentage, [[sake]] production accounts for 24.3%.

Tae promote smaa an middle-size businesses an tae improve the livin environment in aurie whaur hooses staund next tae factories, the ceety conductit a collective relocation program o industrial facilities tae Naruo-hama an Nishinomiya-hama reclaimed lands.

In general, local industries face difficulties due tae the damage caused bi the [[Great Hanshin yirdquauk]] an the present economic recession. The nummer o business establishments, employees, an the shippin volume o local industry is decreasin.

[[File:Hanshin Koshien Stadium 2007-4.jpg|thumb|220px|Kōshien Stadium]]

==Agricultur==
As maist o the farmland is locatit within the urban destrict, Nishinomiya agricultur is in a difficult situation an it worsens every year. Currently, efforts are bein made tae improve fairmin in order tae mak it profitable bi growin sic mercatable products as saft vegetables for the big mercats o Osaka an Kobe. Ither efforts include effective land uise bi growin crops in greenhooses uisin hydroponic techniques an development o techniques for safe products.

==Residential destricts==
Nishinomiya is situatit atween the major ceeties o Kobe an Osaka. Luxury neighborhuids are common in this ceety, especially in auries near Ashiya. Some o the shoppin maws in Nishinomiya are the Lalaport Koshien an the Hankyu Nishinomiya Gairdens.

==Varsities an colleges==
*[[Konan Varsity]] Nishinomiya Campus &quot;Konan Cube&quot;
*[[Kwansei Gakuin Varsity]]
*[[Otemae Varsity]]
*[[Kobe College]] (Weemen's varsity)
*[[Seiwa College]] an Junior College
*Hyogo College O Medicine
*[[Mukogawa Weemen's Varsity]] an Junior College
*Shukugawa Gakuin Junior College
*Koshien Junior College

==Heich schuils==
*[[Hōtoku Gakuen Heich Schuil]], wi a prominent basebaw team

==Cultur==
[[File:Nishinomiya-jinja haiden1.jpg|thumb|220px|Nishinomiya Shrine]]
*[[Hirota Shrine]] - Hirota Shrine wis cried {{nihongo|''Nishi no miya''|&quot;the Wast Shrine&quot;}} bi aristocrats in Kyoto. That is the origin o the ceety name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = Hirota Shino Shirine | title = HIROTA SHINTO SHRINE | url = http://www.hirotahonsya.or.jp/english.html | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | language = English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Hyogo Performin Airts Center]]
*[[Kannō-ji]]
*[[Koshikiiwa Shrine]]
*[[Nishinomiya Shrine]]
*Mondo-yakujin (Tōkō-ji)
*Much o [[Grave o the Fireflies]] is set in Nishinomiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = Ryuusenkaku | title = Cherry Blossoms Spots in Nishinomiya / Ashiya | url = http://www.ryuusenkaku.jp/english/cherry02.html | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | language = English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = Online Ghibli | title = Grave of the Fireflies: Review/Synopsis | url = http://www.onlineghibli.com/grave_of_fireflies/review.php | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | language = English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Nishinomiya is the settin for the popular licht novel, manga, an anime series [[leet o Haruhi Suzumiya episodes|The Melancholy o Haruhi Suzumiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = asahi.com | date = 2010-07-08 | title = Anime's high school fends off fan invasions. | url = http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007070409.html | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | language = English | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120720141324/http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007070409.html | archivedate = 2012-07-20 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pynts o interest==
* [[Kitayama Botanical Gairden]]
* [[Munt Kabuto]]

==Sister an friendship ceeties==
*Sister ceeties
**{{flagicon|United States}}[[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] syne September, 1961 ([[Unitit States|U.S.]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]])
*Friendship ceeties
**{{flagicon|Brazil}}[[Londrina]] syne Mey, 1977 ([[Brazil]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]])
**{{flagicon|China}}[[Shaoxing]] syne Julie, 1985 ([[Cheenae]], [[Zhejiang]])
**{{flagicon|France}} Destrict o [[Lot-et-Garonne]] an [[Agen]] syne Aprile, 1992 ([[Fraunce]], 
**{{flagicon|United States}}[[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] ([[Unitit States|U.S.]], [[Vermont]])
**{{flagicon|France}} [[Aquitaine]]
**{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Amami, Kagoshima|Amami]] syne October, 1981 (Japan, [[Kagoshima Prefectur|Kagoshima]]) (formerly [[Naze, Kagoshima|Naze]])
**{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yusuhara, Kochi|Yusuhara]] syne Mairch, 1991 (Japan, [[Kochi Prefectur|Kochi]])

==Special products==
*[[Sake]] - Japanese Rice Wine
*Najio Japanese Paper
*Bamboo Crafts
*Japanese Candles

==Notable fowk==
* [[Nagaru Tanigawa]] - author o the licht novel series [[Haruhi Suzumiya]]
* [[Yuichiro Nagashima]] - Japanese [[Kick Boxing|Kick Boxer]]
* [[Ryūsui Seiryōin]] - Japanese novelist
* [[Hōsei Yamasaki]] - Japanese comedian
* [[Eizo Sakamoto]] - hivy metal muisicker
* [[Soyo Oka]] - Video Gemme muisic componer
* [[Mana Ashida]] - Japanese bairn actress

==Gallery==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Nishinomiya_City_Scenery.jpg|Nishinomiya ceetyscape
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category|Nishinomiya, Hyogo}}
*{{ja icon}} [http://www.nishi.or.jp/ Nishinomiya offeecial wabsteid]
*[http://www1.gcenter-hyogo.jp/sysfile/center_e/e_top.html Hyogo Performin Airts Center]

{{Hyogo}}

{{Metropolitan ceeties o Japan}}

[[Category:Ceeties in Hyōgo Prefectur]]
[[Category:Port dounsets in Japan]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Japan]]</text>
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    <title>Skara Brae</title>
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Heart o Neolithic Orkney
| Image       = [[File:Skara Brae 12.jpg|180px|Skara Brae, leukin north]]
| State Party = Scotland
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = i, ii, iii, iv
| ID          = 514
| Region      = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe an North Americae]]
| Year        = 1999
| Session     = 23rd
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514
}}
'''Skara Brae''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|æ|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|r|eɪ}} is a stane-biggit [[Neolithic]] sattlement, locatit on the [[Bay o Skaill]] on the wast coast o [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], the lairgest island in the [[Orkney]] airchipelago o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1186.html|access-date=2022-07-21|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It wis foond bi accident in 1850 coverit in sand,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=AdminMagnus|title=Fascinating facts about Skara Brae you may not know!|url=https://www.northlinkferries.co.uk/orkney-blog/skara-brae/|access-date=2022-07-24|website=NorthLink Ferries|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;archeiologists provit that it wis five thoosand yar auld, an fowk had lived there fir aboot sax hundred yar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae {{!}} History, Facts, &amp; Discovery {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Skara-Brae|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{coord|59|02|55|N|3|20|35|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t millennium BC]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Auncient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stane Age steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]
[[Category:Museums in Orkney]]
[[Category:Airchaeological museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Orkney}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fremit airtins ==

* [https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae Skara Brae - Canmore]</text>
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Heart o Neolithic Orkney
| Image       = [[File:Skara Brae 12.jpg|180px|Skara Brae, leukin north]]
| State Party = Scotland
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = i, ii, iii, iv
| ID          = 514
| Region      = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe an North Americae]]
| Year        = 1999
| Session     = 23rd
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514
}}
'''Skara Brae''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|æ|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|r|eɪ}} is a stane-biggit [[Neolithic]] sattlement, locatit on the [[Bay o Skaill]] on the wast coast o [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], the lairgest island in the [[Orkney]] airchipelago o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1186.html|access-date=2022-07-21|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It wis foond bi accident in 1850 coverit in sand, archeiologists provit that it wis five thoosand yar auld, an fowk had lived there fir aboot sax hundred yar but naebody kens whit wey they left it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae {{!}} History, Facts, &amp; Discovery {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Skara-Brae|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{coord|59|02|55|N|3|20|35|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t millennium BC]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Auncient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stane Age steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]
[[Category:Museums in Orkney]]
[[Category:Airchaeological museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Orkney}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fremit airtins ==

* [https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae Skara Brae - Canmore]</text>
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Heart o Neolithic Orkney
| Image       = [[File:Skara Brae 12.jpg|180px|Skara Brae, leukin north]]
| State Party = Scotland
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = i, ii, iii, iv
| ID          = 514
| Region      = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe an North Americae]]
| Year        = 1999
| Session     = 23rd
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514
}}
'''Skara Brae''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|æ|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|r|eɪ}} is a stane-biggit [[Neolithic]] sattlement, locatit on the [[Bay o Skaill]] on the wast coast o [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], the lairgest island in the [[Orkney]] airchipelago o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1186.html|access-date=2022-07-21|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It wis foond bi accident in 1850 coverit in sand, archeiologists provit that it wis five thoosand yar auld, an fowk had lived there fir aboot sax hundred yar but naebody kens whit wey they left it.{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae {{!}} History, Facts, &amp; Discovery {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Skara-Brae|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{coord|59|02|55|N|3|20|35|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t millennium BC]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Auncient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stane Age steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]
[[Category:Museums in Orkney]]
[[Category:Airchaeological museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Orkney}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fremit airtins ==

* [https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae Skara Brae - Canmore]</text>
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Heart o Neolithic Orkney
| Image       = [[File:Skara Brae 12.jpg|180px|Skara Brae, leukin north]]
| State Party = Scotland
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = i, ii, iii, iv
| ID          = 514
| Region      = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe an North Americae]]
| Year        = 1999
| Session     = 23rd
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514
}}
'''Skara Brae''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|æ|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|r|eɪ}} is a stane-biggit [[Neolithic]] sattlement, locatit on the [[Bay o Skaill]] on the wast coast o [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], the lairgest island in the [[Orkney]] airchipelago o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1186.html|access-date=2022-07-21|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It wis foond bi accident in 1850 coverit in sand, archeiologists provit that it wis five thoosand yar auld, an fowk had lived there fir aboot sax hundred yar but naebody kens whit wey they left it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae {{!}} History, Facts, &amp; Discovery {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Skara-Brae|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{coord|59|02|55|N|3|20|35|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t millennium BC]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Auncient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stane Age steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]
[[Category:Museums in Orkney]]
[[Category:Airchaeological museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Orkney}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fremit airtins ==

* [https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae Skara Brae - Canmore]</text>
      <sha1>mxa1zag3bmvdz4is73iq6w6yu6e7s7s</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>869041</id>
      <parentid>869040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-24T21:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kaybeesquared</username>
        <id>78785</id>
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      <comment>Added soource</comment>
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      <text bytes="2587" xml:space="preserve">{{fixscots}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Heart o Neolithic Orkney
| Image       = [[File:Skara Brae 12.jpg|180px|Skara Brae, leukin north]]
| State Party = Scotland
| Type        = Cultural
| Criteria    = i, ii, iii, iv
| ID          = 514
| Region      = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Europe|Europe an North Americae]]
| Year        = 1999
| Session     = 23rd
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514
}}
'''Skara Brae''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|æ|r|ə|_|ˈ|b|r|eɪ}} is a stane-biggit [[Neolithic]] sattlement, locatit on the [[Bay o Skaill]] on the wast coast o [[Mainland, Orkney|Mainland]], the lairgest island in the [[Orkney]] airchipelago o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae from The Gazetteer for Scotland|url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1186.html|access-date=2022-07-21|website=www.scottish-places.info|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

It is ane o the maist auld fermin sattlements excavatit in noorthern Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae - Statement of Significance {{!}} Historic Environment Scotland|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/publication/?publicationId=e5ff4d06-3fbb-44eb-b58b-a86600c1d65c|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.historicenvironment.scot|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It wis foond bi accident in 1850 coverit in sand, archeiologists provit that it wis five thoosand yar auld, an fowk had lived there fir aboot sax hundred yar but naebody kens whit wey they left it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Skara Brae {{!}} History, Facts, &amp; Discovery {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Skara-Brae|access-date=2022-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{coord|59|02|55|N|3|20|35|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Populatit places established in the 4t millennium BC]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Orkney]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Orkney]]
[[Category:Scheduled Auncient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stane Age steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Umwhile populatit places in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney]]
[[Category:Museums in Orkney]]
[[Category:Airchaeological museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:History museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{Stub/Orkney}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Fremit airtins ==

* [https://canmore.org.uk/site/1663/skara-brae Skara Brae - Canmore]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mombasa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869035</id>
      <parentid>828779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-24T17:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>79721</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.8</comment>
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      <text bytes="3241" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name      = Mombasa
|settlement_type    = [[Leet o ceeties an touns in Kenyae bi population|Ceety]]
|image_skyline      = Mombasa montage.png
|image size         =
|image_caption      = Clockwise: [[Fort Jesus]], Mombasa Toun Haw, [[Mombasa Auld Toun]], [[Nyali]] beach, Mombasa Sunset Panorama, [[Moi Avenue (Mombasa)]] shawin the elephant tusks in the Avenue an Downtown Mombasa.
|image_flag         = Flag of Mombasa.png
|flag_size          = 150px
|image_shield       =Mombasa_County_Coat_of_Arms.png
| motto = ''Mlango wa Kenya''
| mottotranslated = ({{lang-sco|The Duir tae Kenyae}})
|pushpin_map        = Kenya
|mapsize            = 
|map_caption        = Location o Mombasa
|subdivision_type   = Kintra
|subdivision_type1  = Coonty
|subdivision_name   = {{flag|Kenya}}
|subdivision_name1  = [[Mombasa Coonty]]
|established_title  = Foondit
|established_date   = 900 A.D.
|leader_title       = [[Coonty Govrenors o Kenyae|Govrenor]]
|leader_name        = [[Hassan Ali Joho]]
|area_total_km2      = 294.7
|area_land_km2      = 229.7
|area_water_km2     = 65
|population_as_of   = 2014
|population_urban   =
|population_metro   = 
|population_note    =
|population_total   = 1,200,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Daily&quot;/&gt;
|population_density_km2 = auto
|metropolitan_area_population = 
|population_demonym    =
|area_code          = 020
|twin1              = [[eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality|eThekwini]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]]
|twin1_country      = Sooth Africae
|twin2              = [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
|twin2_country      = USA
|timezone           = [[East Africae Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset         = +3
|coordinates        = {{coord|4|03|S|39|40|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_ft       =
|elevation_m        = 50
|footnotes          =
|website= [http://www.mombasa.go.ke/ mombasa.go.ke]
}}
'''Mombasa''' is the seicont-lairgest&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook, 2012&quot;&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2219.html#ke The World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504222851/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2219.html#ke |date=2012-05-04 }}. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-17.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Leet o ceeties in Kenyae|city]] in [[Kenyae]], wi a population o aboot 1.2 million. &lt;ref name=&quot;Business Daily&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Investors-fault-Mombasa-new-master-plan--/-/539546/2148746/-/fprxkxz/-/index.html Business Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214034/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Investors-fault-Mombasa-new-master-plan--/-/539546/2148746/-/fprxkxz/-/index.html |date=2018-06-19 }}. Investors fault Mombasa’s new master plan Retrieved on 19th August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mombasa| ]]
[[Category:Populatit coastal places in Kenyae]]
[[Category:Populatit places in Coast Province]]
[[Category:Coonty caipitals in Kenya]]
[[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]]
[[Category:Umwhile Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Mombasa Coonty]]
[[Category:Port ceeties in Africae]]
[[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Swahili ceety-states]]
[[Category:Secession in Kenyae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Belaroushies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>94426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>869061</id>
      <parentid>866134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-25T00:43:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacin' Madame_Tussauds_London_00813_Nevit.jpg wi' [[File:Olga_Korbut_at_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)).</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11009" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Belaroushies&lt;br/&gt;беларусы&lt;br/&gt;''belarusy''
|flag = 
|flag_caption = 
|image = 
{{image array|perrow=5|width=70|height=80
|image1    = EufrasinniaPolackaja (cropped).png
|caption1  = [[Euphrosyne of Polatsk]]
|image2    = Skaryna 1517.jpg
|caption2  = [[Francysk Skaryna]] 
|image3    = Symon Budny.png
|caption3  = [[Symon Budny]]
|image4    = Lew Sapieha 11.PNG
|caption4  = [[Lew Sapieha]]
|image5    = Tadeusz Kościuszko.PNG
|caption5  = [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
|image6    = Wincenty Dunin-Marcinkiewicz 2.jpg
|caption6  = [[Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich]] 
|image7    = Yefim Karskiy.jpg
|caption7  = [[Yefim Karsky]]
|image8    = Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapol'skiy.jpg
|caption8  = [[Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapol'skiy]]
|image9    = A A Bogdanov.jpg
|caption9  = [[Alexander Bogdanov]]
|image10    = Pashkevich.jpg
|caption10  = [[Alaiza Pashkievich]]
|image11   = Yanka_Kupala.jpg
|caption11 = [[Yanka Kupala]]
|image12   =
|caption12 = [[Yakub Kolas]]
|image13   = Br.Tarashkevich.jpg
|caption13 = [[Branislaw Tarashkyevich]]
|image14   = Sukhoi (cropped).png
|caption14 = [[Pavel Sukhoi]]
|image15   = Vasil Bykov (cropped).jpg
|caption15 = [[Vasil' Bykaw]]
|image16   = Zhores Alferov.jpg
|caption16 = [[Zhores Alferov]]
|image17   = Olga Korbut at Madame Tussauds London.jpg
|caption17 = [[Olga Korbut]]
|image18   = Вп леонид вольский.jpg
|caption18 = [[Lavon Volski]]
|image19   = Alexander Rybak i Skien 3.jpg
|caption19 = [[Alexander Rybak]]
|image20   = Azarenka_Come_On.jpg
|caption20 = [[Victoria Azarenka]]
}}
|poptime  = '''[[Circa|c.]] 10.5 million'''{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}
|popplace = '''{{flagcountry|Belarus}}{{nbsp|2}}7,957,252'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/dfd/dfdfd98659796ca534e32fe987838fb5.zip |title=2009 census |access-date=2017-09-02 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813124809/http://belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/dfd/dfdfd98659796ca534e32fe987838fb5.zip |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region1  = {{flagcountry|Roushie}}
|pop1     = 521,443 {{small|(2010)}}
|ref1      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls|title=Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации|publisher=Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года|accessdate=16 December 2011|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region2  = {{flag|United States}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Belarusian ancestry)&lt;/small&gt;
|pop2     = 750,000 {{small|(2005)}}
|ref2      = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|language=en|title=Eastern European Immigrant Families|author=Mihaela Robila|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|isbn=0-415-99406-3|url=https://books.google.kz/books?id=5yxLw9cFhkAC&amp;pg=PA32&amp;lpg=PA32&amp;dq=belarusian+american+750000&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PQ4n2t143V&amp;sig=rqBPRH06TNfurS17EmB8Uj6ujb0&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=belarusian%20american%20750000&amp;f=false|page=32}} ''Retrieved 6 Mairch 2017.''&lt;/ref&gt;
|region3  = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
|pop3     = 275,763 {{small|(2001)}}
|ref3      = &lt;ref name=&quot;Національний склад населення&quot;&gt;[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/ Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року] {{ref-uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region4  = {{flagcountry|Latvie}}
|pop4     = 68,174 ({{small|2011}})
|ref4      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html|title=On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|archive-date=2018-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706185754/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region5  = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|pop5     = 58,062 {{small|(2016)}}
|ref5      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2016 года.] ''Retrieved 1 Januar 2018.''&lt;/ref&gt;
|region6  = {{flagcountry|Poland}}
|pop6     = 47,000 {{small|(2011)}}
|ref6      = &lt;ref name=&quot;stat&quot;&gt;''[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011]''. GUS. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013. p. 3. {{Retrieved|accessdate=6 Mairch 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region7 = {{flagcountry|Lithuanie}}
|pop7    = 41,100 {{small|(2011)}}
|ref7      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&amp;PLanguage=0&amp;TableStyle=&amp;Buttons=&amp;PXSId=3236&amp;IQY=&amp;TC=&amp;ST=ST&amp;rvar0=&amp;rvar1=&amp;rvar2=&amp;rvar3=&amp;rvar4=&amp;rvar5=&amp;rvar6=&amp;rvar7=&amp;rvar8=&amp;rvar9=&amp;rvar10=&amp;rvar11=&amp;rvar12=&amp;rvar13=&amp;rvar14=|title=Gyventojų skaičius metų pradžioje. Požymiai: tautybė - Rodiklių duomenų bazėje|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728123547/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&amp;PLanguage=0&amp;TableStyle=&amp;Buttons=&amp;PXSId=3236&amp;IQY=&amp;TC=&amp;ST=ST&amp;rvar0=&amp;rvar1=&amp;rvar2=&amp;rvar3=&amp;rvar4=&amp;rvar5=&amp;rvar6=&amp;rvar7=&amp;rvar8=&amp;rvar9=&amp;rvar10=&amp;rvar11=&amp;rvar12=&amp;rvar13=&amp;rvar14=|archive-date=2011-07-28|access-date=2015-06-09|url-status=dead}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906042802/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010215&amp;PLanguage=0&amp;TableStyle=&amp;Buttons=&amp;PXSId=3236&amp;IQY=&amp;TC=&amp;ST=ST&amp;rvar0=&amp;rvar1=&amp;rvar2=&amp;rvar3=&amp;rvar4=&amp;rvar5=&amp;rvar6=&amp;rvar7=&amp;rvar8=&amp;rvar9=&amp;rvar10=&amp;rvar11=&amp;rvar12=&amp;rvar13=&amp;rvar14= |date=2012-09-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region8 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
|pop8    = 20,397 {{small|(2000)}}
|ref8      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://mg.uz/publish/doc/text55202_narody_uzbekistana_belorusy Народы Узбекистана: Белорусы]&lt;/ref&gt;
|region9 = {{flagcountry|Moldovae}}
|pop9    = 20,000 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref9      = &lt;ref name=&quot;Belarusian diaspora&quot;&gt;Борис Залесский. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607233327/http://www.belarustime.ru/belarus/culture/diaspore/c6420f28d9870602.html Как живешь, белорусская диаспора?] Вечерний Минск 2006-13-12&lt;/ref&gt;
|region10 = {{flagcountry|Australie}}
|pop10    = 20,000 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref10      = &lt;ref name = &quot;Belarusian diaspora&quot;/&gt;
|region11  = {{flagcountry|Canadae}}
|pop11     = 15,565 {{small|(2011)}}
|ref11      = &lt;ref name=&quot;Statistics Canada&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&amp;APATH=3&amp;DETAIL=0&amp;DIM=0&amp;FL=A&amp;FREE=0&amp;GC=0&amp;GID=0&amp;GK=0&amp;GRP=0&amp;PID=105396&amp;PRID=0&amp;PTYPE=105277&amp;S=0&amp;SHOWALL=0&amp;SUB=0&amp;Temporal=2013&amp;THEME=95&amp;VID=0&amp;VNAMEE=&amp;VNAMEF=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region12 = {{flagcountry|Estonie}}
|pop12    = 11,828 {{small|(2017)}}
|ref12      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stat.ee/34267 Rahvaarv rahvuse järgi, 1. jaanuar, aasta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104172617/http://www.stat.ee/34267 |date=2018-01-04 }}. Eesti Statistikaamet. 6. juuni 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
|region13   = {{flag|Italy}}
|pop13      = 8,954 {{small|(2014)}}
|ref13      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20141009052626if_/http://www.istat.it/it/files/2014/08/tavole.zip?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari+regolarmente+presenti+-+05%2Fago%2F2014+-+Tavole.zip Cittadini non comunitari regolarmente presenti per  sesso, area geografica e singolo paese di cittadinanza, al 1° gennaio 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;
|region14 = {{flagcountry|Fraunce}}
|pop14    = 7,500 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref14      = &lt;ref name = &quot;Belarusian diaspora&quot;/&gt;
|region15 = {{flagcountry|Unitit Kinrick}}
|pop15    = 7,000 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref15      = &lt;ref name = &quot;Belarusian diaspora&quot;/&gt;
|region16  = {{flagcountry|Argentinae}}
|pop16     = 3,900
|ref16      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11065|title=Joshua project|publisher=|accessdate=2017-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region17 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|pop17    = 2,000 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref17      = &lt;ref name = &quot;Belarusian diaspora&quot;/&gt;
|region18 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
|pop18    = 1,694 {{small|(2009)}}
|ref18      = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |title=Национальный статистический комитет Кыргызской республики. Национальный состав населения |access-date=2017-09-26 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region19 = {{flagcountry|Greece}}
|pop19    = 1,168 {{small|(2006)}}
|ref19      = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf|title=Usually resident population by citizenship and age|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605162741/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-05|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|region20 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
|pop20    = 1,002 {{small|(2009)}}
|ref20      = &lt;ref&gt;[http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2009.pdf População Estrangeira Residente Em Território Nacional - 2009]&lt;/ref&gt;
|langs = [[Belaroushie leid|Belaroushie]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Roushie leid|Roushie]]
|rels = [[Orthodox Christianity]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Judaism]], [[Greek Catholicism]] an [[Protestantism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430160950/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||related = Ither [[Slavs]], pairteecularly ither [[East Slavs]], an [[Balts]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/east-4 East Slavic languages] Ethnologue&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Belaroushies''' ({{lang-be|беларусы}}, ''belarusy'') are an [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] who populate the majority o the [[Belaroushie|Republic o Belaroushie]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Belaroushie fowk|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Rus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elon Musk</title>
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{{Infobox person
|name        = Elon Musk
|image       = Elon Musk 2015.jpg
|caption     = Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Sharehaulder Meetin
| size       =
|birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk
|birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}}
|birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], South Africa
|nationality = South African, Canadian, American 
|residence   = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, California, United States&lt;ref name=forbesbuyshome.com&gt;{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bloombergbuyshome&gt;{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|known_for   = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]]
|education   = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]]
|alma mater  = [[Queen's Varsity]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/&lt;/ref&gt;
|occupation  = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, Memelord
|title       = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]&lt;br/&gt; CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]&lt;br/&gt; Chairman o [[SolarCity]]&lt;br/&gt; Co-chairman o [[OpenAI]]
|salary      = '''Tesla Motors'''&lt;ref name=bloomberg140424&gt;{{Cite news|url      = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;$78.2 million (2012)&lt;br/&gt;$69,989 (2013)&lt;br/&gt; [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014)
|networth    = US$12.2&amp;nbsp;billion (December 2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|spouse      = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}}
}}
|children    = 6 sons (1 deceased)&lt;ref name=Starter&gt;{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|signature   = Elon Musk Signature.png
|signature_alt = Elon Musk
|website     = {{official website}}
|parents     = Maye Musk &lt;small&gt;(mither)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Errol Musk &lt;small&gt;(faither)&lt;/small&gt;
|relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] &lt;small&gt;(sister)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Kimbal Musk]] &lt;small&gt;(brither)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|l|ɒ|n|_|ˈ|m|ʌ|s|k}}; born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born Canadian-American  [[business magnet|business magnate]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote=&quot;Elon Musk, inventor, business magnate&quot;|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}&lt;/ref&gt; engineer,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; inventor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}&lt;/ref&gt;.He is the CEO a CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO a product architect o [[Tesla Motors]], a chairman o [[SolarCity]] as well as co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] and Memelord.{{cn}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}}
[[Category:Elon Musk| ]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]]
[[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]]
[[Category:Alumni o Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]]
[[Category:American aerospace businessfowk]]
[[Category:American aerospace designers]]
[[Category:American aerospace ingineers]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American chairmen o corporations]]
[[Category:American computer businessfowk]]
[[Category:American computer programmers]]
[[Category:American foonders o automobile manufacturers]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:American investors]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:American nonprofit executives]]
[[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]]
[[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]]
[[Category:American filanthropists]]
[[Category:American saftware ingineers]]
[[Category:American technology chief executives]]
[[Category:American technology company foonders]]
[[Category:Automotive pioneers]]
[[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]]
[[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]]
[[Category:Californie Institute o Technology trustees]]
[[Category:Chief technology officers]]
[[Category:Ingineers frae Californie]]
[[Category:Foonders o companies o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Givin Pledgers]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:PayPal fowk]]
[[Category:Pennsylvanie Dutch fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk associatit wi solar pouer]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]]
[[Category:Fowk wi acquired Canadian ceetizenship]]
[[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]]
[[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gowd Medal winners]]
[[Category:Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Sooth African fowk o Canadian strynd]]
[[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]]
[[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]]
[[Category:Space advocates]]
[[Category:SpaceX fowk]]
[[Category:Stanford Varsity fowk]]
[[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]]
[[Category:Tesla Motors fowk]]
[[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]]
[[Category:White Sooth African fowk]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jatt</title>
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'''Jat''' or '''Jutt''' is a lairge group o fowk who inhabited maist o the north wastren pairts o [[India]] an [[Pakistan]].
When Jats became christian, they gave up their Jat surname. This is the biggest reason why the ancient history of Jats became extinct and now there is a lot of difficulty in finding the ancient history of Jat or christian Jat.


Original  Jatts are the descendents  of the ten lost Jewish tribes.
 
{{Quote | Jats are no other than the lost Jewish tribes. Their physical outlook qualities of heart and head are same. They had since long been celebrating harvest festival. They do not marry outside the family. Both do survive in extreme difficulties. No other people resemble the two.

___'Origin of jatts and allied tribes' at {page # 106}
}}&lt;ref&gt;'Origin of Jatts and Allied Tribes' by Shafique Ahmed {page # 106}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{{Quote | But The richest revenue solomon derived was from his commerce with India…. Solomon built a fleet of vessels manned by phoenician as well as by Israelitish sailors from the tribes of Asher and Zubulun, and opened a port at Elath, at the head of the Arabian Gulf. From this port the fleet entered the Red Sea, coasting upto the mouth of the Indus in the land of Ophir (the modern sindh)

___'Popular History of jews' at {page # 78}
}} &lt;ref&gt;[P-78, Popular History of the Jews - Prof. H. Graetz - ]&lt;/ref&gt;

==External links==
* [http://www.jatland.com jatland.com], website about Jatts.

==Raferances==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jat|*]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Social groups o Indie]]
[[Category:Social groups o Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups o Sindh]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Max Weber</title>
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      <text bytes="6844" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name = Karl Emil Maximilian Weber
| image = Max Weber 1894.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Weber in 1894
| birth_date = {{birth date |1864|4|21|df= y}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Erfurt]], [[Province o Saxony|Saxony]], [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]]}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |1920|6|14|1864|4|21|df= y}}
| death_place = [[Munich]], Bavarie, [[Weimar Republic|Germany]]
| residence = | citizenship =
| nationality = [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]] (1864-1871)&lt;br /&gt;[[German Empire]] (1871-1918)&lt;br /&gt;[[Weimar Republic]] (1918-1920)
| ethnicity =
| fields = {{hlist |Economics |Sociology |History |Law |Politics |Filosofie}}
| workplaces = {{hlist |Varsities o [[Varsity o Berlin|Berlin]] |[[Varsity o Freiburg|Freiburg]] |[[Varsity o Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] |[[Varsity o Vienna|Vienna]] |[[Varsity o Munich|Munich]]}}
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list |Varsity o Berlin |Varsity o Heidelberg}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Levin Goldschmidt]]
| academic_advisors =
| parents = {{unbulleted list |[[Max Weber Sr.]] |Helene Weber {{small |(née Fallenstein)}}}}
| notable_students =
| known_for = {{unbulleted list |[[Weberian bureaucracy]] |[[Disenchantment]]{{·}}[[Ideal teep]] |[[Airn cage]]{{·}}[[Life chances]] |[[Methodological individualism]] |[[Monopoly on violence]] |[[Protestant wirk ethic]] |[[Raitionalisation (sociology)|Raitionalisation]]{{·}}[[Social action]] |{{nowrap |[[Three-component theory o stratification|Three-component stratification]]}} |{{nowrap |[[Tripartite classification o authority]]}} |''[[Verstehen]]''}}
| influences = {{unbulleted list |[[Hermann Baumgarten]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Bellamy | first = Richard | title = Liberalism and Modern Society | publisher = Polity | year = 1992 | page = 165}}.&lt;/ref&gt; |{{nowrap |[[Immanuel Kant]]{{·}}[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]}} |{{·}}[[Wilhelm Dilthey]] |[[Heinrich Rickert]]{{·}}[[Georg Simmel]] |[[Werner Sombart]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | first1 = Reinhard | last1 = Bendix | author1-link = Reinhard Bendix | first2 = Guenther | last2 = Roth | author2-link = Guenther Roth | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ottM0fiTnO8C | title = Scholarship and Partisanship: Essays on Max Weber | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1971 | page = 244| isbn = 9780520041714 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| influenced = {{unbulleted list |[[Karl Jaspers]]{{·}}[[Georg Simmel]] |[[Talcott Parsons]]{{·}}[[Ludwig von Mises]] |{{nowrap|[[György Lukács]]{{·}}[[Theodor W. Adorno]]}} |[[Carl Schmitt]]{{·}}[[Jürgen Habermas]] |[[Joseph Schumpeter]]{{·}}[[C. Wright Mills]]|[[Cornelius Castoriadis]]{{·}}[[Ludwig Lachmann]]{{·}}[[Karl Polanyi]]}}
| awards =
| religion = [[Protestant]]&lt;ref name= &quot;deutsche-biographie&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz6881.html |title=Deutsche Biographie | language = de |accessdate= 25 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| signature = | footnotes = 
}}
'''Karl Emil Maximilian''' &quot;'''Max'''&quot; '''Weber''' ({{IPA-de|ˈmaks ˈveːbɐ|lang}}; 21 Aprile 1864 – 14 Juin 1920) wis a [[Germans|German]] [[Sociology|sociologist]], filosofer, jurist, an [[poleetical economy|poleetical economist]] whase ideas profoondly influenced [[social theory]] an [[social resairch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | contribution = Max Weber | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | edition = online | date = 20 April 2009 | contribution-url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/638565/Max-Weber}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Weber is eften citit, wi [[Émile Durkheim]] an [[Karl Marx]], as amang the three foonders o sociology.&lt;ref name= &quot;plato.stanford.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last =Kim | first = Sung Ho |date= 24 August 2007|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ |title= Max Weber|publisher=Stanford | work = Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |accessdate= 17 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WeberGerth1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Max Weber|author2=Hans Heinrich Gerth|author3=Bryan S. Turner|title=From Max Weber: essays in sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_pqZS5q72UC&amp;pg=PR1|accessdate=22 March 2011|date=7 March 1991|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-06056-1|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Radkau, Joachim and Patrick Camiller (2009). ''Max Weber: A Biography''. Trans. Patrick Camiller. Polity Press.  ISBN 978-0-74564147-8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: an Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismmodern0000gidd_a3i1 |last=Giddens |first=Anthony |year= 1971 |publisher= Cambridge University Press  |isbn= 0-52109785-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Auguste Comte]], Marx and Weber: {{cite book |title= Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies |url= https://archive.org/details/philosophicalfou0045bent |last=Benton |first= Ted |year=1977 |publisher= Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul |location= London |isbn=0-71008593-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Weber wis a key proponent o [[antipositivism|methodological antipositivism]], arguin for the study o [[social action]] throu [[Verstehen|interpretive]] (rather nor purely [[Empiricism|empiricist]]) means, based on unnerstaundin the purpose an meanin that indiveeduals attach tae thair ain actions. Unlik Durkheim, he did nae believe in monocausality an rather proponed that for ony ootcome thare can be multiple causes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=For Durkheim: Essays in Historical and Cultural Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/fordurkheimessay0000tiry |last=Tiryakian |first=Edward A. |year= 2009 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 0-75467155-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fordurkheimessay0000tiry/page/321 321]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weber, Max}}
[[Category:Max Weber| ]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1920 daiths]]
[[Category:19t-century German writers]]
[[Category:19t-century German filosofers]]
[[Category:20t-century German philosophers]]
[[Category:Alldeutscher Verband members]]
[[Category:Daiths frae the 1918 flu pandemic]]
[[Category:Economic historians]]
[[Category:German Democratic Pairty politeecians]]
[[Category:German economists]]
[[Category:German fowk o Huguenot strynd]]
[[Category:German Protestants]]
[[Category:German sociologists]]
[[Category:Heidelberg Varsity alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg Varsity faculty]]
[[Category:Historical schuil o economics]]
[[Category:Humboldt Varsity o Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Ludwig Maximilian Varsity o Munich faculty]]
[[Category:Members o the Bavarian Academy o Sciences]]
[[Category:Naitional-Social Association politeecians]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Erfurt]]
[[Category:Fowk frae the Province o Saxony]]
[[Category:Filosofers o history]]
[[Category:Filosofers o social science]]
[[Category:Protestant filosofers]]
[[Category:Raitionality theorists]]
[[Category:Sociologists o releegion]]
[[Category:Varsity o Freiburg faculty]]
[[Category:Varsity o Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Varsity o Vienna faculty]]</text>
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    <title>Climate chynge</title>
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'''Climate chynge''' is a chynge in the stateestical distribution o [[wather]] patterns when that chynge lasts for an extendit period o time (i.e., decades tae millions o years).

Mair recently this term his bin uised tae refer broadly tae the rise in global temperature an the changes in climate measurit in terms o the negative impact o [[global warming]] beyond 1C.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate Chynge}}
[[Category:Climate chynge| ]]
[[Category:Climate an wather stateestics]]
[[Category:Climate history]]
[[Category:Carbon finance]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Futur problems]]
{{Stub/Science}}</text>
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'''Climate chynge''' is a chynge in the stateestical distribution o [[wather]] patterns when that chynge lasts for an extendit period o time (i.e., decades tae millions o years).

Mair recently this term his bin uised tae refer broadly tae the uplift in global temperature an the changes in climate , measurit in terms o the negative impact o [[global warming]] beyond 1C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=6 charts that show what climate change is doing to our planet|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/6-6-charts-that-show-what-climate-change-is-doing-to-our-planet/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw2_OWBhDqARIsAAUNTTHvW-OHy4eSNJ1tAuuk5PEVncGDZam5_EW-GqbL1DPdTmx_HMCjPAUaArteEALw_wcB|access-date=2022-07-24|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate Chynge}}
[[Category:Climate chynge| ]]
[[Category:Climate an wather stateestics]]
[[Category:Climate history]]
[[Category:Carbon finance]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Futur problems]]
{{Stub/Science}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6826" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ceevil conflict|title=2018 Gaza border protests|partof=[[Gaza–Israel conflict]]|image=File:Gaza Strip map2.svg|caption=Map of the Gaza Strip|date=30 March 2018 – present&lt;br &gt;&lt;/table&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=2018|month1=03|day1=30|year2=2018|month2={{CURRENTMONTH}}|day2={{CURRENTDAY}}}})|place=[[Gaza Strip]], near the [[Israel–Gaza barrier|Israeli border]]|goals=* Lifting the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm|title=Palestinians carry on rallies in Gaza on third consecutive Friday – Xinhua – English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=2018-05-23|archive-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182331/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/13/c_137109039.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Achieving the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinians-protests-shooting/israeli-forces-kill-three-gaza-border-protesters-wound-400-medics-idUSKBN1HY205?il=0|title=Israeli forces kill three Gaza border protesters, wound 600: medics|first=Nidal|last=al-Mughrabi}}&lt;/ref&gt;|side1={{flag|Gaza Strip}}
* {{flagicon image|DFLP flag.png}} [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]
* &lt;!--Please do not add a non-free image here--&gt; [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]
* Unaffiliated protesters|side2={{flag|Israel}}
* {{Armed forces|Israel}}
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Israel Border Police.svg}} [[Israel Border Police]]
* [[Israel Fire and Rescue Services]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/kite-from-gaza-sets-fire-to-wheat-field-in-israel/|title=Kite from Gaza sets fire to wheat field in Israel|last=Ari Gross|first=Judah|date=18 April 2018|website=The Times of Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;|units2=[[Gaza Division|143rd &quot;Fire Fox&quot; (Territorial) Division
]]&lt;br /&gt;reinforced with two brigades and special units,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/four-wounded-on-gaza-border-w-bank-palestinians-march-in-solidarity-1.5963866 11 Wounded at Israel-Gaza Border as Palestinians March in West Bank in Solidarity], Haaretz, 1 April 2018&lt;/ref&gt; including [[Maglan]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-releases-details-of-how-it-prevented-a-Hamas-border-crossing-from-Gaza-556484 IDF RELEASES DETAILS OF HOW IT PREVENTED A HAMAS BORDER CROSSING FROM GAZA], 15 May 2018, ''The Jerusalem Post''&lt;/ref&gt;|casualties1=112 dead and over 13,190 injured&lt;ref name=wounded&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/gaza-protest-latest-updates-180406092506561.html|title=Gaza protests: All the latest updates |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; (as of 21 May 2018)|casualties2=1 slightly wounded&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian20180515&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/14/israel-tells-palestinians-they-are-risking-lives-in-us-embassy-protests Israel faces outcry over Gaza killings during Jerusalem embassy protests], Guardian, 15 May 2018, &quot;Until this week, no Israeli had been harmed since protests began on 30 March. An IDF spokesman, Lt Col Jonathan Conricus, said one soldier had been “slightly wounded by shrapnel” on Monday but he did not have details on the source of the injury.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;}}On 30 Mairch 2018, a six-week campaign composed o a series o protests wis launched at the [[Gaza Strip]], neist the [[Israel–Gaza barrier|Gaza-Israel border]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NY2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NY2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cawed bi [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] organisers the &quot;'''Great Mairch o Return'''&quot;, the protests demand that [[Palestinian refugees]] an their descendants be allowed to return tae whit is now Israel.&lt;ref&gt;David M. Halbfinger, Iyad Abuheweila, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-protests.html ‘One Dead Amid Violence in 3rd Week of Protests at Gaza-Israel  Fence,’] ''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times The New York Times]'' 13 April 2018.’They are objecting to Israel's 11-year-old blockade of Gaza and seeking to revive international interest in Palestinian claims of a right of return to the lands they were displaced from in 1948.’&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Toameh&quot;&gt;Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-gaza-protests-to-continue-until-they-return-to-all-of-palestine/’ Hamas vows Gaza protests last  until Palestinians return to all of Palestine,’] [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel The Times of Israel] 9 April 2018.’The protests are an uprising for &quot;Jerusalem, Palestine, and the right of return,&quot; he said, referring to the demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to their former homes in Israel.’&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adam Rasgon, [https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Masses-of-Gazans-head-to-border-fence-to-demand-right-of-return-547367 ‘Masses of Gazans head to border area for 'right of return' says organizer,’] ''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post The Jerusalem Post]'' 28 March 2018.’Masses of Palestinians are expected to come to the Gaza border on Friday and move into tents there for a planned six-week-long protest &quot;to demand the right of return to the homes and villages that they were expelled from in 1948,&quot; Ahmad Abu Ratima, an organizer of the protest, told The Jerusalem Post.'&lt;/ref&gt; They are awso protesting the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade o the Gaza Strip]] an the [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|muivin o the Unitit States Embassy in Israel frae Tel Aviv tae Jerusalem]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veeolence durin the protests haes resultit in the deedliest days o the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] since the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|2014 Gaza War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/gaza-protests-take-off-ahead-of-new-us-embassy-inauguration-in-jerusalem/2018/05/14/eb6396ae-56e4-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|title=Israelis kill more than 50 Palestinians in Gaza protests, health officials say|last=Morris|first=Loveday|date=14 May 2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=14 May 2018|last2=Balousha|first2=Hazem|issn=0190-8286|ref=WP14May}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaza mairch protests, 2018}}
[[Category:2018 in Israel]]
[[Category:2018 in the Gaza Strip|Mairch protests]]
[[Category:2010s protests]]
[[Category:Mairch 2018 events in Asie]]
[[Category:Apryle 2018 events in Asie]]
[[Category:Mey 2018 events in Asie]]
[[Category:Israel–Gaza Strip border|2018 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in the Gaza Strip|2018 mairch protests]]
[[Category:Creeminal rock-thrawin]]</text>
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    <title>Romanie Orthodox Kirk</title>
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      <text bytes="6281" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = 
| icon_width          =
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Romanie Orthodox Kirk&lt;br /&gt;(Patriarchate o Romanie) 
| image               = [[File:Patriarhia Romana.jpg|210px]]
| imagewidth          = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Coat o airms
| abbreviation        = 
| type                = 
| main_classification = 
| orientation         = 
| scripture           = 
| theology            =
| polity              = 
| governance          =
| structure           =
| leader_title        = 
| leader_name         = 
| leader_title1       = Primate
| leader_name1        = [[Patriarch Daniel o Romanie|Daniel]], [[Patriarch o Aw Romanie]]
| leader_title2       = 
| leader_name2        = 
| leader_title3       = Bishops
| leader_name3        = 53&lt;ref name=Reichel&gt;{{cite web|last=Reichel|first=Walter|title=Religions in Austria|url=http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=37671|work=Federal Press Service|publisher=Federal Chancery, Federal Press Service|accessdate=2 July 2013|author2=Eder, Thomas|location=Vienna|page=25|year=2011|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191517/http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=37671|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| fellowships_type    = Priests
| fellowships         = 15,068&lt;ref name=Reichel /&gt;
| fellowships_type1   = 
| fellowships1        = 
| division_type       = Pairishes
| division            = 15,717&lt;ref name=Reichel /&gt;
| division_type1      = Monastics
| division1           = 2,810 men, and 4,795 women&lt;ref name=Reichel /&gt;
| division_type2      = Monasteries
| division2           = 359&lt;ref name=Reichel /&gt;               
| division_type3      =
| division3           =
| associations        = 
| area                = 
| language            = [[Romanie leid|Romanie]]
| liturgy             = 
| headquarters        = [[Dealul Mitropoliei]], [[Bucharest]]
| territory           = [[Romanie]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Moldovae]]
| possessions         = [[Serbie]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hungary]]&lt;br /&gt;Wastren an Soothren Europe;&lt;br /&gt;Germany, Central an Northren Europe;&lt;br /&gt;Americae;&lt;br /&gt; Australie an New Zealand
| origin_link         =
| founder             = (as Metropolis o Romanie)&lt;br /&gt;[[Nifon Rusailă]], [[Carol I o Romanie|Carol I]]&lt;br /&gt;
(as Patriarchate o Romanie)&lt;br /&gt;[[Miron Cristea]], [[Ferdinand I o Romanie|Ferdinand I]]
| founded_date        = 
| founded_place       = 
| independence        = 1865 
| reunion             =  
| recognition         = 25 Apryle 1885 
| separated_from      = 
| branched_from       = 
| merger              = 
| absorbed            =
| separations         = [[Auld Calendarist Romanie Orthodox Kirk]] (1925)
| merged_into         =
| defunct             =
| congregations_type  =
| congregations       = 
| members             = 16,367,267 in Romanie;&lt;ref&gt;2011 Romanie census.&lt;/ref&gt; 720,000 in Moldovae&lt;ref name=&quot;Basarabia&quot;/&gt; 11,203 in Unitit States&lt;ref name=AAOCC&gt;{{cite book|last=Krindatch|first=Alexei|title=Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofamericano0000unse|year=2011|publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press|location=Brookline, MA|isbn=978-1-935317-23-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofamericano0000unse/page/143 143]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ministers_type      =
| ministers           = 
| missionaries        =
| churches            =
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| primary_schools     = 
| secondary_schools   = 
| tax_status          =
| tertiary            = 
| other_names         = 
| publications        = 
| website             = http://www.patriarhia.ro/
| slogan              =
| logo                =
| footnotes           = 
}}

The '''Romanie Orthodox Kirk''' ({{lang-ro|Biserica Ortodoxă Română}}) is an [[autocephalous]] [[Orthodox Kirk]] in [[full communion]] wi ither [[Eastren Orthodox]] [[Christian denomination|Christian Kirks]], ane o the nine [[Patriarchates]] in the [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk organisation|Eastren Orthodox Kirk]]. Syne 1925, the Kirk's [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] bears the teetle o [[Patriarch]]. Its jurisdiction covers the territories o [[Romanie]] an [[Moldovae]], wi addeetional [[diocese]]s for Romanies livin in nearbi [[Serbie]] an [[Hungary]], as well as for diaspora commonties in [[Central Europe|Central]] an [[Wastren Europe]], [[North Americae]] an [[Oceanie]].

Currently it is the anerly autocephalous Kirk athin [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastrrn Orthodoxy]] tae hae a [[Romance leids|Romance leid]] for liturgical uise. The majority o [[Romanie]]'s population (16,367,267, or 85.9% o those for whom data wur available, accordin tae the 2011 census data&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/TS8.pdf |title=2011 census data on religion |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920092022/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/TS8.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;), as well as some 720,000 [[Moldovae|Moldovan]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Basarabia&quot;&gt;{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.ziua.net/news.php?data=2008-01-31&amp;id=3053 &quot;Biserica Ortodoxă Română, atacată de bisericile 'surori'&quot; (&quot;The Romanian Orthodox Church, Attacked by Its 'Sister' Churches&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201115727/http://ziua.net/news.php?data=2008-01-31&amp;id=3053 |date=2008-02-01 }}, ''Ziua'', 31 January 2008&lt;/ref&gt; belang tae the Romanie Orthodox Kirk.

Members o the Romanie Orthodox Kirkj sometimes refer tae [[Eastren Orthodox Christian theology|Orthodox Christian doctrine]] as ''Dreapta credință'' (&quot;richt/correct belief&quot; or &quot;true faith&quot;; compare tea Greek ὀρθὴ δόξα, &quot;straicht/correct belief&quot;).

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.patriarhia.ro/ Romanie Patriarchate]

[[Category:Romanian Orthodox Kirk| 01]]
[[Category:Eastren Orthodoxy bi kintra|Romanie]]
[[Category:Autocephalous kirks o the Eastren Orthodox Kirk]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1872]]
[[Category:Members o the Warld Cooncil o Kirks]]
[[Category:Eastren Orthodox organizations established in the 19t century]]
[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 19t century]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in Romanie]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8514" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = 
| icon_width          =
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Ecumenical Patriarchate o Constantinople 
| image               = Coat of Arms of the Ecumenical Patriarchate Constantinople (St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul).svg
| imagewidth          = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Emblem o the Patriarchate o Constantinople (foond atap the front entrance o the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George)
| abbreviation        = 
| type                = 
| main_classification = [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox]]
| orientation         =  [[Greek Orthodox Kirk|Greek Orthodoxy]]
| scripture           = [[Septuagint]], [[New Testament]]
| theology            = [[Palamism]]
| polity              = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance          =
| structure           =
| leader_title        = 
| leader_name         = 
| leader_title1       = Primate
| leader_name1        = Airchbishop o Constantinople-New Roum an Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I]]
| leader_title2       = 
| leader_name2        = 
| leader_title3       = Bishops
| leader_name3        = 125 (73 actin, 52 titular)
| fellowships_type    = 
| fellowships         = 
| fellowships_type1   = 
| fellowships1        = 
| division_type       = Pairishes
| division            = 525 in Unitit States,&lt;ref name=Krindatch&gt;{{cite book|last=Krindatch |first=Alexei |title=Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofamericano0000unse |year=2011 |publisher=Holy Cross Orthodox Press |location=[[Brookline, MA]] |isbn=978-1-935317-23-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofamericano0000unse/page/143 143]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| division_type1      = Monastics
| division1           = ~1,800 (Mt. Athos)
| division_type2      = Monasteries
| division2           = 20 (U.S)&lt;ref name=Krindatch /&gt; 32 (Mt. Athos), 8 (Australie), 6 (Meteora)
| division_type3      =
| division3           =
| associations        = 
| area                = 
| language            = [[Greek leid|Greek]], [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], [[Ukrainian leid|Ukrainian]], [[French leid|French]], [[Korean leid|Korean]], [[Turkis leid|Turkis]]
| liturgy             = 
| headquarters        = [[St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul|St. George's Cathedral]], [[Istanbul]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|41|01|45|N|28|57|06|E|region:TR-34_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| territory           = Istanbul, maist o Turkey, [[Munt Athos]], [[Crete]], pairt o northren [[Greece]], the [[Dodecanese]], [[Korea]], Greek an Ukrainian Orthodox Kirks in the Diaspora
| possessions         = 
| origin_link         =
| founder             = [[Saunt Andra]]
| founded_date        = 
| founded_place       = 
| independence        = 330 AD frae the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolis]] o [[Marmara Ereğlisi|Heraclea]] 
| reunion             =  
| recognition         =  
| separated_from      = 
| branched_from       = 
| merger              = 
| absorbed            =
| separations         = several, see {{section link||Autocephalous churches formerly under the Ecumenical Patriarchate}}
| merged_into         =
| defunct             =
| congregations_type  =
| congregations       = 
| members             = ~3,800,000 in Greece, ~1,500,000 in diaspora, =5,300,000 in total .
| ministers_type      =
| ministers           = 
| missionaries        =
| churches            =
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| primary_schools     = 
| secondary_schools   = 
| tax_status          =
| tertiary            = 
| other_names         = 
| publications        = 
| website             = [http://www.ec-patr.org/ ec-patr.org]
| slogan              =
| logo                =
| footnotes           = 
}}

The '''Ecumenical Patriarchate o Constantinople''' ({{lang-el|Οκουμενικν Πατριαρχεον Κωνσταντινουπλεω}}, ''Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos'', {{IPA-el|ikumenikon patriarçion konstandinupoleos|IPA}}; {{lang-la|Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.delegumtextibus.va/content/dam/testilegislativi/documenta/cceo/nuntia/7.pdf ''Pontificia Commissio Codici Iuris Canonici Orientalis Recognoscendo''] Vatican City State, 1978, p. 3 {{in lang|la}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang-tr|Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi}},&lt;ref&gt;Ortaylı, İlber (2003). &quot;Osmanlı Barışı&quot;, p. 14. {{ISBN|975-6571-50-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In Turkey it is also referred to unofficially as ''Fener Rum Patrikhanesi'', &quot;Roman Patriarchate of the [[Fener|Phanar]]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Roman Orthodox Patriarchate&quot;) is ane o the fowerteen to saxteen [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] churches (or &quot;jurisdictions&quot;) that thegither compose the [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk]]. It is heidit bi the [[Ecumenical Patriarch o Constantinople]], currently [[Bartholomew I o Constantinople|Bartholomew I]], Archbishop o Constantinople.

Acause o its historical location as the caipital o the umwhile [[Byzantine Empire|Eastren Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] an its role as the [[Mither Kirk]] o maist modren Orthodox kirks, [[Constantinople]] hauds a special place o honor athin Orthodoxy an serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, wha enjoys the status o ''[[primus inter pares]]'' (first amang equals) amang the warld's Eastren Orthodox prelates an is regardit as the representative an spiritual leader o the warld's 300 million Orthodox Christians.&lt;ref name=&quot;aboutWeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fairchild |first1=Mary |title=Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination |publisher=about.com |url=http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm |accessdate=22 May 2014 |ref=none }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n|title=The Patriarch Bartholomew|date=20 December 2009|work=[[60 Minutes]]|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=11 January 2010|archive-date=2013-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104195316/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n |title=Quick facts about the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |quote=&quot;His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew serves as the spiritual leader and representative worldwide voice of some 300 million Orthodox Christians throughout the world&quot; |publisher=Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople |accessdate=18 June 2011 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104195316/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patriarchate.org/biography|title=Biography - The Ecumenical Patriarchate|website=www.patriarchate.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html|title=Pope Francis Bows, Asks For Blessing From Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew In Extraordinary Display Of Christian Unity|last=Winfield|first=Nicole|last2=Fraser|first2=Suzan|date=30 November 2014|website=Huffington Post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317041746/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html|archive-date=2016-03-17|access-date=2019-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://books.google.gr/books?id=YE6GgQD-dEAC&amp;pg=PA119&amp;lpg=PA119&amp;dq=Ecumenical+Patriarch+spiritual+leader+of+300+million+Christians&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=yK1eW1RZFD&amp;sig=_ysTTWTkVmZ-o3epaaF-7IZZcyI&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=300%20million&amp;f=false |title=Finding Global Balance |quote = &quot;His All Holiness is the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide&quot; |publisher=World Bank Publications |accessdate=2 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/who-is-the-ecumenical-patriarch-|title=Who is the Ecumenical Patriarch? - Apostolic Pilgrimage of Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to Jerusalem|website=www.apostolicpilgrimage.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-11|archive-date=2021-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604000652/https://www.apostolicpilgrimage.org/who-is-the-ecumenical-patriarch-|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Leeteratur ==
{{reflist|40em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ecumenical Patriarchate O Constantinople}}
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 1st century]]
[[Category:Ecumenical Patriarchate o Constantinople| ]]</text>
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      <comment>same in high res ([[Commons:Commons:GlobalReplace|GlobalReplace v0.6.5]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="5249" xml:space="preserve">The [[teetle]] '''Princess o Piedmont''' wis uised bi the wife o the '''[[Prince o Piedmont]]''' wha wis the heir tae the [[Duchy o Savoy]] an sicweys the teetle [[Duke o Savoy]]. It wis later uised bi the heir tae the [[Kinrick o Italy]]. Baith teetles war uised bi members o the [[Hoose o Savoy]].

==Princess o Piedmont==
{| width=95% class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!width = &quot;8%&quot; | Picture
!width = &quot;12%&quot; | Name 
!width = &quot;10%&quot; | Father
!width = &quot;10%&quot; | Birth
!width = &quot;9%&quot; | Marriage
!width = &quot;9%&quot; | Became Princess 
!width = &quot;9%&quot; | Ceased tae be Princess 
!width = &quot;9%&quot; | Daith
!width = &quot;6%&quot; | Husband
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy - Castle of Racconigi.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Christine Marie o France|Christine Marie o Fraunce]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Henry IV o France]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Hoose o Bourbon|Bourbons o Fraunce]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 10 Februar 1606 
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 10 Februar 1619
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 26 Julie 1630&lt;br /&gt;''became [[List of consorts o the Savoyard monarchs|Duchess o Savoy]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|  27 December 1663
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Victor Amadeus I, Duke o Savoy|Prince Victor Amadeus]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Anne Christine of the Palatinate-Sulzbach - Accademia Carrara.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Anne Christine o Sulzbach]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Hoose o Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 5 Februar 1704
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 15 Mairch 1722
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 12 Mairch 1723&lt;br /&gt;''death in childbirth''
|align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Charles Emmanuel III|Prince Charles Emmanuel]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg - Accademia Carrara.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Polyxena o Hesse-Rotenburg|Princess Polyxena o Hesse-Rotenburg]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Ernest Leopold, Landgrave o Hesse-Rotenburg]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Hoose o Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 21 September 1706
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 20 August 1724
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 3 September 1730&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen o Sardinia]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 13 Januar 1735
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Domenico, Duprà - Maria Antonia of Spain - Prado.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Maria Antonia Ferdinanda o Spain|Infanta Maria Antonia o Spain]]&lt;br /&gt;''styled as Duchess o Savoy''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Philip V o Spain]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Bourbons o Spain]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 17 November 1729
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 31 Mey 1750
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 20 Februar 1773&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen o Sardinie]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 19 September 1785
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Victor Amadeus III|Duke Victor Amadeus]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Heinsius Clotilde de France.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Clothilde o France]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Louis, Dauphin o France (1729–1765)|Louis, Dauphin o Fraunce]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[House o Bourbon|Bourbon|Bourbons o Fraunce]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 23 September 1759
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 27 August 1775
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 14 October 1796&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen o Sardinia]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 7 Mairch 1802
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Charles Emmanuel IV|Prince Charles Emmanuel]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Adelaideregina.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Adelaide o Austrick|Airchduchess Adelaide o Austrick]]&lt;br /&gt;''styled as Duchess of Savoy''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Aurchduke Rainer Joseph of Austrick]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Habsburg-Lorraine]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 3 Juin 1822
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 12 Aprile 1842
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 23 Mairch 1849&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen of Sardinia]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 20 Januar 1855
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Victor Emmanuel II o Italy|Prince Victor Emmanuel]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Queen Margharitha di Savoia.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Margherita o Savoy|Princess Margherita o Savoy]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Prince Ferdinand, Duke o Genoa (1822–1855)|Prince Ferdinand, Duke o Genoa]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[House o Savoy|Savoy]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 20 November 1851
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 21 Aprile 1868
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 9 Januar 1878&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen of Italy]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 4 Januar 1926
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Umberto I o Italy|Prince Umberto]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00061, Elena von Montenegro (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Elena o Montenegro|Princess Elena o Montenegro]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Nicholas I o Montenegro]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Milena o Montenegro|Milena Vukotić]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 8 Januar 1873
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 24 October 1896
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 29 Julie 1900&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen of Italy]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 28 November 1952
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Victor Emmanuel III o Italy|Prince Victor Emmanuel]]
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[File:Marie-José of Belgium2.jpg|100px]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Marie José o Belgium|Princess Marie José o Belgium]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Albert I o Belgium]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[House o Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg an Gotha]])
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 4 August 1906
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 8 Januar 1930
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 9 Mey 1946&lt;br /&gt;''became [[Queen o Italy]]''
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 27 Januar 2001
|align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Umberto II o Italy|Prince Umberto]]
|-
|}

[[Category:Princesses o Piedmont]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kavurma</title>
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{{short description|Fried meat dish of Turkic origin}}

{{Infobox fuid
| name             = Kavurma
| image            = File:Kavurma_(lamb).jpg
| caption          = Lamb ''kavurma''
| alternate_name   = Sac kavurma
| country          = Turkey
| region           =
| creator          = 
| course           = 
| type             = [[Sautéing|Sauté]]
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = Meat, onions, fat, het pepper
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}
'''Kavurma''' is a broad teep o [[fryin|fried]] or [[Sautéin|sautéed]] meat dish foond in [[Turkis cuisine]]. The name refers tae canned o preserved versions o a seemilar dish forby, prepared bi dry fryin the meat tae render doun the fat.&lt;ref name=vural218&gt;{{cite book|last=Vural|first=H. Guler|title=The Turkish Dining Table|url=https://archive.org/details/turkishdiningtab0000vura|date=2006|isbn=9781589804197|publisher=Pelican|page=[https://archive.org/details/turkishdiningtab0000vura/page/218 218]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Etymology==

Its name comes frae the [[Turkic leids|Turkic]] wird for the technique o fryin, ''qawirma'' (&quot;[a] fried thing&quot;)&lt;ref name=perry254&gt;Perry, C. &quot;Korma, Kavurma, Ghormeh: A family, or not so much?&quot; in Hosking (ed.) ''Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009'', p.254&lt;/ref&gt; which subsequently wis adoptit intae ither leids sic as [[Persie leid|Persie]], [[Arabic]], an [[Urdu]].&lt;ref name=halici&gt;{{cite book|last=Halıcı|first=Feyzi|title=Beşinci Milletlerarası Yemek Kongresi 1994 (Fifth International Food Congress)|date=1999|isbn=9789751611116|publisher=Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı|page=26}} (&quot;kavurma&quot; (frying) is decidedly a Turkish word and [...] it is widely used with minor changes in Arabic, Persian and Urdu&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; Throu thir, the wird - ''kavurma'' in the modren [[Turkis leid]] - wis the root o the names for ither widely different dishes, sic as the braised [[korma]] of the [[Indie Subcontinent]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordOED&quot;&gt;&quot;korma, n.&quot;. OED Online. June 2013. Oxford University Press&lt;/ref&gt;, the stewed [[qovurma]] o [[Azerbaijan]] an the stewed [[Ghormeh sabzi|ghormeh]] o [[Iranian cuisine]].&lt;ref name=perry254&gt;Perry, C. &quot;Korma, Kavurma, Ghormeh: A family, or not so much?&quot; in Hosking (ed.) ''Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009'', p.254&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the uise o the same ruit wird, it is quite possible that the dishes thaimsels are nae relatit.&lt;ref name=perry256&gt;Perry (2009), p.256&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ingredients and technique==

In Turkey, ''kavurma'' or ''saç kavurma'' refers tae a dish made bi sautéin or fryin onions an meat sic as [[lamb an mutton|lamb]], [[beef]], hare or ither game briskly ower a heich heat.&lt;ref name=eckhardt233&gt;{{cite book|last=Eckhardt|first=Robyn|title=Istanbul and Beyond: Exploring the Diverse Cuisines of Turkey|date=2017|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|page=233}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peppers sic as [[urfa biber]] are nearly always uised, an the dish is cuiked an eften served in a shallow twa-haundled pan or ''saç'' which haes its origins in the cuikin utensils uised bi nomads.&lt;ref name=eckhardt233/&gt;&lt;ref name=perry254/&gt; ''Çoban Kavurma'', &quot;[[shepherd]]'s kavurma&quot;, similarly comprises meat fried wi onion, tomato an [[capsicum]], while ''sahanda kavurma'' is served in a smaw metal pan cried a ''sahan''.

[[File:Eksili kofte - Sac kavurma.jpg|thumb|left|''saç kavurma'', richt, for sale wi [[kofte]].]]

A relatit dish, kent as ''kavurma'' an aw, involves fryin the finely minced meat slowly tae render doun the fat in a technique analogous tae [[confit]].&lt;ref name=perry255&gt;Perry (2009), p.255&lt;/ref&gt; Like confit, the meat can then be stored in jars or ither containers sealed wi a layer o fat: commercially produced versions are available frae Turkis grocers.&lt;ref name=vural218/&gt; This teep o &quot;winter&quot; ''kavurma'' wis in the past an important pairt o the diet o the Turkis militar,&lt;ref name=tolgay14&gt;''Proceeding of the Armed Forces International Nutrition Conference'' (1958), Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense, p.14&lt;/ref&gt; an wis pairticularly uised in times when fresh meat wis scarce. It wis eften prepared frae the meat o sheep slaughtered in the autumn, for storage during the winter,&lt;ref name=halici39&gt;Halıcı (1999), p.39&lt;/ref&gt; when smaw amoonts waud be uised tae flavour vegetable an cereal dishes.&lt;ref name=halici39/&gt; In [[Lebanon]] an [[Sirie]], the same preservin method is kent as ''awarma'', an as ''qāwurma'' in [[Iraq]],
thou in the latter the wird is uised for the semple sautéd meat dish foond in Turkey forby.&lt;ref name=accad15&gt;{{cite book|last=Accad|first=Joumana|title=Taste of Beirut|url=https://archive.org/details/tasteofbeirutdel0000acca|publisher=HCI|date=2014|isbn=9780757317705|page=[https://archive.org/details/tasteofbeirutdel0000acca/page/15 15]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=perry255/&gt; The same confit-like technique is uised in [[Turkmenistan]] tae preserve lamb or camel meat an aw.&lt;ref name=perry255/&gt;

==Meatless kavurma==

In pairts o northren an wastren Turkey ''kavurma'' refers tae a vegetable dish. Lik ither versions, it begins bi fryin onions, but then adds chopped vegetables, eften includin [[picklin|pickled]] vegetables, alang wi watter an cuikin everythin taegither.&lt;ref name=perry255/&gt; It is possible that this meatless form o ''kavurma'' haes its oreegins in aulder [[Fastin|fast day]] dishes o the region.&lt;ref name=perry256/&gt;

==References==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Turkis cuisine]]
[[Category:Turkis wirds an phrases]]
[[Category:fuid preservation]]</text>
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== {{en}} Survey about Wikipedia Editathons ==

Hey folks, we've put together a survey about the Editathons, to try and help us develop them.  Would be great to get the opinions of folks here (if you've taken part in an editathon or not) - should only take about 5 minutes.  Survey will be open until the 7th October. [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9KLbPrEmGYzajVs Take the survey here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:18, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
== The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello everyone,

We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well.

Summary:

&lt;div style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;
We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]].
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year ===

In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published.

However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]].

We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist.

=== Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities ===

We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes.

=== A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet ===

We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe.

We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon!

=== Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase ===

If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes!

=== Feedback ===
* What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages?
* How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]]
* What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022?
* What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022?

Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings.
&lt;/div&gt;

[[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 00:23, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
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== Results for the 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2021/2021-09-07/2021 Election Results/Short|Read in other languages]]''
----
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|100px|center]]

Thank you to everyone who participated in the 2021 Board election. The Elections Committee has reviewed the votes of the 2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, organized to select four new trustees. A record 6,873 people from across 214 projects cast their valid votes. The following four candidates received the most support:

# Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
# Victoria Doronina
# Dariusz Jemielniak
# Lorenzo Losa

While these candidates have been ranked through the community vote, they are not yet appointed to the Board of Trustees. They still need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. The Board has set a tentative date to appoint new trustees at the end of this month.

Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/2021-09-07/2021_Election_Results|the full announcement here]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt; [[Uiser:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Xeno (WMF)|tauk]]) 02:04, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
== Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;Movement Strategy announces [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|the Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]. The Call opens August 2, 2021 and closes September 14, 2021.

The Committee is expected to represent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversity in the Movement]]. Diversity includes gender, language, geography, and experience. This comprises participation in projects, affiliates, and the Wikimedia Foundation.

English fluency is not required to become a member. If needed, translation and interpretation support is provided. Members will receive an allowance to offset participation costs. It is US$100 every two months.

We are looking for people who have some of the following [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|skills]]:

* Know how to write collaboratively. (demonstrated experience is a plus) 
* Are ready to find compromises. 
* Focus on inclusion and diversity. 
* Have knowledge of community consultations. 
* Have intercultural communication experience. 
* Have governance or organization experience in non-profits or communities. 
* Have experience negotiating with different parties. 

The Committee is expected to start with 15 people. If there are 20 or more candidates, a mixed election and selection process will happen. If there are 19 or fewer candidates, then the process of selection without election takes place.

Will you help move Wikimedia forward in this important role? Submit your candidacy [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|here]]. Please contact strategy2030[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with questions.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:02, 10 September 2021 (UTC)
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== Server switch ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September).
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 00:45, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
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== Talk to the Community Tech ==

[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]]

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

Hello!

As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join'''].

'''Agenda'''

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022
* Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes
* Questions and answers

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online]
* Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390
* One tap mobile
** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York)
** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose)
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location]

See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 03:03, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
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== Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter ==

Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Uiser:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Uiser collogue:Dušan Kreheľ|tauk]]) 02:08, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
== Am Buidheann Dubh ==

[[Am Buidheann Dubh]] is an interesting nationalist group in Scotland, but I noticed that it does not have an article on the Scots Wikipedia. On the English Wikipedia, the article is [[:en:Am Buidheann Dubh]]. I can't write in Scots. [[Uiser:Eastmain|Eastmain]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eastmain|tauk]]) 19:30, 1 October 2021 (UTC)
== Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements ==

[[File:Annotated Wikipedia Vector interface (logged-out).png|thumb]]
Hello!

Have you noticed that some wikis have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|different desktop interface]]? Are you curious about the next steps? Maybe you have questions or ideas regarding the design or technical matters?

Join an online meeting with the team working on the Desktop Improvements! It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20211012T1600 October 12th, 16:00 UTC] on Zoom. It will last an hour. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82936701376 Click here to join]'''.

'''Agenda'''
* Update on the recent developments
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|Sticky header]] - presentation of the demo version
* Questions and answers, discussion

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes will be taken in a [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# Google Docs file]. The presentation part (first two points in the agenda) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page]] or send them to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[user:OVasileva (WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] (the team manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online]
* Meeting ID: 829 3670 1376
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kB5WUc7yZ Dial by your location]
We hope to see you! [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 15:09, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021|{{int:otherlanguages}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections.

'''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.'''

The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021.

Learn about each candidate to inform your vote in the language that you prefer: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates&gt;

Learn about the Drafting Committee: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee&gt;

We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. Click yourself through the tool and you will see which candidate is closest to you! Check at &lt;https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/&gt;

Read the full announcement: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections&gt;

'''Go vote at SecurePoll on:''' &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections&gt;

Best,

Movement Strategy &amp; Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:25, 14 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Talk to the Community Tech ==

[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|100px|right]]
[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]]

Hello!

We, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will begin on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20211027T1430 '''{{#time:j xg|2021-10-27}} ({{#time:l|2021-10-27}}) at {{#time:H:i e|14:30|en|1}}'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83847343544 '''Click here to join'''].

'''Agenda'''

* Become a Community Wishlist Survey Ambassador. Help us spread the word about the CWS in your community.
* Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes
* Questions and answers

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (all points in the agenda except for the questions and answers) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, Spanish, German, and Italian. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83847343544 Join online]
* Meeting ID: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;83847343544&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kwDbq4box Dial by your location]
We hope to see you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply]].&lt;section end=&quot;annoumcent-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)#top|talk]]) 13:30, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''.
* The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''.

The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps.

If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group].

With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

15:53, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
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== Talk to the Community Tech: The future of the Community Wishlist Survey ==

[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|100px|right]]
Hello!

We, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20211130T1700 '''{{#time:j xg|2021-11-30}} ({{#time:l|2021-11-30}}), {{#time:H:i e|17:00|en|1}}'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82035401393 '''Click here to join'''].

'''Agenda'''

* Changes to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. Help us decide.
* Become a Community Wishlist Survey Ambassador. Help us spread the word about the CWS in your community.
* Questions and answers

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (all points in the agenda except for the questions and answers) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, Spanish, German, and Italian. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82035401393 Join online]
* Meeting ID: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;82035401393&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Dial by your location]
We hope to see you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 20:03, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
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== Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content /&gt;
:''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022.

While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback:

* What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board?

* What involvement should candidates have during the election?

While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions.

'''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?'''

Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org.

Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{{int:thank-you}} [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:56, 27 December 2021 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 13:15, 9 Januar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Community Wishlist Survey 2022 ==

[[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|right|200px]]
The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]''' is now open!'''

This survey is the process where communities decide what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team should work on over the next year. We encourage everyone to submit proposals until the deadline on '''23 January''', or comment on other proposals to help make them better.
''
The communities will vote on the proposals between 28 January and 11 February.

The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. You can write proposals in any language, and we will translate them for you. Thank you, and we look forward to seeing your proposals! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 18:10, 10 Januar 2022 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]].

You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... 

Thank you.

'''Feminism and Folklore Team''',

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]
--05:49, 11 Januar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Celtic Knot Wikimedia Language Conference ==

(en)

Hi folks, those of you on The Scots Leid Discord server might have seen my message about filling in a survey to help plan the Celtic Knot Wikimedia Language Conference. The conference is intended to help Wikimedia communities come together and share their experiences and help each other along. This year's conference will be online again, and we want to focus on workshops to help improve people's skills. As part of that, we're seeking feedback on what would be useful. We'd very much like to hear from the Scots Wiki community.

We set up a short survey, running until January 17, it takes around 10min to fill in. Feel free to answer and to share it to other people who may be interested! The survey is available in [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/apps/forms/yrnHWyBZCY4TWjag English], [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/apps/forms/5CBe3EoyeM3Trg8A French], [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/apps/forms/8D9am2LXzQLX8NtB Spanish], and [https://wolke.wikimedia.de/apps/forms/Zo2JjbSpWTf8nZn2 Arabic].

If you encounter any issues with the survey, or if you are interested in contributing actively to the program or organization of the conference, feel free to ping me Richard Nevell or email me at richard.nevell{{@}}wikimedia.org.uk

Thanks, [[Uiser:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell|tauk]]) 17:25, 11 Januar 2022 (UTC)
== The Big Scots Rewrite Januar 2022 Writin Drive ==

Awricht,

We'r haudin a [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Writin Drive]] throu the week fae the 17t Januar tae the 23rd, whaur fowk kin pit thegither new airticles, an/or chynge an sort oot airticles awready on 'is Wiki in thair ain time oothrou the week. Massel an [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas]] as weel as ither fowk in the Scots leid space ur here tae gie a haun tae ony editor thit is needin it throu the event.

It disnae maiter whit yer level in Scots is, we'r here tae gie yese a haun. We'll hiv tasks fur fowk thit dinnae tawk Scots at aw, an aw.

The theme fur 'is event is Leids. [[wmfdashboard:courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2022_Writing_Drive|Yese kin sign up fur it here (trystwird is qrcuwpkh)]]

Howp tae see yese thare!

Cheers, [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 17:36, 12 Januar 2022 (UTC)
== Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. 

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:04, 15 Januar 2022 (UTC)
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== Talk to the Community Tech ==

[[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]]
{{int:Hello}}

We, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220119T1800 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-19}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-19}}), {{#time:H:i e|18:00|en|1}}'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. This external system is not subject to the [[foundation:Privacy_policy|WMF Privacy Policy]]. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 '''Click here to join'''].

'''Agenda'''

* Bring drafts of your proposals and talk to to a member of the Community Tech Team about your questions on how to improve the proposal

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (all points in the agenda except for the questions and answers) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, Spanish, and German. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 Join online]
* Meeting ID: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;85804347114&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Dial by your location]
We hope to see you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 00:21, 18 Januar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/En_fallback&amp;oldid=22399355 --&gt;
== IMPORTANT: Admin activity review ==

Hello. A policy regarding the removal of &quot;advanced rights&quot; (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing &quot;advanced rights&quot; from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]].

We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years):

# Fox (administrator)

These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards.

However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, [[Uiser:Stanglavine|Stanglavine]] ([[Uiser collogue:Stanglavine|tauk]]) 01:27, 19 Januar 2022 (UTC)
== (en) Zoom editing session &amp; guest speaker - Thursday 20th January ==

Hey folks!  Just a wee reminder that the January Writing Drive is on this week, and we have a zoom editing session this evening 7-9, with guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre - [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 sign up on Eventbrite here].  Hope to see you there!  [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 10:59, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC)
== Desktop Improvements update and Office Hours invitation ==

Hello. I wanted to give you an update about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project, which the Wikimedia Foundation Web team has been working on for the past few years.

The goals of the project are to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. The project consists of a series of feature improvements which make it easier to read and learn, navigate within the page, search, switch between languages, use article tabs and the user menu, and more.

The improvements are already visible by default for readers and editors on 24 wikis, including Wikipedias in [[:fr:|French]], [[:pt:|Portuguese]], and [[:fa:|Persian]]. 

The changes apply to the [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=vector}} Vector] skin only. [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=monobook}} Monobook] or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=timeless}} Timeless] users are not affected.

=== Features deployed since our last update ===
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/User_menu|User menu]] - focused on making the navigation more intuitive by visually highlighting the structure of user links and their purpose.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|Sticky header]] - focused on allowing access to important functionality (logging in/out, history, talk pages, etc.) without requiring people to scroll to the top of the page.

For a full list of the features the project includes, please visit our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|project page]]. We also invite you to our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates|Updates page]].

[[File:Table_of_contents_shown_on_English_Wikipedia_02.webm|thumb|600px|center|The features deployed already and the table of contents that's currently under development]]
&lt;br clear=all&gt;

=== How to enable the improvements ===
[[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]]
* It is possible to opt-in individually [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|in the appearance tab within the preferences]] by unchecking the &quot;{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}&quot; box. (It has to be empty.) Also, it is possible to opt-in on all wikis using the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]].
* If you think this would be good as a default for all readers and editors of this wiki, feel free to start a conversation with the community and contact me.
* On wikis where the changes are visible by default for all, logged-in users can always opt-out to the Legacy Vector. There is an easily accessible link in the sidebar of the new Vector.

=== Learn more and join our events ===
If you would like to follow the progress of our project, you can [[mw:Special:Newsletter/28/subscribe|subscribe to our newsletter]].

You can read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|pages of the project]], check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions|our FAQ]], write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|project talk page]], and join an online meeting with us ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220127T1500 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-27}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-27}}), {{#time:H:i e|15:00|en|1}}''']).

How to join our online meeting

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89205402895 Join online]
* Meeting ID: &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;89205402895&lt;/span&gt;
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kdPQ6k2Bcm Dial by your location]

{{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}!

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Web team, [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22:11, 24 Januar 2022 (UTC)
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== Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 5, January 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates.
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]])
*'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:28, 29 Januar 2022 (UTC)
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== Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''.

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations.

The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].'''

To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].'''

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].'''

Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. 

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br/&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 4 Februar 2022 (UTC)
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== Global ban for Niveles and socks ==

Hello. I've started a &quot;Request for Comment&quot; (RfC) on Meta for globally banning Niveles and his socks. As at least one of the accounts has edited on this project, I had to notify you. The discussion will be held at [[:m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Niveles and socks]]. Thank you. [[Uiser:Styyx|Styyx]] ([[Uiser collogue:Styyx|tauk]]) 19:22, 7 Februar 2022 (UTC)
== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work.

The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 9 Februar 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 04:50, 22 Februar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Coming soon ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 28 Februar 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki.

There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss:
* A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&amp;A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants.
* The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance &lt;br /&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]].

You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 8 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Hello! 

The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about &quot;Regional and Thematic Hubs&quot;. The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. 

Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9.

The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''.

Best regards,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Movement Strategy
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:31, 10 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 14:40, 14 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''.

Thank you,

From the Community Development team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 18 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 14:29, 26 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Greetings,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work.

The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Best regards,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 30 Mairch 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]])
*'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]])
*'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get  up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 22 Apryle 2022 (UTC)
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== Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements ==

[[File:New table of contents shown on English wikipedia.png|thumb]]
Hello!

Have you noticed that some wikis have a different desktop interface? Are you curious about the next steps? Maybe you have questions or ideas regarding the design or technical matters?

Join an online meeting with the team working on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]! It will take place on '''29 April 2022 at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1300 13:00 UTC] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1800 18:00 UTC]''' on Zoom. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88045453898 '''Click here to join''']. Meeting ID: 88045453898. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kcOMICmyyA Dial by your location].

'''Agenda'''

* Update on the recent developments
* Questions and answers, discussion

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes will be taken in a [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# Google Docs file]. [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] (the Product Manager) will be hosting this meeting. The presentation part will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Italian, and Polish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|talk page]] or send them to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

At this meeting, both [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|Friendly space policy]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|Code of Conduct]] for Wikimedia technical spaces apply. Zoom is not subject to the [[foundation:Privacy_policy|WMF Privacy Policy]].

We hope to see you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 00:35, 26 Apryle 2022 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research

Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more.

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today!
&lt;br&gt;--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 Apryle 2022 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:14, 29 Apryle 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Editing news 2022 #1&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;
[[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]]

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages.  New editors are more successful with this new tool.  You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]].  Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test.  You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2 Mey 2022 (UTC)
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== 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']]

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees.

The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team.

;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]].

Thank you for your support, 

Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
10:39, 10 Mey 2022 (UTC)
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== Mey 2022 Writin Drive ==

(en) hey folks, a wee reminder that this week it's the [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive]] - focussing on Hings inventit in Scotland an Ireland.  More info on the [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page]], and you can sign up to the dashboard [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_May_2022_Writing_Drive_(9th_-_15th_May_2022)?enroll=ljozgiev here].  [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 12:42, 10 Mey 2022 (UTC)
== Let's talk about the Desktop Improvements ==

[[File:WP20Symbols MediaWiki light background.svg|200px|right]]
Hello!

Have you noticed that some wikis have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|different desktop interface]]? Are you curious about the next steps? Maybe you have questions or ideas regarding the design or technical matters?

Join an online meeting with the team working on the Desktop Improvements! It will take place on '''17 May 2022 at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220517T1200 12:00 UTC] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220517T1900 19:00 UTC]''' on Zoom. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/86217494304 Click here to join]'''. Meeting ID: 86217494304. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/k7CirSh8W Dial by your location].

'''Agenda'''

* Update on the recent developments
* Questions and answers, discussion

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes will be taken in a [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# Google Docs file]. [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] (the Product Manager) will be hosting this meeting. The presentation part will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, Italian, Polish; also, only at the first meeting: Farsi, Vietnamese; only at the second meeting: Portuguese, Spanish, Russian. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|talk page]] or send them to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

At this meeting, both [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|Friendly space policy]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|Code of Conduct]] for Wikimedia technical spaces apply. Zoom is not subject to the [[foundation:Privacy_policy|WMF Privacy Policy]].

We hope to see you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 05:02, 14 Mey 2022 (UTC)
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== (en) Minority Language Meetup today ==

Hey folks, just a wee reminder that Wikimedia UK are hosting a minority languages meetup today (also called Celtic Knot Connect) - we'll be talking about creating stub articles using Wikidata, and community building.  It'll be held on Zoom from 18:30-20:30, if you'd like to attend then please drop me a line - sara.thomas@wikimedia.org.uk [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:37, 25 Mey 2022 (UTC)
== Celtic Knot 2022 update and scholarships ==

Celtic Knot Conference update: the call for program contributions is now open! If you’re involved in activities related to minority languages and Wikimedia projects, you can send your contribution to the “News from the Language Communities” '''lightning talks''' until May 31.

We also have updates on the format of the conference and '''scholarships''' for participation in the online conference and for organizing an onsite satellite event. 

Check the full announcement on the event’s talk page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2022#Celtic_Knot_Conference%3A_program_contributions_and_onsite_events

If you have any questions, feel free to contact the organizers: Daria Cybulska, Richard Nevell or Léa Lacroix. Looking forward to seeing you involved at the Celtic Knot! [[Uiser:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|Richard Nevell (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:47, 6 Mey 2022 (UTC)

===Lightning talks===
Hi folks, the upcoming deadline for lighting talks is ''31 May'''. We're after 5-minute pre-recorded videos with news from the project, or what you've been up to. We'll be showcasing the videos on the first day of the conference. You can record the video yourself and send it to the organisers, or I'd be happy to have a Zoom call and record it for you. Feel free to get in touch via richard.nevell{{@}}wikimedia.org.uk. [[Uiser:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|Richard Nevell (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Richard Nevell (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:56, 27 Mey 2022 (UTC)
== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct.  After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself.

Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments!  The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. 

Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. 

Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals.

On behalf of the UCoC project team &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 3 Juin 2022 (UTC)
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== (en) Celtic Knot conference lightning talk ==

Hey hey - I'm putting together a short update on Scots wiki for the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Knot_Conference_2022 2022 Celtic Knot Conference.]  I'll be doing a short video, and wondered if there was anything that folks thought I should mention?  It's a 5 minute video, and I plan to talk about the Writing Drives that we've been doing as part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] - but are there other things that you feel are important to communicate to the minority language wiki community?  Be great to hear from people :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 11:13, 8 Juin 2022 (UTC)

== Desktop Improvements update ==

[[File:Table of contents shown on English Wikipedia 02.webm|thumb]]
; Making this the new default
Hello. I wanted to give you an update about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project, which the Wikimedia Foundation Web team has been working on for the past few years. Our work is almost finished! 🎉

We would love to see these improvements become the default for readers and editors across all wikis. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#fc3;&quot;&gt;In the coming weeks, we will begin conversations on more wikis, including yours. 🗓️&lt;/span&gt; We will gladly read your suggestions!

The goals of the project are to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. The project consists of a series of feature improvements which make it easier to read and learn, navigate within the page, search, switch between languages, use article tabs and the user menu, and more. The improvements are already visible by default for readers and editors on more than 30 wikis, including Wikipedias in [[:fr:|French]], [[:pt:|Portuguese]], and [[:fa:|Persian]].

The changes apply to the [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=vector}} Vector] skin only, although it will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=monobook}} Monobook] or [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=timeless}} Timeless] users will not notice any changes.

; The newest features
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Table of contents|Table of contents]] - our version is easier to reach, gain context of the page, and navigate throughout the page without needing to scroll. It is currently tested across our pilot wikis.  It is also available for editors who have opted into the Vector 2022 skin.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page tools|Page tools]] - now, there are two types of links in the sidebar. There are actions and tools for individual pages (like [[Special:RecentChangesLinked|Related changes]]) and links of the wiki-wide nature (like [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]). We are going to separate these into two intuitive menus.
; How to enable/disable the improvements
[[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]]
* It is possible to opt-in individually [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|in the appearance tab within the preferences]] by selecting &quot;{{int:skinname-vector-2022}}&quot;. Also, it is possible to opt-in on all wikis using the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]].
* On wikis where the changes are visible by default for all, logged-in users can always opt-out to the Legacy Vector. There is an easily accessible link in the sidebar of the new Vector.

; Learn more and join our events

If you would like to follow the progress of our project, you can [[mw:Special:Newsletter/28/subscribe|subscribe to our newsletter]]. You can read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|pages of the project]], check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions|our FAQ]], write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|project talk page]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|join an online meeting with us]].

Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 16:59, 21 Juin 2022 (UTC)
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    <title>Stanley Robertson (fowk sangster)</title>
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      <text bytes="3577" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie|name=Stanley Robertson|image=File:Stanley Robertson.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=Stanley Robertson tellin a sonnet at the Barrie Nicht in the Aberdeen Arts Centre on the 26t Januar 2004|birth_name=William Stanley Robertson|birth_date=8 June 1940|birth_place=[[Aiberdeen]], Scotland|death_date=2t August 2009|death_place=Aiberdeen, Scotland|death_cause=|resting_place=Old Lumphanan Kirkyard, Aberdeenshire|residence=|other_names=|ethnicity=|citizenship=|education=|alma_mater=|occupation=Sangster, sangwriter, upmakker|years_active=1950s–2009|employer=|home_town=|salary=|children=Anthony, Clifford, Dale, Gabrielle, Nicole an Robert|parents=|callsign=|awards=|website=|signature=|footnotes=|networth=|spouse=Johnanne Robertson|relations=}}
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'''Stanley Robertson''' (8 June 1940 – 2 August 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obituaries – Stanley Robertson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/07/stanley-robertson-obituary|access-date=21 March 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;) wis a Scots upmakker, ballad sangster, an [[Bagpipe|piper]].

He wis born in [[Aiberdeen|Aberdeen]] in 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Stanley|title=Exodus to Alford|url=https://archive.org/details/exodustoalford0000robe|publisher=Balnain Books|year=1988|isbn=0-9509792-6-0|location=Nairn|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exodustoalford0000robe/page/214 214]}}&lt;/ref&gt; intae a Traiveller faimlie at haed sattlet yonder. Frae his untie (fowk sangstress Jeannie Robertson) an ithers amang fam his faither,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/91117?l=en|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; he wis heir tae a repertoire repertoire o northeast ballads.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Stanley|title=Nyakim's Windows|publisher=Balnain Books|year=1989|isbn=0-9509792-7-9|location=Nairn|pages=212}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis the keywirker for the Heritage Lottery-foonit &quot;Oral and Cultural Traditions of Scottish Travellers&quot; project at the Elphinstone Institute o Aiberdeen Varsity, frae April 2002 til April 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former Associates – Stanley Robertson|url=http://abdn.ac.uk/elphinstone/people/former-associates.php#SR|access-date=21 March 2016|publisher=Elphinstone Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/6068547/Stanley-Robertson.html Stanley Robertson Daily Telegraph obituary]
* [https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/search?l=en&amp;term=%22Robertson%2C+Stanley%2C+1940-2009+%282895%29%22&amp;type=archival_object Archive of 37 recordings of ballads sung by Stanley Robertson]
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:20t-century Scots writers]]
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[[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]]
[[Category:2009 daiths]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
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{{Needs mair soorces}}
'''Rosalie Lamorlière''' (born '''Marie-Rosalie Delamorlière'''; 19 March 1768 – 2 February 1848) wis the last servant tae [[Marie Antoinette]], former [[Queen o Fraunce]].&lt;ref&gt;Fraser 2006, p. 437–438.&lt;/ref&gt;{{bad soorce}} In the 1830s, she wrote a 17-page document for a certain [[Lafont d'Aussonne]], detailin the last days o Marie Antoinette.&lt;ref&gt;Yalom, Marilyn (1997). ''Blodsystrar: kvinnors hågkomster av franska revolutionen''. Rabén Prisma, Stockholm.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite niver bein merrit, Rosalie haed ane child, namit [[Marie Rosalie de Lamorlière]], bairn in 1801.

{{Infobox bodie
| name  = Rosalie Lamorlière
|image=File:Rosalie Lamorliere.jpg|birth_name=Marie-Rosalie Delamorlière|birth_date=19 March 1768|birth_place=[[Fraunce]]|death_date=2 February 1848
(aged 79)|death_place=Fraunce|children=[[Marie Rosalie de Lamorlière]]|years active=1792–1799|occupation=* Servant tae [[Marie Antoinette]]}}

== References ==</text>
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